saqarTvelos Tavdacvis saministro

saqarTvelos SeiaraRebuli Zalebis gaerTianebuli Stabi

J7 samxedro ganaTlebisa da sabrZolo momzadebis de-

partamenti

ssip iv. javaxiSvilis istoriisa da eTnologiis instituti

SoTa vadaWkoria

damoukidebeli saqarTvelo

da ruseTis agresiuli politika 1918-1921 wlebSi

meomris biblioTeka #7

Tbilisi

2008

Tqvens winaSea axali seriis ,,meomris biblioTekis~ meSvide wigni; seria iTvalis-

winebs wignebis mTel wyebas, romlebSic popularulad iqneba gadmocemuli saqarT-

velosa da msoflio istoriis yvelaze saintereso da mniSvnelovani movlenebi.

seriis mizania qarTveli meomris da imedia, ara marto misi, patriotuli aRz-

rda da codnis miwodeba misaReb formebSi. seriaSi gaTvaliswinebulia popularuli,

magram maRal profesionalur doneze dawerili saxelmZRvaneloebi; es patara, magram

tevadi da kargad gaformebuli broSurebi mieZRvneba qarTvelTa udides mefe daviTs,

Tamars, giorgi brwyinvales, bagrat III-s, saqarTveloSi warmoebul mTavar da gadam-

wyvet brZolebs, XIX_XX ss-is gamoCenil qarTvel oficrebs, saqarTvelosa da

msoflio samxedro istoriis calkeul sakiTxebsa da a.S.

seriis gamocemis iniciatorebi arian iv. javaxiSvilis istoriisa da eTnologiis

instituti da saqarTvelos Tavdacvis saministro.

didi survili da imedi gvaqvs, rom meomarTa da oficerTa garda, saqarTvelos

yoveli moqalaqe siamovnebiT miiRebs am seriis yovel axal wigns.

seriis garekanze moTavsebuli warwera da didi daviTi yvelas Seaxsenebs, rom

brZola saqarTvelosTvis dResac grZeldeba.

vaJa kiknaZe

seriis saredaqcio kolegia: istoriis mecnierebaTa

doqtori, profesori vaJa kiknaZe

istoriis mecnierebaTa

doqtori, profesori Tamaz beraZe

mecnierebaTa doqtori,

vice polkovniki Temur dalaqiSvili

recenzenti: istoriis mecnierebaTa

doqtori, profesori avTandil sonRulaSvili

kompiuteruli uzrunvelyofa: Lnino gigani

ydis dizaini: giorgi kiknaZe

redaqtori: nargiz xarabaZe

teqnikuri redaqtori: mari WoniSvili

damtkicebuli da samoqmedod SemoRebulia saqarTvelos SeiaraRebuli Zalebis gaer-

Tianebuli Stabis J7 samxedro ganaTlebisa da sabrZolo

departamentis ufrosis _ polkovnik nodar qviliTaias mier

saqarTvelos SeiaraRebuli Zalebis gaerTianebuli Stabis

topografiuli sammarTvelos stamba. 2008 w.

q. Tbilisi, general kvinitaZis q. #20

tel.: +995 32 91-19-83

faqsi: +995 32 91-19-83

2

damoukidebeli saqarTvelos sagareo politikis erT-erTi urTulesi

sfero sabWoTa ruseTTan urTierToba iyo. qarTvel politikosebs kar-

gad esmodaT, rusuli orientacia qveynis daRupvas rom moaswavebda, ami-

tom, prioritets dasavlur orientacias aniWebdnen. miuxedavad amisa,

urTierTTanamSromlobisa da Tanasworobis principidan gamomdinare, ax-

algazrda qarTuli respublika ruseTTan TanamSromlobisTvisac mzad

iyo, Tumca sabWoTa ruseTi, imperiaSi Semaval yovel ers kvlav Tavis

Semadgenel nawilad moiazrebda.

amis Sesaxeb gabriel xundaZe∗ saqarTvelos erovnuli sabWos 1918

wlis agvistos sxdomaze xazgasmiT aRniSnavda: `yvela im ers, romelmac

isargebla erTa TviTgamorkvevis principiT da bolSevikuri mTavroba ar

icno, bolSevikebma omi gamoucxades. trockim winadadeba misca admiral

sablins∗ floti sabrZolvelad gaemzadebina da sevastopolidan gae-

laSqra Cxenkelis∗ mTavrobis winaaRmdeg. amas bolSevikebi ar eZaxian

erTa TviTgamorkvevis winaaRmdeg galaSqrebas.~ rogorc vxedavT, damou-

kidebeli saqarTvelos winaaRmdeg saomari moqmedebis dawyeba, sabWoTa

ruseTis xelisufalTa dRis wesrigSi idga. am Canafiqris sisruleSi

moyvana, mxolod `moxaliseTa armiis~∗ SeteviTma operaciebma da ruseTSi

samoqalaqo omis dawyebam CaSala. umZimesi mdgomareobidan gamomdinare,

sabWoTa ruseTma amierkavkasiis saxelmwifoebis mimarT mtruli politi-

kuri kursi garegnulad `keTilmezobluri~ urTierTobis damyarebis

mcdelobiT Secvala. amis damadastureblad sabWoTa ruseTis sagareo

saqmeTa komisaris g.CiCerinis mier azerbaijanis, daRestnis da saqarT-

velos muSebisa da glexebisadmi gagzavnili `mowodeba“ gamodgeba. do-

kumentis mixedviT, erTa TviTgamorkvevis principidan gamomdinare, sab-

WoTa ruseTis mizans TiTqos aRniSnuli respublikebis damoukideblo-

bisadmi mxardaWera warmoadgenda. `Tu Tqven kavkasiis muslimanebi da

qarTvelebi _ vkiTxulobT mowodebaSi _ kmayofilni xarT Tqveni re-

spublikebis saxelmwifoebrivi wesebiT, icxovreT TqvenTvis wynarad,

TviTgamorkveviT da aRadgineT CvenTan keTilmezobluri ganwyobileba.~

dokumentSi gamoTqmuli Semrigebluri toni da `erTa TviTgamorkvevis~

sabWouri aRiarebisadmi mxardaWera, gazeTma `erTobam~ eWvis qveS daayena.

Tavisi poziciis gasamagreblad, bolSevikebis sityvasa da saqmes Soris

urTierTsawinaaRmdego, kerZod, saqarTveloSi maTi antisaxelmwifoebrivi

saqmianobis faqtebi moiSvelia da moskovis `samSvidobo~ kursisadmi

ndoba, SeuZleblad gamoacxada. `Cven ki Cveulni varT – werda gazeTi _

saqmes davujeroT, da sanam bolSevikebis sityvasa da saqmes Sua harmonia

ar iqneba, Cveni dRevandeli politikac bolSevikebisadmi maT moqmedebas-

Tan iqneba Sefardebuli da ara maT `mowodebasTan.~ es imis maCvenebelia,

rom saqarTvelos xelisuflebis mesveurebi, mimdinare procesebs sworad

afasebdnen da amierkavkasiis saxelmwifoebisadmi ruseTis `damTmoblur“

nabijTan mimarTebaSi Sesabamis daskvnebsac akeTebdnen. amis SesaniSnav ni-

3

muSs saqarTvelos mTavrobisadmi g. CiCerinis mier gamogzavnili no-

tisadmi damokidebuleba warmoadgens. es dokumenti ruseTTan mimarTe-

baSi saqarTvelos mTavrobas `meryevi~ politikuri kursis daZlevis au-

cileblobaze miuTiTebda da denikinis winaaRmdeg sabrZolvelad sabWoTa

ruseTTan samxedro xelSekrulebis gaformebas sTavazobda. Tu ramdenad

mizanSewonili iyo Crdiloeli mezoblis mier SemoTavazebuli winadade-

bis miReba da Tanxmobis SemTxvevaSi ras miscemda saqarTvelos am mimar-

TulebiT gadadgmuli nabiji, amasTan dakavSirebiT, Cveni yuradReba gazeT

`erTobaSi~ gamoqveynebulma mowinave werilma `komunistebis winadadeba

saqarTvelos mTavrobisadmi~ miiqcia. igi sazogadoebas Seaxsenebda: 1)

saqarTvelo, ruseTTan `samxedro kavSiris~ Sekvris gareSedac 1919

wlidan denikinTan saomar mdgomareobaSi imyofeboda. am fonze, mezobeli

respublikebis sagareo politikis denikinis safrTxisagan TavdacvisaTvis

daqvemdebarebamde dayvanas igi Secdomad miiCnevda; 2) sabWoTa ruseTis

mier SemoTavazebuli `samxedro kavSiri,~ amierkavkasiis respublikebis

samoqalaqo omSi CaTrevas, saqarTvelosadmi evropis saxelmwifoebis

gadamterebas da blokadas isaxavda miznad. am mimarTulebiT gadadgmuli

nabiji qveyanaSi umZimes ekonomikur kriziss warmoqmnida. `es niSnavs _

werda gazeTi _ SimSilis aTjer gazrdas, es niSnavs Cveni qveynis

mcxovrebTa gadaSenebis gzaze dayenebas. SeiZleba ruseTis asmilionianma

erma am ubedurebas gauZlos, magram Cveni or milioniani eri amas ver

gauZlebs, welSi gatydeba da sabolood aRigveba qveynidan. bolSevikebs

aseTi Sedegi ar aSinebT, radgan isini ers, rogorc aseTs ar ufrTx-

ildebian. eri maTTvis mxolod saSualebaa sxva miznisaTvis. CvenTvis ki

eris Senaxva umaRlesi mizania.~ 3) gasabWoebul ruseTTan `samxedro

kavSiris” Sekvra, saqarTvelos mxridan `daufiqrebeli da Seuwynarebeli

nabiji iqneboda, radgan... darwmunebuli ara varT, werda gazeTi `erToba~

_ rom dRevandeli `mokavSireni~ xval zvarakad ar Segvwiraven komunis-

turi RmerTebis samsxverploze.~

aRniSnul sakiTxebTan dakavSirebiT, imave gazeTma statiaSi _

`ucnauri gaugebroba~ Tavisi pozicia Semdegnairad Camoayaliba: `dRevan-

del pirobebSi, roca ruseTSi anarqia mZvinvarebs da am anarqiis ga-

momwvev or ZalasTan lenin-denikinTan∗ gvaqvs saqme, Cven yovlad

SeuZleblad vTvliT raime saxelmwifoebrivi kavSiris gabmas rogorc

erT ise meore ZalasTan.~ xolo momdevno werilSi `reaqciis winaaRmdeg~

vkiTxulobT; `bolSevizmis ayola denikinis gulisaTvis niSnavs meore

ukiduresobaSi Cavardnas, gzis abnevas da amiT Tavis dasamarcxeblad

ueWveli niadagis momzadebas. Cveni mizani naTelia: demokratiis saSuale-

biT, demokratiuli revoluciuri meTodebiT denikinis damxoba da bol-

Sevikuri anarqiis Tavidan acileba. am ori didi miznis erTad ganxor-

cieleba ixsnis... Cvens mxares mosalodneli ganadgurebisagan.~ rogorc

4

vxedavT, denikinTan da bolSevizmTan mimarTebaSi negatiuri damokide-

buleba aq gamokveTiladaa naCvenebi.

aseTi poziciis oficialurad gamoTqmiT, qarTulma samTavrobo presam,

ruseTisadmi undoblobis demonstrireba moaxdina. amave dros saWiro

iyo sakiTxis samTavrobo doneze gadawyveta. am mxriv, gansakuTrebul

interess g. CiCerinisadmi e. gegeWkoris∗ sapasuxo nota iqcevs. ruseT-

saqarTvelos Soris keTilmezobluri, samSvidobo urTierTobis damyare-

bas es dokumenti gadaudebel amocanad miiCnevda da saTanado gzebis Zie-

bis aucileblobazec miuTiTebda, magram amave dros, aRniSnuli nota,

sabWoTa ruseTTan samxedro kavSiris dadebasa da denikinis winaaRmdeg

sabrZolo operaciebSi monawileobis SesaZleblobas gamoricxavda. Ziri-

Tad argumentebad e. gegeWkori Semdeg garemoebebs asaxelebda: a) saqarT-

velos sagareo politika qveynis neitralitetis dacvas efuZneboda, b)

denikinTan 1919 wlidan saomari mdgomareobis miuxedavad, SeteviTi omis

SeuZleblobidan da qveynis interesebidan gamomdinare, saqarTvelo

mxolod TavdacviTi operaciebis ganxorcielebiT ifargleboda,

g)denikinis winaaRmdeg brZolaSi ruseTis federaciis teritoriaze qar-

Tuli mxedrobis monawileoba, sabWoTa ruseTis Sinaur saqmeebSi Carevas

warmoadgenda.

diplomatiuri normebis dacviT Sedgenilma dasabuTebulma pasuxma,

ruseTis sagareo saqmeTa komisars rogorc Cans, wonasworoba da-

akargvina. Aamis dadasturebas e. gegeWkorisadmi g.CiCerinis mier gamog-

zavnili sapasuxo nota (1919 wlis 31 ianvari) warmoadgens. igi diplo-

matiur CarCos cildeboda da rac mTavaria, saqarTvelos xelisuflebis-

admi winaswargamiznuli braldebebis axal wyebas Seicavda. sapasuxo no-

tiT (7 Tebervali), e. gegeWkorma ruseTis sagareo saqmeTa ministris wa-

moyenebul pretenziebs ara marto damajerebeli pasuxi gasca, aramed

saaSkaraoze gamoitana is ZiriTadi mizezebi, rasac ruseTis mxare zemo-

dasaxelebuli notis gavrcelebiT iTvaliswinebda. `aRniSnuli radio-

depeSis Sinaarsi da xasiaTi, – vkiTxulobT e. gegeWkoris notaSi _

saqarTvelos mTavrobas srul sabuTs aZlevs ifiqros, rom sabWoTa

mTavroba cdilobs saqarTvelos respublikis prestiJi dasces yalb cno-

bebze miTiTebiT, romliT sargeblobasac me srulebiT miuReblad vTvli.~

g. CiCerinis braldebebs e. gegeWkori zneobriv-politikuri kuTxiT

ganixilavda da mis Sefasebasac iZleoda. `Cemi mTavrobis rwmunebiT

vacxadeb, _ vkiTxulobT notaSi _ rom saqarTvelos respublikis mxriv

am damokidebulebaTa dasamyareblad araviTari dabrkoleba ar arsebobs

da imeds gamovTqvam, rom sabWoTa mTavroba Tavis momaval politikaSi

moZebnis qarTveli xalxisaTvis misaReb enas.~ e. gegeWkoris es imedi ar

gamarTlda. piriqiT, sabWoTa ruseTis mesveurebi diplomatiur paeqro-

baSi, saqarTvelosTan mimarTebaSi dagrovili RvarZli da mtruli da-

mokidebuleba srulyofilad gamoamzeures. amis dadasturebas g. Ci-

5

Cerinis mesame, nota #432 warmoadgens, romelic 1920 wlis 19 Te-

bervliTaa daTariRebuli. igi braldebebis axal `serialTan~ erTad,

saqarTvelosadmi sabWoTa ruseTis `risxvis~ ganmapirobebel ZiriTad

mizezsac xsnis. `miuxedavad yvelafrisa, – vkiTxulobT notaSi _

ruseTis muSaTa da glexTa mTavroba imedovnebda, rom gegeWkoris mTav-

roba ver gabedavda uari eTqva erTad brZolaze ruseTisa da saqarT-

velos mSromeli masis saerTo mtris winaaRmdeg.~ aq erTi niuansia

gasaTvaliswinebeli, kerZod, `uaris Tqmis gabedva~ Crdiloeli me-

zoblisagan SemoTavazebul `saomar xelSekrulebaze.~ rogorc Cans,

drois cvalebadobam rusul cnobierebaze zemoqmedeba ver moaxdina.

miuxedavad amisa, saqarTvelos xelisuflebas aRniSnul sakiTxTan mimar-

TebaSi Tavisi principuli pozicia ar Seucvlia. GgazeTi `erToba~ mowi-

nave werilSi `CiCerinis mesame nota~ am dokuments `sicruisa da Wori-

kanobis dauSretel zRvas~ uwodebda da dasturad, CiCerinis mier wamo-

yenebuli yoveli braldebis gasabaTilebeli faqtebi moyavda. MmaT Soris

gansakuTrebul yuradRebas saqarTveloze TurqeTis Tavdasxmis momentSi,

soxumis olqSi bolSevikTa mier sagangebod mowyobil ajanyebaze amax-

vilebda. imavdroulad, notis avtors brestis sazavo xelSekrulebasac

Seaxsenebda. `amisTana wamebis gaxsenebiT, _ vkiTxulobT werilSi _ ara

gvgonia bolSevikebma moigon rame. keTilgoniereba moiTxovda, rom CiCer-

ins daviwyebisaTvis ar mieca iseTi saxelovani sazavo xelSekruleba,

romelic sabWoTa ruseTma brest-litovskSi dasdo, xelSekruleba, ro-

melic amierkavkasiis demokratiis gawirvas da gayidvas udris, romli-

Tac leninis mTavrobam osmalTa faSebis fexqveS ganarTxo Cveni demok-

ratia, mTeli Cveni eri, yvela is, rac revoluciis gziT movipoveT.~ rac

Seexeba, ruseTis winaaRmdeg, saqarTvelo-osmaleTis SeTqmulebis bral-

debas, imave statiaSi vkiTxulobT: `politikuri gulubryvilobiT, anda

sazRapro utifrobiT unda avxsnaT, rom batoni CiCerini... ramdenjerme

ixseniebs Cvens viTomda `SeTanxmebas~ osmal-faSasTan, aseTi laparaki

`osmal-faSebis~ Sesaxeb b-ni CiCerinis mxriv, sxva rom ara vTqvaT ra,

uzrdelobaa sabWoTa ruseTis dRevandeli mokavSirisadmi, romlebTanac

bolSevikur mTavrobas namdvili bloki aqvs Sekruli da romlebTanac

erTad awarmoebs mTel Tavis politikas aRmosavleTSi da amierkavkasiaSi.

gabedos CiCerinma am faqtis uaryofa.~ istoriografiaSi dadasturebu-

lia, rom 1920 wlidan mustafa qemalsa∗ da lenins Soris mimowera os-

maleTisadmi daxmarebis Sesaxeb marTlac mimdinareobda. xolo osmaleTis

erovnulma krebam (1920 wlis 12 ivlisi), rsfsr∗ saxalxo ko-

misariatisadmi gagzavnili SetyobinebiT, ruseTis sfs respublikisadmi

osmaleTis mokavSireoba oficialurad aRiara. am faqtTan dakavSirebiT,

sabWoTa ruseTma sapasuxo nabiji gadadga. imave wlis ivnisSi, mustafa

qemal-faSas g. CiCerinma sagangebo nota gaugzavna, romelSic

TurqeTisadmi damokidebuleba gamokveTilad iyo dafiqsirebuli. CvenTvis

6

saintereso sakiTxTan mimarTebaSi, dokumentSi vkiTxulobT: `sabWoTa

mTavrobam miiRo Tqveni werili, romelSiac Tqven survils gamoTqvamT

mudmivi kavSiri daikavoT sabWoTa mTavrobasTan da monawileoba miiRoT

brZolaSi imperializmis winaaRmdeg, romelic erTnairad emuqreba orive

qveyanas... sabWoTa mTavroba iRebs cnobaT didi nacionaluri krebis

gadawyvetilebas imis Sesaxeb, raTa Cveni muSaoba da... samxedro opera-

ciebi imperialisturi mTavrobebis winaaRmdeg SeTanxmebuli iyos... dRes,

rodesac osmaleTi ganicdis did tanjvas, sabWoTa mTavroba gansakuTre-

bulis sixaruliT hkravs megobrul kavSirs, romelmac unda SeakavSiros

ruseTisa da osmaleTis xalxebi.~ aRniSnuli faqtebiT dasturdeba, rom

qarTuli saxelmwifos xelisufalTa guliswyroma sinamdvilidan gamom-

dinareobda. xolo zemoT miTiTebuli werilis mwvave polemikuri xasi-

aTi saqarTvelos winaaRmdeg sabWoTa ruseTis mier Cadenili codvebis

saaSkaraoze gamotanas da sazogadoebis winaSe sruli saxiT warmoCenas

iTvaliswinebda. rac Seexeba ruseT-osmaleTis SeTanxmebas, masSi orive

saxelmwifos interesebi iyo Cadebuli. ruseTis mokavSireobidan gamomdi-

nare, TurqeTis mizans antantisadmi dapirispireba da danawilebisgan os-

maleTis gadarCena warmoadgenda. xolo ruseTs, kavkasiaSi gabatonebiT,

axloaRmosavleTSi winsvlisaTvis mtkice dasayrdenis Seqmna qonda Ca-

fiqrebuli. AamasTan dakavSirebiT m.mandelStammi gazeT `slovo~-Si gamo-

qveynebul werilSi garkveviT miuTiTebda, rom `evropa sadac mrewveloba

ganviTarebulia, zurgs aqcevs bolSevizms. kremli ki Tvalebs aRmosav-

leTisken apyrobs. saqarTvelo gzazea da bolSevizmi Seecdeba mis da-

morCilebas.~ xolo gazeTi `tani~ imave sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT iuwye-

boda;~ mustafa qemals mWidro damokidebuleba aqvs leninTan, romel-

Tanac igi imuSavebs sabWoTa mTavrobis mcire aziis saqmeebSi Carevis geg-

mas.~ es imis damadasturebelia, rom ruseT-osmaleTis aliansi uSualod

damoukidebeli saqarTvelos winaaRmdeg iyo mimarTuli. meore mxriv,

aSkarad gamoikveTa ruseTis axloaRmosavluri politika. aq erTi

mniSvnelovani faqtoricaa gasaTvaliswinebeli, kerZod, bolSevikebis da

mefis ruseTis politikur miswrafebaTa identuroba. Aam sakiTxTan mi-

marTebaSi, qarTul saxelmwifos gamokveTili pozicia gaaCnda. amis

SesaniSnav magaliTs gazeT `erTobaSi~ gamoqveynebuli mowinave werili

`wiTeli armiis kavkasiasTan moaxloebis gamo,~ warmoadgens.

aRniSnul statiaSi, mefis driondeli da sabWoTa ruseTis ideolo-

giur politikuri xazis urTirTdapirispirebis miuxedavad, maTi iden-

turobaa aRiarebuli. amis erT-erT nimuSad gazeTi `inorodcebisadmi~

damokidebulebas asaxelebda. misi TqmiT, orive ruseTi ararusi erebis

survilsa da miswrafebebs ignorirebdnen, xolo dapyrobis politikis

gatarebas misaRebad Tvlidnen. dasaxelebuli statia sazogadoebas Seax-

senebda: `ra sanelebliTac gindaT SeazaveT bolSevikebis politika, Tun-

dac am sanelebels `komunizmi~ ewodebodes, ers igi iseve unda emwaros,

7

rogorc emwareboda Zveli ruseTis politika, radgan erisaTvis mas

moaqvs Zaldataneba, welSi gatexa da kulturuli daqveiTeba.~ meore

ZiriTad argumentad igive gazeTi ruseTis `axloaRmosavleTis politi-

kas~ asaxelebda, mis orbunebianobaze da makiavelizmze miuTiTebda.

imavdroulad, gazeTis yuradReba `socialuri revoluciis gaRrmavebis~

niRbiT, carizmis politikis dafarvis mcdelobaze gadahqonda; `ruseTis

imperiam, _ werda gazeTi _ `didi ruseTis~ lozungiT Semodga fexi

saqarTveloSi. SesaZlebelia sabWoTa ruseTma `komunizmis~ lozungiT

moindomos `wiTeli armiis~ Semoyvana Cvens sazRvrebSi... Cvenma xalxma...

kargad icis, rom misTvis araviTari gansxvaveba ar aris, romeli ucxo

jari Semodis saqarTveloSi Zaldatanebis mizniT, Zveli ruseTisa Tu

sabWoTa ruseTisa.~ rusuli safrTxe, marTlac savsebiT realuri iyo.

ruseTis sainformacio saSualebebSi, saqarTvelosadmi gamoTqmuli pre-

tenziebis Sesaxeb dawvrilebiTaa saubari `amxanagis~ (m. s. lomTaTiZe)

fsevdonimiT gamoqveynebul naSromSi `komunistur ruseTSi.~ misi Ziri-

Tadi debulebebi Semdegnairad SeiZleba Camoyalibdes: a) saqarTvelo

sabWoTa ruseTis yvelaze Zlieri da dauZinebeli mteria, radgan n. Jor-

daniam saqarTveloSi `kedeli aRmarTa~ da sabWoTa ruseTi aRmosavleTs

mowyvita. leninis mTavrobas aRmosavleTSi `revoluciis cecxlis Se-

tanaSi~ xeli SeuSala, b) n. Jordanias mTavrobis damarcxeba, rusul

menSevizms sazrdos gamoaclis da mis srul likvidacias daaCqarebs. g)

n. Jordaniam, i. wereTelma, k. CxeiZem da n. ramiSvilma dasavleT evropis

muSaTa klasi sabWoTa ruseTs daupirispires da maTi meSveobiT `ruseTs

evropaSi ucqerian rogorc velurebis qveyanas.~ ramdenadac, sabWoTa

ruseTis politikuri miswrafebebis `Semaferxebeli barieris~ rolSi

saqarTvelo aRmoCnda, sabWoTa ruseTis xelisuflebis umaRles

eSelonebSi mis winaaRmdeg moqmedebis Sesabamisi gegmac momzadda. 1920

wlis TebervalSi centraluri aRmasrulebeli komitetis erT-erT sxdo-

maze m. kalinini acxadebda, `Tbilisma unda iTamaSos moskovis roli aR-

mosavleTSi, is unda gadaiqces meore moskovad~ da iqve ayenebda sakiTxs.

`aviRoT saqarTvelo Tu xmliT ara, `nebiT~ mainc.~ im SemTxvevaSi Tuki

saqarTvelo damoikideblobaze nebiT uars ar ganacxadebda, sabWoTa

ruseTis genStabis mier gamocemuli ruseTis respublikis sazRvrebis

damadasturebeli rukebis mixedviT, saqarTvelos sazRvari mdinareebze, _

bzifsa da Coloqze gaivleboda. am faqts sabWouri presa Semdegnairad

xsnida: `baqo Cven gvinda, umisod ver gavZlebT, xolo baqo ubaTumod

araferia, amisaTvis klitec Cvens xelSi unda iyves. Tqven ki ar giSliT

cxovrebas iyaviT TqvenTvis damoukidebeli~ sxvaTaSoris, denikinic ase

msjelobda. `gagra Cemia, Tqven bzifidan gekuTvniT, xolo baTumi xom

rasakvirvelia ruseTis aris.~ zemoT aRniSnul rukaze ruseT-

saqarTvelos sazRvari zustad ise iyo gavlebuli, rogorc denikins

hqonda Cafiqrebuli. Ees ki, saqarTvelosTan mimarTebaSi denikinisa da

8

sabWoTa ruseTis xelisufalTa politikuri kursis identurobaze mety-

velebda. im SemTxvevaSi, Tuki saqarTvelos xelisufleba sabWoTa

ruseTis mier SemoTavazebul xelSekrulebaze Tanxmobas ganacxadebda da

ori modave agresoridan upiratesobas erT-erT maTgans miscemda, es

nabiji qarTuli saxelmwifosaTvis TviTmkvlelobis tolfasi iqneboda.

Cvens mier motanili faqtebi imis udao dadasturebaa, rom amier-

kavkasiis regioni da maT Soris saqarTvelo, garduvali safrTxis winaSe

imyofeboda. aseT rTul situaciaSi somxeT-azerbaijans Soris dawyebuli

saomari moqmedeba, (1920 wlis marti) regionis garSemo mimdinare

procesebis gauTvaliswineblobis Sedegi iyo. misi Semdgomi gaRrmaveba,

amierkavkasiaSi sabWoTa ruseTis gaaqtiurebas uwyobda xels da saqarT-

velosac garkveuli safrTxis winaSe ayenebda.

bunebrivia, qarTvelma politikosebma, somxeT-azerbaijanis konfliqti

saqarTvelos damfuZnebeli krebis meaTe sagangebo sxdomis (1920 wlis 8

aprili) msjelobis sagani gaxades. MmiRebuli rezolucia, aRniSnul

oms, amierkavkasiis saxelmwifoebis damoukideblobisaTvis momakvdineblad

acxadebda. regionSi stabilurobis SenarCunebis mizniT, saerTo

kavkasiur konferenciaze sadao sakiTxebis gatanas moiTxovda da orTave

mxares arsebuli problemebis mSvidobiani gziT gadawyvetisaken mou-

wodebda. es angariSgasawevi winadadeba, somxeTisa da azerbaijanis mxri-

dan yuradRebis miRma darCa. Mmtaceblurma da urTierT dasustebis

politikam orive qveynisaTvis uaryofiTi Sedegebi gamoiRo. igi azerbai-

jansa da somxeTSi sabWoTa xelisuflebis damyarebiT damTavrda. rac Se-

exeba azerbaijanze ruseTis jaris Tavdasxmas, am faqtTan dakavSirebiT

saqarTvelos xelisuflebam reagireba maSinve moazdina da Sesabamisi

gadawyvetilebac miiRo (1920 w. 27 aprili). qarTuli mxare saqarT-

velo-azerbaijanis samxedro xelSekrulebis (1919 wlis 16 ivnisi)

pirveli muxliT gaTvaliswinebul moTxovnas, _ urTierTdaxmarebis Ses-

axeb, mxolod im SemTxvevaSi Seasrulebda, Tuki azerbaijanis mosaxleoba

mters winaaRmdegobas gauwevda, xolo mTavroba, saqarTvelos xelisu-

flebas daxmarebisaTvis oficialurad mimarTavda. qarTul mxares,

zemoaRniSnuli xelSekrulebis Sesruleba ar dasWirvebia, radgan movle-

nebi sxvagvarad ganviTarda. amis Sesaxeb damfuZnebeli krebis 1920 wlis

30 aprilis sxdomaze n.Jordania ambobda: `bolSevikebi mividnen swrafi

matareblebiT... sruliad umniSvnelo ZalebiT, _ ori javSniani

matarebliT. maTi ukan garekva da matareblebis dakaveba SeeZlo mcire

Zalas, magram vinaidan amis survili ar iyo, bolSevikebis Sesvla

ubralo gaseirnebad gadaiqca.~ xolo gazeTi `erToba~ mowinave werilSi

`bolSevikuri gadatrialeba baqoSi~ momxdar faqts Semdegnairad aR-

werda: `aq ar iyo araviTari omi, araviTari Tavdacva; bolSevikebi movid-

nen CrdiloeTidan ise, rogorc Cveulebrivi mgzavrebi modian saswrafo

matarebliT. maT win ar daxvedriaT araviTari winaaRmdegoba, araviTar

9

jars ar SeuSlia maTTvis xeli.~ yovelive es imaze metyvelebs, rom

azerbaijanis mosaxleobam da mTavrobam qveynis gasabWoebas (1920 wlis

28 aprili) mxari dauWira. am aqtiT, sabWoTa ruseTi aRmosavleTidanac

gaumezoblda saqarTvelos, riTac misi damoukidebloba realuri sa-

frTxis winaSe daayena.

am fonze uTuod yuradRebas iqcevs damfuZnebeli krebis 1920 wlis

30 aprilis sxdomaze n. Jordanias mier warmoTqmuli sityva: `bolSeviz-

mis CvenSi SemoSveba, aq misi gamefeba, _ acxadebda igi _ niSnavs Cvens

azerbaijanad gaxdomas, bolSevikur-osmaluri imperializmis saqarT-

veloSi gabatonebas. Aazerbaijanis gzaze Cveni Sedgoma, misi politikuri

mrwamsis miReba, es Tavisufali da demokratiuli saqarTvelos samudamo

dasamarebaa. evropisagan samudamod mowyvetaa da aziis fanatikosebis

brWyalebSi Cavardnaa.~ qveynis pirveli piris mier poziciis aseTi

formiT oficialurad dafiqsirebam, sakanonmdeblo organosgan Sesatyvisi

rezoluciis miReba moiTxova. miRebulDdokumentSi imedi iyo ga-

moTqmuli, rom gansacdelis Jams, respublikis mosaxleoba da misi

SeiaraRebuli Zalebi xelisuflebis garSemo Semoikribebodnen da saqarT-

velos damoukideblobis interesebs daicavdnen.

ramdenadac mdgomareoba uaRresad seriozuli iyo, qarTuli saxelmwi-

fos liderebma saeTaSoriso organizaciebis saqmis kursSi Cayeneba, au-

cileblobad miiCnies. ssdm∗ partiis centraluri komitetis prezidiumis

1920 wlis 27 aprilis sxdomis dadgenilebis Tanaxmad, specialuri

Setyobineba daegzavna meore internacionals, saerTaSoriso

profkavSirul biurosa da yvela qveynis socialistur partiebs. amas

arsebiTi mniSvneloba hqonda im TvalsazrisiT, rom maTi meSveobiT,

dasavleT evropis sazogadoebriv-politikuri azri, bolSevikuri

ruseTis sawinaaRmdego poziciasa da saqarTvelosadmi Tanadgomas ofi-

cialurad erTxel kidev daadasturebda. miTumetes, saqarTvelos `de

iure~ aRiarebis sakiTxi dRis wesrigSi idga. miuxedavad amisa, ruseTis-

gan Zalad Tavsmoxveul problemebTan mimarTebaSi, arsebiTi mniSvneloba

qveynis mosaxleobis damokidebulebas eniWeboda. misi gaTvaliswineba

mmarTvel politikur partias praqtikuli saqmianobis erT-erT ucilobo

pirobad miaCnda. amitom, aRniSnuli sakiTxi regionaluri partiuli or-

ganizaciebis msjelobis sagnad aqcia. amis erT-erT nimuSs, goris

samazro partiuli organizaciis mesame konferencia (1920 wlis 18

aprili) warmoadgens. rogorc stenografiuli angariSidan irkveva, misma

monawileebma erTsulovnad dauWires mxari mTavrobis mier ruseTTan mi-

marTebaSi aRebul kurss, rac Sesabamisi rezoluciiTac daadastures.

`konferencia mouwodebs goris mazris mSromel xalxs, – vkiTxulobT

dokumentSi _ erTsulovnad Semokrbes demokratiis nebasurvilTa ga-

momxatveli damfuZnebeli krebis da mis winaSe pasuxismgebeli mTavrobis

10

garSemo da maTTan erTad saWiroebisas daicvan Tavisufali saqarTvelos

sazRvrebi momxdurTa Zalebisagan.~ D

dasaxul mizans emsaxurboda ssdm partiis centraluri komitetis,

social demokratiuli partiis koleqtivebis da yvela social-

demokratiul fraqciaTa gaerTianebuli kreba (1920 wlis 30 aprili). n.

Jordanias mier politikuri momentis Sesaxeb gakeTebul moxsenebaSi,

azerbaijanSi momxdari gadatrialebis ZiriTad mizezebTan erTad, gansa-

kuTrebuli yuradReba, saqarTvelosTan mimarTebaSi sabWoTa ruseTis

miznebze da amocanebze iyo gadatanili. gamoTqmuli iyo rwmena, rom

qveyana mters Sesaferis pasuxs gascemda da gansacdelisagan uvneblad

gamovidoda. MmiRebuli rezolucia, mTavrobisadmi oficialur mxardaW-

eras gamoTqvamda. `TaTbiri savsebiT iwonebs damfuZnebeli krebisa da

mTavrobis mier gadadgmul nabijebs, romelic mimarTulia respublikis

sazRvrebis dacvisken da mouwodebs partiis yvela wevrs, energiulad

awarmoon farTo Tavdacva gaerTianebul bolSevilur-osmaluri imperi-

alizmis safrTxesTan.~

amave dros rokis gadasasvlelidan saqarTvelos sazRvrebis darRvevis

faqtebi dafiqsirda. e. gegeWkori AamasTan dakavSirebiT, g. CiCerinisadmi

gagzavnil notaSi (1920 wlis 29 aprili) sagangebod amaxvilebda

yuradRebas. imavdroulad, igi saqarTvelo-ruseTis sazavo molaparakebis

sakiTxsac ayenebda. `saqarTvelos momavali nabiji sabWoTa ruseTis mi-

marT, _ vkiTxulobT dokumentSi _ sruliad gansazRvruli iqneba sab-

WoTa ruseTis saqarTvelosadmi damokidebulebiT, ruseTis mier sur-

vilis gancxadebiT, rom igi saqarTvelos damoukideblobas aRiarebs.

kidev vimeoreb... rom sityva sabWoTa ruseTs ekuTvnis.~

marTalia, pasuxad e. gegeWkorma 3 maisiT daTariRebuli brZanebis is

asli miiRo, romelic kavkasiis frontis jaris nawilebs saqarTvelos

sazRvrebis darRvevas ukrZalavda, magram igi faratina qaRaldad darCa.

XI armias, romelmac saqarTvelos sazRvrebi 2 maiss daarRvia da gezi

Tbilisisaken aiRo, sabrZolo operaciebi ar Seuwyvetia. piriqiT, misi

sardloba Tbilisis aRebis winaswar prognozirebasac ki axdenda. amis

damadastureblad s. orjonikiZis mier 3 maiss moskovSi gagzavnili

depeSa gamodgeba. igi Tbilisis aRebis drod, _ 15 maiss, xolo meore

dRes gagzavnil depeSaSi, _ 12 maiss asaxelebda.

maSin rodesac XI armiis sardloba Tbilisis aRebas gegmavda, moskovSi

ruseT-saqarTvelos samSvidobo xelSekrulebis mosamzadebeli samuSaoebi

mimdinareobda. Cven ar SevudgebiT am dokumentis Seqmnis proceduris

ganxilvas, radgan amis Sesaxeb qarTul istoriografiaSi sakmaod bevri

iTqva. aRvniSnavT mxolod erTs: saqrTvelos warmomadgenels gr.

urataZes konkretuli davaleba hqonda n.Jordaniasagan, rom moskovs

pirvel rigSi ecno `saqarTvelos damoukidebloba da sazRvrebi~ xolo

danarCeni pirobebi iqneboda meorexarisxovani.~ im SemTxvevaSi, Tuki das-

11

axuli amocana warmatebiT gadawydeboda, saqarTvelos SesaZleblebloba

miecemoda `am TamasuqiT evropis areopagis winaSe warmdgariyo” da maT-

gan qveynis damoukideblobis aRiareba ufro gabedulad moeTxova.

es faqti udaod angariSgasawevia, radgan im etapze, antantis saxelm-

wifoebi saqarTvelos aRiarebas aWianurebdnen. ramdenadac qveyana gardu-

vali safrTxis winaSe idga, xolo evropa elodeboda precedents, aseT

fonze ruseTTan molaparakeba SesaZloa gamarTlebuli yofiliyo. Mmi-

Tumetes, `Soreuli evropa~ gansakuTrebiT inglisi, kavkasiis problemeb-

Tan SesaWideblad riskze wasvlas ar apirebda. ir. wereTelTan saubri-

sas, inglisis sagareo saqmeTa ministrma l. kerzonma amis Sesaxeb sa-

gangebod gaamaxvila yuradReba. `ruseTTan mtruli damokidebuleba Tu

gaqvT, _ ambobda igi _ inglisi ara Tu Tqvens daxmarebas ver ikisrebs,

aramed cnobasac ver mogcemT, vinaidan CvenTvis komprometacia iqneba

iseT pirobebSi cnoba axali saxelmwifosi, Tu mas momavlis piri ar

eqneba.~

rogorc vxedavT, inglisis xelisuflebis erT-erTi liderTagani,

saqarTvelos momavals ruseTTan keTilmezoblur urTierTobaSi xedavda.

aqedan gamomdinare, qarTvel kolegebs saqarTvelos sagareo politikuri

kursis ruseTTan da kavkasiis xalxebTan SeTanxmebaze agebis `recepts~

sTavazobda. `evropis politikuri ZarRvis saukeTeso mcodne, _ werda

ir. wereTeli _ gvafrTxilebda, gadaWarbebuli imedebisagan evropis dax-

marebaze, radgan icoda ramdenad gulgrilad uyurebda Soreuli

kavkasiis xalxebis beds mTeli evropis da kerZod inglisis burJuazia;

ramdenad swori iyo es gafrTxileba, male es inglisis mTavrobis nabi-

jebma dagvanaxa.~ inglisma 1920 wels bolSevikebTan komerciuli SeTanx-

meba dado. loid jorjis mTavrobam ruseTs advilad dauTmo kavkasiis

sakiTxSi, es ki niSnavda bolSevikebisaTvis xelis gaxsnas Cvens dasapy-

robad. rogorc cnobilia, am mimarTulebiT 28 aprils dawyebuli

samuSao, 7 maiss ruseT-saqarTvelos samSvidobo xelSekrulebis ofi-

cialurad gaformebiT dasrulda. ruseTis mxridan, v.leninisa da g. Ci-

Cerinis rwmunebulebiT am dokuments xeli l. karaxanma moawera, xolo

saqarTvelos mxridan, damfuZnebeli krebis wevrma gr. urataZem.

rac Seexeba uSualod xelSekrulebas, igi preambulis, 16 muxlisa da

ori damatebiTi nawilisagan Sedgeba; 1) `calke saidumlo damateba xel-

Sekrulebisa ruseTsa da saqarTvelos Soris” (ori muxli) da 2)

`ruseTsa da saqarTvelos Soris 1920 wlis 7 maiss dadebuli xelSek-

rulebis damatebiTi SeTanxmeba.~

aRniSnul dokumentTan mimarTebaSi, SevecdebiT wina planze mxolod

is ZiriTadi sakiTxebi wamovwioT da muxlobrivi TanmimdevrobiT

CamovayaliboT, romlebmac faqtobrivad, samarTlebrivi saxe SeiZina. 1)

sabWoTa ruseTma saqarTvelos saxelmwifoebrivi damoukidebloba aRiara.

uari ganacxada im suverenul uflebebze, rac `ruseTs ekuTvnoda qarT-

12

veli xalxisa da misi miwa-wylis mimarT,` 2) ruseTi uars acxadebda

saqarTvelos Sinaur saqmeebSi Carevaze, 3) ruseTi cnobda saqarTvelos

istoriuli teritoriis sazRvrebSi da rac mTavaria, zaqaTalas olqs

saqarTvelos Semadgenel nawilad miiCnevda. es iyo saqarTvelos `de

faqto~ da `de iure~ ruseTisagan aRiareba. `yofili metropolia

iuridiulad scnobda yofil kolonias, axlad Camoyalibebul saxelmwi-

fos damoukideblobasa da teritoriul mTlianobas, rac TavisTavad di-

dad amaRlebda saqarTvelos respublikis saerTaSoriso prestiJs.~ xel-

Sekrulebis zogierTi muxlis saqarTvelos sinamdvilisaTvis miuReblo-

bis miuxedavad, im periodis qarTuli politikuri elita, aRniSnul do-

kuments dadebiT Sefasebas aZlevda. isic gasaTvaliswinebelia, rom

momxdar faqts evropis saxelmwifoebi garkveul angariSs uwevdnen. Tuki

am konteqstSi ganvixilavT ruseT-saqarTvelos samSvidobo xelSekrule-

bas, davrwmundebiT, rom uaryofiTs, dadebiTi aSkarad sWarbobda. Ees

garemoeba hqondaT mxedvelobaSi qarTuli politikuri azris mesveurebs;

e. gegeWkors, ak. Cxenkels, S. nucubiZes, g. gvazavas da iv.gobeCias, dam-

fuZnebeli krebis meTeqvsmete sxdomaze (1920 wlis 11 maisi) aRniSnul

dokuments dadebiTi Sefaseba rom misces. Mmetic g.gvazavam xelSekrule-

bas erovnuli gamarjvebac ki uwoda. damfuZnebeli krebis fraqciaTa

warmomadgenlebi ZiriTad sakiTxSi ramdenadac erTi azrisani iyvnen, re-

zoluciac Sesabamisi miiRes. `moismina ra gareSe (e. i. sagareo, S. v.)

saqmeTa ministris gancxadeba sabWoTa ruseTis da saqarTvelos respub-

likas Soris sazavo xelSekrulebis dadebis Sesaxeb, – vkiTxulobT do-

kumentSi _ damfuZnebeli kreba iwonebs mTavrobis politikas, kmayo-

filebas gamoTqvams ruseT-saqarTvelos Soris keTilmezobluri da-

mokidebulebis damyarebis gamo da darwmunebulia, rom mTavroba ga-

nagrZobs saTanado zomebis miRebas respublikis damoukideblobisa da

misi sazRvrebis dasacavad.~

qarTuli politikuri azris warmomadgenlebi, S. nucubiZis sityvebiT

rom vTqvaT, `erovnuli arsebobis aucilebel pirobad~ mTel rig kompo-

nentebTan erTad, saqarTvelos teritoriis farglebis gansazRvrasa da

mis dadasturebas miiCnevdnen. ramdenadac am xelSekrulebis meoTxe mux-

lis pirveli paragrafis mixedviT ruseTi baTumis olqsa da zaqaTalas

okrugs saqarTvelos udao teritoriad acxadebda, xolo meore para-

grafi, samxreT kavkasiis sanamestnikos ama Tu im nawilis SemoerTebis

SesaZleblobas aZlevda saqarTvelos, Tuki amis Sesaxeb Sesabamis sax-

elmwifo erTeulTan saTanado xelSekrulebiT iqneboda igi dadasture-

buli. es faqti qarTuli politikuri azris mesveurTa Soris did kmay-

ofilebas iwvevda. amis dadasturebas gazeT `erTobaSi~ dabeWdili mowi-

nave statia `ruseTi da azerbaijani~ warmoadgens. `xelSekrulebiT, _

vkiTxulobT werilSi _ sakmaod naTlad da mkafiod aris gansazRvruli

Cveni teritoriis farglebi, rogorc CrdiloeTis ise aRmosavleTis

13

mxriv. Cvensa da azerbaijans Soris gavlebulia erTgvari xazi.~ rac Se-

exeba baTumis olqis sakiTxs, Tavis gamosvlebSi e. gegeWkorma da ak.

Cxenkelma erTxel kidev daadastures baTumis olqis saqarTvelos

kuTvnilebad aRiarebis saerTaSoriso mniSvneloba. `baTumis dabruneba, _

ambobda ak. Cxenkeli _ ubralo samarTlianobis da saerTaSoriso Ta-

vazianobis saqmea. es miT ufro unda iyos gasagebi yvelasaTvis exla,

roca TviT ruseTi baTumsa da mis olqs saqarTvelos teritoriis

nawilad Tvlis da ase Seaqvs xelSekrulebaSi.~

ak. Cxenkelis gamosvlis aseTi forma SemTxveviTi ar iyo. mas gark-

veuli adresati hyavda. kerZod, inglisis xelisufleba, romelic ba-

Tumis olqis saqarTvelosadmi gadacemas Segnebulad aWianurebda. ruseT-

Tan dadebuli xelSekrulebis IV muxlis moSveliebiT, ak. Cxenkeli mo-

kavSireebs `samarTlianobisa da saerTaSoriso Tavazianobisken~ mou-

wodebda. imavdroulad, baTumis olqis kanonieri mflobelisadmi gadace-

mis aucileblobasac Seaxsenebda. es imas niSnavs, rom aRniSnul xelSek-

rulebas, saqarTvelos xelisufleba saerTaSoriso TvalsazrisiT dip-

lomatiuri da propagandistuli xasiaTis datvirTvasac aniWebda.

ruseT-saqarTvelos xelSekrulebiT aRiarebul saqarTvelos saz-

Rvrebs, maSindeli qarTuli politikur moRvaweTa nawili, ucxo sax-

elmwifoTa mxridan saqarTvelos kuTvnili teritoriebis mitacebisagan

dazRvevis erT-erT garantad miiCnevdnen. amis realur safuZvels sabWoTa

ruseTis mier TurqeTis didi erovnuli krebisadmi gagzavnili nota

(1920 wlis 19 dekemberi) warmoadgens. am dokumentis mixedviT, `sab-

WoTa ruseTis mTavroba mizanSewonilad Tvlida, TurqeT-saqarTvelos

xelSekruleba SemuSavebuliyo ruseT-saqarTvelos xelSekrulebis sa-

fuZvelze.~ es imas niSnavs, rom garkveuli mosazrebebidan gamomdinare,

sabWoTa ruseTi, TurqeTis xelisuflebas baTumis olqis saqarTvelos

kuTvnilebad aRiarebis aucileblobaze mianiSnebda. meore mxriv, am do-

kumentze dayrdnobiT, dasavleT evropis saxelmwifoTa winaSe, saqarT-

velosaTvis saerTasoriso samarTlebrivi uflebebis aRdgenis sakiTxis

dasmas apirebdnen. Tu ramdenad ganxorcielebadi aRmoCndeboda es imedebi,

igi politikuri procesebis ganviTarebaze iyo damokidebuli. erTi ram

cxadia, saqarTvelos xelisuflebis liderebi, qveynis iuridiulad

aRiarebis daCqarebis TvalsazrisiT, ruseT-saqarTvelos xelSekrulebas

gansakuTrebul mniSvnelobas aniWebdnen. maTive mtkicebiT, aRniSnuli do-

kumentis safuZvelze 1) CrdiloeTis frontis Tundac droebiTi `gauqme-

biT,~ azerbaijanisa da osmaleTis frontis xazze warmatebis misaRwevad

saqarTvelos meti SesaZleblobebi eZleoda; 2) xelSekrulebis VI mux-

lis mixedviT, ruseTi valdebulebas iRebda, saqarTvelos mTavrobis wi-

naaRmdeg (mis dasamxobad) an misi saxeliT momqmedi jgufebi da organi-

zaciebi ar daeSva Tavis teritoriaze. zegavlenas moaxdenda mis mo-

kavSire saxelmwifoebze, raTa analogiuri saxis jgufebisa da organi-

14

zaciebis saqmianoba droulad yofiliyo maT mier aRkveTili. 3) imave

xelSekrulebis XII, XIII da XV muxlebi, saqarTvelosa da ruseTs So-

ris savaWro, ekonomikuri da kulturuli urTierTobebis aRdgenis Ses-

axeb, Sesabamisi dokumentebis momzadebas iTvaliswinebda. am mimarTule-

biT gadadgmul praqtikul nabijs da or qveyanas Soris normaluri

urTierTobis damyarebas, qarTveli politikosebi qveynis ekonomikis ga-

jansaRebis aucileblobis WrilSi ganixilavdnen.

Cvens mier motanili masalebi iseT STabeWdilebas tovebs, TiTqos

zemoaRniSnuli xelSekruleba unaklo yofiliyos da kiTxvis niSnebi ar

hqonodes. qarTveli politikosebi ratomRac am konkretul muxlebTan

mimarTebaSi dumdnen. arada, xelSekrulebis garkveuli nawilebi saqarT-

velos xelisuflebis winaSe mZime moTxovnebis Sesrulebis aucileblo-

bas iTxovda. mxedvelobaSi gvaqvs: 1) xelSekrulebis III muxlis meore

nawili, romlis mixedviTac ruseT- saqarTvelos Soris saxelmwifo

sazRvris damdgeni ormxrivi Sereuli komisiis daskvnamde, 1922 wlis

pirvel ianvramde sazRvris uReltexilebi (sazRvridan 5 versis man-

Zilze) neitralurad cxaddeboda. drois am monakveTSi, uReltexilebis

dakavebis, an misi gamagrebis ufleba orive mxares ekrZaleboda; 2) meaTe

muxlis V da VI paragrafebis moTxovnebidan gamomdinare, saqarTvelos

xelisuflebas misi teritoriidan yvela is samxedro SenaerTi unda

ganedevna, romlebic qarTuli jaris SemadgenlobaSi ar Sediodnen, da

rac mTavaria, ucxo qveynis jaris nawilebi saqarTvelos teritoriaze

momavalSiac ar unda yofiliyo daSvebuli. aRniSnuli faqtebidan gamom-

dinare; a) saqarTvelos CrdiloeTis sazRvris strategiuli uReltex-

ilebi, weliwadi da 7 Tvis ganmavlobaSi (xelSekrulebis dadebidan

1922 wlis ianvramde) daucveli rCeboda; b) meaTe muxlis V da VI

paragrafebi, saqarTvelos teritoriaze myofi ucxo qveynis jaris

nawilebSi, inglisis samxedro SenaerTebs gulisxmobda, romelic im pe-

riodSi baTumis olqSi iyo dislocirebuli. saqarTvelos teritoriidan

swored maT gandevnas iTvaliswinebda zemoaRniSnuli paragrafebi.

imavdroulad, saqarTvelos xelisuflebas ucxo saxelmwifos samxedro

nawilebis Semoyvana qveynis usafrTxoebis mizniTac ekrZaleboda. es imas

niSnavs, rom saqarTvelo, sabWoTa ruseTis pirispir martod-marto unda

darCeniliyo da qveynis usafrTxoebis bedi erovnul sajariso Senaer-

Tebze daemyarebina.

saqarTvelos damoukideblobis SenarCunebis realur garantias, ak.

Cxenkeli ara xelSekrulebaSi, aramed Zlier erovnul sajariso Senaer-

TebSi xedavda. aqedan gamomdinare, igi principulad ayenebda sakiTxs:

`mTeli Cveni gonebrivi,... zneobrivi da nivTieri Zala unda movikriboT

imisTvis, rom Cveni respublikis damoukidebloba, misi Tavdacvis saqme...

saR niadagze davayenoT. es aris Cveni uwmindesi movaleoba demokratiisa,

15

mTeli erisa da saqarTvelos xalxis winaSe. uamisoT Cven ar SegviZlian

vsTqvaT, rom Cveni momavali uzrunvelyofili aris.~

aRniSnuli faqtebi imaze migvaniSnebs, rom xelSekrulebaSi Cadebuli

araxelsayreli muxlebidan gamomdinare safrTxe, saqarTvelos xelisu-

flebis liderebs SesaniSnavad hqondaT gacnobierebuli. amitom iyo, rom

Crdiloeli mezoblis mxridan SemoTavazebuli nebismieri `siurprizis-

admi~ Rirseulad daxvedris sakiTxs rom ayenebdnen dRis wesrigSi. `did

ruseTs, _ werda gazeTi `erToba~ _ arasodes ar eqneba SiSi patara

saqarTvelos Tavdasxmis, magram patara saqarTvelos ki unda hqondes

geografiulad da strategiulad gamagrebuli sanapiroebi, rom pirvelma

avantiuristma da monapire razmma... iolaT ar gadmolaxos Cveni saz-

Rvrebi da SuagulSi ar Semogvesios. TavdacvisaTvis... aris saWiro aqac

mtkice da sasurveli sazRvris dadeba.~

rac Seexeba ucxo sajariso SenaerTebis (igulisxmeba inglisi) mxri-

dan saqarTvelos datovebas, igi mxolod xelSekrulebiT ar iyo ganpi-

robebuli. es sakiTxi l. kerzonis kavkasiuri politikis marcxTan er-

Tad inglisSive gadawyda. amasTan dakavSirebiT z. avaliSvili wers:

`lord kerzonis politika kavkasiis Sesaxeb damarcxda,... baTumis olqSi

inglisis jarebis dayovneba zedmeti gaxda... baTumis datovebas...

moiTxovda londonSi ekonomiis yvela momxre, romelTac uxarodaT kidev

erTi okupaciis moxsna. am zomas iwonebda amierkavkasiaSi inglisis aqti-

uri politikis yvela mowinaaRmdege (e. i. kerzonis mowinaaRmdege).~ es

imas niSnavs, rom Seqmnili politikuri situaciidan gamomdinare, saqarT-

velos datoveba inglisis xelisuflebis interesebSi Sedioda. wi-

naaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi, xelSekrulebis V muxlis V paragrafis asamo-

qmedeblad da inglisze zewolis gansaxorcieleblad, saqarTvelos

xelisuflebas saerTaSoriso an Zalismieri berketebis amoqmedebis

aranairi SesaZlebolba ar gaaCnda. xelSekrulebam, rogorc z. avaliS-

vili wers, ingliselebs `Zlier gauadvila... saxelovnad gasuliyvnen ba-

Tumidan.~

aRniSnuli faqti Tuki sinamdviles Seesabameba, gamoricxuli araa, rom

xelSekrulebaSi zogadi saxiT Cadebuli formulireba, saqarTvelos sax-

elisuflebo jaris SemadgenlobaSi arSemavali (e. i. ucxo) sajariso

nawilebis saqarTvelos teritoriidan gayvanis Sesaxeb, sabWoTa xelisu-

flebis mxridan, inglisis diplomatiur wreebTan yofiliyo SeTanxme-

buli. miTumetes: a) im etapze ruseTsa da ingliss Soris ekonomikur da

politikur sakiTxebTan mimarTebaSi safuZvliani molaparakeba mimdi-

nareobda; b) saqarTvelo-ruseTis xelSekrulebis teqstis Sedgenisas,

`mokarnaxis~ rols ruseTis warmomadgenloba asrulebda; g) inglisis

jaris saqarTvelodan gayvana, ara marto sabWoTa ruseTis, aramed,

rogorc zemoTac gvqonda aRniSnuli, l. jorjis mTavrobis intereseb-

Siac Sedioda. am SemTxvevaSi, xelSekruleba l. jorjis mTavrobas,

16

kavkasiis datovebasTan mimarTebaSi oponentebTan mxolod `Tavis

marTlebis~ sababad sWirdeboda.

marTalia, xelSekrulebis II muxliT ruseTi, saqarTvelos Sinaur

saqmeebSi Caurevlobis garantias iZleoda, magram, imave dokumentis meaTe

da specialuri damatebis pirveli muxli saqarTvelos avaldebulebda: a)

yvela im pirovnebis ganTavisuflebas, romlebic sabWoTa ruseTis an ko-

munisturi partiis sasargeblod iyvnen dasjilni; b) saqarTvelos teri-

toriaze komunisturi organizaciebis legaluri arsebobisa da saagi-

tacio-propagandistuli saqmianobis srul Tavisuflebas.

ramdenadac aRniSnuli muxlebi qveynis Sidasaxelmwifoebriv kompen-

tenciaSi Carevas gulisxmobda, xelSekrulebis meore muxlTan wi-

naaRmdegobaSi modioda. samwuxarod, qarTvelma politikosebma es sakiTxi

yuradrebis miRma datoves. msjelobis sagnad, wina planze, mxolod

qarTveli bolSevikebis sandooba da miT mimarT damokidebuleba wa-

moswies. arada, arsebuli politikuri situacia orive sakiTxis erTo-

bliobaSi ganxilvasa da Sesabamisi daskvnis gakeTebas saWiroebda. rac

Seexeba qarTveli bolSevikebisadmi damokidebulebas, qarTuli saxelmwi-

foebrivi politikuri azri am sakiTxSi erTiani iyo. qarTvel politi-

kur moRvaweebs kargad hqondaT gacnobierebuli, rom saqarTvelos mo-

qalaqe bolSevikebi qveynis damoukideblobas ver Seurigdebodnen, Tundac

im elementaruli mizezis gamo, rom maTi ideuri mrwamsi, ak.Cxenkelis

sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, eris damoukideblobis uaryofaze iyo da-

fuZnebuli. `kulturuli eris niadagze, _ ambobda ak. Cxenkeli _ ar

unda arsebobdes aseTi ukulturo movlena Tavisi Tavis,... individualo-

bis uarmyofeli... Tu bolSevikebma awi mainc... ar Sewyvites brZola Cveni

eris damoukideblobis winaarmdeg, es iqneba namdvili Ralati, da vinc

Ralats Caidens, mas unda moeqcnen ise, rogorc eqcevian dawinaurebul

qveynebSi.~ es imas niSnavs, rom qarTveli bolSevikebis antisaxelmwifoe-

briv qmedebas, saqarTvelos xelisufleba qveynis winaSe Cadenili Rala-

tis rangSi ganixilavda da evropis dawinaurebuli saxelmwifoebis

msgavsad Sesabamisi kanonmdeblobiT dasjida. aseTive Tvalsazrisia ga-

tarebuli gazeT `erTobaSi~ dabeWdil mowinave werilSi, _ `axali ga-

marjveba~. masSi garkveviT iyo miTiTebuli, rom bolSevikebis legali-

zacia `srulebiTac ar niSnavs... dauyovnebliv... kari gavuRoT bolSeviz-

mis eqsperimentebs, an am eqsperimentebis motrfiale elementebs mivceT...

ufleba im boroti muSaobis warmoebisa, romelic jarze TavdasxmaSi,

ajanyebaSi, Ralatis qadagebaSi da sxva aseT moqmedebaSi gamoixateba.~

Cvens mier motanili faqtebi imis damadasturebelia, rom saqarTvelos

xelisuflebis mesveurebs, bolSevikebis `gakeTilSobilebisa~ da maTi

mxridan erovnuli saxelmwifos samsaxurSi Cadgomis ar sjerodaT. erTi

ram cxadia, bolSevikebze sadamsjelo zemoqmedeba, romlis Sesaxebac

qarTveli politikosebi miuTiTebdnen, sabWoTa ruseTs, xelSekrulebis

17

darRvevad SeeZlo gamoecxadebina da politikuri ambiciebis dakmayo-

filebisaTvis gamoeyenebina. miTumetes, xelSekrulebis arc erT muxlSi

Cadebuli ar iyo ama Tu im politikuri organizaciis mxridan gaweuli

antisaxelmwifoebrivi saqmianobis aRsakveTi sadamsjelo meqanizmi. qar-

Tuli politikuri elitis aseTi riski, dasavleT evropis saxelmwifoTa

Sepirebul daxmarebaze, `de iure~ aRiarebaze da erTa ligaSi saqarT-

velos gawevrianebis imedze iyo damyarebuli. Tu ramdenad Sesrulebadi

aRmoCndeboda qarTvel politikosTa es Canafiqri, mimdinare politikur

procesebs unda ganesazRvra. yovel SemTxvevaSi, rogorc samecniero

literaturaSia dadasturebuli am mimarTulebiT saqarTvelos diploma-

tiuri korpusi farTomasStabian samuSaos eweoda.

rac Seexeba xelSekrulebisadmi bolSevikTa damokidebulebas, maTi

umetesobis ganwyoba agresiuli namdvilad ar iyo. gazeT `komunistSi~

gamoqveynebuli publikaciebidan dasturdeba, rom isini ruseT-

saqarTvelos urTierTobis normalizaciasa da bolSevikuri organizacie-

bis legalizacias dadebiTad afasebdnen. gamonakliss mxolod s. or-

jonikiZe da misi garemocva warmoadgenda. es arc iyo gasakviri, radgan

es ganmorCeuli ambiciebis mqone pirovneba, faqtiurad ruseTis maRali

saxelisuflebo Tanamdebobis miRma aRmoCnda. Selaxuli `Tavmoyvareobis~

reabilitaciis erT-erT saSualebad, mas amierkavkasiis sruli gasabWoeba

esaxeboda. amis dadasturebas, 1920 wlis 2 maiss saqarTveloze mis

mier organizebuli Tavdasxma warmoadgens. moskovis mxridan mkacri

gafrTxileba rom ara, xelSekrulebis dadebisa da wiTeli armiis

nawilebis damarcxebis miuxedavad, igi brZolis Sewyvetas ar apirebda.

xelSekrulebisadmi negaturi damokidebuleba mxolod somxeTisa da

azerbaijanis xelisuflebis warmomadgenlebma gamoavlines. mxedvelobaSi

gvaqvs am ori saxelmwifos sagareo saqmeTa ministrebis mxridan,

ruseTis sagareo saqmeTa komisaris g. CiCerinisadmi gagzavnili radio-

telegrama. am dokumentebis mixedviT; 1) somxeTi, Tbilisis guberniis

Semadgeneli, _ borCalosa da axalqalaqis mazrebis saqarTvelosadmi

gadacemis winaaRmdegi gamodioda. imavdroulad baTumis olqSi Woroxis

raioniT dakmayofilebas moiTxovda; 2) rac Seexeba azerbaijans, igi

zaqaTalas okrugis saqarTvelos sazRvrebSi Setanas aprotestebda. am

SemTxvevaSi, ruseTis xelisuflebam mxolod gasabWoebuli azerbaijanis

pretenziebis ganxilva miiCnia mizanSewonilad. swored am faqts

ukavSirdeba 1920 wlis 12 maiss xelmowerili dokumenti, romelic

ruseT-saqarTvelos 7 maisis xelSekrulebis damatebiTi SeTanxmebiT aris

cnobili. ZiriTadi xelSekrulebis IV muxlsa da damatebis pirvel para-

grafs Soris gansxvaveba SemdegSi mdgomareobs: 1) xelSekrulebis IV

muxli zaqaTalas okrugs, sazRvrebis yovelgvari Sesworebis gareSe

acxadebda saqarTvelos Semadgenel nawilad; 2) xelSekrulebis damate-

biTi SeTanxmebis mixedviT, saqarTvelosa da azerbaijanis sazRvarze da

18

zaqaTalas okrugSi mdebare sadao adgilebis kuTvnilebis gadawyvetis

sakiTxi ormxrivi Sereuli komisiis kompentenciad iyo miCneuli. amasTan

dakavSirebiT, dokumentSi vkiTxulobT: `dava adgilebis Sesaxeb, romelic

mdebareobs saqarTvelos da azerbaijanis sazRvarze da zaqaTalas ok-

rugSi, gadasawyvetad gadaecema Sereul komisias, romlis Tavmjdomare

iqneba ruseTis federaciis sabWoTa socialisturi respublikis warmo-

madgeneli.~ am dokumentSi garkveviTaa miTiTebuli, rom sakiTxi exeba

saqarTvelo-azerbaijanis sazRvarze da zaqaTalas okrugSi arsebuli

zogierTi sadao adgilis e. i. punqtis (Tuki aseTi iqneboda) komisiis-

admi gansaxilvelad gadacemas. es imas niSnavs, rom xelSekrulebis

damatebiTi nawili, ZiriTadi xelSekrulebis IV muxls ar arRvevda,

radgan zaqaTalas okrugis kuTvnilebas kiTxvis niSnis qveS ar ayenebda.

am SemTxvevaSi, saqme exeba zaqaTalas okrugSi sadao adgilis, _ punqtis

sazRvris mosalodnel `kosmetikur~ cvlilebas da ara azerbaijanisadmi

uSualod okrugis gadacemas, rogorc es zogierT istorikoss hgonia.

rac Seexeba sabWoTa ruseTis warmomadgenels, ra donis tendenciurobi-

Tac ar unda yofiliyo igi gamorCeuli, damatebiTi xelSekrulebis aR-

niSnuli paragrafidan gamomdinare, mas azerbaijanisadmi ara zaqaTalas

okrugis, aramed, saqarTvelo-azerbaijanis sazRvarze da TviT zaqaTalas

okrugSi mdebare mxolod sadaod qceuli zogierTi adgilis gadacema

SeeZlo.

sayuradReboa is faqti, rom zemoaRniSnuli samSvidobo xelSek-

rulebis dadebis miuxedavad, sabWoTa ruseTi, azerbaijanis mimarTule-

bidan saqarTvelos winaaRmdeg 2 maiss dawyebul samxedro operaciebs

kvlavac agrZelebda. im periodis presa am konfliqts, saqarTvelo-

azerbaijans Soris saomari urTierTobis saxeliT ganixilavda. Tu riT

iyo ganpirobebuli namdvili agresoris SeniRbva, amis Sesaxeb amomwurav

pasuxs n. Jordanias mogonebebi iZleva. `TbilisSi, _ wers igi _ didi

panika iyo. ambobdnen rusi modis da vin gauZlebso! ramdenadac mTavari

meomari elementi iyo gvardia, rogorc gadaWriT antibolSevikuri,

gadavwyviteT morali misi gagvemagrebia xmis gavrcelebiT, modis ara

rusis aramed azerbaijanelTa jari... xerxma gasWra, gvardielebi yalyze

dadgnen, rogor gvibedaven es `CaCnebi~ omso.~ rogorc cnobilia, mowi-

naaRmdegis damarcxebisa da pirvandeli sasazRvro poziciebis aRdgeni-

sTanave, qarTuli jaris nawilebma saqarTvelos xelisuflebis miTiTebiT

16 maiss SeteviTi operaciebi Sewyvites.Aam faqts gazeTi `erToba~ Sem-

degnairad xsnida: `saqarTvelos mTavrobam amiT acnoba mTel qveyanas,

rom saqarTvelo ar awarmoebs dapyrobiT oms, aramed icavs Tavis saz-

Rvrebs.~ damarcxebuli mowinaaRmdegis gaunadgureblobis aRniSnuli mo-

tivi, miRebuli gdawyvetilebis gamarTlebis mxolod erT arguments

warmoadgenda. faqtobrivad ki, igi dausabuTebeli rCeboda. Aam garemoe-

bam, bevr politikur da samxedro moRvawes, saqarTvelos SeiaraRebuli

19

ZalebiT im etapze bolSevikebisagan amierkavkaiis `ganTavisuflebis~

misiis SesaZleblobis mtkicebis saSualeba misca. `es iyo erTaderTi

uaRresad xelsayreli SemTxveva, _ werda g. kvinitaZe _ azerbaijanisa

da somxeTis gasanTavisufleblad bolSeviki dampyroblebisagan. Cven Seg-

veZlo bolSevikebisagan mTeli kavksiis gawmenda da iqneb daRestnisac. es

iyo 1920 weli, rodesac poloneTi oms awarmoebda ruseTTan da gener-

ali vrangeli daZruli iyo yirimidan.~ erTi SexedviT es gegma realuri

Cans, magram Tuki yvela aspeqtis gaTvaliswinebiT ganvixilavT, misi

ganxorcieleba saqarTvelos katastrofas daaCqarebda. roca g. kvinitaZe

somxeTis ganTavisuflebaze laparakobs, igi jer kidev damoukidebel

saxelmwifos warmoadgenda. misi gasabWoeba mxolod 1920 wlis 29 noem-

bers ganxorcielda. 1) im SemTxvevaSi Tu general g. kvinitaZis mier Se-

moTavazebuli gegmiT imoqmedebdnen, saqrTvelos xelisuflebas azerbai-

janelTa da somexTa mxridan qarTuli jaris usafrTxoebis garantia

unda hqonoda. azerbaijanelebisgan amis miRweva SeuZlebeli iyo im

ubralo mizezis gamo, rom bolSevikebs qveyana TiTqmisYubrZolvelad

Caabares. rac Seexeba somxeTs, igi xelsayreli situaciis SeqmnisTanave

mis mier `sadaod~ qceuli qarTuli miwebis mitacebas Seecdeboda. aR-

niSnulidan gamomdinare, qarTuli mxedrobisadmi azerbaijanelTa da

somexTa Tanadgoma saTaveSive iyo gamoricxuli. es imas niSnavda, rom

Tuki saqarTvelo amierkavkasiis `ganmaTavisufleblis~ funqcias ikis-

rebda, igi did riskze midioda. damfuZnebeli krebis 1920 wlis 25 iv-

nisis sxdomaze oponentTa misamarTiT v.Tevzaia acxadebda: `azerbaijanis

xalxi gagveTavisuflebia ucxo Zalisagan... aseT miznebs saqarTvelos re-

spublika ver gaiziarebs... is vinc fiqrobs, rom unda Caerios sxvis

saqmeebSi... Sesuliyo maT dedaqalaqSi, gaeyara yvela misi mokavSire ele-

mentebi... aseTi politika respublikas ar qonia da arc eqneboda.~ imave

sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT akaki Cxenkeli acxadebda: `Cveni mdgomareoba

rTulia, Cven irgvliv rkalSemortymuli varT,... Cveni mTavrobac ar

awarmoebda riskis politikas da yvela is rasac aq b-ni veSapeli

brZanebda, aris riskis politika. Cven risks ver vawarmoebT sanam

vgrZnobT pasuxismgeblobas Cveni eris, Cveni demokratiis winaSe.~ 2)

`omis gagrZelebis momxreni~ yuradRebis miRma tovebdnen yvelaze

mniSvnelovan kiTxvas; SeZlebda Tu ara saqarTvelos ekonomika xan-

grZlivi omis xarjebis gadafarvas da ra mdgomareobaSi aRmoCndeboda

qveynis finansebi. miTumetes, 14 dRiani omi saqarTvelos biujets mil-

iard naxevari qarTuli boni daujda. 3) gasaTvaliswinebelia qveynis `de

iure~ aRiarebis misaRwevad saerTaSoriso arenaze neitraluri da mSvi-

dobisaTvis mebrZoli saxelmwifos imijis SenarCunebis mcdeloba,

saqarTvelos winaaRmdeg ruseT-TurqeTis aliansi, bolSevikebis mier iv-

nisis dasawyisSi cxinvalSi mowyobili ajanyebisa da xulos garnizonze

Tavdasxmis faqtebi. 4) mxedvelobaSia misaRebi 1918 wels somxeTisa da

20

azerbaijanis interesebis dacvidan gamomdinare miRebuli mware ga-

mocdileba. AaRniSnuli politikuri kursi erovnuli sabWos 1918 wlis

16 seqtembris sxdomaze erovnul-demokratma i. maWavarianma `ocoboco~

politikad Seafasa da mmarTvel politikur partias mkacri toniT mi-

uTiTa: `daanebeT Tavi ocobocodias, daadeqiT realuri politikis gzas,

daanebeT Tavi msoflioze zrunvas... ai Cveni pasuxi sagareo politikaze.~

warumateblobis SemTxvevaSi, qveynis mmarTveli politikuri partia

analogiur mdgomareobaSi aRmoCndeboda. erTi ram udaod SeiZleba

iTqvas, opoziciuri partiebisa da samxedro uwyebis arcerT maRalCino-

sans, aRniSnuli gegmis SesaZlo warmatebis dasabuTeba an mosalodneli

Sedegebis pasuxismgeblobis Sesaxeb raime dokumenti mTavrobisaTvis ar

warudgenia. amM SemTxvevaSi saqarTvelos xelisuflebam imoqmeda ise,

rogorc amas saxelmwifos interesebi karnaxobda, magram imaves ver vity-

viT saqarTvelo-azerbaijans Soris 1920 wlis 12 ivniss aqstafaSi dade-

bul xelSekrulebaze. am dokumentis avkargianobis srulad gacnobiere-

bisaTvis pirvel rigSi gasaTvaliswinebelia, rom zemoaRniSnuli omi,

azerbaijanis saxels amofarebuli sabWoTa ruseTis SeiaraRebuli

Tavdasxma iyo saqarTveloze. es imas niSnavda, rom faqtobrivad, saqme

ruseT-saqarTvelos konfliqtTan gvqonda da bunebrivia, sazavo xelSek-

rulebac ruseT-saqarTvelos xelSekrulebis elfers atarebda. mi-

Tumetes, mis ZiriTad amosaval safuZvels 7 maisis xelSekruleba war-

moadgenda. amis Sesaxeb al. asaTiani xelisuflebas savsebiT samar-

Tlianad sayvedurobda: `es xelSekruleba gamomdinareobs ruseTTan

dadebuli xelSekrulebidan. me vfiqrob, rom es sruliad Seuwynare-

beli movlena aris.~ am SemTxvevaSi Cvens mizans dasaxelebuli dokumen-

tis srulad ganxilva ar warmoadgens, yuradRebas mxolod or ZiriTad

sakiTxze gavamaxvilebT: 1) SesaZlebeli gaxda Tu ara sasazRvro davis

mowesrigeba da 2) omiT miyenebuli zaralis Tundac nawilobriv

anazRaureba. rac Seexeba pirvel sakiTxs, igi meore, mesame, meoTxe,

mexuTe da meeqvse muxlebSi iqna Camoyalibebuli. saqarTvelo-

azerbaijanis sasazRvro zoli Tbilisisa da ganjis guberniebs Soris ga-

mavali Zveli saadministracio xaziT ganisazRvra. samwuxaroa magram

faqtia, rom gamarjvebulma saqarTvelom, zaqaTalas okrugis dasabrune-

blad realuri Sansi ver gamoiyena. aRniSnuli xelSekrulebis mixedviT,

igi faqtiurad damarcxebuli saxelmwifos rolSi mogvevlina. ramde-

nadac azerbaijanis delegaciis saxiT faqtobrivad ruseTi laparakobda,

saingilos sakiTxis Sereuli komisiisaTvis gadacemis Sesaxeb misi

moTxovnisadmi daTanxmeba da am komisiis Tavmjdomaris funqciebis mosk-

ovis mTavrobis warmomadgenlisadmi gadabareba politikur Secdomas war-

moadgenda. savsebiT marTali iyo g.veSapeli roca xelSekrulebis VI

muxls miuReblad Tvlida. `rac Seexeba me-6 muxls, _ ambobda igi _ aq

aris erTi garemoeba yovlad miuRebeli,... es muxli eyrdnoba ruseTTan

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dadebul xelSekrulebas... meores mxriv, miuRebelia isic, rom arbitri

zavis sakiTxSi ruseTis xelSia, rodesac azerbaijani warmoadgens

ruseTis oficialur mokavSires da faqtiurad mis provincias, _ miuRe-

belia, rom ruseTi iyos arbitri Tavis sakuTar saqmeSi.~ opoziciis

aseTi guliswyroma imiT iyo ganpirobebuli, rom gamarjvebuli saxelm-

wifos interesebSi, faqtobrivad ignorirebuli iqna, xolo sasazRvro

xazze, saqarTvelos sasargeblod, mxolod umniSvnelo `kosmetikuri”

cvlilebebi moaxdines. aq erTi metad mniSvnelovani niuansia gasaTvalis-

winebeli. kerZod, g. veSapeli Secdomas uSvebs, roca aRniSnuli xelSek-

rulebis VI muxlis ZiriTad debulebas, ruseTTan 1920 wlis 7 maiss

dadebuli xelSekrulebis damatebiTi nawilidan gamomdinared acxadebs.

sinamdvileSi es muxlebi erTmaneTs ewinaaRmdegeba. mxedvelobaSi gvaqvs

is faqti, rom Tuki ruseTTan dadebuli xelSekrulebis damatebiTi

nawilis II muxli zaqaTalas okrugs, rogorc zemoTac gvqonda miTiTe-

buli saqarTvelos Semadgenel nawilad acxadebda, xolo Sereul ko-

misias gansaxilvelad am okrugSi mdebare sadaod qceuli mxolod

zogierTi punqtis kuTvnilebis sakiTxis gadawyveta hqonda mindobili,

misgan gansxvavebiT, saqarTvelo-azerbaijanis xelSekrulebis VI muxli

sawinaaRmdego formulirebas Seicavda. amis damadastureblad imave xel-

Sekrulebis VI muxlidan Sesabamis amonawers movitanT; `sakiTxi zaqaTa-

las okrugisa unda gadaeces gadasaWrelad saarbitraJo komisias; es ko-

misia gaTvaliswinebulia damatebiTi SeTanxmebiT, romelic daido ruseTs

socialistur federaciul sabWoTa respublikasa da saqarTvelos de-

mokratiul respublikas Soris 1920 wlis maisis 12-is TariRiT.~ aq

garkveviTaa miTiTebuli, rom ruseTTan dadebuli xelSekrulebiT gaT-

valiswinebul saarbitraJo komisias zaqaTalas okrugSi mdebare ara

zogierTi punqtis, aramed mTlianad zaqaTalas okrugis kuTvnilebis

gadawyvetis sakiTxi unda gadacemoda. am samarcxvino xelSekrulebas

xels saqarTvelos respublikis samxedro ministri g. lorTqifaniZe,

saqarTvelos damfuZnebeli krebis Tavmjdomaris moadgile s. mdivani da

s.andronikaSvili awerdnen. rac Seexeba omiT miyenebul zarals, mis

anazRaurebas, xelSekruleba ar iTvaliswinebda. mtrisadmi aseT Semwy-

nareblur damokidebulebas damfuZnebeli krebis imave sxdomaze war-

moTqmul sityvaSi ak. Cxenkeli Semdegnairad xsnida: `imedi gvaqvs, rom...

mezobeli... daafasebs im garemoebas rom Cven bolomdis ar visargebleT

am omis SedegebiT, ar visargebleT mezoblis, SeiZleba iTqvas kritikuli

mdgomareobiT; Cven gavixseneT xvalindeli dRec, is rom Cven mezoblebi

varT da gvinda Tu ar gvinda erTi meoris gverdiT unda vicxovroT. Cven

imedi gvaqvs, rom azerbaijanis xalxi adre Tu gvian amaRldeba Cveni

xalxis am Segnebis donemde.~

qarTuli saxelmwifos liderebma SesaniSnavad icodnen, rom azerbai-

janis saxiT maT ruseTi `elaparakeboda.~ amitom, aRniSnuli nabiji

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faqtobrivad ruseTisadmi daTmobas niSnavda. saerTaSoriso normebiT

gaTvaliswinebuli moTxovnebidan gamomdinare, omiT miyenebuli zaralis

Tundac nawilobrivi kompensaciis argamoyeneba, politikur Secdomas

warmoadgenda. aseTi nabiji, karsmomdgar dauZinebel mterTan kompromisze

wasvlasa da agresorisadmi `loialur~ damokidebulebas moaswavebda.

qarTuli mxaris es Secdoma, mowinaaRmdegem SesaniSnavad gamoiyena da

`keTilis msurvel~ mezobels, misi saxelmwifoebriobis sazianod bumer-

angiviT ukan daubruna.

X X X

damoukidebel saqarTvelosTan mimarTebaSi, sabWoTa ruseTis agresia,

saqarTveloSi antisaxelmwifoebrivi bolSevikuri ajanyebebis (1918-

1920 wlebi) mowyobasa da mis dafinansebaSi gamovlinda. aRniSnuli

procesebi qarTul sabWoTa istoriografiaSi tendenciuradaa Sefase-

buli da misi warmoSobis mizezebi mxolod saqarTvelos xelisuflebis-

admia gadabralebuli. sabWoTa ideologiuri moTxovnebidan gamomdinare,

upasuxodaa datovebuli: 1) gamarTlebuli iyo Tu ara sabWoTa ruseTis

mier glexTa bolSevikuri ajanyebebis gamoyenebiT, saqarTvelos mTav-

robis damxoba. 2) glexTa ajanyebebs socialuri afeTqeba edo sa-

fuZvlad Tu bolSevikTa mier xelovnurad mowyobil provokaciebs war-

moadgendnen. 3) bolSevikebisadmi saqarTvelos erovnuli mTavrobis nega-

tiuri damokidebulebis obieqturi mizezebi. Cvens amocanas, aRniSnul

kiTxvebze dasabuTebuli pasuxis gacema da momxdari faqtebis swori Se-

faseba warmoadgens. rac Seexeba saqarTvelos teritoriaze mowyobil

glexTa ajanyebebsa da saqarTvelos mTavrobis damxobis mcdelobis

samarTlebriv aspeqts, misi Sefasebisa da saTanado daskvnis gakeTebisaT-

vis yvela im masalebis safuZvliani Seswavlaa aucilebeli, romlebic

pirdapir Tu arapirdapir aRniSnul process ukavSirdeba. saarqivo ma-

salebiT dasturdeba, rom ruseTis xelisufleba, saqarTveloSi momqmed

bolSevikur organizaciebs sakmaod didi TanxiT uzrunvelyofda. amasTan

dakavSirebiT, kavkasiis samxareo komitetisadmi `rafaelis~ fsevdonimiT

gagzavnil werilSi (1919 wlis 27 oqtomberi), rom oqros kursiT 500

000 maneTi gaegzavnaT, dadasturebulia. aRniSnuli Tanxidan aT-aTi

aTasi maneTi abaSis, senakis da zugdidis bolSevikur organizaciebs

gadaeca. imave pirovnebis xelmoweriT, meore werilSi samegrelos bol-

Sevikuri organizaciebisadmi damatebiT 50 000 maneTis, xolo guriis

bolSevikuri organizaciebisadmi 12 milioni rusuli maneTis gagzavnis

Sesaxebaa miTiTebuli, TelavSi ajanyebis mosamzadeblad 1919 wlis 5

seqtembridan 20 oqtombramde oqros kursiT 96 360 maneTi iqna daxar-

juli. am da sxva mniSvnelovan sakiTxebze rkinigzelTa meore yrilobaze

23

(1919 wlis 23 oqtomberi) gakeTebul moxsenebaSi n. ramiSvili∗ sagange-

bod amaxvilebda yuradRebas. igi saTanado faqtebze dayrdnobiT bol-

SevikTa im gegmis Sesaxeb miuTiTebda, romelic qveynis sasazRvro zonaSi

ajanyebis dawyebas iTvaliswinebda. am sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT gaz. `er-

Toba~ presis mimoxilvis rubrikaSi, Tavis pozicias bolSevikTa

saqmianobis mimarT Semdegnairad ayalibebda: `komunistebi Cvens demokra-

tias sZuls, ezizReba, magram ruseTis xazinidan micemuli fuliT maTi

partia mainc... cocxlobs... es aris partia ucxo saxelmwifos pension-

erebisa, partia ucxoTa agentebisa, samSoblos moRalateTa da misi de-

mokratiis gamyidvelTa. demokratia am samarcxvino daRs aSkarad kiTxu-

lobs Cveneburi komunistebis Sublze.~ aseTi mkacri ganaCeni saqarT-

veloSi bolSevikebis praqtikuli saqmianobidan gamomdinareobda. maTi

konkretuli miznebis Sesaxeb Sinagan saqmeTa saministros gancxadebaSi

erTxel kidev xazgasmiT iyo miTiTebuli, rom `saqarTvelos komunis-

turi partiis centraluri komiteti emorCileboda aralegaluri cen-

tris direqtivebs da amzadebda SeiaraRebul gamosvlas... Tanxas ucxo

saxelmwifoebidan iRebdnen. igi xmardeboda, rogorc legaluri ise

aralegaluri miznebis ganxorcielebas. komunistebi ruseTis aRdgenas

Zvel sazRvrebSi cdiloben.~ rogorc vxedavT, saqme qveynis dangrevas

exeboda. isini moskovis Sorsgamiznuli politikis monuri Semsrule-

blebi iyvnen. Tavisi qmedebiT, saqarTvelos saxelmwifos dasustebas da

samomavlod mis gasabWoebas isaxavdnen miznad. yovelive aRniSnulis

srulad gacnobiereba, bunebrivia maSindel glexkacobas ar SeeZlo. am

SemTxvevaSi gadamwyvet rols agitacia da fuli asrulebda. Tu ra or-

ganizebulad eweodnen bolSevikebi antisaxelmwifoebriv saqmianobas, amis

Sesaxeb saintereso masalas gaz. `erTobaSi~ gamoqveynebuli mTavrobis

gancxadeba _ `komunistebis kontrrevolucionuri gamosvlebi~ _ iZleva.

masSi yuradReba sam ZiriTad sakiTxzea gamaxvilebuli: 1) saqarTvelos

xelisuflebis winaaRmdeg bolSevikebis mier araqarTuli elementis ga-

moyenebis faqtebze, romlebic `etrfodnen ruseTis batonobis aRdgenas~;

2) ajanyebis mowyobisa da misi organizaciis mizniT, Tbilisisa da qu-

Taisis bolSevikTa sagubernio konferenciis (1919 wlis agvisto-

seqtemberi) mier arCeul samxedro teqnikur komisiebze; 3) Sinagan

saqmeTa saministros mier ganxorcielebuli operaciis Sedegad ajanyebis

momwyobi xelmZRvaneli birTvis, 21 oqtombers sastumro `avroraSi~

(oTaxi #15) dapatimrebaze. ajanyebis gegmis aRmoCenaze, romelic re-

spublikaSi bolSevikTa farTomasStabian gamosvlebs iTvaliswinebda. es

faqti sayuradReboa imdenad, ramdenadac aRniSnuli gegmis ganxor-

cieleba, denikinis samxedro nawilebis saqarTveloSi SemoWras unda

damTxveoda da ruseTSi mimdinare samoqalaqo omSi saqarTvelos CaTrevas

iTvaliswinebda. amis dadasturebas, damfuZnebeli krebis (1919 wlis 29

seqtemberi) sxdomaze n.ramiSvilis mier gakeTebuli gancxadeba war-

24

moadgens. igi saqarTvelos damoukideblobis winaaRmdeg dawyebuli far-

TomasStabiani moqmedebis Sesaxeb sakanonmdeblo organos wevrTa

yuradRebas sagangebod miapyrobda da misi ZiriTadi mizandasaxulobis

axsnas cdilobda. `umTavresi mizani, – ambobda n. ramiSvili _ mdgo-

mareobs imaSi, rom Cven CagviTrion ruseTis samoqalaqo omSi... Cveni mow-

inaaRmdegeni cdiloben amiT Tavisi saqme gaakeTon... Tu isini mizans mi-

aRweven... niadagi moespoba Cvens aRmSeneblobiT muSaobas da Seiryeva

Cveni politikuri organizmi... Zalauneburad monawileni gavxdebiT im

areulobis, romelsac adgili aqvs ruseTSi da romelic ruseTis erebs

urTierT gaJletas uqadis.~ moskovidan miRebuli miTiTebebisa da dasax-

uli miznis warmatebiT gansaxorcieleblad, moqmedebis erT-erT aucile-

bel saSualebad, bolSevikebi saqarTvelos sazRvrebze ajanyebis mowyo-

bas, ukidures SemTxvevaSi, teroristuli aqtebis ganxorcielebas is-

axavdnen miznad. amis SesaniSnav dadasturebas moxaliseTa armiis general

n. baraTovze∗ TbilisSi ganxorcielebuli Tavdasxma warmoadgens.

aRniSnul faqtebs, n.ramiSvili ucxo saxelmwifoTa Zalebis mier

saqarTvelos sawinaaRmdego RonisZiebad Tvlida da damfuZnebeli krebis

31 oqtombris sxdomis monawileebs Seaxsenebda: `aq gareSe saxelmwifoTa

xeli trialebs. Cvens damoukideblobas ebrZvis erTi mxriv Savi reaqciis

warmomadgenlebi da meore mxriv wiTel xiStebze dayrdnobili avantiur-

istebi. am or gareSe Zalas surs gaanadguros Cveni damoukidebeli sax-

elmwifo.~ aq garkveviTaa naTqvami im Zalebis Sesaxeb, romlebic qveyanas

ara marto destabilizaciiT, aramed ngreviTac emuqrebodnen. Tuki

saqarTvelo realur safrTxes gadaurCa, arsebuli xelisuflebis, gansa-

kuTrebiT Sinagan saqmeTa saministros gonivrul da windaxedul

saqmianobas unda mivaweroT. rac Seexeba bolSevikebis antisaxelmwifoe-

brivi saqmianobisadmi damokidebulebas da mis Sefasebas, centrisa da re-

gionaluri social-demokratiuli organizaciebis pozicia identuri iyo.

amis nimuSad guriis komitetis 1920 wlis 3 ivlisis sxdomis masalebi

gamodgeba. miRebuli dadgenilebis Sesabamisad, bolSevikebi moRalateebad

iyvnen gamocxadebulni.

es sakiTxi gazeTma `erTobam~ sagangebo ganxilvis da msjelobis sagnad

aqcia. am mxriv gansakuTrebul interess mowinave statia `saqarTvelos

komunisturi partia“ iqcevs. igi bolSevikebisadmi Semdeg ZiriTad

moTxovnebs ayenebda: 1) xeli aeRoT saqarTvelos Sinagan saqmeebSi, ker-

ZoT sabWoTa ruseTis Zalebis pirdapiri Carevis xelSewyobaze. am

SemTxvevaSi gazeTs mxedvelobaSi qonda ucxo saxelmwifos mier saqarT-

velosadmi iZulebiTi, ZaldatanebiTi saSinao da sagareo politikis Tavs

moxvevis mcdeloba. kerZod, qarTveli bolSevikebis xelSewyobiT sabWoTa

ruseTis mier Crdilo kavkasiidan da azerbaijanidan saqarTvelos wi-

naaRmdeg wiTeli jaris nawilebis SeteviTi operaciebis ganxorcieleba

(1920 wlis 4 maisi). `amaSi mdgomareobda mTavari mizezi, _ werda ga-

25

zeTi _ Seurigeblobisa, Cvensa da bolSevikebs Soris;~ 2) SeewyvitaT

ruseTidan Semotanili fuliT iaraRis SeZena, mosaxleobaSi gavrceleba

da arsebuli xelisuflebis winaaRmdeg ajanyebis mowyoba. ideuri

muSaoba, damoukidebeli saqarTvelos saxelmwifosaTvis misaRebi CarCoTi

SemoefarglaT, rac imas niSnavda, rom qarTvel komunistebs saqarTvelos

xelisuflebis winaaRmdeg brZolaSi gareSe Zalebisadmi zurgi eqciaT da

adgilobrivi politikuri partiebis msgavsad emoqmedaT. `saqarTvelos

komunistebisagan, _ vkiTxulobT gazeTSi _ Cven moviTxovT, rom maT am-

ieridan imoqmedon, rogorc saqarTvelos moqalaqeebma da xeli aiRon im

politikur saSualebebze, romlebsac moqalaqeobriobis TvalsazrisiT

saxelmwifos Ralatis suni udis. Tu Cveneburi komunistebi am pirobebs

gadauxveven, saqarTvelos demokratia CaTvlis, rom maT undaT ucxo

Zalis Careva... saxelmwifos Sinaur saqmeebSi. am SemTxvevaSi Cveni demok-

ratia moepyroba adgilobriv bolSevikebs ise, rogorc aqamdis epyroboda

yovelnair moZaladeebs.~ marTalia, aq civilizebuli qveynebisaTvis

damaxasiaTebeli ideuri brZolis formebis gamoyenebis aucileblobis sa-

kiTxia dasmuli, magram qarTveli bolSevikebisaTvis igi miuRebeli iyo.

maT kargad esmodaT, rom am saxiT gaweuli saqmianobidan farTo masis

mxardaWeras ver moipovebdnen, amitom, xelisuflebasTan dapirispirebis

mxolod Zalismieri meTodebis gamoyenebisaken iswrafvodnen. ramdenadac

es yovelgvari SeniRbvis gareSe mimdinareobda, saqarTvelos mmarTveli

politikuri partiis mesveurebi erTxel kidev Seaxsenebdnen bolSevikebs

`Tqven gsurT ideuri brZola? xeli aiReT ucxo xiStebze, gamoeTiSeT

avantiuristebs, romelnic kvantalianebis da lominaZeebis saxiT ebrZvian

azerbaijanidan saqarTvelos muSaTa klass... xeli aiReT ucxoeTidan Se-

motanil milionebze da patiosani iaraRiT mibrZandiT muSaTa razmebSi...

yvela krebaze Tqven mogagoneben im moRalatur saqciels romelic ga-

moxatulia ucxoelTa xiStebze dayrdnobaSi.~ es imas niSnavs, rom qar-

Tuli mosaxleoba bolSevikebs faqtobrivad boikots ucxadebda, ara

imitom, rom bolSevikebi iyvnen, aramed rogorc araerovnul mimdinareo-

bas. es arc iyo gasakviri, radgan erovnuli saxelmwifos mSeneblobis

winaaRmdeg, qarTveli kacis iaraRiT brZola, did umecrebasTan, an

qveynis RalatTan iyo dakavSirebuli. swored am fonze ganixilavxda ak.

Cxenkeli qarTveli bolSevikebis saqmianobas da paralels dasavleT ev-

ropis saxelmwifoebSi moqmed komunistur partiebTan avlebda. misi

mtkicebiT, evropel komunistebSi urTierTdapirispirebuli mimdinareobe-

bis miuxedavad, arc erT maTgans erovnuli saxelmwifos winaaRmdeg

iaraRi ar aRumarTavs. `bolSevizmi, _ ambobda ak. Cxenkeli _ evropaSi...

yofs muSaTa klassac, magram bolSevizmi uarmyofeli eris damoukide-

blobisa ar arsebobs da arc SeiZleba arsebobdes iq da Tu mainc arse-

boben CvenSi aseTebi,.. igi bRalavs ers, romelic Cvenis warmodgeniT

kulturuli eria. kulturuli eris niadagze ki ar unda arsebobdes

26

aseTi ukulturo movlena Tavisi Tavis, Tavisi individualobis uaryo-

fisa.~ roca sakiTxi ase dgas, pirvel rigSi pasuxi unda gaeces kiTxvas,

_ ratom ar gamoxatavdnen qarTveli bolSevikebi eris interesebs. am

SemTxvevaSi gasarkvevia saqarTvelos komunisturi partiis erovnuli Se-

madgenloba da is Zala, romelsac igi eyrdnoboda. CvenTvis saintereso

sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT `axali komunisti~-sadmi sapasuxod gazeT `erTo-

baSi~ gamoqveynebul mowinave werilSi `risTvis gvdevnian~ aRniSnuli

partiis wevrTa umravlesoba ucxo saxelmwifoTa moqalaqeni, kerZod,

saxelmwifo dawesebulebaTa nacionalizaciis Sedegad uadgilod darCe-

nili rusi Cinovnikebi da oficrebi, anu araqarTuli mosaxleobaa miC-

neuli. Tu ramdenad sworia gazeTis es informacia, amis sailustra-

ciod Sinagan saqmeTa saministros sagangebo razmis mier 1920 wlis 8

dekembers Tbilisis bolSevikuri komitetis meore raionis krebis

monawileTa Semowmebis masalebi gamodgeba. sxdomis 37 monawilidan,

saqarTvelos moqalaqe mxolod 4 kaci, danarCeni 33 ucxo qveynis mo-

qalaqeni iyvnen. imave monacemebiT, Tbilisis pirveli raionis bolSevi-

kuri organizaciis 250 wevridan, _ 173 ucxo saxelmwifos, xolo 77

saqarTvelos moqalaqeni iyvnen. aseTive mdgomareoba iyo komunisturi

partiis sxva organizaciebSic. es imas niSnavs, rom ucxoelebis bazaze

Seqmnili, qarTul saxelwodebas amofarebuli `saqarTvelos kompartia~,

erovnuli ideologiis matarebeli ar SeiZleboda yofiliyo. es partia

samomavlo imeds, sruliad aSkarad, ucxo saxelmwifos _ ruseTis

SeiaraRebul Zalebze amyarebda. amdenad mis mier adgilobrivi xelisu-

flebis winaaRmdeg gaweuli yovelgvari brZola gaumarTleblad, saqarT-

velos Sinaur saqmeebSi ucxo Zalebis Carevad unda miviCnioT. 2) rac

Seexeba glexTa ajanyebis gamomwvev ZiriTad mizezebs, misi axsna arse-

buli masalebis safuZvlian Seswavlasa da saqarTveloSi mimdinare

procesebis yovelmxriv gaTvaliswinebas unda daemyaros. samwuxarod,

qarTul sabWour istoriografiaSi sakiTxi mxolod calmxrivadaa war-

modgenili. bolSevikTa antisaxelmwifoebrivi ajanyebebi TiTqmis erov-

nul moZraobad, maTdami saqarTvelos mTavrobis maT sawinaaRmdego Ron-

isZiebebi, qarTveli xalxis mimarT Cadenil danaSaulebriv qmedebadaa ga-

mocxadebuli. roca sakiTxi glexTa regionalur gamosvlebs exeba,

pasuxi unda gaeces kiTxvas, igi bolSevikTa xelovnurad mowyobil pro-

vocirebas, Tu socialur afeTqebas warmoadgenda. Cvens xelT arsebuli

masalebis mixedviT, 1918 wlis glexTa ajanyebebs agraruli sakiTxis

gadauWreloba, mxolod garkveulwilad edo safuZvlad. misi warmoSobis

saTave amierkavkasiis saxelmwifoTa federaciuli gaerTianebis, xolo

Semdeg, saqarTvelos damoukideblobis sawinaaRmdegod bolSevikTa mier

gaweul agitaciaSi da ruseTis mier gaRebul zemoaRniSnul dafinanse-

baSi unda veZioT. es rom ara, qveynis Znelbedobis Jams, samSoblos

dacvaze uaris Tqma da misi damoukideblobis dasamxobad iaraRis aR-

27

marTva, SeuZleblad migvaCnia. imasTan dakavSirebiT, Tu ra formiT mim-

dinareobda bolSevikebis antisaxelmwifoebrivi saqmianoba, respublikis

parlamentis social-demokratiuli fraqciis Tavmjdomarisadmi

wardgenil moxsenebaSi sayuradRebo faqtebia motanili. rogorc do-

kumentidan irkveva, bolSevikebis mier gavrcelebuli proklamaciebi

soflis mosaxleobas mouwodebda gaewyvita gvardia, Camoegdo `ruseTis

moRalate, saqarTvelos mTavroba~ da `muSur-glexuri revluciuri

mTavroba~ Seeqmna. saqarTvelos ruseTTan SeerTebis SemTxvevaSi, miwebis

kerZo sakuTrebaSi usasyidlod gadacemas, gaiafebul fasebSi puris,

xorcis da sxva pirveladi moxmarebis produqtebis micemas pirdebodnen.

aseTi saxis agitacias im etapze gasavali qonda, radgan agraruli sa-

kiTxi damuSavebis stadiaSi imyofeboda (saubaria 1918 welze) da re-

forma am sferoSi safuZvlianad mzaddeboda.

rac Seexeba pirveladi moxmarebis produqtebs, saqarTvelo garkveul

deficits ganicdida. es ori faqtori sakmarisi gaxda imisaTvis, rom

glexTa garkveuli nawili, arsebuli xelisuflebis winaaRmdeg aemxedre-

binaT. am mxriv, leCxumis mazris glexTa ajanyeba gamoirCeva (1918 wlis

22 Tebervali). sagubernio komisaris iv. kaCuxaSvilis mier, garkveuli

mosazrebebis gamo, mazris kanongareSe gamocxadebam, qarTuli sabWouri

istoriografiis gansakuTrebuli interesi gamoiwvia. maT, saqarTvelos

xelisuflebis mesveurebi arahumanurobaSi daadanaSaules. roca aR-

niSnul sakiTxs vexebiT da misi Sefaseba gvaqvs dasaxuli, pirvel rigSi

garkveuli unda iqnes: a) ajanyebis damwyebi socialuri fena; b) mazris

kanongareSe gamocxadebis mizezi; g) ajanyebis dawyebisas saqarTveloSi

arsebuli politikuri viTareba. saarqivo masalebidan irkveva, rom

leCxumis ajanyeba sabWoTa ruseTidan Semosulma da frontidan

dabrunebulma zogirTma gabolSevikebulma jariskacebma daiwyes. `cixidan

gaanTavisufles `uriadnikebi~, `straJnikebi~ da yaCaRebi, romlebic maT

SeuerTdnen da moZraobas saTaveSi Caudgnen.~

es imis damadasturebelia, rom ajanyebis damwyebi leCxumis glexoba

ki ar iyo, aramed mezobeli saxelmwifodan Semosuli da adgilobrivi

bolSeviki jariskacebi, romlebmac mosaxleoba mxolod aiyolia. ramde-

nadac ajanyebulebTan molaparakebis yovelgvari gza amoiwura da

gvardiis meTauris levan dadeSqelianis sicocxlec ki Seiwira, sagangebo

zomebis miReba garduvali gaxda. am faqtTan dakavSirebiT quTaisis gu-

berniis komisari iv.kaCuxaSvili quTaisis muSaTa deputatebis sabWos

sxdomaze gakeTebul moxsenebaSi garkveviT miuTiTebda: `yvelaze ufro

misaReb zomaT davinaxe leCxumis mazris kanongareSe gamocxadeba. es imas

ar niSnavs, leCxumSi yvelas SeuZlia erTimeoris mokvla da... kanonis

winaSe pasuxs ar agebs... me darwmunebuli viyavi, rom Cems mier gadadg-

muli nabiji xalxs gamoafxizlebda, brbos Camoacilebda... kanongareSe

gamocxadebas leCxumSi aravis mokvla ar gamouwvevia, xolo ruseTSi

28

bolSevikebis mier kanongareSe gamocxadebam kokoSkini∗ da Singariovi∗

imsxverpla.~ Tuki am monacemebs daveyrdnobiT, aRniSnuli RonisZieba maz-

raSi stabilurobis aRdgenis mcdelobas warmoadgenda da igi moqalaqis

uflebebis darRvevas, an udanaSauloTa represirebas srulebiTac ar iT-

valiswinebda. mazris kanongareSed gamocxadeba iZulebiTi nabiji iyo da

ajanyebulTa winaaRmdeg gasatarebel RonisZiebaTa Soris, ukidures for-

mas warmoadgenda. miuxedavad amisa, TviT sityva usiamovno SegrZnebas iw-

vevs. amitom, am nabijis mizanSewonilobis Sesaxeb, garkveuli azris

Camoyalibebisas, pirvel rigSi unda iqnes gaTvaliswinebuli mimdinare

politikuri situacia. mxedvelobaSi gvaqvs saqarTvelo-TurqeTs Soris

saomari moqmedebis dawyeba. am metad mniSvnelovan sakiTxTan mimarTe-

baSi, gazeTma `erTobam~, mowinave werilSi _ `wesierebisaken~, momxdar

faqts obieqturi Sefaseba misca. igi farTo sazogadoebriobis yuradRe-

bas, Turqul agresiaze miapyrobda da dasZenda: `garedan osmaleTis jari

mogvdgomia da Cvens Semusvras cdilobs. Tu man gaimarjva, yvelaferi

oxraT dagvrCeba; Tavisuflebac, miwac da revoluciac. kidev meti, TviT

sicocxlesac gamovesalmebiT, _ yovelgvar ajanyebas, ra mizeziTac unda

iyos gamowveuli, Sedegi erTi da igive moyveba. igi mxolod mters gaax-

arebs da qveyanas daRupavs.~ aseTi preambulis Semdeg, igive statia

xelisuflebis mier gatarebul RonisZiebas gamarTlebulad miiCnevda da

mkiTxvel sazogadoebas kidev erTxel mianiSnebda im garduvali safrTxis

Sesaxeb, romelic saqarTvelos damoukideblobas emuqreboda. `udidesi

gansacdelis winaSe vdgevarT! – vkiTxulobT gazeTSi _ wesiereba erTi

mTavari safuZvelia am gansacdelisagan Tavis daRwevis. karze osmaleTis

jari gvadgia. simagre, simtkice aseT pirobebSi aucileblad saWiroa.

yoveli ryeva mxolod daRupavs Tavisuflebas. winaaRmdegobis gaweva

mTavrobis gankargulebisadmi... arRvevs demokratiul mTlianobas da

xels uwyobs anarqiis gaZlierebas.~ aseTi pozicia misaRebi unda yo-

filiyo yvela im saRad moazrovne politikuri mimdinareobisaTvis, ro-

melTa mizani mxolod damoukidebeli saqarTvelos momavlisadmi

samsaxuri iyo. Tuki am kuTxiT SevafasebT leCxumis ajanyebisadmi ga-

tarebul zemoaRniSnul sadamsjelo RonisZiebas, igi savsebiT gamarTle-

bulad unda CaiTvalos, radgan mis ZiriTad safuZvels qveynis gadarCenis

interesebi ganapirobebda. es sakiTxi qarTveli bolSevikebisaTvis

fiqrisa da gansjis sagans ar warmoadgenda. maT mxolod qveynis gasab-

Woebisa da Zalauflebis aRebis survili amoZravebdaT, risTvisac xel-

sayreli momentis maqsimalurad gamoyenebas cdilobdnen. amis dadasture-

bas sadaxloSi da samaCabloSi (e. w. `samxreT oseTSi~) 1918 wlis

martSi bolSevikebis mier mowyobili glexTa ajanyebebis faqtebi war-

moadgens. es ajanyebebi osmalTa winaaRmdeg baTumis misadgomebTan qar-

Tuli jaris mZime TavdacviT brZolebs daamTxvies. amasTan dakavSirebiT,

damfuZnebeli krebis sxdomaze v. juReli∗ garkveviT ambobda: `im dros

29

rodesac saomrad vemzadebodiT, ori ajanyeba erTad moxda. erTis mxriv

ajanyeba moaxdines TaTris brboebma sadaxloSi da iq gaiwvies saukeTeso

SeiaraRebuli Zalebi da ufro didi ajanyeba moaxdines cxinvalSi da

Cven iZulebuli viyaviT axali Zalebi iq gagvegzavna. baTumi gaSiSvle-

buli darCa. rodesac es ajanyeba CavaqreT da misken gaveSureT, baTumi

ukve dacemuli iyo.~ osmaleTTan warumatebeli saomari operaciebis Sem-

deg, qarTuli jaris mier axali sasazRvro xazis gamagrebisa da mtris

ieriSebis mogeriebisaTvis mzadebis process, amierkavkasiis seimis mier

qveynis damcvelTa rigebis SesavsebaT gamocxadebul mobilizacias, bol-

Sevikebma morigi ajanyebiT upasuxes. mxedvelobaSi gvaqvs samegreloSi

maT mier mowyobili SeiaraRebuli gamosvlebi. am faqtma xelisufleba

iZulebuli gaxada, baTumis frontze gasagzavni jaris nawilebi samegre-

loSi gadaesrola. am sakiTxis Sesaxeb b. Zvelaia gazeT `erTobaSi~ gamo-

qveynebul statiaSi `bolSevikebis moRvaweoba samegreloSi“ xazgasmiT

miuTiTebda: `Cveni xalxis am erTsulovan miswrafebaSi, pirveli Suri da

arev-dareva bolSevikebma Seitanes. dro ixelTes... budu mdivanis∗ da saSa

gegeWkoris∗ meTaurobiT aafriales droSa, gadaisroles lozungi: `Zirs

omi,~ `baTums araviTari safrTxe ar moelis~ `gaumarjos Cvens Zmebs Ta-

Trebs.~ aseTi `imedismomcemi~ lozungiT bolSevikebi im dros gamovid-

nen, roca baTumi dacemuli iyo da TurqeTis kontrols eqvemdebareboda

da osmaleTis sajariso SenaerTebi Caqvis uReltexilis dasakaveblad

morigi ieriSisaTvis emzadeboda. erovnuli saxelmwifosadmi qarTveli

bolSevikebis negatiuri damokidebulebis SesaniSnav nimuSs, frontze

wasuli jariskacebis ojaxebisadmi Zalmomreobis gamoyenebis faqtebi

warmoadgens. `bolSevikebma baTumis dasacavad wasuli meomrebis ojaxebs,

_ vkiTxulobT imave statiaSi _ gauorkeces jarimebis gadaxda. baTumis-

ave dasacavad mimaval moxalise meomrebs TavianTi Stabebis miTiTebiT

iaraRs yridnen da `podnadzorad~ akavebdnen.~ Cvens mier motanili ma-

salebi adgilobrivi xelisuflebis xelfexis SeboWvisa da TurqeTis

agresiisadmi xelSewyobis damadasturebelia. es danaSaulebrivi qmedeba

bolSevikebma araTu aRkveTes, aramed kidev ufro ganavrces da igi same-

grelodan afxazeTis regionSi gadaitanes. saqarTvelosaTvis Znelbedobis

Jams, (mxedvelobaSi gvaqvs TurqeT-saqarTvelos saomari mdgomareoba da

qarTuli samxedro SenaeTebis TurqeTis frontze koncentrireba) ajanye-

bebi moawyves soxumis olqSi (1918 wlis marti) lozungiT `Zirs

saqarTvelo!~ `gaumarjos ruseTs.~ momxdari faqtis xelisuflebis

mxridan reagirebis gareSe datoveba yovlad SeuZlebeli iyo. igi qveyanas

axali safrTxis winaSe ayenebda. amis Sesaxeb damfuZnebeli krebis 1920

wlis 30 aprils sxdomaze v. jureli damswre sazogadoebas Seaxsenebda:

ajanyebulebi `nacvlad imisa, rom moSvelebodnen baTums, samegreloSi

gadasvlas apirebdnen... Tu isini samegreloSi gadasvlas moaswrebdnen,

iqac ajanyebis cecxli dainTeboda. amiT isargeblebda TaTari da same-

30

greloSi desants gadmosxamda. Cven isedac gaSiSvlebul fronts, movx-

seniT saukeTeso Zalebi da gavgzavneT soxumSi... ai, aseTi iyo mudam moR-

vaweoba CvenSi bolSevizmisa, ase gveqceodnen Cven mudam isini, rodesac

saSinel gaWirvebas ganvicdidiT da didi safrTxe Tavs gvatydeboda.~

analogiuri pozicia eWira gazeT `erTobasac~. `ase mSvenivrad sarge-

bloben es axali modis socialistebi, _ werda gazeTi _ Seqmnili mdgo-

mareobiT, maSin rodesac mteri SemoWrilia Cvens kuTxeSi, eseni zurgi-

dan scemen laxvars dasustebul demokratias... da amas sCadian sociali-

stebis saxeliT.~

araerovnuli saqmianobiT qarTveli komunistebi kidev ufro Sors wav-

idnen da axladSeqmnili damoukidebeli saqarTvelos mSeneblobisTvis

xelSewyobis nacvlad, misi fundamentis ngreva daiwyes. mxedvelobaSi

duSeTisa da TianeTis mazrebSi maRalorganizebuli glexTa ajanyebebi

(1918 wlis ivnisi) gvaqvs. am faqts gazeTma `erTobam~ `erwoelis~

fsevdonimiT gamoqveynebul statiaSi `TianeTis ajanyeba da misi

meTaurebi~ obieqturi Sefaseba misca. bolSevikebma `Carges TianeTis maz-

raSi, _ vkiTxuobT werilSi _ xe borotebisa. mxolod unda axsovdeT,

rom fesvebs is ver gaidgams da srulebiT gaxmeba. darCeba mxolod naS-

TaT, romliTac momavali Taoba moigonebs maT moRalatur moqmedebas da

saukuno wyevla-krulvas SeuTvlis.~ gadaWarbebuli ar iqneba Tuki am

Sefasebas glexTa zemoTaRniSnul ajanyebebzec gavavrcelebT, radgan is-

ini sabWoTa ruseTisa da osmaleTis aliansis Sedegs warmoadgenda. ajan-

yebis monawile glexoba maT xelSi saqarTvelos pirveli respublikis

erovnuli mTavrobis dasamxobad brma iaraRs warmoadgenda. am sakiTxTan

dakavSirebiT gazeTi `erToba~ mowinave werilSi `osmaleTi da bol-

Sevikebi~ xazgasmiT werda: `osmaleTi saqarTveloSi abamda provokaciis

qsels. misma agentebma ajanyeba moawyves cxinvalSi, zugdidSi, TianeTSi,

duSeTSi da Tu dRemdis raime eWvi Sehqonda vinmes, dRes es aSkara da

naTelia. osmaleTis mosyidulma agentebma moawyves ajanyeba swored im

dros, roca osmaleTis jari baTumis cixes esxmoda Tavs. Cveni Zalebi

anarqiasTan brZolas mounda, riTac osmaleTma isargebla da baTumi

aiRo.~ xolo igive gazeTi statiaSi `amierkavkasia da saqarTvelos re-

spublika 1918 wels~ mkiTxvel sazogadoebas Seaxsenebda: rom bol-

Sevikebi `rogorc baqos mxridan ise yubanis olqidan swored im dros

iwyebdnen moZraobas, rodesac saqarTvelos jarebi osmaleTis jarebis

winaaRmdeg ibrZodnen. rogorc ki samxreTidan da dasavleTidan os-

maleTis jari iwyebda Semosevas da maT winaaRmdeg wavidoda saxalxo

gvardia da jari,... zurgs ukanidan, aRmosavleTidan da CrdiloeTidan am

jars da gvardias Tavs esxmoda bolSevikuri brboebi. bolSevikuri

anarqistuli moZraoba iyo mesame safrTxe, romelmac saqaTvelos re-

spublika sikvdilis piras miiyvana. ukiduresi Ronis mokrebiT, respub-

likam igic dasZlia.~

31

TurqeTTan saomari moqmedeba da imavdroulad bolSevikebis mier

mowyobili ajanyebebi, qveynis samxedro Zalebis gaxleCas, _ or frontze

gadanawilebas iwvevda. igi mowinaaRmdeges warmatebis realur pirobebs

uqmnida. bolSevikTa xelovnurad mowyobili amboxebebi da qarTuli

jaris SenaerTebis daqsaqsva rom ara, TurqeTis warmateba garkveul-

wilad Seferxdeboda, qarTul diplomatias ki xelsayreli politikuri

`amindi~ eqneboda. zemoaRniSnulma faqtorebma Tavisi uaryofiTi Sede-

gebi, bunebrivia baTumis sakiTxis gadawyvetisas gamoiRo. marTalia, ba-

Tumis dacemaSi qarTvel bolSevikebs lomis wili edoT, magram

TurqeTTan damarcxebaSi isini mxolod mmarTvel politikur partias

adanaSaulebdnen da baTums Cxenkel-gegeWkorisgan gayidulad acxadebdnen.

1918 wlis 28 maisiT daTariRebul proklamaciaSi, romelsac amier-

kavkasiis socialisturi jaris Stabis Tavmjdomaris saxeliT xels a.

gegeWkori awerda, _ vkiTxulobT: `menSevikebs da maT mTel Semadgenlo-

bas seimisas SemoyavT kavkasiis SuagulSi osmalTa jarebi, aSkaraa Cvens

winaaRmdeg.~ rogorc vxedavT, TavianTi danaSaulebrivi qmedebis SeniRbvis

mizniT, bolSevikebi momxdar faqts araswor interpretacias ukeTebdnen,

qarTvelTa sazianod ganviTarebul movlenebs qarTuli social-

demokratiis liderebs abralebdnen da mosaxleobas abnevdnen.

saqarTvelos saxelmwifoebriobis ngrevis daCqarebas iTvaliswinebda

qarTveli bolSevikebis mier 1920 wlis maisisaTvis dagegmili sayovel-

Tao ajanyeba. isini moskovis xelisufalTa SekveTas rom asrulebdnen,

amis aSkara dadasturebas rkp(b)∗ kavkasiis samxareo komitetis (1919

wlis 15 agvisto), kavkasiis saerTo partiuli TaTbiris (1919 wlis 9

seqtemberi), rkp(b) kavkasiis samxareo komitetis (1919 wlis seqtembris)

sxdomis masalebi warmoadgens. dasaxuli miznis ganxorcielebis xel-

sayrel momentad, qarTvelma da osma bolSevikebma saqarTvelo-

azerbaijans Soris mimdinare saomari moqmedeba (1920 wlis maisi) miiC-

nies da imave wlis maisSi e. w. `samxreT-oseTSi~ ajanyeba daiwyes.

TiTqmis mTel samaCabloSi sabWoTa xelisufleba gamoacxades. zemoaR-

niSnuli ajanyebebi sabWoTa ruseTis SekveTiT qarTveli bolSevikebis

mier ganxorcielebul aqcias warmoadgenda. misi mizani saqarTvelos

gasabWoeba da qveynis kanonieri xelisuflebis damxoba iyo. 1918-1920

wlebSi bolSevikTa mier ganxorcielebuli ajanyebebi, qarTul sabWoTa

istoriografiaSi isea Sefasebuli, TiTqos misi monawileni saqarTvelos

yoveli mtkaveli miwisTvis Tavdadebuli mebrZolebi yofiliyvnen. Tu

ramdenad pasuxobs sinamdviles aRniSnuli Sefaseba, amis garkvevis

SesaZleblobas Cvens mier zemoT motanili masalebis obieqturi analizi

iZleva. Tuki maT moqmedebas samarTlebrivi poziciebidan ganvixilavT, igi

Ralatis tolfasi iyo, xolo saqarTvelos xelisuflebis negatiuri da-

mokidebuleba maTdami bunebriv movlenas warmoadgenda. yuradsaRebia is

faqti, rom saqarTvelos xelisuflebam, respublikis SigniT mimdinare

32

procesebisadmi gamokveTili pozicia daikava. imavdroulad, erovnuli

saxelmwifos `mowinaaRmdegeTa aCrdilis~ saTaveSive ganadgurebis sa-

kiTxi oficialurad daayena. am mxriv, erovnuli sabWos 1918 wlis 11

Tebervlis sxdoma gamoirCeva. `soflad anarqiis Sesaxeb~ social-

demokratTa mier wardgenil rezoluciis proeqtSi, anarqiis xelmZRvan-

elebis, rogorc borotmoqmedTadmi umkacresi zomebis gatarebis aucile-

blobis sakiTxi iyo dasmuli. analogiuri xasiaTis rezolucia iqna

miRebuli damfuZnebeli krebis 1919 wlis 31 oqtombris sxdomazedac.

`damfuZnebeli kreba, – vkiTxulobT dokumentSi _ miaqcevs mTavrobis

yuradRebas im garemoebas, rom mxolod ficxeli da mkacri RonisZiebebis

miRebiT, rogorc TviT borotmoqmedTa, ise maTi masazrdoebeli gareSe

elementebis, dezertirebis da sxva anarqistuli wreebis winaaRmdeg,

SeiZleba gamosvlebis momavalSi Tavidan acileba.~ rogorc vxedavT,

saqarTvelos xelisuflebasTan erTad, qveynis interesebis aucileblo-

bidan gamomdinare, meamboxeTa winaaRmdeg sastiki zomebis gatarebis

momxreT, respublikis umaRlesi sakanonmdeblo organoc gamodioda. ram-

denadac sakiTxi erovnuli saxelmwifos gadarCenas exeboda, arsebuli

xelisufleba bolSevikebis winaaRmdeg brZolis gaZlierebas da maTi an-

tisaxelmwifoebrivi saqmianobis aRkveTas kanonierad miiCnevda. am

SemTxvevaSi igi, saerTaSoriso samarTlis normebsa da evropis saxelm-

wifoTa gamocdilebas eyrdnoboda.

saqarTvelos mTavrobis mier mowinaaRmdegis asalagmavad gatarebul

ukidures RonisZiebebs gazeTi `erToba~ dadebiTad Sexvda da Tavisi

pozicia mowinave werilSi `komunisti~ oficialurad daafiqsira

statiaSi. gansakuTrebuli yuradReba, xelisuflebis mxridan sadamsjelo

RonisZiebebis gatarebis Semdeg, bolSevikTa mixridan oficialurad, ide-

uri brZolis prioritetad aRiarebaze da Zaldatanebisa da iaraRis ga-

moyenebisadmi uaris Tqmis faqtebze iyo gamaxvilebuli. gazeT `komunis-

tidan~ motanili amonawerebis safuZvelze: `xels viRebT iaraRiT sarge-

blobaze da gadavdivarT mxolod legalur ideur moRvaweobaze saqarT-

veloSi~ an kidev, `SeiaraRebuli ajanyebis magier Cven unda wamovayenoT

brZolis mSvidobiani saSualebebi~,_ daaskvnida: `komunistebi dRes xels

iReben iaraRiT brZolaze, amiT amarTleben Cvens mtkicebas, rom yvela

represiuli zomebi romelic miRebuli iyo komunistebis winaaRmdeg, mi-

marTuli iyo ara maTi ideuri moRvaweobis, aramed `uxeSi Zalis,~

`SeiaraRebuli ajanyebis,~ `iaraRiT brZolis~ e. i. yvela im meTodebis

winaaRmdeg, romliTac Cveneburi bolSevikebi cdilobdnen... xalxisaTvis

Zaladobis saSualebiT Tavs moexviaT erTi muWa xalxis neba-survili.~

rac Seexeba meore statias, _ `komunistebis utifroba~ igi bolSevikuri

gazeTis mier saqarTvelos mTavrobisadmi wayenebuli braldebebis pasuxs

warmoadgenda. statia dawvrilebiT ixilavda 1918-1920 wlebis bol-

SevikTa ajanyebas da Sesabamisi argumentebiT asabuTebda maT winaaRmdeg

33

saqarTvelos xelisuflebis mier gatarebuli sadamsjelo RonisZiebebis

aucileblobas. `saqarTvelos demokratias, _ vkiTxulobT werilSi _

SeuZlia iamayos imiT, rom man droze alagma bolSevikuri presa da Ca-

fuSa meamboxeTa gegma. amiT, qveyana im samoqalaqo omisagan ixsna, ramac

welSi gastexa ruseTis demokratia da igi daRupvis karamdis miiyvana.

`ekonomists“ ar moswons aseTi taqtika, vinaidan saqarTvelo is qveyanaa,

romelic mWevrmetyvelurad RaRadebs demokratiis aRmSeneblobiTi moR-

vaweobis Sesaxeb da amxels maT, vinc samoqalaqo omis droSis afriale-

biT ruseTSi dasca warmoeba, gaanadgura mimosvlis saSualebani.~

yovelive es imis aSkara dadasturebaa, Tu ramdenad damRupveli Sedegis

motana SeeZlo saqarTvelos saxelmwifosaTvis bolSevikTa SeuzRudav

moqmedebas.

amrigad: 1) 1918-1920 wlebSi saqarTveloSi ganxorcielebuli ajanye-

bebi adgilobrivi xelisuflebis dasamxobas, saqarTvelos gasabWoebasa da

sabWoTa ruseTis SemadgenlobaSi Seyvanas isaxavda miznad. misi

Semsrulebeli qarTveli bolSevikebi, sabWoTa ruseTis dakveTiTa da

dafinansebiT moqmedebdnen. es ajanyebebi socialuri siduxWiridan ki ar

iyo aRmocenebuli, aramed gareSe Zalebis provocireba edo safuZvlad;

2) glexTa yvela ajanyeba, bolSevikebma saqarTvelosaTvis kritikul mo-

ments, TurqeT-saqarTvelos da saqaTvelo-azerbaijanis saomar moqmede-

bebs daamTxvies. igi ruseT-TurqeTis aliansiT gaTvaliswinwbuli pro-

gramiT xorcieldeboda da samSoblos damcveli qarTuli jarisadmi

zurgSi maxvilis Cacemas iTvaliswinebda. misi Sefasebis amosaval krite-

riumad qveynis saxelmwifoebriv interesebs Tuki aviRebT, mas erovnuli

Ralatis kvalifikacia unda mieces. aqedan gamomdinare unda davaskvnaT,

rom ajanyebulTa winaaRmdeg nebismieri sadamsjelo RonisZieba, erov-

nuli saxelmwifos gadarCenas emsaxureboda da samarTlebrivad ga-

marTlebuli iyo.

X X X

sabWoTa ruseTis mier poloneTTan miRweuli droebiTi dazavebisa

(1920 wlis 12 oqtomberi) da vrangelis∗ sabolood ganadgurebis Sem-

deg, (1920 wlis 15 noemberi) damoukidebeli saqarTvelos usafrTxoeba

isev kiTxviTi niSnis qveS dadga. miRweulma gamarjvebebma, sabWoTa

ruseTis xelisuflebas amierkavkasiis sakiTxis dRis wesrigSi dasmisa da

misi wina planze wamowevis SesaZlebloba misca. am mxriv, misi gansa-

kuTrebuli interesi saqarTvelosTan mimarTebaSi gaizarda. amis SesaZle-

blobas somxeTis gasabWoebiT (1920 wlis 29 noemberi) aRmosavleTis

mxridan saqarTvelosTan sigrZivi sazRvaric ganapirobebda. gasabWoebuli

34

azerbaijanis da somxeTis fonze, damoukidebeli saqarTvelo garkveul

disonanss qmnida amierkavkasiis politikur da ekonomikur cxovrebaSi.

aseT pirobebSi, damoukidebeli saqarTvelos atana sabWoTa ruseTisT-

vis SeuZlebeli iyo. miuxedavad amisa, ruseTi Zalismieri formis gamo-

yenebas, im etapze Tavs aridebda da upiratesobas diplomatiur zewolas

aniWebda. am mxriv gansakuTrebul yuradRebas baTumTan dakavSirebiT

xelovnurad Seqmnili aJiotaJi iqcevs. sakiTxi inglis-saqarTvelos

ararsebuli saijaro xelSekrulebiT, baTumis TiTqosda inglisisadmi

gadacemas, xolo meore SemTxvevaSi, saqarTvelos mier inglisidan `aRe-

buli sesxis~ sanacvlod baTumis okupaciis `nebarTvas~ exeboda.

saqarTveloSi ruseTis elCis p. Seimanis mier e. gegeWkorisadmi gag-

zavnil notaSi (31 oqtomberi, 18 noemberi) es sakiTxebi `gulSemat-

kivris~ poziciidanaa ganxiluli da saqarTvelos inglisis axalSenad

mosalodneli gadaqcevis safrTxezea miTiTebuli. GgamoTqmulia imedi,

rom qarTuli mxare `saxelmwifoTa SeiaraRebuli Zalebis uflebebSi~

baTumis gadacemas ar dauSvebda. winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi, momxdar faqts

1920 wlis 7 maisis xelSekrulebis darRvevad CaTvlida. imavdroulad,

SefarviTi formiT iyo miTiTebuli azerbaijanisa da ruseTisaTvis `sa-

frTxis~ Semqmneli inglisis jaris baTumidan gayvanis daCqarebis nakisri

valdebulebebis Sesrulebis aucileblobaze.

saqarTvelos sagareo saqmeTa saministros 1920 wlis 4 da 22 noem-

bris sapasuxo notaSi, inglis-saqarTvelos garigebis braldebebi

dasabuTebulad iyo uaryofili. ararsebuli `garigebis~ Sesaxeb ruseTis

diplomatiurma wreebma kargad icodnen, magram es `diplomatiuri

TamaSi~ maT sami garemoebis gamo dasWirdaT: 1) saqarTvelos xelisu-

flebas 1920 wlis 7 maisis xelSekrulebiT nakisri pirobebis- ing-

liselebisagan baTumis gawmendis daCqarebis aucilebloba mosTxoves, 2)

baTumisadmi qarTuli mxaris oficialuri damokidebuleba gaarkvies da

3) saqarTvelosTan mimarTebaSi dasavleT evropis saelmwifoTa, gansa-

kuTrebiT inglisis pozicia gaxades naTeli. amis realuri pirobebi g.

CiCerinis mier inglisis sagareo saqmeTa ministris l. kerzonisadmi 28

noembers gagzavnilma radiodepeSam Seamzada. igi inglisis mTavrobas

protests ucxadebda inglisis mxridan baTumis mosalodneli okupaciis

SesaZleblobis Sesaxeb. imavdroulad, kavkasiis saqmeebis ucodinarobaSi

adanaSaulebda da niSnismogebiT Seaxsenebda: “ruseTis mTavrobam

pirvelma icno saqarTvelos mTavrobis damoukidebloba, raic jer ar

ucvnia antantis mTavrobebs, romlebic ase did interess iCenen saqarT-

velos bedis mimarT.~ es didi koziri g. CiCerinma oponentTan paeqrobaSi

SesaniSnavad gamoiyena da sabWoTa ruseTis axloaRmosavluri politika,

erTa TviTgamorkvevis uflebebis `dacvis~ poziciidan Seafasa. imavdrou-

lad inglisis xelisuflebas 1920 wlis 7 maisis saqarTvelo-ruseTis

xelSekruleba Seaxsena da iqve mianiSna, rom misi darRvevis SemTxvevaSi

35

`ruseTis mTavrobas ar SeuZlia ubralo moyurade iqnes aseTi movlenis

winaSe.~

es imas niSnavda, rom ruseTi, bTumis sakiTxTan mimarTebaSi gansa-

kuTrebul interess iCenda da motivaciad saqarTvelos damoukideblobis

dacvas asaxelebda: `ruseTis mTavroba, _ vkiTxulobT dokumentSi _ sas-

tikad icavs saqrTvelos damoukideblobas da suverenul uflebebs.~

faqtobrivad es `diplomatiuri omi~ ruseTis mxridan mogebuli iyo.

miuxedavad amisa, l. kerzonma, g. CiCerinisadmi gagzavnil pasuxSi (19, 24

noemberi) baTumTan mimarTebaSi inglisis Sesaxeb gavrcelebuli xmebis

ara marto usafuZvloba daadastura, aramed TviT sabWoTa `ruseTs

analogiuri pretenzia wauyena da misgan oficialurad moiTxova aRiareba

`rom safuZveli ara aqvs im eWvs, TiTqos sabWoTa ruseTis mTavrobas

ganzraxva qonodes baTumis okupaciisa.~

am diplomatiuri brZolis procesSi, saqarTvelosTan mimarTebaSi ori

zesaxelmwifos pozicia srulyofilad iqna gamokveTili. MmarTalia, is-

ini niRabafarebuli moqmedebdnen da erTmaneTis jibrze saqarTvelosadmi

`mzrunvelis~ saxis warmoCenas cdilobdnen, magram, sinamdvileSi msxver-

pli dagulvebuli hyavdaT da Sesaferisi politikuri situaciis Seqmni-

sTanave mis `Casaylapavad~ emzadebodnen. es gansakuTrebiT ruseTis mi-

marT iTqmis. AamierkavkasiaSi momxdarma politikurma cvlilebebma, ker-

Zod azerbaijanisa da somxeTis gasabWoebam, inglisisaTvis kavkasia, gansa-

kuTrebiT saqarTvelo, uintereso gaxada. Aam faqtors omiT gamowveuli

krizisic daemata, ramac inglisis xelisuflebas baTumidan jaris gayvana

daaCqarebina. am nabijis gadadgmis aucileblobis Sesaxeb l. jorjma

oficialuri gancxadeba jer kidev 1919 wlis Sua ricxvebSi gaakeTa.

kavkasiisadmi zurgSeqceva da sabWoTa ruseTisaken 90% Semobruneba,

inglisma erTdroulad ganaxorciela. mxedvelobaSi gvaqvs sabWoTa

ruseTis sagareo vaWrobis saxalxo komisarTan leonid krasinTan 1920

wels ekonomikuri urTierTobis sakiTxebTan dakavSirebiT dawyebuli

molaparakeba. Tuki z. avaliSvils vendobiT, inglisis warmomadgenlobas

krasinisaTvis ganucxadebia, rom baqos navTi Tavis Rirebulebas dakar-

gavda Tuki navTsadeni da baTumi sabWoTa ruseTis gankargulebaSi ar

aRmoCndeboda.

amasve adasturebs ak. Cxenkelic `loid jorjis mTavrobam, _ werda

igi _ 1920 wlis meore naxevridan daiwyo krasinTan molaparakeba

savaWro xelSekrulebis dasadebad... roca ruseTi Tavs daesxa saqarT-

velos, mas ukve hqonda erTgvari rwmena, rom inglisi xels ar SeuS-

lida. xelSekrulebaSi aris gansakuTrebuli muxli, romlis ZaliTac

inglisi ardainteresebulad acxadebs Tavis Tavs kavkasiis saqmeebSi.~

rogorc vxedavT, kavkasiis regionSi, ruseTma Tavisufali moqmedebis

araoficialuri nebarTva miiRo, riTac evropis saxelmwifoebma saqarT-

velo gasawirad gaimetes da ruseTis axloaRmosavluri politikis in-

36

teresebis samsxverploze `miitanes.~ es situacia sabWoTa ruseTma

SesaniSnavad gamoiyena.Ddaeyrdno ra bolSevikTa legalizacias, saqarT-

velos xelisuflebis dasamxobad, saqarTveloSi mZlavri propagandis-

tuli manqana aamuSava. MantiqarTuli gamosvlebis organizaciul

xelmZRvanelobas s. kirovis meTaurobiT TbilisSi arsebuli 400 kaciani

rusuli saelCo asrulebda. Aamis Sesaxeb, gazeTi `erToba~ werda: `sab-

WoTa ruseTis misia gavsebulia adgilobrivi bolSevikebiT, umetes

nawilaT saqarTvelos qveSevrdomebiT, romelTa mTeli muSaoba mimar-

Tulia ara ruseT-saqarTvelos Soris keTilmezobluri urTierTobis

ganmtkicebis, aramed am urTierTobis darRvevisaken.~ xelsayreli situa-

ciis SeqmnisTanave, sabWoTa ruseTis xelisufalni azerbaijanidan da

somxeTidan, saqarTveloze `mSvidobiani Tavdasxmis~ RonisZiebebis provo-

cirebas mimarTavdnen. Aamis erT-erT nimuSad, siyalbeze agebuli bralde-

bidan gamomdinare, azerbaijanidan saqarTvelosadmi navTis miwodebis

Sewyvetis faqti gamodgeba. saqme exeboda sabWoTa ruseTis warmo-

madgenel legranis matareblis `dakavebas~ da somxeTSi gasagzavni sa-

tranzito saqonlis viTomda SeCerebas. am faqtTan dakavSirebiT, gazeTi

`erToba~ mowinave werilSi `vin arRvevs keTilmezoblur damokidebule-

bas,~ saqarTvelos mTavrobis mier 7 dekembers gakeTebul oficialur

gancxadebaze dayrdnobiT (igi somxeT-saqarTvelos xelSekrulebebs Zal-

aSi tovebda), ruseTis mier saqarTvelos winaaRmdeg ganxorcielebul

zemoaRniSnul ekonomikur sanqcias, xelSekrulebis calmxriv darRvevad

acxadebda da dasZenda: `saqarTvelos ar daurRvevia arc sazavo da arc

savaWro xelSekruleba. is pirnaTlad asrulebda im movaleobas, ro-

melic am xelSekrulebidan gamomdinareobda... ruseTs ara aqvs ufleba

saqarTvelos ukiJinos misadmi mtruli damokidebuleba, Cvens qveyanas

saomari sababi misTvis ar miucia da Tu... aqeT gvedavebian... da gvabrale-

ben imas, rac ar Cagvidenia, Cven gvinda vicodeT ra mizniT xdeba

yovelive es. Cven gvinda gamoirkves, ranairi urTierToba arsebobs Cvensa

da sabWoTa ruseTs Soris.~

ruseT-saqarTvelos Soris Seqmnil rTul politikur situacias exe-

boda saqarTvelos sagareo saqmeTa saministros 1920 wlis 17 dekembris

nota. igi sabWoTa ruseTis agenturis mier sazRvrebze ganxorcielebul

provocirebis konkretul faqtebze (mosazRvre soflebSi SeWra,

mcxovrebTa darbeva, neitralur zonaSi jaris Tavmoyra da a. S.) miapy-

robda ruseTis xelisufalTa yuradRebas. AamasTan dakavSirebiT gazeTi

`erToba~ mowinave werilSi `Cven da ruseTi~ garkveviT werda: `nuTu

moskovs, romelic mTeli qveynis winaSe sajaroT irwmuneba, rom...

saqarTvelos damoukideblobas cnobs `de iured~,... ara aqvs imdeni gav-

lena Tavis adgilobriv agentebze, rom aseTi saxifaTo nabijebis gadadg-

maze xeli aaRebinos? Mmoskovis mTavrobam unda miiRos zomebi me-

zobluri urTierTobis aRsadgenad da Seqmnili mZime atmosferos gasa-

37

fantavad. saqarTvelos xalxs ar miuZRvis araviTari brali am atmos-

feros SeqmnaSi. saqarTvelos mTavrobas ar aqvs araviTari ganzraxva

ruseTTan keTilganwyobileba daarRvios. sityva ekuTvnis `komunisturi~

moskovis sabWoTa mTavrobas.~

rogorc vxedavT, saqarTvelos xelisuflebis liderebi, saqarTvelos

sazRvrebTan mimdinare procesebis moskovTan SeuTanxmeblobaSi darwmu-

nebuli iyvnen. Aamitom, or qveyanas Soris normaluri urTierTobis aR-

sadgenad, misi xelqveiTebisadmi mxolod konkretuli aRmkveTi RonisZie-

bebis gatarebas moiTxovdnen, sinamdvileSi, igi winaswargamiznuli sab-

Wouri gegmis erT-erT safexurs warmoadgenda. am faqtTan dakavSirebiT,

im movlenebis aqtiuri monawile, qarTveli oficeri v. TevzaZe wers:

`1920 wlis Semodgomaze xelSi vigdeT da fotografze aRvbeWdeT bol-

Sevikuri XI laSqris sardlis levandovskis∗ gegma damtkicebuli

Crdilo kavkasiis, azerbaijanisa da somxeTis ZalTa ufrosis gekeris∗ da

am teritoriaTa komisris orjonikiZis mier. gegma iTvaliswinebda da-

moukidebel saqarTvelos likvidaciis mimarTulebebs da ZalTa Se-

madgenlobas, romliTac unda dascemodnen saqarTvelos.~

Tu rogori gulmodginebiT amzadebdnen ruseTis xelisufalni,

saqarTveloze Tavdasxmas, mkvlevarma l. ToiZem sagangebo gamokvleva

miuZRvna da misTvis xelmisawvdomi TiTqmis yvela dokumenti, saTanado

analiziT samecniero brunvaSi Semoitana. aRvniSnavT, rom lores 11 Te-

bervlis `ajanyebis~ inscenirebis Semsruleblebi somxeTSi ganlagebuli

wiTeli armis samxedro nawilebi da oficroba iyo. qarTuli sardlobis

daudevrobis gamo, `ajanyebulebma~ Sagalis xidis aReba, qarTuli sasaz-

Rvro regularuli jaris ganiaraReba da borCalos mazraSi sabWoTa

xelisuflebis gamocxadeba SeZles. es procesi 2-3 dReSi ganxorcielda.

am faqtTan dakavSirebiT, i. lazianis mogonebebSi vkiTxulobT: `ajanyebis

raionSi sxvadasxva saxeobis iaraRis menSevikTa regularuli jaris

7.000-ze meti kaci iyo. ajanyebulTa Zalebi ki metad primitiulad

SeiaraRebul 10.000 glexs ar aRemateboda... 11 Tebervals RamiT daiwyo

ajanyeba. imave Rames aiRes xidi da menSevikTa jari ukanasknel kacamde

yvela ganaiaraRes. 2-3 dReSi ajanyebulebma mTeli zonis midamoebi dai-

kaves da Sulaveramde (amJamad Saumiani) mividnen.~ ramdenadac es mogone-

bebi 1936 welsaa dawerili, i. lazianma∗ sabWoTa xelisuflebis mier

oficialurad miRebuli versia ar daarRvia da 10.000 wiTelarmieli

rusi jariskaci, somex glexebad gamoacxada. momxdari faqtis siswores,

saqarTvelos maSindeli mTavarsardali gen. odiSeliZec adasturebs. man

qarTuli jaris damarcxeba Semdeg garemoebas daukavSira: `mTavari mizezi

Cemi gadayenebisa mTavarsardlobidan, _ werda igi mogvianebiT _ Sagalis

xidTan momxdari moulodneli katastrofa iyo... iciT ra moxda? Mmtris

agentebma lxini gaumarTes Sagalis xidze myof jariskacebs, daaTvres.

RamiT Sagalis xidze SeumCnevlad moxsnes Cveni daraji, gadmovidnen xi-

38

diT da Tofis gausrolad tyved Caigdes mTvrali mZinare TiTqmis

mTeli Cveni Zalebi.~ es aris Tavis marTlebis ususuri forma, radgan

7000 jariskacis ise daTroba rom maT brZolisunarianoba daekarga dau-

jerebelia. aq dasaSvebad erTi ram SeiZleba miviCnioT, kerZod; Sagalis

xidze mxolod darajad myofi jariskacebis daTrobis faqti, radgan

Ramis periodSi xidis meTvalyuris funqcia ramdenime (Tugind 20)

jariskacs eqneboda davalebuli. qarTuli jaris damarcxebis mizezebTan

dakavSirebiT, imave odiSeliZis mier mTavrobis Tavmjdomarisadmi

wardgenili patakis informaciaze dayrdnobiT, n. Jordania Tavis mogone-

bebSi wers: `maSinve davibare odiSeliZe da movsTxove am sircxvilis an-

gariSi. man momca aseTi ganmarteba: jari damarcxda imitom, rom iyo

danawevrebuli, SeerTeba ver moaswres;... Sevutie _ rogor danawevre-

buli, omisTvis vemzadebodiT da Tqven jarebi dafanteT! me ra SuaSi

var,... es moaxdina damfuZnebeli krebis samxedro komisiis Tavmjdomare

akaki Cxenkelmao!... guli momivida, vin aris jarebis ufrosi _ Tqven Tu

Cxenkeli!~ aRniSnuli amonaweri da zemoT motanili faqti imaze mig-

vaniSnebs, rom omis molodinSi myof qarTul sardlobas Tavdacvis

strategiuli gegma ar qonda SemuSavebuli da neitralur zonaSi

ganlagebuli qarTuli jaris nawilebi usistemod yavda sxvadasxva mi-

marTulebiT gadasrolili. meore mxriv, Sagalis xidze myofi guSagebis

Tugind daTroba, strategiuli mniSvnelobis xidis umtkivneulod aReba

da 7. 000 qarTveli jariskacis 2-3 dReSi ganiaraReba, dafantuli

jaris nawilebSi gamefebul ukontrolobaze da samxedro xelmZRvanelTa

uniaTobaze migvaniSnebs.

samwuxaroa, rom zemoaRniSnuli Secdoma sabediswero aRmoCnda qarT-

veli xalxisTvis. Aam faqtma saqarTvelos winaaRmdeg sabWoTa ruseTis

farTomasStabian samxedro operacias daudo saTave. meores mxriv, es

marcxi, qarTuli mxedrobisaTvis moralur-fsiqologiur dartymas war-

moadgenda. am fonze, omis dawyebis pirvel etapze, namdvili agresoris

SeniRbvis mcdeloba da mimdinare procesis, saqarTvelo-somxeTis omad

gamocxadeba. qarTuli mxedrobis brZolisunarianobis SenarCunebisaTvis

iyo gamiznuli, Tu ramdenad didi mmniSvneloba eniWeboda aseTi natyuari

informaciis gavrcelebas, amis Sesaxeb n.Jordanias mogonebebSi vkiTxu-

lobT: `omi gaCaRda: moskovma amcno qveyanas radioTi saqarTveloSi ajan-

yeba daiwyovo, xolo kavkasiaSi ki acxadebda, _ sabWoTa somxeTi Tavs

daesxa menSevikebs da iTxovs borCalos somxeTis SemoerTebaso. xalxis

gasamxneveblad Cven am versias CavafrindiT, Semdeg azerbaijanelebic

mivayoleT, xolo roca tyveebSi rusebic moxvdnen _ vambobdiT, rusebi

exmarebiano da sxva. es agitacia sWiroda, xalxi aRSfoTebuli iyo,

rogor gvibedaven es glaxakebi Tavs dasxmaso. namdvili ambavi, rom ibrZ-

vis rusis jari da ara somexi da azerbaijaneli, jer kidev ucnobi iyo

39

farTe masisaTvis. MmiT ufro es sjerodaT, rom omi iyo mxolod

somxeTis sazRvrebTan.~

mas Semdeg rac XI armiam azerbaijanis mxridan saqarTvelos sazRvrebi

gadmolaxa (15 Tebervali) da SeteviTi operaciebi ganaxorciela, sa-

zogadoebisaTvis naTeli gaxda, rom qarTvel mxedrobas brZola somxeb-

Tan ki ara sabWoTa ruseTis regularul armiasTan uxdeboda. amis Ses-

axeb mTavrobis Tavmjdomaris 17 Tebervlis oficialur mowodebaSiac

iqna xazgasmuli. saqarTvelos mosaxleobis yuradRebas qveynis

xelmZRvaneli, bolSevikuri ruseTis muxanaTur Tavdasxmaze miapyrobda

da dasZenda: `bolSevikurma jarebma Semogvitia aRmosavleTiT. icodeT,

rom maTi gamarjveba niSnavs eris Tavisuflebis, xalxis naSromis da

naamagaris samudamoT daRupvas da bolSevikTa mSieri brboebis usaSinles

tiraniaSi Cavardnas. Ddadga Jami Cveni yofna-aryofnisa. Cveni bedi Cven

xelT aris. gamoviCinoT Zveleburi qarTveluri mamacoba, Tavis dadeba,

erToba da mteri Zleuli iqneba.~

dasaxuli miznis misaRwevad igi yvela qarTvelSi WeSmariti mamuliS-

vilobis gaRviZebas, frontisaTvis damxmare razmebis Seqmnas, iaraRisa da

sursaTis daubrkoleblad miwodebas, qveyanaSi umkacresi wesrigis

damyarebisadmi xelSewyobas, moRalateTa da orgulTa alagmvas gadaude-

bel amocanad Tvlida. `SevqmnaT erTi mTliani Tavganwiruli Zala_

vkiTxulobT dokumentSi, _ da Cvens irgvliv Semoikribebian mSvelelni.

qarTvelo xalxo xeli xmals ikar, mterTa ismian xmania! saqarTvelo

mokvdeba magram mters ar danebdeba.~

saqarTvelos xelisuflebi kargad xedavdnen, rom saqarTvelo mrisxane

dampyroblis winaSe martodmarto aRmoCnda. amitom, frontis dasaxmare-

blad partiuli Zalebis maqsimalur mobilizacias Seecadnen. amis dadas-

turebas ssd partiis centraluri komitetis mier raionuli organi-

zaciebisadmi 16 Tebervals dagzavnili sagangebo mowodeba warmoadgens.

am dokumentis mixedviT: 1) partiis wevrTa mobilizacia dauyovnebliv

unda ganxorcielebuliyo; 2) yvela gawveuli or kategoriaT daeyoT: a)

samxedro wvrTna gavlilni da b) axalbedebi. 3) ojaxebSi gadanaxuli

iaraRi da vaznebi gvardiis StabisaTvis CaebarebinaT `ar daayovnoT erTi

wami, yvela fexze dadeqiT.~ aseTi iyo qveynis interesebidan gamomdinare

moTxovna.Mmomxdar faqts saerTaSoriso rezonansi rom miscemoda,

saqarTvelos social-demokratiuli partiis centralurma komitetma da

saqarTvelos profesiul kavSirTa centraluri sabWos aRmasrulebelma

komitetma, erToblivi mowodebiT mimarTes meore internacionals, so-

cialisturi da muSaTa partiebis internacionalur biuros. Ddokumenti,

sabWoTa ruseTis mier 1920 wlis 7 maisis xelSekrulebis calmxrivad

darRvevas da saqarTveloze veragul Tavdasxmas, mefis ruseTis didmpy-

robeluri politikuri kursis gagrZelebis kvalifikacias aZlevda.

saerTaSoriso progresuli Zalebisagan aRniSnuli qmedebis dagmobas da

40

qarTveli xalxisadmi Tanadgomis aucileblobis sakiTxs ayenebda. `komu-

nisturi droSis qveS grZeldeba mefis ruseTis imprialisturi

politika, mcire erTa dapyrobisa da damonebisa. saqarTvelos prole-

tariati icavs Tavis sazRvrebs da ukanasknel sisxlis wveTamde ibr-

Zolebs... saqarTvelos muSaTa klasis saxeliT vacxadebT uRrmes pro-

tests imperialisturi moZaladis winaaRmdeg... Cven veliT Tqven

moralur daxmarebas. Ddarwmunebuli varT,... ar moiTmenT, rom socializ-

misa da komunizmis saxeliT keTdebodes Savi saqme socialisturi re-

spublikis ganadgurebisa.~

saqarTvelos mTavrobis Tavmjdomaris orgzis mcdeloba (16, 21 Te-

bervlis depeSebi) omis mizezebis garkvevisa da sabWoTa ruseTTan mola-

parakebis dawyebis Sesaxeb, upasuxod darCa. aseTive bedi ewia n. Jorda-

nias mier leninisa da stalinisadmi gagzavnil notebs, romelic sabWoTa

ruseTis mier saqarTvelos winaaRmdeg ganxorcielebuli TavdasxmiTi im-

perialisturi xasiaTis omis Sewyvetas moiTxovda.

aRniSnuli dokumentebis `pasuxi~ sabWoTa ruseTis mxridan saqarT-

velos respublikis winaaRmdeg CrdiloeTidan axali frontis gaxsniT

gamoixata. soWis, mamisonis, rokisa da darialis mimarTulebiT saqarT-

velos winaaRmdeg merve, mecxre da mecamete armiebi iqna daZruli. es

imas niSnavda, rom sabWoTa ruseTma damoukidebeli saqarTvelos wi-

naaRmdeg erTdroulad, CrdiloeTidan da aRmosavleTidan farTomasStabi-

ani samxedro operaciis ganxorcieleba daiwyo. daZruli bolSevikuri

armiebis SeCereba, saqarTvelos SesaZleblobebs aRemateboda. qveyana gar-

duvali safrTxis winaSe aRmoCnda. aseT mZime viTarebaSi, saqarTvelos

damfuZnebeli krebis 1921 wlis 21 Tebervlis sxdomam, miRebuli

dadgenilebiT saqarTvelos winaaRmdeg mebrZoli qarTvelebi kanongareSe

gamoacxada. `iRebs ra mxedvelobSi, rom saqarTveloze TavdasxmaSi

monawileobas iReben qaTveli xalxis uRirsi Svilni, _ vkiTxulobT do-

kumentSi _ damfuZnebeli kreba adgens: yvela qarTvelebi, romlebic uSu-

alo monawileobas iReben SeiaraRebul brZolaSi saqarTvelos winaaRmdeg

an daxmarebas uweven am brZolas, maT erTmevaT yovelive qoneba da kanon-

gareSe arian gamocxadebuli am dadgenilebis sisruleSi moyvana evaleba

mTavrobas.~

imave dadgenilebis meore punqti uSualod 16 Tebervals Seqmnil

`saqarTvelos revkoms~ anu Sulaveris mTavrobas exeboda da misi wevre-

bis misamarTiT acxadebda: `filipe maxaraZe, mamia oraxelaSvili, budu

mdivani, Salva eliava, mixeil okujava, lado dumbaZe, omar faiki, amaik

nazaretiani, aleqsandre gegeWkori da beso kvirkvelia aRiarebul iqnen

saqarTvelos xalxis moRalateebad, CamoerTvas maT mTeli qoneba da ga-

mocxaddnen saqarTvelos kanonTa mflobelobis gareSe.~

marTalia, es dokumenti istoriisaTvis gansakuTrebul mniSvnelobas

iZenda, magram im etapze garkveuli funqciis, kerZod, masaze ideologi-

41

uri zemoqmedebis Sesrulebac ekisreboda. amiT sazogadoebas erTxel

kidev aCvenes, rom bolSevikebis samsaxurSi yofna, an maTdami Tanadgoma,

eris Ralatis tolfasovan qmedebas warmoadgenda. aqedan gamomdinare, igi

bolSevikebisadmi saqarTvelos mosaxleobis dapirispirebis erT-erT

mZlavr sapropagando iaraRad SeiZleboda gamoyenebuliyo.

qarTuli jaris winaaRmdeg 18-22 Tebervals ganxorcielebuli Sete-

viTi operaciebi, XI armiis nawilebma marcxiT daamTavra. sabWoTa

ruseTis xelmZRvanelobam, misi mokavSire TurqeTis amoqmedebiT, saqarT-

velosTvis samxreTis frontis gaxsnas Seecada. gansacdelis winaSe myof

saqarTvelos xelisuflebas, TurqeTis mTavrobam ultimatumiT (22 Te-

bervali) arTvin-ardaganis okrugebis dacla mosTxova. axali frontis

gasaxsnelad mowinaaRmdegisaTvis sababis armicemis mizniT, qarTulma

mxarem, aRniSnuli teritoriebidan jaris gamoyvana moaxdina. am gadawy-

vetilebis miReba im TvalsazrisiT iyo gamarTlebuli, rom im etapze

qveynis gadarCena mxolod bolSevikuri ruseTis winsvlis SeCerebiT iyo

SesaZlebeli. miznis miRweva, daSvebuli sabediswero Secdomebis gamo,

SeuZlebeli gaxda. seriozuli problemebi Semdegi iyo: 1) gasawvev pun-

qtebSi gamocxadebuli adamianebis iaraRiTa da tansacmliT uzrunvely-

ofa mougvarebloba, maSin rodesac misi dadebiTad gadawyvetisaTvis qvey-

anas realuri sarezervo fondi gaaCnda. amis Sesaxeb, Tavis mogonebebSi

g.mazniaSvili wers: `1921 wlis maisSi Cvens sawyobebSi darCenili tan-

sacmliT me SevZeli Semosva Tavidan fexamde 17.000 kacisagan Semdgari

qarTuli wiTeli armiisa... maSin rodesac d. WavWavaZe rekviziciis saxiT

hkrebda danjRreul unagirebs quTaisSi da samtrediaSi, navTluRis

sawyobebSi iyo Turme ramdenime aTasi sakavalerio axali unagiri da

cxenebis sxva mravali mowyobiloba.” misive monacemebiT, saministros

sawyobebidan ori kviris ganmavlobaSi bolSevikebi ufasod kvebavda

qalaqis mosaxleobas. aRniSnuli faqtebis siswores im movlenebis aqti-

uri monawile g.qiqoZec adasturebs; `rodesac TbilisSi wiTeli armia

Semovida, _ wers igi _ aRmoCnda, rom sawyobebi savse iyo amuniciiT da

sanovagiT, qarTvel jars ki brZolis velze bevri ram aklda.~

es imas niSnavs, rom saqarTvelos im etapze damatebiT, `Tavidan fexe-

bamde“SeiaraRebuli 17.000 qveiTi jariskacis, ramdenime aTasi kavaler-

istis gamoyvana da sakvebiTac uzrunvelyofa SeeZlo. Dda Tu es ar

gakeTda, igi im samxedro uwyebis pasuxismgebel pirTa danaSaulebriv

qmedebad unda CaiTvalos, visac qarTuli sarezervo jaris SeiaraReba

evaleboda da am qonebis bed-iRbliT ar dainteresda, gadamwyvet mo-

mentSi samSoblos damcvelTa SeiaraRebas rom ver moaxmara da faqto-

brivad bolSevikebs `gadaunaxa.~ 2) iaRlujis sanaxebSi 19 Tebervals

SemoWrili XI armiis nawilebis damarcxeba da mtris ukan gaqceviT

Seqmmnili xelsayreli momentis bolomde gamouyenebloba. am faqts, g.

mazniaSvili Semdegnairad agviwers: `mowinaaRmdegis daxeul jarebs To-

42

fis tyvia ver swvdeboda da vesrodiT mxolod zarbaznebs. rezervSi ar

myavda dasvenebuli arc erTi nawili, romelsac ki SeeZlo mters das-

devneboda. laSqris Stabma, ar vici ra mizeziT, saWiroT ar CaTvala ga-

moegzavna CemTvis kavaleriis erTi eskadroni mainc. cxenosani jari ki

idga im dros sofel lilosTan usaqmod.~ Tu ra Sedegis momtani

SeiZleboda aRmoCeniliyo mtrisaTvis dadevneba, amis Sesaxeb g.

qiqoZesTan saubarSi Salva eliavas ganucxadebia: `qarTvelma jarma ga-

marjveba ar gamoiyena da ieriSze ar gadavida farTo masStabiT. Uukan-

daxeul wiTelarmielebs Zlivs vakavebdiT, Tu qarTvel jars energiulad

Semoetia, SeiZleba fexi veRar mogvemagrebia baqomde.~ qarTveli mTavar-

sardlobisagan daSvebuli es Secdoma mowinaaRmdegem SesaniSnavad gamoi-

yena. g. qiqoZis sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, wiTel armias dro mieca gons mo-

suliyo da Tavisi razmebi gadaejgufebina. ricxvobrivi upiratesobisa da

sagangebod momzadebis miuxedavad, rogorc mTavari Stabis monacemebiT

dasturdeba, mteris 20, 21, 22 da 23 Tebervlis SeteviTi operaciebi

marcxiT damTavrda.

mTavari mainc, 24 Tebervals RamiT, mTavarsardlobisagan Tbilisis

datovebis Sesaxeb miRebuli sabediswero gadawyvetileba gaxda. aRniSnul

brZanebas g. kvinitaZe 24 Tebervals Seqmnili mZime mdgomareobiT

xsnis.Mmisi mtkicebiT, am momentSi mters dakavebuli hqonda norio,

lilo, mamkodi, gldani, avWalis rkinigzis sadguri da soRanluRis

qedze Savnabadas monasteri. `diRmis mindvridan (naxSirgorasTan),_ wers

g. kvinitaZe _ gamoCnda jer kidev diliT 24 Tebervals manglisidan

Camosuli mteri... SeiZleba iTqvas, rom ukve garSemortymuli viyaviT.~

aRniSnul faqtebTan da mimdinare saomar operaciebTan dakavSirebiT gen.

mazniaSvili Tavis mogonebebSi yuradRebas sagangebod amaxvilebs. ramde-

nadac igi mowinave xazze imyodfeboda da Tbilisis dacvis samive

raionis sardlobis (gen. mazniaSvili, gen. andronikaSvili, gen. jijixia)

informacias srulad flobda, vfiqrobT mis mier gamoTqmuli Tvalsaz-

risic uTuod gasaTvaliswinebelia. 24 Tebervlis movlenebs igi Semdeg-

nairad agviwers: `24 Tebervals dilidanve mowinaaRmdege mTavari Zale-

biT moawva gen. andronikaSvilis raions da nawilobriv Cems raionsac

tabaxmelidan moyolebuli Savnabadamde. mTeli dRis ganmavlobaSi mowi-

naaRmdegis ieriSebs vigeriebdiT da did zarals vayenebdiT... jijixias

raionSi mowinaaRmdege amoZravda SuadRis 3 saaTze, xolo vazianTan,

sadguridan kargad moSorebul manZilze gamoCnda ramdenime `tanki~

gvardielebis zogierTma aTaseulma tankebi rom dainaxes, SeSindnen,

mianebes Tavi Txrilebs da gamoiqcnen, magram ramdenime saaTis Semdeg

mebrZoli raioni kvlav iqna aRdgenili. daaxloebiT saRamos 6 saaTze,

Cems raionSi mowinaaRmdegem wamoiwia sofel TeleT-muxranidan, gaarRvia

Cemi pozicia da daikava trigonometriuli punqti. es macnoba me-9 qveiTi

legionis ufrosma polkovnikma n. vaCnaZem. telefoniT vTxove

43

gen.AandronikaSvils, daebrunebina I-eli legionis erTi aseuli mainc

garRveuli poziciis aRsadgenad. gen. andronikaSvilma dauyovnebliv ga-

mogzavna ori aseuli da polk. vaCnaZem saRamos 6 saaTsa da 40 wuTze

aRadgina winandeli mdgomareoba, e.i. mowinaaRmdege gandevna da punqtebi

kvlav daikava.~ es vrceli amonaweri Cven Segnebulad movitaneT, radgan

masSi frontis mowinave xazis sardlisa da TviTmxilvelis poziciidanaa

danaxuli is saomari procesebi, romlebic Tbilisis dacvis ubanze mim-

dinareobda. meore mxriv, igi imis udao dadasturebasac warmoadgens,

rom 24 Tebervals saRamos 7 saaTisaTvis norio-lilos, gldani-

avWalisa da tabaxmela-Savnabadas monakveTi qarTuli jaris xelSi iyo

da mterze zemoqmedebis strategiul upiratesobas flobda. amis Sesaxeb,

mTavar Stabs g. mazniaSvilisagan sruli informacia hqonda. 24 Teber-

vals frontze mimdinare movlenebis gadmocemisas v.TevzaZe, rogorc

Stabis oficeri, bunebrivia aRniSnul informacias emyareboda. igi mazni-

aSvilis mier motanili faqtebis siswores mxolod zogierTi `ko-

reqtivis SetaniT” adasturebs: `mTeli 24 Tebervlis Rame da 24-is dRe,

_ wers v. TevzaZe _ gamwarebuli brZolebi warmoebs. oRond, Sedegs

(mteri _ S. v.) versad ver aRwevs, erTi fexiTac ar ixeven ukan

Tavdadebuli mebrZolebi. Sua nakveTsac gen. mazniaSvilisas cota waru-

matebloba aqvs marcxena frTaze, magram saerTod Tavis poziciaze

uryevad dgas. Mmxolod gen. jijixias nakveTze, Setevis magier ukan-

daxevas aqvs adgili.~

rogorc zemoTac gvqonda miTiTebuli, gen. jijixias poziciebis da-

kaveba dRis sam saaTze mterma marTlac SeZlo, magram saRamos 6 saaTi-

saTvis qarTulma jarma es pozicia isev daibruna. rac Seexeba gen. mazni-

aSvils, TeleT-muxranTan mtrisagan garRveuli fronti, man saRamos 6

saaTsa da 40 wuTze srulad aRadgina. Tuki imave mazniaSvils daveyrd-

nobiT, 24 Tebervlis saRamosTvis qarTul jars mterze aSkara upirate-

soba hqonda. `frontis mdgomareoba ki 24 Tebervals, _ wers g. mazniaS-

vili _ aseTi iyo: mowinaaRmdegis ieriSebi yvela raionSi mogeriebul

iqnen da darwmunebuli viyavi, rom mTeli dRis brZoliT daqanculi

mowinaaRmdege Ramis ieriSebs ar moaxdenda, xolo diliT, radganac mow-

inaaRmdege idga mTis gaSlil ferdobze da xevebSi, Cveni kargad mowyo-

bili poziciis pirdapir, iZulebuli gaxdeboda an iaraRi aeyara, an da

Tu vinicobaa ukan daixevda, mTlad gawydeboda. legionebis ufrosebTan

telefoniT laparakis dros es Cemi azri TandaTan mtkicdeboda.~ es

imas niSnavs, rom realuri safrTxis winaSe, araTu qarTuli jari, ara-

med mowinaaRmdege imyofeboda. v. TevzaZis gadmocemiT `25 saRamos (gam-

Teniisas _ S.v.) Cveni mdgomareoba ar iyo sanugeSo, mteri Tbilisidan

yvela mimarTulebiT 10-12 km. manZilze imyofeboda. marTalia, dawvrile-

biTi cnobebis miReba nakveTebis ufrosTagan advili ar iyo, magram

cxadad imCneoda yvelgan mowinaaRmdegis ricxvobrivi upiratesoba da

44

rac mTavaria, maTi 6 diviziamde cxenosanTa laSqari, romelic orive

mxridan moqmedebda, gzis CaketviT gvemuqreboda.~ aq or garemoebas unda

mivaqcioT yuradReba: 1) rogorc v. TevzaZe adasturebs, mteri Tbilisi-

dan 10-12 kilometris manZilze imyofeboda. es imas niSnavs, rom qarTul

jars pirvandeli poziciebi eWira da 2) marTalia, igive v. TevzaZe ga-

mouval mdgomareobaze da ukandasaxevi gzis moWris garduval safrTxeze

miuTiTebs, magram imavdroulad, sabrZolo raionebidan mowodebuli in-

formaciis deficitzec amaxvilebs yuradRebas. aseT pirobebSi, samxedro

Stabi valdebuli iyo Tbilisis Tavdacvis raionebis sardlebidan (gen.

mazniaSvili, gen. andronikaSvili da gen. jijixia), romelime maTgani

mainc gamoeZaxa da srulyofili informacia mieRo. ukidures SemTxveva-

Si,MmaTive TandaswrebiT ganexila sakiTxi, _ iZleoda Tu ara qarTuli

jaris ganlageba da poziciebi Tbilisis dacvis gagrZelebis SesaZleblo-

bas. uaryofiTi pasuxis SemTxvevaSi, brZolis gareSe misi datovebis mi-

zanSewoniloba erToblivad gadaewyvitaT. samwuxarod, mTavarsardalma

ignorireba gaukeTa frontis mowinave xazis sardlobas da individua-

luri gadawyvetileba miiRo. Tu ramdenad gamarTlebuli iyo qveynis sa-

bediswero Jams misi moqmedeba, am sakiTxis yovelmxriv Seswavla da

saerTo daskvnis gakeTeba samxedro xelovnebis istoriis mkvlevarTa

kompetencias warmoadgens. mxolod aRvniSnavT, rom mTavarsardlis mier

24 Tebervals RamiT gacemuli brZanebiT, Tbilisi datovebul iqna.

taqtikuri Secdomis daSvebis gamo, suramis uReltexilis rigianad

Caketvac ver moxerxda. xeobaSi gasasvleli uReltexilis gzatkecilis

gamagrebas meorexarisxovani mniSvneloba mianiWes da ZiriTadi yuradReba

gvirabis dacvisaken gadaitanes. `Cemis azriT, _ wers g. mazniaSvili _

uReltexilis dasacavad jarebis amgvari gadanawilebiT didi Secdoma

iyo daSvebuli. Cveni mTavari StabisaTvis cxadi unda yofiliyo, rom

mowinaaRmdege mTeli Tavisi ZalebiT moawveboda Cvens marcxena frTas,

e.i. uReltexils im mizniT, rom Caegdo xelSi gzatkecili da sof.

fona. gvirabs igi gverds auqcevda da gamovidoda amgvarad xeobaSi... am

Secdomas mohyva sabediswero Sedegi. mowinaaRmdegem... dasaxuli amocana

gadaWra ise, rogorc amas saWiroeba moiTxovda. ieriSi miitana marcxena

frTaze da imave dRes xelT igdo uReltexilis umaRlesi wertili.~

yovelive amis Semdeg, brZolis gagrZeleba uazro iyo.

sabWoTa ruseTma qarTvel xalxs meore didi dartyma moskovis 1921

wlis 16 martis xelSekrulebiT moumzada. xelmowerili dokumentis

pirveli muxlis mixedviT, artaanisa da arTvinis okrugebi TurqeTis

kuTvnilebad gamocxadda da saqarTvelos xarjze mezobel TurqeTs 12.

115 kv. km teritoria gadasca. Tu ra gansxvavebul poziciebze idgnen, am

sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT, demokratiuli saqarTvelosa da bolSevikebis

xelisuflebis warmomadgenlebi, amis sailustraciod g. lorTqifaniZisa

da m. oraxelaSvilis 1921 wlis 17 martis molaparakebis steno-

45

grafiuli Canawerebi gamodgeba. g.lorTqifaniZis samarTlian moTxovnas:

`rogoric ar unda iyos saqarTvelo, iqneba misi xelisufleba demok-

ratiuli respublika Tu sabWoTa wyobileba, Cveni movaleoba aris,

movaleoba saxelmwifoebrivi da erovnuli, rom baTumis olqi yovel

SemTxvevaSi darCes saqarTvelos. vimeoreb, rogoric ar unda iyos is. es

aris Cveni saxelmZRvanelo gezi... dRes yvelaze didi saSuri sakiTxi da

pirvel rigSi gansaxilveli aris saqarTvelos teritoriis mTlianobis

SenarCuneba.~ m. oraxelaSvilma Semdegnairad upasuxa: `es sakiTxi meorex-

arisxovania. Cveni pirveli moTxovnileba aris, rom saqarTvelos demok-

ratiuli respublikis mTavrobam icnos saqarTveloSi momxdari gadatri-

aleba da aRiaros sabWoTa respublika da Tu es ar iqneba miRebuli,

sxva detalebis miReba SeuZlebelia.~

aRniSnuli faqti am ori pirovnebis erovnuli cnobierebis urTier-

dapirispirebis SesaniSnav dadasturebas warmoadgens. g. lorTqifaniZe

saqarTvelos teritoriuli mTlianobis SenarCunebas pirvelxarisxovan

mniSvnelobas aniWebda, xolo oraxelaSvili piriqiT, wina planze sab-

WoTa xelisuflebis aRiarebas ayenebda da teritoriis problemas eris

momavlisaTvis meorexarisxovnad Tvlida. es imazedac migvaniSnebs, Tu ra

mZime gamocdis winaSe idga samomavlod qarTveli eri. rac Seexeba g.

lorTqifaniZes da m. oraxelaSvils Soris 18 marts quTaisSi miRweul

SeTanxmebas, miRebuli dokumentis pirveli, meore da mesame muxlebi

saomari moqmedebis SewyvetasTan erTad, sabWoTa ruseTis jarebs, dau-

brkoleblad winsvlis SesaZleblobas aZlevda. es gadawyvetileba Turqe-

bisgan baTumis okrugis gawmendas da moskovis 16 martis xelSekrulebiT

gaTvaliswinebuli sazRvrebis dakavebas isaxavda miznad. damfuZnebeli

krebis 1921 wlis 16 martis dadgenilebis Tanaxmad, saqarTvelos mTav-

robis wevrebma, 17 marts italiuri gemiT baTumi datoves da emigraci-

aSi, safrangeTSi gaemgzavrnen. saqarTvelo bolSevikur ruseTs `gener-

aluri brZolis~ gareSe `Cabarda,~ xolo misma sardlobam, saqarTvelos

mTavrobis Tavmjdomarisadmi Sepirebuli `generaluri brZolis~ idea

`sazRvargareT waiRo.~

amrigad: 1) ruseTis imperiis daSlis Sedegad warmoqmnili saxelmwi-

foebisadmi, sabWoTa xelisuflebisagan daundobeli omis gamocxadeba,

`urCi qveSevrdomis~ dasjas isaxavda miznad da keTilmezoblur

urTierTobas saTaveSive gamoricxavda. 2) ruseT-saqarTvelos 7 maisis

xelSekrulebiT, istoriul sazRvrebSi saqarTvelos `de iure~ aRiareba,

evropisaTvis precedents warmoadgenda da saerTaSoriso arenaze

samarTlebrivi uflebebis mopovebis garantiebs iZleoda. am dokuments,

maSindelma qarTulma politikurma elitam, dadebiTi Sefaseba misca,

radgan igi ruseTTan keTilmezobluri urTierTobis aRdgenas da mosa-

lodneli agresiisagan usafrTxoebis Seqmnas isaxavda miznad. 3) sabWoTa

ruseTi, saqarTvelos damoukideblobis arsebobaSi potenciur mowi-

46

naaRmdeges da axloaRmosavluri politikis ganxorcielebaSi xelSem-

Slels xedavda. mis mier saqarTvelos dasapyrobad SemuSavebuli gegma,

kavkasiis regionSi xelsayreli situaciis Seqmnas efuZneboda. qarTveli

sardlobis mier daSvebulma Secdomebma, sabWoTa ruseTis mesveurebs

lores `ajanyebis~ inscenirebisa da saqarTvelos winaaRmdeg gamolaSqre-

bis SesaZlebloba misca. aseTi Znelbedobis Jams, samxedro uwyebas

daqvemdebarebul sawyobebSi arsebuli didZali amuniciis erovnuli

Zalebis SesaiaraReblad vergamoyeneba, mTavarsardlobis Secdomebze mety-

velebs. sabolood sabWoTa ruseTma, nanatri ocneba aisrula da qarTvel

ers, monobis sabWour uRelSi gaayofina Tavi.

47

ganmartebiTi leqsikoni *

akaki Cxenkeli _ (1874_1959) amierkavkasiis demokratiuli fed-

eraciuli respublikis mTavrobis Tavmjdomare (1918 wlis aprili-maisi).

damoukidebeli demokratiuli saqarTvelos sagareo saqmeTa ministri

(1918 wlis 26 maisi _ 1919 wlis 21 marti). 1919 wlidan saqarTvelos

sruluflebiani elCi jer germaniaSi, Semdeg SveicariaSi.

aleqsandre (saSa) gegeWkori _ (1887- 1918) komunisturi partiis

wevri. damoukidebeli saqarTvelos winaaRmdeg mebrZoli. damoukidebeli

saqarTvelos xelisuflebis dasamxobad glexTa ajanyebebis mowyobis

erT-erTi organizatori. Sulaveris revkomis wevri.

anton denikini _ (1872_1939) samxreT ruseTis SeiaraRebuli

Zalebis mTavarsardali 1918 wlis aprilidan. antantis saxelmwifoTa

mxardaWeriT ibrZoda sabWoTa xelisuflebis winaaRmdeg.

budu mdivani _ bolSeviki, saqarTvelos damoukideblobis winaarmdeg

aqtiuri mebrZoli, Sulaveris revkomis wevri, SemdgomSi e.w. `nacional-

uklonisti.~

gabriel xundaZe _ (1877_1937) damoukidebeli saqarTvelos sru-

luflebiani elCi sabWoTa ruseTSi.

generali baraTovi _ general-leitenanti nikoloz baraTovi _ bara-

TaSvili (1865 w.) pirveli msoflio omis aqtiuri monawile. warmatebiT

ibrZoda kavkasiis frontze TurqeTis winaaRmdeg. 1918 wlidan n. bara-

Tovi, ruseTis imperiis aRdgenis mizniT ibrZvis denikinis armiis Se-

madgenlobaSi.

generali gekeri _ sabWoTa ruseTis wiTeli XI armiis sardali.

xelmZRvanelobda damoukidebeli saqarTvelos winaaRmdeg 1921 wlis Te-

berval-martSi Catarebul saomar operaciebs.

evgeni gegeWkori _ (1881_1954). 1917 wlis 15 noembridan amier-

kavkasiis komisariatis Tavmjdomare, Sromisa da sagareo urTierTobis

saqmeTa saministros komisari. 1919 wlis 24 ivnisidan damoukidebeli

saqarTvelos sagareo saqmeTa ministri.

valiko juReli _ damoukidebeli saqarTvelos saxalxo gvardiis

sardali 1918- 1921 wlebSi. gvardia 1917 wlis 12 dekembers Seiqmna.

i. laziani _ xelmZRvanelobda loreSi (somxeT-saqarTvelos sasaz-

Rvro neitraluri zona) damoukidebeli saqarTvelos xelisuflebis wi-

naaRmdeg 1921 wlis 11 Tebervals mowyobili `ajanyebis~ inscenirebas da

ruseTis wiTeli armiis SenareTebis somxeTidan saqarTveloze Tavdasxmis

organizebas.

iuri sablini _ (1897_1937) wiTeli armiis sardali.

k. vrangeli _ (1878- 1928) mefis ruseTis armiis generali. ibrZoda

sabWoTa xelisuflebis dasamxobad ruseTSi. mxars uWerda ruseTis im-

periis aRdgenas.

48

kokoSkini _ sruliad ruseTis damfuZnebeli krebis kadetTa

fraqciis wevri.

moxaliseTa armia _ sabWoTa ruseTSi samoqalaqo omis dros mTavari

samxedro Zala 1918_1920 wlebSi. moxaliseTa armiis umaRlesi

xelmZRvaneli iyo gen m. aleqseevi. mTavarsardali ki kornilovi. 1918

wlis damlevs, antantis saxelmwifoTa mxardaWeris Sedegad, antisab-

Wouri Zalebi gen. a. denikinis xelmZRvanelobiT samxreT ruseTis

SeiaraRebul Zalad gaerTianda. igi sabWoTa xelisuflebis damxobas da

erTiani ruseTis imperiis aRdgenas isaxavda miznad.

m. levandovski _ (1890_ 1929) sabWoTa mxedarTmTavari.

mustafa qemali _ (aTaTurqi) 1881_1939. TurqeTis respublikis

fuZemdebeli, misi pirveli prezidenti (1923_1938 ww.). TurqeTis sax-

alxo partiis damaarsebeli da lideri.

noe ramiSvili _ (1881_1930) amierkavkasiis demokratiuli fed-

eraciuli respublikis sinagan saqmeTa ministri (1918 wlis

aprili_maisi); 1918 wlis 26 maisidan damoukidebeli demokratiuli

saqarTvelos mTavrobis Tavmjdomare 1918 wlis 24 ivnisamde. 1918 wlis

24 ivnisidan damoukidebeli saqarTvelos Sinagan saqmeTa ministri.

rkp (b) _ ruseTis komunisturi partia (bolSevikebisa).

rsfsr _ ruseTis sabWoTa federaciuli socialisturi respublika

ssdm _ saqarTvelos social-demokratiuli muSaTa partia.

Singariovi _ sruliad ruseTis damfuZnebeli krebis kadetTa

fraqciis wevri.

49

gamoyenebuli literatura da wyaroebi:

• avaliSvili z. _ saqarTvelos damoukidebloba. Tbilisi 1929

• `amxanagi~ (g. s. lomTaTiZe)_ komunisturi ruseTi. Tbilisi 1920

• bendianiSvili a. _ saqarTvelos pirveli respublika (1918_ 1921).

Tbilisi 2001

• dauSvili a. _ soso juRaSvilis ambavi. Tbilisi 2007

• vadaWkoria S. _ saqarTvelos politikuri istoriis sakiTxebi (XX

saukune) wigni I. Tbilisi 2006

• ToiZe l. _ intervenciac, okupaciac, ZaldatanebiTi gasabWoebac.

Tbilisi 1991

• ToiZe l. _ rogor Seiqmna samxreT oseTis avtonomiuri olqi. Tbi-

lisi 1991

• TevzaZe v. _ qarTuli oficris Canawerebi. Tbilisi 1990

• kirTaZe n. _ saqarTvelos damoukidebloba da qarTul-evropuli

urTierTobebi. Tbilisi 1997

• kvinitaZe g. _ Cemi pasuxi. Tbilisi 1990

• mazniaSvili g. _ mogonebani 1917-1925. baTumi 1990

• Jordania n. _ Cemi warsuli. Tbilisi. 1990

• SaraZe g. _ masalebi saqarTvelo-ruseTis 1920 wlis 7 maisis

xelSekrulebisaTvis. ix. gaz. `komunisti~ 1989 w. 6, 23, 30 iv-

lisi; 10, 12 seqtemberi.

• saqarTvelos centraluri saistorio arqivi aRwera 1. saqme # 1,

2, 5, 75, 130, 904

• Окупация и фактическая анексия Грузии. Тбилиси 1990 • Документы и материалы по внешней политике Закавказъя и

Грузии. Тбилиси. 1990 • Документы внешней политики СССР. Т. 3. Москва 1959 • damfuZnebeli krebis stenografiuli angariSi. 1919 weli. 29 en-

kenisTve; 31 oqtomberi; 1920 weli: # 10; 16; 27; 64

• gaz. `erToba~ 1918 weli: # 57, 92, 116, 133, 149, 187, 283; 1919

weli. # 3, 251, 252; 1920 weli: # 4, 7, 29, 30, 31, 61, 62, 95,

97, 98, 101, 104, 107, 115, 117, 123, 126, 129, 139, 167, 175, 246,

268, 289.

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