21.2.1
( ) .
( ) .

.
.
((EElleeccttrroonn AAffffiinniittyy)):: .
((EElleeccttrroonneeggaattiivviittyy)):: .
1.2.2
.
() 1 (First order bonds)
.
1 ,
(Ionic bond) .
() (salt) .
(Covalent bond)
.
(Metalic bond) .
2 (Second order bonds) .
,
(Van der
Waals bonds) . .
2
(Hydrogen bond) . 2
(Dipole bond) ,
(Charge transfer bond) .
,
.
11 :: ((iioonniicc bboonndd)) ------ ,,
(()) ((ccoovvaalleenntt bboonndd)) ------ ((mmeettaalliicc bboonndd))
22 :: VVaann ddeerr WWaaaallss bboonndd (()) ((HHyyddrrooggeenn bboonndd)) ((DDiippoollee bboonndd)) ((CChhaarrggee ttrraannssffeerr bboonndd))
(( IIoonniicc BBoonnddss ))
.
( + – ) .
() () .
+1 –1 (NaCl) .
)) NNaa++CCll-- :: NNaa++ Na+ Cl - CCll --

,
.

.
.
, ,
, .
COO-, HSO4 -, NH3
+ .
(( CCoovvaalleenntt BBoonnddss ))
( )
(Molecular orbital) .
Radical .
, .
HH HH HH HH
,
, ,
.
.
, (σ electron) ,
(sigma bond) ,
, .
, (π elecron) , (pi bond)
, (Double bond), (Triple
Bond) .
. ,
.
OO OO
ππ
σσ
ππ
(O2) , 11ss2222ss2222pp44 2 2
.
,

,
,

,
–
+ .
(Polar covalent bond)
.
(Nonpolar covalent bond)
.
.
(H2O)
.
HH22OO
,
+ (δ+ ) ,
– (δ- ) .

105 - ,
+ .
(methane) .
(CH4), CH OH
, .
CCHH44
– , +
.

.

,
, .



. (Attractive force) ,
(Repulsive force) .
.
(H2)
.
.
1.0~1.5 Å .
1.5
π σ
. π σ
.
(( MMeettaalliicc BBoonnddss ))

. ,
. ,
.
12
.

,

.
.
((VVaann ddeerr WWaaaallss BBoonnddss))
2 1
.
. ,
1 ,
.
, ()
, () 3 ~ 5 Å .
(Van der Waals force) , (Van der Waals bond)
. 1 ,
.

(elecron cloud)
.


.

,

.
, 4 ~ 8 KJ/mol
. 1/100 .
(Polyethylene) ,
.

,
.
(( HHyyddrrooggeenn BBoonnddss ))
,
,
.
.
.
OO HH
δδ-- δδ--δδ++ xx
2 40 KJ/mol .
. (H2O),
.
O..O ,
.
O..H
.
.
δ+ δ-
(( DDiippoollaarr BBoonnddss ))
,
.
(Permanent Dipoles) ,
(Induced Dipoles) .
20 KJ/mol ,

(
+, δ+ δ+ δ-
–

δ+ .
δ+
,

.
(( CChhaarrggee TTrraannssffeerr BBoonnddss ))
(Phenyl group) (aromatic ring) π
. π
. ,
,
. .
, .

.
π
,

(Carbon fiber)
.
1.2.3 (Chemical Reaction)

. ,
. ,
22HH22 ++ OO22 →→ 22HH22OO
NN22 ++ OO22 →→ 22NNOO
∝∝ ∝∝ ∝∝ [[NN22]] [[OO22]]
[] . (R1)
(k1) .
, (R2)
22NNOO →→ NN22 ++ OO22
RR22 == kk22 [[NNOO]] [[NNOO]] == kk22 [[NNOO]]22
( RR11 == RR22 ), (system) (Dynamic Chemical Equilibrium) . ,
kk11 [[NN22]] [[OO22]] == kk22 [[NNOO]]22 (()) Keq = k1 / k2 .
kk11 [[NNOO]]22 kkeeqq == ------------ == -------------------------- == ccoonnsstt.. (())
kk22 [[NN22]] [[OO22]]
, , (Exotherm) . . , , , , . .
. (Endotherm) , . (Catalysis)
, .
1.2.4 (Water molecules)
3/4 , 60% .
. (H2O)
, .
–– OO--HH :: 00..995577,, –– OO--HH :: 110044..5522°° –– HH--HH :: 11..5533
,
OO :: 11 sshheellll -- 11ss22 22 sshheellll -- 22ss2222pp44 ((22ppxx2222ppyy1122ppzz11))
sspp33 44 ((44 )) .. –– 22ppyy11 22ppzz11 HH –– 22ppxx22

+ (O) – (H) 2 . 1) O H
2) O -


,
. , . , .
18 , (CH3CH2CH3) 42, ?