Nessun titolo diapositiva...Andrea Ungar, MD, PhD, FESC Syncope Unit, Hypertension Centre Geriatric...

59
Andrea Ungar, MD, PhD, FESC Syncope Unit, Hypertension Centre Geriatric Cardiology and Medicine University of Florence, Italy L’INQUADRAMENTO DELL’IPERTENSIONE ARTERIOSA NEL PAZIENTE ANZIANO: TRA LINEE GUIDA E PRATICA CLINICA Controllo pressorio e prognosi clinica: è più importante il punto di partenza o di arrivo?

Transcript of Nessun titolo diapositiva...Andrea Ungar, MD, PhD, FESC Syncope Unit, Hypertension Centre Geriatric...

Page 1: Nessun titolo diapositiva...Andrea Ungar, MD, PhD, FESC Syncope Unit, Hypertension Centre Geriatric Cardiology and Medicine University of Florence, Italy L’INQUADRAMENTO DELL’IPERTENSIONE

Andrea Ungar, MD, PhD, FESC

Syncope Unit, Hypertension Centre

Geriatric Cardiology and Medicine

University of Florence, Italy

L’INQUADRAMENTO DELL’IPERTENSIONE

ARTERIOSA NEL PAZIENTE ANZIANO:

TRA LINEE GUIDA E PRATICA CLINICA

Controllo pressorio e prognosi clinica: è più

importante il punto di partenza o di arrivo?

Page 2: Nessun titolo diapositiva...Andrea Ungar, MD, PhD, FESC Syncope Unit, Hypertension Centre Geriatric Cardiology and Medicine University of Florence, Italy L’INQUADRAMENTO DELL’IPERTENSIONE

Qualche certezza:

1. L’ipertensione arteriosa, soprattutto sistolica,

è un fattore di rischio anche nell’anziano

2. Il «giovane anziano» in buona salute, DEVE

essere trattato per l’ipertensione arteriosa

come il giovane (forse prima)

3. Essere ipertesi non controllati in età adulta

aumenta il rischio di ipertensione sistolica

isolata in età avanzata

Page 3: Nessun titolo diapositiva...Andrea Ungar, MD, PhD, FESC Syncope Unit, Hypertension Centre Geriatric Cardiology and Medicine University of Florence, Italy L’INQUADRAMENTO DELL’IPERTENSIONE

L’INQUADRAMENTO DELL’IPERTENSIONE ARTERIOSA NEL PAZIENTE ANZIANO:

TRA LINEE GUIDA E PRATICA CLINICA

Controllo pressorio e prognosi clinica: è più importante il punto di partenza o di arrivo?

Partenza

Page 4: Nessun titolo diapositiva...Andrea Ungar, MD, PhD, FESC Syncope Unit, Hypertension Centre Geriatric Cardiology and Medicine University of Florence, Italy L’INQUADRAMENTO DELL’IPERTENSIONE
Page 5: Nessun titolo diapositiva...Andrea Ungar, MD, PhD, FESC Syncope Unit, Hypertension Centre Geriatric Cardiology and Medicine University of Florence, Italy L’INQUADRAMENTO DELL’IPERTENSIONE

Arrivo

L’INQUADRAMENTO DELL’IPERTENSIONE ARTERIOSA NEL PAZIENTE ANZIANO:

TRA LINEE GUIDA E PRATICA CLINICA

Controllo pressorio e prognosi clinica: è più importante il punto di partenza o di arrivo?

Page 6: Nessun titolo diapositiva...Andrea Ungar, MD, PhD, FESC Syncope Unit, Hypertension Centre Geriatric Cardiology and Medicine University of Florence, Italy L’INQUADRAMENTO DELL’IPERTENSIONE
Page 7: Nessun titolo diapositiva...Andrea Ungar, MD, PhD, FESC Syncope Unit, Hypertension Centre Geriatric Cardiology and Medicine University of Florence, Italy L’INQUADRAMENTO DELL’IPERTENSIONE

• In elderly hypertensives less than 80 years old with

SBP ≥160 mmHg there is solid evidence to recommend

reducing SBP to between 150 and 140 mmHg.

• In the Fit elderly patients less than 80 years old SBP

values <140 mmHg may be considered, whereas in the

fragile elderly population SBP goals should be adapted

to individual tolerability.

• In individuals older than 80 years and with initial SBP

≥160 mmHg, it is recommended to reduce SBP to

between 150 and 140 mmHg provided they are in good

physical and mental conditions.

Page 8: Nessun titolo diapositiva...Andrea Ungar, MD, PhD, FESC Syncope Unit, Hypertension Centre Geriatric Cardiology and Medicine University of Florence, Italy L’INQUADRAMENTO DELL’IPERTENSIONE
Page 9: Nessun titolo diapositiva...Andrea Ungar, MD, PhD, FESC Syncope Unit, Hypertension Centre Geriatric Cardiology and Medicine University of Florence, Italy L’INQUADRAMENTO DELL’IPERTENSIONE
Page 10: Nessun titolo diapositiva...Andrea Ungar, MD, PhD, FESC Syncope Unit, Hypertension Centre Geriatric Cardiology and Medicine University of Florence, Italy L’INQUADRAMENTO DELL’IPERTENSIONE

“FIT”

elderly patient

??

“good physical

and mental

condition” ??

SBP between

140 and 150

mmHg

Dementia?? Stima funzione

renale

nell’anziano??

Page 11: Nessun titolo diapositiva...Andrea Ungar, MD, PhD, FESC Syncope Unit, Hypertension Centre Geriatric Cardiology and Medicine University of Florence, Italy L’INQUADRAMENTO DELL’IPERTENSIONE

Stima funzione

renale nell’anziano??

Page 12: Nessun titolo diapositiva...Andrea Ungar, MD, PhD, FESC Syncope Unit, Hypertension Centre Geriatric Cardiology and Medicine University of Florence, Italy L’INQUADRAMENTO DELL’IPERTENSIONE
Page 13: Nessun titolo diapositiva...Andrea Ungar, MD, PhD, FESC Syncope Unit, Hypertension Centre Geriatric Cardiology and Medicine University of Florence, Italy L’INQUADRAMENTO DELL’IPERTENSIONE
Page 14: Nessun titolo diapositiva...Andrea Ungar, MD, PhD, FESC Syncope Unit, Hypertension Centre Geriatric Cardiology and Medicine University of Florence, Italy L’INQUADRAMENTO DELL’IPERTENSIONE
Page 15: Nessun titolo diapositiva...Andrea Ungar, MD, PhD, FESC Syncope Unit, Hypertension Centre Geriatric Cardiology and Medicine University of Florence, Italy L’INQUADRAMENTO DELL’IPERTENSIONE

(Berlin Initiative Study, BIS-1 and BIS-2)

Page 16: Nessun titolo diapositiva...Andrea Ungar, MD, PhD, FESC Syncope Unit, Hypertension Centre Geriatric Cardiology and Medicine University of Florence, Italy L’INQUADRAMENTO DELL’IPERTENSIONE
Page 17: Nessun titolo diapositiva...Andrea Ungar, MD, PhD, FESC Syncope Unit, Hypertension Centre Geriatric Cardiology and Medicine University of Florence, Italy L’INQUADRAMENTO DELL’IPERTENSIONE

La valutazione del filtrato glomerulare nell’anziano alla luce

delle nuove formule.

Dalla scintigrafia renale alla pratica clinica.

Page 18: Nessun titolo diapositiva...Andrea Ungar, MD, PhD, FESC Syncope Unit, Hypertension Centre Geriatric Cardiology and Medicine University of Florence, Italy L’INQUADRAMENTO DELL’IPERTENSIONE

SIGG-SIIA 2014

Correlazione tra

Filtrato Glomerulare (FG)

Misurato e Stimato

Page 19: Nessun titolo diapositiva...Andrea Ungar, MD, PhD, FESC Syncope Unit, Hypertension Centre Geriatric Cardiology and Medicine University of Florence, Italy L’INQUADRAMENTO DELL’IPERTENSIONE

FGs COCKROFT-GAULT vs FG misu

Correlazione: r= 0,51160, p<0,001

0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140

FG misurato (ml/min/1.73 m 2)

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

CO

CK

RO

FT

-GA

ULT

(m

l/m

in/1

.73m

2)

r = 0.51

FGs MDRD vs FG mis

Correlazione: r= 0.62652, p<0.001

0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140

FG misurato (ml/min/1.73m 2)

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

160

MD

RD

(m

l/m

in/1

.73m

2)

r = 0.63

FGs CKD-EPI vs FG mis

Correlazione: r= 0.66605, p<0.001

0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140

FG misurato (ml/min/1.73m 2)

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

CK

D-E

PI

(ml/m

in/1

.73m

2)

r = 0.67

FGs BIS1 vs FG m

Correlazione: r=0.65227, p<0.001

0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140

FG misurato (ml/min/1.73 m 2)

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

BIS

1 (

ml/m

in/1

.73 m

2)

r = 0.65

Page 20: Nessun titolo diapositiva...Andrea Ungar, MD, PhD, FESC Syncope Unit, Hypertension Centre Geriatric Cardiology and Medicine University of Florence, Italy L’INQUADRAMENTO DELL’IPERTENSIONE

Creatininemia in 311 anziani ricoverati in ortopedia(65-102 anni, 81,9±8,1 anni)

0,0 0,5 1,0 1,5 2,0 2,5 3,0 3,5 4,0

Creatinina (mg/dl)

0

50

100

150

200

250

Nu

me

ro p

azie

nti

Cr. media 0,89±0,40 mg/dl

Cr. < 1 mg/dl: 236/311 (76 %)

Ortogeriatria, AOU Careggi, Firenze

Page 21: Nessun titolo diapositiva...Andrea Ungar, MD, PhD, FESC Syncope Unit, Hypertension Centre Geriatric Cardiology and Medicine University of Florence, Italy L’INQUADRAMENTO DELL’IPERTENSIONE

CREATININA < = 1 mg/dl

Correlazione: r= 0.10398

20 40 60 80 100 120 140

FG (ml/min/1.73m 2)

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

CO

CK

RO

FT

-GA

ULT

(m

l/m

in/1

.73m

2)

Confidenza 95%

CREATININA > 1mg/dl

Correlazione: r= 0.48782

0 20 40 60 80 100 120

FG (ml/min/1.73m 2)

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

CO

CK

RO

FT

-GA

ULT

(m

l/m

in/1

.73m

2)

Confidenza 95%

r = 0.10 r = 0.49

Correlazione tra filtrato glomerulare misurato e stimato

in base ai valori di creatinina

Formula di Cockcroft-Gault

Creatinina

≤ 1mg/dL

Creatinina

> 1mg/dL

SIGG-SIIA 2014

Page 22: Nessun titolo diapositiva...Andrea Ungar, MD, PhD, FESC Syncope Unit, Hypertension Centre Geriatric Cardiology and Medicine University of Florence, Italy L’INQUADRAMENTO DELL’IPERTENSIONE

Correlazione tra filtrato glomerulare misurato e stimato

in base ai valori di creatinina

Formula MDRD

Creatinina

≤ 1mg/dL

Creatinina

> 1mg/dL

CREATININA <= 1 mg/dl

Correlazione: r= 0.14469

20 40 60 80 100 120 140

FG (ml/min/1.73 m 2)

40

60

80

100

120

140

160

MD

RD

(m

l/m

in/1

.73 m

2)

Confidenza 95%

CREATININA >1 mg/dl

Correlazione: r= 0.64554

0 20 40 60 80 100 120

FG (ml/min/1.73m 2)

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

MD

RD

(m

l/m

in/1

.73m

2)

Confidenza 95%

r = 0.14 r = 0.65

SIGG-SIIA 2014

Page 23: Nessun titolo diapositiva...Andrea Ungar, MD, PhD, FESC Syncope Unit, Hypertension Centre Geriatric Cardiology and Medicine University of Florence, Italy L’INQUADRAMENTO DELL’IPERTENSIONE

Creatininemia in 311 anziani ricoverati in ortopedia(65-102 anni, 81,9±8,1 anni)

0,0 0,5 1,0 1,5 2,0 2,5 3,0 3,5 4,0

Creatinina (mg/dl)

0

50

100

150

200

250

Nu

me

ro p

azie

nti

Cr. media 0,89±0,40 mg/dl

Cr. < 1 mg/dl: 236/311 (76 %)

Ortogeriatria, AOU Careggi, Firenze

FUNZIONE RENALE????

Page 24: Nessun titolo diapositiva...Andrea Ungar, MD, PhD, FESC Syncope Unit, Hypertension Centre Geriatric Cardiology and Medicine University of Florence, Italy L’INQUADRAMENTO DELL’IPERTENSIONE
Page 25: Nessun titolo diapositiva...Andrea Ungar, MD, PhD, FESC Syncope Unit, Hypertension Centre Geriatric Cardiology and Medicine University of Florence, Italy L’INQUADRAMENTO DELL’IPERTENSIONE

V.B., 85 anni

Page 26: Nessun titolo diapositiva...Andrea Ungar, MD, PhD, FESC Syncope Unit, Hypertension Centre Geriatric Cardiology and Medicine University of Florence, Italy L’INQUADRAMENTO DELL’IPERTENSIONE

Ungar A et at, submitted

Page 27: Nessun titolo diapositiva...Andrea Ungar, MD, PhD, FESC Syncope Unit, Hypertension Centre Geriatric Cardiology and Medicine University of Florence, Italy L’INQUADRAMENTO DELL’IPERTENSIONE

Ungar A et at, submitted

Page 28: Nessun titolo diapositiva...Andrea Ungar, MD, PhD, FESC Syncope Unit, Hypertension Centre Geriatric Cardiology and Medicine University of Florence, Italy L’INQUADRAMENTO DELL’IPERTENSIONE

“FIT”

elderly patient

??

“good physical

and mental

condition” ??

Page 29: Nessun titolo diapositiva...Andrea Ungar, MD, PhD, FESC Syncope Unit, Hypertension Centre Geriatric Cardiology and Medicine University of Florence, Italy L’INQUADRAMENTO DELL’IPERTENSIONE
Page 30: Nessun titolo diapositiva...Andrea Ungar, MD, PhD, FESC Syncope Unit, Hypertension Centre Geriatric Cardiology and Medicine University of Florence, Italy L’INQUADRAMENTO DELL’IPERTENSIONE
Page 31: Nessun titolo diapositiva...Andrea Ungar, MD, PhD, FESC Syncope Unit, Hypertension Centre Geriatric Cardiology and Medicine University of Florence, Italy L’INQUADRAMENTO DELL’IPERTENSIONE
Page 32: Nessun titolo diapositiva...Andrea Ungar, MD, PhD, FESC Syncope Unit, Hypertension Centre Geriatric Cardiology and Medicine University of Florence, Italy L’INQUADRAMENTO DELL’IPERTENSIONE

????

Page 33: Nessun titolo diapositiva...Andrea Ungar, MD, PhD, FESC Syncope Unit, Hypertension Centre Geriatric Cardiology and Medicine University of Florence, Italy L’INQUADRAMENTO DELL’IPERTENSIONE
Page 34: Nessun titolo diapositiva...Andrea Ungar, MD, PhD, FESC Syncope Unit, Hypertension Centre Geriatric Cardiology and Medicine University of Florence, Italy L’INQUADRAMENTO DELL’IPERTENSIONE

Dementia ??

Page 35: Nessun titolo diapositiva...Andrea Ungar, MD, PhD, FESC Syncope Unit, Hypertension Centre Geriatric Cardiology and Medicine University of Florence, Italy L’INQUADRAMENTO DELL’IPERTENSIONE
Page 36: Nessun titolo diapositiva...Andrea Ungar, MD, PhD, FESC Syncope Unit, Hypertension Centre Geriatric Cardiology and Medicine University of Florence, Italy L’INQUADRAMENTO DELL’IPERTENSIONE
Page 37: Nessun titolo diapositiva...Andrea Ungar, MD, PhD, FESC Syncope Unit, Hypertension Centre Geriatric Cardiology and Medicine University of Florence, Italy L’INQUADRAMENTO DELL’IPERTENSIONE
Page 38: Nessun titolo diapositiva...Andrea Ungar, MD, PhD, FESC Syncope Unit, Hypertension Centre Geriatric Cardiology and Medicine University of Florence, Italy L’INQUADRAMENTO DELL’IPERTENSIONE

MMSE, Clock test?????

Page 39: Nessun titolo diapositiva...Andrea Ungar, MD, PhD, FESC Syncope Unit, Hypertension Centre Geriatric Cardiology and Medicine University of Florence, Italy L’INQUADRAMENTO DELL’IPERTENSIONE

White matter hyperintensities and silent

infarcts are associated with an increased risk

of stroke, cognitive decline and dementia.

Page 40: Nessun titolo diapositiva...Andrea Ungar, MD, PhD, FESC Syncope Unit, Hypertension Centre Geriatric Cardiology and Medicine University of Florence, Italy L’INQUADRAMENTO DELL’IPERTENSIONE
Page 41: Nessun titolo diapositiva...Andrea Ungar, MD, PhD, FESC Syncope Unit, Hypertension Centre Geriatric Cardiology and Medicine University of Florence, Italy L’INQUADRAMENTO DELL’IPERTENSIONE

The importance of hypertension in predicting

vascular dementia has been confirmed

…. but evidence on the effects of lowering of

BP is scanty and confusing

Little information was added by a cognition

sub-study of HYVET in hypertensive

octogenarians because of the inadequate

duration of follow-up showed very limited

benefit

Page 42: Nessun titolo diapositiva...Andrea Ungar, MD, PhD, FESC Syncope Unit, Hypertension Centre Geriatric Cardiology and Medicine University of Florence, Italy L’INQUADRAMENTO DELL’IPERTENSIONE

I problemi nascono

quando il paziente non è

più un adulto da

proteggere ma un paziente

anziano, magari «fragile e

con decadimento

cognitivo»

Page 43: Nessun titolo diapositiva...Andrea Ungar, MD, PhD, FESC Syncope Unit, Hypertension Centre Geriatric Cardiology and Medicine University of Florence, Italy L’INQUADRAMENTO DELL’IPERTENSIONE

Solo una minoranza di

pazienti con grave

decadimento cognitivo e

disturbi comportamentali

non hanno tollerato il

monitoraggio pressorio.

Anche nei pazienti che

non raggiungono il 75%

di misurazioni valide il

monitoraggio ha dato

indicazioni interessanti

per la terapia

Blood pressure monitoring, 2014

Page 44: Nessun titolo diapositiva...Andrea Ungar, MD, PhD, FESC Syncope Unit, Hypertension Centre Geriatric Cardiology and Medicine University of Florence, Italy L’INQUADRAMENTO DELL’IPERTENSIONE

Trials are urgently needed on preventing

cognitive dysfunction and on delaying

dementia when cognitive dysfunction has

begun

Page 45: Nessun titolo diapositiva...Andrea Ungar, MD, PhD, FESC Syncope Unit, Hypertension Centre Geriatric Cardiology and Medicine University of Florence, Italy L’INQUADRAMENTO DELL’IPERTENSIONE
Page 46: Nessun titolo diapositiva...Andrea Ungar, MD, PhD, FESC Syncope Unit, Hypertension Centre Geriatric Cardiology and Medicine University of Florence, Italy L’INQUADRAMENTO DELL’IPERTENSIONE

172 pazienti (età media 79±5 years, 63%

donne), affetti da demenza nel 68% e MCI

nel 32% dei casi

Tutti i pazienti sono stati sottoposti a ABPM,

valutazione pressoria clinica e follow-up

clinico e cognitivo

JAMA Int Med, 2014

Page 47: Nessun titolo diapositiva...Andrea Ungar, MD, PhD, FESC Syncope Unit, Hypertension Centre Geriatric Cardiology and Medicine University of Florence, Italy L’INQUADRAMENTO DELL’IPERTENSIONE

JAMA Int Med, 2014

ABPM Office

Page 48: Nessun titolo diapositiva...Andrea Ungar, MD, PhD, FESC Syncope Unit, Hypertension Centre Geriatric Cardiology and Medicine University of Florence, Italy L’INQUADRAMENTO DELL’IPERTENSIONE

JAMA Int Med, 2014

ABPM

Office

Page 49: Nessun titolo diapositiva...Andrea Ungar, MD, PhD, FESC Syncope Unit, Hypertension Centre Geriatric Cardiology and Medicine University of Florence, Italy L’INQUADRAMENTO DELL’IPERTENSIONE

JAMA Int Med, 2014

AD

MCI

Page 50: Nessun titolo diapositiva...Andrea Ungar, MD, PhD, FESC Syncope Unit, Hypertension Centre Geriatric Cardiology and Medicine University of Florence, Italy L’INQUADRAMENTO DELL’IPERTENSIONE

Prospettive per

studi del gruppo

SIIA-SIGG

Page 51: Nessun titolo diapositiva...Andrea Ungar, MD, PhD, FESC Syncope Unit, Hypertension Centre Geriatric Cardiology and Medicine University of Florence, Italy L’INQUADRAMENTO DELL’IPERTENSIONE
Page 52: Nessun titolo diapositiva...Andrea Ungar, MD, PhD, FESC Syncope Unit, Hypertension Centre Geriatric Cardiology and Medicine University of Florence, Italy L’INQUADRAMENTO DELL’IPERTENSIONE

Elena, a 103

Page 53: Nessun titolo diapositiva...Andrea Ungar, MD, PhD, FESC Syncope Unit, Hypertension Centre Geriatric Cardiology and Medicine University of Florence, Italy L’INQUADRAMENTO DELL’IPERTENSIONE

Grazie per l’attenzione

Page 54: Nessun titolo diapositiva...Andrea Ungar, MD, PhD, FESC Syncope Unit, Hypertension Centre Geriatric Cardiology and Medicine University of Florence, Italy L’INQUADRAMENTO DELL’IPERTENSIONE

Gruppo Italiano Sincope (GIS) - SIGG

Syncope and Dementia, a GIS Registry

SYD Registry

Page 55: Nessun titolo diapositiva...Andrea Ungar, MD, PhD, FESC Syncope Unit, Hypertension Centre Geriatric Cardiology and Medicine University of Florence, Italy L’INQUADRAMENTO DELL’IPERTENSIONE

Comorbosità (n=303)

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

80%

90%

Il 93% dei pazienti era affetto da

patologie cardiovascolari

SYD Registry

Page 56: Nessun titolo diapositiva...Andrea Ungar, MD, PhD, FESC Syncope Unit, Hypertension Centre Geriatric Cardiology and Medicine University of Florence, Italy L’INQUADRAMENTO DELL’IPERTENSIONE

Politerapia (n=303)

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

Il 96% assumeva una

polifarmacoterapia

SYD Registry

Page 57: Nessun titolo diapositiva...Andrea Ungar, MD, PhD, FESC Syncope Unit, Hypertension Centre Geriatric Cardiology and Medicine University of Florence, Italy L’INQUADRAMENTO DELL’IPERTENSIONE

Casistica

globale

(n=207)

<85 anni

(n=111)

≥85 anni

(n=96)

p

Neuromediata 152 (73.4%) 81 (73.0%) 71 (74.0%) ns

Neuroriflessa 51 (24.6%) 31 (27.9%) 20 (20.8%) ns

Ortostatica 101 (48.8%) 50 (45.0%) 51 (53.0%) ns

Disautonomia

secondaria 27 (17.8%) 17 (21.0%) 10 (14.1%) ns

Jatrogena 50 (24.2%) 23 (28.4%) 27 (38.0%) ns

Cardiaca 28 (13.5%) 14 (12.6%) 14 (14.6%) ns

Strutturale 8 (3.9%) 3 (2.7%) 5 (5.2%) ns

Aritmica 20 (9.7%) 11 (9.9%) 9 (9.3%) ns

Indeterminata 27 (13.0%) 16 (14.4%) 11 (11.5%) ns

Tipi di sincope

48.8%

SYD Registry

Page 58: Nessun titolo diapositiva...Andrea Ungar, MD, PhD, FESC Syncope Unit, Hypertension Centre Geriatric Cardiology and Medicine University of Florence, Italy L’INQUADRAMENTO DELL’IPERTENSIONE

Higher levels of accordance with both the DASH and Mediterranean dietary patterns were

associated with consistently higher levels of cognitive function in elderly men and

women over an 11-y period. Whole grains and nuts and legumes were positively

associated with higher cognitive functions and may be core neuroprotective foods common to

various healthy plant-centered diets around the globe.

Page 59: Nessun titolo diapositiva...Andrea Ungar, MD, PhD, FESC Syncope Unit, Hypertension Centre Geriatric Cardiology and Medicine University of Florence, Italy L’INQUADRAMENTO DELL’IPERTENSIONE

Solo in 2 studi su 9

l’ipertensione

arteriosa era riportata

tra le comorbidità del

pazienti