Traduzione en 20110205 - Corriere Della Sera
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Transcript of Traduzione en 20110205 - Corriere Della Sera
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8/4/2019 Traduzione en 20110205 - Corriere Della Sera
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CORRIERE DELLA SERA
05 FEB 2011
Passera: Countries should be judged on the jobs they create
by NICOLA SALDUTTI
on PAGE 38
Interview with the CEO of Intesa San Paolo:
We need Ph.D. courses but also technical colleges
Growth? Italy can still be competitive.
More resources? No, just reduced veto rights
Passera: Countries performance should also be measured in terms of
jobs created. No to the it cant be done syndrome. The country is
being held back by decisional gridlock. Discrepancy between the
education systems output and market requirements.
1%: growth rate in Italy in 2010, following a fall of approximately 5% in 2009
29%: unemployment rate among young Italians, which is considerably higher
than before, due to the economic crisis
MILAN - Whats wrong with Italy?: this was the original title of the seminar on
Italy held in Davos, subsequently changed to a more neutral-sounding Italy:
special case. The aim of the meeting was to try and understand why Italy, one
of the major European economies, one of the founders of Europe, a country that
still boasts a strong identity in many different sectors, has gone off the radar,
is increasingly irrelevant at the international negotiating table, and is
increasingly absent from comparative international studies. Corrado Passera,
Chief Executive Officer of Intesa Sanpaolo, remains optimistic: Im still
convinced that Italy can still be competitive.
What picture did the four international observers (Roubini, Elliot,
Bishop and Joffe) paint of Italy?
To different degrees, they all expressed opinions in keeping with the overall
belief that Italy remains an important country with undoubted strengths. These
currently make Italy one of the worlds major economies with a very high level
of accumulated wealth still, and a nation that has coped with the global
economic crisis better than many other countries, thanks to the fact that the
banks and public accounts have withstood the crisis. It has introduced reforms -
such as that of pensions before, and better than, many other countries have,
but it continues to be blighted by problems of governability, and thus its
credibility and reputation have understandably suffered.
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Its difficult to argue with that.
Thats true, and it would be a mistake to deny the existence of objective
problems, even though the debate revealed a number of positive factors, for
example the opportunities granted to Italy by globalization.
Did all the Italian participants defend their countrys position?
In truth, its not only the rest of the world that considers us to be worth less
than what we really are: we ourselves are often guilty of doing likewise and
undervaluing our countrys potential. During the debate, the usual old argument
also came out but in Italy nothing ever changeseverything is getting worse
in Italyno political force has any intention to lead the way forwardthe trade-
unionspublic debt. In other words, the same reasons given for justifying the
status quo. Positions that surprise, first and foremost, foreign observers, who
are well aware of the presence of other countries with much worse problems
than ours, but which respond with far greater determination.
All naysayers?
No, of course not!Many of us produced concrete proof to the contrary. Exports
are growing at a rate in double figures in many sectors, manufacturing districts
and regions of Italy, despite international competition. And lets not forget the
banking sector which, when the situation was positive, managed to transform
itself completely thanks to the beneficial boost of increased competition. Even
the countrys public administration has proven capable of change, and Poste
Italiane, which I have had firsthand experience of, is a good example of such
change.
The major emergency at global level remains unemployment. The
latest figures show that 29% of Italys young people are out of work.
Yes, but we still havent seen that feeling of urgency that such figures merit,
either at European level or in Italy itself. Europe has 20 to 25 million people who
are officially unemployed, to which we ought to add perhaps a similar number of
people unofficially unemployed or underemployed, thus constituting a veritable
time-bomb waiting to go off. This is a problem that needs to be dealt with not
only at the European level, using community instruments, but also at the
national level. Italian situation is certainly not better than elsewhere, with
dramatic levels of unemployment in certain regions of the South, especiallyamong young people.
What can we do to attract greater attention to this problem?
Ive been saying for some time now that, apart from the question of GDP, the
governing classes of all countries must be held accountable for their ability, or
lack of ability, to create jobs. We are all aware that GDP is not the only indicator
of a countrys performance: lets start to support it with an index of
employment, which is a factor that affects everyone, and is the main indicator
of substantial wellbeing.
How can jobs be created in a country like ours? A couple ofsuggestions we could start from
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There are no short cuts, magic formulas or miraculous constitutional measures.
We have to work hard on all the engines of sustainable growth in order to
guarantee competitiveness and productivity at both company and systemic
levels, and in order to guarantee social cohesion and dynamism. The key
instruments of growth and employment throughout the world are innovation
and the educational system.
Innovation, you mean research?
Research certainly underlies innovation, and the potential fragmentation of
research we are currently faced with is enormous, probably much greater than
you could imagine. Starting with biology, which may one day provide us with oil
from genetically-modified algae, and going on to personalised medical
treatment, to incredibly powerful computers, new web tools or new forms of
social networking capable of disintermediating any other sector. Whoever
proves capable of foreseeing or embracing such changes will have a great
advantage over the rest, who will invariably be left behind.
However, research in itself cannot guarantee innovation, can it?
In order to be innovative, a system needs modern infrastructures, suitable
regulations - we continue claiming we want venture capital, but we still havent
put the rules in place that make this feasible - proper financial instruments and,
above all, human capital, meaning education and training.
Regardless of the major problem you talk about, you always end up in
the same place, that is, you always come back to education and to the
need to radically rethink the existing educational system.
Thats precisely it. We know we have to deal with this question if we want to
stop producing masses of unemployed, if we want to fill the millions of jobs
throughout the world that have been left vacant as a result of the lack of
suitably skilled and qualified workers. If we want to get social mobility moving
once again.
There are hundreds of thousands of vacant posts in Italy as well, due
to the lack of suitable candidates: not only in the highly-sophisticated
professions, but also in certain technical sectors and traditional
crafts
Theres a need for specialised Ph.D. courses, but theres also a need fortechnical colleges and good vocational schools. It is clear that present-day
educational establishments throughout the world, from nursery schools to
universities, are increasingly called on to provide something which is very
different from what was required in the past.
What exactly are you referring to?
Im talking about, for example, the need to develop peoples creativity and
inclination towards innovation much more. The need to develop more
cooperative, interactive forms of learning, together with the propensity towards
a more peaceful acceptance of the co-existence of different cultures. The needto teach people, first and foremost, why their skills become obsolete almost
straight away. This is why young people must be made aware of, and capable of
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learning, the thousand-and-one new professions and trades: this is not what
happens right now, and very often educational choices are based on the past
rather than on the future.
But once again we come up against the same old problem, the scarcity
of resources, right?
Of course we cant reduce current resources, which are already threadbare.
But what we are talking about here are measures that cost little or nothing
compared to the huge public spending as a whole, some 800 billion euro. The
efficacy of our educational establishments, of all kinds and levels, depends first
and foremost on the quality and motivation of teaching staff. At present, a
teachers remuneration or career prospects are little affected by the level of
results obtained and by the teachers commitment to the job or to updating
knowledge and skills. So we first need to reward good teachers. Another
excellent idea would be to grant educational establishments greater autonomy.
They can hardly be considered autonomous when their heads have virtually nosay in the selection of the teaching staff or in the regular assessment of
teachers performance. Very often, heads of schools dont even have a penny to
spend on expanding or differentiating the range of subjects offered by the
school.
Schools are on the political agenda, but the real debate at present
centres on the question of federalism.
At the Davos Forum, as at many other such meetings, it clearly emerged that
the statistics for Italy are often misleading. We are the EU member state with
the greatest number of citizens earning above the European average, but
unfortunately we are also the state with the greatest number of people earning
less than the European average. We are plagued by such contradictions, and
the average of such extremes fails to represent either of Italys two faces. Im
saying this because federalism will have to prove capable of wisely handling a
series of very different situations: Lombardy needs are not the same as
Calabrias. Federalism represents an unmissable opportunity to reduce tax
evasion and wastage, and to deal with two extremely urgent reforms: the
reform of the decision-making processes and of the tax system.
Are you talking about the decisional processes within the Public
Administration?
Im talking about institutional, legislative and administrative decision-making
processes of both central and local Public Administration. The inability to create
the necessary infrastructures in Italy is not so much due to a scarcity of funds,
but to the gridlock of the decisional process. 20 years, or even only 10, to
complete any public work means giving up any hope of growing, creating jobs
and generating wealth. We must radically transform a system based on veto
rights for everyone into one where each decision is clearly taken under the
responsibility of specific individuals and by a given deadline. Such reform would
cost nothing.
As concerns fiscal reform, the plan of a wealth tax has now been re-
proposed. Do you support this idea?
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No, I dont. True fiscal reform means total reorganisation, bearing in mind the
countrys priorities. No one-off measure can be a good idea if there is no overall
plan for growth, of which fiscal reform is just one part. We cant ask people to
pay more taxes if we dont put a stop to wastage first. I think that a certain
consensus is emerging with regard to the proposed new tax system: it needs
to be less strict on employment, business enterprises and investments, to beless direct, less centralised and more delegated to local authorities; and above
all, it needs to reward growth, employment and innovation.
Nicola Saldutti