OMBONI Tito. Portuguese Civil War 1828-1834. Turin 1855.

8/7/2019 OMBONI Tito. Portuguese Civil War 1828-1834. Turin 1855.

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Tito Om\oni

Gu_rr[ Li\_r[l

1832-1833

Avvenimenti militari e politici dell'ultimo mezzo secolo del PortogalloinRivista Enciclopedica Italiana, Torino, UTET, 1855, III, pp. 215-250.


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Pedro IV - Miguel I


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Liberal Wars

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Date 1828 to 1834Location PortugalResult Liberal victory, Treaty of Evoramonte:

Constitutional Monarchy is restored Dom Miguel renounces all his claims to the throne and heads to exile

Liberals Miguelites

Commanders and leaders

Dom PedroDuke of TerceiraDuke of Saldanha

Dom MiguelViscount of MontalegreViscount of Santa Marta

Peter I versus Miguel I

Peter IV of Portugal, Ist of Brazil - Miguel I of PortugalThe Liberal Wars, also known as the Portuguese Civil War, the War of the Two Brothers, orMiguelite War, was awar between progressive constitutionalists and authoritarian absolutists in Portugal over royal succession that lastedfrom 1828 to 1834. Embroiled parties included the United Kingdom, France, Portugal, Portuguese rebels, the bishops ofthe Catholic Church and Spain.Roots of the conflict The death of King Joo VI in 1826 created a dispute over royal succession. The rightful heir to thethrone was his eldest son, Peter I, who was briefly made Pedro IV. Neither the Portuguese nor the Brazilians wanted aunified monarchy; consequently, Pedro abdicated the Portuguese Crown in favor of his daughter, Maria da Glria, achild of seven, on the condition that when of age she marry his brother, Miguel. In April 1826, as part of the successionsettlement, Pedro revised the constitution granted in 1822, the first constitution of Portugal, and left the throne to Maria,with his sisterIsabella Maria as regent.A new constitution In the Portuguese Constitutional Charter, Pedro attempted to reconcile absolutists and liberals byallowing both factions a role in the Government. Unlike the Constitution of 1822, this new document established four

branches of the Government. The Legislature was divided into two chambers. The upper chamber, the Chamber ofPeers, was composed of life and hereditary peers and clergy appointed by the king. The lower chamber, the Chamber ofDeputies, was composed of 111 deputies elected to four-year terms by the indirect vote of local assemblies, which inturn were elected by a limited suffrage of male tax-paying property owners. Judicial power was exercised by the courts;


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executive power by the ministers of the Government; and moderative power by the King, who held an absolute vetoover all legislation.Discontent The absolutist party of the landowners and the Church, however, were not satisfied with this compromise,and they continued to regard Miguel as the legitimate successor to the throne on the grounds that according to thePortuguese succession rules (approved by the Cortes after the 1640 Restoration), Pedro had lost the right to thePortuguese Crown, and therefore to choose a successor, when he took possession of a foreign crown (Brazil). They

were alarmed by the liberal reforms that had been initiated in Spain by the detested Revolutionary French (reformswhich the Portuguese feudal aristocracy had been spared) and took heart at the recent restoration of the autocraticFerdinand VII in Spain (1823) who was eradicating all the Napoleonic innovations. In February 1828, Miguel returnedto Portugal, ostensibly to take the oath of allegiance to the Charter and assume the regency. He was immediatelyproclaimed king by his supporters, who pressed him to return to absolutism. A month after his return, Miguel dissolvedthe Chamber of Deputies and the Chamber of Peers and, in May, summoned the traditional cortes of the three estates ofthe realm to proclaim his accession to absolute power. The Cortes of 1828 assented to Miguel's wish, proclaiming himking as Miguel I of Portugal and nullifying the Constitutional Charter.Rebellion

This alleged usurpation did not go unchallenged by the liberals. On May 18, the garrison in Porto, the center ofPortuguese progressives, declared its loyalty to Pedro, to Maria da Glria, and the Constitutional Charter. The rebellionagainst the absolutists spread to other cities. Miguel suppressed these rebellions, and many thousands of liberals wereeither arrested or fled to Spain and Britain. There followed five years of repression. Meanwhile, in Brazil, relations

between Pedro and Brazil's agricultural magnates had become strained. In April 1831 Pedro abdicated in Brazil in favorof his son, Pedro II, and sailed forBritain. He organized a military expedition there and then went to the Azores, whichwere in the hands of the liberals, to set up a government in exile. In July 1832, with the backing of liberals in Spain andEngland an expedition led by Dom Pedro as Pedro IV landed near Porto, which the Miguelites abandoned and where,after military activities including the Battle of Ponte Ferreira, Pedro and his associates were besieged by Migueliteforces for nearly a year. To protect British interests, a naval squadron under Commander William Glascock in HMSOrestes was stationed in the Douro, where it came under fire from both sides. In June 1833, the liberals, still encircledat Porto, sent to the Algarve a force commanded by the Duke of Terceira supported by a naval squadron commanded byCharles Napier, using the alias 'Carlos de Ponza'. Terceira landed at Faro and marched north through the Alentejo tocapture Lisbon on July 24th. Meanwhile Napier's squadron encountered the absolutists' fleet nearCape Saint Vincent(Cabo So Vincente) and decisively defeated it at the fourth Battle of Cape St. Vincent. The liberals were able tooccupy Lisbon, where Pedro moved from Porto and repulsed a Miguelite siege. A stalemate of nine months ensued.Towards the end of 1833 Maria da Glria was proclaimed Queen, and Dom Pedro was made Regent. His first act was to

confiscate the property of all who had served under Dom Miguel. He also suppressed all religious houses andconfiscated their property, an act that suspended friendly relations with Rome for nearly eight years, until mid-1841.The absolutists controlled the rural areas, where they were supported by the aristocracy, and by a peasantry that wasgalvanized by the Church. The liberals occupied Portugal's major cities, Lisbon and Porto, where they commanded asizeable following among the middle classes. Operations against the Miguelites began again in earnest in early 1834.Meanwhile, the liberal army had suffered a sound defeat at Alccer do Sal, which proved that, despite the Duke ofTerceira's recent march from Faro to Lisbon, the South was still loyal to the Miguelites.Peace The Battle of Asseiceira, fought on May 16th, 1834, was the last and decisive engagement of the PortugueseCivil War. The Migueliste army was still formidable (about 18,000 men), but on May 24th, 1834, at vora-Monte, apeace was declared under a convention by whichDom Miguel formally renounced all claims to the throne ofPortugal,was guaranteed an annual pension, and was definitively exiled. Dom Pedro restored the Constitutional Charter, but hedied September 24th, 1834. Maria da Glria resumed her interrupted reign as Maria II of Portugal.


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Batalha da Praia da VitriaOrigem: Wikipdia, a enciclopdia livre.

A batalha naval ao largo da Vila da Praia [da Vitria]

Data

Local baa da Praia da Vitria

Resultado Vitria dos liberaisD. Miguel, Absolutistas D. Maria II, LiberaisA batalha da Praia da Vitria foi um combate naval ferido no dia 11 de agosto de 1829, na baa da ento Vila daPraia, em que foras Miguelistas intentaram um desembarque naquele trecho do litoral da Ilha Terceira, nos Aores. Aderrota dos absolutistas neste recontro foi decisiva para a afirmao e posterior vitria das ideias liberais em Portugal. Odia 11 de agosto apresentou-se com nevoeiro e tempo brusco, com pancadas de chuva e rajadas de vento. No mar,apresentou-se uma esquadra composta por cerca de vinte embarcaes, sob o comando do almirante Rosa Coelho,integrada por:

1 nau 3 fragatas 2 corvetas 4bergantins e 3 charruasTransportava cerca de 4.000 homens e estava artilhada com um total de 340 peas, a que se acrescentavam seis barcas

canhoneiras, cada uma com uma pea. A fora de desembarque era comandada pelo coronel Azevedo Lemos (que, emagosto de 1828 conquistara a Madeira), transportada em:

2 escunas 2 iates e 2patachos

Pelo lado de terra, um arco de uma dezena de pequenos fortes de marinha e baterias, leais a Maria II de Portugal,defendiam aquele trecho de litoral com cerca de cinco quilmetros de extenso. A batalha iniciou-se com a clssicaabertura de pesado fogo da artilharia dos navios da esquadra sobre os fortes, tendo o bombardeamento se estendido porquatro horas. Estima-se que foram disparados, pelos navios, cerca de 5.000 tiros, a que os fortes resistiram comopuderam. Com o vento Oeste impelindo os navios para Leste, os invasores intentaram um primeiro desembarque juntoao Forte do Esprito Santo seguido por um segundo, mais para dentro do areal e prximo Vila da Praia, a coberto da

artilharia embarcada. Ambas as tentativas foram, entretanto, repelidas pelos defensores em terra, os chamados"Voluntrios da Rainha", homens recm-incorporados, com pouco treino, sob o comando de militares liberais evadidosde outras unidades do Exrcito Portugus e que haviam conseguido alcanar a ilha., Ao fim do dia de luta osMiguelistas levantaram ferro, deixando nas mos dos liberais algumas centenas de mortos e prisioneiros. A derrotaMiguelista atribuda a erros de estratgia por parte de seus comandantes. A vitria liberal nesta batalha transformou apercepo da Terceira, antes considerada como "a ratoeira", agora vista como "baluarte da liberdade". Aps o fim doconflito, a soberana concederia vila o ttulo de Praia da Vitria.Ver tambm Combate do Pico do SeleiroForte de Santa Catarina (Cabo da Praia)


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Battle of Ponte Ferreira


Date 23 July 1832Location Ponte Ferreira, nearValongoResult Indecisive

Loyalists Miguelites

Duke of Terceira Viscount of Montalegre General Cardoso

6,000[1] 15,000[2]

440 dead and wounded 1,500 dead and wounded

The Battle of Ponte Ferreira, fought on 2223 July 1832, was the first major battle of the Portuguese Civil Warbetween the forces ofDom Pedro, ex-Emperor of Brazil and Regent for his daughterMaria da Gloria, and the army of

his brotherDom Miguel, who had usurped the throne of Portugal. Though technically a victory for Pedro's forces, itgave him no lasting advantage because the enemy were not pursued and were able to return in full strength, as a resultof which he was besieged in Oporto for an entire year.Background

Dom Pedro's expeditionary force from the Azores landed in Portugal on 7 July 1832 and on the 9th he occupied Oportoas the city had been abandoned by the Miguelite army, which withdrew across the RiverDouro. Though this was a boldstroke, Pedro and his advisers had been under the impression that the peasantry and Miguel's army would at oncedeclare allegiance to their rightful queen, and nothing of the sort happened. Though the Count of Vila Florurged him totake the offensive, their forces delayed for several days in Oporto resting and reorganizing. Meanwhile the Miguelitearmy, commanded by General Cardoso and Count Montalegre, was reinforced and re-crossed the Douro some distanceeast of Oporto. When this was known Dom Pedro sent Colonel Hodges with his British battalion on the 17th toreconnoitre the enemy's movements. Learning that they had occupied Penafiel with a strong force, he was reinforced bya volunteer regiment with orders to drive the Miguelites from Penafiel. Between the 19th and 21st this wasaccomplished, and the force then returned to Oporto, but the Miguelites, who had been concentrating their full strengthat Amarante, followed them. Before daybreak on the 22nd the bulk of Dom Pedro's army marched out from Oportoalong the Valongo road to give battle. The army was something of a multinational force, consisting of exiled opponentsof Miguel's regime who had rallied to Pedro in the Azores (one battalion consisted entirely of officers), Portuguesevolunteers loyal to the Queen, two British contingents commanded by Colonels Shaw and Hodges, and a Frenchcontingent commanded by Major Checar. Overall command was exercised by the Count of Vila Flor, with ColonelsBrito and Schwalbach leading the Portuguese infantry and some artillery in the charge of Colonel Fonseca.Battle

22 July

Daybreak on the 22nd July found the Dom Pedro army on the heights of Valongo confronting the Miguelite army whichwas in a strong position before the village of Ponte Ferreira. Although greatly outnumbered the Dom Pedro light troopsattacked with artillery support, but were repulsed and fell back, some guns being lost. They retreated towards Rio Tinto,where Vila Flor had decided to concentrate his forces in order to make an all-out attack the following day. TheMiguelite army advanced, following the retreating Dom Pedro forces, and then prepared a defensive position behind theRiver Sousa, their left protected by the high ground on the right bank of the Douro and their right by a sugar-loaf hillwhere they placed artillery and a considerable force. Overall they outnumbered Pedro's army, which bivouacked for thenight, by at least two to one.23 July

At 3 a.m. the Dom Pedro forces moved out of camp, with the light division under Schwalbach in the centre, Brito'sdivision on the right, and the officers' division, the artillery, the 3rd battalion of the Portuguese 18th Regiment and theFrench and the British contingents on the left, under Hodges. Dom Pedro himself remained some distance in the rearwith a reserve. Hodges' forces were ordered to turn the Miguelite right, and succeeded - the sugar-loaf hill wasabandoned and the Portuguese battalion was able to ascend it unopposed. However the French contingent was caught inthe plain by the Miguelite cavalry and suffered heavy casualties, Major Checar being killed. The cavalry then attemptedto charge the British, who had taken position behind a wall, but were driven back. Meanwhile Brito's division had beenordered to take the Miguelite left, but despite repeated orders did not advance. The Miguelites, supported by guerrillas,re-took the hill, and Hodges requested reinforcements from Vila Flor, but these were held back by Dom Pedro for aconsiderable time. Nevertheless when they came up they regained the hill from the Miguelites in a bayonet charge whileHodges attacked the enemy line from the left. Having suffered heavy casualties the Miguelites withdrew, leaving the


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field to Pedro's army. Vila Flor wished to follow up the victory and pursue the enemy, but Pedro countermanded thisand the army returned to Oporto on the afternoon of the 24th.Aftermath

While the battle was in progress a second Miguelite army under General Pvoas had approached the Douro from thesouth and taken possession of Vila Nova de Gaia directly across the river from Oporto. This caused panic among thepopulation, which the governor Mascarenhas could do nothing to prevent, and was increased by a false report that Dom

Pedro's treasure and baggage was being loaded on a ship, showing he was abandoning the city. Also the night after thearmy's return the sleeping quarters of one of the regiments was destroyed by fire, blamed on arson by Capuchin monks.Dom Pedro's hope that a military victory would suffice to rally Portugal to his cause was now proved illusory, and itwas decided to fortify Oporto, which was soon under siege from both sides of the river. Several of Dom Pedro's officersand ministers now began to intrigue for the removal of Vila Flor, and he therefore tendered his resignation; but DomPedro refused to accept it, confirmed him as general in chief, and at his request dismissed instead his chief of staff andhis quartermaster-general, who were replaced in both roles by Brigadier Valdez as Adjutant-General. Moscarehnos wasreplaced as Governor of Oporto by Bernardo de S Nogueira.Notes

1. ^ Bollaert, p.362. ^ Bollaert, p.363. ^ Bollaert, p.364. ^ Bollaert, p.36

Principal source for this entry is Admiral Charles Napier's narrative of the battle, its antecedents and aftermath in hisAnAccount of the War in Portugal between Don Pedro and Don Miguel(London: T & W Boone, 1836), pp. 3652. Muchof this passage is marked as reproducing "Hodges' Narrative".References William Bollaert, The Wars of Succession of Portugal and Spain, from 1826 to 1840 (2010) ISBN

9781445554907

Cerco do Porto

Origem: Wikipdia, a enciclopdia livre.

Data Julho de 1832 a Agosto de 1833Local cidade do Porto

Resultado Vitria dos liberaisD. Miguel, Absolutistas D. Pedro, Liberais

General Pvoa Visconde de Santa MartaGeneral Gaspar TeixeiraMarechal de Bourmont

Almirante Sartorius Carlos Napier GeneralSaldanhaGeneral Torres

60.000 12.000

Guerra Civil Portuguesa

Cabo de S. Vicente Praia da Vitria Porto Pernes Asseiceira Almoster

D-se o nome de Cerco do Porto ao perodo, que durou mais de um ano de Julho de 1832 a Agosto de 1833 , noqual as tropas liberais de D. Pedro estiveram sitiadas pelas foras realistas fiis a D. Miguel. A essa herica resistnciada cidade do Porto e das tropas de D. Pedro se deveu a vitria da causa liberal em Portugal. Entre outros, combateramno Cerco do Porto do lado dos liberais Almeida Garrett, Alexandre Herculano e Joaquim Antnio de Aguiar.Ocupao do Porto e primeiros recontros Entrando no Porto no dia imediato ao do desembarque do Mindelo, a 9 deJulho de 1832, o exrcito libertadorencontrou a cidade abandonada pelas tropas realistas, cujos chefes, ignorantes donmero exacto das foras liberais, tinham resolvido retirar. O general Manuel Gregrio de Sousa Pereira de Sampaio,1. visconde de Santa Marta, comandante supremo da diviso realista que operava entre a Figueira da Foz e Vila doConde, resolveu estabelecer-se em Vila Nova de Gaia, ordenando que, no mesmo dia da entrada dos liberais na cidade,se fizesse fogo contra os ocupantes, pelo que logo no dia 10 o almirante liberal ingls Rose George Sartorius mandou osseus barcos entrar a barra do Rio Douro e ripostar ao fogo realista, ao mesmo tempo que, protegida pela esquadra, adiviso do tenente-coronel Joo Schwalbach atravessou o rio e ocupou a Serra do Pilar, em Gaia, obrigando os realistasa retirar em debandada at Oliveira de Azemis. Entretanto Joo Schwalbach avanou com as suas foras at ao Alto daBandeira e postou guardas avanadas nos Carvalhos, ficando os dois exrcitos em observao, sem qualquer deles ousaruma aco de envergadura. No dia 18 de Julho deu-se o primeiro ataque violento dos realistas, sem xito, e cinco diasdepois travou-se o combate de Penafiel, at onde havia seguido uma coluna liberal, que desbaratou os realistas eregressou ao Porto, depois de ter praticado numerosas brutalidades, reforando o mau conceito em que os tinham aspopulaes, criado pelo clero das aldeias.Foras sitiadas Do lado absolutista, d-se a juno das foras do general lvaro Xavier Coutinho e Pvoas com as dovisconde de Santa Marta, dispondo depois os dois generais os seus exrcitos de forma a rodear a cidade. D. Pedro


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mandou uma coluna atacarValongo, a qual caiu numa emboscada inimiga junto de Ponte de Ferreira, o que a fez recuarat Rio Tinto, derrota que alarmou a cidade. Entretanto a Serra do Pilar era fortificada pelo major S Nogueira, e D.Pedro, que via a impossibilidade de ocupar o Norte do Pas, como inicialmente supusera, procedeu reorganizao doExrcito, criando o Estado-Maior e despachando Pedro de Sousa Holstein, poca marqus de Palmela, para Londres,com o encargo de obter apoio financeiro causa e contratar oficiais e soldados. No dia 27 travou-se violento combateao sul de Grij, onde Pvoas desbaratou as foras do conde de Vila Flor, que recuaram em debandada at ao Alto da

Bandeira. Entretanto, as tropas realistas, devido rivalidade entre os generais Pvoas e Santa Marta, passaram a sersuperiormente comandadas pelo general Gaspar Teixeira, visconde de Peso da Rgua, e iniciou-se o cerco cidade, queficou envolvida por uma srie de fortes redutos, que comeavam na Quinta da China, junto ao Rio Douro, emCampanh, terminando nas proximidades da Senhora da Luz, Foz do Douro, junto ao mar, toda esta linha situada aonorte do rio. Ao sul comeavam as linhas no Cabedelo, em Canidelo, frente Foz do Douro, e iam acabar PedraSalgada, fronteira ao monte do Seminrio, postando nesse espao quinzebaterias.Primeiras investidas do exrcito realista No dia 8 de Setembro de 1832 os realistas comearam os seus ataques emfora, assaltando a Serra do Pilar, valorosamente defendida pelos voluntrios cognominados os polacos, iniciando-se nodia seguinte o bombardeamento do Porto, baptismo de fogo da cidade, que muitos outros iria suportar durante o cerco.No dia 16 os sitiados fizeram a sua primeira surtida, tendo ento ocupado o Morro das Antas, na parte alta da cidade, oque veio dar-lhes nimo. No entanto, tentando pr finalmente cobro inslita situao de um punhado de 7.500 homenspersistir em resistir a um exrcito organizado de 80 mil, o general realista Gaspar Teixeira comeou a preparar umassalto em fora escolhendo o dia 29 de Setembro, em que a Igreja celebra o arcanjo So Miguel, epnimo do rei, para o

fazer, tendo prometido aos seus soldados o saque da cidade. Efectivamente, no dia 29, a coberto dum nevoeiro cerrado,os sitiantes avanaram pelos lados de Campanh, chegando a entrar na Rua do Prado, onde foram recebidos pelosresistentes, travando-se combate to violento que da recebeu a rua o nome actual de Rua do Herosmo. Idnticosassaltos violentos ocorreram noutros pontos das linhas, durante os quais o exrcito sitiado praticou actos da maiorbravura, de tal forma que, quando o general realista Gaspar Teixeira reconheceu a impossibilidade de esmagar a cidadee ordenou a retirada, se encontrou com mais de 4 mil baixas, a que corresponderam escassas 650 por parte dos sitiados.Esta derrota realista desmoralizou os sitiantes e o seu general, pelo que este resolveu pedir ao rei que viesse, com a suapresena, levantar o moral cado das suas tropas. D. Miguel partiu, portanto, para o Norte, fazendo-se acompanhar deum clebre e imponente canho baptizado com o nome de mata-malhados e em que todos punham grandesesperanas. Antes do rei chegar, deram os sitiantes novos e furiosos assaltos Serra do Pilar, nos dias 13 e 14 deOutubro, sendo, como at ento, repelidos pelo herico general Torres. No dia 1 de Novembro estabeleceu D. Miguel oseu quartel-general em Braga, a cidade fiel, onde foi recebido apoteoticamente, fazendo imediatamente substituirGaspar Teixeira no comando pelo visconde de Santa Marta, que procurou apertar o cerco.

As duras condies do cerco No Porto declararam-se dois novos e inesperados inimigos, que iam dizimando ossitiados que as bombas poupavam: a clera e o tifo. Na cidade comeava a faltar tudo, o que colocava os sitiados ante aperspectiva de uma rendio pela fome. Por isso tentaram, ao longo do ms de Novembro, vrias surtidas, todas semgrande efeito. No dia 11, os realistas submeteram a cidade a um bombardeamento ininterrupto, que se prolongou at aocair da noite do dia 12, aniversrio de D. Pedro. No entanto, estes ferozes bombardeamentos da cidade, em vez dedesmoralizar, contriburam para solidificar nos portuenses a sua identificao com os liberais e a sua determinao emresistir. No entanto, a penria do Tesouro levou a dificuldades no pagamento s tropas mercenrias. O que, entre outroscasos lamentveis, levou sada do almirante Sartorius com os navios da esquadra e aos distrbios constantes dosmercenrios ingleses que reclamavam os soldos atrasados. A 28 de Janeiro de 1833 chega ao Porto o general Saldanha,acompanhado de um grupo de liberais extremistas, o que vinha aumentar a dissidncia no campo liberal. Para atenuar asdesinteligncias polticas dentro do burgo, D. Pedro e o seu governo resolveram promover Saldanha a marechal,entregando-lhe o comando da 2. diviso. Em comeos de Fevereiro de 1833 toma o comando dos realistas o conde deS. Loureno, continuando os ataques e os bombardeamentos cidade. Tinham-se ali abatido todas as rvores para

substituir a lenha que faltava. A situao era to desesperada que se chegou a pensar seriamente em capitular, ao queSaldanha se ops tenazmente. No dia 9 de Abril os sitiados, num golpe audacioso e depois de violento combate,apoderaram-se do reduto do Covelo, o que desmoralizou os sitiantes, que comearam a desertar em quantidade.A vitria final e o levantamento do cerco Entretanto, no dia 1 de Junho de 1833, Palmela, que em Londres procurara por todos os meios salvar a causa liberal e conseguir dinheiro, com o qual comprara mais navios e contrataravoluntrios, cabea dos quais o capito da marinha de guerra Carlos Napier, que substituiu o insubmisso Sartorius,entretanto exonerado, sendo Saldanha elevado a chefe do Estado-Maior. A conselho de Napier, deu-se corpo a um planoj antigo de ataque de surpresa por mar contra Lisboa, que depois se substituiu pelo desembarque no Algarve, que iriadar a triunfo causa. Aps a partida da esquadra, o exrcito realista, na crena de que a sada daquelas forasenfraquecesse a defesa da cidade, deu um vigoroso assalto a 5 de Julho, repelido com numerosas baixas, tendoSaldanha, em virtude deste triunfo, sido promovido a tenente-general. Entretanto, D. Miguel contratou o clebremarechal de Bourmont para comandante supremo, tendo este ordenado outro ataque cidade no dia 25, o mais violentode todo o cerco. Foi nesse dia que Saldanha, frente de 20 lanceiros apenas, comandou uma carga que o veio a tornar

famoso. Vendo o seu exrcito batido, D. Miguel, que seguia o combate do alto do Monte de S. Gens na Senhora daHora, atirou ao cho o culo que empunhava, irritado com a derrota, quando contava com uma vitria estrondosa. Nodia imediato, D. Pedro partiu para Lisboa, ocupada j pelas tropas do duque da Terceira, com os navios de Napierancorados no Tejo, fincando a defesa do Porto entregue a Saldanha. No dia 9 de Agosto, D. Miguel e o seu Estado-


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Maior retiraram para o Sul, ao encontro das foras do duque, ficando a comandar o exrcito sitiante do lado de Gaia ofrancs conde de Almer, que, aps a brilhante vitria de Saldanha no dia 18 de Agosto, obrigando os sitiantes a levantaro cerco pelo norte e leste da cidade, resolveu tambm retirar, no sem antes mandar incendiar os armazns de vinhos doPorto em Gaia, em que se perderam 17.374pipas de vinho e 533 pipas de aguardente. O prejuzo foi, na poca, avaliadoem mais de 2.500 contos de ris. Saldanha regressou ao Porto em triunfo no dia 20 de Agosto de 1833, aps a vitriafinal. A cidade estava finalmente livre!

Bibliografia DRIA, Antnio lvaro. Movimentos Polticos do Porto no Sculo XIX MARTELO, David (2001). Cerco do Porto 1832-33 A Cidade Invicta. Lisboa MARTINS, Oliveira (1881)Portugal Contemporneo. Lisboa NAPIER, Almirante Carlos. Guerra da Sucesso em Portugal. 2 vols. OWEN, Hugh (1915). O Cerco do Porto contado por uma Testemunha - O Coronel Owen. Porto. SORIANO, Simo Jos da Luz (1889).Histria do Cerco do Porto. Lisboa

Battle of Cape St. Vincent (1833)


Date 5 July 1833Location NearCape St. Vincent, PortugalResult Loyalist victory

Loyalists Miguelites

Charles Napierfor Dom Pedro Admiral Manuel Antnio Marreiros for Dom Miguel

6 ships:3 frigates1 corvette1 brig1 schooner

10 ships:3 ships of the line1 frigate1 xebec3 corvettes2 brigs

about 100 killed or woundedbetween 200 and 300 killed or wounded

6 ships captured


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The fourth Battle of Cape St Vincent was fought on 5 July 1833 and was a decisive encounter in Portugal's LiberalWars. A naval squadron commanded by the British officerCharles Napier, on behalf of Dom Pedro IV, regent for therightful Queen Maria II, defeated the navy of the usurper Dom Miguel.Background

While serving in the Azores, Napier had come to know members of the exiled Portuguese liberals, who had offered himcommand of the small fleet serving Dom Pedro, which largely consisted of a few old men-o'-war and some East

Indiamen purchased from the British. In February 1833 Napier accepted their proposals, in succession to another Britishofficer, Captain George Rose Sartorius, who was already serving as Admiral of Pedro's navy. Using the name 'Carlos dePonza' in a transparent attempt to disguise his identity as a British officer to escape penalties under the ForeignEnlistment Act, in June 1833 Napier joined his new command in the Douro River off Oporto. ('Carlos de Ponza' =Charles of Ponza; one of Napier's most daring feats in the Napoleonic Warhad been the capture of the island ofPonzain the Mediterranean in 1813). Dom Pedro, currently being besieged in Oporto by the forces of Dom Miguel, bestowedon Napier his commission as Vice Admiral, Major General of the Portuguese Navy and Commander in Chief of thefleet. An eccentric but indomitable character, Napier restored the situation in the fleet, which had been close to mutinybecause of lack of pay, and proposed a new strategy to break the siege. Flying his flag in the frigateRainha de Portugal46, commanded by Captain F.G. MacDonough and with his stepson Charles Elers Napieras Chief of Staff, on 20 Junehe sailed from Oporto with his small fleet, transporting the Duke of Terceira and half the constitutional army to theAlgarve so that they could open a second front in the south of the country and march on Lisbon. After successfullydisembarking this force, on the return voyage he encountered the considerably superior fleet of Dom Miguel off Cape St

Vincent on 3 July 1833, and after two days of maneuvering in calm and very light winds he brought them to action.The battle Napiers command was essentially a mere squadron of six ships: three frigates, a corvette, a brig and a schooner,mounting a total of 176 guns. (He had some small steamers under his command which he hoped to use as tugs, but theyabandoned him while the two forces were becalmed on the 4th of July: thus the subsequent battle was perhaps the lastengagement of consequence between two fleets of sailing warships.) On 5 July the wind eventually got up and at 4.00 p.m. he attacked the Miguelite force of 3 ships of the line, a frigate, a xebec, 3 corvettes and 2 brigs, mountingaltogether 372 guns. Knowing he could not long sustain a cannonade from such a superior opponent, Napier closedagainst enemy fire and boarded, so that the battle was decided in hand-to-hand fighting. In the event the Liberal forcescaptured all three ships of the line, a frigate and a corvette, whose crews agreed to fight from now on for Maria II;another ship came over the next day; the remnant of the Miguelite force fled to Lisbon orMadeira. Napiers losses wereabout 30 killed (including the captain ofRainha de Portugaland two other captains) and about 60 wounded (includingCharles Elers Napier), as against somewhere between 200 and 300 of the enemy, including the Miguelite commander,

Admiral Manuel Antnio Marreiros. On 6 July, receiving news of the victory, Dom Pedro named Napier as ViscountCape St Vincent in the peerage of Portugal. Immediately afterwards his fleet was ravaged by cholera (which was ragingon mainland Portugal), with appalling loss of life, but he was able to bring it safe into Lisbon, which the Miguelistashad precipitately abandoned after being defeated by Terceiras army advancing from the south at the Battle of Almada.Napier visited Rear-Admiral Sir William Parker of the British navy who was in the vicinity of the Tagus, and wasreceived according to his Portuguese rank as an Admiral. Though he was subsequently struck off the Navy List at theinsistence of the French, he was restored to his rank in the Royal Navy within two years and the Battle, largely won byBritish officers and crews fighting for Maria II, was viewed in England as bringing honour to the British navy. The seavictory, making possible the capture of Lisbon from the Miguelites, was the single most important event contributing toMiguel's eventual defeat and overthrow in 1834.Ships involved

Loyalist fleet (Charles Napier)

Rainha de Portugal46 (flag, commodore Wilkinson, captain MacDonough)

Dona Maria 42 (Peake)Dom Pedro 50 (Thomas Goble)Vila Flor18 (Ruxton)Portuense 20 (Blackstone)Faro 6a few steam tugs and transportsMiguelite fleet (Manuel Antnio Marreiros)Nau Rainha 74 (Barradas) - Captured byRainha de PortugalDom Joo 74 - CapturedMartinho de Freitas 50 - CapturedDuquesa da Bragana 56 - Captured byDonna MariaIsabel Maria 22 (corvette) - CapturedPrincesa Real24 (corvette)

Tejo 20 (corvette)Sybille 20 (corvette)Audaz18 (brig)


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Activa (xebec)several other brigsSources

Main source for this entry is Napier's own narrative of the battle in hisAn Account of the War in Portugal between DomPedro and Dom Miguel(London, 1836


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"A Batalha de Ponte Ferreira"

Ter, Ago 31, 2010Chegou ao fim mais uma edio do espectculo A Batalha da Ponte Ferreira. Promovida pelo ENTREtanto Teatro epela Cmara Municipal de Valongo, a recriao in loco da luta entre miguelistas e liberais voltou a ser um enormesucesso. Ao longo dos quatros dias de apresentao passaram pelo Largo da Ponte Ferreira centenas de pessoas que sedeliciaram com o espectculo proporcionado por cerca de 60 actores, na sua grande maioria amadores. Utilizando o

cenrio natural onde em 1832 as tropas de D. Miguel e D. Pedro se defrontaram em plena Guerra Civil, Jnior Sampaio,director artstico do ENTREtanto Teatro, montou um espectculo fabuloso em que d a conhecer um dos maisimportantes momentos da histria do pas.


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Sbado, Julho 14, 2007

A festa de S. Joo e a batalha de Ponte FerreiraAtravs do blogue Sobrado em Linha tive conhecimento da srie de trs trabalhos publicados pela Voz de

Ermesinde, acerca dos acontecimentos ocorridos nas terras que hoje integram o municpio de Valongo, aquando daslutas entre liberais e miguelistas, em plena guerra civil (1832-1834). E dei-me conta de um facto relevante que seexpressa num nmero redondo: faz dentro de dias 175 anos que se deu a batalha de Ponte Ferreira, situada em S.

Martinho de Campo, mas muito perto do extremo sul de Sobrado. Pelo referido estudo, ficamos a saber que a freguesiasobradense foi, por assim dizer, acampamento das tropas de D. Miguel. E isso faz vir lembrana uma lenda sobreesses tempos, de que alguns mais velhos de Sobrado ainda se lembraro. Dizia-se, para provar como a festa de S.Joo to antiga e est to entranhada na populao local, que, tendo a batalha de Ponte Ferreira coincidido com o dia da festa,se ouviam no Passal os tiros dos canhes combatentes e que havia mesmo habitantes obrigados a abastecer em carros debois as tropas de D. Miguel. Mas nem por isso a festa deixou de se fazer como nos demais anos. Ora, se so certos osdados constantes da comunicao referida, essa lenda assenta em factos no verdadeiros. E isto porque a batalha dePonte Ferreira no ocorreu em Junho, mas em Julho de 1832. Podia-se dizer que, sendo uma data prxima, seria provvel que por alturas do S. Joo desse ano j houvesse hostilidades. Mas isso pouco provvel, j que odesembarque dos liberais em Pampelido s se verificou a 9 de Julho daquele ano. Mas alguma relao haver, para queo acontecimento tenha perdurado em associao com a memria desta festa.


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Regiment Collar CuffsTabs on the sleeve

cuffs *

Lining and

Piping

1Red(Encarnado)

Dark Blue (azulferrete)

Red (Encarnado) White

2 Crimson Dark Blue (azulferrete)

Crimson White

3 WhiteDark Blue (azulferrete)

White White

4 Sky BlueDark Blue (azulferrete)

Sky Blue White

5 OrangeDark Blue (azulferrete)

Orange White

6 YellowDark Blue (azulferrete)

Yellow White

7Red(Encarnado)

Red (Encarnado)Dark Blue (azulferrete)

White

8 Crimson CrimsonDark Blue (azulferrete)

White

9 White WhiteDark Blue (azulferrete)

White

10 Sky Blue Sky BlueDark Blue (azulferrete)

White

11 Orange OrangeDark Blue (azul

ferrete)

White

12 Yellow YellowDark Blue (azulferrete)

White

Light Infantry Regiment Collar CuffsTabs on the sleeve

cuffs *

Lining and

Piping

1Red(Encarnado)

Black Red (Encarnado) Black

2 Black Red (Encarnado) Black Black3 Black Black Black Black4 Sky Blue Black Sky Blue Black

Lancer Regiment Collar CuffTabs on the sleeve

cuffs *

Lining and

Piping

1Red(Encarnado)

Red (Encarnado) N/ARed(Encarnado)

2 Crimson Crimson N/A Crimson

Light Cavalry (Caadores a

Cavalo) RegimentCollar Cuff

Tabs on the sleeve

cuffs *

Lining and

Piping

3 White White N/A White4 Sky Blue Sky Blue N/A Sky Blue

5 Orange Orange N/A Orange6 Yellow Yellow N/A Yellow


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OMBONI Tito. Portuguese Civil War 1828-1834. Turin 1855.

Documents

Transcript of OMBONI Tito. Portuguese Civil War 1828-1834. Turin 1855.