TRIENNALE RAVENNA

INTRODUZIONE CORSO

22 MARZO 2013

IDENTITA’ INDIVIDUALE E…

SOLIDARIETA’

DI GRUPPO

I PIU’ FORTI DEGLI UOMINI SAREBBERO VINTI DA……….

UNA SFIDA PER L’INDIVIDUO…. E’ UNA RISPOSTA PER I PIÚ

ALAN TURING

1912-1954

I PRIMATI

SONO

UNA STESSA FAMIGLIA

IL CORPO UMANO

LEONARDO DA VINCI

E LA PERFEZIONE DEL CORPO UMANO

UNO STUDIO ATTENTO DELLE

FORME E DELLE PROPORZIONI

DEL CORPO UMANO

NASCITA E PRIMI PASSI

DELLA

BIOLOGIA EVOLUTIVA

Carl Nilsson Linnaeus

1707-1778

La Classificazione Scientifica degli Organismi Viventi

Il merito maggiore di Linneo fu la

definizione e l'introduzione nel 1753

della nomenclatura binomiale nel

sistema di classificazione delle piante e

degli animali. Con questo metodo

tassonomico a ciascun organismo

sono attribuiti due nomi (in origine in

latino): il primo si riferisce al Genere di

appartenenza dell'organismo stesso ed

è uguale per tutte le specie che

condividono alcuni caratteri principali

(nomen genericum); il secondo termine

designa la Specie propriamente detta

(nome triviale o nome specifico).

La portata dell’innovazione fu enorme;

precedentemente

alla nomenclatura binomiale il sistema

di nomenclatura era

semplicemente basato su un'estesa

descrizione

di ogni pianta, in latino, per i caratteri

distintivi ritenuti di rilievo,

in modo del tutto arbitrario, da ogni

classificatore.

Moscerino della frutta (Drosophila melanogaster)

Dominio Eukaryota

Regno Animalia

Phylum Arthropoda

Classe Insecta

Ordine Diptera

Famiglia Drosophilidae

Genere Drosophila

Specie D. melanogaster

Alexander von Humboldt

1769-1859

da Alexander von Humboldt, Geography of Plants, 1807. CHIMBORAZO, Ecuador

LE PRIME CIVILTA’

Rare isole in un mare grigio di barbari

nate dal genio di pochi

un’idea nata dall’ignoranza degli spazi intermedi e dei

meccanismi di formazione

PIRAMIDE DI EQUILIBRIO TRA

COMPLESSITA’ E DIMENSIONE NEI

SISTEMI DI GESTIONE TERRITORIALE

The story of the rise of Rome from a group of hills

hosting a number of Latin-speaking tribes--to the

position of ruler of all the Mediterranean lands and

Europe north and west beyond the Alps--is a story of

both myth and powerful fact. It is a tribute to their

doggedness as military entrepreneurs and the

giftedness of their military leadership.

Morgan, Henry (1818-1881)

American scholar, ethnographer, archeologist and historian of primitive

society. Author of the book Ancient Society, published in London in 1877,

which was the inspiration for Engels' The Origins of the Family, appeared

seven years later.

Savagery -- the period in which man's appropriation of products in

their natural state predominates; the products of human art are

chiefly instruments which assist this appropriation.

Barbarism -- the period during which man learns to breed

domestic animals and to practice agriculture, and acquires

methods of increasing the supply of natural products by human

activity.

Civilization -- the period in which man learns a more advanced

application of work to the products of nature, the period of industry

proper and of art.

Friedrich Engels

1820-1895

Vere Gordon Childe

1892 - 1957

Edinburgh 1954

V. GORDON CHILDE

ELMAN R. SERVICE

1915-1996

Famiglia

Tribú

STATOCOMPLESSITA’

PER CONFLUENZA

Evolutione delle Formazion Sociali

ESPANSIONE

SEGMENTAZIONE

NUCLEAZIONE

PATHWAYS OF GROWTH AND CONDIVISION

EXPANSIO

N

SPREADING

SEGMENTATIO

NS

NUCLEATIONS

HETERARC

HYHIERARCHY

MULTIPLICATION

OF

TRANSACTIONS

COMMUNAL

HOUSES

SHRINES AND

MARKET

PLACES

TEMPLES AND

MARKET

PLACES

PALACES

KIN

SH

IPK

ING

SH

IP

Territory

TIME

Population

Resources

P

R T

PASTORIZIA E NOMADISMOAGRICOLTURA IRRIGUA

Landscape Archaeology

HISTORY GEOGRAPHYHistorical Topography Settlement Archaeology

Social Anthropology

Archaeology as an Instrument for Regional Studies

More

Descriptive

More

Interpretative

ALLIANCE

Accumulation Specialization

EXPANSION

Nucleation Segmentation

Increasing

Hierarchy & Tributes

URBANISM TRIBAL NETWORKS

ASABIYAHLA PRATICA QUOTIDIANA DELL’ALLEANZA E’ IL SEME DELLA GRANDEZZA

The most distinctive feature of his thought is his emphasis on group feeling

and solidarity which he calls "asabiyah" from an Arabic root referring

to paternal kinsmen. As its derivation suggests, asabiyah is found first

and foremost among blood relatives. Nonetheless, its real cause is not

blood but

"social intercourse, friendly association, long familiarity,

and the companionship that results from ... sharing the ... Circumstances

of life and death."

It is group feeling, Ibn Khaldun says, that makes possible

all great social achievements, from religious reforms to the founding

and defense of dynasties.

MATRIMONIO TURCOMANNO: RICONOSCERSI COME UGUALI

LA FAMIGLIA ESTESA: PARAMETRO DI OGNI SOCIALITA’

INSEDIAMENTI ELUSIVI PER IL RECORD ARCHEOLOGICO…………

……PER UNA RICCHEZZA ANCORA PIU’ INVISIBILE

NEL RECORD ARCHEOLOGICO ORDINARIO

LA DOMESTICAZIONE DEL CANE E DEL CAVALLO CONSENTE A POCHI PASTORI

DI GESTIRE MANDRIE E GREGGI PER MIGLIAIA DI CAPI

UN PRODOTTO STRAORDINARIO PER UN ALIMENTAZIONE

AD ALTISSIMO CONTENUTO ENERGETICO

BUSKASHI

KINSHIP

versus

KINGSHIP

SE MOLTO POCO POSSIAMO DIRE

DEI NOMADI A PARTIRE DAI RESTI

DI ABITATI ED AREE DI LAVORO, MOLTO

CI VIENE RIVELATO DAI RESTI DI TOMBE,

A PARTIRE DAI COSTUMI FUNERARI E

DALLE LORO CONCEZIONI DELLA MORTE

E DEL MONDO ULTRATERRENO

I KURGAN

PRINCIPALE FORMA DI STRUTTURA FUNERARIA

DIFFUSA ATTRAVERSO TUTTA L’EURASIA DALL’ETA’ DEL BRONZO

LE PIETRE-CERVO

STELI DI MEMORIA DEI DEFUNTI

O SPIRITUALIZZATE FIGURE UMANE

DAL PRIMO MILLENNIO A.CA.

DTMRELIEF

WATERCOURSES PASTURELANDS

FIELDS

SETTLEMENTS

HERDS

CAMPSITES

SITE DISTRIBUTION

&

ATTRIBUTE DATA

THE FARMERS THE NOMADS

Hydrological

Data

Soil & Zoological

Data

Territory

TIME

Population

Resources

P

R T

CONSEGUENZE DELL’USO DEL TERRITORIO

ESPANSIONE

SEGMENTAZIONE

NUCLEAZIONE

CONFLUENCE & NUCLEATION

TRANSFORMATION

EXPANSION

JERICHO

7500 BC

VENCE GORDON CHILDE

1892-1857

CHICAGO, December 4-7, 1958

I dream’d in a dream I saw a city invincible to the attacks

of the whole of the rest of the earth.

I dream’d that was the new City of Friends;

Nothing was greater there than the quality of robust

love—it led the rest;

It was seen every hour in the actions of the men of that

city,

And in all their looks and words.

A City Invincible

Leaves of Grass

by

Walt Whitman (1819–1892)

Kraeling. CH & Adams. R.Mc C.

(eds.)

City Invincible,

Chicago 1960

Lewis Mumford,

Concluding Remarks :

“The attractive power of the ancient city

comes not from its markets but from its gods…

As an instrument of culture, the city has

proved indispensable…..

ROBERT McC. ADAMS

ROBERT McC. ADAMS

Land behind Baghdad

1967

EARLY DYNASTIC III AND AKKADIAN SETTLEMENTS AND MAIN

IRRIGATION NETWORKS EAST OF THE TIGRIS

Pyramid of Control Systems

Man Settlement and Urbanism, 1972

PETER J. UCKO, RUTH TRINGHAM & G.W. DIMBLEBY

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

1750 1800 1850 1900 1950 2000 2050 2100 2150

Regioni sviluppate

Regioni in sviluppo

miliardi

ANDAMENTO DELLA POPOLAZIONE MONDIALE

Ester Boserup1910 –1999

The Conditions of Agricultural Growth:

The Economics of Agrarian Change under

Population Pressure.

Chicago: Aldine, 1965.

THOMAS R. MALTHUS

1766 – 1834

Università di Bologna, Dipartimento di Archeologia.

LA FORESTA PISTACCHIO-QUERCIA DEL KURDISTAN

Robert e Linda Braidwood

Jarmo

Coxcatlan Cave

Tehuacan Valley

KENT V. FLANNERY

AND

THE SYSTEM THEORY

TRIBES AT WORK

ISLAND OF NIAS,

INDONESIA 1946

ABOUT 8000 OF THEM

ARE STILL VISIBLE

PROUDLY LISTED AS NATIONAL MONUMENTS

THERE WAS NEITHER STATE OR SUPERTRIBAL ORGANIZATION

BEHIND THEM. LABOR WAS ORGANIZED ON COMMUNITY

BASES……

GARY S. WEBSTER (2001) HAVE WORKED OUT THE LABOR

INPUTS FOR THE ENTIRE CONSTRUCTION PROCESS FROM

STONE EXTRACTION TO FINAL LINE UP…..FOR A STANDARD

TOWER MADE OF 3000 BLOCKS OF DRESSED STONES:

1. QUARRYING 500 MAN-DAYS

2. TRANSPORT 1100

3. MASONRY 1300

4. LINE-UP 700

_____________________

TOTAL 3600 MAN DAYS

USING SURPLUS LABOR TIME AND WITH PRIMITIVE

TECHNOLOGIES, A POPULATION OF 100-200 PEOPLE

COULD ACCOMPLISH THE WHOLE CONSTRUCTION IN

FEW YEARS

TRIBAL ALLIANCE AS A SOURCE OF COMMUNAL LARGE SCALE WORKS

Crescita dei sistemi politici secondo “traiettorie di fluttuazione”

FACTORS OF SCALE AND ORDERS OF MAGNITUDE

THE VERY FIRST MONUMENTAL STRUCTURES IN EGYPT WERE NOT THE

PYRAMIDS BUT

THE ROYAL ENCLOSURES OF THE FIRST DYNASTIES

AT ABYDOS

EGYPT – Hierakonpolis-Enclosure of Khasekemwy

EGYPT – SAQQARA Djoser Complex

EGYPT – Labor Investment for Abydos GREAT ENCLOSURES

(Differences of volume are taken into account)

For most of the enclosures, although we do not know the original height

and the precise characteristics of the Abydos Enclosures but on the

bases of the Khasekhemwy’s enclosures at Hierakonpolis and Abydos, a

valuable exstimation is still possible.The labor investment is based on

the value calculated from Erasmus 1965, p. 292: 12,25 man-days labor

investiment for a cubic meter of masonry at Uxmal.

THE GIZAH COMPLEX

EGYPT – Labor Investment for THE PYRAMIDS

The labor investment for the realization of the three pyramids. Differences of volume are

taken into account.

From left to right, the step pyramid of the Djoser, (2665-2645 B.C.), the first pyramid ever

build, at Saqqara, then the two pyramid at Ghiza, Khufu , (2579-2556 B.C.) and Khafre

(2547-2521 B.C.). Labor investment is based on figures calculated from Erasmus 1965, p.

292: 12,25 man-days labor investiment for a cubic meter of masonry at Uxmal.

LCW

AGRICULTURE TRANSPORTBUILDING

WATERWORKSEARTHWORKS ARCHITECTURE DEFENCE WORKSFORTIFICATIONS LANDWATER

TERRACES

RAISED FIELDS

LANDLEVELLING

SILOS

EMBANKMENTS

IRRIGATION

DRAINAGE

EMBANKMENTS & DAMS

BASINS & COLLECTORS

CANALS

BRIDGES

ROADS

MARINE

INSTALLATIONS

BOATS

ESPANSIONE

SEGMENTAZIONE

NUCLEAZIONE

LEVEL 1 10 PERSONS

LEVEL 2 100

LEVEL 3 1000

LEVEL 4 10,000

LEVEL 5 100,000

LEVEL 6 1,000000

LELEL 7 10,000,000

LEVEL 8 100,000,000

LEVEL 9 1,000,000,000

LEVELS OF LABOUR OF LABOUR FORCE MOBILIZATION

THE GREAT PYRAMID AT GIZAH

35,000 WORKERS

THE GREAT DIVIDE

HISTORICAL

SCIENCESSOCIAL SCIENCES

THEY EXPLAIN

INDIVIDUAL

SITUATIONS IN

THEIR

COMPLEXITY

THEY BUILD

GENERALIZATIONS FROM

VARIABLES IDENTIFIED IN

HISTORICAL PHENOMENA

LAW-USING LAW-FORMULATING

THE NEW ARCHAEOLOGY CORE

PROPOSAL WAS TO OVERCOME THE

DIVIDE WITHIN A SINGLE LOGICAL

CONSTRUCT

Greek Kylyx

Chinese Bronze

Mirror

THE ISSYK KUL “QUEEN”

Saka Burial of the IV century BCE

TRADE: THE OTHER AND MOST INNOVATIVE RESPONSE TO SCARCITY

THE GREAT SILK ROAD

The most distinctive feature of his thought is his emphasis on group feeling

and solidarity which he calls "asabiyah" from an Arabic root referring

to paternal kinsmen. As its derivation suggests, asabiyah is found first

and foremost among blood relatives. Nonetheless, its real cause is not

blood but "social intercourse, friendly association, long familiarity,

and the companionship that results from ... sharing the ... Circumstances

of life and death." It is group feeling, Ibn Khaldun says, that makes possible

all great social achievements, from religious reforms to the founding

and defense of dynasties. Paradoxically, its necessity also ensures that

social achievements never last, because successputs an end to group

feeling by liberating desire and reducing the need for mutual

responsibility. If fragmentation is the rule and community an exception,

all human achievements become temporary deviations from chaos

LA GRANDE PIRAMIDE (c.2450 a.C.)

Un’ opera di 35,000 persone