XXXIV Congresso Interamericano de Psicologia Ps

XXXIV Interamerican Congress of Psychology
XXXIV Congreso Interamericano de Psicología
ISBN 978-85-67058-01-6
Brasil, Brasília 15 a 19 de julho de 2013
REALIZAÇÃO
APOIO
ORGANIZAÇÃO
Abstracts of the XXXIV Interamerican Congress of Psychology
Resúmenes del XXXIV Congreso Interamericano de Psicología
XXXIV Congresso Interamericano de Psicologia Ps
Conhecimento, Diversidade e Integração
Knowledge, Diversity and Integration
Conocimiento, Diversidad e Integración
SBPOT
DIREÇÃO
Anais do XXXIV Congresso Interamericano de Psicologia [e-book] / João Carlos
Alchieri; Juliana Barreiros Porto (organizadores) – Brasília: SBPOT, 2013.
Possui textos em três idiomas.
ISBN 978-85-67058-01-6
1. Psicologia – Eventos I. Alchieri, João Carlos II. Porto, Juliana Barreiros
III. Congresso Interamericano de Psicologia IV. Título
CDU 159.98
Ficha catalográfica elaborada por Yaciara Mendes Duarte CRB 1/ DF 2622
III XXXIV Congresso Interamericano de Psicologia
XXXIV Interamerican Congress of Psychology • XXXIV Congreso Interamericano de Psicología
Anais Abstracts • Resúmenes
MESA DIRETORA
PRESIDENTE President • Presidente
PRESIDENTE ANTERIOR Past President • Presidenta Saliente
Dra. Maria Regina Maluf Sao Paulo, Brasil
PRESIDENTE ELEITA President Elect • Presidenta Electa
Dra. Judith Gibbons Missouri, USA
VICE-PRESIDENTE PARA EUA E CANADÁ Vice Presidente for USA & Canada • Vicepresidente para EE.UU. y Canadá
Dr. Harmon M. Hosch El Paso, USA
VICE-PRESIDENTE PARA MÉXICO, AMÉRICA CENTRAL E CARIBE Vice President for Mexico, Central America and the Caribbean • Vicepresidente para México, Centro América y el Caribe
Dr. Nelson Portillo San Salvador, El Salvador
VICE-PRESIDENTE PARA AMÉRICA DO SUL Vice President for South America • Vicepresidenta para América del Sur
Silvia V. Pugliese San Juan, Argentina
SECRETÁRIO EXECUTIVO PARA EUA E CANADÁ Executive Secretary for USA & Canada • Secretario Ejecutivo para Estados Unidos y Canadá
Carlos Zalaquett Tampa, Estados Unidos
SECRETÁRIO EXECUTIVO PARA MÉXICO, AMÉRICA CENTRAL E CARIBE Executive Secretary for Mexico, Central America and the Caribbean • Secretaria Ejecutivo para México, Centro América y el Caribe
Claudia García de la Cadena Ciudad de Guatemala, Guatemala
IV Brasil, Brasília, 15-19 Julho/July/Julio 2013
SECRETÁRIO EXECUTIVO PARA AMÉRICA DO SUL Executive Secretary for South America • Secretario Ejecutivo para América del Sur
Rodrigo Mazo Medellín, Colombia
EDITOR DA REVISTA INTERAMERICANA DE PSICOLOGIA Editor of the Interamerican Journal of Psychology • Editor Revista Interamericana de Psicología
Dr. Edil Torres Rivera Florida, USA
SECRETARIA GERAL General secretary • Secretaría General
Dra. Yarimar Rosa Rodríguez San Juan, Puerto Rico
REPRESENTANTES E DELEGADOS(AS) Representatives & Delegates • Representantes y Delegados(as)
Argentina - Hugo Klappenbach Bolívia - Marion K. Schulmeyer Brasil - Beatriz Lima Scoz Canadá -Janel Gauthier Chile - Alfonzo Urzúa Colombia - Henry Castillo Cuba - Alberto Cubián Mena Ecuador - Ana Samaniego El Salvador - Ruth Gadala de Hasbun Guatemala - Sandra Luna México - Mirta Flores Galaz Paraguay - Norma Coppari Peru - Sheyla Blumen Puerto Rico - Eduardo Lugo USA - Sandra López Venezuela - Juan Carlos Canga
V XXXIV Congresso Interamericano de Psicologia
COMISSÃO EXECUTIVA
COORDENADORA GERAL General Coordinator • Coordinador General
Maria Angela Guimarães Feitosa Universidade de Brasília, Brasília, Brasil
VICE-COORDENADORA GERAL General Vice-Coordinator • Vice-Coordinador General
Simone Roballo Centro Universitário de Brasília, Brasília, Brasil
PRESIDENTE DE HONRA Honorary President • Presidente Honorario
Maria Regina Maluf Pontifícia Universidade Católica de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brasil
COORDENADOR ADMINISTRATIVO Administrative Coordinator • Coordinador Administrativo
Onofre R. de Miranda Universidade de Brasília, Brasília, Brasil
SUBCOMISSÃO DE PROGRAMAÇÃO CIENTÍFICA
COORDENAÇÃO Juliana Barreiros Porto Universidade de Brasília, Brasília, Brasil
VICE-COORDENAÇÃO: Maria Inês Gandolfo Conceição Universidade de Brasília, Brasília, Brasil
Acácia Aparecida Angeli dos Santos Universidade São Francisco, Itatiba, Brasil João Carlos Alchieri Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, Brasil
VI Brasil, Brasília, 15-19 Julho/July/Julio 2013
Selma Leitão Santos Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Recife, Brasil Jaqueline Gomes de Jesus Universidade de Brasília, Brasília, Brasil
SUBCOMISSÃO DE FINANÇAS
COORDENAÇÃO Katia Puente-Palacios Universidade de Brasília, Brasília, Brasil
VICE-COORDENAÇÃO Sheila Giardini Murta Universidade de Brasília, Brasília, Brasil
Luciana Mourão Cerqueira e Silva Universidade Salgado de Oliveira, Niterói, Brasil
SUBCOMISSÃO DE LOGÍSTICA
COORDENAÇÃO Goiara Mendonça de Castilho Universidade de Brasília, Brasília, Brasil
VICE- COORDENAÇÃO Amalia Raquel Pérez-Nebra Centro Universitário de Brasília, Brasília, Brasil
Miriam May Philippi Centro Universitário de Brasília, Brasília, Brasil
Daniele Nunes Henrique Silva Universidade de Brasília, Brasília, Brasil
SUBCOMISSÃO DE ATIVIDADES PRÉ-CONGRESSO
Pre-Congress Committee • Comité Pre-Congreso
VICE-COORDENAÇÃO Michela Rodrigues Ribeiro Centro Universitário de Brasília, Brasília, Brasil
VII XXXIV Congresso Interamericano de Psicologia
Joanneliese de Lucas Freitas Universidade Federal do Paraná, Curitiba, Brasil
Jaqueline Gomes de Jesus Universidade de Brasília, Brasília, Brasil
Ana Maria Jacó Vilela (Encontros Multilaterais) Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brasil
Raquel Souza Lobo Guzzo Pontifícia Universidade Católica Campinas, Brasil
Hartmut Günther Universidade de Brasília, Brasília, Brasil
SUBCOMISSÃO RELAÇÕES INTERNACIONAIS
COORDENAÇÃO Glaucia Ribeiro Starling Diniz Universidade de Brasília, Brasília, Brasil
VICE-COORDENAÇÃO Gerson Américo Janczura Universidade de Brasília, Brasília, Brasil
Cláudio Vaz Torres Universidade de Brasília, Brasília, Brasil
Juliana Seidl Universidade de Brasília, Brasília, Brasil
Taciano Lemos Milfont Victoria Univeristy of Wellington, Wellington, Noza Zelândia
SUBCOMISSÃO DE VOLUNTARIADO
COORDENAÇÃO Fabio Iglesias Universidade de Brasília, Brasília, Brasil
VICE-COORDENAÇÃO Raquel Carvalho Hoersting University of North Texas, USA
VIII Brasil, Brasília, 15-19 Julho/July/Julio 2013
Bárbara Monteiro Farias da Silva Universidade de Brasília, Brasília, Brasil
Beatriz Christina Dias da Costa Dantas Universidade de Brasília, Brasília, Brasil Kamilla Rocha Cunha Universidade de Brasília, Brasília, Brasil
Kayan Almeida Fagundes Universidade de Brasília, Brasília, Brasil
Lucas Soares Caldas Universidade de Brasília, Brasília, Brasil
Luísa Souza Trindade Universidade de Brasília, Brasília, Brasil
Luísa Vianna Baiocchi Universidade de Brasília, Brasília, Brasil
Nathalia Moreira Barbosa Campos Universidade de Brasília, Brasília, Brasil
Stela Maria Santos de Lemos Universidade de Brasília, Brasília, Brasil
Praxis Consultoria Jr. Psicologia Universidade de Brasília, Brasília, Brasil
SUBCOMISSÃO SOCIAL E CULTURAL
Cultural and Social Events Committee • Comité de Actividades Culturales y Sociales
COORDENAÇÃO Suzana Joffily Centro Universitário de Brasília, Brasília, Brasil
VICE-COORDENAÇÃO Fabiana Queiroga Centro Universitário de Brasília, Brasília, Brasil
IX XXXIV Congresso Interamericano de Psicologia
SUBCOMISSÃO DE COMUNICAÇÃO
COORDENAÇÃO Simone Roballo Centro Universitário de Brasília, Brasília, Brasil
VICE-COORDENAÇÃO Clarissa Vaz Dias Universidade de Brasília, Brasília, Brasil Dalhousie University, Halifax, Canada
Marcella Godoy Centro Universitário de Brasília, Brasília, Brasil
Silviane Bonaccorsi Barbato Universidade de Brasília, Brasília, Brasil
SUBCOMISSÃO DE INFORMÁTICA
COORDENAÇÃO Maurício Miranda Sarmet Universidade de Brasília, Brasília, Brasil
VICE-COORDENAÇÃO Rodrigo Gomide Baquero Centro Universitário de Brasília, Brasília, Brasil
COMITÊ CIENTÍFICO INTERNACIONAL
International Scientific Committee • Comité Científico Internacional
João Carlos Alchieri (Presidente) Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, Brasil Bernardo Ferdman Alliant University, San Diego, USA Fernando P. Cardenas Universidad de Los Andes, Bogotá, Colombia Guillermo Bernal Facultad de Ciencias Sociales, Recinto Río Piedras, Puerto Rico José Lino Oliveira Bueno Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brasil
X Brasil, Brasília, 15-19 Julho/July/Julio 2013
Maria Del Pilar Grazioso Universidad Del Valle de Guatemala, Guatemala, Guatemala
Mary Jane Paris Spink Pontifícia Universidade Católica de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brasil
Peter Hausdorf University of Guelph, Guelph, Canadá
Rolando Diaz-Loving Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, México, México
Sebastián Urquijo Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata, Mar del Plata, Argentina
Sheyla Blumen Pontificia Universidad Católica del Peru, Lima, Peru
XI XXXIV Congresso Interamericano de Psicologia
Sumário Table of content • Sumario
SUMÁRIO DE ARTIGOS
147 » AMISTAD, FAMILIA Y BIENESTAR: UNA MIRADA CULTURAL
FAMILY AND FRIENDS: INTERNAL MIGRATION AND SOCIAL NETWORK OF BRAZILIAN MIGRANTS ................... 9
CARACTERÍSTICAS DE PERSONALIDAD DEL MEXICANO: IGUALES O REALMENTE DIFERENTES ...................... 21
FAMILIA Y CONFLICTO: EFECTOS DE LA DEPRESIÓN, EDAD Y ESCOLARIDAD (PROYECTO PAPIIT NO. IN304712) .................................................................................................................................. 35
CONCEPTUACIÓN TEÓRICO-EMPÍRICA DEL BIENESTAR SUBJETIVO ..................................................................... 49
FAMILISMO Y FUNCIONAMIENTO FAMILIAR: UN VALOR POTECTOR ...................................................................... 63
DIMENSIÓN PSICOSOCIAL DE LA MATERNIDAD: UN APORTE DE LA PSICOLOGÍA PERINATAL ......................... 79
DISPOSITIVOS DE LA PSICOLOGÍA PERINATAL ............................................................................................................ 79
DIMENSIÓN PSICOSOCIAL DE LA MATERNIDAD ........................................................................................................ 85
LA PRESENCIA DE LOS ABUELOS EN NEONATOLOGÍA. LOS OTROS EN EL CAMPO PERINATAL “LA INTEGRACIÓN DEL BEBÉ EN EL ENCADENAMIENTO TRANSGENERACIONAL” ........................................... 89
1626 » BUILDING LATINO MENTAL HEALTH INFRASTRUCTURE
LATINOS AND THE CHANGING DEMOGRAPHIC LANDSCAPE: KEY DIMENSIONS FOR INFRASTRUCTURE BUILDING ........................................................................................................................................ 381
INCREASING SERVICE PARITY THROUGH ORGANIZATIONAL CULTURAL COMPETENCE .................................. 397
LATINOS IN RURAL AREAS: ADDRESSING MENTAL HEALTH DISPARITIES IN NEW GROWTH COMMUNITIES ............................................................................................................................................... 415
PROMOTING THE WELL-BEING OF UNACCOMPANIED IMMIGRANT MINORS .................................................... 429
THE PLIGHT OF LATINO YOUTH IN THE JUVENILE JUSTICE SYSTEM: CONSIDERATIONS FOR MENTAL HEALTH TREATMENT ...................................................................................................................................... 445
90 » VIOLENCIAS EN ESCUELAS: PERCEPCIONES Y SENTIDOS QUE CONSTRUYEN ACTORES SOCIALES SOBRE PROBLEMAS E INTERVENCIONES
VIOLENCIAS EN ESCUELAS: PERCEPCIONES Y SENTIDOS QUE CONSTRUYEN ACTORES SOCIALES SOBRE PROBLEMAS E INTERVENCIONES ................................................................................................................. 1111
¿QUÉ APRENDEN LOS AGENTES PSICO-EDUCATIVOS CUANDO CONSTRUYEN PROBLEMAS E INTERVENCIONES SOBRE VIOLENCIAS EN ESCUELAS? ........................................................................................ 1112
PERCEPCIÓN DE LA VIOLENCIA EN ESCUELAS DE EDUCACIÓN BÁSICA DEL DISTRITO FEDERAL, MÉXICO ........................................................................................................................................................................... 1127
CONSTRUCCIÓN DE PROBLEMAS E INTERVENCIONES CON VIOLENCIAS EN ESCUELAS EN PRÁCTICAS DE ENSEÑANZA DE PROFESORES DE PSICOLOGÍA ............................................................................................... 1141
XII Brasil, Brasília, 15-19 Julho/July/Julio 2013
AMOR, ESTRATEGIAS DE MANTENIMIENTO, COMUNICACIÓN Y SATISFACCIÓN: EJES CENTRALES DE LA CALIDAD MARITAL ................................................................................................................................................... 1157
BARRERAS Y FACILITADORES DE LA AMISTAD EN LOS MEXICANOS: DEL ENCUENTRO A LA SEPARACIÓN ......................................................................................................................................................... 1169
ACTITUD HACIA UNA MUJER EMPODERADA Y CON ÉXITO COMO PREDICTORES DE LA SATISFACCIÓN MARITAL EN HOMBRES Y MUJERES ........................................................................................................................... 1183
EL IMPACTO DEL PODER EN EL CONFLICTO EN LA PAREJA................................................................................. 1197
CONTENIDO DEL CONFLICTO Y LOS VALORES EN LAS RELACIONES CERCANAS .......................................... 1205
425 » DE LA AMISTAD A LA PAREJA: IMPLICACIONES CULTURALES EN LAS RELACIONES INTERPERSONALES
INTERCULTURAL FRIENDSHIPS OF BRAZILIAN AND INTERNATIONAL COLLEGE STUDENTS IN BRAZIL ....... 1225
ANÁLISIS DEL DISCURSO PSICÓTICO MEDIANTE MANCHAS DE TINTA Y SU RELACIÓN CON EL NIVEL DE CERCANÍA EN LAS RELACIONES DE PAREJA ..................................................................................................... 1237
ESTUDIO DIÁDICO DEL IMPACTO DE LOS ESTILOS DE COMUNICACIÓN EN LA SATISFACCIÓN EN LA RELACIÓN ....................................................................................................................................................................... 1251
CORRELATOS DE LA SEXUALIDAD: ACTITUDES Y ORIENTACIÓN SOCIO SEXUAL MEXICANA ....................... 1261
DIME QUÉ TIPO DE MEXICANO ERES Y TE DIRÉ SI ERES INFIEL: UN ESTUDIO EN HOMBRES Y MUJERES CONTEMPORÁNEOS .................................................................................................................................................... 1269
XIII XXXIV Congresso Interamericano de Psicologia
Sumário Table of content • Sumario
SUMÁRIO DE RESUMOS
u16 JULHO/JULY/JULIO 2013
CONFERÊNCIAS E PRÊMIOS ................................................................................................................................. 2 CONFERENCES AND AWARDS • CONFERENCIAS Y PREMIOS ........................................................................................... 2
SIMPÓSIOS ............................................................................................................................................................ 8 SYMPOSIA • SIMPÓSIOS ............................................................................................................................................................ 8
MESAS-REDONDAS ........................................................................................................................................... 155 ROUND TABLES • MESAS REDONDAS ................................................................................................................................ 155
APRESENTAÇÕES ORAIS ................................................................................................................................. 209 ORAL PRESENTATIONS • PONENCIAS ................................................................................................................................ 209
PÔSTERES .......................................................................................................................................................... 337 POSTERS • POSTERS ............................................................................................................................................................... 337
CONFERÊNCIAS E PRÊMIOS ............................................................................................................................. 374 CONFERENCES AND AWARDS • CONFERENCIAS Y PREMIOS ....................................................................................... 374
SIMPÓSIOS ........................................................................................................................................................ 379 SYMPOSIA • SIMPÓSIOS ........................................................................................................................................................ 379
MESAS-REDONDAS ........................................................................................................................................... 510 ROUND TABLES • MESAS REDONDAS ................................................................................................................................ 510
APRESENTAÇÕES ORAIS .................................................................................................................................. 573 ORAL PRESENTATIONS • PONENCIAS ................................................................................................................................ 573
PÔSTERES .......................................................................................................................................................... 710 POSTERS • POSTERS ............................................................................................................................................................... 710
CONFERÊNCIAS E PRÊMIOS ............................................................................................................................. 778 CONFERENCES AND AWARDS • CONFERENCIAS Y PREMIOS ....................................................................................... 778
SIMPÓSIOS ........................................................................................................................................................ 784 SYMPOSIA • SIMPÓSIOS ........................................................................................................................................................ 784
XIV Brasil, Brasília, 15-19 Julho/July/Julio 2013
PÔSTERES ........................................................................................................................................................ 1039 POSTERS • POSTERS ............................................................................................................................................................. 1039
CONFERÊNCIAS E PRÊMIOS ........................................................................................................................... 1104 CONFERENCES AND AWARDS • CONFERENCIAS Y PREMIOS ..................................................................................... 1104
SIMPÓSIOS ...................................................................................................................................................... 1279 SYMPOSIA • SIMPÓSIOS ...................................................................................................................................................... 1279
MESAS-REDONDAS ........................................................................................................................................ 1323 ROUND TABLES • MESAS REDONDAS .............................................................................................................................. 1323
APRESENTAÇÕES ORAIS ............................................................................................................................... 1372 ORAL PRESENTATIONS • PONENCIAS .............................................................................................................................. 1372
PÔSTERES ........................................................................................................................................................ 1485 POSTERS • POSTERS ............................................................................................................................................................. 1485
uÍNDICE DE AUTORES ........................................................................................................... 1527
{C} Conferências e Prêmios Conferences and Awards Conferencias y Premios
CONFERÊNCIAS E PRÊMIOS Conferences and Awards • Conferencias y Premios
Ensinar a ler: Progressos da psicologia no século XXI Maria Regina Maluf, Pontifícia Universidade Católica de São Paulo, Brasil
Coordenador/Chair/Coordinador
Resumo
A Ciência da Leitura constituiu-se nos últimos 30 anos, incorpora contribuições da Psicologia Cognitiva e das Neurociências e tem muito a dizer sobre como ensinar a ler. Algumas crianças aprendem rapidamente na escola enquanto que outras não conseguem aprender apesar de anos de escolarização. Decodificação, ortografia, fluência e compreensão são desafios com que os aprendizes se deparam. O que essas habilidades têm a ver com os métodos de ensino, com o sistema de escrita, ou com algo inerente à criança? Debates em torno dessas questões ocuparam grande parte do século vinte e ainda estão presentes em nossos meios. Embora não se tenha uma resposta definitiva, há evidências que mostram o que ajuda e o que não ajuda, e o porquê. A Ciência da Leitura está permitindo compreender como o cérebro humano funciona quando exposto à leitura e insiste no papel preponderante da instrução fônica nos processos de aprendizagem.
Abstract
The Science of Reading was formed in the last 30 years, incorporates contributions from Cognitive Psychology and Neuroscience and has much to say about how to teach reading. Some children quickly learn in school while others cannot learn in spite of years of schooling. Decoding, spelling, fluency and comprehension are challenges that learners face. What these skills have to do with teaching methods, the writing system, or something inherent to the child? Debates about these issues occupied much of the twentieth century and are still present in our media. Although no definitive answer, there is evidence to show what helps and what does not help, and why. The Science of Reading is allowing us to understand how the human brain works when exposed to reading and emphasizes the important role of phonics instruction in the learning process.
Resumen
La Ciencia de la Lectura se formó en los últimos 30 años, incorpora las contribuciones de la Psicología Cognitiva y Neurociencia y tiene mucho que decir acerca de cómo enseñar a leer. Algunos niños aprenden rápidamente en la escuela, mientras que otros no pueden aprender, a pesar de los años de escolaridad. Decodificación, ortografía, fluidez y comprensión son los desafíos que enfrentan los estudiantes. ¿Qué tienen que ver estas habilidades con los métodos de enseñanza, el sistema de escritura, o con algo inherente al niño? Los debates sobre estos temas ocuparon buena parte del siglo XX y todavía están presentes en nuestros medios de comunicación. Aunque no exista una respuesta definitiva, hay evidencias que demuestran lo que ayuda y lo que no funciona, y por qué. La ciencia de la lectura está permitiendo comprender cómo funciona el cerebro humano cuando se expone a la lectura y hace hincapié en el importante papel de la enseñanza de la fonética en el proceso de aprendizaje.
3 XXXIV Congresso Interamericano de Psicologia
16 Julho/July/Julio 2013
Social isolation John Cacioppo, University of Chicago, USA
Resumo
Espécies sociais, de drosophilia melanogaster ao homo sapiens, se saem mal quando socialmente isolados. Os seres humanos, uma espécie com incontáveis decisões, são afetados mais pela percepção de isolamento social do que pelo isolamento social real. Pesquisas indicam que o isolamento social percebido (ou seja, a solidão) é um fator de risco e pode contribuir para perda da saúde e bem- estar, dormir menos, pior desempenho cognitivo global, o declínio cognitivo mais rápido, diminuição do funcionamento executivo, a expressão de genes alterados, e efeitos de contágio que ameaçam a coesão social. Juntos, estes efeitos contribuem para a associação entre o isolamento social e mortalidade nos humanos.
Abstract
Social species, from drosophilia melanogaster to homo sapiens, fare poorly when socially isolated. Humans, an irrepressibly meaning-making species, are affected in normal circumstances more by perceived social isolation than by objective social isolation. Research indicates that perceived social isolation (i.e., loneliness) is a risk factor for, and may contribute to, poor health and well-being, less salubrious sleep, poorer overall cognitive performance, faster cognitive decline, poorer executive functioning, altered gene expression, and contagion effects that threaten social cohesion. Together, these effects contribute to the association between social isolation and mortality in humans.
Resumen
A las especies sociales, desde la drosophila melanogaster hasta el homo sapiens, les va mal cuando se aíslan socialmente. Los seres humanos, una especie de irreprimible de toma de decisiones, se ven afectados en circunstancias normales más por el aislamiento social percibido que por el aislamiento social objetivo. Las investigaciones indican que el aislamiento social percibido (por ejemplo, la soledad) es un factor de riesgo de, y puede contribuir a, una mala salud y bienestar, menos sueño saludable, un peor rendimiento cognitivo general, una disminución cognitiva más rápida, un pobre funcionamiento ejecutivo, una expresión genética alterada, y los efectos contagiosos que amenazan la cohesión social. Juntos, estos efectos contribuyen a la asociación entre el aislamiento social y la mortalidad en los seres humanos.
4 Brasil, Brasília, 15-19 Julho/July/Julio 2013
Linking social change and developmental change: Shifting pathways of human development Patricia Greenfield, Sponsored by IACCP, University of California and IACCP, EUA
Resumo
A nova teoria da mudança social e do desenvolvimento humano de Patricia Greenfield tem como objetivo mostrar como a mudança de ecologias sociodemográficas altera os valores culturais e ambientes de aprendizagem e, assim, altera também as vias de desenvolvimento. Tendências sócio demográficas em todo o mundo incluem o movimento rural-residência, a educação informal em casa, economia de subsistência, e ambientes de baixa tecnologia para residência urbana, educação formal, comércio e ambientes de alta tecnologia. A ex-ecologia é resumida pelo termo alemão Gemeinschaft (“comunidade”) e o último pelo termo alemão Gesellschaft (“sociedade”, para nnies, 1887/1957). Uma revisão da pesquisa empírica demonstra que, através de processos adaptativos, o movimento de qualquer variável ecológica na direção do Gesellschaft muda os valores culturais em um sentido individualista e em vias de desenvolvimento em direção a um comportamento social mais independente e uma cognição mais abstrata, para dar alguns exemplos de comportamentos miríades que respondem a essas mudanças sócio demográficas. Em contraste, o movimento (muito menos frequente) de qualquer variável ecológica numa direcção Gemeinschaft está previsto para alterar os valores culturais e as vias de desenvolvimento no sentido oposto. Em conclusão, os ambientes socioculturais não são estáticos, quer nos países desenvolvidos ou em desenvolvimento e, portanto, deve ser tratado de forma dinâmica em pesquisa sobre desenvolvimento.
Abstract
P. M. Greenfield’s new theory of social change and human development aims to show how changing sociodemographic ecologies alter cultural values and learning environments and thereby shift developmental pathways. Worldwide sociodemographic trends include movement from rural-residence, informal education at home, subsistence economy, and low-technology environments to urban residence, formal schooling, commerce, and high-technology environments. The former ecology is summarized by the German term Gemeinschaft (“community”) and the latter by the German term Gesellschaft (“society”; To nnies, 1887/1957). A review of empirical research demonstrates that, through adaptive processes, movement of any ecological variable in a Gesellschaft direction shifts cultural values in an individualistic direction and developmental pathways toward more independent social behavior and more abstract cognition—to give a few examples of the myriad behaviors that respond to these sociodemographic changes. In contrast, the (much less frequent) movement of any ecological variable in a Gemeinschaft direction is predicted to move cultural values and developmental pathways in the opposite direction. In conclusion, sociocultural environments are not static either in the developed or the developing world and therefore must be treated dynamically in developmental research.
Resumen
La nueva teoría del cambio social y el desarrollo humano de Patricia Greenfield tiene como objetivo mostrar cómo el cambio de las ecologías sociodemográficas alterar los valores culturales y los entornos de aprendizaje y por lo tanto altera también el mundo en desarrollo. Las tendencias demográficas en el mundo Socio incluyen residencia movimiento rural, la educación no formal en el país, la economía
Conferences and Awards Conferencias y Premios
de subsistencia, y los entornos de baja tecnología para la residencia urbana, la educación formal, el comercio y ambientes de alta tecnología. El ex ecología se resume con el término alemán Gemeinschaft (“comunidad”) y el último término por el alemán Gesellschaft (“sociedad” para nnies, 1887/1957). Una revisión de investigaciones empíricas muestra que, a través de los procesos de adaptación, el movimiento de cualquier variable ecológica en la dirección de la Gesellschaft cambio de los valores culturales en un sentido individualista y hacia el desarrollo de un comportamiento social más independiente y la cognición más abstracto, por poner algunos ejemplos de comportamientos que responden a estos innumerables sociodemográfica. En contraste, el movimiento (con mucha menos frecuencia) se espera que cualquier variable ecológica en una dirección Gemeinschaft para cambiar los valores culturales y en desarrollo en la dirección opuesta. En conclusión, los entornos socio-culturales no son estáticos, ya sea en países desarrollados o en desarrollo, y por lo tanto deben ser tratados de forma dinámica en la investigación para el desarrollo.
Aportes de la historia de la psicología a la integración y diversidad en psicología Hugo Klappenbach, Universidad Nacional de San Luis, CONICET, Argentina
Resumo
O trabalho começa por analisar o início de processo de diferenciação teórica no campo da psicologia a partir de uma perspectiva histórica. Ele vai analisar a primeira declaração de crise da psicologia no final do século XIX, diferentes as crises estabelecidas por Kuhn. Em seguida, reconstrói historicamente o debate teórico sobre o estágio chamado das escolas de psicologia, e revisitar os estudos clássicos que informaram as diversas tendências depois de 1925. Subsequentemente, discutir criticamente alguns a proposta de integração das escolases psicológicos, incluindo a síntese experimental de comportamento de Ruben Ardila e a proposta da psicologia unificada de Robert Sternberg e Elena Grigorenko no início do século XXI.
Abstract
The paper begins with the historical analysis of the early period of theoretical differentiation in the field of psychology. To this end, the first declaration of crisis in psychology at the end of 19 th Century is analyzed. Then, the theoretical debate during the so called stage of schools in psychology will be reconstructed. It also will be revisited the classic studies that analyzed the various schools, systems and directions in Psychology after 1925. Finally, we critically discuss some of the proposals for the integration of psychological tendencies, among them, the Ruben Ardila experimental synthesis of behavior and the unified psychology from Robert and Elena Grigorenko at the beginning of XXI Century.
Resumen
El trabajo comienza analizando los comienzos del proceso de diferenciación teórica en el campo de la psicología desde el punto de vista histórico. Se analizará la primera declaración de crisis de la psicología a finales del siglo XIX, diferente a las crisis previstas por Kuhn. Seguidamente, se reconstruirá históricamente el debate teórico en la denominada etapa de las escuelas de psicología, revisitando los estudios clásicos que fundamentaron las diversas corrientes psicológicas posteriores a 1925. Posteriormente, se discutirán críticamente algunas de las propuestas de integración de las corrientes psicológicas, entre ellas la síntesis experimental del comportamiento de Rubén Ardila hasta la psicología unificada de Robert Sternberg y Elena Grigorenko al inicio del siglo XXI.
Conferences and Awards Conferencias y Premios
SIP Award – Lactancia materna y empoderamiento: Habilidades para la vida y factores psicosociales de un programa nacional en México Susan Pick, Ashoka, Mexico
Resumo
A implementação no México de um programa baseado na agência pessoal e capacitação intrínseca revela o processo de desconstrução e construção para que as pessoas tornam-se verdadeiros agentes de mudança desde a aquisição de conhecimentos e atitudes básicas para o desenvolvimento de novas políticas para a promoção aleitamento materno exclusivo por seis meses. O desenvolvimento de habilidades para a vida, tais como autoconhecimento, empatia, expressão e gestão emoção, comunicação assertiva, o pensamento crítico e a tomada de decisão, a aquisição de conhecimentos e informações padronizadas sobre a prática do aleitamento materno e reduzir as barreiras psicossociais como tristeza, medo, preconceitos, ressentimentos e culpas são a chave para a mudança de atitudes e comportamentos em ambas as autoridades e profissionais de saúde, como em mulheres grávidas e lactantes e suas famílias. Isso melhorou a qualidade da assistência médica e tomada de decisão independente, as mulheres informadas e responsáveis.
Abstract
The implementation in Mexico of a program based on personal agency and empowerment intrinsic reveals the deconstruction and construction process for people to become true agents of change since the acquisition of knowledge and attitudes basic to the development of new policies for the promotion exclusive breastfeeding for six months. The development of life skills such as self-awareness, empathy, expression and emotion management, assertive communication, critical thinking and decision making, the acquisition of knowledge and standardized information regarding the practice of breastfeeding, and reducing psychosocial barriers as grief, fear, prejudices, resentments and guilt are key to changing attitudes and behavior in both authorities and health workers, as in pregnant and breastfeeding women and their families. This has improved the quality of medical care and independent decision making, informed and responsible women.
Resumen
La implementación en México de un programa basado en la gestión personal y el empoderamiento intrínseco, revela el proceso de deconstrucción y construcción para que las personas sean verdaderos agentes de cambio desde la adquisición de conocimientos y actitudes básicas, hasta la elaboración de nuevas políticas públicas para el fomento de la lactancia materna exclusiva durante seis meses. El desarrollo de habilidades para la vida como el autoconocimiento, la empatía, la expresión y el manejo de emociones, la comunicación asertiva, el pensamiento crítico y la toma de decisiones; la adquisición de conocimientos e información estandarizada respecto a la práctica de la lactancia; y la reducción de barreras psicosociales como la pena, el miedo, los prejuicios, los resentimientos y la culpa son clave para el cambio de conductas y actitudes, tanto en las autoridades y personal de salud, como en las mujeres embarazadas y en lactancia y sus familiares. Esto ha mejorado la calidad de la atención médica así como la toma de decisiones autónoma, informada y responsable de las mujeres.
{S} Simpósios Symposia Simpósios
SIMPÓSIOS COM TEXTO COMPLETO Symposia with full paper • Simpósios con textos completos
147 » AMISTAD, FAMILIA Y BIENESTAR: UNA MIRADA CULTURAL Sofía Rivera Aragón
Résumen General
La familia es el eje de la sociedad, muchas de las conductas se gestan directamente de esta. La familia es la institución encargada de la socialización, proceso mediante el cual la generación joven aprende e internaliza ideas, valores, normas y patrones de conducta que le permiten identificarse e incorporarse a los modos de vida de la comunidad que lo rodea (Durkheim, 1975). Por lo tanto, en la familia es en donde el niño internaliza los primeros valores y patrones de conducta que le permitirán interactuar con otros miembros de su familia y su comunidad, lo que le servirá para integrarse a la sociedad de la que forma parte. No obstante, existen muchos otros grupos que también dan la pauta para comportarse de una u otra forma, estamos hablando de los amigos. Así García, Nogueira y Correa plantean que juntos la familia y los amigos constituyen una red social, la cual sirve de apoyo cuando las personas migran (Haug, 2003). Por otro lado se ha visto que el bienestar determina una serie de patrones y que su significado depende del tiempo y de la situación, propuesta que Velasco, Rivera, García y Reyes, plasman en su investigación sobre la conceptuación del bienestar Este fenómeno se refiere al hecho de que una persona crea (subjetivamente) que su vida es deseable, placentera y/o buena (Diener, 2009). Por su parte Cruz, Rivera, Díaz Loving y Taracena plantean la importancia de las características de personalidad del mexicano, como referente a la cultura y la forma en que se interpretan estos rasgos; donde los mexicanos son un conglomerado de características burguesas con claros tintes nacionalistas y patrióticos que se manifiestan a la menor provocación en un tendencia festiva similar al relajo descrito por otros autores; pero que a la vez busca de manera insistente el anonimato y que el grupo (Castañeda, 2011). Por otra parte García, Rivera, Reyes y Díaz-Loving, plantean como variables asociadas a salud mental y variables sociodemográficas determinan la forma en que se relaciona el conflicto y la familia. Indicando que la depresión y el paso del tiempo incrementan los conflictos (Gottman & Levenson, 2000). Finalmente Rivera, Pérez, Velasco, Díaz Loving y García plantean al familismo como un escudo protector a la familia ante cambios ya sea por necesidad o por obligación (Herrera, Rivera & Díaz-Loving, 2010).
Family and Friends: Internal Migration and Social Network of Brazilian Migrants
Agnaldo Garcia, Federal University of Espírito Santo, Brasil*
Fabio Nogueira Pereira, Federal University of Espírito Santo, Brasil
Maria Daniela Corrêa de Macedo, Federal University of Espírito Santo, Brasil
Resumo Segundo o IBGE, há cerca de vinte milhões de brasileiros vivendo em regiões diferentes daquela onde nasceram. O objetivo deste trabalho foi investigar as relações entre migração interna e relações interpessoais no Brasil. Participaram da pesquisa 100 brasileiros adultos que estavam vivendo fora de seu estado natal que responderam a um questionário. Os principais motivos da mudança foram trabalho, estudo ou relacionamento e família. Os 100 participantes citaram 467 pessoas significativas em suas vidas. Destas, apenas 35,1% viviam na mesma cidade do participante, incluindo parceiros românticos, filhos, amigos e família nuclear de origem. Os dados sugerem que a migração para outro estado provoca o afastamento de grande parte da rede de pessoas significativas, com o afastamento da família nuclear de origem com o aumento proporcional de parceiros românticos, filhos e amigos na rede local. Pode-se concluir que a migração afeta a rede social de brasileiros migrantes.
Abstract According to IBGE, more than twenty million Brazilians live in regions other than that of their birth. The objective of this study was to investigate the relationship between migration and interpersonal relations in Brazil. Participants were 100 adult Brazilians who were living outside their home state who responded to a questionnaire. The main reasons for moving were work, studies or relationships and family. The 100 participants cited 467 significant people in their lives. Of these, only 35.1% lived in the same city of the participant, including romantic partners, children, friends and other relatives. The data suggest that migration to another state causes the distancing from a large part of the network of significant others, especially from the nuclear family of origin with the proportional increase of romantic partners, children and friends in the local network. It can be concluded that migration affects the social network of Brazilian migrants.
Resumen De acuerdo con el IBGE, más de veinte millones de brasileños viven en regiones distintas de la de su nacimiento. El objetivo de este estudio fue investigar la relación entre la migración y las relaciones interpersonales en Brasil. Los participantes fueron 100 adultos brasileños que vivían fuera de su estado que respondieron a un cuestionario. Las principales razones para el cambio fueron trabajo, estudios o relaciones y familia. Los 100 participantes citaron 467 personas significativas en sus vidas. De éstos, sólo 35,1% vivía en la misma ciudad del participante, incluyendo parejas, hijos, amigos y otros familiares. Los datos sugieren que la migración a otro estado promueve la separación de gran parte de la red personal significativa, especialmente de la familia nuclear de origen con el aumento proporcional de parejas, hijos y amigos en la red local. Se puede concluir que la migración afecta las redes personales de los migrantes brasileños.
Introduction The relations between friendship and culture are a complex theme of investigation. There
is a diversity of studies on friendships involving people from different racial, ethnic, cultural and national backgrounds (Garcia & Miranda, 2012). Most of these investigations focus on racial, ethnic, cultural and national groups already established in a specific country. Although these groups are, at least partially, the result of spontaneous or forced migratory movements in some historical period, the investigations rarely deal with the first generation of migrants. Migration may include national and international mobility. Friendship and international or internal migration, involving the first generation of migrants, is still poorly investigated. A few papers relate human mobility and friendship, considering international or internal migration, especially in Brazil and Latin America. The present study investigates the social networks (including relatives and friends) of Brazilians who, having been born in a state of the federation, decided to live in another state after completing 18 years old. A brief review of themes related to friendship in the context of international and national migration, especially in Brazil, is presented, including some studies on friendship, race, ethnicity and culture, friendship and international migration, including international migration of Brazilians and finally friendship and internal migration in Brazil.
Friendship, Race, Ethnicity and Culture In a recent review of interethnic, interracial, intercultural and international friendships, Garcia and
Miranda (2012) discussed the diversity of research on the topic, highlighting the social and cultural importance of these friendships. According to the authors, intercultural, interracial and interethnic friendships are still poorly investigated and they are usually studied considering inhabitants of the same region or country. In this paper, we include some papers referring to friendships between people with different ethnic, racial or cultural backgrounds within the same country, not associated with the first generation of immigrants in another country, which is discussed in another item. Anyway, there is a clear boundary between the two groups.
Referring to methodological issues in the study of interracial friendships, Smith (2002) argues that the levels of these friendships differ according to the method used to measure them. The direct approach, focused on the race, shows the highest level of integration, followed by three-step approach and the network method would indicate the lowest integration. According to the author, the direct approach probably overestimates the level of interracial friendships and the network method produces more accurate numbers.
An investigation in South Africa convened focus groups of “Afrikaners”, British, “colored” (mixed race belonging to a heterogeneous group of people with some degree of African ancestry but not enough to be considered black), Asians and blacks, who discussed intercultural friendships, including central characteristics of friendships, instances in which they dealt with cultural differences, rules violations that led to break up a friendship relation and recommendations for appropriate and satisfactory friendship. Each group emphasized different aspects of friendship: the “Afrikaner” centered on themes of cultural identity and pride; the British on themes of individualism and future orientation, the “colored” in orientation and flexibility of the relationship; Asians in responsibility for actions and openness, and blacks on issues such as honor and compassion. There was a positive relationship between the level of socio-cultural power in South Africa and intensity of ethnic identity, so that the group with higher socio-cultural power expressed most clearly the more negative side of members of other groups, as well as expressed preferences for their own group or individual standards for intercultural friendship (Collier & Bornman, 1999).
Kao and Joyner (2004) examined differences in the activities of interethnic and interracial friendships among whites, blacks, Hispanics and Asians. According to the authors, it is more
likely that the best friends (more than friends of a higher order) belong to the same ethnic group. Best friends also reported more shared activities during the previous week than the friends of higher order. They argue that shared activities are a useful indicator of intimacy in friendship. In general, interracial friends reported fewer shared activities that intra-racial. Young whites, Asians and Hispanics reported less activity with black friends. There was little difference in the activities between inter and intra-ethnic friendships. The authors suggest that even when young people break racial boundaries in selecting friends, these friends face greater challenges than those between individuals of the same race.
The relationship between friendship and prejudice has been addressed by several authors. Aberson, Shoemaker and Tomolillo (2004) examined the role of interethnic friendships involving Euro-Americans, African-Americans and Latino Americans and their relationship with implicit and explicit biases against these groups. Euro-American with close friends of such groups exhibited less implicit bias than participants without close friends in the target group. The results highlight the importance of contact, particularly interethnic friendship, to improve inter-group attitudes. In another paper related to racial prejudice, Jacobson and Johnson (2006) report that 85% of African- Americans who participated in a survey also approved inter-marriage. The authors concluded that the amount of contact or friendship that African-Americans had with Euro-Americans seems to have been a critical variable affecting attitudes about intergroup marriages.
Several studies have investigated interracial or interethnic friendships and their role in social integration. Vorauer and Sakamoto (2006) examined the influence of communication problems on the expression of interest in friendship during the interaction between student groups of the same- sex (whites, whites and Chinese, and Chinese). Whites with little prior contact with Chinese tended to perceive that their statements had shown more interest in friendships with the other group than the reverse, which did not happen with whites with previous contact and Chinese among themselves. This led to a decrease in real interest in friendship over time by increasing the distance and lowering the probability of formation of friendship groups.
Still related to social integration, a few studies have focused on the role of majorities and ethnic or racial minorities and their influence on the relations between members of these groups. Several studies investigate ethnic and racial minorities and friendships. Isajiw and Fong (2000), for example, examined the determinants of patterns of interethnic friendships between a minority group and the majority group and co-ethnic friendships. The analysis indicated that participation in activities within the ethnic minority group diminished the chances of developing friendships with the majority group, individual socioeconomic characteristics strongly affected co-ethnic friendships, and, previous experiences of friendship with the majority group are related to the level of ties with this group.
Based on these few examples, it is possible to indicate a relatively diverse literature on interethnic or interracial friendships. In general, these studies are related to the historical phenomenon of the approach and coexistence of different races or ethnic groups in the same territorial space, which in many situations is the cause of many problems. Interethnic and interracial friendships arise then as a factor that contributes to social integration, enabling the reduction of prejudice. Other recent references also analyze interracial friendships (Smith & Singer, 2006; de Souza Briggs, 2007; Fischer, 2008), ethnic friendships (Reynolds, 2007; Walker, 2008) or cultural friendships (Goto & Chan, 2005; Sias, Drzewiecka, Meares, Bent, Konomi, Ortega & White, 2007).
Friendship and International Migration A few studies discuss friendships associated with the migratory process. Kugele (2006)
examined the friendships of young nomad adults and how growing up in different cultures and
moving frequently influenced feelings and behavior in friendships. After describing the friendship networks and their main characteristics on quality and intimacy, the author discusses the relevance of friends on the social reintegration and the significance of different forms of communication to maintain and establish friendships. In another study, Haug (2003) investigated interethnic friendships as an indicator of social integration among young Turkish and Italian immigrants in Germany. Social integration was investigated based on friendships with young Germans. Immigrants of Italian origin had more German friends than immigrants of Turkish origin. Young female immigrants were less likely to build friendships with Germans than young male immigrants from the same ethnic group.
In a study on friendships of young immigrants from Taiwan living in the U.S., Tsai (2006) suggests that immigrants usually make new friends after arriving in a new country. According to the author, the formation of social networks should be understood within a larger social context. The article examines how the sociocultural context affects young immigrants to rebuild their friendship networks. The results indicated that, due to limited knowledge of English, the young remained distant from Americans to avoid embarrassment, what contributed to increase segregation. A protection factor used was living near the ethnic community, which added to the networks of new friendships.
A few Latin American studies discuss the relation between friendship and migration. Some studies on international migration have indicated the involvement of friends in the migration process, both at the site of origin of migrants as the destination. Zenteno (2000) investigated the international migration from Mexico to the U.S. and observed that migration networks are formed by family and friends, as well as intermediate forgers of documents, immigration consultants, travel agents, among others. The migrant networks based on kinship, friendship or community are considered personal networks to distinguish them from networks of intermediaries with distant social relations and well organized. Legally admitted immigrants in the United States contribute to strengthen the networks of family and friends in Mexico and are a potential source of increased migration. The migration networks based on kinship and friendship continue to consolidate as a result of increased Mexican migration to the United States, and the legalization and naturalization of millions of Mexicans in this country. The author adds that the probability of crossing the border into the United States and getting a good job is higher among households that already have kinship relationships and friendships in the country. The author highlights the importance of social structures that support migration from Mexico to the U.S., particularly the migration networks of kinship and friendship and intermediaries.
Friendship and International Migration of Brazilians A similar situation was identified by Fazito and Rios-Neto (2008) regarding the migration of
Brazilians to the Unites States. The author observed a system of international migration involving migrants, family and friends in Brazil, family and friends in the U.S., independent agents (recruiters / brokers), tourism agencies, counterfeiters (brokers for documents), returnees, churches (in the immigrant community), pastors and coyotes (Mexicans). This migration system includes personal networks, based on family ties and friendship, which are fundamental for intermediation. Martes (2000) also referring to Brazilians who migrate to the United States, recognizes that social networks, usually involving relatives and friends, are fundamental to explain how Brazilians migrate to the United States, primarily because they help to reduce the psychological and economic costs of migration. According to Lisboa (2007), the presence of friends in the destination country was one of the main reasons for Brazilian women to migrate to Europe.
Truzzi (2008) highlights the importance of social networks and personal relationships in international migration. According to the author, someone (person or family) considering the possibility of migrating tends to rely more on information provided by a relative, neighbor or friend. Thus, personal contacts became more important, because they were more reliable than non-personal information. Soares (2002) also emphasizes the importance of social network analysis in migration processes observing that people do not migrate to any place, but to places where they have relatives or friends. According to this author, the most important social networks are based on kinship, friendship, work and common origin.
Friendship and Internal Migration in Brazil Literature on friendships and internal migration in Brazil is also quite limited. Cerrutti and
Bertoncello (2003) recognize three types of internal migration in Latin America: rural-urban, urban-urban and inter-metropolitan migration within large metropolitan conglomerates. The urban-urban migration is now the predominant form of spatial movement in Latin America. Often, references to friendship in studies on internal migration are peripheral, although the authors acknowledge that social networks, including family and friends, are important in the migration. Below are listed some Brazilian studies investigating internal migrations recognizing the role of friendships in these flows.
When investigating migration and new urban network formation in the State of Roraima, Diniz and Santos (2006) observed, in the Amazon region, that family ties and friendships fulfill important roles in linking local and more advanced migratory movements in pioneer areas. Bassi, Barbosa and Araújo (2006) stated that the presence or absence of support networks is an element of risk minimizer of the decision to migrate. Therefore, the presence of the destination networks (family, friends, acquaintances) can motivate the displacement, reducing risks and doubts by providing information, increasing the certainty and predictability as to the decisions of migration within the same country, i.e., Brazil.
According to Matos and Ferreira (2004), the literature on internal migration in Brazil has shown that migration becomes sustained by a network of social relations involving bonds of solidarity among a group of people bound together by ties of friendship, kinship and work experience. Friends and relatives are involved in internal migration. Tassara and Rabinovich (2007), in an investigation about Brazilian migrants in São Paulo city observed that most of them had some sort of contact in São Paulo before migrating, especially relatives (84.4%) and a friendship network (34.4%). Upon arrival in São Paulo, 71.9% looked for help from relatives and 12.5% from friends. At the time of the survey, 65.6% lived with relatives and 9.4% of them lived with friends.
Lyra (2005) discusses internal return migration and she also refers to the social network that feeds this type of migration. According to the author, the most important relationships in social networks are based on kinship, friendship and geographic origin. According to Gonçalves (2001), internal migrants live under stressful conditions and friends are extremely important as well as solidarity networks among migrants themselves to cope with this stressful situation. Figoli and Fazito (2009) investigated social networks of indigenous migration in Manaus. The social network included interpersonal ties with relatives and friends.
Despite the importance of internal migration in Brazil, little has been investigated about changes in the social networks of migrants, especially concerning friends. So, this paper aimed at reporting the results of an investigation of the relations between interpersonal relationships, especially friendship and internal migration, identifying reasons for moving, and significant network including relatives and friends.
Method
Participants The participants were 100 Brazilian adults aged between 18 and 58 years old, who had left
his home state to live in another state due to work, study or relationships. There were 39 men and 61 women, coming from 15 Brazilian states and moving to 13 states. 46 were single, 39 were married, 11 were in a stable relationship and four were separated or widowed. Participants were living outside their home state for different periods of time. All of them had moved to another state with at least 18 years old.
Procedures Participants were contacted by e-mail and they were invited to participate in the investigation.
Those who agreed to participate received the questionnaire as an attachment and they were asked to complete and return it. Participants were nominated by other participants and answered some close and open questions about their interpersonal relationships in light of the process of moving from a state to another. The questionnaire was developed for this research.
Instrument The first part of the questionnaire aimed at obtaining personal data, such as age, gender,
marital status, if he/she lived with somebody, city and state where he/she was born, current address (city and state) and for how long, city and state of origin. And also reason for moving, job, religion, schooling, romantic partner (husband/wife or boyfriend/girlfriend), place the romantic partner was born (city and state). Finally, the participant was asked to inform up to five most significant people in his/her social network and their current address (city and state).
The second part focused on local family network in the state the participant currently lives, including other relatives in the state when he/she moved. The third part investigated the conditions under which the participant moved (alone or with others) and the effects of moving on old and new friends, specifically if he/she kept in touch with friends in the city of origin, if he/ she considered that over time this contact remained stable, declined for all friendships or if it declined to some friendships.
Data Analysis As an exploratory and descriptive investigation, data were analyzed using descriptive statistics
in order to map the social significant network of Brazilian migrants who moved to another state after completing 18 years old.
Results The results are presented in four parts. Initially, some data about the reasons participants
informed for moving are presented. The second part presents data about the general social network which includes all people reported by participants as significant in their personal networks. In the third part, the local social network is described. The local social network refers only to those people living in the same city or metropolitan area where the participant lived. Finally, data about the general and the local social network as compared. The expression “social network” and “personal network” are used interchangeably in this paper
Reasons to Move The participants were asked to
indicate the reasons why they had moved to another state. The main reasons to move (sometimes occurring together) were work (55), study (37), and relationship and family (23).
General Social Network Participants cited 467 significant
people in their personal networks, including: friends (163), parents (97), brothers or sisters (78), husband, wife or romantic partner (60), son or daughter (28), cousin (15), father-in-law or mother- in-law (5), grandparent, (5), colleague (4), uncle or aunt (3), brother-in-law or sister-in-law (3), godmother (2), nephew or niece (1), stepson or stepdaughter (1), priest (1), teacher (1). The Table 1 presents the composition of the general social network and the proportional participation of each group in the general social network. Table 1 describes the general social network composition.
Table 2 summarizes data from Table 1, organizing data in four categories besides “friends”: nuclear family of origin (parent, brother and sister), husband/wife or romantic partners and children or stepson or stepdaughter (what could be considered at least potentially a new nuclear family), extended family (grandparents, uncles and aunts, cousins, fathers-in-law and mothers-in-law, brothers-in-law and sisters-in-law, nephew or niece) and others (colleague, godmother, priest, teacher).
Local Social Network The local social network was formed
by 164 significant people. Only 35.1% of the total social network lived in the same city of the participant, mainly friends (74), romantic partners including spouse (45), sons or daughters (17), brothers or sisters (9), parent (4), colleague (4), father or mother in law (4), godmother (2), grandparent (1), uncle or aunt (1), brother or sister in law (1), priest (1) and teacher (1). Table 3 describes the local social
TABLE 1. General Social Network
GENERAL SOCIAL NETWORK
Priest 1 0.2
Teacher 1 0.2
GENERAL SOCIAL NETWORK
Romantic Partners/Children 89 19,1
Extended Family 32 6.9
network and Table 4 summarizes data presented in Table 3.
According to Table 4, concerning significant others living in the same city where migrants live, romantic partners and children (62) represents 37.8% of the network of significant people and geographically close, and friends represent 45.1% of the network. Only 13 parents and siblings are cited, representing only 7.9% of the network of significant people and geographically close.
General and Local Social Network – A Comparison
Regarding the general social network, one can observe the presence of 175 members of the nuclear origin family (fathers, mothers and siblings totaling
37.5% of the network). Friends represent 34.9% of people considered significant in the network of migrants. The 89 romantic partners and children represent 19.1% of significant others. The extended family, considering grandparents, uncles and cousins totals 32 people or 6.9% of the network. Table 5 compares data of general and local social networks and Table 6 summarizes these data.
Finally, Table 7 summarizes all data about friends, family members (including romantic partners) and others.
Data comparing general and local social networks are discussed in the next session.
Discussion The main reasons to move
(sometimes occurring together) were work (55), study (37), and relationship and family (23). This is an important data considering that personal relationships are not only affected by internal migration, by they are also an important factor causing internal migration. 23% of participants moved at least partially due to some kind of relationship, to accompany family or spouse, for instance.
TABLE 3. Local Social Networks
LOCAL SOCIAL
Son/daughter 17 10.4
Brother/Sister 9 5.5
Parent 4 2.4
Father-in-Law/Mother-in-Law 4 2.4
Grandparent 1 0.6
Colleague 4 2.4
Uncle/Aunt 1 0.6
Brother-in-Law/Sister-in-Law 1 0.6
Godmother 2 1.2
Priest 1 0.6
Teacher 1 0.6
LOCAL SOCIAL
Nuclear Family of Origin 13 7.9
Extended Family 7 4.3
The first point to be highlighted is the fact that the migrant is far (geographically speaking) from 64.9% of his or her personal significant network. Even considering that current communication means are available and efficient, the number of significant others living in the same city is restricted to 35.1%. This apparently means that at least personal contact becomes not so frequent. On the other hand, this probably will facilitate new friendships and the formation of a wider personal network based on friendships.
The Table 7 also indicates that the proportion of local friends (45.4% of friends considered as significant others live in the same place) is higher than the proportion of local relatives (28.3%). This data indicate that migrating tends to tear families apart. Friends also appear as possibly more flexible, as it is possible to make new friends after migrating. Based on these data we could say that the local friends network is geographically closer than family network. Data also indicate that relatives (286) are in a larger number than friends (163) in the general social network. This means that friends represent 34.9% of the network while relatives are 61.2%. The situation is quite different considering only those living in the same place. In this case, friends are 45.1% and relatives 49.4%. This could be considered an adaptation to living far from family and a possible compensation.
Table 6 shows a bit more details concerning both situations, especially concerning what happens to different family levels or groups. In this case, spouses and children (and here we have included romantic partners) is proportionally the group that
TABLE 5. General and Local Social Networks
GENERAL SOCIAL
Grandparent 5 1 20.0
Colleague 4 4 100.0
Uncle/Aunt 3 1 33.3
Godmother 2 2 100.0
Nephew or niece 1 - -
Stepson or stepdaughter 1 - -
Priest 1 1 100.0
Teacher 1 1 100.0
GENERAL SOCIAL
Romantic Partners/ Children 89 62 69.7
Extended Family 32 7 21.9
Others 8 8 100.0
is more present (69.7% members of this group live in the same city). The numbers are smaller for members of the extended family (21.9%), but especially small for the nuclear family of origin (7.4%). These numbers suggest that migrants frequently move with spouses and children but rarely move with parents and
siblings. Hypothetically, in large scale, this could foster the development of new nuclear families and a weakening of extended families. On the other hand, friends become proportionally more present. It would be possible to assume, as well, that in large scale this would contribute to a more individualistic and less collectivist society, as a historical social movement.
Table 6 also indicates that different family groups or levels are quite different. So, parents and siblings are the most important family group in the general significant social network (37.5%). Romantic partners, spouses and children are 19.1% and the extended family only 6.9%. The nuclear family (56.6%) is much more present than the extended family (6.9%) suggesting a weak participation of the extended family compared to the nuclear family. Friends (34.9%) are much more important (at least in numbers) than the extended family as well. In Table 5 it is possible to note that husband or wife or romantic partner (60) are more mentioned than children (28). The first group is also more present in local network (75%) than the second one (60.7%). It is also interesting to note that cousins (15) are the most important members of extended family in general network, but no one lived in the same city.
Some final comments are necessary. The data suggest that migrating causes the distancing of a large part of the network of significant others affecting interpersonal relationships of migrants in various ways. The network composition is probably affected by the life moment and age of participants. According to Cerrutti and Bertoncello (2003) the predominant type of internal migration considered in this investigation is urban-urban, which is considered by the author as the predominant form of spatial movement in Latin America.
While other authors emphasized the participation of friends considering the function they serve, we tried to investigate how friends were evaluated by Brazilian internal migrants, i.e., if they would be included in their significant network. We can conclude, by the analysis of the citations of friends that they are an important group. We could recognize three main groups: family, friends and others. The two first groups are the most important. While other investigation mentioned the participation of friends in some moment in the migratory movement, we tried to evidence the participation of friends in the participants social networks and tried to identify the proportion of this local network in light of their general networks. These data depict a general situation of these internal migrants, and data suggest that these migrants are far from an important part of their significant others.
While most studies analyzed the participation or importance of friends in the migration process or for migrants (Bassi, Barbosa & Araújo, 2006; Diniz & Santos, 2006; Figoli & Fazito, 2009; Lyra, 2005; Matos & Ferreira, 2004; Tassara & Rabinovich, 2007) this paper described the composition of migrant networks including friends. Although this paper did not aimed at investigating psychological suffering, our data suggest that the situation observed by Gonçalves (2001), concerning the stressful conditions migrants face and the important help provided by friends, is compatible with the social context investigated in this paper.
TABLE 7. Friends, Family and Others
GENERAL SOCIAL
Others 8 8 100.0
Conclusion Despite the importance of internal migration in Brazil, little has been investigated about
changes in the social networks of migrants, especially concerning friends. So, this paper aimed at reporting the results of an investigation of the relations between interpersonal relationships, especially friendship and internal migration, identifying reasons for moving, and significant network including relatives and friends. Based on the results, it is possible to conclude that migration affects the personal network of Brazilians who moved to live, work or study in another state. This investigation has shown that migrating is associated with several changes in personal networks promoting the distancing from family and highlighting the importance of friends. This investigation also presents some limitations, as the limited number of participants and data collection using the Internet, possibly recruiting highly educated participants. Future investigations should consider the influence of age, stage of social development, and social and economic factors involved.
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