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leone.francesco@hsacco.it

La diagnostica

ecografica

delle masse ovariche

Francesco P.G. LeoneClinica Ostetrica e Ginecologica

Direttore Prof. Irene Cetin

Dipartimento di Scienze Cliniche L. Sacco

Università degli Studi di Milano

leone.francesco@hsacco.it

Metodologia

Definizione massa ovarica

Screening Ca Ovaio

Valutazione pre-operatoria

Endometriosi

Teratoma

Ca Ovaio

leone.francesco@hsacco.it

Metodologia

Definizione massa ovarica

Screening Ca Ovaio

Valutazione pre-operatoria

Endometriosi

Teratoma

Ca Ovaio

leone.francesco@hsacco.it

anamnesi

visita

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Semeiotica ginecologica

Courtesy of P.Catapano

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EcoTV

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high resolutionwideband (3-9 MHz) endocavitary probe

high accuracy

TVS: L’alta frequenza …

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Semeiotica ecografica ginecologica

Courtesy of P. Catapano

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Il primo tempo di

esecuzione

dell’esame

prevede una

profondità e una

focalizzazione utile

a visualizzare

tutta la pelvi

Metodologia dello studio ecografico della pelvi femminile

leone.francesco@hsacco.it

Il secondo tempo è invece organ oriented e la esecuzione dell’esame prevede una profondità e una focalizzazione utile a visualizzare ogni singolo organo o lesione

Metodologia dello studio ecografico della pelvi femminile

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Esame organ oriented: ovaio - mobilità e dolenzia

….possibilità di eseguire con enorme semplicità manovre di

mobilizzazione degli organi e di identificazione dei punti di

massima dolenzia….

leone.francesco@hsacco.it

Metodologia dello studio ecografico della pelvi femminile

Il secondo tempo è invece organ oriented e la esecuzione dell’esame prevede una profondità e una focalizzazione utile a visualizzare ogni singolo organo o lesione

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Esame organ oriented: sigma-retto

La valutazione del sigma-retto…

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Esame organ oriented: peritoneo

La valutazione del peritoneo viscerale…

dolorabilità “push&pull manoeuvres”

aderenze (“spider in a web”, “flapping sail”)

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Strumentazione e tecnologia: sonovaginografia

evidenzia noduli endometriosici

del setto retto-vaginale

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J Ultrasound MedFeasibility of performing a virtual patient examination using three-dimensional

ultrasonographic data acquired at remote locations.

NelsonTR et al, 2001

Telemedicine (US documentation,storage, networking) and tertiaryconsultation (second opinion).

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2mm slices

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Metodologia

Definizione massa ovarica

Screening Ca Ovaio

Valutazione pre-operatoria

Endometriosi

Teratoma

Ca Ovaio

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Analisi macroscopica

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Analisi microscopica

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Morphologic Classification (n=300)Granberg 1989 (after modification in Leuven)

Type of tumor N Malign. %

1.Unilocular cyst

85 0 0

2.Unilocular solid

34 16 47

3.Multilocular cyst

60 1 2

4.Multilocular solid

70 35 50

5.Solid tumor 51 31 61

(Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 2000; 16: 395-8)

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0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

0 20 40 60 80 100

A, B (= 5,000-

10,000 TVS)

Subjective assessment (n=300)

C (= 1,000 TVS)

D, E, F (= 200-

300 TVS)

False positive rate

Se

nsitiv

ity

Accuracy

D,E,F= 82-86%

C = 89%

A,B = 92%

Timmerman „99

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Logistic regression model

Papillarities >3mm(0,1)

Color score (1,2,3,4)

Menopause (0,1)

CA 125 (1 - 31 090)

~Probability

of cancer

“Consensus opinion from

the international ovarian tumor analysis

(IOTA) group”

Adnexal lesion

Part of an ovary or an adnexal

mass that is judged from an

assessment of ultrasound images

to be inconsistent with normal

physiologic function

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Unilocular cyst

Multilocular cyst

Unilocular-solid cyst

Multilocular-solid cyst

Solid

Qualitative assessment of morphology

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Cystic contents

Anechoic

Low-level echogenicity

Ground glassappearance

Haemorrhagic

Mixed

Measurement and quantitative assessment of

morphology

• LesionThe size of both ovaries and the lesions are measured as the largest

three diameters in two perpendicular planes.

• Septum The thickness is measured where it appears to be at its widest

• Papillary projectionThe largest projection is measured in height and base. The number

of separate papillary projections and whether blood flow can be

detected.

• 1 : no flow

• 2 : minimal flow

• 3 : rather strong flow

• 4 : very strong flow

Color score

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Color score

1 : no flow

2 : minimal flow

3 : rather strong flow

4 : very strong flow

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Multicenter prospective studies

IOTA

(International ovarian tumor analysis)

Prospective multicenter trial

Pre-operative characterization of adnexal masses

Based on artificial intelligence

Aim: to collect 1,000 patients

1,275 completed patient data

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Unilocular cyst

Multilocular cyst

Unilocular-solid cyst

Multilocular-solid cyst

Solid

0.5-1%

10%

37%

43%

65%

% of malignancyIOTA 2005

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Sensitivity 95%, specificity of 91%. LR+ = 10.45 LR− = 0.06.

The rules were applicable in 76% of the tumors.

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Nuove strategie?

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Endometrioma

Mezzi di contrasto endovascolari

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Rendering

Ecografia transvaginale 3-D

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Color Rendering Branching of vessels

Ecografia transvaginale 3-D

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VOCAL

Ecografia transvaginale 3-D

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Metodologia

Definizione massa ovarica

Screening Ca Ovaio

Valutazione pre-operatoria

Endometriosi

Teratoma

Ca Ovaio

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http://www.pnlg.it/

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Metodologia

Definizione massa ovarica

Screening Ca Ovaio

Valutazione pre-operatoria

Endometriosi

Teratoma

Ca Ovaio

leone.francesco@hsacco.it

“Il primo grande amore non dura tutta la vita

ma la cambia per sempre.”

Claudio Baglioni

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Valutazione ombelicale

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Valutazione pelvica

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Metodologia

Definizione massa ovarica

Screening Ca Ovaio

Valutazione pre-operatoria

Endometriosi

Teratoma

Ca Ovaio

leone.francesco@hsacco.it

leone.francesco@hsacco.it

Endometriosi ovarica

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International Ovarian Tumour Analysis (IOTA)

Sonographic assessment of morphology: qualitative classification

typical

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AnechoicLow level Ground glass

Mixed

: : : : : : :

: : : : : : :

: : : : : : :

: : : : : : :

Hemorrhagic

AnechoicLow level Ground glass

Mixed

: : : : : : :

: : : : : : :

: : : : : : :

: : : : : : :

Hemorrhagic

typical

International Ovarian Tumour Analysis (IOTA)

Sonographic assessment of morphology: cystic contents

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Typical endometrioma

Ground glass appearance (homogeneously dispersed echogenic)

cystic content

Unilocular cyst with regular internal wall

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Typical endometrioma

Blood flow score 1-2 (no or only minimal flow)

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AnechoicLow level Ground glass

Mixed

: : : : : : :

: : : : : : :

: : : : : : :

: : : : : : :

Hemorrhagic

AnechoicLow level Ground glass

Mixed

: : : : : : :

: : : : : : :

: : : : : : :

: : : : : : :

Hemorrhagic

atypical

International Ovarian Tumour Analysis (IOTA)

Sonographic assessment of morphology: cystic contents

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Atypical endometrioma

Unilocular or multilocular cyst with irregular internal wall

(hyperechoic foci), with complete or incomplete septum

Anechoic or low-level (homogeneous low level echogenic)

or mixed cystic content

Blood flow score 3-4 (moderate or high flow)

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Endometriosi posteriore

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legamento

utero-sacrale dx

legamento

utero-sacrale dx

sigma-retto

Endometriosi posteriore: legamenti utero-sacrali

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Endometriosi posteriore: sigma-retto

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Endometriosi posteriore: sigma-retto

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Intestinal endometriosis @ LPS

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Intestinal endometriosis @ 3DTVS-VCI

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Intestinal endometriosis @ 3DTVS-VCI

Courtesy of Valentino Remorgida & Simone Ferrero

“pulling-out sign”

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globular appearing uterus

a mottled inhomogeneous myometrial texture

… diffuse adenomyosis

small cystic spaces within the myometrium

a "shaggy" indistinct endometrial stripe

Bromley B. et al., J Ultrasound Med 2000

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persistent, irregular, slightly dilated radial uterine vessels

Reinhold C. et al., Radiology 1995

cystic spaces within the myometrium

… focal adenomyosis

Perrot N. et al., UOG 2001increased microvessel density in adenomyosis uteri

Schindl M.et al., Fertil Steril 2001

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ISUOG 2006 OP17.08 - Sonographic based triage for symptomatic deep infiltrating

endometriosis treated with a levonorgestrel-releasing intrauterine system.F.P.G. Leone, C. Marciante, T. Bignardi, and E. Ferrazzi.

Dept. Obstetrics and Gynecology, DSC L. Sacco, Via GB Grassi 74, University of Milan, Italy - f.leone@hsacco.it

Objective: To report three cases of severely symptomatic deep infiltrating

endometriosis managed by transvaginal sonography (TVS) and by a

levonorgestrel-releasing intrauterine system (LNG-IUS).

Design: CASE 1. A 34 years-old woman was admitted for severe

dysmenorrhea and dyspareunia, menorrhagia and severe anemia. The

patient was previously unsuccessfully treated with tranexamic acid,

progestins, danazol, GnRH analogues and endometrial resection. TVS

showed an enlarged uterus, with inhomogeneous and thickened posterior

myometrium, with focal honeycomb lesions highly and irregularly

vascularized, typical for deep adenomyosis (Figure 1). A LNG-IUS was

inserted. At 48 months follow-up, the patient was free of symptoms.

CASE 2. A 38-year-old woman presented with cyclic worsening

dysmenorrhea, deep dyspareunia and dyschezia during the last year. TVS

showed normal uterus and ovaries, and on the left, an inhomogeneous

hypoechoic lesion which infiltrate the antimesenteric sigmoid wall, painful at

push-and-pull manoeuvres, highly suspicious for sigmoid endometriosis

(Figure 2). Barium enema confirmed the TVS image. By the imaging

diagnosis of endometriosis, a LNG-IUS was placed. At 21 months follow-up,

the patients referred dramatically improvement of symptoms with pain only

evoked by deep pelvic exam.

CASE 3. A 41 years-old woman was referred with a recent history of severe

dysmenorrhea and dysuria. TVS showed an inhomogeneous polypoid 3cm

lesion involving the vesical base and vesicouterine septum (Figure 3).

Cystoscopy confirmed a polypoid extramucosal lesion close to uretero-

vesical junction. A LNG-IUS was inserted. At 8 months follow-up, the patient

persisted free of symptoms.

Conclusion: Accurate diagnosis by TVS of deep infiltrating

endometriosis may permit a conservative medical treatment

based on LNG-IUS.

8Fr

14Fr

a

b

1

2

3

leone.francesco@hsacco.it

Metodologia

Definizione massa ovarica

Screening Ca Ovaio

Valutazione pre-operatoria

Endometriosi

Teratoma

Ca Ovaio

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leone.francesco@hsacco.it

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leone.francesco@hsacco.it

leone.francesco@hsacco.it

Metodologia

Definizione massa ovarica

Screening Ca Ovaio

Valutazione pre-operatoria

Endometriosi

Teratoma

Ca Ovaio

leone.francesco@hsacco.it

leone.francesco@hsacco.it

leone.francesco@hsacco.it

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