Simona Coviello, Il modello marxiano di riproduzione sociale complessiva. Processo nella forma di...

8/8/2019 Simona Coviello, Il modello marxiano di riproduzione sociale complessiva. Processo nella forma di movimento capit…

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;44> Eqwew}wc ge Nefcqcneh H{w}{c Jhqqcfc

]ie~m{qewä ge ]{keic

Eqcicjeh

Ef jcgmffc jh{|ehic ge {et{cg}zecim qcaehfm acjtfmqqe~h

T{camqqc imffh nc{jh ge jc~ejmiwc ahtewhfeqweah

Qejcih Ac~emffc

]ie~m{qewä ge Jham{hwh

qejcihac~emffcDuhlcc)ew

Hkqw{haw

Ei wleq thtm{ qcjm cn Jh{|'q ac{m egmhq h{m hihfuzmg& ei c{gm{ wc qlcp lcp& ku jmhiq cn wlmj&

lm aciame~mq wlm egmh cn n{mm jhi ei leq {maciaefehweci pewl Ihw}{m) Wlm hawe~ewu hffcpei` jhi

wc m|tfcew jhwm{ehf jmhiq wc {mhal leq cpi hej eq l}jhi pc{b) Pc{b eq hihfuzmg ku Jh{| ne{qw

ei ewq hkqw{haw nc{j hig wlmi& whbei` wlhw hq h qwh{wei` tceiw& ei l}jhi t{cg}aweci {mfhweciqletq

pleal ahi whbm gennm{miw nc{jq? acctm{hweci& jhi}nhaw}{m hig fh{`m nhawc{emq) Ku jmhiq cn wleq

hihfuqeq& Jh{| }iac~m{q wlm amiw{hf {cfm cn wlm c{`hiea {mfhweciqlet cn jhi hig ihw}{m? jhi

pc{bq jhwwm{ ei c{gm{ wc {mhal leq hejq hig wlm t{cg}amg ckomaw eq wlm {mq}fw cn q}al n{mm

hawe~ewu) Whbei` wlm amiw{hfewu cn wlm qcaehf ihw}{m cn t{cg}aweci {mfhweciqletq hq h qwh{wei` tceiw&

Jh{| {heqmq wlm eqq}m cn h pc{b t{camqq hfqc ei~cf~ei` h qcaehf {mfhweciqlet kmwpmmi eige~eg}hfq)

8) Eiw{cg}zecim

Fh wmc{eh jh{|ehih gmf jcgc ge t{cg}zecim ahtewhfeqweac ì qwhwh m aciwei}h h mqqm{m

c``mwwc ge }i ~h{ec m haamqc gekhwwewc alm lh tc{whwc& acj―ì icwc& h eiwm{t{mwhzecie w{h

mqqm qtmqqc acinfeww}hfe) Tm{ mqmjtec w{h fm ~h{em fmww}{m gmffh wmc{eh jh{|ehih gmf

ahtewhfm a―ì ale lh qcqwmi}wc alm fc q~ef}ttc gmffm nc{jhzecie qcaehfe h a}e Jh{| nh

{enm{ejmiwc ~hgh eiwm{t{mwhwc acjm q}aamqqecim qwc{eah feimh{m) Ghf fhwc gmf w}wwc

cttcqwc ei~mam qe ì t{ctcqwh }ih fmww}{h



; Qejcih Ac~emffc

Eqcicjeh ;44>

tcqewe~eqweah*fcèah tm{ a}e e jcgmffe ge nc{jhzecim qcaehfm htthecic acjm t{c~~eqc{em

acqw{}zecie jmiwhfe& fh a}e ~hfegewä qe jeq}{h ge ~cfwh ei ~cfwh q}ffm ahthaewä eiwm{t{mwhwe~m ge

}ih gmwm{jeihwh qcaemwä m fh a}e q}aamqqecim qeh jm{hjmiwm aci~mizecihfm*nc{jhfm)8

Ì icwc alm èä e t{ejeqqeje eiwm{t{mwe ge Jh{| aciqegm{hqqm{c f―h}wc{m gmf Ahtewhfm acjm

fc qact{ewc{m ge fm`è c``mwwe~m gmffh qcaemwä ahtewhfeqweah& m qe tmiqh x}e tm{ mqmjtec h

Bh}wqbu& Lefnm{gei`& K}alh{ei m ei Ewhfeh h Gmffh ^cftm) Hfw{e ei~mam lhiic haa}qhwc

Jh{| ge ‖egmhfeqjc‚& m`fe h~{mkkm ¢w{hqnm{ewc fm aciw{hggezecie fcèalm gmf tmiqh{m

hff―mqqm{m²;& qeaalå ¢nc{zm cttcqwm imffh ihw}{h c imffh qwc{eh qcic qwhwm eiwm{t{mwhwm

acjm aciw{hggezecie fcèalm²1) Tm{ x}mf alm {e`}h{gh teõ qtmaeneahwhjmiwm fh wmc{eh

jh{|ehih gmf ahtewhfm& acj―ì icwc fh fmww}{h alm lh t{m~hfqc tm{ k}cih th{wm gmf qmacfc

qac{qc ì x}mffh macicjeaeqweah& aci fh x}hfm tm{û

gh }ih th{wm qacjth{m f―eiwm{qahjkec aci fh ihw}{h acjm ncighjmiwc gmffh wmc{eh gmffc

q~ef}ttcR…Z ghff―hfw{h qacjth{m ef {}cfc h}wcicjc gmffh qc``mwwe~ewä imffm q}m nc{jm ge

c{`hiezzhzecim qwc{eah& ge jcjmiwe gmffc qte{ewc c``mwwe~c alm eiqemjm tm{jhi`cic m

j}whic imff―m~cf~m{qe ge }ih nc{jhzecim qcaehfm)7

Ei x}mqwc qh`èc qe hqq}jm acjm ~hfegc ef t}iwc ge ~eqwh ge ale& wmimigc aciwc gmffh

i}c~h mgezecim a{eweah gmffm ctm{m ge Jh{| ,JM@H»%& ici qcfc lh t{ctcqwc }i

q}tm{hjmiwc gmffh qmwwc{ehfezzhzecim gmffm eiwm{t{mwhzecie jh{|ehim alm& t{ct{ec tm{alå

whfe ici {e}qae~hic h {migm{m f―}iewä gmffh wmc{eh m gmff―hihfeqe ge Jh{|& jh lh qcqwmi}wc&

hww{h~m{qc }i hwwmiwc qw}gec nefcfcèac alm fh wmc{eh jh{|ehih ¢acqwew}eqam }i jcgmffc

fcèac& h }i hfwc fe~mffc ge hqw{hzecim& gmf n}izecihjmiwc “qwc{eac*ihw}{hfm― gmf jcgc ge

t{cg}zecim ahtewhfeqweac²=)

H th{we{m gh x}mqwe t{mq}ttcqwe& alm qh{hiic jm`fec gmfeimhwe imf ac{qc gmff―hihfeqe& qe

am{alm{ä x}e ge jcwe~h{m& hww{h~m{qc }ih {et{mqh ge hfa}im ncighjmiwhfe ahwm`c{em

jh{|ehim& alm amiw{c gmff―hihfeqe m gmf tmiqem{c ge Jh{| ì f―hwwe~ewä }jhih? f―}cjcctm{h q}ffh ihw}{h tm{ htth`h{m e t{ct{e keqcìe ihw}{hfe2 f―hwwe~ewä t{cg}wwe~h nh qæ alm fh

ihw}{h qeh tm{ f―}cjc alm& w{hjewm ef fh~c{c& fh jcgeneah w{hqnc{jhigc acqæ hialm fh q}h

qwmqqh ihw}{h ,fh wm{{h tm{ mqmjtec ge~miwh tm{ f―}cjc `{hzem hff―h`{eacfw}{h%?

Ei t{ejc f}c`c ef fh~c{c ì }i t{camqqc alm qe q~cf`m n{h f―}cjc m fh ihw}{h& imf x}hfm

f―}cjc& tm{ jmzzc gmffh t{ct{eh hzecim jmgeh& {m`cfh m aciw{cffh& ef {eahjkec c{`hieac n{h

qm qwmqqc m fh ihw}{h? aciw{httcim qm qwmqqc& x}hfm }ic n{h fm tcwmizm gmffh ihw}{h& hffh

jhwm{ehfewä gmffh ihw}{h) M`fe jmwwm ei jcwc fm nc{zm ihw}{hfe htth{wmimiwe hffh q}h ac{tc{mewä&



Ef jcgmffc ge {et{cg}zecim qcaehfm acjtfmqqe~h 1

Eqcicjeh ;44>

k{haaeh& `hjkm& jhie m wmqwh& tm{ htt{ct{eh{qe e jhwm{ehfe gmffh ihw}{h ei nc{jh }qhkefm tm{ fh

t{ct{eh ~ewh) Ctm{higc jmgehiwm whfm jcwc q}ffh ihw}{h n}c{e ge qå m ahjkehigcfh& m`fe

ahjkeh hffc qwmqqc wmjtc fh ihw}{h q}h t{ct{eh)>

Tm{ Jh{| g}ix}m ah{hwwm{eqweah gmff―}cjc ì ef fh~c{c eiwmqc ici acjm qmjtfeam qnc{zc

gm`fe }cjeie alm fh~c{hic& jh acjm hwwe~ewä acinc{jm h qactc) H th{we{m ghf {httc{wc

}cjc#ihw}{h qe am{alm{ä ei x}mqwc qw}gec ge qtem`h{m acqh qe`ienealeic tm{ Jh{| t{camqqc

m {et{cg}zecim qcaehfm acjtfmqqe~h)

Qe th{we{ä ghf jmwcgc jh{|ehic tm{ qcwwcfeimh{m alm fh q}h ì fh wmc{eh ge }i jcgmffc m

alm x}eige qe j}c~m q} }i am{wc `{hgc ge hqw{hzecim) Qe am{alm{ä tce ge gejcqw{h{m ef

ah{hwwm{m t{camqq}hfm gmf jcgmffc hww{h~m{qc aciamwwe aleh~m? wmc{eh gmf ~hfc{m m t{camqqc

ge qahjkec& t{camqqc fh~c{hwe~c }jhic hqw{hwwc& acctm{hzecim& q}qq}izecim nc{jhfm mq}qq}izecim {mhfm& hfemihzecim m aciamwwc ge ahtewhfm) Qe aciqegm{m{ä eineim ef aciamwwc

jh{|ehic ge fekm{wä& thqqhigc ghff―egmh lm`mfehih ge tcqqekefewä {mhfm) Hffh neim qe

{ew{c~m{ä ef aciamwwc ge }cjc acjm t}iwc amiw{hfm gmff―hihfeqe& imffh tcqqekefewä {mhfm gmf

{ewc{ic gmff―}cjc h qm jmgmqejc m gmffh q}h {eaciaefehzecim aci fh ihw}{h)

;) Ef jmwcgc

Qactc ge x}mqwc qw}gec ì hihfezzh{m fh wmc{eh jh{|ehih gmf jcgc ge t{cg}zecim

ahtewhfeqweac wmimigc aciwc alm mqqh {htt{mqmiwh }i jcgmffc wmc{eac ge }i t{camqqc? fh

{et{cg}zecim qcaehfm acjtfmqqe~h imffh nc{jh ge jc~ejmiwc ahtewhfeqweah)

Fh n}izecim ge }i jcgmffc ì x}mffh ge {et{cg}{{m f―highjmiwc egmhfm gmf jc~ejmiwc2

ei `mim{hfm ici ì tcqqekefm acqw{}e{m }i jcgmffc acjtfmwhjmiwm mqh}qwe~c& hize& }i

jcgmffc& t{ct{ec tm{alå whfm& ~emim qmjt{m acqw{}ewc ei n}izecim ge aeû alm qe gmqegm{hacicqam{m) Qe {eac{{m h }i jcgmffc hqw{hwwc tm{ qmjtfeneah{m fh qew}hzecim {mhfm? imffh q}h

acqw{}zecim einhwwe& ~mi`cic aciqhtm~cfjmiwm w{hqa}{hwm hfa}im ah{hwwm{eqwealm gmffh

qew}hzecim jcgmffezzhwh) Aeû tm{jmwwm ge tcwm{ geqtc{{m ge x}hg{e aciamww}hfe alm

aciqmiwcic ge eige~eg}h{m e t}iwe a{eweae gmffh {mhfwä acia{mwh) ^h gmwwc& h qahiqc

g―mx}e~cae& alm x}e hqw{h{{m ici ~}cf ge{m t{mqaeigm{m ghffh {mhfwä qwc{eah& jh qe`ieneah

eqcfh{im gm`fe hqtmwwe aci fc qactc ge hihfezzh{fe) ^h einhwwe qmjt{m jhiwmi}wc acjm

t{mq}ttcqwc ef nhwwc alm& tm{ Jh{|& ef jc~ejmiwc qcaehfm ì }i t{camqqc ge qwc{eh



7 Qejcih Ac~emffc

Eqcicjeh ;44>

ihw}{hfm0) X}mffc ge Jh{| ì ei qcqwhizh ef jmwcgc hqw{hwwc alm Lm`mf kmi h~m~h eff}qw{hwc

imffm q}m Fmzecie q}ffh nefcqcneh gmffh qwc{eh? ¢Fh aciqegm{hzecim nefcqcneah ici lh hfw{c

eiwmiwc alm x}mffc ge mfejeih{m f―haaegmiwhfm) Haaegmiwhfewä ì fc qwmqqc alm imamqqewä

mqwm{ec{m& aecì imamqqewä alm {eqhfm h ah}qm fm x}hfe ici qcic mqqm qwmqqm alm ae{acqwhizm

mqwm{ec{e²<)

Jh{| acqw{}eqam fh q}h wmc{eh t{migmigc acjm {enm{ejmiwc f―Ei`lefwm{{h gmff―<44?

Ei x}mqw―ctm{h gmkkc eigh`h{m ef jcgc ge t{cg}zecim ahtewhfeqweac m e {httc{we ge

t{cg}zecim m ge qahjkec alm `fe ac{{eqtcigcic) Neic h x}mqwc jcjmiwc& fh fc{c qmgm

afhqqeah ì f―Ei`lefwm{{h) Tm{ x}mqwh {hècim ì f―Ei`lefwm{{h alm qm{~m hg eff}qw{h{m fc

q~cfèjmiwc gmffh jeh wmc{eh) Jh imf ahqc alm ef fmwwc{m wmgmqac qe qw{ei`mqqm nh{eqheahjmiwm

imffm qthffm h t{ctcqewc gmffm acigezecie gme fh~c{hwc{e5

ei`fmqe gmff―eig}qw{eh mgmff―h`{eacfw}{h m qe hax}emwhqqm cwwejeqweahjmiwm hf tmiqem{c alm ei @m{jhieh ae jhiah

hiac{ jcfwc alm fm acqm ~hghic acqæ jhfm& `fe gmkkc `{egh{m? Gm wm nhk}fh ih{{hw}{ ( Ei qå m

tm{ qå& ici qe w{hwwh gmf `{hgc jh`èc{m c jeic{m ge q~ef}ttc gm`fe hiwh`cieqje qcaehfe

gm{e~hiwe ghffm fm`è ihw}{hfe gmffh t{cg}zecim ahtewhfeqweah& jh t{ct{ec ge whfe fm`è& ge whfe

wmigmizm alm ctm{hic m qe nhiic ~hfm{m aci k{cizmh imamqqewä) Ef thmqm eig}qw{ehfjmiwm teõ

q~ef}tthwc ici nh alm jcqw{h{m h x}mffc jmic q~ef}tthwc f―ejjhèim gmf q}c h~~mie{m)84

Aci aeû tm{û ici q―eiwmigm ge{m& acjm t}{m ì qwhwc qcqwmi}wc& alm ef Ahtewhfm qeh }ih

jm{h hihfeqe gmf ahtewhfeqjc gmf \E\ qmacfc) Acjm lh ̀ eä kmi eff}qw{hwc Neimqale

Fh wmc{eh gmf ahtewhfm ici ì }ih gmqa{ezecim gmf ahtewhfeqjc gmff―cwwcamiwc& ici ì }ih wmc{eh

macicjeah imf qmiqc ge }i ahqc t{mgmwm{jeihwc gm`fe m~miwe alm qncaehic imf th{hgeqc

wm{{mqw{m gmffh qcaemwä acj}ieqwh) Jh{| acqw{}eqam kmiqæ }i jcgmffc }iewh{ec ei a}e am{ah

g―eige~eg}h{m fm fm`è ge jc~ejmiwc gmffh nc{jhzecim macicjeac*qcaehfm ahtewhfeqweah acjm

eiwm{c& gmneimigc hf aciwmjtc alm acqh qeìeneahic qcaemwä& }cjc& qwc{eh& ihw}{h m ~eh

geamigc ,ef qeìeneahwc ge x}mqwm ahwm`c{em ici ì qwhkefewc t{ejh gmffh fc{c geqtcqezecim

n}izecihfm& qcfc ei mqqh fm gmwm{jeihzecie ge nc{jh qcic x}mffm alm qcic%)88

Qm ei~mam fh wmc{eh jh{|ehih gmf jcgc ge t{cg}zecim ahtewhfeqweac ~emim eiwmqh acjm

f―hihfeqe gmffc q~ef}ttc qwc{eac gmf ahtewhfeqjc cwwcamiwmqac& ì aleh{c alm ef jcgmffc

jh{|ehic ~emim aciqegm{hwc eihgm`}hwc tm{ f―hihfeqe gm`fe q~ef}tte q}aamqqe~e gmf

ahtewhfeqjc qwmqqc) Ì tm{ mqmjtec x}hiwc ì qwhwc qcqwmi}wc& w{h `fe hfw{e& ghff―macicjeqwh

Q{hnnh tm{ ef x}hfm fh wmc{eh jh{|ehih gmf ~hfc{m m gmf tf}q~hfc{m ~h qcqwew}ewh aci }ih

wmc{eh alm qe haamiw{e q}e t{mzze gmffm jm{ae8;) Ei cttcqezecim h x}mqwh wmqe Qpmmzu lh

aleh{ewc alm& qm qe hqq}jcic e t{mzze acjm t}iwc ge th{wmizh m ici e ~hfc{e qe tm{gm ge



Ef jcgmffc ge {et{cg}zecim qcaehfm acjtfmqqe~h =

Eqcicjeh ;44>

~eqwh ef nhwwc alm fm {mfhzecie macicjealm qcic {mfhzecie w{h tm{qcim jmgehwm gh acqm m

ici ~eam~m{qh {mfhzecie w{h acqm jmgehwm gh tm{qcim) Qm qe th{wm ghf ahfacfc gmf t{mzzc

¢fm acqm htthecic gcwhwm ge }i eigetmigmiwm tcwm{m t{ct{ec²& jmiw{m ¢ghf t}iwc ge ~eqwh

gmf ahfacfc gmf ~hfc{m& ì nhaefm {migm{qe aciwc alm aeû ici ì hfw{c alm }ih jhienmqwhzecim

gmf nmweaeqjc²81)

Tm{ Jh{| ef jcgc ge t{cg}zecim ahtewhfeqweac ici ì }i jmaahieqjc alm qe {et{cg}am

}`}hfm h qm qwmqqc& ì kmiqæ }i jcgmffc aci }ih geihjeah eiwm{ih whfm gh jcgeneah{m }ih c

teõ gmffm gmwm{jeihzecie amiw{hfe gmf t{camqqc qwmqqc) H whfm t{ctcqewc Qpmmzu qcqwemim

alm x}mffc ge Jh{| ì hialm ef jmwcgc gmffm htt{cqqejhzecie q}aamqqe~m? qe th{wm ghf teõ

hqw{hwwc tm{ tce h{{e~h{m `{hg}hfjmiwm hf teõ acia{mwc ei jcgc whfm gh aciqegm{h{m ¢}ih

am{aleh qmjt{m teõ hjteh ge nmicjmie {mhfe²87)Wmimigc aciwc ge x}hiwc gmwwc qeic h c{h& qe t}û hnnm{jh{m alm ~e ì geqweizecim w{h

¢fm`è `mim{hfe gmffh t{cg}zecim m fm`è qtmaenealm gmffm nc{jm qcaehfe ei a}e fh

t{cg}zecim qwc{eahjmiwm qe {mhfezzh²8=)

1) Wmc{eh gmf ~hfc{m m t{camqqc ge qahjkec

Fh wmc{eh gmf ~hfc{m {htt{mqmiwh ef t{ejc whqqmffc tm{ acjt{migm{m acqh eiwmigh Jh{|

tm{ {httc{we qcaehfe ge t{cg}zecim) X}mqwe eigeahic t{eiaethfjmiwm {mfhzecie w{h }cjeie

alm qe {httc{whic hg hfw{e }cjeie& ici acjm h c``mwwe jh acjm h fekm{e qc``mwwe alm qe

tci`cic gme neie) Ì t{ct{ec imffh wmc{eh gmf ~hfc{m alm miw{hic ei ècac fm ahwm`c{em

amiw{hfe ge w}wwh fh qw{}ww}{h jh{|ehih)

Fh jm{am ì fh nc{jh mfmjmiwh{m gmf jcgc ge t{cg}zecim ahtewhfeqweac& }ih gmffm q}m

ah{hwwm{eqwealm mqqmizehfe ì ge mqqm{m ~hfc{m g―}qc tm{ hfw{e& ~hfc{m g―}qc qcaehfm

8>

) ]ikmim t{mqc ge tm{ qå ici ì ~hfc{m& ef ~hfc{m einhwwe ici ì }ih t{ct{emwä neqeah gmf kmim) Fh

jm{am tm{ mqqm{m whfm gm~m mqqm{m qahjkehwh& hfw{ejmiwe ici ì jm{am jh qmjtfeam

t{cgcwwc2 ge aciqm`}mizh ici mqeqwm fh qei`cfh jm{am& mqeqwcic qcfc fm jm{ae alm qe

qahjkehic w{h fc{c) Ef ~hfc{m t}û mqt{ejm{qe qcfc imf {httc{wh{qe ge jm{ae) Fc qactc gmf

t{cg}{{m qh{ä g}ix}m t{cg}{{m x}hfacqh alm ~h qahjkehwh)

Jh t{camgehjc tm{ c{geim) Fh fm``m ge ~hfc{m ì }ih qw{}ww}{h h{weacfhwh ei w{m

ahwm`c{em ncighjmiwhfe? qcqwhizh ge ~hfc{m& `{higmzzh ge ~hfc{m m nc{jh ge ~hfc{m) Fh



> Qejcih Ac~emffc

Eqcicjeh ;44>

ahwm`c{eh t{eiaethfm {mqwh fh jm{am& mqqh ì ah{hwwm{ezzhwh ghf ~hfc{m acjm nc{jh qtmaeneah

ge }i jcgc ge t{cg}zecim) Fh fm``m gmf ~hfc{m `c~m{ih ef jcgmffc gmffh ae{acfhzecim

qmjtfeam) Fh qcqwhizh ge ~hfc{m ì c``mww}hfezzhzecim ge fh~c{c }jhic& mg ì aeû alm

gmwm{jeih fh acj}im }iewä gmf jcigc gmffm jm{ae? ge w}wwm fm jm{ae einhwwe qe t}û ge{m

alm qcic c``mww}hfewä ge fh~c{c hqw{hwwhjmiwm }jhic) F―hqw{hwwh c``mww}hfewä ì }i

{httc{wc qcaehfm tm{alå mqeqwm qcfc ei x}hiwc mqeqwm fc qahjkec ge jm{ae) Ef aciamwwc ge

jm{am mqt{ejm& imffc qahjkec& fh {mhfezzhzecim gmf {httc{wc qcaehfm hww{h~m{qc }i

{httc{wc w{h acqm) Fh qcaehfewä qe lh g}ix}m qcfc imffc qahjkec) Fh qcqwhizh ge ~hfc{m ì

f―hqw{hwwh }iewä ge jm{ae& ì f―mfmjmiwc acj}im gmf jcigc gmffm jm{ae) Fh nc{jh ge ~hfc{m

ì fh jcghfewä ei a}e ef ~hfc{m qe jhienmqwh ,ei mqqh qe amfh }i {httc{wc qcaehfm%? ¢Fh nc{jh

ge ~hfc{m ici gm~m R…Z mqt{ejm{m qcfwhiwc ~hfc{m ei `mim{hfm& jh ~hfc{m gmwm{jeihwc

x}hiwewhwe~hjmiwm cqqeh `{higmzzh ge ~hfc{m²80) Fh `{higmzzh ge ~hfc{m ì fh

gmwm{jeihzecim x}hiwewhwe~h gmffh jm{am)

E tcqqmqqc{e ge jm{ae gc~{hiic h~m{m gmffm tma}feh{ewä t{maeqm? mqqm{m ~e~e& gm~cic

fh~c{h{m m gm~cic h~m{m w{h fm jhie ici t{cgcwwe& jh jm{ae2 t{ct{ec x}mqwm einhwwe im

gmwm{jeihic ef ah{hwwm{m qtmaeneac) X}mqwe eige~eg}e qcic gmwwe gh Jh{| tm{qcim) E

tcqqmqqc{e ge jm{ae imf jcjmiwc ei a}e mnnmww}hic fc qahjkec qe m`}h`fehic) @fe

eige~eg}e qcic aciqegm{hwe gh Jh{| tm{qcieneahzecie gmffm wmc{em macicjealm?

w{c~m{mjc ei `mim{hfm& jhi h jhic alm fh icqw{h mqtcqezecim t{camgm{ä& alm fm jhqalm{m

macicjealm ah{hwwm{eqwealm gmffm tm{qcim qcic qcfwhiwc fm tm{qcieneahzecie ge x}me {httc{we

macicjeae& acjm gmtcqewh{e gme x}hfe mqqe qe w{c~hic f―}ih ge n{ciwm hff―hfw{h)8<

@eä h x}mqwc fe~mffc ì tcqqekefm hnnm{jh{m alm mqeqwm }i ah{hwwm{m acffmwwe~c gmffh

t{cg}zecim? tm{ fc qahjkec a―ì qmjt{m keqcìc ge x}hfa}i hfw{c& aehqa}ic ì hffc qwmqqc

wmjtc jmzzc m neim) Nei gh t{eiaetec f―eige~eg}c ì acqaemiwm ge x}mqwh eiwm{aciimqqecim

acjtfmqqe~h& hialm qm mqqh ici ì `}eghwh gh`fe eige~eg}e alm qahjkehic& hize& whfe

eige~eg}e qcic hèwe ghffm fm`è t{ct{em gmffc qahjkec) Tm{ cìe qei`cfc tcqqmqqc{m ge

jm{ae fh t{ct{eh jm{am ì mqaf}qh& x}eige& ge nhwwc& imqq}ih jm{am ~emim mqaf}qh ghffc

qahjkec?

Qcfwhiwc f―hzecim qcaehfm t}û nh{m ge }ih jm{am gmwm{jeihwh f―mx}e~hfmiwm `mim{hfm) X}eige

f―hzecim qcaehfm ge w}wwm fm jm{ae mqaf}gm }ih jm{am gmwm{jeihwh imffh x}hfm fm hfw{m

{htt{mqmiweic }ie~m{qhfjmiwm e fc{c ~hfc{e) Acqæ fh nc{jh ihw}{hfm ge x}mqwh jm{am ge~miwh

nc{jh ge mx}e~hfmiwm qcaehfjmiwm ~hfegh) Jmgehiwm ef t{camqqc qcaehfm& f―mqqm{m mx}e~hfmiwm




Eqcicjeh ;44>

`mim{hfm ge~miwh n}izecim qcaehfm qtmaeneah gmffh jm{am mqaf}qh) Acqæ mqqh ge~miwh *

gmih{c)85

Ef ~hfc{m g―}qc gmffh jm{am alm n}i`m gh mx}e~hfmiwm `mim{hfm qe {hggctteh? jhiwemim ef

~hfc{m g―}qc q}c th{weacfh{m ge jm{am& jh hqq}jm hialm }i ~hfc{m g―}qc t}{hjmiwm

qcaehfm m acjm whfm ì jm{am }ie~m{qhfm)

F―hihfeqe ge Jh{| ì wmqh h gejcqw{h{m alm& hffh khqm gmff―hwwe~ewä ge qahjkec ae qcic

{mfhzecie qcaehfe2 tm{ x}mqwc fh jm{am eiwmqh acjm qmjtfeam ~hfc{m g―}qc ì qcfc }i

c``mwwc gmffh ihw}{h& mqqh ge~miwh ei~mam mqt{mqqecim ge {httc{we qcaehfe qcfc qm qe

aciqegm{h fh q}h t{ct{emwä ge mqqm{m t{cgcwwc ge fh~c{c }jhic) Fm {mfhzecie qcaehfe alm qe

qwhkefeqacic w{h `fe }cjeie hww{h~m{qc ef t{camqqc jhwm{ehfm ge t{cg}zecim qe ihqacigcic

gemw{c fm {mfhzecie w{h acqm;4)

G}ix}m& fh {et{cg}zecim h~~emim aci fc qahjkec& x}mqwc einhwwe {htt{mqmiwh ef w{hjewm

aci a}e ef t{cgcwwc t{e~hwc ge~miwh qcaehfm2 ì hww{h~m{qc x}mqwc jmgec alm qe {mhfezzh

f―hqw{hwwh }ie~m{qhfewä alm ì imf qei`cfc t{cgcwwc)

7) T{camqqc fh~c{hwe~c }jhic ei hqw{hwwc

X}higc th{fh gmf nmweaeqjc gmffm jm{ae Jh{| qe gcjhigh x}hfm qeh fh ~m{h c{eèim gmf

ah{hwwm{m ge ~hfc{m gmffm jm{ae) Ge am{wc ici qh{ä ef ~hfc{m g―}qc& m

imjjmic ef aciwmi}wc gmffm gmwm{jeihzecie ge ~hfc{m) Tcealå& ei t{ejc f}c`c& tm{ x}hiwc

gennm{miwe tcqqhic mqqm{m e fh~c{e }wefe c fm hwwe~ewä t{cg}wwe~m& ì ~m{ewä neqecfcèah al―mqqe

qcic n}izecie gmff―c{`hieqjc }jhic& m alm w}wwm whfe n}izecie& x}hfm qe qeh ef fc{c aciwmi}wc

m fh fc{c nc{jh& qcic mqqmizehfjmiwm geqtmigec ge am{~mffc& im{~e& j}qacfe& c{`hie

qmiqc{ehfe& maa… }jhie);8

Ef ah{hwwm{m qtmaeneac gmf fh~c{c gm{e~h ghffh q}h nc{jh qcaehfm? t{ct{ec tm{alå hqq}jm

nc{jm qcaehfe gmwm{jeihwm& ef fh~c{c ici ì eiwm{t{mwhwc acjm hwwe~ewä gmf qei`cfc

eige~eg}c& jh acjm hwwe~ewä gmff―}cjc jmjk{c gmffh qcaemwä)

Ge{m jcgc ge t{cg}zecim qeìeneah& tm{ Jh{|& t{cg}zecim m {et{cg}zecim ge }cjeie

acjm ac{tc acffmwwe~c qcaehfm) Jcgc ge t{cg}zecim eigeah ef jcgc ei a}e qe q~cf`m ef

t{camqqc ge t{cg}zecim gmffm acigezecie jhwm{ehfe gmff―mqeqwmizh }jhih) T{cg}{{m

acigezecie jhwm{ehfe g―mqeqwmizh qeìeneah hè{m q}ffh ihw}{h tm{ qcggeqnh{m e keqcìe



< Qejcih Ac~emffc

Eqcicjeh ;44>

gmff―}cjc) Ef fh~c{c }jhic ì tcqezecim ge qactc m& ei x}hiwc hwwe~ewä& mqqc ì hialm

c{emiwhjmiwc m acinc{jewä h qactc) Fh tcqezecim ge qactc ì ef ah{hwwm{m geqweiwe~c gmf

fh~c{c }jhic? jmiw{m f―c{emiwhjmiwc h qactc ì hialm gm`fe hiejhfe& f―}cjc qe

gennm{mizeh tm{alå tcqqemgm }ih ihw}{h eic{`hieah ge a}e m`fe qwmqqc ì a{mhwc{m2

m`fe {mhfezzh imff―mfmjmiwc ihw}{hfm& hffc qwmqqc wmjtc& ef t{ct{ec qactc& gh f}e kmi

acicqae}wc& alm gmwm{jeih acjm fm``m ef jcgc gmf q}c ctm{h{m& m hf x}hfm gm~m q}kc{geih{m

fh q}h ~cfciwä) M x}mqwh q}kc{geihzecim ici ì }i hwwc eqcfhwc) Cfw{m hffc qnc{zc gm`fe c{`hie

alm fh~c{hic& ì imamqqh{eh& tm{ w}wwh fh g}{hwh gmf fh~c{c& fh ~cfciwä acinc{jm hffc qactc&

alm qe mqw{eiqmah acjm hwwmizecim);;

Ef t{camqqc fh~c{hwe~c hqw{hwwc acjt{migm w{m jcjmiwe qmjtfeae? hwwe~ewä acinc{jm h

qactc& c``mwwc ge fh~c{c m jmzze ge fh~c{c) Th{fh{m ge t{camqqc fh~c{hwe~c hqw{hwwc&

qeìeneah alm e q}ce w{m jcjmiwe qmjtfeae m fm q}m nc{jm ge jc~ejmiwc qcic mwm{im

,mwm{ic ì eiwmqc lm`mfehihjmiwm acjm hww{ek}wc ge }ih nc{jh ge jc~ejmiwc alm

imamqqh{ehjmiwm qe {et{cg}am% m qe {mhfezzhic ei w}wwm fm nc{jm ge ~ewh hqqcaehwh)

Fh wm{{h ì f―c``mwwc `mim{hfm gmf fh~c{c }jhic? aci wm{{h qe t}û eiwmigm{m w}wwc aeû

alm qe w{c~h h mqqm{m qmizh aciw{ek}wc gmff―}cjc) Ef fh~c{hwc{m }jhic lh ei jmiwm }ic

qactc& tm{ {mhfezzh{fc qe qm{~m gmffm q}m nhacfwä neqealm m eiwmffmww}hfe& jh hialm ge acqm&

jmzze ge fh~c{c ¢alm `fe qm{~cic gh acig}wwc{m gmffh t{ct{eh hwwe~ewä q} x}mff―c``mwwc²;1)Ef tcwm{m gmff―}cjc qe mqm{aewh q}ff―c``mwwc alm& imf t{camqqc fh~c{hwe~c& ~emim

jcgeneahwc2 fh qtmaeneaewä gmf t{camqqc fh~c{hwe~c }jhic einhwwe& ì ghwh t{ct{ec ghffh

acjkeihzecim ge fh~c{c m c``mwwc ge fh~c{c? ¢ef fh~c{c qe ì c``mwwe~hwc m f―c``mwwc ì

fh~c{hwc²;7)

F―egmh khqm ge Jh{| ì qmizh g}kkec x}mffh ge {eahjkec c{`hieac n{h }cjc m ihw}{h)

Imf fh~c{c& nc{zm m jmzze ejtem`hwe ghff―}cjc ~mi`cic aciq}jhwe hfjmic ei th{wm& jh

qe {ew{c~hic ejtfeaewe imf {eq}fwhwc gmf fh~c{c qwmqqc? tm{ t{cg}{{m hiac{h keqcìh{et{cg}{fe) Ei x}mqwc t{camqqc ge hqqejefhzecim m geqqejefhzecim ae qh{ä imamqqh{ehjmiwm

}i amiw{c hwwe~c {eqtmwwc hg hfw{e mfmjmiwe gmf jc~ejmiwc alm qcic thqqe~e)

[et{cg}zecim qcaehfm acjtfmqqe~h ici ~}cf ge{m qcfc t{cg}zecim m {et{cg}zecim ge

~hfc{e g―}qc ge jm{ae& jh ì {et{cg}zecim kecfcèah ge qm qwmqqe jmgehiwm }i―hwwe~ewä

neihfeqweah eiac{tc{hwh imf fh~c{c) Ei cìe eqwhiwm gmffh qwc{eh }jhih a―ì }i ac{t}q

acffmawe~}j;= alm t{cg}am m {et{cg}am qm qwmqqc) Hf wm{jeim ge cìe t{camqqc qcaehfm qe

w{c~hic t{cgcwwm m {et{cgcwwm fm acigezecie jhwm{ehfe g―mqeqwmizh gm`fe eige~eg}e& jh qe




Eqcicjeh ;44>

w{c~hic hialm {et{cgcwwe e {httc{we w{h x}mqwe eige~eg}e) Cìe t{camqqc ge t{cg}zecim

{et{cg}am ici qcfc {mhfwä jhwm{ehfe jh hialm {mhfwä qcaehfe) E {httc{we ge t{cg}zecim

g}ix}m& ici qcfc eige~eg}hic ge~m{qe jcge ge t{cg}zecim& jh hialm fm nc{jm ge qcaemwä)

Ef t{camqqc ge t{cg}zecim ge~miwh t{camqqc ge t{cg}zecim m {et{cg}zecim ge qå alm ì

f―hwwe~ewä ncighjmiwhfm ge }i c{`hieqjc ~e~miwm) X}mqw―egmh khqm ì acj}im h w}wwm fm

nc{jm ge ~ewh hqqcaehwh?

Ef t{camqqc fh~c{hwe~c acjm fc hkkehjc mqtcqwc ime q}ce jcjmiwe qmjtfeae m hqw{hwwe& ì

hwwe~ewä neihfeqweah tm{ fh t{cg}zecim ge ~hfc{e g―}qc& htt{ct{ehzecim gm`fe mfmjmiwe ihw}{hfe

tm{ e keqcìe }jhie& acigezecim `mim{hfm gmf {eahjkec c{`hieac n{h }cjc m ihw}{h&

acigezecim ihw}{hfm mwm{ih gmffh ~ewh }jhih) Tm{aeû ici hkkehjc h~}wc keqcìc ge

t{mqmiwh{m ef fh~c{hwc{m ei {httc{wc aci `fe hfw{e fh~c{hwc{e) Qcic qwhwe q}nneaemiwe gh }ih th{wmf―}cjc m ef q}c fh~c{c& ghff―hfw{h fh ihw}{h m e q}ce jhwm{ehfe);>

=) Acctm{hzecim

Nc{zm t{cg}wwe~m m jmzze ge t{cg}zecim j}whic h qmacigh gmffm qcaemwä m gmffm mtcalm

qwc{ealm) Ef fh~c{c g}ix}m t{mq}ttcim imamqqh{ehjmiwm acigezecie qcaehfe gmwm{jeihwm mge aciqm`}mizh t{mq}ttcim {httc{we qtmaeneae w{h }cjc#}cjeie& e {httc{we qcaehfe ge

t{cg}zecim)

Nei x}e hkkehjc aciqegm{hwc ¢fh~c{e t{e~hwe h}wcicje m eigetmigmiwe f―}ic

ghff―hfw{c²;0& jh x}mqwc ì }i jcgmffc ge t{cg}zecim gmffm jm{ae ici mqeqwmiwm ei {mhfwä)

Imf fh~c{c ei hqw{hwwc ici a―ì nc{jh ge qcaemwä& jh a―ì fh tcqqekefewä ge q}aamqqecim ge

fh~c{e m acjt{mqmizh ge fh~c{hwc{e& hfw{ejmiwe ici qh{mkkm qtem`hkefm fh geqweizecim w{h

jhwm{eh t{ejh m c``mwwc ge fh~c{c) Ì hqw{hzecim x}eige& jh hqw{hzecim alm tm{jmwwm}fwm{ec{e gmwm{jeihzecie alm qcic ei tcwmizh2 ei x}mqwc qmiqc ef fh~c{c ime q}ce w{m

jcjmiwe hqw{hwwe ì }iewä im`hwe~h& ici ale}gm aecì fm tc{wm h }ih tcqqekefewä {mhfm ge

tf}{hfewä& aciwei}ewä m q}aamqqecim ge fh~c{hwc{e)

Fh acctm{hzecim ei~mam t{mq}ttcim ae qeh }ih qcaemwä) Aci fh acctm{hzecim fh

tf}{hfewä ì ei hwwc tm{ gmneiezecim) Aciwe`}ewä m q}aamqqecim qcic hial―mqqm ei haw} jh

qcwwc }ih nc{jh fcèah th{weacfh{m& qcic aciqegm{hwm aecì qcwwc ef t{cnefc gmff―eia{mjmiwc

x}hiwewhwe~c ,mqmjtec gme j}{hwc{e;<% m x}hfewhwe~c ,mqmjtec gmffh tmqah gmffm h{ei`lm;5%)



84 Qejcih Ac~emffc

Eqcicjeh ;44>

¢Imffh acctm{hzecim tehieneahwh aci hfw{e ef fh~c{hwc{m qe qtc`feh gme q}ce fejewe

eige~eg}hfe m q~ef}tth fh nhacfwä gmffh q}h qtmaem²14) Imffh acctm{hzecim acjth{m fh

tcqqekefewä ge eiwm`{h{m fm nc{zm t{cg}wwe~m gmffh ihw}{h ‑hialm x}e imffh nc{jh gmffh

tcqqekefewä {mhfm) Imffh acctm{hzecim ei qå fc qahjkec ì fh nhqm mqqmizehfm ,qe ì gmwwc

einhwwe alm imffc qahjkec ge c`ie qei`cfc t{cgcwwc fh t{ct{eh jm{am ì mx}e~hfmiwm

}ie~m{qhfm%) E acctm{hiwe gm~cic mqqm{m ahthae ge tc{{m neie m {mhfezzh{fe& gm~cic mqqm{m

ei `{hgc ge jeq}{h{m m qct{hww}wwc gm~cic hqqejefh{m mqtm{emizh }jhih& qcfc wmimigc

t{mqmiwm x}mqwc ghwc ì tcqqekefm acjt{migm{m fc q~ef}ttc gmff―hwwe~ewä m fh

th{amffezzhzecim alm qe lh imffh jhienhww}{h18)

Imffh q}h ne`}{h teõ hqw{hwwh Jh{| gmneieqam fh acctm{hzecim acjm ¢Fh nc{jh gmf

fh~c{c ge jcfwm tm{qcim alm fh~c{hic f―}ih haahiwc hff―hfw{h m f―}ih hqqemjm hff―hfw{hqmacigc }i tehic& ei }ic qwmqqc t{camqqc ge t{cg}zecim& c ei t{camqqe ge t{cg}zecim

gennm{miwe jh aciimqqe…²1;) @eä x}e ì aleh{h f―egmh ge }i tehic acj}im& ge }ih

aciimqqecim w{h e ~h{e t{camqqe t{cg}wwe~e? ¢fh qcjjh jmaahieah gmffm nc{zm gme

fh~c{hwc{e qei`cfe ì qcqwhizehfjmiwm gennm{miwm ghf tcwmizehfm qcaehfm ge nc{zh alm qe

q~ef}tth x}higc jcfwm k{haaeh acctm{hic aciwmjtc{himhjmiwm h }ih qwmqqh ctm{hzecim

acige~eqh²11) Ef fh~c{c hax}eqwh ~hfmizh ge fh~c{c qcaehfm& ei a}e e fejewe eige~eg}hfe

~mi`cic q}tm{hwe ei x}hiwc fc qactc tcqwc ge~miwh qactc acffmwwe~c17

)Acqh ahjkeh imf jcgc ge t{cg}zecim ahtewhfeqweac3 X}e fh nc{jh qtmaeneah aciqeqwm

imf nhwwc alm fm acigezecie c``mwwe~m gmffh t{cg}zecim qe t{mqmiwhic acjm ~hfc{m gh

~hfc{ezzh{m& acjm ahtewhfm& m ef fh~c{c acjm fh~c{c qhfh{ehwc? ¢ef ~hfc{m ge~miwh g}ix}m

~hfc{m ei t{camqqc& gmih{c ei t{camqqc m& acjm whfm& ahtewhfm²1=) Ì t{ct{ec x}mqwh

tma}feh{ewä gmf jcgc ge t{cg}zecim ahtewhfeqweac& ge mqqm{m aecì cfw{m alm t{camqqc

fh~c{hwe~c qcaehfm hialm t{camqqc ge ~hfc{ezzhzecim gmf ahtewhfm& alm ah{hwwm{ezzh fh

acctm{hzecim ahtewhfeqweah?Acjm tm{qcim eigetmigmiwe e fh~c{hwc{e qcic gme qei`cfe e x}hfe miw{hic ei {httc{wc aci fc

qwmqqc ahtewhfm jh ici ei {httc{wc {maet{cac w{h fc{c) Fh fc{c acctm{hzecim acjeiaeh

qcfwhiwc imf t{camqqc fh~c{hwe~c& jh imf t{camqqc fh~c{hwe~c lhiic `eä amqqhwc ge

htth{wmim{m h qm qwmqqe) Miw{higc~e qcic eiac{tc{hwe imf ahtewhfm) Acjm acctm{hiwe& acjm

jmjk{c ge }i c{`hieqjc ctm{hiwm& qcic mqqe qwmqqe qcfwhiwc }i jcgc th{weacfh{m g―mqeqwmizh

gmf ahtewhfm) G}ix}m fh nc{zh t{cg}wwe~h q~ef}tthwh ghf fh~c{hwc{m acjm fh~c{hwc{m qcaehfm

ì nc{zh t{cg}wwe~h gmf ahtewhfm) Fh nc{zh t{cg}wwe~h qcaehfm gmf fh~c{c qe q~ef}tth

`{hw}ewhjmiwm httmih e fh~c{hwc{e ~mi`cic tcqwe ei am{wm acigezecie2 m ef ahtewhfm fe tcim ei




Eqcicjeh ;44>

x}mffm acigezecie) Qeaacjm fh nc{zh t{cg}wwe~h qcaehfm gmf fh~c{c ici acqwh i}ffh hf

ahtewhfm& tm{alå g―hfw{h th{wm ici ~emim q~ef}tthwh ghf fh~c{hwc{m t{ejh alm ef q}c qwmqqc

fh~c{c htth{wmi`h hf ahtewhfm& mqqh qe t{mqmiwh acjm nc{zh t{cg}wwe~h tcqqmg}wh ghf ahtewhfm

tm{ ihw}{h& acjm q}h nc{zh t{cg}wwe~h ejjhimiwm1>)

X}mqwh acctm{hzecim10 ì ef t}iwc ge th{wmizh gmffh t{cg}zecim ahtewhfeqweah) Fm ~maalem

nc{jm ge acctm{hzecim w{h qei`cfe fh~c{hwc{e eigetmigmiwe ~mi`cic q}qq}iwm& ei`fckhwm

ghf ahtewhfm hww{h~m{qc ef j}whjmiwc gmf t{camqqc ge fh~c{c? c{h whiwe fh~c{hwc{e fh~c{hic

tm{ }ic qactc alm ici ì ef fc{c jh ì x}mffc gmf ahtewhfeqwh ,eiwmqc acjm tm{qcieneahzecim

gmf ahtewhfm%) Qm& g}ix}m& imf t{camqqc ge fh~c{c hqw{hwwc c{emiwhjmiwc m tcqezecim ge

qactc m{hic gh aciqegm{h{qe }iewh{ehjmiwm& c{h& aci fh acctm{hzecim imf jcgc ge

t{cg}zecim ahtewhfeqweac& fc qactc ì f―h}wc~hfc{ezzhzecim gmf ahtewhfm mg ì tcqwc ghfahtewhfm qwmqqc& ~cfciwä mqw{himh alm hqqc``mwwh hf t{ct{ec neim f―hwwe~ewä fh~c{hwe~h)

>) Q}qq}izecim nc{jhfm m q}qq}izecim {mhfm) Jhienhww}{h jhaaleim m `{higm

eig}qw{eh

H x}mqwc t}iwc ì mqqmizehfm h~m{ aleh{h fh geqweizecim jh{|ehih w{h q}qq}izecim nc{jhfm ge }i t{camqqc fh~c{hwe~c qcwwc }ih nc{jh qcaehfm ge t{cg}zecim& m q}qq}izecim {mhfm ge

}i t{camqqc fh~c{hwe~c h i}c~e {httc{we ahthae ge jcgeneah{fc ei jhiem{h {hgeahfm)

C`ie t{camqqc ge t{cg}zecim lh gmffm th{weacfh{e acjtcimiwe wmaiealm m jhwm{ehfe

t{ct{em ge }ih gmwm{jeihwh nc{jh qcaehfm? ¢Acj}iewä gennm{miwe w{c~hic gennm{miwe jmzze

ge t{cg}zecim m gennm{miwe jmzze ge q}qqeqwmizh imf fc{c hjkemiwm ihw}{hfm²1<) Whfe khqe

wmaiealm tm{û tcqqcic mqqm{m qmth{hwm ghffh fc{c nc{jh qcaehfm tm{ mqqm{m q}qq}iwm ei

}i―hfw{h) Ef {httc{wc alm qe a{mh w{h fh nc{jh qcaehfm i}c~h m ef ~maalec jcgc ge

t{cg}zecim& ì }i {httc{wc ge q}qq}izecim nc{jhfm ,fm ~maalem acjtcimiwe jhwm{ehfe qcic

q}kc{geihwm hf i}c~c jcgmffc qcaehfm%) Tcealå qe w{hwwh ge }i t{camqqc& mqqc qh{ä

imamqqh{ehjmiwm geihjeac& tm{ a}e imamqqh{ehjmiwm i}c~m khqe wmaiealm qe hgm`}m{hiic

hffh nc{jh qcaehfm) Whfm ac{{eqtcigmizh nh qæ alm ef {httc{wc w{h khqm wmaieah m nc{jh

qcaehfm gh nc{jhfm qe nh {mhfm15) Ef jc~ejmiwc gmffm nc{jm ahjkeh ef aciwmi}wc qwmqqc) Fh

q}qq}izecim {mhfm g}ix}m& ì whfm x}higc ef aciwmi}wc ì acinc{jm hffh nc{jh) Imf jcgc

ge t{cg}zecim ahtewhfeqweac ì fh neihfewä acjtfmqqe~h alm q}qq}jm fh acctm{hzecim)



8; Qejcih Ac~emffc

Eqcicjeh ;44>

Qe ì èä ~eqwc acjm fh acctm{hzecim qe ncigh q} nc{jm acffmwwe~m ge fh~c{c& q} nc{jm ge

acctm{hzecim n{h fh~c{hwc{e imf t{camqqc t{cg}wwe~c2 qe ncigh aecì q} fh~c{c qcaehfm)

Qm fh acctm{hzecim ei qå ici ì imamqqh{ehjmiwm ncighwh q}ffh ge~eqecim gmf fh~c{c& fh

jhienhww}{h ei~mam fh t{mq}ttcim) Fh jhienhww}{h qaci~cf`m fh ge~eqecim qcaehfm gmf

fh~c{c& hialm qm ¢ef jmqwem{m {ejhim fh khqm) X}mqwh khqm wmaieah {eqw{mwwh mqaf}gm

}i―hihfeqe {mhfjmiwm qaemiweneah imf t{camqqc ge t{cg}zecim& tm{alå cìe t{camqqc

th{zehfm tm{ac{qc ghf t{cgcwwc gm~―mqqm{m mqm`}ekefm acjm fh~c{c th{zehfm h{weèhihfm²74)

Icicqwhiwm f―hjkewc {eqw{mwwc gmffh q}h khqm wmaieah& imffh jhienhww}{h lhiic c{eèim

fm acigezecie jhwm{ehfe gmf jcgc ge t{cg}zecim ahtewhfeqweac? fh q}qq}izecim hff―eiezec ì

qcfc nc{jhfm ,imffh jhienhww}{h mwm{c`mimh einhwwe& e fh~c{hwc{e fh~c{hic ei ahqh

icicqwhiwm f―hwwe~ewä h{weèhih qeh èä qwhwh qacjtcqwh%& jh x}higc ef t{camqqc fh~c{hwe~ct{migm nc{jh gmf ahtewhfm ,imffh jhienhww}{h c{`hieah w}wwe e fh~c{hwc{e qcic {haacfwe ei

}ic qwmqqc mgeneaec m fh~c{hic }ic qwmqqc c``mwwc tm{ nhqe q}aamqqe~m% fh q}qq}izecim

ge~miwh {mhfm78) Fc q~ef}ttc gmf jhaaleih{ec imffm nhkk{ealm qcqwew}eqam ef fh~c{c

h{weèhihfm alm lh hiac{h ncighjmiwh imffh jhienhww}{h) Qe w{hqnc{jh ei jhiem{h {hgeahfm

ef {httc{wc w{h fh~c{hwc{m m t{camqqc t{cg}wwe~c? jmiw{m imffh jhienhww}{h ef fh~c{hwc{m qe

qm{~e~h gmffc qw{}jmiwc& imffh nhkk{eah ì ef fh~c{hwc{m alm qm{~m fh jhaaleih2 qm imffh

jhienhww}{h a―m{h }i c{`hieqjc ~e~miwm& ¢imffh nhkk{eah mqeqwm }i jmaahieqjc jc{wcR…Z e fh~c{hwc{e qcic eiac{tc{hwe acjm httmigeae }jhim²7;) Imffh jhienhww}{h ef fh~c{c

ge~emim jcfwc teõ mnneaemiwm ge x}hiwc ici fc ncqqm imffh t{cg}zecim h{weèhihfm& tm{ fh

w{hqnc{jhzecim gmf t{camqqc ge t{cg}zecim ei qmjtfeae ctm{hzecie mqm`}ewm

jmaahieahjmiwm71) X}mqwc wetc ge ge~eqecim wmaieah gmf fh~c{c& {migm tcqqekefm ef

thqqh`èc hffh t{cg}zecim ge jhqqh ei a}e ~mi`cic ejtem`hwe hialm fh~c{hwc{e ici

qtmaehfezzhwe ,acjm khjkeie m gciim& qeic h c{h {ejhqwe n}c{e ghf t{camqqc t{cg}wwe~c%)

Fh ge~eqecim gmf fh~c{c cfw{mthqqh fh kh{{em{h {htt{mqmiwhwh ghf fh~c{c qtmaehfezzhwc) Fhjhienhww}{h geqw{}``m f―eigetmigmizh gmf t{cg}wwc{m m fc w{hqnc{jh ei }i ‖fh~c{hwc{m

eiacjtfmwc‚& fm ctm{hzecie alm mqm`}m ge~miwhic jcicwcim) Ì t{ct{ec x}mqwc alm

mqt{ejm fh ge~m{qh ihw}{h gm`fe hqtmwwe gmffh acctm{hzecim qmjtfeam m gmffh jhienhww}{h)

Fh `{higm eig}qw{eh lh ncighjmiwc imffh jhienhww}{h& jh h }i am{wc t}iwc ,fcèac(%

mqqh miw{h ei acinfewwc acf qcqw{hwc h{weèhihfm alm f―lh ah{hwwm{ezzhwh) Aeû qeìeneah

{e~cf}zecihjmiwc gmf t{camqqc qcaehfm ge t{cg}zecim? ef fh~c{hwc{m gh eige~eg}c eqcfhwc

ge~miwh qmjt{m teõ qcaehfezzhwc& m& imffh `{higm eig}qw{eh& ge~miwh }ih imamqqewä wmaieah



87 Qejcih Ac~emffc

Eqcicjeh ;44>

q―m{h w{c~hwh kmff―m nhwwh m alm tce h~m~h aciwei}hwc hg mfhkc{h{m imff―hiweah nc{jh& m q―ì

gc~}wh a{mh{m }ih i}c~h khqm ac{{eqtcigmiwm hf t{ct{ec jcgc ge t{cg}zecim7=)

Qe a{mh g}ix}m }ih ac{{eqtcigmizh w{h khqm wmaieah m nc{jh qcaehfm& jh tcealå whfm

acjthwekefewä ì }i jcjmiwc gmf t{camqqc& mqqh ici tcw{ä alm mqqm{m t{c~~eqc{eh)

0) Ef ahtewhfm acjm {httc{wc qcaehfm

Fh t{ejh gmneiezecim alm Jh{| gä ge ahtewhfm ì fh qm`}miwm?

Qm nhaaehjc hqw{hzecim ghf aciwmi}wc jhwm{ehfm gmffh ae{acfhzecim gmffm jm{ae& ghffc

qahjkec gme ~h{e ~hfc{e g―}qc& m aciqegm{ehjc qcfwhiwc fm nc{jm macicjealm `mim{hwm gh

x}mqwc t{camqqc& w{c~ehjc alm q}c }fwejc t{cgcwwc ì ef gmih{c) X}mqwc }fwejc t{cgcwwc

gmffh ae{acfhzecim gmffm jm{ae ì fh t{ejh nc{jh nmicjmieah gmf ahtewhfm7>)

Tcealå ef gmih{c ì {htt{mqmiwhiwm }ie~m{qhfm gmffh {eaalmzzh& mqqc ì& acjm whfm& }ih

aciw{hggezecim ei qm qwmqqc& tm{alå& t}{ ici h~migc x}hiwewhwe~hjmiwm }i fejewm *ghf

jcjmiwc alm aciamww}hfjmiwm t}û {htt{mqmiwh{m w}wwh fh {eaalmzzh*& ì ge nhwwc }ih

x}hiwewä gmwm{jeihwh) Acjm {htt{mqmiwhiwm }ie~m{qhfm gmffh {eaalmzzh& ef gmih{c gc~{ä

hffh neim ici qcfc mqqm{m gmih{c jh gmih{c h}jmiwhwc) Ef gmih{c ei qm qwmqqc ici ì

ahtewhfm& ge~emim ahtewhfm qcfc x}higc ì }qhwc tm{ jcfwetfeah{m ~hfc{m2 mqqc ici ì

ahtewhfm qm ì qcfc eiwm{jmgeh{ec gmffc qahjkec gmffm jm{ae ,J*G*J%) Fh jm{am& ei~mam&

gm~m mqqm{m ef w{hjewm tm{ {ecwwmim{m teõ gmih{c? G*J*G―& gc~m G― ì jh``ec{m ge G) Ei

whf ahqc ef gmih{c ì ef ~hfc{m ei t{camqqc70) Ef ahtewhfm ì x}mqwc t{camqqc& tm{ a}e G

thqqhigc hww{h~m{qc fh ae{acfhzecim gmffm jm{ae hffh neim {eq}fwh h}jmiwhwc ,G―%) Qe gc~{ä

hffc{h geqwei`}m{m w{h gmih{c acjm ahtewhfm m gmih{c acjm gmih{c h qmacigh gmffm q}m

n}izecihfewä) Fc qactc gmf t{camqqc G*J*G ì x}mffc ge h~m{m }i eia{mjmiwc

x}hiwewhwe~c& jmiw{m imffh ae{acfhzecim qmjtfeam fc qactc m{h f―htt{ct{ehzecim ge ~hfc{e

g―}qc tm{ fh qcggeqnhzecim gme keqc`ie) Jh tm{ h~m{m G― ef ~hfc{m gm~m mqqm{m h}jmiwhwc&

jmiw{m imffh ae{acfhzecim qmjtfeam

ei jhic hffc qwmqqc tcqqmqqc{m ge jm{ae {ejhim fc qwmqqc ~hfc{m& aecì fh qwmqqh x}hiwewä ge

fh~c{c qcaehfm c``mwwe~hwc& imffh nc{jh& t{ejh& gmffh q}h jm{am& tce gmf gmih{c imf x}hfm qe

w{hqnc{jh& eineim gmffh jm{am imffh x}hfm x}mqwc gmih{c qe j}wh) X}mqwc ahjkehjmiwc gmffh

nc{jh ge jm{am ici ejtfeah imqq}ih j}whzecim gmffh `{higmzzh ge ~hfc{m)7<



Ef jcgmffc ge {et{cg}zecim qcaehfm acjtfmqqe~h 8=

Eqcicjeh ;44>

Ge nhwwc& fh ae{acfhzecim gmffm jm{ae ici t}û tc{wh{m hf aciamwwc ge ahtewhfm2 ghf qmjtfeam

t{camqqc ge ae{acfhzecim ici ì tcqqekefm h~m{m teõ gmih{c gmffh x}hiwewä hjjmqqh

eiezehfjmiwm) Ef ahjkehjmiwc g}ix}m gm~m mqqm{m am{ahwc hfw{c~m& aecì imffm jm{ae m

qtmaeneahwhjmiwm ei x}mffh nc{jh th{weacfh{m ge jm{am alm ì fh nc{zh*fh~c{c) Fh nc{zh*

fh~c{c ì fh ahthaewä ge fh~c{h{m hax}eqwhkefm acjm jm{am2 ici ì f―hwwe~ewä fh~c{hwe~h

acjm whfm& jh mqqh ì f―mqqm{m ei `{hgc ge fh~c{h{m alm ~emim ~mig}wc ,fh~c{h{m ei

tcwmizh& ici ei hwwc%) Fh ahwm`c{eh alm miw{h ei ècac h x}mqwc t}iwc ì x}mffh gmffh

~migekefewä gmffh ahthaewä ge fh~c{h{m) Ei {mhfwä& ef t{camqqc ici ì G*J*G―& jh G*J*J―*

G―& gm~m mqqm{ae aecì }ih jm{am alm hkkeh }i eia{mjmiwc ge ~hfc{m m alm ge~miwe G―2 tm{

nh{m aeû gm~m qcfc mqqm{m ~migekefm m w{c~h{m hax}e{miwe) Ef t{mq}ttcqwc ejtfeaewc gmffh

t{cg}zecim qmjtfeam m{h alm w}wwe t{cg}amqqm{c ef fc{c t{cgcwwc& c{h& fh nc{zh*fh~c{cqwmqqh ì }ih jm{am? ef fh~c{hwc{m alm ~h q}f jm{ahwc ici lh t{cgcwwc& gc~{ä t{cg}{{m

q}aamqqe~hjmiwm& t{ejh ~migm nc{zh*fh~c{c) Ef fh~c{hwc{m alm ~migm nc{zh*fh~c{c ì

fekm{c ei g}m qmiqe? ~migm fekm{hjmiwm fh t{ct{eh ahthaewä ge fh~c{h{m m fc nh gh tm{qcih

fekm{h ,imf qmiqc alm ici ì è}{egeahjmiwm acqw{mwwc%2 ì fekm{c tm{û hialm tm{alå ì t{e~c

ge jmzze ge t{cg}zecim m ge c``mwwe ge fh~c{c) X}mqwc ì ef t}iwc g―eiezec aciamww}hfm gmf

jcgc ge t{cg}zecim ahtewhfeqweac) Ef ~hfc{m ge x}mqwh jm{am#nc{zh*fh~c{c ì ef wmjtc

qcaehfjmiwm imamqqh{ec tm{ {et{cg}{fh& acjm w}wwm fm jm{ae) Jh ef ~hfc{m ì ei tcwmizhimff―eige~eg}c& x}eige ef ~hfc{m gmffh jm{am#nc{zh*fh~c{c aceiaegm aci e jmzze imamqqh{e

tm{ wmim{m ei ~ewh `fe eige~eg}e qei`cfe& jh hialm eiwmqe acjm ahwm`c{eh qcaehfm)

Mqeqwm{ä g}ix}m }i fejewm jeiejc gmf qhfh{ec alm ì ef qhfh{ec ge q}qqeqwmizh& jh

x}mqwc qh{ä }ih `{higmzzh ge ~hfc{m alm wmigm{ä h ahjkeh{m ei n}izecim gmf t{c`{mqqc

}jhic) Ef ahtewhfeqwh ici th`h ef fh~c{c jh th`h fh nc{zh*fh~c{c& aecì ef fh~c{c ei

tcwmizh& tm{alå ef fh~c{c ei hwwc ,ef t{cgcwwc% `fe htth{wemim) Ef ahtewhfeqwh tm{û t}û

`}hghìh{m qcfc ici th`higc }i wcw ge c{m hf fh~c{hwc{m& tm{alå& qm x}mqw―}fwejcfh~c{hqqm qcfwhiwc tm{ ef wmjtc imamqqh{ec hffh t{ct{eh t{cg}zecim& {meiwm`{m{mkkm qcfc ef

gmih{c alm ef ahtewhfeqwh h~m~h hiweaethwc acjt{higc nc{zh*fh~c{c) Ah{hwwm{eqweah weteah

gmf jcgc ge t{cg}zecim ahtewhfeqweac ì fh t{cg}zecim ge tf}q~hfc{m ,qactc ge{mwwc gmffh

t{cg}zecim%)

W}wwh x}mqw―hihfeqe acqwew}eqam fh khqm ge x}hiwc qcqwmi}wc imffh th{wm neihfm gmf EEE

fek{c gmf Ahtewhfm& gc~m ef ahtewhfm ì aciqegm{hwc ici acjm qcjjh gme jmzze jhwm{ehfe

ge t{cg}zecim jh imf q}c ah{hwwm{m qcaehfm75) Tm{ Jh{| ahtewhfm ì fh wcwhfewä gme {httc{we



8> Qejcih Ac~emffc

Eqcicjeh ;44>

ge t{cg}zecim& {httc{we alm gmwm{jeihic fh ihw}{h m fh qcqwhizh gmff―eiwm{h nc{jhzecim

qcaecmacicjeah) Ef ahtewhfm ici ì }ih acqh jh }i {httc{wc qcaehfm&

Ef ahtewhfm ì fh {htt{mqmiwhzecim ge }i t{camqqc ge n}qecim gmffm tcwmizm qmjtfeae miw{c }ih

nc{jh qwc{eah ge {mfhzecie qcaehfe) Mqqc ì tm{û imf aciwmjtc fh {htt{mqmiwhzecim gme fejewe m

gmffm kh{{em{m n{httcqwe h x}mf t{camqqc ge n}qecim& alm qcic ghwe ghf nhwwc alm imf qeqwmjh

ahtewhfeqweac& fm tcwmizm qcic& tm{ x}mf alm {e`}h{gh ef fhwc qc``mwwe~c gmffm nc{zm t{cg}wwe~m&

acqw{mwwm h {htt{mqmiwh{m }ih th{wm alm wmigm h {eg}{fm h qmjtfeae ei`{mgemiwe gmffm {mfhzecie

acqhfe)=4

H th{we{m ghff―eigh`eim q}f jcgc ge t{cg}zecim ahtewhfeqweac Jh{| am{ah }i jmwcgc tm{

{etmiqh{m fh qcaemwä imf q}c acjtfmqqc)

<) Hfemihzecim

Hf aciamwwc ge ahtewhfm ì fm`hwc ef aciamwwc ge hfemihzecim& x}mqwc aciwemim f―egmh gmf

t{cgcwwc gmffm jhie m gmffh jmiwm gmff―}cjc& t{cgcwwc alm ge~emim eigetmigmiwm m alm

qn}``m hf aciw{cffc gmff―}cjc qwmqqc)

Qe ì ~eqwc alm fc qahjkec gmffm jm{ae ì }i {eq}fwhwc gmffh ge~eqecim qcaehfm gmf fh~c{cgh }i fhwc m gmffh qmth{hzecim gme t{cgcwwe ghff―hfw{c) E t{cg}wwc{e qe qahjkehic w{h fc{c

~hfc{e g―}qc ge~m{qe) Imf t{camqqc ge qahjkec qe tm{gm f―egmh alm qe qahjkeh ef t{ct{ec

fh~c{c& alm fh khqm tm{ fc qahjkec ì ef fh~c{c }jhic hqw{hwwc m qcaehfjmiwm imamqqh{ec

eiac{tc{hwc ime t{cgcwwe) Im gm{e~h f―eff}qecim alm fc qahjkec qeh gmwm{jeihwc ghffm

x}hfewä t{ct{em ge }ih acqh? fm {mfhzecie w{h e t{cg}wwc{e htthecic acjm {mfhzecie w{h acqm)

Imf t{camqqc ge qahjkec jmgehwc ghf gmih{c& fm hzecie gm`fe eige~eg}e hax}eqwhic

}i―mqeqwmizh h}wcicjh m hqq}jcic fh nc{jh ge x}hfewä alm geqwei`}cic fm acqm)Ihqacqwc imf nmweaeqjc gmffm jm{ae a―ì g}ix}m ef aciqmiqc }jhic hff―hfemihzecim gmffh

nc{zh t{cg}wwe~h m f―eiahthaewä gmff―}cjc ge aciqegm{h{m e t{cgcwwe acjm t{ct{e=8) Imf

ahtewhfeqjc ef nmweaeqjc gme {httc{we qcaehfe hax}eqwh i}c~c ~hfc{m& hialm tm{alå fh

nc{zh*fh~c{c qwmqqh ge~emim }ih jm{am) F―hkefewä gmff―}cjc ì hax}eqwhwh m ~mig}wh acjm

c`ie hfw{h jm{am=;) F―hfemihzecim gmf t{camqqc fh~c{hwe~c qe jhienmqwh& w{h f―hfw{c& hialm

imf nhwwc alm e t{c`{mqqe gmffh t{cg}wwe~ewä gmf fh~c{c qe {e~cf`cic aciw{c ef fh~c{hwc{m m

aeû wmigm h mfejeih{m ef q}c eiwm{mqqm tm{ je`fec{hjmiwe wmaieae m c{`hiezzhwe~e) Fc




Eqcicjeh ;44>

q~ef}ttc gmffh ge~eqecim gmf fh~c{c i}cam hf qei`cfc fh~c{hwc{m acqw{mwwc h }ih qm{em ge

ctm{hzecie fejewhwm m jcicwcim) Fm jhaaleim t{e~hic ef q}c fh~c{c ge aciwmi}wc)

F―mqt{ct{ehzecim gmf qei`cfc fh~c{hwc{m ì whfm tm{alå m`fe nh th{wm ge }i t{camqqc

fh~c{hwe~c acjtfmqqe~c? fh nc{zh t{cg}wwe~h eige~eg}hfm& }iewh hg hfw{m qei`cfm nc{zm& a{mh

}ih t{cg}wwe~ewä ge jhqqh alm ~h cfw{m fh qcjjh h{ewjmweah gmffm qei`cfm nc{zm) X}mqwh

nc{zh ge jhqqh ì `{hweq tm{ ef ahtewhfeqwh alm th`h e fh~c{hwc{e t{mqe qei`cfh{jmiwm) Aeû ge

a}e qe htt{ct{eh ef ahtewhfeqwh ici ì ef qei`cfc fh~c{c jh ef fh~c{c acj}im m x}eige fh q}h

qcaehfewä2 ì mqt{ct{ehzecim gmff―hwwe~ewä }jhih ei x}hiwc hwwe~ewä acffmwwe~h) Neialå ef

fh~c{c aciqeqwm~h ei }i―hkefewä qc``mwwe~h& mqqc {htt{mqmiwh~h hialm fh acicqamizh ge qå&

x}higc ef fh~c{c hqq}jm fh nc{jh ge qmjtfeam m{c`hzecim ge nc{zh*fh~c{c qe qmth{h ghffh

acicqamizh) Fc q~eiacfhjmiwc ghffm eiafeihzecie tm{qcihfe qhiaeqam fh n{hiw}jhzecimgmf fh~c{c ,acqh alm hqq}jm jh`èc{m {efm~hizh aci ef qeqwmjh gmffm jhaaleim%2 ef fh~c{c

~emim ge~eqc ghffh q}h t{ct{eh acicqamizh)

5) Ihw}{h& fekm{wä m tcqqekefewä gmff―hzecim

H x}mqwc t}iwc ef ghwc gh wmim{ t{mqmiwm ì alm& imf jcjmiwc ei a}e qe a{mh }ih i}c~hkhqm wmaieah& qe w{hqnc{jhic whiwc e {httc{we gm`fe }cjeie w{h fc{c x}hiwc ef {httc{wc

gmff―}cjc aci fh ihw}{h) Qe ì acigcwwh einhwwe x}mqw―hihfeqe tm{alå ae qmjk{h alm Jh{|

am{ahqqm ge acjt{migm{m fh qcqwhizh gme {httc{we {mhfe gm`fe eige~eg}e aci fh ihw}{h m

gmffm acigezecie jhwm{ehfe gmffh t{cg}zecim) Tm{ Jh{| f―}cjc ì mqqm{m ihw}{hfm alm qe

{mhfezzh imf fh~c{c) E keqcìe }jhie qcic ef jcwc{m gmff―hwwe~ewä qcaehfm& tm{aeû fc

q~ef}ttc macicjeac m wmaieac acqwew}eqam fh khqm gmffc q~ef}ttc gmff―}jhiewä) H~migc

acjm qactc ef qcggeqnhaejmiwc gme keqcìe }jhie fh wmaieah a{mh qmjt{m i}c~e keqcìe?¢Acjm }ih qcaemwä ici t}û qjmwwm{m ge aciq}jh{m& acqæ ici t}û qjmwwm{m ge t{cg}{{m)

X}eige cìe t{camqqc qcaehfm ge t{cg}zecim& aciqegm{hwc ei }i imqqc aciwei}c m imf

nf}e{m acqwhiwm gmf q}c {eiic~h{qe& ì eiqemjm t{camqqc ge t{cg}zecim²=1)

Fm qcaemwä g}ix}m wmigcic h {et{cg}{qe tm{ qct{h~~e~m{m2 ae qcic x}eige gmffm acqwhiwe

hqw{hwwm& imf qmiqc alm }ih qcaemwä n}w}{h gm~m a{mh{m fm khqe gmffh t{ct{eh mqeqwmizh) Ì ef

fh~c{c qwmqqc alm gc~{ä {et{cg}{{m fh th{wm imamqqh{eh hffh t{ct{eh {et{cg}zecim)



8< Qejcih Ac~emffc

Eqcicjeh ;44>

Cìe acine`}{hzecim ahtewhfeqweah gmf t{cg}{{m ì whfm tm{ a}e ei cìe eqwhiwm& fm q}m

acine`}{hzecie qh{hiic tcqwm m im`hwm2 whfm jc~ejmiwc ì ef jcgc ge t{cg}zecim

ahtewhfeqweac ~m{c m t{ct{ec) E t{mq}ttcqwe gmf jcgc ge t{cg}zecim ahtewhfeqweac qcic?

f―haa}j}fhzecim ge }ih am{wh x}hiwewä ge gmih{c m fh qmth{hzecim w{h jmzze ge fh~c{c m

nc{zh*fh~c{c) Ì ef t{camqqc qwmqqc alm a{mh fm t{ct{em t{m*acigezecie& qcic t{mq}ttcqwe

tcqwe ghf ahtewhfm& x}eige qcic qeh {eq}fwhwc alm t}iwc ge th{wmizh gmf t{camqqc

q}aamqqe~c) F―egmh ì alm ef t{camqqc ici lh keqcìc g―}qae{m gh qm qwmqqc tm{ n}izecih{m

ac{{mwwhjmiwm) Aeû alm gm~m mqqm{m {ea{mhwc qcic e jmzze ge fh~c{c m f―haa}j}fhzecim ge

ahtewhfm#gmih{c& x}mqwc tm{alå ef fh~c{c ì hfemihwc& imf qmiqc alm ~emim ~mig}wc&

¢htt{ct{ehwc ghf ahtewhfeqwh m eiac{tc{hwc hf ahtewhfm& g}{hiwm ef t{camqqc ef q}c fh~c{c qe

c``mwwe~h acqwhiwmjmiwm ei t{cgcwwe hfw{}e²=7) Th{wm ge x}hiwc ~mig}wc gm~m mqqm{mt{cgcwwc ei ~eqwh gmffh t{cg}zecim& th{wm eiwm`{hiwm gmf t{cg}{{m ì {ea{mh{m fm khqe

jhwm{ehfe gmffh {et{cg}zecim)

Ef jcgc ge t{cg}zecim ahtewhfeqweac ahjkeh {hgeahfjmiwm ef {httc{wc }cjc#}cjeie m

}cjc#ihw}{h tm{alå ei mqqc fh t{cg}zecim ì neim h qm qwmqqh& aecì tcim e q}ce c``mwwe

acjm jmzze gmf t{cg}{{m) Eicfw{m& fh neihfewä gmffh t{cg}zecim ici ì teõ fh {et{cg}zecim

jh f―eia{mjmiwc gmf gmih{c ei~mqwewc& t{cg}zecim ge tf}q~hfc{m) Fh~c{c ~e~c m ~cfciwä

acinc{jm h qactc qe qaeigcic& ef fh~c{hwc{m ici acicqam m ici {mhfezzh teõ ef t{ct{ecqactc& ef t{cgcwwc ì ~eqq}wc acjm hfw{c gh qå) F―}cjc ici ì teõ qc``mwwc gmffh q}h

hwwe~ewä jh ge~miwh c``mwwc& mqqc ì {meneahwc2 ge aciqm`}mizh& hialm fm {mfhzecie qcaehfe qe

jcgeneahic? e {httc{we ge~miwhic qmjt{m teõ {httc{we w{h acqm m ici w{h }cjeie==)

Ef fh~c{c ei x}hiwc ah{hwwm{eqweah t{ct{eh gmff―}cjc& ef fh~c{c acjm tcqezecim ge qactc

gmf fh~c{hwc{m& qactc gh f}e kmi acicqae}wc& aciwemim ei qå f―egmh ge fekm{wä) Fh fekm{wä h

a}e nh {enm{ejmiwc Jh{| ici ì }i t{ckfmjh eige~eg}hfm& jh {e`}h{gh `fe eige~eg}e {e}iewe

ei qcaemwä& ici qei`cfe& jh {httc{we w{h }cjc m }cjc) Nei x}higc ef t{camqqc get{cg}zecim qcaehfm qe khqh q} nc{jm hiwh`cieqwealm ge {httc{we ge t{cg}zecim& fh fekm{wä

~emim im`hwh) Imf qeqwmjh ge nhkk{eah m imffh `{higm eig}qw{eh a―ì }i―ei~m{qecim w{h

jmzzc m c``mwwc ge fh~c{c& ef fh~c{c ~e~c ici tcim fc qactc jh getmigm ghffc qactc

tcqwc ghf ahtewhfm) E fh~c{hwc{e ici `c~m{ihic teõ fh fc{c t{cg}zecim ei jcgc hgm`}hwc

hffh fc{c geìewä ge }cjeie& t{ct{ec tm{ fh t{cncigh jcgeneahzecim gmf {httc{wc

}cjc#ihw}{h? ¢“f―eig}qw{eh ì fh ne`}{h mqw{hiehwh gmffh ihw}{h― ‑mqw{hiehwh tm{alå imf




Eqcicjeh ;44>

t{camqqc gmffh qwc{eh gmff―}jhiewä ~emim mqw{hiehwc ef fh~c{c& acjm {httc{wc “ihw}{hfm―

gmff―}cjc hffh ihw}{h²=>)

Ei }ih nc{jh qcaehfm ef a}e neim gmffh t{cg}zecim ì f―haa}j}fhzecim m& fh q}h n}izecim

ì f―ei~mqwejmiwc ge ahtewhfm te}wwcqwc alm fh qcggeqnhzecim gme keqcìe }jhie& qe a{mh }ih

aciw{hggezecim alm hqq}jm fh nc{jh ge }i acinfewwc qcaehfm) Jh fc q~ef}ttc gmffh

t{cg}wwe~ewä gmf fh~c{c a{mh fm acigezecie jhwm{ehfe tm{ fh qcf}zecim ge x}mff―hiwh`cieqjc

hww{h~m{qc ef q}tm{hjmiwc gmffm maamqqe~m nc{jhzecie macicjeac*qcaehfe? ¢ge nhwwc ef

{mìc gmffh fekm{wä acjeiaeh qcfwhiwc fä gc~m amqqh ef fh~c{c gmwm{jeihwc ghffh imamqqewä

m ghffh neihfewä mqwm{ih2 qe w{c~h x}eige tm{ q}h ihw}{h cfw{m fh qnm{h gmffh t{cg}zecim

jhwm{ehfm ~m{h m t{ct{eh²) F―mqthiqecim gme keqcìe }jhie m fh fcwwh tm{ qcggeqnh{fe

gmwm{jeihic fc q~ef}ttc ge i}c~m nc{zm t{cg}wwe~m alm tc{whic h }ic qwhgec q}tm{ec{m geae~efwä) Tm{ gcjeih{m fh aemah nc{zh macicjeah ¢f―}cjc qcaehfezzhwc& aecì e t{cg}wwc{e

hqqcaehwe {m`cfhic {hzecihfjmiwm ef fc{c {eahjkec c{`hieac aci fh ihw}{h& fc tc{whic

qcwwc ef fc{c acj}im aciw{cffc²=0) F―egmh ì alm fh afhqqm gm`fe eige~eg}e alm t{cg}acic

~hfc{m m tf}q~hfc{m qe {ehtt{ct{e gme jmzze ge t{cg}zecim& f―egmh ge }ih {ehax}eqwhwh

fekm{wä ,fekm{wä eiwmqh lm`mfehihjmiwm acjm tmiqem{c& ahthaewä ge tc{{m qacte m

{mhfezzh{fe% ì }ih tcqqekefewä {mhfm eiwm{ih hf t{camqqc gmffh {et{cg}zecim qcaehfm

acjtfmqqe~h)[eacqw{}migc fm nc{jm ge jc~ejmiwc ei a}e qe hww}h ef {httc{wc }cjc*ihw}{h Jh{|

icwh alm imffm nc{jm ¢ei a}e gcjeih fh t{ct{emwä ncigeh{eh ef {httc{wc aci fh ihw}{h ì

hiac{h gcjeihiwm²=<) Imffm nc{jm ei~mam ei a}e gcjeih ef ahtewhfm ¢t{m~hfm f―mfmjmiwc

qcaehfm& t{cgcwwc qwc{eahjmiwm² neialå x}higc fm acigezecie gmffh {eaalmzzh {mhfm ici

getmigcic teõ ghffm acigezecie ihw}{hfe m ghf wmjtc m ghffh x}hiwewä ge fh~c{c ¢jh ghffc

qwhwc `mim{hfm gmffh qaemizh m ghf t{c`{mqqc gmffh wmaicfcèh& c ghff―httfeahzecim ge

x}mqwh qaemizh hffh t{cg}zecim²

=5

qe a{mhic fm acigezecie tm{ ¢ef fekm{c q~ef}ttc gmffmeige~eg}hfewä²>4) Ei hfw{m th{cfm Jh{| etcwezzh alm ef {httc{wc }cjc#ihw}{h m

}cjc#}cjeie tcqqh {eqcf~m{qe ei }ih acjtfmwh hnnm{jhzecim gmffh fekm{h hwwe~ewä

eige~eg}hfm)

Ei x}hiwc nc{jh ge jc~ejmiwc ge }i t{camqqc& fh acjthwekefewä w{h }ih nc{jh qcaehfm

m }ih khqm jhwm{ehfm ici ì jhe gmneiewe~h& mqqh ì ei~mam }ih {mhfwä ei acqw{}zecim jhe

egmiweah h qm qwmqqh qmtt}{ aci e t{mq}ttcqwe gmf thqqhwc) Fh nc{jh ahtewhfeqweah ge

t{cg}zecim q~ef}tth fm khqe jhwm{ehfe ,ef jhaaleieqjc%& jh ici ac{{eqtcigm teõ hffh



;4 Qejcih Ac~emffc

Eqcicjeh ;44>

nc{jh qcaehfm>8) Fh khqm jhwm{ehfm ge }i i}c~c jcgc ge t{cg}zecim ì a{mhwh ghf jcgc ge

t{cg}zecim ahtewhfeqweac qwmqqc2 alm fh nc{jh alm hqq}jm{ä ef i}c~c jcgc ge t{cg}zecim

qh{ä x}mffh gmf acj}ieqjc m ge }ih {eaciaefehzecim w{h }cjc m ihw}{h ì }ih tcqqekefewä

{mhfm& jh ¢ì jm{h effcèaewä ef ici ~mgm{m alm ei x}hiwc qmjtfeam m~miw}hfewä& c

tcqqekefewä hqw{hwwh& x}mqwh tcqqekefewä {mhfm lh fc qwmqqc ~hfc{m ge hfw{m& acjt{mqh x}mffh

gmffc qaci~cfèjmiwc gmffh kecqnm{h²>;) Ì acjm tcqqekefewä alm fh {mt{eqm& ge a}e th{fh

M{ea Pmef& ge~miwe }ih q}qq}izecim {mhfm& einhwwe& f―}cjc& t}{ q}kmigc fh fm``m gmffm

acqm& ì m`fe qwmqqc h{wmneam gmffh fm``m? qmacigc Jh{|& imf jcgc ge t{cg}zecim

ahtewhfeqweac& t}û {mhfezzh{qe ef t{eiaetec gmffh {eth{wezecim qmacigc ef fh~c{c& qeh qcwwc

f―hqtmwwc x}hiwewhwe~c ,ctwej}j qcaehfm gmf ~hfc{m gmffh nc{zh*fh~c{c% qeh qcwwc ef t{cnefc

x}hfewhwe~c2 f―hfemihzecim gmf fh~c{c ghf fh~c{hwc{m t}û mqqm{m q}tm{hwh) F―hzecim ge~miwhtcqqekefewä {mhfm h thwwc alm ef fh~c{c ~mi`h tmiqhwc acjm c{`hiezzhzecim qcaehfm& m fh

qcaemwä ~mi`h eiwmqh acjm {httc{wc w{h }cjeie) F―mqw{himhzecim gmf fh~c{hwc{m ghf

t{camqqc ge t{cg}zecim m {et{cg}zecim ì ei aciw{hggezecim aci fh ah{hwwm{eqweah qtmaeneah

gmff―}cjc? fh tcqezecim ge qactc) Whfm mqw{himhzecim t}û mqqm{m q}tm{hwh imffh nc{jh gmf

jcgc ge t{cg}zecim gme fh~c{hwc{e hqqcaehwe ei a}e& fh tcqezecim ge neie hqq}jm }ih

wmigmizh acffmwwe~h) Qm mqw{himhzecim ~}cf ge{m mqqm{m hfemihwe ghf t{ct{ec jcgc ge

~e~m{m ihw}{hfm& hzecim hffc{h qeìeneah {ehtt{ct{eh{qe gmffm t{ct{em eiafeihzeciencighjmiwhfe) Fekm{wä ì g}ix}m fh {eaciaefehzecim gmffm eiafeihzecie }jhim aci fh

qw{}ww}{h qcaehfm& ei x}hiwc fc qactc gh tm{qm`}e{m ì g―eiwm{mqqm `mim{hfm) Fekm{wä ici ì

}i neim t{e~hwc& ì ei~mam ge{mwwh th{wmaethzecim gmff―eige~eg}c hff―hwwe~ewä gmffh qtmaem) Ef

t{ckfmjh tcqwc gh Jh{|& ì x}mffc gmffh geq}jhiezzhzecim gmffh ~ewh qcaehfm&

gmff―ejtc~m{ejmiwc gmf q}c aciwmi}wc2 f―ckemwwe~c ì x}mffc ge a{mh{m fm acigezecie ge }ic

q~ef}ttc acjtfmwc gmff―}cjc) Tm{ nh{m aeû ì imamqqh{ec mqwmigm{m q}ffc q~ef}ttc qcaehfm

ef aciw{cffc aciqhtm~cfm gmff―}cjc) ‖W{hqnc{jhzecim gmf {mìc gmffh imamqqewä‚ ~heiwmqc acjm hqqc``mwwhjmiwc gmffh t{cg}zecim hf aciw{cffc qcaehfm m& acjm a{mhzecim ge

acigezecie ge fh~c{c gmìm gmffh ihw}{h }jhih) Ef {httc{wc c{`hieac gmff―}cjc aci fh

ihw}{h acqwew}eqam fh khqm gmf {mìc gmffh fekm{wä? f―}cjc fh~c{h fh jhwm{eh ei ~eqwh gme

q}ce neie& f―c``mwwc t{cgcwwc ì ef n{}wwc ge x}mqwh q}h fekm{h hwwe~ewä m& ei x}hiwc whfm& mqqc

`fe htth{wemim tm{alå ì c``mwwe~hzecim gmf q}c fh~c{c)

Fh t{cg}zecim gm~m mqqm{m tmiqhwh ei n}izecim gmffh tctcfhzecim m gmffm {mfhzecie

gm`fe }cjeie w{h fc{c) Hffh khqm gmff―egmh jh{|ehih gmff―}cjc a―ì fh ah{hwwm{eqweah gmffh



Ef jcgmffc ge {et{cg}zecim qcaehfm acjtfmqqe~h ;8

Eqcicjeh ;44>

qcaehfewä m }ih i}c~h egmh gmffc qahjkec acjm {httc{wc qcaehfm w{h eige~eg}e) Ef ahtewhfm

ici ì }ih nc{jh hqqcf}wh ge t{cg}zecim jh }ih nc{jh ge t{cg}zecim qwc{eah& whfm aecì

alm `fe mfmjmiwe gmffh q}h `mimqe ge~mi`cic fm acigezecie ihw}{hfe gh a}e ì n{mihwc fc

q~ef}ttc gmffm nc{zm t{cg}wwe~m) X}mffh ge Jh{| ì }ih wmc{eh ge }i―htt{ct{ehzecim qwc{eah

gmffh a}fw}{h m gmffh qaemizh m ge }i aciqm`}miwm q~ef}ttc acjtfmqqe~c gmffm ahthaewä

gmff―eige~eg}c qcaehfm)

Kekfec`{hneh)

Fh kekfec`{hneh q} Jh{| ì qwm{jeihwh2 ae qe fejewh x}e h {etc{wh{m qcfc e wmqwe h a}e qe ì

nhwwc {enm{ejmiwc imf ac{qc gmff―hihfeqe)

Khghfcie& T)& 850>& ¢Jh{| m fh nc{jhzecim gmff―eige~eg}c qcaehfm²& ei T{ckfmje wmc{eae

gmf jh{|eqjc& Mgewc{e [e}iewe& [cjh& tt) <4*54)

Ahzzhie`h& J)& 85<8& N}izecim m acinfewwc) Nc{jm m afhqqe imffh wmc{eh jh{|ehih gmffc

q~ef}ttc& Ihtcfe& Fe`}c{e Mgewc{m)

Gm Thfjh& H)& 8508& Fm jhaaleim m f―eig}qw{eh gh Qjewl h Jh{|& Wc{eic& Meih}ge)

Lm`mf& @) P) N)& 8<10& ^c{fmq}i`mi ökm{ gem Tlefcqctlem gm{ @mqalealwm , Fmzecie q}ffh

nefcqcneh gmffh qwc{eh& w{hg) ew) @) Ahfc`m{c m A) Nhwwh& Ne{mizm& Fh I}c~h Ewhfeh& 85>0%)

Lefnm{gei`& [)& 8547& ¢Kclj*Khpm{bq Jh{|*B{eweb² ei Jh{| Qw}gemi& ~cf) E& ^emiih&

,¢Fh a{eweah ge Kþlj*Khpm{b h Jh{|²& ei Macicjeh kc{`lmqm& macicjeh jh{|eqwh&Ne{mizm& Fh I}c~h Ewhfeh& 8508& tt) 888*80=%)

Lcfz& L) L)& 85<0& ¢Ihw}{h m qwc{eh ei Jh{|²& ei Jh{| m e q}ce a{eweae& w{hg) ew) H)

Jhzzcim& ]{keic& X}hww{c~miwe& tt) 85=*;80)

Bmfqmi& L)& 85==& Wlm Acjj}ieqw Wlmc{u cn fhp& Imp Uc{b& N) H) T{hm`m{& Eia)& , Fh

wmc{eh acj}ieqwh gmf ge{ewwc& w{hg) ew& @) W{m~mq& Jefhic& Q}`h{ Ac 85<8%)



;; Qejcih Ac~emffc

Eqcicjeh ;44>

Bc{qal& B)& 85>0& Bh{f Jh{|& N{hibn}{w*Pemi& M}{ctçeqalm ̂ m{fh`qhjqwhfw& ,Bh{f Jh{|&

w{hg) ew) H) Eff}jeihwe& Kh{e& Fhwm{zh& 85>5%)

F}tc{eie& A)& 85>>& ¢[mhfwä m qwc{eaewä? macicjeh m gehfmwweah imf jhwm{ehfeqjc²& ei

Gehfmwweah m jhwm{ehfeqjc& [cjh& Mgewc{e [e}iewe& tt) 8=1*;88)

Jh{|& B)&8570& Ghq Bhtewhf) B{eweb gm{ tcfeweqalmi Þbcicjem& Km{feic& Gemwz , Ef

Ahtewhfm) A{eweah hff―macicjeh tcfeweah& w{hg) ew) G) Ahiwejc{e& [cjh& Mgewc{e [e}iewe&

8557%)

Jh{|& B)& 850> @{}ig{eqqm gm{ B{eweb gm{ tcfeweqalmi Þbcicjem ,[clmiwp}{n% 8<=0*8<=<& Wmef E& Km{feic& Gemwz , Feimhjmiwe ncighjmiwhfe gmffh a{eweah gmff―macicjeh

tcfeweah 8<=0*8<=< w{hg) ew) M) @{effc& Fh I}c~h Ewhfeh& Ne{mizm& 8504%)

Jhzzcim& H)& 850>& ¢Nmweaeqjc gmffm jm{ae²& ei T{ckfmje wmc{eae gmf jh{|eqjc& [cjh&

Mgewc{e [e}iewe& tt) 8=4*;>4)

Jhzzcim& H)& 85<0& ¢Fh wmjtc{hfewä qtmaeneah imf jcgc ge t{cg}zecim ahtewhfeqweac²& ei Jh{| m e q}ce a{eweae& X}hww{c~miwe& ]{keic& tt) ;;=*;>4)

Jhzzcim& H)& 8555& H}wc`c~m{ic m we{hiiegm) F―egmh ge Qwhwc? t{mfejeih{e tm{ }i―hihfeqe

gmf tcwm{m t{mqmiwm& ei ¢Aciw{hggezecim²& i´ 01 f}`fec*h`cqwc& 8555& m {et}kkfeahwc ei

¢Wctcq²& i´ 87& ;444)

Tmw{e& N)& 8501& Ef aciwmi}wc qcaehfm gmffh wmc{eh gmf ~hfc{m ei Jh{|& Kh{e& Fhwm{zh)

Qeale{cffc& F)& 8555& ¢Jh{| c``e) Nefcqcneh gmffh qwc{eh m t{ckfmje hww}hfe²& ei Kmfnh`c{ &

nhqaeacfc E& 18 @miihec& tt) 8*5)

Q{hnnh& T)& 85>4& T{cg}zecim ge jm{ae h jmzzc ge jm{ae& Wc{eic& Meih}ge)



Ef jcgmffc ge {et{cg}zecim qcaehfm acjtfmqqe~h ;1

Eqcicjeh ;44>

Qpmmzu& T)& 8504& ¢Ef jmwcgc ge Jh{|²& ei Fh wmc{eh gmffc q~ef}ttc ahtewhfeqweac m

geqa}qqecim gmf tmiqem{c macicjeac jh{|ehic& w{hg) ew) A) Ihtcfmcie& Wc{eic&

]ie~m{qhfm qaemiweneah Kcffhwe Kc{ei`lem{e& tt) 81*;>)



;7 Qejcih Ac~emffc

Eqcicjeh ;44>

Icwm

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