Post on 12-Sep-2019
GRUPPO TELECOM ITALIA
Urbino, 22 novembre 2016
Regulatory Affairs and Equivalence
IL MERCATO UNICO DIGITALE EUROPEO: UNA STRADA NON ANCORA PRESA ?Lorenzo Pupillo, TIM *
NON ANCORA PRESA ? *Lorenzo Pupillo*
*I contenuti di seguito presentati rappresentano solo il punto di vista dell’autore e non coinvolgono TIM
Università di Urbino22 Novembre 2016
MERCATO
..difficoltà per chi vende
Le preoccupazioni maggiori di chi acquista da un paese all’altro sono: costi di spedizione (27%), costi di rispedizione (24%), tempi di consegna (23%) etc.
per chi acquista ……
UNICO Fattori di scala500 milioni di abitanti rispetto ai 320 milioni degli USA Un impatto sul GDP Europeo di 415 miliardi di euro (European ParliamentResearch Service 2015)Il digitale permette di raggiungere grandi numeri di clienti potenziali ( MICRO‐MULTINAZIONALE!!)
AMAZON as DIGITAL UTILITY
DIGITALE 1/2L’economia digitale coinvolge oggi molte industrie e settori: le telecomunicazioni, il commercio, la
finanza e le assicurazioni, i media, i trasporti, la sanità, l’energia , il settore alberghiero , l’istruzione,etc.
L’economia digitale si caratterizza per molte delle proprietà dell’economia tradizionale (economie di scala e di scopo, - alti costi fissi e costi marginali vicino allo zero- esternalità di rete,mercati a più versanti), ma con un’accentuazione molto più spinta di queste caratteristiche ( sipensi alla combinazione della presenza di esternalità di rete sia dal lato della domanda che da quelladell’offerta che porta molto spesso al modello «the winner takes all!)
Ma l’economia digitale si caratterizza anche per nuove proprietà come l’economics of attention, cioèper l’abbondanza piuttosto che per la scarsità di informazioni. Questo implica che come dice ilpremio nobel Herbert Simon « A wealth of information creates a poverty of attention» e che diconseguenza il ruolo degli aggregatori di informazione e il consenso informato dei consumatori nelletransazioni acquista un valore centrale con tutte le conseguenze sui temi dell’aggregazione dei dati,del trust, della profilazione ,etc
DIGITALE 2/2E’ evidente quindi che, pur potendo dire che i cambiamenti caratterizzano oggi più la tecnologia che le
leggi economiche è necessario evidenziare la necessità che sia la regolamentazione che le normeantitrust affrontino in modo differente l’economia digitale rispetto a quanto fatto fino ad oggi.
Le piattaforme che si caratterizzano per definizione come mercati ad almeno due versanti e che quindiimplicano scelte di produzione e di prezzo congiunte tra i due versanti, richiedono, per esempio, chel’antitrust analizzi i due versanti simultaneamente, altrimenti è facile arrivare a conclusioni sbagliate.
I mercati dell’ICTs si caratterizzano in modo distintivo rispetto ai mercati dei prodotti tradizionali moltopiù vicini alle commodity. L’ecosistema digitale si caratterizza soprattutto per: a) modularità ( i prodotti ei servizi digitali sono basati sulla combinazione di input complementari come applicazioni, contenuti eapparati), b) forti esternalità di rete sia dal lato della domanda che da quello dell’offerta, checomportano una crescita veloce dei mercati e della presenza di imprese leader in essi; c) competizionedinamica ( le imprese competono soprattutto nell’innovazione di prodotto, nell’ingresso e nellacreazione di nuovi mercati e nell’uso di nuove tecnologie per l’offerta di servizi esistenti ma a prezzi piùbassi).
Tutto questo, molto spesso comporta una concorrenza NON NEL MERCATO (Esistente) ma PER ILMERCATO (completamente nuovo). Le regole antitrust, quindi devono tener presente questecaratteristiche.
La complessità degli ecosistemi digitali aumenta l’incertezza regolatoria, rende più difficile da parte deiregolatori la valutazione delle performance del mercato e l’individuazione di soluzioni, rendendo laregolamentazione esistente obsoleta.
Servizi di telecomunicazioni ..anni ‘’90 !!!!
Fonte: A.T. Kearney analysis “A Viable Future Model for the Internet”
L’ ECOSISTEMA DI INTERNET DI OGGI !!!!
Telecom Single (Internal) Market: una idea che viene da lontano… 1/2 1998: Primo Pacchetto Telecom: liberalizzazione dei servizi di
telecomunicazione e misure di armonizzazione per la creazione di un Telecom Single market
Controllo dei prezzi al dettaglio Obblighi sul Servizio Universale Controllo dei prezzi all’accesso ( Direttiva sull’Interconnessione, ULL, etc)
Sviluppo di una competizione basata sui servizi e non sulle infrastrutture
Telecom Single (Internal) Market: una idea che viene da
lontano… 2/2 2002: Secondo Pacchetto : quadro complessivo di misure per rafforzare la
concorrenza e far sviluppare le infrastrutture. 5 Direttive ( Framework , Authorization, Access, Universal Service,
ePrivacy ) Introduzione dello schema: 1) Analisi del mercato; 2)identificazione della posizione
dominante; 3) definizione dei rimedi Identificazione di 18 mercati rilevanti candidati alla regolamentazione ex-ante
2009: Terzo Pacchetto: Regolamenti sul Roaming ( 2007, 2009) Creazione del Body of European Regulators for Electronic Communications (BEREC) Fase 2 sui rimedi. ( Maggiore pressione da parte della Commissione ma no veto power) Spettro: Neutralità tecnologica e di servizio e spectrum trading and sharing
IL TELECOM SINGLE MARKET …NON ESISTE (ANCORA ) !!!
2007 : La Commissaria per l’Information Society Viviane Reading « Twodecades after we started to open national markets formerly dominated bystate owned monopolies, to competition, we still do not have an internalmarket for telecoms «
2010 : La nuova Commissaria per l’agenda digitale , Neelie Kroes al MobileWorld Congress . « Europe is still a patchwork of national markets . We nolonger have queues of lorries at frontiers but we are still very far fromachieving a Digital Single Market»
IL TELECOM SINGLE MARKET …NON ESISTE ANCORA !!!
ENORMI DIFFERENZE DI PREZZO TRA I SERVIZI
Fonte : Pelkmans & Renda 2011
IL TELECOM SINGLE MARKET …NON ESISTE ANCORA !!!
A BROADBAND DIVIDE : ENORMI DIFFERENZE NELL’OFFERTA DI SERVIZI A LARGA BANDA
Fonte : Pelkmans & Renda 2011
Perché i due pacchetti Telecom non hanno creato il mercato unico ?
Eccessiva enfasi sull’approccio nazionale ai mercati ( 500 analisi di mercatonazionali )
Mancata armonizzazione legata alla mancanza da parte della Commissionedel potere di veto sui rimedi ( art 7 della procedura)
Regulatory Gap legato all’assenza di un vero regolatore unico in Europa (ERG, BEREC…) : «nè carne né pesce»
Problemi legati alle policy sugli investimenti infrastrutturali
Poteri sullo spettro
The current European institutional setting
BEREC(1) European Commission RSPG(2)
NRAs
Article 7 procedure on market analysis
Regulatory guidance
Regulatory guidance
DirectivesRegulationsRecommendationsGuidelines
(1) Body of European Regulators for Electronic Communications(2) Radio Spectrum Policy Group
Market Analysis: Art.7 procedure
► NRAs must notify to the European Commission (EC), the Body ofEuropean Regulators for Electronic Communications (BEREC) and otherNRAs the findings of their analyses of the competitiveness of marketssusceptible of ex‐ante regulation
►The Commission can open an extended investigation (Phase II) if it has serious doubts
►Market definition and SMP: the Commission has a veto power►Remedies: the Commission has no veto power
Phase I
Phase II
EU POLICY SUGLI INVESTIMENTI
I Telecom Packages hanno fallito:
EU ha perso la leadership che avevano con il 3G a favore degli USA conil 4GSostanziale mancanza di investimenti soprattutto nelle reti in fibra e
accessi 4G
Eccessiva enfasi sui prezzi ( Accesso/Make or Buy)
Politiche sul consolidamento
CONFRONTO USA EU SUGLI INVESTIMENTI 1/2
Source: Yoo ( 2015)
CONFRONTO USA EU SUGLI INVESTIMENTI 2/2
Source: Yoo (2015)
≥ 30 Mb/s
Diversi livelli di copertura nelle principali aree mondiali
100%SUD COREA
99%GIAPPONE
98%USA
75%UE
80%ITALIA
98%SUD COREA
94%GIAPPONE
85%USA
62%UE
32%ITALIA
COPERTURA UBB MOBILE
COPERTURA UBB FISSA
≥ 50 Mb/s
Modelli di sviluppo digitale a confronto: meno operatori più reti
* USA: operatori con copertura in almeno 20 stati* UE: operatori di rete fissa e operatori con un accordo di unbundling
** USA: 4 operatori hanno il 95% del mercato (9 operatori totali)** UE: conteggiata la presenza degli operatori in ogni singolo mercato nazionale
Diversi livelli di consolidamento di mercato
13* >300*RETE FISSAOPERATORI ATTIVI
4** >100**RETE MOBILEOPERATORI ATTIVI
Ultimo dato disponibile*
Fonte GSMA: 2014
* Italia 03/2015 – UE Q4 2013 – Altri 2014
CONTENT REGULATION Regole sul commercio elettronico: una combinazione di direttive e regolamenti scritti e gestiti dai
vari direttorati della CE con l’obiettivo non di UNIFICARE le legislazioni nazionali ma diARMONIZZARLE per creare le condizioni per un mercato unico digitale.
3 aree di interesse : SALES, INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY, DATA E CONSUMER PROTECTION gestiteattraverso una serie di direttive framework:
2001 E-Commerce Directive
2001 Copyright Directive
1995 Data Protection Directive
2011 Consumer Rights Directive
E-Commerce Directive :
Principio del «paese di origine»: se il servizio è legale nel paese di origine, allora lo è anche inquello di destinazione
Responsabilità degli Intermediaries: pure conduit !
Audio-Video Media Services Directive (AVMSD) che coordina il settore audiovisivo in Europa :sistema due corsie: televisione lineare e on demand con regole separate.
Fonte : Andrej Savin ( 2015)
LIMITI DELLA CONTENT REGULATION Il framework per il Commercio Elettronico ha offerto un quadro di riferimento stabile ma
permangono notevoli criticità. L’esistenza di un gruppo di direttive relative alle vendite, non nasconde il fatto che non esiste
una legge universale sui contratti Le leggi sulla consumer protection nei fatti non proteggono i consumatori nelle transazioni
cross- border Le misure di protezione dei consumatori che permettono la gestione del contenzioso nel
paese in cui sono domiciliati non tengono conto del fatto che i consumatori raramente siriivolgono ai tribunali per queste operaizoni e che quindi dovrebbero esistere meccanismialternativi per risolvere le controversie.
Lo stesso discorso si può fare per il settore dell’audio-visivo: se è vero che è stato raggiunto uncerto grado di coordinamento nel settore in Europa, tuttavia non sono stati risolti i problemi difondo: La grande quantità di contenuti americani consumati in Europa; L’impossibilità di fra circolare liberamente e universalmente i contenuti in Europa Le incertezze generate dalla concorrenza da parte degli OTT
Più in generale le difficolta collegate alla convergenza di tecnologie e di servizi : «does a videoservice which runs on a mobile network fall under the telecom rules, e-commerce rules or both ?»
Fonte : Andrey Savin (2015)
I grandi attori di Internet sono tutti… «Born in the USA»
Nei confronti degli USA il ritardo dell’Europa non è solo in termini di reti, ma soprattutto in termini di squilibrio rispetto ai grandi attori del mondo Internet
RETE
?
Le ragioni del successo mondiale
Economie di scala
Modello di business innovativo incentrato su advertising mirato e valorizzazione dei BIG DATA
Servizi gratuiti finanziati da advertising
Ma anche…Assenza di regole negli USA su privacy, data
protection, sicurezzaAssenza costi per infrastrutture di rete
In Europa inveceLa privacy è un diritto inalienabile
I grandi attori di internet viaggiano «sopra la rete» (Over the Top)
OTTs
TELCOs
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Asymmetry between OTT and Telcos
Maggio 2010: THE DIGITAL AGENDA
Maggio 2010 - THE DIGITAL AGENDA : 16 Key Actions
Planned delivery date
A vibrant digital Single MarketKey Action 1: Simplify copyright clearance, management and cross-border licensing by:
• Enhancing the governance,transparency and pan-European licensingfor (online) rights management byproposing a framework Directive oncollective rights management
2010
• Creating a legal framework to facilitatethe digitisation and dissemination ofcultural works in Europe by proposing aDirective on orphan works, to conduct adialogue with stakeholders with a view tofurther measures on out-of print works,complemented by rights informationdatabases
2010
• Reviewing the Directive on Re-Use ofPublic Sector Information, notably itsscope and principles on charging foraccess and use.
2012
Key Action 2: Ensure the completion of the Single Euro Payment Area (SEPA),eventually by binding legal measures fixing an end date for migration and facilitate theemergence of an interoperable European eInvoicing framework through aCommunication on eInvoicing and by establishing a multistakeholder forum
2010
Key Action 3: Propose a revision of the eSignature Directive with a view to provide alegal framework for cross-border recognition and interoperability of secureeAuthentication systems
2011
Key Action 4: Review the EU data protection regulatory framework with a view toenhancing individuals' confidence and strengthening their rights
2010
Maggio 2010 - THE DIGITAL AGENDA : 16 Key ActionsInteroperability and standardsKey Action 5: As part of the review of EU standardisation policy, propose legal measures onICT interoperability to reform the rules on implementation of ICT standards in Europe toallow use of certain ICT fora and consortia standards
2010
Trust and securityKey Action 6: Present measures aiming at a reinforced and high level Network andInformation Security Policy, including legislative initiatives such as a modernised EuropeanNetwork and Information Security Agency (ENISA), and measures allowing faster reactions inthe event of cyber attacks, including a CERT for the EU institutions
2010
Key Action 7: Present measures, including legislative initiatives, to combat cyber attacksagainst information systems by 2010, and related rules on jurisdiction in cyberspace atEuropean and international levels by 2013
2010 2013
Fast and ultra fast internet accessKey Action 8: Adopt a Broadband Communication that lays out a common framework foractions at EU and Member State to meet the Europe 2020 broadband targets, including:
2010
• Reinforce and rationalise, in thisframework, the funding of high-speedbroadband through EU instruments (e.g.ERDF, ERDP, EAFRD, TEN, CIP) by 2014 andexplore how to attract capital for broadbandinvestments through credit enhancement(backed by the EIB and EU funds);
2014
• Propose an ambitious European SpectrumPolicy Programme in 2010 for decision by theEuropean Parliament and the Council thatwill create a co-ordinated and strategicspectrum policy at EU level in order increasethe efficiency of radio spectrummanagement and maximise the benefits forconsumers and industry
2010
• Issue a Recommendation in 2010 toencourage investment in competitive NextGeneration Access networks through clearand effective regulatory measures
2010
Maggio 2010 - THE DIGITAL AGENDA : 16 Key ActionsResearch and innovationKey Action 9: Leverage more private investmentthrough the strategic use of pre-commercialprocurement and public-private partnerships , byusing structural funds for research and innovationand by maintaining a pace of 20% yearly increaseof the ICT R&D budget at least for the duration ofFP7
_
Enhancing digital literacy, skills and inclusion
Key Action 10: Propose digital literacy andcompetences as a priority for the European SocialFund regulation (2014-2020)
_
Key Action 11: Develop tools to identify andrecognise the competences of ICT practitionersand users, linked to the European QualificationsFramework and to EUROPASS and develop aEuropean Framework for ICT Professionalism toincrease the competences and the mobility of ICTpractitioners across Europe
2012
Maggio 2010 - THE DIGITAL AGENDA : 16 KeyActions
ICT-enabled benefits for EU societyKey Action 12: Assess whether the ICT sector hascomplied with the timeline to adopt commonmeasurement methodologies for the sector's own energyperformance and greenhouse gas emissions and proposelegal measures if appropriate
2011
Key Action 13: Undertake pilot actions to equip Europeanswith secure online access to their medical health data by2015 and to achieve by 2020 widespread deployment oftelemedicine services
2015- 2020
Key Action 14: Propose a Recommendation defining aminimum common set of patient data for interoperabilityof patient records to be accessed or exchangedelectronically across Member States
2012
Key Action 15: Propose a sustainable model for financingthe EU public digital library Europeana and digitisation ofcontent
2012
Key Action 16: Propose a Council and Parliament Decisionto ensure mutual recognition of e-identification and e-authentication across the EU based on online'authentication services' to be offered in all Member States(which may use the most appropriate official citizendocuments – issued by the public or the private sector)
2012
11 september 2013 : TSM Regulation Proposal –the institutional governance reform
► On 11 September 2013, the EC published a draft Regulation aimed atachieving the goal of a Telecom Single Market (TSM).
► Amongst other things, it proposes:► a “light” BEREC reform;► Commission veto powers on remedies for SMP operators operating under
an EU authorisation;► new rules on Spectrum including Commission veto power on spectrum
right of use assignment.
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European Parliament position
► On April 3, 2014 the European Parliament, voted a set of amendments to TSM Regulation among which:1) deletes the Commission veto power on remedies;2) deletes the BEREC reform;3) reinforces NRA’s autonomy by defining NRA’s minimum competences;4) confirms the reform on spectrum and adds a minimum 25 years duration for
spectrum right of use assignment;5) requires the Commission to review the entire EU Regulatory Framework by 30
June 2016 (no review of BEREC explicitly requested).
The previous EC proposals for regulation review
2002 Review 2009 Review TSM RegulationProposed Result Proposed Result Proposed EP
Veto power on market definition and SMP Yes Yes Yes Yes ‐ ‐
Veto power on remedies Yes No Yes No Yes No
Power on spectrum assignment
Yes(veto power)
NoYes
(Pan EuropeanAuthorization)
No Yes(veto power)
Yes(veto power)
European Regulatory Authority
High Level Com. Group No EECMA BEREC BEREC with more
autonomy No
*European Electronic Communications Market Authority
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A new EC and a new Digital Single Market Strategy
A new European Commission took office in November 2014, approved by anew elected European Parliament (May 2014)
The new EC adopted on 6 May 2015 the Digital Single Market (DSM)Strategy that «aims to open up digital opportunities for people and businessand enhance Europe’s position as a world leader in the digital economy»
The DSM Strategy is built on three pillars and includes a set of targetedactions to be delivered by the end of 2016 (it’ll be some time before the ECproposals translate into actual changes in EU law)
Will it be an improvement or a real step change ?
34
We can ensure that consumers can access services, music, movies and sports events wherever they are in Europe and regardless of borders
A Strategy for the Digital Single Market 1/2
EC President Junker’s political guidelines three pillars
We can create a fair level playing field where all companies offering their goods or services are subject to the same data protection and consumer rules
By creating a connected digital single market, we can generate up to € 250 billion of additional growth thereby creating hundreds of thousands of new jobs
Better online access for consumer and business to on-line goods and services across Europe
Creating the right condition for digital network and service to flourish
Maximising the growth potential of our European Digital Economy
We will need to have the courage to break down national silos in telecoms regulation, in copyright and data protection legislation, in the management of radio waves and in the application of competition law.
A Strategy for the Digital Single Market 2/2
Better access for consumer and
business to on-line goods and services
across Europe
1. Harmonization and simplification of consumer and contract law for online purchases of digital content (2015)
2. Review of the Regulation on Consumer Protection Cooperation (2016)3. More efficient and affordable parcel delivery (2016)4. End of unjustified geo-blocking through the review of e-Commerce Directive and of
Services Directive (2015)5. Antitrust competition inquiry into the e-commerce sector in the EU (2015)6. Review of the copyright framework to improve access to digital content (2016)7. Review of the Satellite and Cable Directive (2015/2016)8. Reduction of the administrative burden businesses face from different VAT regimes
(2016)
Creating the right condition for digital
network and service to flourish
Maximising the growth potential of
our European Digital Economy
9. Review of the TLC regulatory framework to ensure effective spectrum coordination, and common EU-wide criteria for spectrum assignment at national level; create incentives for investment in UBB; ensuring a level playing field for all market players (TLC operators and OTT) (2016)
10. Review of the Audiovisual Media Services Directive (2016)11. Comprehensive assessment on the online platforms (2015)12. Review of the e-privacy Directive (2016)13. Privat Public Partenersip on Cybersecurity (2016)
14. European free flow of data initiative to promote the free movement of data in the EU (2016)
15. Definition of priorities for standards and interoperability in areas critical to the DSM, such as e-health, transport planning or energy (smart metering) (2015)
16. Support an inclusive digital society where citizens have the right skills to seize the opportunities of the Internet. New e-government action plan to connect business registers across Europe and ensure businesses and citizens only have to communicate their data once to p.a. (2016)
PILLAR ACTION
TREND DELL’AUGMENTED INTELLIGENCE AGE OR AUGMENTED AGE
.
ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE: disrupts the nature of advice, that is better ateveryday tasks like driving, health care and basic services than humans
DISTRIBUTED, EMBEDDED EXPERIENCES that are embedded into theworld and devices around us enable frictionless, contextualised service,products, advice. Everything will have a chip inside it, will sync with thecloud and interface with humans and other computers.
SMART INFRASTRUCTURES: improvements that radically change the wayenergy is delivered, goods and people are moved (drones, solar energy,electric vehicles..)
GENE EDITING AND HealthTech are going to eadically change the way wethink about health care. Hereditary diseases like Parkinson’s, Alzheimer’setc, will be eliminated within two decades.
FIRST PILLAR :Better access for consumer andbusiness to on-line goods and services across
Europe
Focus on:
GeoblockingReview of the copyright framework to improve access to digital content (2016)Fintech
DSM: Geo-Blocking Geo‐blocking or geoblocking is the practice ofrestricting access to content based upon the user'sgeographical location
Tackling geo‐blocking
In 52% of all attempts at crossborder orders the seller does not serve the country of the consumer
less clients,less revenuesfor companies
“The EU’s internal market and geo‐blocking cannot coexist.” Andrus Ansip, EU Vice‐President for Digital Single Market
Geo‐blocking is sometime used to redirect online shoppers to a local website which offers the same products at higher prices, which can be illegal under EU law.
Another type of geo‐blocking occurs when media companies prevent consumers from watching online content like films or tv series in a territory where the company has not acquired licenses.
The commission has agreed to eliminate “unjustified geo‐blocking”. The definition of “unjustified” is yet to be defined.
Commission s’ Cross BorderPortability Proposal
DSM: Copyright
The Commission’s objective is to modernise copyright and ensure the right balance betweencreators' and consumers' interests. This will give people better access to culture, supportcultural diversity, and open new doors for artists and creators.
‐Widening and harmonizingexceptions and limitations‐Unified rules across Europe forinnovative ways to generate valuewith data and data mining‐Pan european license for content
Commission’sProposals
Copyright is critically important to the European Union because it affects media, cultural, and knowledge industries.
FINTECH «All business that use innovative operational, technological or business models designed to
address merging issues in the financial services industry» ( Association France Fintech) It includes personal finance management services, equity financing or crowdfunding platforms,
money transfer services, InsurTech, etc. Private investment in Fintech climbed from $4bn in 2013 to $19bn in 2015 and estimates for
spending over the next three to five years stanf at $150bn. The United States is where the bulk of investments in FinTech were concentrated in 2015:
totalling $12bn, followed by Europe ($4bn) and the APAC region ($3bn) (Digiworld n. 103) Within 20 years ,may banks will physically disappear and all operations will be done online. Paper and signatures have no future in the banking world
MOVEN https://moven.com/ «the bank of the future» !!!! It redefines people’s relationship withtheir money
In the EU direct cross border activities in the retail financial sector have been negligible . Forexample in the euro area only 0,8% of retail loans for households were extended on a cross-border basis in 2013 . The only exceptions is Luxemburg (31,6%) with large group of commuters.The low market share can be explained by the presence of several obstacles. Natural barriers likegeographical distance and languages to structural barriers like difference sin regulation, taxation,infrastructures and institutional framework.
POTENTIAL FOR CROSS-BORDER MARKET ACROSS RETAIL FINANCIAL SEGMENTS IN THE EU
Source : Study on the role of digitalisation in teh creating a true singe market for retail financialservices and insurances . EU (2016)
BLOCKCHAIN A blockchain is a decentralized ledger that relies on cryptographic algorithms and economic
incentives in order to ensure the integrity and legitimacy of every transaction. A copy of theblockchain is shared amongst all nodes connected to the network, which comprises the historyof all valid transactions. Each transaction is recorded into a “block” which is appendedsequentially to the previous block of transactions. In order to prevent anyone from tamperingwith past transactions, the blockchain acts as append-only ledger –i.e. once information hasbeen recorded onto the blockchain , it can no longer be edited or deleted. The result is a longchain of blocks that represents the whole chain of transaction ever since the first genesisblock. The blockchain can thus be regarded as a secure database that comprises a public log ofall transactions which have been thus far validated by the network. In view of its decentralizednature, the security of the blockchain and the validity of every transaction can only be ensuredthrough distributed consensus (i.e. through nodes verifying the integrity and legitimacy of eachblock, independently of any trusted third party) (Primavera De Filippi , 2016)
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VJ2cMN2rnQQ https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2Zp37zarSQc BLOCKCHAIN APPLICATIONS : https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cFfCh0AUDTw Energy, etc Estonian Governments has decides to offer blockchain notarization services to e-residents
SECOND PILLAR :Creating the right condition for digital network and service to flourish
• FOCUS ON :
• CYBERSECURITY
Cyberspace: a backbone of digital society & economic growth
CYBERSECURITY
Cybersecurity incidents are increasing at an alarming pace
with potentially profound effect on daily functioning of society & economy,
both online and offline
…as well as financial theft, loss of intellectual property, data breaches, etc.
What does this mean in practice?
The survival of strong European cybersecurity industry all together is at stake!
Cybersecurity is also an opportunity!
TODAY
TOMORROW
Cybersecurity contractual Public-Private Partnership (cPPP)
• Stimulate the competitiveness and innovation capacities of the digital security and privacy industry in Europe
• Ensure a sustained supply of innovative cybersecurity products and services in Europe
H2020 = legal framework for the establishment of the cPPP
H2020 LEIT‐ICT to focus on technology‐driven digital security building blocks and horizontal requirements
H2020 Societal Challenge 'Secure Societies' to deliver societal benefits for users of technologies (citizens, SMEs, critical infrastructures…).
H2020 public funds to be matched by private sector investment
49
THIRD PILLAR :Maximising the growth potential of our European Digital Economy
:
• FOCUS ON : ICT, JOBS & SKILLS
Current challenges
Rougheconomic recovery
Structural unemployment
Changing demographics
Autor and Dorn (2012):U‐shaped curve (employment by skill level)
Autor and Dorn 2012The Growth of Low Skill Service Jobs and the Polarization of the U.S. Labor Market
Areas with significant job losses• Postal Service Mail Carriers ‐11%• Meter Readers, Utilities ‐17%• Travel Agents ‐46%• Data Entry Keyers ‐54%• Telephone Operators ‐71%
US data. Source: Robert Atkinson, OECD
Growth in personal services: Child care
2000398 090
2010631 240
US data, Source: Robert Atkinson, OECD
Technology leads to labour market transformations
Technological upheavals
1930 2000
Technological upheavals: InternetNew high skilled ICT jobsData scientistsApp developersEngineers
Transformed jobs with new ICTsJobs in traditional sectors but workers need reskilling and retraining to take advantage of new ICTs
Displaced (Lost, Outsourced)Some workers will not be able to make the transition and will be displaced. Need social policies.
SKILLS IN EUROPE• NEW HIGH SKILLED ICT JOBS :
• Over the period 2000-2012 ICT employment growth was 4.3% per year more than 7 timeshigher than the total employment growth over this period.
• Regarding the demand for digital skills a recent study among CEOs showed that concernsregarding the availability of key skills have grown significantly, reaching 73% of respondent.
• In the UK alone the demand for big data specialists is expected to rise by 160% over the period 2013 to 2020.
• Employment of ICT professionals is resistant to economic downturns and ICT professionalscontribute to increased productivity in firms. It has been estimated that by 2020 the shortage of ICT professionals will amount to up to 825.000if no decisive action is taken. In the EU only the app developer work force will grow from 1 million in 2013 to 2.7 million in 2018.
• RETRAINING • Currently 39% of EU citizens have only low or not digital skills. About 18% of the EU population
has never used the Internet.• There is also a significant shortage of employees who combine specialised and soft skills as
entreprenership, business and management skills• GLOBAL PARTNERSHIP BETWEEN THE PRIVATE & THE PUBLIC SECTOR, Grand Coalition for
Digital Jobs , Coding Initiative, etc
MOOCsMassive Open Online Courses
• Coursera: Nearly 4 million registered users• 390 open courses• 83 partner universities
Proposta di Nuovo Codice delle Comunicazioni Elettroniche Europee + Comunicazione Gigabit
Society (14 Settembre 2016) 1/3
• Target 2025 sulla Connettività a Larga Banda• I Principali motori socioeconomici :connettività simmetrica a 1Gbps• Tutte le famiglie europee, nelle zone rurali o urbane, dovrebbero avere
accesso ad una velocità di download di almeno 100Mbps• Tutte le aree urbane e le principali direttrici di traffico dovrebbero avere
una continuità di copertura 5 G. Come obiettivo intermedio il 5G dovrebbe essere implementato in almeno una grande citta di ogni stato membro
Proposta di Nuovo Codice delle Comunicazioni Elettroniche Europee + Comunicazione Gigabit
Society (14 Settembre 2016) 2/3
• Double –lock veto della CE e del BEREC sulle decisioni delle NRA relative ai rimedi
• Possibilità le NRA di non imporre obblighi regolatori in caso di coinvestimento
• Spettro: maggiore protagonismo della CE e delle NRA per armonizzarne la gestione . Maggiore spazio allo spettro non licenziato, allo sharing e trading.
Proposta del Nuovo Codice delle Comunicazioni Elettroniche Europee + Comunicazione Gigabit
Society (14 Settembre 2016) 3/3• Servizi di comunicazione: La CE riconosce che ci sono alcuni servizi forniti
dagli OTT che hanno funzionalità equivalenti a quelli forniti dalle telco pur non essendo soggetti alle stesse regole.
• REVISIONE degli ECS (Electronic Communication Service,) includendo 3 categorie di servizi: (i) Internet Access Services (IAS, (ii) CommunicationServices (CSe (iii) Servizi consistenti principalmente o interamente nel trasporto dei segnali. La maggioranza delle misure per il cliente finale (es: accesso ai servizi di emergenza, portabilità del numero, interoperabilità) si applicheranno solo a IAS e CS che utilizzano risorse di numerazione (quindi i servizi voce tradizionale ma anche SkypeIn e SkypeOut). Non si applicheranno invece quando la numerazione è utilizzato solo come identificativo dell’utente (e.g. Whatsapp e chiamate Skype-Skype).
• Il BEREC viene trasformato in un’agenzia europea.
CONCLUSIONI
• ANDANTE… MODERATO !!!!