Makers

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Transcript of Makers

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L’ultimo a parlarne è stato Beppe Grillo. Anche il leader del Movimento Cinque Stelle si

è accorto della forza delle stampanti 3D e dell’effetto che la loro introduzione avrà sull’e-

conomia. Non tutto il suo discorso è stato preciso e coerente ma, di certo, testimonia

OD�FRQVDFUD]LRQH�GH±QLWLYD�GHOOªDUJRPHQWR��LO�JUDQGH�SXEEOLFR�±QDOPHQWH�QH�SDUOD��H�VL�SRQH�GHJOL�LQWHUURJDWLYL��3URSULR�SHU�TXHVWR�q�JLXQWR�LO�PRPHQWR�GL�SUHQGHUH�L�PDNHUV�VXO�VHULR��QRQ�XQD�VHPSOLFH�FXULRVLWj��PD�DWWRUL�GL�LQQRYD]LRQH�VRFLDOH�HG�HFRQRPLFD�FRQ�FXL�fare i conti.

La famosa casa 3D di Beppe Grillo, in realtà solo un esperimento

6X�/R�6SD]LR�GHOOD�3ROLWLFD�FL�SLDFH�VFRPPHWWHUH�VXL�WHPL�HPHUJHQWL�SHU�DQWLFLSDUH�L�WHPSL��SHU�SURYDUH�D�SDUODUH��RJJL��GHOOª,WDOLD�DO�IXWXUR��3HU�TXHVWR��DEELDPR�LQL]LDWR�D�RFFXSDUFL�GL�PDNHUV�H�LQQRYD]LRQH�FRQ�TXDOFKH�DQQR�GL�DQWLFLSR��H�DEELDPR�WDOYROWD�SUHYLVWR�VFHOWH�VWUDWHJLFKH�GHL�JUDQGL�SOD\HU��*Lj�LO����VHWWHPEUH������$QGUHD�'DQLHOOL�VFULYHYD��§/ª,WDOLD�VDUj�XQD�5HSXEEOLFD� IRQGDWD�VXL�)DEODE¨��6ROR�XQR�VORJDQ"�1R��SHUFKp�§LO�PRYLPHQWR�GHOOD�SHUVRQDO�IDEULFDWLRQ�q�±JOLR�GHOOªLQGXVWULD��GD�FXL�KD�SUHVR�OD�SUHFLVLRQH�H�OD�ULSURGX-

FLELOLWj�GHL�SURGRWWL��QLSRWH�GHOOªDUWLJLDQDWR��GD�FXL�KD�SUHVR�OD�SURJHWWD]LRQH�VX�PLVXUD��IUDWHOOR�GHOOªRSHQVRXUFH�FRQ�FXL�FRQGLYLGH�OD�±ORVR±D�GL�VFDPELDUVL�SURJHWWL�OLEHUDPHQ-

WH¨��(G�HFFR�SHUFKp�TXHVWR� WHPD�q� LPSRUWDQWH�SHU� Oª,WDOLD��SHU� LO� IXWXUR�GHOOªLQGXVWULD�H�della manifattura.

/ªDWWHQ]LRQH�SHU�LO�IXWXUR�q�XQR�GHJOL�DVSHWWL�FHQWUDOL�GL�/R�6SD]LR�GHOOD�3ROLWLFD�H�FL�KD�consentito di trasformare la teoria in pratica, ponendoci come interlocutori di rilievo nel-

OD�YLEUDQWH�H�DUWLFRODWD�VFHQD�GHL�PDNHUV�LWDOLDQL��2UPDL�QRQ�Fªq�ULYLVWD�GL�LQQRYD]LRQH��HYHQWR�GL�VWDUW�XS�R�FRQYHJQR�LVWLWX]LRQDOH�FKH�QRQ�SDUOL�GL�PDNHUV��IDEODE��§ULWRUQR�DO�VDSHUH�PDQXDOH¨��WDOYROWD�D�VSURSRVLWR��VL�ULVFKLD�GL�PHVFRODUH�DWWRUL�FKH�VL�SHUFHSLVFRQR�come distinti – e pure distanti.

3ULPD�GL� LPPHUJHUFL� QHL� FRQWHQXWL� GL� TXHVWR� HERRN��SURYLDPR�DOORUD� D� WUDWWHJJLDUH�XQ�ULWUDWWR�GL�FRPXQLWj�HWHURJHQHH��DQDOL]]DQGR�LQ�FKH�PRGR�L� ORUR�PHPEUL�VL�SRQJRQR�LQ�UDSSRUWR�FRO�QRVWUR�VLVWHPD�HFRQRPLFR�H�VL�DXWRSHUFHSLVFRQR��/H�FDWHJRULH�FKH�DEELDPR�LGHQWL±FDWR�QHJOL�DQQL�VRQR�TXHVWH�1. Makers:�FUHGRQR�QHOOD�FRQGLYLVLRQH�GHOOD�FRQRVFHQ]D��XVDQR�OH�WHFQRORJLH�GL�SHUVRQDO�IDEULFDWLRQ�SHU�DXWR�SURGXUUH�R�ULSDUDUH�FLz�FKH�JOL�VHUYH��QRQ�DPELVFRQR�D�YHQGHUH�L�ORUR�prodotti.

2. Inventori:�FUHGRQR�QHOOD�FRQGLYLVLRQH�PD��WDOYROWD��YL�SRVVRQR�ULQXQFLDUH��SHU�HVLJHQ]H�

Makers e impresa

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GL�EXVLQHVV��XVDQR�OH�WHFQRORJLH�GL�SHUVRQDO�IDEULFDWLRQ�SHU�SURWRWLSDUH�OH�ORUR�LQYHQ]LRQL��DPELVFRQR�D�YHQGHUH�OH�SURSULH�FUHD]LRQL��3. Artigiani digitali:�LO�SRVVHVVR�GL�FRPSHWHQ]H�§VHJUHWH¨�q�DOOªRULJLQH�GHO�ORUR�VXFFHVVR�SURIHVVLRQDOH��GLI±FLOH�FKH�OH�FRQGLYLGDQR��DOOR�VWHVVR�WHPSR��ULVROYRQR�VHPSUH�SL��VSHV-VR�SUREOHPL�LQ�PDQLHUD�FROODERUDWLYD��VL�VHUYRQR�GHJOL�VWUXPHQWL�GL�SHUVRQDO�IDEULFDWLRQ�SHU�DJJLRUQDUH�L�ORUR�SURGRWWL�H�FUHDUH�SH]]L�VHPSUH�PLJOLRUL�4. Designers:�PROWL�KDQQR�DEEUDFFLDWR� OªDXWRSURGX]LRQH�� DOWUL� OD� FRQGLYLVLRQH�� DOWUL� OD�SDVVLRQH�SHU�JOL�VPDUW�REMHFW��FROODERUDQR�XQ�SRª�FRQ�WXWWL�FRQ�XQD� ORJLFD�RYYLDPHQWH�commerciale.

5. Service providers:�SHUPHWWRQR�D�WXWWL�GL�ODYRUDUH�IRUQHQGR�VWDPSD��WDJOLR��ODYRUD]LRQL�TXDVL�LQGXVWULDOL��VRQR�WHFQLFL�HVSHUWL�GL�PDFFKLQDUL�GL�SHUVRQDO�IDEULFDWLRQ��FRQGLYLGRQR�LO�ORUR�NQRZ�KRZ��KDQQR�XQD�ORJLFD�FRPPHUFLDOH��

,Q�TXHVWR�H�ERRN�FHUFKLDPR�GL�DQDOL]]DUH�OH�UHOD]LRQL�WUD�PDNHUV�H�LPSUHVH�FRQ�XQ�RELHW-WLYR�GLFKLDUDWR��SUHVHQWDUH�L�PDNHUV�FRPH�LQWHUORFXWRUL�SULYLOHJLDWL�SHU�OH�LPSUHVH�PDQL-fatturiere che intendono innovare i loro prodotti. Naturalmente puntiamo a ridurre le di-

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vazione e offerta di competenze.

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]LRQL��SUHVHQWD]LRQL�H�LQWHJUD]LRQL�VFULYHWH�D�[email protected] e a [email protected] .

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1. Che cosa sono i Fab Lab (Vurchio, Menichinelli)

2. L'hardware dei Fab Lab: la digital fabrication (Re)

3. Open hardware: DEFINIZIONI ED esempi (Danielli, Vurchio)

4. Modelli di business esistenti (Menichinelli)

5. Modelli di business possibili (Danielli)

6. Fab Lab Reggio Emilia: Idea Challenge

7. MioCugino: un Fab Lab ''privato''�

8. Trasformazioni e manifattura (Cicero)

9. La paura dell�open: realtà e miti (Danielli)

10. Politiche di sviluppo pubbliche e private (Danielli, Mauro, Aster, Fondazione Nord Est)

AppendiceElenco dei Fab Lab italiani

Risorse per i Fab Lab

INDICE

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WLOH�R�XQD�VWDPSDQWH�LQN�MHW��

Queste nuove dinamiche produttive mettono in discussione vecchi principi, come la di-

VWLQ]LRQH� IHUUHD� WUD�SURGRWWR�H�VHUYL]LR��5ROOV�5R\FH�QRQ�VL� OLPLWD�SL��D�YHQGHUH�PRWRUL�aeronautici ma offre pacchetti d’uso che includono le ore d’utilizzo del motore e l’assi-

VWHQ]D�WHFQLFD�TXDOL±FDWD��&LWLDPR�DQFKH�;HUR[��FKH�RIIUH�LQ�DEERQDPHQWR�L�PDFFKLQDUL�LQVLHPH�D�VHUYL]L�DPPLQLVWUDWLYL�H�,7��,%0��FKH�q�SDVVDWD�GDO�SURGXUUH�FRPSXWHU�H�VHUYHU�D�RIIULUH�FRQVXOHQ]D�VSHFLDOLVWLFD��RSSXUH�$QVDOGR�(QHUJLD��FKH�ROWUH�DOOH�WXUELQH�YHQGH�PDQXWHQ]LRQH��PRQLWRUDJJLR�H�IRUPD]LRQH��$OWUL�HVHPSL�GD�RVVHUYDUH�VRQR��7RSFRGHU�H�0HFKDQLFDO�7XUN��&RQ�TXHVWL�XOWLPL�HPHUJH�DQFKH�XQ�DOWUR�GHWWDJOLR�FDUDWWHUL]]DQWH��OªL-SHUVSHFLDOL]]D]LRQH�GHO�ODYRUR�FKH��QHO�FDVR�GL�7RSFRGHU��UDVHQWD�OD�GLYLVLRQH�LQ±QLWHVL-PDOH�GHOOD�VFULWWXUD�GHOOH�OLQHH�GL�FRGLFH�GL�XQ�VRIWZDUH��4XHVWD�SDUWH�GHOOªDQDOLVL�JXDUGD�LO�ODWR�GHOOªRIIHUWD��FL�VRQR�SHUz�GLYHUVL�HOHPHQWL�FKH�FRQYDOLGDQR�TXHVWD�WHRULD�DQFKH�GDO�lato della domanda. Quello che una volta era il mercato di massa, dominato dal principio

GL�3DUHWR��RJJL�FRQWLQXD�Vu�D�HVLVWHUH�PD�ULGLPHQVLRQDWR�H�VSH]]HWWDWR��6L�SXz�RVVHUYDUH�LO�PDQLIHVWDUVL�GL�TXHOOR�FKH�q�VWDWR�GHQRPLQDWR�/RQJ�7DLO��FRGD�OXQJD���GH±QL]LRQH�FRQLDWD�GD�&KULV�$QGHUVRQ��,O�/RQJ�7DLO�q�XQ�IHQRPHQR�SHU�FXL�QHOOH�HFRQRPLH�DYDQ]DWH�QRQ�HVL-VWRQR�SL��JUDQGL�PHUFDWL�GL�PDVVD�PD�XQD�PDVVD�GL�PHUFDWL�GL�QLFFKLD��6HJQDOL�GL�TXHVWD�mutazione si possono percepire anche osservando modelli di natura amatoriale, come

(WV\��XQD�SLDWWDIRUPD�GL�H�FRPPHUFH�GHGLFDWD�DOOD�YHQGLWD�GL�RJJHWWL�YLQWDJH�R�DUWLJLDQDOL��È naturale che anche il mondo del lavoro sia coinvolto in questa mutazione. Non è pro-

vocazione sostenere che “Physical factories will keep losing importance, but cities with a large percentage of interconnected, highly educated workers will become the new factories where ideas and knowledge are forged”��FRVu�FRPH�KD�VFULWWR�(QULFR�0RUHtti1.

:HDUDEOH�7HFK��XQD�IDEEULFD�GHO�IXWXUR"

Che cosa sono i Fab LabRiccardo Vurchio

1 Estratto da “The Key To Economic Success? Geography - http://globalpublicsquare.blogs.cnn.com/2012/10/09/the-key-to-economic-success-geography/

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�VHSSXU�GL�QLFFKLD��LQ�JLUR�SHU�LO�PRQGR��/ªLPSRVWD]LRQH�DPDWRULDOH�QRQ�GHYH�LQJDQQDUH�FKL�SHU�OD�SULPD�YROWD�VL�DYYLFLQD�D�TXHVWR�PRQGR��VWHVVR�VXJJHULPHQWR�YDOH�SHU�L�SURJHWWL�FRQGRWWL�QHL�)DE�/DE��FKH�D�YROWH�SRVVRQR�DSSDULUH�EL]]DUUL��,Q�UHDOWj�TXHVWªDPELHQWH�SHU-PHWWH�GL�DVVLVWHUH�D�XQ�SURFHVVR�PROWR�UDI±QDWR�H�LQWHUHVVDQWH��LQ�DOWUH�SDUROH�RVVHUYDUH�OH�LQ±QLWH�SRVVLELOLWj�GªLQWHUD]LRQH�WUD�ELW�H�DWRPL��,O�FRQFHWWR�VWHVVR�GL�)DE�/DE�UDSSUHVHQWD�OªHVSOLFD]LRQH�SL��GLUHWWD�H�DFFHVVLELOH�GHOOªLQWH-

JUD]LRQH�WUD�FRPSXWHU�H�PDFFKLQH��H�YLFHYHUVD��1R]LRQL�FKH�SHU�DOFXQL�VRQR�JLj�IDPLOLDUL��SRLFKp�YLVWH�H�YLVVXWH�QHOOH� IDEEULFKH�� FRQ�GLPHQVLRQL�H� FRVWL�GL�DOWUR� OLYHOOR��TXL� VRQR�ULSURGRWWH�VX�VFDOD�DPDWRULDOH�H�LQ�XQ�IXWXUR�SRWUHEEHUR�GLYHQWDUH�GL�OLYHOOR�§GRPHVWLFR¨��“Secondo come lo si voglia interpretare, un laboratorio per la fabbricazione o semplice-mente un laboratorio favoloso”�DIIHUPD�OR�VWHVVR�*HUVFKHQIHOG��VRVWHQHQGR�FKH�L�)DE�/DE�VLDQR�OªDQHOOR�GL�FRQJLXQ]LRQH�WUD�OD�PDQLIDWWXUD�H�OªHVSUHVVLRQH�SHUVRQDOH��LPSLHJDQGR�FRPH�WUDPLWH�OD�SURJHWWD]LRQH�GLJLWDOH��

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VLQHVV�0RGHO�IRU�&RQFXUUHQW�(QWHUSULVLQJ�DW�WKH�)DE�/DE¨�7UR[OHU�VYROJH�XQªDQDOLVL�VXOOD�EDVH�GHL�IRQGDPHQWL�GHOOD�WHRULD�GHOOH�DWWLYLWj�GL�(QJHUVWU|P���ULOHYDQGR�FRPH�L�)DE�/DE�siano comunità che stimolano l’apprendimento e lo sviluppo mediante tre caratteri prin-

FLSDOL��OXRJR�LQ�FXL�IDUH��QHO�VHQVR�SL��FRQFUHWR�GHO�WHUPLQH��LQQHVFDQGR�XQR�GHL�PHFFD-

QLVPL�GªDSSUHQGLPHQWR�SL��SRWHQWL��OXRJR�FKH�SHUVHJXH�OD�ULFHUFD�GL�VROX]LRQL�VSHFLDOL�D�ELVRJQL�SDUWLFRODUL�H�OXRJR�DOOªLQWHUQR�GL�XQD�UHWH�GL�DOWUH�FRPXQLWj��RYH�LO�YDORUH�DJJLXQWR�è rappresentato dalla condivisione di esperienza e conoscenza.

e�FRPSUHQVLELOH�FKH�D�PROWL�WXWWR�FLz�SRVVD�DSSDULUH�FRPH�“cazzeggio creativo”, una de-

±QL]LRQH�LURQLFD�GL�XQR�GHL�SL��LPSRUWDQWL�PDNHU�H�LPSUHQGLWRUL�LWDOLDQL��0DVVLPR�%DQ]L��3HUz�L�)DE�/DE�VRQR�XQªRWWLPD�DSSURVVLPD]LRQH�GL�FRPH�VL�SRVVDQR�UHDOL]]DUH�HFRVLVWHPL�e piattaforme vocate esclusivamente all’innovazione, percorrendo schemi non conven-

2 La Teoria delle Attività si occupa di studiare le interazioni dell’individuo in un contesto storico-culturale. Secondo questo setting teorico, l’apprendimento è interpretato come processo attivo, volto all’elaborazione di nuove idee e VWUXPHQWL��<ULR�(QJHVWU|P�q�LO�SULQFLSDOH�HVSRQHQWH�GHO�±ORQH�VFDQGLQDYR�H�WHRULFR�GHOOªH[SDQVLYH�OHDUQLQJ��3HU�FKL�volesse approfondire ulteriormente il tema, rimando a “Perspectives on activity theory” di Engeström, Miettinen, Pu-namäki, Cambridge University Press.

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GLYLGXL��FRVu�FRPH�)UHGHULFN�$��+D\HN�VRVWHQHYD�QHO�VXR�The Use of Knowledge in Society.

3 Pubblicato su Harvard Business Review: http://hbr.org/2011/07/the-big-idea-the-age-of-hyperspecialization/ar/1

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Approfondimento:

come creare un Fab Lab4

Massimo Menichinelli, traduzione a cura di Riccardo Vurchio

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sentare una risposta a servizi non presenti in quel momento sul territorio. Questa è una

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4 L’originale è visibile al seguente link: http://www.openp2pdesign.org/2013/spaces/how-to-build-a-Fab Lab/

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risorse.

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Approfondimento:

chi frequenta i Fab Lab

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schile rispetto a quella femminile. Dati interessanti quelli sull’area professionale di pro-

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13

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Page 14: Makers

14L'hardware dei Fab Lab: la digital fabricationGiovanni Re

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che possono essere usate anche sul tavolo della cucina.

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5 L’originale è visibile al seguente link: http://www.openp2pdesign.org/2013/spaces/how-to-build-a-Fab Lab/

Page 15: Makers

15

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6 Fab Lab Inventory: http://fab.cba.mit.edu/about/fab/inv.html

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ce-G, ossia in G-Code, che consentono di pilotare la periferica con i dati inviati.

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Page 18: Makers

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Ultimaker 3D Printer

Descrizione: /D�VWDPSDQWH��'�8OWLPDNHU�q�XQD�PDFFKLQD�RSHQ�VRXUFH�FKH�SHUPHWWH�OD�UHDOL]]D]LRQH�GL�RJJHWWL�FRQ�OD�WHFQLFD�)'0��*UD]LH�D�TXHVWD�WHFQRORJLD�VL�SRVVRQR�UHDOL]]DUH�RJJHWWL�FRQ�IRUPH�PROWR�FRP-

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RepRap Prusa I3

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Produttore: 8OWLPDNHU

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Epilog Legend 36EXT

Descrizione: /D�/HJHQG���(;7��q�XQD�/DVHU�&XWWHU��LQ�JUDGR�GL�IDUH�WDJOL�H�LQFLVLRQL�FRQ�JUDQGH�SUHFLVLRQH��,O�SHUFRUVR�HVHJXLWR�GDO�ODVHU�GHYH�HVVHUH�GLVHJQDWR�LQ�XQ�±OH�GL�WLSR�YHWWRULDOH�LO�TXDOH�q�PDQGDWR�DO�ODVHU�FXWWHU�FRPH�VH�IRVVH�XQD�QRUPDOH�VWDPSDQWH��/H�FDUDWWHULVWLFKH�GHOOH�OLQHH�GLVHJQDWH��VSHV-VRUH�H�FRORUH��VRQR�OHJDWH�DOOD�SRWHQ]D�H�DOOD�YHORFLWj�GHO�ODVHU��TXHVWR�LQ²XHQ]D�OD�SURIRQGLWj�GL�WDJOLR��6L�SRVVRQR�WDJOLDUH�PDWHULDOL�TXDOL�FDUWD��WHVVXWR��FXRLR��OHJQR�H�SOH[LJODVV��OªLQFLVLRQH�q�SRVVLELOH�VX�WXWWL�L�PDWHULDOL�HOHQFDWL�SL��PHWDOOL��YHWUR�H�SLHWUD�

Eureka Sei Laser

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Produttore: (3,/2*

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Roland MDX-40

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Roland iModela iM-01

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Page 21: Makers

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'RSR�DYHU�GHVFULWWR��VHSSXU�EUHYHPHQWH��L�IDEODE��FRQFHWWXDOPHQWH�H�SL��FRQFUHWDPHQWH��LQ�TXHVWR�FDSLWROR�LQWHQGLDPR�RIIULUH�XQªLQWURGX]LRQH�DOOªKDUGZDUH�RSHQ�VRXUFH��FRPSR-

QHQWH�HVVHQ]LDOH�GHOOD�QXRYD�HFRQRPLD�GHL�PDNHUV��$EELDPR�SHQVDWR�GL�IDUOR�DWWUDYHUVR�XQªHVSOLFLWD]LRQH�GHL�SULQFLSL�GHOOªRSHQ�VRXUFH�H�XQD�UDFFROWD�GL�SURJHWWL�FKH�VRQR�EDVDWL�VX�GL� HVVR��(FFR�SHUFKp�RIIULUHPR�RUD�XQD�VLQWHVL�GHOOD�GH±QL]LRQH�SURSRVWD�GDOOª2SHQ�6RXUFH�+DUGZDUH�$VVRFLDWLRQ���5LVSHWWR�DOOD�IRQWH�RULJLQDOH��TXHVWD�q�XQD�VLQWHVL�FDOLEUDWD�SHU�IRUQLUH�L�FRQFHWWL�HVVHQ]LDOL��FRVu�GD�QRQ�DSSHVDQWLUH�OD�OHWWXUD�

I principi dell Open Source Hardware (OSHW) 1.0

/ªKDUGZDUH�RSHQ�VRXUFH�q�KDUGZDUH�LO�FXL�SURJHWWR�q�UHVR�SXEEOLFR�LQ�PRGR�FKH�FKLXQTXH�SRVVD�VWXGLDUH��PRGL±FDUH��GLVWULEXLUH��UHDOL]]DUH�H�YHQGHUH�LO�SURJHWWR�R�OªKDUGZDUH�EDVD-

WR�VX�GL�HVVR��/D�IRQWH�GHOOªKDUGZDUH��LO�SURJHWWR�GD�FXL�q�VWDWR�UHDOL]]DWR��q�GLVSRQLELOH�QHO�IRUPDWR�PLJOLRUH�SHU�DSSRUWDUYL�PRGL±FKH��,GHDOPHQWH��OªKDUGZDUH�RSHQ�VRXUFH�XWLOL]]D�FRPSRQHQWL� H�PDWHULDOL�GLVSRQLELOL��SURFHVVL� VWDQGDUG�� LQIUDVWUXWWXUD�DSHUWD�� FRQWHQXWL�VHQ]D�UHVWUL]LRQH�H�VWUXPHQWL�GL�SURJHWWD]LRQH�RSHQ�VRXUFH�SHU�PDVVLPL]]DUH�OD�FDSDFLWj�GHJOL�LQGLYLGXL�GL�SURGXUUH�H�XWLOL]]DUH�OªKDUGZDUH��/ªKDUGZDUH�RSHQ�VRXUFH�Gj�DOOH�SHU-VRQH�OD�OLEHUWj�GL�FRQWUROODUH�OD�ORUR�WHFQRORJLD��OD�FRQGLYLVLRQH�GHOOD�FRQRVFHQ]D�H�LQFR-

UDJJLD� LO�FRPPHUFLR�DWWUDYHUVR� OR�VFDPELR�DSHUWR�GL�SURJHWWL�� ,� WHUPLQL�GL�GLVWULEX]LRQH�GHOOªKDUGZDUH�RSHQ�VRXUFH�GHYRQR�ULVSHWWDUH�L�VHJXHQWL�FULWHUL�

Open hardware: definizione ed esempiAndrea Danielli e Riccardo Vurchio

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1. La documentazione/ªKDUGZDUH�GHYH�HVVHUH�ULODVFLDWR�FRQ�OD�GRFXPHQWD]LRQH��LQFOXVL�L�±OH�GL�SURJHWWD]LRQH��PRGL±FDELOL�H�GLVWULEXLELOL�OLEHUDPHQWH��6H�OD�GRFXPHQWD]LRQH�QRQ�q�IRUQLWD�FRQ�LO�SUR-

GRWWR�±VLFR��FL�GHYH�HVVHUH�XQ�PRGR�EHQ�SXEEOLFL]]DWR�GL�RWWHQHUH�WDOH�GRFXPHQWD]LRQH�SHU�XQ�UDJLRQHYROH�FRVWR�GL�ULSURGX]LRQH��SUHIHULELOPHQWH�LO�GRZQORDG�YLD�,QWHUQHW�VHQ]D�VSHVH��/D�GRFXPHQWD]LRQH�GHYH�LQFOXGHUH�L�±OH�GHO�SURJHWWR�QHO�IRUPDWR�SUHIHULWR�SHU�DS-

SRUWDUH�PRGL±FKH��DG�HVHPSLR��LO�IRUPDWR�QDWLYR�GHO�±OH�GL�XQ�SURJUDPPD�&$'��>�@

2. Lo scopo/D�GRFXPHQWD]LRQH�SHU�OªKDUGZDUH�GHYH�LQGLFDUH�FKLDUDPHQWH�TXDOH�SDUWH�GHO�SURJHWWR��se non tutto, è stato rilasciato sotto la licenza.

3. Il Software necessario6H�LO�SURJHWWR�GL�OLFHQ]D�ULFKLHGH�VRIWZDUH��HPEHGGHG�R�GL�DOWUR�WLSR��±UPZDUH�R�DOWUR���SHU�IXQ]LRQDUH�DGHJXDWDPHQWH�H�VYROJHUH�OH�VXH�IXQ]LRQL�HVVHQ]LDOL��OD�OLFHQ]D�SXz�ULFKLHGHUH�FKH�XQD�GHOOH�VHJXHQWL�FRQGL]LRQL�VLD�VRGGLVIDWWD�D�� /H� LQWHUIDFFH� VRQR� VXI±FLHQWHPHQWH� GRFXPHQWDWH� LQ� PRGR� FKH� VL� SRVVD� VFULYHUH� LO�VRIWZDUH�RSHQ�VRXUFH�FKH�FRQVHQWH�DO�GLVSRVLWLYR�GL�IXQ]LRQDUH�FRUUHWWDPHQWH�H�GL�VYROJH-

re le sue funzioni essenziali.

E��,O�VRIWZDUH�QHFHVVDULR�q�ULODVFLDWR�VRWWR�XQD�OLFHQ]D�RSHQ�VRXUFH�DSSURYDWD

4. I lavori derivati/D� OLFHQ]D�GHYH�SHUPHWWHUH�PRGL±FKH�H� ODYRUL�GHULYDWL� H�GHYH�FRQVHQWLUH� ORUR�GL�HVVHUH�GLVWULEXLWL�VRWWR�JOL�VWHVVL�WHUPLQL�GHOOD�OLFHQ]D�GHO�ODYRUR�RULJLQDOH��>�@

5. La ridistribuzione libera/D�OLFHQ]D�QRQ�SXz�OLPLWDUH�DOFXQR�GDO�YHQGHUH�R�GRQDUH�OD�GRFXPHQWD]LRQH�GHO�SURJHWWR��/D�OLFHQ]D�QRQ�SXz�ULFKLHGHUH�GLULWWL�R�DOWUL�SDJDPHQWL�SHU�WDOH�YHQGLWD��>�@

8. Nessuna discriminazione contro i campi di applicazione/D�OLFHQ]D�QRQ�GHYH�LPSHGLUH�DG�DOFXQR�GL�IDUH�XVR�GHO�ODYRUR��FRPSUHVL�L�SURGRWWL�KDU-GZDUH��LQ�XQR�VSHFL±FR�FDPSR�GL�DWWLYLWj��>�@

9. La distribuzione della licenza,�GLULWWL�FRQFHVVL�GDOOD�OLFHQ]D�GHYRQR�DSSOLFDUVL�D�WXWWL�FRORUR�DL�TXDOL�LO�ODYRUR�q�ULGLVWULEX-

ito, senza la necessità di esecuzione di una licenza supplementare per queste parti.

10. La licenza non deve essere specifica per un prodotto,�GLULWWL�FRQFHVVL�GDOOD�OLFHQ]D�QRQ�GHYRQR�GLSHQGHUH�GD�XQ�SDUWLFRODUH�SURGRWWR��6H�XQD�SDUWH�GHO�SURGRWWR�q�HVWUDWWD��XVDWD�R�GLVWULEXLWD�HQWUR�L�WHUPLQL�GHOOD�OLFHQ]D��D�FRORUR�FXL�q�ULGLVWULEXLWR�LO�ODYRUR�VSHWWDQR�JOL�VWHVVL�GLULWWL�GL�TXHOOL�FKH�KDQQR�GDWR�RULJLQH�DO�SURGRWWR�

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23

11. La licenza non deve limitare altro hardware o software/D�OLFHQ]D�QRQ�GHYH�SRUUH�UHVWUL]LRQL�DG�DOWUL�HOHPHQWL�FKH�VRQR�DJJUHJDWL�FRQ�LO�ODYRUR�GL�licenza, ma non derivati da esso��3HU�HVHPSLR��OD�OLFHQ]D�QRQ�GHYH�LQVLVWHUH�VXO�IDWWR�FKH�WXWWL�JOL�DOWUL�FRPSRQHQWL�KDUGZDUH�YHQGXWL�FRQ�OD�OLFHQ]D�VLDQR�RSHQ�VRXUFH��>�@

Esempi di hardware sviluppato in modalità collaborativa

,O�PRGR�PLJOLRUH� SHU� UDSSUHVHQWDUH� OªHI±FDFLD� GHOOªDSSURFFLR� RSHQ� VRXUFH� q� YHGHUOR� LQ�RSHUD�DWWUDYHUVR�DOFXQL�SURJHWWL��0ROWR�VSD]LR�q�GHGLFDWR�DG�$UGXLQR��SURJHWWR� LWDOLDQR�DOOD�EDVH�GL�FHQWLQDLD�GL�SURJHWWL�GHULYDWL��WUD�FXL�DEELDPR�VHOH]LRQDWR�LGHH�GL�LQWHUHVVH�commerciale. Cerchiamo poi di stupirvi con cinque idee di alto impatto e di fornirvi esem-

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Basati su Arduino

Arduino è una schedina elettronica con un microcontrollore e circuiteria di contorno,

XWLOH�SHU�FUHDUH�UDSLGDPHQWH�SURWRWLSL�SHU�VFRSL�KREELVWLFL�H�GLGDWWLFL��&RQ�$UGXLQR�VL�SRV-sono realizzare in maniera rapida e semplice piccoli dispositivi come controllori di luci,

GL�YHORFLWj�SHU�PRWRUL��VHQVRUL�GL� OXFH�� WHPSHUDWXUD�H�XPLGLWj�H�PROWL�DOWUL�SURJHWWL�FKH�utilizzano sensori, attuatori e comunicazione con altri dispositivi. Arduino è fornito con

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› OpenBCI:�q�XQ�DPEL]LRVR�SURJHWWR�FKH�VL�SRQH�LO�±QH�GL�SRUWDU�IXRUL�GDJOL�VWXGL�PHGLFL�VSHFLDOLVWLFL�L�GLVSRVLWLYL�SHU�OªHOHWWURHQFHIDORJUD±D��UHQGHQGR�TXHVWR�VWUXPHQWR�DFFHVVL-

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ELOH�D�QXRYH�FDWHJRULH�GL�XWLOL]]DWRUL��FRPH�ULFHUFDWRUL�R�DUWLVWL��

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In questo capitolo iniziamo a fornire metriche e raccogliamo esempi di modelli di business JLj�DSSOLFDWL�GD�DOWUL�)DE�/DE��'RSR�OD�SULPD�SDUWH��SUHWWDPHQWH�LQWURGXWWLYD��VªLQL]LD�±QDO-mente ad entrare nel vivo dell’e-book.

Finanziare un Fab Lab: quanto costa?

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Gestire un Fab Lab: modelli di business

/D�)DE�/DE�&KDUWHU��LO�PDQLIHVWR�FKH�GHOLQHD�OD�PLVVLRQ�XI±FLDOH�GHOOD�)DE�)RXQGDWLRQ��ULFRQRVFH�FKH�L�)DE�/DE�SRVVRQR�DGRWWDUH�PRGHOOL�GL�EXVLQHVV�IDYRUHYROL�DOOH�DWWLYLWj�FRP-

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Business: i Fab Lab possono essere incubatori di attività commerciali, che però non devo-QR�HVVHUH�LQ�FRQ²LWWR�FRQ�LO�SULQFLSLR�GHOOªRSHQ�DFFHVV��GHYRQR�FUHVFHUH�ROWUH�LO�SHULPHWUR�GHO�ODERUDWRULR�HG�q�UDJLRQHYROH�DVSHWWDUVL�FKH�VLDQR�GL�EHQH±FLR�SHU�JOL�LQYHQWRUL��L�ODERUDWRUL�H�i network che hanno contribuito al successo di tali attività commerciali.

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GH�GL�WXWWR�LO�PRQGR�› Incubatore:�LQ�TXHVWR�FDVR��LO�ODERUDWRULR�RIIUH�VWUXWWXUH�H�VHUYL]L�DG�DVSLUDQWL�LPSUHQGL-WRUL��SHUPHWWHQGR�ORUR�GL�WUDVIRUPDUH�SURJHWWL�LQ�DWWLYLWj�VRVWHQLELOL��6HUYL]L�GL�EDFN�RI±FH��VWUXWWXUH��SURPR]LRQH�H�PDUNHWLQJ��VHHG�FDSLWDO��LO�QHWZRUN�)DE�/DE�H�WXWWL�TXHJOL�VWUXPHQ-

ti che mettano in condizione l’imprenditore di concentrarsi sulle proprie competenze.

› Replica/Rete:�TXHVWR�PRGHOOR�VL�SURSRQH�GL�SURJHWWDUH�XQ�SURGRWWR�R�XQ�VHUYL]LR�FKH�SXz�HVVHUH�UHSOLFDWR�LQ�DOWUL�)DE�/DE��,O�SURGRWWR�VHUYL]LR�SRJJLD�OD�VXD�IRU]D�VXOOªLPPDJL-QH�H�VXOOD�GLIIXVLRQH�GHL�ODERUDWRUL�

Modelli di business esistenti per Fab Lab8

Massimo Menichinelli, traduzione a cura di Riccardo Vurchio

8 Estratto da http://www.openp2pdesign.org/2011/fabbing/business-models-for-fab-labs/

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27

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Modelli di business possibili per Fab LabAndrea Danielli

9 http://www.theinquirer.net/inquirer/news/1719652/iphone-cost-usd18751

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“In the future, I envision wildly more modular and customizable phones. Perhaps in addi-tion to our own beautifully-designed phones, we could sell some kind of phone template, and entrepreneurs the world over could build a local business on building phones precisely tailored to the needs of his or her local community. You want a waterproof, glow-in-the-dark phone with a bottle-opener and a solar charger? Someone can build it for you—or you can print it yourself!”.11

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10 La CC BY-SA è una licenza che consente un uso commerciale, purché il prodotto venga condiviso con la stessa licen-za attribuendo la paternità dell’opera. Cfr. http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/legalcode11 http://conversations.nokia.com/2013/01/18/everything-you-need-to-know-about-the-lumia-820-and-3d-printing/12 http://motorola-blog.blogspot.it/2013/10/goodbye-sticky-hello-ara.html

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13 http://www.fastcodesign.com/3017409/why-lego-design-principles-dont-work-on-smartphones14 http://www.shareable.net/blog/20-open-source-furniture-designs

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La rete si è arricchita rapidamente di proposte di open forniture��.

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JLXVWD��DOPHQR�LQ�WHRULD��YLVWR�FKH�QRQ�FL�VRQR�HVHPSL�FRQFUHWL�3HUFKp�LO�PRGHOOR�TXL�WUDWWHJJLDWR�VLD�SUHVR�LQ�FRQVLGHUD]LRQH�DQFKH�GDJOL�HFRQRPLVWL��q�XWLOH�D�PLR�DYYLVR��VLQWHWL]]DUH�OªRULJLQH�GHO�ULVSDUPLR�ULVSHWWR�DOOªDWWXDOH�PRGHOOR�GL�SUR-

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› Ricerca e sviluppo condivise��LQ�OLQHD�FRQ�L�PRGHOOL�RSHQ�FKH�SUHYHGRQR�PLJOLDLD�GL�LQQRYDWRUL�H�EHWD�WHVWHU�› Il marketing non interessa��SRLFKp�,�)DE�/DE�SUHVHQWDQR�QXRYL�PRGHOOL�TXDQGR�VRQR�GLVSRQLELOL��H�VRQR�L�FRQVXPDWRUL���PD�VDUHEEH�PHJOLR�GH±QLUOL�SURVXPHU��D�IDUVL�DYDQWL�per conoscere le novità.

› L’assistenza è svolta dai Fab Lab stessi, sparsi sul territorio.

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YLHQH�LQ�XQ�DOWUR�SDHVH��QRQ�SHU�IRU]D�OD�&LQD���8QªHFRQRPLD�LQ�FXL�ULFHUFD�H�FUHDWLYLWj�VªLQ-

FRQWUDQR�QHOOD�TXRWLGLDQLWj��LQ�FXL�FRPSUDUH�XQ�SURGRWWR�VLJQL±FD�FRQWUROODUQH�OªRULJLQH�H�GHFLGHUQH�OR�VYLOXSSR��6HQ]D�GLPHQWLFDUH�XQD�QXRYD�FDWHQD�GHO�YDORUH��SHU�OD�TXDOH�RJQL�SDVVDJJLR�SXz�HVVHUH�YDORUL]]DWR��VHQ]D�FUHDUH�HQRUPL�VSURSRU]LRQL��3HU�TXDQWR�ULJXDUGD�OD� ULFHUFD�� FUHGR� VLD�SRVVLELOH� UHWULEXLUH� L� EHVW� FRQWULEXWRU� DOOªLQWHUQR�GHOOH� IRQGD]LRQL��FKH�VL�±QDQ]LDQR�DWWLQJHQGR�D�SDUWH�GHL�ULFDYL�GHL�)DE�/DE��Le economie di scala non si perdono per forza.�8Q�)DE�/DE�SXz�IXQJHUH�GD�FHQWUDOH�GL�DFTXLVWL�SHU�L�SURSUL�FOLHQWL��H�PDJDUL�GHFLQH�GL�)DE�/DE�VXO�WHUULWRULR�SRVVRQR�FROODERUDUH�FRQ�L�JUDQGL�IRUQLWRUL��DQFKH�FRQVLGHUDQGR�OD�IRU]D�GHOOH�IRQGD]LRQL�FKH�JHVWLVFRQR�OR�VYLOXSSR�GHL�SURJHWWL�

Quali sono le avvisaglie di questa rivoluzione?

/H�JLj�FLWDWH�2I±FLQH�$UGXLQR�VRQR�OªHVSUHVVLRQH�GL�XQ�EXVLQHVV�PRGHO�FHQWUDWR�VX�OLFHQ-

]H�RSHQ�H�VX�XQ�IRUXP�LQ�FXL�DYYLHQH�ULFHUFD�GLVWULEXLWD��LQ�TXHVWR�FDVR�$UGXLQR�VWD�GDQGR�XQ�RWWLPR�HVHPSLR��SHUz�FUHGR�FKH�SHU�UDJJLXQJHUH�LO�JUDQGH�SXEEOLFR�VHUYDQR�SURGRWWL�DVVHPEODWL�GL�ODUJR�FRQVXPR���QRQ�VROR�KLJK�WHFK���DQFKH�DEELJOLDPHQWR��DUUHGDPHQWR��/ªHQRUPH�VXFFHVVR�GL�$UGXLQR��FKH�SDUH�SURGXFD������FRQWUROOHU�DO�JLRUQR��q�VWDWR�FHOH-

EUDWR�FRQ�OªLQJUHVVR�GL�,QWHO�QHO�VXR�XQLYHUVR��JUD]LH�DOOD�VFKHGD�*DOLOHR��'L�FHUWR�WXWWL�L�produttori di componenti e microelettronica che non riescono a sfondare nel mercato di

PDVVD�SRWUHEEHUR�FRQVRU]LDUVL�SHU�±QDQ]LDUH�GLVSRVLWLYL�RSHQ�KDUGZDUH��/D�SUHVHQ]D�VXL�SL��LPSRUWDQWL�VLWL�GL�FURZGIXQGLQJ�GL�SURJHWWL�GL�PLFURHOHWWURQLFD�H�JD-

GJHW� LQQRYDWLYL� WHVWLPRQLD�XQD�FUHVFHQWH�GRPDQGD�GL�FRPSRQHQWL�RSHQ� LQGXVWULDOL��/D�comunità dei backers�q�SL��LQFOLQH�D�±QDQ]LDUH�PRGHOOL�DSHUWL�FKH��SXUWURSSR��UDUDPHQWH�

15 http://www.chefuturo.it/2014/02/i-5-ostacoli-maggiori-per-una-campagna-di-crowdfunding-di-successo/

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VRQR�ULSURGXFLELOL�VX�DOWL�YROXPL�H�DL�SUH]]L�SURPHVVL��.,Q±QH��SURJHWWL�FKH�QRQ�KDQQR�DYXWR�VXFFHVVR�SRWUHEEHUR�HVVHUH�QXRYDPHQWH�FRPPHU-FLDOL]]DWL�FRQ�OLFHQ]H�DSHUWH��SHU�HVVHU�ULYLWDOL]]DWL�GD�FRPXQLWj�GL�VPDQHWWRQL���1RQ�GLV-VLPLOH�GDO�SHUFRUVR�GL�0RWRUROD��VWUHWWD�DOOªDQJROR�GDOOªDJJXHUULWD�FRQFRUUHQ]D�GL�$SSOH�H�6DPVXQJ��(�DQFKH�0R]LOOD�VHPEUD�LQWHQ]LRQDWD�D�SURSRUUH�XQR�VPDUWSKRQH�RSHQ��GRSR�DYHU�PRVWUDWR�XQ�SURWRWLSR�GD��������5HVWD�FRPXQTXH�LO�SUREOHPD�GHOOH�OLFHQ]H�SHU�OD�FRP-

SRQHQWLVWLFD��QHOOªDPELWR�GHOOD�WHOHIRQLD�PRELOH�L�EUHYHWWL�VRQR�XWLOL]]DWL�FRPH�DUPD�FRP-

petitiva per ridurre la capacità d’innovazione dei propri concorrenti.

Personalizzazione 'on site'

¼�FRQWHQXWD�LQ�EXRQD�SDUWH�QHOOD�SURGX]LRQH�GLVWULEXLWD�PD�QRQ�LPSLHJD�SHU�IRU]D�GHOOH�OLFHQ]H�DSHUWH��6H�OH�VWHVVH�WHFQRORJLH�GL�SURGX]LRQH�VRQR�XWLOL]]DWH�SHU�UL±QLUH�DOFXQL�GHW-WDJOL�GHL�SURGRWWL�GL�FRQVXPR��è possibile realizzare oggetti personalizzati��,PPDJLQD-

WH�GL�DFTXLVLUH�DWWUDYHUVR�GHJOL�VFDQQHU��'�OH�PDQL�GL�XQ�PRWRFLFOLVWD��FKH�VL�ID�VWDPSDUH�OH�PDQRSROH�GHL�IUHQL�VX�PLVXUD��'LVFRUVR�VLPLOH�SHU�FDPHUDPDQ�R�IRWRJUD±��FKH�DGDWWDQR�DO�SURSULR�±VLFR�L�ORUR�VWUXPHQWL�GL�ODYRUR��3HU�SURGRWWL�KLJK�WHFK�GL�GHVLJQ��FRPH�JOL�+L�)L��VL�SXz�LPPDJLQDUH�XQD�EDVH�PRGXODUH�FRQ�GLYHUVH�RS]LRQL�GL�FRORUL�H�ERWWRQL�VWDPSDELOL�al momento dell’acquisto.

3RVVR�SHQVDUH�GL�FRPSUDUH�XQªDXWR�FRO�YRODQWH�VDJRPDWR�VXOOD�GLPHQVLRQH�GHOOH�PLH�GLWD��questo è lavorato da un service�R�GD�XQ�)DE�/DE�QHL�GLQWRUQL�GHO�ULYHQGLWRUH��H�SRL�LQVWDO-ODWR�QHOOªRI±FLQD�SULPD�GHOOD�FRQVHJQD��)RUG�KD�FRPLQFLDWR�DG�DSSOLFDUH�OD�PDQLIDWWXUD�DGGLWLYD�SHU�VWDPSDUH�XQ�SDUWLFRODUH�WLSR�GL�SRPHOOR�SHU�FDPEL�PDQXDOL��.

/R�VWHVVR�GLVFRUVR�SXz�YDOHUH�SHU�XQ�SDLR�GL�VFDUSH��,O�SODQWDUH�SXz�HVVHU�UHDOL]]DWR�D�SDU-WLUH�GD�XQD�VFDQVLRQH��'�GHO�SLHGH��SRL�SXz�HVVHU�FRQVHJQDWR�DVVLHPH�DOOH�VFDUSH�RSSXUH�VSHGLWR�D�FDVD��R�DQFKH�SUHSDUDWR�LQ�XQ�)DE�/DE�DXWRUL]]DWR�GDO�YHQGLWRUH��1RQ�VLDPR�DQ-

16 http://www.businessinsider.com/why-mozilla-is-building-a-25-smartphone-2014-517 http://www.stampalo3d.com/2013/07/29/ford-propone-un-pomello-del-cambio-stampato-3d-per-insegnare-co-me-guidare-con-il-cambio-manuale/18 http://www.businessinsider.com/nike-3d-printed-cleats-for-super-bowl-2014-1

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FRUD�D�TXHVWL�OLYHOOL��PD�1LNH���KD�JLj�LQL]LDWR�D�VSHULPHQWDUH�OD�VWDPSD��'�SHU�DFFHOHUDUH�lo sviluppo di una scarpa da corsa. Naturalmente la personalizzazione non deve restrin-

JHUVL�DO�PDWHULDOH�H�VL�SRWUHEEHUR�RIIULUH�GLYHUVL�WLSL�GL�QXRYL�VHUYL]L��5LWRUQDQGR�D�)RUG��OD�FDVD�GL�'HWURLW�KD�GHFLVR�GL�XWLOL]]DUH�VFKHGH�$UGXLQR�H�XQ�VRIWZDUH�RSHQ�SHU�OªHOHWWURQLFD�delle proprie auto��.

Prototipazione aperta

,O�)DE�/DE�SHU�HVVHUH�HFRQRPLFDPHQWH�LQGLSHQGHQWH�GHYH�ULXVFLUH�DG�DYHUH�EXRQL�LQWURLWL�H�RIIULUH�VHUYL]L�DG�DOWR�YDORUH�DJJLXQWR��SRLFKp�LO�VROR�DEERQDPHQWR�DJOL�VWUXPHQWL�QRQ�EDVWD��(FFR�FKH�OªDOWR�YDORUH�DJJLXQWR�GHULYD�GDOOH�FRQRVFHQ]H�WDFLWH�DFTXLVLWH�GDOOD�VXD�FRPXQLWj��XQ�)DE�/DE�SRWUHEEH�RIIULUH�LQ�DEERQDPHQWR��ROWUH�DOOªXVR�GHOOªDWWUH]]DWXUD��OD�FDSDFLWj�SURJHWWXDOH�GHO�WHDP�FKH�OR�DQLPD��,O�)DE�/DE�GLYHQWD�OXRJR�GHSXWDWR�D�gestire la prototipazione di nuovi prodotti��TXHVWL�SRVVRQR�RULJLQDUH�GD�XQ�GHVLJQHU��GD�XQ�LQYHQWRUH�R�GD�XQD�VRFLHWj��1HO�FDVR�GL�SHUVRQH��LO�)DE�/DE�q�LO�OXRJR�LQ�FXL�RWWHQHQUH�VXS-

SRUWR�SHU�UHDOL]]DUH�EXRQH�LGHH�H��VH�YDOLGH��D�FRPPHUFLDOL]]DUOH��6HJXHQGR�LO�SULQFLSLR�GHO�§GHVLJQ�SXVK¨��JLj�IRUWH�LQ�DOWUL�SDHVL�FRPH�WHVWLPRQLDWR�GD�%DQJFUHDWLRQ�H�'HVLJQ-

�0DUNHW��TXHVWH�VRQR�UHDOWj�GL�FRQVXOHQ]D�SULYDWH�FKH�DLXWDQR�D�FRQFHSLUH��SURGXUUH�H�commercializzare nuovi prodotti. Senza dimenticare il portale di co-creazione Quirky.

,O�)DE�/DE�VL�SRUUHEEH�TXLQGL�FRPH�VHUYL]LR�GL�FRXFKLQJ�§±VLFR¨�SHU�LQQRYDWRUL�GL�SURGRWWR��DI±DQFDQGRVL�D�VHUYL]L�GL�SL��FODVVLFL�SHU�VWDUW�XS��6L�SDJD�XQ�DEERQDPHQWR�SHU�DFFHGHUH�DL�VHUYL]L�GL�FRQVXOHQ]D�H�DO�QHWZRUN��PRGHOOL�GªLVSLUD]LRQH�SRWUHEEHUR�HVVHUH�The Hub o

Talent Garden��'L�SDUL�SDVVR�FRQ�UHDOWj�LWDOLDQH�RJJL�LQ�YLD�GL�GH±QL]LRQH��FRPH�Design Hub e Quantum Leap.�)DE�/DE�FRPH�KXE��FRQQHWWRUL�WUD�LQYHQWRUL�H�LPSUHVH��Una volta che il prodotto è stato sviluppato e prototipato, si cerca un partner commerciale con cui passare alla fase due: ingegnerizzazione per la produzione industriale.�3DU-WH�GHOOH�UR\DOW\�VSHWWHUHEEHUR�DOOªLQYHQWRUH��SDUWH�DO�)DE�/DE�

,O�)DE�/DE��LQROWUH��SRWUHEEH�GLYHQWDUH�DQFKH�PLFUR�GLVWULEXWRUH�GL�SURGRWWL�FUHDWL�DWWUD-

verso questo metodo. Se davvero volessimo aiutare l’ecosistema innovativo italiano, la-

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WRWLSL��PHWWHQGROL�D�GLVSRVL]LRQH�GL�KDFNHU�LQ�JUDGR�GL�VPRQWDUOL�H�WHVWDUOL�GDYYHUR��$OOR�VWHVVR�PRGR��OH�30,�GRYUHEEHUR�DSULUVL�DO�PRQGR�GHOOªRSHQ�PDQXIDFWXULQJ��DEEDQGRQDQ-

do timori e prudenze che portano a chiudersi e fanno perdere terreno nei confronti della

VHPSUH�SL��DJJXHUULWD�FRQFRUUHQ]D�LQWHUQD]LRQDOH��Molte realtà manifatturiere distano anni luce dai propri consumatori, perché sorgono in distretti industriali e non nelle grandi città. Perché spesso chi ci lavora non corrisponde al cliente di riferimento e perché dipendono dai dettami dei fornitori. )DE�/DE�PHWURSROLWDQL�SRUWHUHEEHUR�D�contatto i prototipi con i futuri clienti, testando in anticipo opportunità commerciali. Le

esperienze di Design Mood e Youtool mostrano che l’apertura dell’impresa all’open in-

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Imitazione e open culture

4XDOL�VDUHEEHUR�DOORUD�L�ULVFKL�SHU�OH�LPSUHVH"�3ULQFLSDOPHQWH�OR�VSLRQDJJLR��3L��XQ�SURWR-

WLSR�FLUFROD��SL��q�SUREDELOH�FKH�FDGD�QHOOH�PDQL�VEDJOLDWH��6WD�DOOD�VHULHWj�GHO�WHDP��H�DJOL�DFFRUGL�GL�QRQ�GLYXOJD]LRQH�HYLWDUH�FKH�DFFDGD��3HUz�XQ�)DE�/DE��FRQ�GHFLQH�GL�EHWD�WHVWHU�HVSHUWL�H�VWUXPHQWL�SHU�PRGL±FDUH�LO�SURWRWLSR�§RQ�OLQH¨��SHUPHWWHUHEEH�GL�DFFHOHUDUH�OR�VYLOXSSR�GL�QXRYL�SURGRWWL�LQ�PRGR�GD�WHQHU�WHVWD�D�FRQFRUUHQWL�VFRUUHWWL��LQ�VHFRQGR�OXR-

JR��OH�LPSUHVH�FKH�ODYRUDQR�FRQ�OªRSHQ�KDUGZDUH�FUHDQR�OH�SURSULH�GLIHVH�FROWLYDQGR�XQD�FRPXQLWj�LQWRUQR�DL�SURSUL�SURGRWWL��DVSHWWR�FKH�VDUj�DSSURIRQGLWR�SL��DYDQWL��

8Q�VLVWHPD�GL�SURWRWLSD]LRQH�GLIIXVD�SRWUHEEH�DSULUH�GHOOH�VHGL�QHL�GLYHUVL�GLVWUHWWL�LWDOLD-

QL�H�IDYRULUH�XQ�HQRUPH�WUDVIHULPHQWR�GL�FRQRVFHQ]D��GDOOH�LPSUHVH�DL�GHVLJQHU�H�WUD�OH�LPSUHVH�VWHVVH��D�OLYHOOR�QD]LRQDOH���2JQL�QRGR�GHOOD�UHWH�LPPHWWH�PRGHOOL�LQ�IDVH�GL�VYL-OXSSR��GL�PRGR�FKH�VH�XQªD]LHQGD�YXROH�VYLOXSSDUH�D�7RULQR�XQ�QXRYR�SURGRWWR�H�PDJDUL�VFRSUH�FKH�WDOH�SURSRVWD�q�JLj�LQ�IDVH�GL�UHDOL]]D]LRQH�D�7UHQWR��SXz�FRVu�SUHQGHU�FRQWDWWR�FRO� WHDP�H� OªD]LHQGD�SURPRWULFH��GDQGR�YLWD�D�SDUWQHUVKLS�SL��HI±FDFL�SHU�DIIURQWDUH� LO�PHUFDWR�HVWHUR��6H�XQªD]LHQGD�QRQ�ULHVFH�D� ULVROYHUH�D�)LUHQ]H�SUREOHPL� LQJHJQHULVWLFL��SXz�VSHUDUH�GL�DI±GDUH�DL�GLYHUVL�)DE�/DE�SUHVHQWL�VXO�WHUULWRULR�OD�ULFHUFD�GL�XQD�VROX]LRQH��Una volta arrivati al prodotto industriale, il rilascio in creative commons del pro-getto permette una ricerca continua che ha nella rete di Fab Lab un sostegno e un punto di appoggio.

Si tratta di mettere in piedi un’infrastruttura conoscitiva molto intensa e le associazioni

GL�FDWHJRULD�GHO�FDPSR�30,�SRWUHEEHUR�LQYHVWLUH�LQ�TXHVWR�VHUYL]LR�DG�DOWR�YDORUH�DJJLXQ-

WR��1RQ�FL�VRQR�GXEEL�VXO�IDWWR�FKH�XQ�)DE�/DE�GHO�JHQHUH�FUHHUHEEH�±JXUH�SURIHVVLRQDOL�PROWR�ULFKLHVWH��UDSSUHVHQWHUHEEH�XQD�VSHFLH�GL�ERWWHJD�ULQDVFLPHQWDOH�LQ�FXL�DQGDUH�D�LPSDUDUH�VXO�FDPSR�ODYRUDQGR�FRQ�GHL�FRHWDQHL�LQ�XQ�DPELHQWH�DSSDVVLRQDQWH��8QD�SRV-VLELOLWj�SHU�DFFUHVFHUH�OH�FRPSHWHQ]H�WHFQLFKH��FUHDQGR�QXRYH�RSSRUWXQLWj�SHU�L�JLRYDQL�nel mondo del lavoro.

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1RQ�Fªq�PRGR�PLJOLRUH�GL�FRPSUHQGHUH�LO�SRWHQ]LDOH�LQQRYDWLYR�GHL�)DE�/DE�FKH�DQDOL]-

]DUH�FRPH�IXQ]LRQLQR�QHOOD�UHDOWj��(FFR�DOORUD�FKH�FL�VLDPR�ULYROWL�D�)UDQFHVFR�%RPEDUGL��DQLPDWRUH�GHO�)DE�/DE�5HJJLR�(PLOLD��WUD�L�SULPL�D�LQWUDSUHQGHUH�XQ�SHUFRUVR�GL�FROODER-

razione e co-creazione insieme alle aziende del territorio.

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50 circa.

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��� FLUFD� WUD� FXL�� ,UHQ�(PLOLD�� ,UHQ�(QHUJLD��5HGR[�� /LWRNRO�� &RRSER[�� ,QVLGH�7UDLQLQJ��Olim, Akonadi, Relab.

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Partecipando a conferenze, workshop ed eventi legati a cultura e innovazione, attra-verso mezzi di comunicazione, attraverso contatti diretti da parte di amministratori del Comune e di Reggio Emilia Innovazione, attraverso la rete di contatti personale e la community locale, Unindustria e Club Digitale. Fondamentale è essermi inserito in una mappa di persone attive sui temi d’innovazione, trasferimento tecnologico e di cono-scenza.

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Il comune sta facendo azione di sensibilizzazione e comunicazione, Rei (Reggio Emilia Innovazione) dirige verso il Fab Lab aziende che cerchino le nostre competenze, altre organizzazioni come Restart, Unindustria e aziende giovani e smart come Relab e Twin 7LS�FRQGLYLGRQR�LQ�UHWH�DOFXQH�V±GH�LPSRUWDQWL�VXO�WHPD�GHOOªLQQRYD]LRQH�H�TXLQGL�DQ-che contatti e conoscenze.

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L’Idea Challenge è una delle varie formule di collaborazione che Fab Lab Reggio Emilia

Fab Lab Reggio Emilia: Idea ChallengeIntervista a cura di Andrea Danielli

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38

propone alle aziende. L’attività prevede:

1. Preparazione insieme all’azienda di un brief dettagliato su il tema/prodotto da svi-OXSSDUH��

2. Organizzazione di 1-2 giornate di lavoro negli spazi del Fab Lab@Spazio Gerra con presentazione del brief e sviluppo di concept/soluzioni attraverso gruppi di lavoro in-terdisciplinari, tutoraggio e facilitazione da parte di esperti con l’obiettivo di arrivare DOOD�SURWRWLSD]LRQH�GHOOH�PLJOLRUL� LGHH��$OOD�±QH�GHOOH�JLRUQDWH�GL� ODYRUR�VL�SUHYHGH� OD�SUHVHQWD]LRQH�SXEEOLFD�GHOOH�SURSRVWH�DWWUDYHUVR�OD�SLDQL±FD]LRQH�H�FRPXQLFD]LRQH�GL�XQ�HYHQWR�SHUIRUPDQFH�

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4. Eventuale approfondimento e sviluppo esecutivo di una o più proposte.

La formula dell’Idea Challenge costituisce un’opportunità per le aziende di promuove-re la ricerca su temi d’interesse attraverso azioni mirate e che abbiano un’immediata risposta nella produzione materiale di prototipi. Attraverso la contaminazione e la vi-sione “laterale”, generata da gruppi di lavoro eterogenei e interdisciplinari, è possibile spostare i punti di vista e provocare gli stimoli e le azioni che possono innescare proces-si d’innovazione.

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I gruppi di lavoro coinvolti sono scelti sulla base delle qualità e competenze già rivela-WH�VSRQWDQHDPHQWH�QHOOH�DWWLYLWj�SURJUDPPDWH�GXUDQWH�OªDQQR�GDO�)DE�/DE��KDQQR�OD�possibilità di apprendere i processi della fabbricazione digitale e di conoscere da vicino realtà d’impresa innovative e persone con cui eventualmente costruire opportunità di collaborazione successive.

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Gli stimoli generati e i prototipi realizzati sono valutati dall’azienda ed eventualmente approfonditi con un’Idea Challenge 2, con l’assegnazione di progetti di ricerca o con gruppi di lavoro interni all’azienda, anche con il coinvolgimento dei partecipanti.

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I partecipanti apprendono o approfondiscono la conoscenza sulla fabbricazione digi-tale e prototipazione rapida in una giornata di lavoro, manifestano il loro “talento” e capacità di lavoro in team, guadagnano crediti di prototipazione per i loro progetti o al-tri premi, acquisiscono contatti diretti con le aziende ed è successo che vengano assunti dalle aziende stesse o assumano incarichi di collaborazione successivi.

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5DFFRQWD�GXH�HVHPSL�GL�IUXWWXRVD�FROODERUD]LRQH�

Redox – Studio e prototipazione telaio e sistema kit involucro per macchina del caffè 12 V. Attivata collaborazione per design e prototipo telaio propedeutico a giornata di Idea Challenge. Il designer coinvolto dal Fab Lab è stato poi assunto in azienda per conti-nuare lo studio di fattibilità industriale. Altri due designer coinvolti in Idea Challenge sono stati poi incaricati dal Fab Lab per collaborazioni successive. Prodotto esposto in mostra presso lo Spazio Gerra. Attualmente l’azienda sta procedendo per sviluppare gli stampi. Con la stessa azienda ci sono piani per sviluppare altri prodotti e collaborare per la crescita del progetto Tecnopolo.

Relab – Collaborazione per lo sviluppo e la diffusione del progetto Dquid, attraverso lo scambio di conoscenza e il confronto sui temi dell’interaction design. L’incontro è avvenuto attraverso la rete del Dipartimento di Ingegneria Gestionale e Meccatronica e il coinvolgimento è cresciuto in occasione di eventi e workshop come la Maker Faire di Roma, e nel corso dello sviluppo di piattaforme – incubatori per start up.

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/ªLGHD�XVFLWD�GDO�FKDOOHQJH�5HGR[�SHU�OD�PDFFKLQD�GHO�FDIIH���9�SUHYHGH�XQ�EUHYHWWR�sulla parte meccanica e una diffusione open del sistema involucro-telaio e del software per favorirne la personalizzazione. Il progetto DQuid20 nasce come open platform.

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Esistono prodotti per cui contribuiamo alla costruzione attraverso fabbricazione digita-le, soprattutto per riparazioni e personalizzazioni che richiedano piccoli lotti di produ-zione. La maggior parte dei prototipi sono però funzionali alla produzione industriale, comunque prevedendo livelli aperti di personalizzazione. La prototipazione rapida in questi casi consente di lasciare spazio alla ricerca, dare continuità al processo creativo (senza dover aspettare lo stampo) e considerare l’errore come margine sostenibile (nei FRVWL��GL�VSHULPHQWD]LRQH��

20 http://www.dquid.com/fordevelopersandmarkers.php

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1HL�SULPL�FDSLWROL�DEELDPR�GHGLFDWR�VSD]LR�DL�)DE�/DE�SHUFKp�FRVWLWXLVFRQR�XQ�IHQRPHQR�LQ�UDSLGD�GLIIXVLRQH�LQ�WDQWLVVLPL�SDHVL�H�SHUFKp�VL�SUHVWDQR�D�HVVHUH�GHJOL�VWUXPHQWL�LEUL-GL��D�FRQGX]LRQH�SXEEOLFD�R�SULYDWD��ULFFKL�GL�HVWHUQDOLWj�SRVLWLYH��(SSXUH�LQ�,WDOLD�VWDQQR�QDVFHQGR�UHDOWj�WRWDOPHQWH�SULYDWH��EDVDWH�VX�PRGHOOL�GL�EXVLQHVV�DG�DOWR�YDORUH�DJJLXQWR��FKH�RIIURQR�VHUYL]L�VLPLOL�D�TXHOOL�FKH�VL�SRVVRQR�LQFRQWUDUH�LQ�XQ�)DE�/DE�

,O�FDVR�GL�0LRFXJLQR�q�LQ�WDO�VHQVR�HVHPSODUH��6L�WUDWWD�GL�XQ�ODERUDWRULR�LQ�FXL�L�FOLHQWL�SRV-VRQR�DFFHGHUH�D�VHUYL]L�GL�SURWRWLSD]LRQH��WDJOLR�ODVHU��IUHVD�&1&��VWDPSD��G����FRQ�XQD�WDULIID�YDULDELOH�LQ�EDVH�DOOªDVVLVWHQ]D��1HO�PRGHOOR�GL�EXVLQHVV�q�LQROWUH�SUHYLVWD�OD�FRQ-

VXOHQ]D�SURJHWWXDOH�SHU�FUHDUH�H�UHDOL]]DUH�SURWRWLSL�GDOOH�LGHH�GHL�FOLHQWL��'LYHUVDPHQWH�GDL�ODERUDWRUL�GL�SURWRWLSD]LRQH��PROWR�GLIIXVL�LQ�,WDOLD��0LRFXJLQR�QRQ�FRQVHJQD�OªRJJHWWR�FRQ�XQ�VHUYL]LR�§FKLDYL�LQ�PDQR¨�PD�DO�FRQWUDULR�LQYLWD�L�SURSUL�FOLHQWL�D�PHWWHUVL�LQ�JLRFR�H�DG�DSSUHQGHUH�OH�PRGDOLWj�GL�ODYRUD]LRQH��(FFR�DOORUD�XQD�EUHYH�LQWHUYLVWD�DL�IRQGDWRUL�

&RPH�H�TXDQGR�QDVFH�0LRFXJLQR"

/ªRI±FLQD�GL�JHVWD�H�LQJHJQR�GL�0LRFXJLQR�QDVFH�QHO�JHQQDLR�GHO������GRSR�YDUL�DQQL�GL�esperienza presso il laboratorio di prototipazione Zooi, che tutt’ora ci ospita, e grazie ai preziosi insegnamenti del proprietario Mindert de Koningh, che è rimasto uno dei pochi prototipisti ancora attivi sulla scena del design milanese. L’esperienza del “gran-de cugino” Mindert, con i suoi 30 anni di conoscenza alle spalle, è per noi un completo PDQXDOH�GªRI±FLQD�

Il nome Miocugino è stato scelto perché abbiamo sempre provato fascino e ammira-]LRQH�SHU� OD�±JXUD��TXDVL�PLWRORJLFD��GHO� §FXJLQR� WXWWRIDUH¨��TXHOOR� FKH�KD�VHPSUH� LO�consiglio pronto da darti o che sa qual è lo strumento più appropriato da utilizzare per TXDOVLDVL�SURJHWWR�FKH�VL�DEELD�LQ�PHQWH�GL�UHDOL]]DUH��H��LQ±QH��SHUFKp�FL�VHPEUDYD�LO�nome più adatto per una società creata da due veri cugini progettisti. Siamo, infatti, progettisti industriali di prodotto (Nicola Brambilla, Politecnico di Milano, 32 anni), e di interior design (Daniele Usuelli, IED Milano, 32 anni). I nostri tre collaboratori hanno un background in progettazione d’arredo e illuminazione (Francesco Bariani, Politecnico di Milano, 29 anni), progettazione elettronica (Marco Sorrentino, specializzato in elet-WURQLFD�����DQQL��H�LQ�)DVKLRQ��7H[WLOH�'HVLJQ��-RDQD�6DOGDQKD�GH�$OPHLGD��

Miocugino: un Fab Lab ''privato''�Intervista a cura di Andrea Danielli

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In realtà abbiamo sempre provato il desiderio di possedere oggetti, ma, forse inconscia-PHQWH��DEELDPR�VHPSUH�UL±XWDWR�GL�FRPSUDUOL��$EELDPR�TXLQGL�GHFLVR�GL�VWXGLDUH�FRPH�si progettano (e soprattutto PERCHE’ si progettano), per poterli ideare e costruire poi in autonomia.In conclusione, chiunque frequenta il laboratorio e sperimenta qualcosa di nuovo può essere un potenziale “cugino”: noi abbiamo creato solo il luogo per poterlo ospitare e permettergli di essere non solo il nostro, ma il cugino di tutti.

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Settimanalmente abbastanza da non avere più un momento libero. Avendo iniziato questa avventura da relativamente poco tempo, non siamo ancora in grado di abban-donare totalmente i nostri precedenti lavori e, quindi, ci dividiamo ancora tra il sogno e la realtà, anche se il tempo che le stiamo dedicando (quattro ore al giorno, oltre a ZHHNHQG�H�VHUDWH�H[WUD��q�VSHVVR�VDWXUDWR�GDOOH�PLOOH�FRVH�GD�IDUH�FKH�XQªDWWLYLWj�GHO�genere richiede.

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La maggior parte dei clienti di Miocugino sono designer freelance, artisti, studi di pro-gettazione e piccole aziende che magari non hanno al loro interno un laboratorio pro-totipi.Ci sono anche molti studenti di scuole d’arte, design e architettura, per i quali noi of-friamo formule “low-cost”, che prevedono la loro presenza partecipata in laboratorio (sempre che siano disposti a “sporcarsi le mani”) per realizzare parte dei loro modelli o prototipi. Cercando di dare delle stime abbastanza grossolane, il 30% sono studenti, il 10% imprese, designer/architetti sono un 50% e rimane un 10% di varia provenienza.

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Il progetto più complesso, e che speriamo andrà lontanissimo, è l’organizzazione del laboratorio stesso, ossia l’opera di costruzione/recupero di tutti gli strumenti che lo ri-HPSLRQR�±QR�DOOªXOWLPR�FHQWLPHWUR�TXDGUDWR�

In particolare, abbiamo sistemato e rivitalizzato una fresa industriale (2 tonnellate tra acciaio, motori e guide di scorrimento) che abbiamo comprato come “rottame” perché la parte elettronica era totalmente KO, imparando da zero un mestiere nuovo. Parlando LQYHFH�GHL�ODYRUL�FKH�DEELDPR�VIRUQDWR�±QRUD��SHU�QRL�WXWWL�L�SURJHWWL�VRQR�GL�VXFFHVVR��nel momento in cui riusciamo a rispettare tempi di consegna e le aspettative dei com-mittenti. Per ora, per esempio, abbiamo realizzato un pannello LED interattivo, con le ottiche realizzate ad hoc, un robot con sensori basato su Arduino, una bici elettrica, un allestimento per il castello sforzesco e tanti progetti e/o prototipi per studenti, giovani designer e per molti appassionati del farsi le cose da soli.

Un altro progetto che ha riscontrato un grande successo tra i partecipanti è stato il workshop sulla costruzione dell’orologio a pendolo di Galileo, tagliato al laser dei nostri

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amici di Vectorealism.

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Un po’ di tutto a dire il vero: dalla piccola azienda che ha bisogno del mock-up da HVSRUUH�LQ�±HUD��DO�SULYDWR�FKH�VRJQD�GL�FRQTXLVWDUH�LO�PHUFDWR�FRQ�L�VXRL�VSOHQGLGL�OLJKW-ER[��PD�QRQ�VD�GD�GRYH�SDUWLUH��,O�QRVWUR�§FRUH�EXVLQHVV¨�FRPXQTXH�q�OD�IUHVDWXUD�&1&��quindi ci siamo procurati una vecchia macchina industriale in grado di lavorare svariati PDWHULDOL��GDOOD�VFKLXPD�GL�SROLXUHWDQR��DO�OHJQR��±QR�DOOªDFFLDLR��SDUWHQGR�GD�±OH��'�e 3D. In linea con i principi della “digital fabrication” abbiamo inoltre due stampanti �'�XQ�SRª�GLYHUVH�WUD�ORUR��PD�HQWUDPEH�FRQ�WHFQRORJLD�)'0��±OR�IXVR��SHU�LQWHQGHUFL���Abbiamo in cantiere la costruzione di altre attrezzature, attività nella quale ci impe-gniamo nei pur rari momenti morti.

Oltre a questo in laboratorio abbiamo un po’ di tutto: dalle classiche attrezzature da falegnameria (levigatrici, sega a nastro, sega circolare, mole, 1000 diversi elettrouten-sili), ad un equipaggiamento per meccanica di precisione (tornio, fresa, strumenti di misurazione, chiavi dinamometriche, ecc.). Siamo attrezzati anche per la verniciatura “a forno” e per le colate in resina o silicone.

6LFXUDPHQWH�DYHUH�SDUWQHUVKLS�FRQ�UHDOWj�FRPSOHPHQWDUL��QRL�DEELDPR�XQ�±OR�GLUHWWR�con Vectorealism e Recipient.cc) è fondamentale per aumentare le possibilità di entra-te, e nello stesso tempo, per permettere a tutto il network di offrire servizi più completi.

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Per ora no, sicuramente in futuro contiamo di lavorare di più in questa direzione.

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Secondo il classico schema preventivo e consegna. Per ora non abbiamo mai pattuito percentuali sugli utili, ma spesso quando riteniamo che il progetto sia particolarmente interessante, o prevediamo di essere coinvolti nelle successive mini-serie come fornito-ri, diamo una spinta al prototipo investendo risorse ed energie.

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'RSR�DYHU�GHVFULWWR�LO�SRWHQ]LDOH�SHU�OH�LPSUHVH�GHOOR�VYLOXSSR�GL�XQD�UHWH�GL�)DE�/DE��LQ�TXHVWR�FDSLWROR�FHUFKLDPR�GL�DOODUJDUH�OH�QRVWUH�FRQVLGHUD]LRQL�D�WHPL�SL��PDFURHFRQRPL-ci. Se analizziamo il mercato della manifattura e dei prodotti di consumo in prospettiva,

HVLVWRQR�GLYHUVL� WUHQG�H�DVSHWWL� FKH�GREELDPR�FRQVLGHUDUH��XQ�XWLOH� WHQWDWLYR�GL� FDSLUH�TXDOL�VDUDQQR�OH�GLQDPLFKH�FKH�UHJROHUDQQR�TXHVWR�PHUFDWR�H�TXDOH�SRWUHEEH�HVVHUH�LO�UXROR�GHO�QRVWUR�SDHVH��FRQ�OH�VXH�SHFXOLDULWj��VHPSUH�FKH�VLDQR�LQ�JUDGR�GL�HPHUJHUH�H�consolidarsi.

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QRPLD�GHOOªLQGXVWULD�PDQLIDWWXULHUD��HVVH�VRVWDQ]LDOPHQWH�SUHFRUURQR�SURFHVVL�VLPLOL�FKH�±QLUHPR�SHU�YHGHUH�DSSDULUH�QHO�PHUFDWR�GHL�EHQL�WDQJLELOL��6H�q�YHUR�FKH�il software si sta mangiando il mondo FRPH�GLFH�0DUN�$QGUHVVHQ��JHQHUDQGR�GLQDPLFKH�GL�post-scarsità in moltissimi mercati, da quello della conoscenza o dell’intrattenimento, è d’altra parte

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7URYR�PROWR�SRWHQWH�H�IDFLOPHQWH�FRPSUHQVLELOH��D�SDWWR�FKH�QRQ�FL�VL�IDFFLD�VSDYHQWDUH�WURSSR�GDOOD�VFKHPDWL]]D]LRQH��OD�FODVVL±FD]LRQH�H�OD�FKLDUD�LOOXVWUD]LRQH�FKH�ID�6LPRQ�:DUGOH\���GHO�FLFOR�GL�WUDVIRUPD]LRQH�GL�SURGRWWL�H�PHUFDWL��q�XQR�VWUXPHQWR�FRJQLWLYR�FKH�XVR�VSHVVR�DQFKH�QHOOR�VSLHJDUH�DL�PLHL�SDUWQHU�H�FOLHQWL�OH�GLQDPLFKH�GHO�PHUFDWR�GLJLWDOH�e no.

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8Q�HVHPSLR�FKLDULUj��VL�SHQVL�DOOD�FDSDFLWj�FRPSXWD]LRQDOH��6L�q�SDUWLWL�GD�PHJD�FRPSX-

WHU��JUDQGL�FRPH�VWDQ]H��FUHDWL�DG�KRF��OD�VWRULD�GL�(QLDF�LQVHJQD��SHU�SRL�JLXQJHUH�D�VR-

OX]LRQL�FKH�QHO�WHPSR�VRQR�VWDWH�VHPSUH�SL��SDFFKHWWLDWH�LQ�PRGXOL��±QR�DG�DUULYDUH�DOOH�racks��LQ�SDUDOOHOR�FRQ�OªDIIHUPDUVL�GL�SDUDGLJPL�GL�UHQWLQJ��managed hosting��H�GL�VHUYL]L�HVWHUQDOL]]DWL�GL�JHVWLRQH�D�FDQRQH��managed services���2JJL�±QDOPHQWH�DEELDPR�DFFHVVR�D�XQD�FDSDFLWj�FRPSXWD]LRQDOH�VRWWR�IRUPD�GL�XWLOLW\��IRUQLWD�GD�JUDQGL�SOD\HU�TXDOL�$PD-

]RQ�R�*RRJOH��FKH�q�SRVVLELOH�FRQVXPDUH�LQ�PRGDOLWj�Pay As You Go.

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Trasformazioni e manifattura�Simone Cicero

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44

4XDQGR�VL�DUULYD�D�FRPSHWHUH�VXO�SUH]]R�q�RUD�SHU�OH�D]LHQGH�GL�SXQWDUH�DG�DOWUR��JHQHUDUH�QXRYL�SURGRWWL�SRJJLDQGRVL�VX�FLz�FKH�VRQR�JLj�LQ�JUDGR�GL�RIIULUH��4XHVWR�HIIHWWR�GL�FRP-

petizione continua, per cui solo chi è capace di innovarsi riesce a rimanere rilevante sul

mercato, è chiamato l’effetto regina rossa��,Q�XQ�FXULRVR�DQHGGRWR��FKH�q�WXWWDYLD�PROWR�HI±FDFH�QHOOR�VSLHJDUH��WUDWWR�GDOOªRSHUD�GL�/HZLV�&DUUROO�Attraverso lo specchio��VHJXLWR�GHO�SL��FRQRVFLXWR�Alice nel paese delle meraviglie��OD�EHQLDPLQD�$OLFH�VL�WURYD�LQ�XQ�FX-

ULRVR�UHJQR�¥�TXHOOR�GHOOD�UHJLQD�URVVD�DSSXQWR��LQ�FXL�WXWWR�VL�PXRYH�DOOªLQGLHWUR�H�SHU�ULPDQHUH�DOOR�VWHVVR�SRVWR�VL�GHYH�FRUUHUH�LQ�DYDQWL�“Ora, in questo luogo, come puoi vedere, ci vuole tutta la velocità di cui si dispone se si vuole ULPDQHUH�QHOOR�VWHVVR�SRVWR��VH�VL�YXROH�DQGDUH�GD�TXDOFKH�DOWUD�SDUWH��VL�GHYH�FRUUHUH�DOPH-no due volte più veloce di così!”

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ti sul mercato, che mettersi continuamente in discussione. L’errore che va sicuramente

HYLWDWR��q�TXHOOR�GL�SHQVDUH�FKH�TXHVWR�SDUDGLJPD�VLD�DSSOLFDELOH�DO�VROR�PRQGR�GHO�GLJL-WDOH��,QIDWWL��OH�IRU]H�FKH�JRYHUQDQR�TXHVWL�SURFHVVL�¥�VRVWDQ]LDOPHQWH�OD�FRPSHWL]LRQH�SHU�OªDFFHVVR�D�XQD�FOLHQWHOD�VHPSUH�SL��HVLJHQWH�H�PDWHULH�SULPH�VHPSUH�SL��HFRQRPLFKH��PRGXODUL�H�VWDQGDUG�¥�HVLVWRQR�LQ�RJQL�LQGXVWULD�

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PHQWH�DOOªDPELHQWH�LQ�FXL�VL�WURYD

Che cosa sta accadendo nella manifattura

Un deciso trend di maturazione della domanda nell’industria dei prodotti manifatturieri

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E se l'utente diventa il designer e il brand?

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Se c’è qualcuno che prima di altri ha compreso questo fenomeno di decentramento

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stesso di supportare l’azienda produttrice nella ricerca di nuove proposizioni di valore

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“abbandonare i loro tentativi di comprendere le esigenze degli utenti in dettaglio a favore del trasferimento degli aspetti legati necessità di sviluppo di prodotti e servizi agli utenti, con un toolkit appropriato”.

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ma esponenziale testimonianza di un trend di localizzazione che forse rappresenta la no-

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Più co-design che design, più piattaforme che prodotti

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Che tipo d'innovazione può provenire da un Fab Lab?

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Quali di queste innovazioni possono essere commerciabili?

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La paura dell'open: realtà e miti23

Andrea Danielli

23 Adattamento di questo articolo apparso su Lo Spazio Della Politica: http://www.lospaziodellapolitica.com/2013/04/faq-su-open-innovation-brevetti-e-business/24 Per chi volesse approfondire, rimando a questo articolo pubblicato su Che Futuro: http://www.chefuturo.it/2014/02/i-5-ostacoli-maggiori-per-una-campagna-di-crowdfunding-di-successo/

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Che libertà di modifica è possibile?

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Come si proteggono?

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VHJXHQWH��commodity trap. Accrescere la conoscenza aumenta la concorrenza, rendendo

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'RYHQGR�ULIDUVL�VRVWDQ]LDOPHQWH�DJOL�VWHVVL�IRUQLWRUL��q�SRVVLELOH�FKH�VL�VFDWHQL�XQD�FRUVD�DO�ULEDVVR�QHOOªLPLWD]LRQH�GL�JDGJHW�DVVHPEODWL��JHQHUDQGR�XQD�JXHUUD�GL�SUH]]L�WUD�IRUQL-WRUL��IDWWR�JLj�DFFDGXWR�SHU�LO�PHUFDWR�GHL�3&�H�SHU�SDUWH�GHO�PRQGR�VPDUWSKRQH���1RQ�q�XQ�IHQRPHQR�VROR�QHJDWLYR��DOPHQR�QRQ�SHU�L�FRQVXPDWRUL��SRLFKp�XQD�PDJJLRUH�GLIIXVLRQH�GL� FRQRVFHQ]H�SXz�SRUWDUH�D� WHFQLFKH�SURGXWWLYH�SL��HI±FDFL� H� ULVSDUPLR�GHL� FRVWL��3HU�un’impresa che deve investire alcuni milioni di euro in sviluppo e produzione, oltre che

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Due piccoli consigli per chi intenda puntare sulla comunità:

1. Creare un gruppo di sviluppatori molto ampio;

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VFDOD¨�GL�FRQRVFHQ]D��RVVLD��WURYR�JLj�SHUVRQH�LQWHUHVVDWH�D�VYLOXSSDUH�LQ�PRGDOLWj�RSHQ�HG�q�SL��IDFLOH�FKH�LO�PLR�SURJHWWR�WURYL�VXELWR�OD�PDVVD�FULWLFD��

Davvero si brevetta in Italia?

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Non è un fatto nuovo. Dipende dalla struttura produttiva, non ad alta innovazione, e an-

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Se non brevetto, mi rubano l'idea?

¼�SRVVLELOH�EUHYHWWDUH�VROR�LGHH�QRQ�RYYLH�ULVSHWWR�DOOR�VWDWR�GHOOªDUWH��QXRYH�DJOL�RFFKL�GL�XQ�HVSHUWR��'LYHQWD�GLI±FLOH�SHUWDQWR�EUHYHWWDUH� LGHH�FKH�VRQR�JLj�VWDWH�GLYXOJDWH�R��DGGLULWWXUD��SURGRWWH�H�FRPPHUFLDOL]]DWH��4XDOXQTXH�EUHYHWWR�ULFKLHGH��LQIDWWL��OD�ULFHUFD�di anteriorità, e le idee rilasciate in modalità aperta rientrano nello stato dell’arte, quin-

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25�)RQWH��KWWS���ZZZ�HSR�RUJ�DERXW�XV�DQQXDO�UHSRUWV�VWDWLVWLFV�VWDWLVWLFV�±OLQJV�KWPO26 Indicazioni tratte da https://www.puntocartesiano.it/site/ita/faq/il-brevetto/

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Nel dettaglio, ecco i passaggi compiuti per brevettare presso l’EPO:1.�6L�SUHVHQWD�OD�GRPDQGD�H�L�GRFXPHQWL�QHFHVVDUL��OH�VSHFL±FKH�WHFQLFKH�H�OD�GHVFUL]LRQH�GHOOªLQYHQ]LRQH�2.� 6HJXH� OªHVDPH�SUHOLPLQDUH�� OªXI±FLR� YHUL±FD� OD� FRPSOHWH]]D�GHOOD�GRFXPHQWD]LRQH� H� OªRULJLQDOLWj�dell’invenzione.

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dere.

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YHWWDELOLWj� b)�LQVXI±FLHQWH�GLVFORVXUH�GHOOªLQYHQ]LRQH��c)�LO�EUHYHWWR�FRQFHVVR�q�SL��DPSLR�GL�TXDQWR�q�stato effettivamente richiesto.

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VWUHWWR�DG�DQGDUH�LQ�FDXVD�FRQWUR�XQD�VRFLHWj�FKH�KD�LQIUDQWR�XQ�PLR�EUHYHWWR��OD�VWHVVD�WHQGHUj�D�GLPRVWUDUH��FRPH�GLIHVD��OªLQHVLVWHQ]D�GHO�EUHYHWWR�SHU�PDQFDQ]D�GL�UHTXLVLWL��8QD�YROWD�RWWHQXWR�XQ�EUHYHWWR��SDVVDWL�L�QRYH�PHVL�GDO�ULODVFLR��SXz�VHPSUH�FDSLWDUH�GL�dover difendere in sede processuale la sua validità, con ulteriore necessità di ricorrere a

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Che succede se mi copiano in Cina?

3RFR��/D�&LQD�q�GDO������PHPEUR�GHO�:72�H�TXLQGL�IRUPDOPHQWH�q�WHQXWD�D�ULFRQRVFHUH�H�WXWHODUH�OD�SURSULHWj�LQWHOOHWWXDOH��TXDORUD�DYHVVLPR�HVWHVR�LO�EUHYHWWR�DQFKH�D�TXHVWR�PHUFDWR��1HO� FDVR�QRQ� LQWHUHVVL� VEDUFDUH� LQ�&LQD��RSHUD]LRQH�FRPSOHVVD�SHU� WXWWD�XQD�serie di fattori che non ha senso analizzare in questa sede, possiamo trovarci di fronte al

SUREOHPD�GL�XQ�HVSRUWDWRUH�FKH�HQWUD�VXO�PHUFDWR�HXURSHR�LQIUDQJHQGR�OH�OLFHQ]H�FUHDWLYH�FRPPRQV��1HVVXQD�SDXUD��q�SRVVLELOH�GHQXQFLDUQH� OD�YLROD]LRQH��DO�SDUL�GHOOªLQIUDQJL-PHQWR�GL�XQ�EUHYHWWR��7UDJJR�TXHVWD�FLWD]LRQH�GD�&UHDWLYH�&RPPRQV��PDQXDOH�RSHUDWLYR��&UHDWLYH�&RPPRQV��PDQXDOH�RSHUDWLYR¨��6LPRQH�$OLSUDQGL��/HGL]LRQL�:HE�%RRNV��27�“Ne consegue che l’autore il quale, dopo aver rilasciato una sua opera con licenza CC, sco-pre che qualcuno ha utilizzato l’opera non rispettando le limitazioni imposte dalla licenza stessa, non può fare altro che attivarsi con i comuni mezzi del diritto civile avviando una controversia legale. Questa controversia, che preferibilmente dovrà essere assistita da un avvocato specializzato, sarà una comune controversia per violazione di diritto d’autore. In-fatti, il mancato rispetto di una delle clausole della licenza fa decadere, automaticamente, i permessi da essa concessi, dunque chi ha utilizzato l’opera fuori dai limiti indicati dalla licenza si trova in realtà a non poter fare nemmeno gli usi dell’opera originariamente per-PHVVL�GDOOD�OLFHQ]D��H�TXLQGL�GL�UL²HVVR�LQ�XQD�VLWXD]LRQH�GL�YLROD]LRQH�GHO�GLULWWR�GªDXWRUH�¨

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L'attrazione dei makers per gli investitori

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Perché non c'è una ''bolla''

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Politiche di sviluppo pubbliche e privateAndrea Danielli e Ra!aele Mauro

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54

Innovazione e open-source

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Finanziamento, servizi, vendita: alcune proposte

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zione.

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55

pool d’investitori.

Il problema dei makers non è solo inventare o produrre: è vendere. Diventa pertanto

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Il ruolo del pubblico

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GHO� FDPSR�ELRPHGLFR� FHUFKHUj� VROX]LRQL� LQ� JUDGR�GL� DYHUH� LPSDWWR� VXO�SURSULR� VHWWRUH��HVHPSLR��5RERKDQG���XQªLPSUHVD�GHOOD�PRGD�SURYHUj�D�IRQGHUH�WUDGL]LRQH�H�KLJK�WHFK�VX�VROX]LRQL�GL�ZHDUDEOH�FRPSXWLQJ��¼�PROWR�SUREDELOH�FKH�QHO�WHVVXWR�FUHDWLYR�GL�0LODQR�VLDQR�SUHVHQWL�UHDOWj�LQ�JUDGR�GL�ULVSRQGHUH�D�HQWUDPEH�OH�HVLJHQ]H�H��VHFRQGR�OR�VSRQVRU��VL�WUDFFLD�OD�SURSRVWD�GHJOL�LQWHUHVVDWL�DO�EDQGR��VH�VL�WUDWWD�GL�XQ�RVSHGDOH��LO�IRFXV�VDUj�VX�PDQLIDWWXUD�GLJLWDOH�H�SHUVRQDOL]]D]LRQH��VH�VL�WUDWWD�GL�$UPDQL��VX�FUHDWLYLWj�H�JDGJHW�LQWHOOLJHQWL��,QYHFH�GL�FHUFDUH�GL�PHWWHUH�LQVLHPH�UHDOWj�HWHURJHQHH��VL�SXQWD�D�VHOH]LRQDUH�SURJHWWL�FRQ�±VLRQRPLD�H�RELHWWLYL�SUHFLVL��1HOOª,WDOLD�GHL�'LVWUHWWL��q�SRVVLELOH�SHQVDUH�D�sponsorizzazioni proattive in diverse realtà territoriali.

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Progetto di Rete Regionale delle realtà di fabbricazione digitale in Emi-lia-Romagna

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JD]LRQH�FKH�VL�VWDQQR�PDQLIHVWDQGR�LQ�5HJLRQH��FRQ�OªRELHWWLYR�GL�UHDJLUH�DOOD�VWDJQD]LRQH�HFRQRPLFD�FRQWLQJHQWH�HG�HVSULPHUH�LGHH�LQQRYDWLYH�DWWUDYHUVR�OªDWWLWXGLQH�§DQWLFD¨�GHO�fare, si sta naturalmente costituendo una mappa di persone e luoghi di riferimento

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ne del lavoro tradizionali.

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nali, strutturare un sistema di servizi di supporto e consulenza utile a favorire nuovi per-

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3D Printing Design Software

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3D Object Marketplaces

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Open Source 3D Printers

Questi sono siti di crowdsourcing di stampanti 3D nate e sviluppate dalla collettività a disposizione di tutti.>�(YHQWRUERW>�)DE#+RPH>�/XOW]ERW> Metal 3D printer

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Bioprinting

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Dove comprare il Pellet

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Materie plastiche

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3D Printing - Further Information

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Produzione PCB - FR-1

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Componenti elettronici - Wearable

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Grossista materiali plastici per taglio laser

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Cera modellabile (con CNC)

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Resine, Siliconi, Compositi

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Frese e Bulini per CNC

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