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£ ?611 V_N.LDX.DN. DHCZCN@C ’ V_NMDXXC LDXD D N_CZZN@XC

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Ydin`ha dhczcn`d dkdxxrn`cia ?611

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vrnldxdndhczcn`cFxcyiakc.cx

CYO@: 3=2,22,3699=5,?,2

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 A xtxxc c vrnedyycn`cyxc hdkka yaktxd

ibd ba``n varxdicvaxn ac `nyxrc ydlc`arc.

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C`xrnhtzcn`d

Qtdyxn kcorn xraxxa hc inlt`ciazcn`d deeciaid d in`xcd`d c xdlcaeern`xaxc `dc `nyxrc ydlc`arc rcunkxc ac vrnedyycn`cyxc hdkka Yaktxd.

Aoocaln c`czcaxn `dk ?66?+ xra c vrclc c` Cxakca+ a vrnvnrrd vrnmrallc hc enrlazcn`d vycinknmcia aiirdhcxaxc hak Lc`cyxdrnhdkka Yaktxd+ `dkk–alocxn hdk Vrnmralla hc Dhtiazcn`d In`xc`tac` Ldhcic`a "D.I.L#. Ck vrcln inryn+ c`xcxnkaxn ‛Kainlt`ciazcn`d vrnedyycn`cyxa hdkka yaktxd,vazcd`xd: c`xdrazcn`dyxraxdmcia d mdyxcn`d hdk rtnkn“+ yc xd``d c` enrla rdychd`zcakd`dkk-nxxnord ?66? vrdyyn k–Bnxdk Ibca Kamt`a+ `dkka ytmmdyxcuainr`cid hdk lard hc Vtka+ hc`xnr`c hc Iamkcarc.

Audualn ld`n hc xrd`x–a` c̀ d `n`nyxa`xd ka katrda a vcd`c unxc c` vycinknmca d c htd Layxdr c` Vrnmrallazcn`d @dtrnKc`mtcyxcia+ xdldualn hc hdkthdrd c vrnedyycn`cyxc hdkka yaktxd ibdyc dra`n cyircxxc in` t` `nxdunkd c`udyxcld`xn din`nlcin ,d in`ayvdxxaxcud vrnvnrzcn`akc akka yvdya, ak `nyxrn ydlc`arcn.

Audualn kaunraxn akka vrcla dhczcn`d hdkk–dud`xn vdr t` a``nc`xdrn d audualn vrnmdxxaxn in` vrdicycn`d aribcxdxxn`cia nm`ceayd hdk vrnidyyn enrlaxcun+ arxcinkaxn c` xrd mcnr`axd. @tkka drakayicaxn ak iayn. _clarræ ydlvrd `dkka ldlnrca hc d`xraloc ck

 vnldrcmmcn hc nxxnord c`irdhcockld`xd ktlc`nyn d iakhn c` itcavrclln ck inryn. K–atka dra t`a mra`hd xdrrazza ytk lardhdkclcxaxa ha alvcd udxraxd d ha t` ialc`n ln`tld`xakd c`xnr`nak qtakd audualn hcydm`axn t` ydlcidribcn hc ydhcd azztrrd. D–

yxaxa idrxald`xd t`a hdkkd yechd vcó dlnzcn`axc `dkka iarrcdra hcd`xraloc+ d a`ibd ka vcó enrlaxcua.

Ak ytiidyyn hc qtdkka vrcla dyvdrcd`za+ yn`n ydmtcxd lnkxdynhhcyeazcn`c: lcmkcaca hc inrycyxc yc yn`n ytiidhtxc c` qtayc 16

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a``c hc axxcucxæ7 d`xc vtookcic d vrcuaxc yc yn`n rcunkxc a `nc vdr c`xdrud`xc hc in`ytkd`za `dkk–alocxn hdkka inlt`ciazcn`d+ hdkkaydkdzcn`d+ hdkkn yucktvvn hdk vdryn`akd d hdkkd inychhdxxd ‛rcynrydtla`d“+ ibd `nc ic nyxc`caln a ibcalard+ ink lactyinkn+ Vdryn`dIbd Kaunra`n.

 @dk xdlvn ka rcibcdyxa hc avvrnen`hcrd c xdlc hdkkainlt`ciazcn`d yxraxdmcia `n` ba eaxxn ibd atld`xard. Inyëaoocaln inyxrtcxn d vrnvnyxn ydlc`arc hc kcudkkn aua`zaxn. Ka

Inllcyycn`d Lc`cyxdrcakd D.I.L. ba aiirdhcxaxn ck ydin`hnkcudkkn hdk ydlc`arcn ‛Ka inlt`ciazcn`d vrnedyycn`cyxa hdkkayaktxd,vazcd`xd: c`xdrazcn`d yxraxdmcia d mdyxcn`d hdk rtnkn“+ ibdavvrnen`hcyid mkc ayvdxxc `n`,udroakc d kd yxraxdmcd vdr kaunrardin` c ‛vazcd`xc hceecickc“+ d ytiidyycuald`xd ck xdrzn kcudkkn hdkinryn+ id`xraxn ynvraxxtxxn ytkkd hc`alcibd nrma`czzaxcud d hcmrtvvn `dkkd ãqtcvdy ya`cxarcd d ynicn,ya`cxarcd.

Yc` ha ytocxn c `nyxrc ydlc`arc ba``n inc`unkxn xtxxc c vrnedyycn`cyxc hdkka yaktxd: ldhcic+ c`edrlcdrc+ vycinknmc+

earlaicyxc+ ecycnxdravcyxc+ dhtiaxnrc+ ocnknmc+ xdravcyxc+ xdi`cic hckaonraxnrcn+ rcidriaxnrc d hnid`xc t`cudrycxarc+ nvdraxnrc ynicn,ya`cxarc+ nhn`xncaxrc+ nyxdxrcic+ vycinxdravdtxc+ hcrcmd`xc d la`amdr ya`cxarc+ dxi. Hc unkxa c` unkxa+ icayit`a hc qtdyxd vrnedyycn`akcxæ icba yvc`xn ah arrciibcrd ck in`xd`txn hdc lnhtkc enrlaxcuc d baraeenrzaxn ka `nyxra in`uc`zcn`d ibd ka inlt`ciazcn`d yxraxdmciayca t`a laxdrca ekdyycockd+ in x̀c̀ tald`xd ytyidxxcockd hclcmkcnrald`xc+ ha vraxciard yd`za hnmlc d in` htxxckcxæ. Hc qtc ka

yidkxa hc vrnvnrrd t`ciald`xd+ `dc inryc d c` qtdyxn unktld+ c vrc`icvc md`drakc d hc oayd hdc lnhdkkc a itc axxc`mcaln+ idria`hnin` axxd`zcn`d hc ducxard crrcmchcld`xc xdnrcic d k–axxdmmcald`xn‛lamcin“ d ayynktxcyxa yucktvvaxn ha akit`d yitnkd hcinlt`ciazcn`d. Ycaln in`uc`xc ibd ck kdxxnrd yavræ ydkdzcn`ard dahaxxard ak vrnvrcn vdryn`akd yxckd hc inlt`ciazcn`d d ak vrnvrcnkaunrn kd xdi`cibd in`xd`txd c` qtdyxn kcorn.

Akka ec`d hdk xdyxn â rcvnrxaxa t`–alvca ocokcnmraeca hdhciaxa a

ibc unmkca vrnydmtcrd kn yxthcn hdc xdlc xraxxaxc qtc. Inldeaiicaln yvdyyn htra`xd c inryc+ unmkcaln ammct`mdrd t`araiinla`hazcn`d: ‛yxthcard“ ka inlt`ciazcn`d â t` dydriczcnc`txckd+ yd `n` kn yc ea c``a`zcxtxxn axxraudryn k–dyvdrcd`za.

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Vnyycaln in`nyidrd a ldlnrca c vrc`icvc hdkka V@K dhdkk–avvrniicn ycyxdlcin,yxraxdmcin dh dyydrd+ `n`nyxa`xd icÿ+inlt`ciaxnrc yiaryald`xd deeciaic. Ck ialocald`xn hdk vrnvrcnyxckd d k–aiqtcyczcn`d hc yxrtld`xc d yxraxdmcd vycinknmcibd hdud

 vayyard vdr k–dyvdrcd`za hcrdxxa d axxraudryn ck inc`unkmcld x̀n vdryn`akd. Ydin`hn `nc+ k–dlnzcn`d â ka vcó mra`hd ladyxra hcinlt`ciazcn`d+ â t` xrac`dr  c`eakkcockd. C inryc ibd rcinrhcalninld c vcó deeciaic yn`n qtdkkc c` itc aoocaln ‛yd`xcxn“ kd vdryn`d

auucic̀ aryc xra knrn d+ vctxxnyxn hc erdqtd`xd+ inlltnudryc aklnld`xn hc yaktxaryc hnvn ynkd vnibd nrd hc ydlc`arcn.

 @dmkc a``c aoocaln aiitltkaxn lnkxn laxdrcakd hchaxxcin+ mra` varxd hdk qtakd inlvn`d qtdyxn kcorn. C`czcakld`xd hcyxrcotcualnynkn hcyvd`yd+ mraecic d  ykchdy+ la qtayc ytocxn â `axa k–chda hcenr`crd t` ytvvnrxn vcó yxrtxxtraxn+ chda lnxcuaxa yca hakk–dycmd`zahc enrlakczzard t` `nyxrn avvrniicn ibd hak ocynm`n hc inkkniardc`xtczcn`c `tnud d in`xrcotxc nrcmc`akc yiaxtrcxc hakka in`htzcn`d

hdc inryc. Akka ec`d hdmkc tkxclc ydlc`arc+ ic ycaln aiinrxc hc audr irdaxn udrc d vrnvrc la`takc hc inlt`ciazcn`d+ mcæ enxninvcaxclcmkcaca hc unkxd vdr mkc akkcduc. Mkc yxdyyc inrycyxc ic ba``nytmmdrcxn hc xrayenrlard mkc avvt`xc vdr ka hchaxxcia c` t` kcorn.Inyë ic ycaln ldyyc ak kaunrn.

Htra`xd ka eayd hc dhcxc`m + aoocaln ydkdzcn`axn c in`xd`txc a varxcrd hak laxdrcakd aiitltkaxn `dmkc a``c. C` akit`c iaychcyvn`dualn hc laxdrcakc mcæ ‛laxtrc“+ yt akxrc aoocaln hnutxn

kaunrard a`inra t` vn–. Ic yn`n a`ibd iavcxnkc ibd aoocalnhdicyn hc kayicard akkn yxaxn hc ‛avvt`xc“+ c` varxcinkard kd ydzcn`c‛Ka inlt`ciazcn`d inld ycyxdla“ d ‛Ka V@K+ Vrnmrallazcn`d

 @dtrn,kc`mtcyxcia“. Qtdyxa yidkxa hdrcua hak eaxxn ibd d`xraloc clnhdkkc yn`n yxaxc mcæ xraxxaxc ha lnkxd vtookciazcn`c c` lnhnalvcn d hdxxamkcaxn+ la a`ibd inlvkdyyn d hceecickld x̀dinlvrd`ycockd ha ibc+ inld ka lammcnr varxd hdmkc nvdraxnrcya`cxarc+ ba yiarya hcldyxcibdzza in` inyxrtxxc vtrald x̀d

 vycinknmcic. Qtc+ aoocaln idriaxn hc vrnvnrrd ynkxa`xn c in`idxxchc oayd+ qtdkkc ibd rcxd`caln c`hcyvd`yaockc vdr t`a otn`a vraxciahdkka inlt`ciazcn`d ink vazcd`xd. C kdxxnrc vcó lnxcuaxc xrnudra``nidrxald`xd ck lnhn vdr avvrnen`hcrd+ a`ibd axxraudryn ka hcrdxxa

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 varxdicvazcn`d ac `nyxrc inryc+ kd yxraxdmcd d kd xdi`cibd hc itc `dkunktld avvrd`hdra``n mkc ayvdxxc xdnrcic.

Ka yxrtxxtra hdk xdyxn rciakia t`a vrdicya yidkxa hc ldxnhn:in`ychdrard ka inlt`ciazcn`d c``a`zcxtxxn inld inlvdxd`zaxrayudryakd hdkka vdryn`a d+ vnc+ inld yxrtld`xn yvdicecin hdkrtnkn vrnedyycn`akd. Ynyxd`caln ha a``c ibd ck rtnkn vrnedyycn`akdâ t` ynxxnc`ycdld yvdicakczzaxn hdkka vdryn`a+ d ibd+ vdr qtdyxa

ramcn`d+ k–avvrd`hcld`xn hc lnhakcxæ inlt`ciaxcud `tnud hduddyydrd inyxa`xdld`xd rcvnrxaxn akk–dyvdrcd`za dlnxcua ynmmdxxcua+aeec`axn d vdryn`akczzaxn. Akxrcld`xc+ yc inrrd ck rcyibcn hchcud`xard inlt`ciaxnrc ldiia`cic d c`in`yavdunkld`xd c`deeciaic+erdhhc la`cvnkaxnrc+ nvvtrd la`cibc`c c` la`n ak vazcd`xd n acmcnibc vycinknmcic hdc ytnc ealckcarc.

Yircud`hn qtdyxd vamc`d ic ycaln vrnvnyxc hc hdkc`dard t`qtahrn hc rcedrcld`xn vdr ka inlvrd`ycn`d hdkk–c`xdrazcn`d tla`a

d vdr ka yvdrcld`xazcn`d hc `tnud axxcxthc`c inlt`ciaxcud. Yaræ ckkdxxnrd a hcrd yd ic ycaln rctyicxc.

C`ec`d+ yavvcaln ibd c kdxxnrc hc qtdyxn kaunrn yara``nynvraxxtxxn kd vdryn`d ibd ba``n kaunraxn in` `nc c` atka d vdr qtdyxn ic atmtrcaln ibd ck kcorn rcibcalc yca ck rcinrhn hdcin`xd`txc avvrdyc ibd kd dlnzcn`c hdkk–dyvdrcd`za enrlaxcua.

 D`rcin Larca YdiicIarkn Htÿ

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C`hcid

 C`xrnhtzcn`d C 

Iavcxnkn 1.

 Ka Inlt`ciazcn`d Yxraxdmcia

19

Ck Vrc`icvcn hc ekdyycockcxæ. 12

Ck Vrc`icvcn hc varycln`ca. 13

Ck Vrc`icvcn hc txckczzazcn`d. ?6

Ck Vrc`icvcn hc rcyxrtxxtrazcn`d. ?1

Iavcxnkn ?. Ck vrnedyycn`cyxa ya`cxarcn: Vdryn`a n _tnkn>

?9

Ka Vnyczcn`d _dcecia`xd ?=

Ka Vnyczcn`d Vaxdr`akcyxcia ?3

Ka Vnyczcn`d @aricycyxcia 91

Ka Vnyczcn`d _dkazcn`akd 9?

Iavcxnkn 9.

 Ka Inlt`ciazcn`d inld Ycyxdla

94

Mkc ayycnlc hdkka inlt`ciazcn`d 9=

C kcudkkc hdkka inlt`ciazcn`d 86

Ck Eddh,oaig 89

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K-deedxxn kclcxa`xd hdkka inlt`ciazcn`d. 89

Iavcxnkn 8.

 Ka Vrnmrallazcn`d @dtrn,Kc`mtcyxcia

85 

Id``c yxnrcic 85

C vrdytvvnyxc hdkka V@K 82

Iavcxnkn 4.

 C Ycyxdlc _avvrdyd`xazcn`akc 

4= 

Ucycun+ athcxcun n ic`dyxdxcin > 43

Ka ‛lamca“ hdc ycyxdlc ravvrdyd`xazcn`akc 58

Hcaknmard ink vazcd`xd ‛ucycun“ "U# 55

Hcaknmard ink vazcd`xd ‛athcxcun“ "A# 5=

Hcaknmard ink vazcd`xd ‛ic`dyxdxcin“ "G# 52

Qtdyxcn`arcn hc Atxnuaktxazcn`d U,A,G 53

Iavcxnkn 5.

 Ka lamca hdk _avvnrx 

=1

Kd Xdi`cibd yxraxdmcibd hc ravvnrx =5

Iavcxnkn =.

 K-Arxd hc eard hnla`hd: ck ‛ldxa,lnhdkkn“ == 

Ka md`drakczzazcn`d =3

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Ka ia`idkkazcn`d 26

Ka hdenrlazcn`d 2?

Kd hnla`hd hc vrdicycn`d 28

Ka rciavcxnkazcn`d 24

Ka rcenrltkazcn`d 2=

Iavcxnkn 2.

 Ka Inlt`ciazcn`d @n`,Udroakd 23

Kd et`zcn`c hdkka Inlt`ciazcn`d @n`,Udroakd 38

Iavcxnkn 3.

 Ka Mdyxtakcxæ

32

Kd xcvnknmcd hdc mdyxc 33

Iavcxnkn 16.

Xdi`cibd hc Inlt`ciazcn`d Deeciaid

164

Xdi`cibd vdr c`irdld`xard k–deeciaica hdkka

inlt`ciazcn`d udroakd

165

Xdi`cibd vdr c`irdld`xard k–deeciaica hdkka

inlt`ciazcn`d vara,udroakd

111

Xdi`cibd vdr c`irdld`xard k–deeciaica hdkkainlt`ciazcn`d `n`,udroakd

11?

@nxd ytkka vrnyydlcia 119

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Iavcxnkn 11. Ka Enrlazcn`d Yxraxdmcia c` mrtvvn

11= 

C xrac`c`m mrntv `dkka enrlazcn`d hdk vdryn`akd

ya`cxarcn

11=

@nxd yxnrcibd ytc X.M. 113

Ka Xdi`cia. 1??

Hc̀ alcibd hc mrtvvn d xrayenrlazcn`d c`hcuchtakd 1?5

Ircxcibd akka Xdi`cia. 196

T`a rducycn`d yxraxdmcia hdk x,mrntv 191

Iavcxnkn 1?.

 C `nyxrc Ydlc`arc D.I.L.

192

Inlt`ciazcn`d deeciaid c` alocxn ya`cxarcn:

c`xdrazcn`d yxraxdmcia d mdyxcn`d hdk rtnkn ’ C

kcudkkn

18?

Inlt`ciazcn`d deeciaid c` alocxn ya`cxarcn:

c`xdrazcn`d yxraxdmcia d mdyxcn`d hdk rtnkn ’ CC

kcudkkn

189

Mrtvvn hc kaunrn d kaunrn hc mrtvvn:

inlt`ciazcn`d deeciaid d rdkazcn`c h-ãqtcvd

c` alocxn ya`cxarcn ’ CCC kcudkkn“

188

@nxd ytmkc atxnrc 184

C`hciazcn`c ocokcnmraecibd 18=  

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Iavcxnkn 1.

Ka Inlt`ciazcn`d Yxraxdmcia

‛In`nyic mkc akxrc d xd yxdyyn:id`xn oaxxamkcd+ yd`za vdrcinkc.

 @n` in`nyic mkc akxrc+ la in`nyic xd yxdyyn:a unkxd ucxxnrca+ a unkxd yin`ecxxa.

 @n` in`nyic mkc akxrc `ã xd yxdyyn: nm`c oaxxamkca ât`a yin`ecxxa idrxa“.

Yt`zc

 @dmkc a``c –46 t` rcyxrdxxn mrtvvn hc yxthcnyc c`czcÿ a rcedrcrd

akka inlt`ciazcn`d k–ammdxxcun ‛yxraxdmcia“ vdr hdec`crd t`c`ycdld yvdicecin hc lnhakcxæ d xaxxcibd hc c`xdrazcn`d ec`akczzaxd a

 vrnhtrrd ialocald`xc vca`ceciaxc `dk inlvnrxald`xn tla`n.K–chda ibd ka inlt`ciazcn`d+ nvvnrxt`ald`xd txckczzaxa+

 vnxdyyd audrd deedxxc hcrnlvd`xc c` lnkxc ydxxnrc hdkka ucxa tla`a+ vrdyd enrla a Vakn Akxn+ `dmkc Yxaxc T`cxc+ hakk–nyydruazcn`d hdmkcyialoc inlt`ciaxcuc d hdkkd yxrtxxtrd c`xdraxxcud c` ealcmkcd hc

 vazcd`xc yibcznerd`cic. C` qtdyxc yialoc d c` qtdyxd in`udryazcn`c

dra`n vrdyd`xc rchn`ha`zd d yibdlc ibd xd`hdua`n a vrdyd`xaryc`dc `tikdc ealckcarc nyydruaxc. @aiqtd inyë k–cvnxdyc ibd ka

 vaxnknmca vycinknmcia `n` hdrcuayyd ha t` hcyxtron hdkk–c`hcuchtnn ha qtakibd xratla c`ea`xckd+ la enyyd c`hnxxa n rc`enrzaxa hakkahcyet`zcn`akcxæ hdkkd c`xdrazcn`c ealckcarc.

Varxd`hn ha xakc vrdldyyd+ c vahrc hdkka lnhdr`a‛inlt c̀iazcn`d yxraxdmcia“+ Bakds+ Jaigyn`+ ]dagka`h d]axzka}cig yinvrcrn`n ibd â yteecicd x̀d ialocard mkc yibdlc

inlt`ciaxcuc ldhca`xd `tnud yxraxdmcd hc c`xdrazcn`d vdr nxxd`drdycm`ceciaxcuc d ravchc lcmkcnrald`xc `dkka in`hczcn`d hdc vazcd`xc.

19

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Ua hdxxn+ inlt`qtd+ ibd c vrclc ah auuakdryc in` `nxdunkd vrnecxxn hdk vnxdrd hdkka inlt`ciazcn`d yxraxdmcia etrn`n ecknynec d

 vnkcxcic hdkka Mrdica a`xcia od` 866 a``c vrcla hc Ircyxn"Ygnrja`dg ?666+ @arhn`d ?664# d+ a`inr vrcla hc knrn+ c ic`dyc+ibd ydvvdrn avvkciard yxraxamdllc inlt`ciaxcuc hc c`irdhcockddeeciaica `dkkd arxc odkkcibd vcó hc =66 a``c vrcla hc Ircyxn. "Lamc?669+ @arhn`d+ ?664#.

Ka yavcd`za ‛yxraxdmcia“ ba+ ht`qtd+ t`a xrahczcn`d lckkd`arcad t`a yxnrca yicd`xcecia rdid`xd "Ydiic+ ?664#. Mkc yxthcnyc hdkkaYitnka hc Vakn Akxn d c knrn akkcduc ibd nmmc yc niitva`n hcinlt`ciazcn`d yxraxdmcia+ `n` ba``n yinvdrxn qtakinya+ laba``n enrlakczzaxn a`xcibd c`xtczcn`c c` lnhdkkc ibd vnyya`ndyydrd xrayedrcxc dh c`ydm`axc. Enryd+ t`n hdc lammcnrc in`xrcotxchdmkc yicd`zcaxc hdkka inlt`ciazcn`d â yxaxn rcin`nyidrd daeedrlard yd`za dycxazcn`c ibd ka inlt`ciazcn`d â t` vrnidyyn hcc`ektd`zald`xn in`xc̀ tn "]axzka}cig+ Odauc` d Jaigyn`+ 13=8#.Yd k–axxn yxdyyn hc inlt`ciard c`ektd`za k–akxrn dh â clvnyycockdducxard ibd icÿ aiiaha+ akknra xa`xn uakd vrnmrallard d nrcd`xardunkn`xarcald`xd qtdyxn vnxdrd vdr in`ydmtcrd nocdxxcuc. D–

yxraxdmcin ck inlt`ciaxnrd ibd â in`yavdunkd hdkk–c`ektd`za hdc vrnvrc axxc inlt`ciaxcuc d ka txckczza vdr yinvc ibcarc d hdec`cxc.

Kd yinvdrxd hdkka Yitnka hc Vakn Akxn ba``n rdyn ‛yxraxdmcibd“ka vycinxdravca+ ka hcrdzcn`d azcd`hakd+ ck largdxc`m+k–c`ydm`ald`xn d ka vnkcxcia+ dvvtrd qtdyxn varxcinkard avvrniicnakka inlt`ciazcn`d â a`inra vnin `nxn `dkka lammcnr varxd hdmkcalocd`xc ya`cxarc. Icÿ yc hdud enryd -ak - eaxxn - -ibd vycinknmca/ayxraxxa/ d ldhcic`a /in`irdxa/ yn`n a`inra ydvaraxd --hakk- a`xcia  

in`xravvnyczcn`d xra ld`xd d inrvn+ xra ‛nmmdxxcucxæ“ d‛ynmmdxxcucxæ“. D vnc+ kd arxc hdkka inlt`ciazcn`d ud`mn`n yvdyynyuaktxaxd ha ibc `n` kd txckczza. Vdr enrxt`a+ xra -mkc c`edrlcdrc  c ldhcic d+ vcó c` md`drakd+ xra xtxxc c vrnedyycn`cyxc hdkka yaktxd+âydlvrd vcó hceetya ka in`yavdunkdzza ibd itrard kainlt`ciazcn`d ink vazcd`xd â t`a vrcnrcxæ `dkka itra hdk lakd"Ydiic+ ?664#. A`zc+ lnkxc hdc vahrc hdkka inlt`ciazcn`dyxraxdmcia etrn`n vrnvrcn vrnedyycn`cyxc hdkka yaktxd+ ndydricxaua`n vdr yinvc ikc`cic ka vrnvrca aockcxæ c`xdrvdryn`akd. Vdr dydlvcn+ t`n xra c vrclc inlt`ciaxnrc yxraxdmcic+ t` ynecyxa hc`nld A`xcen`xd hc _alt`xd+ ucyytxn a Inrc`xn c`xnr`n ak U ydinknaua`xc Ircyxn+ avrë `dk id`xrn hdkka icxxæ t`a ynrxa hc alotkaxnrcnldhcin d vycinxdravdtxcin hnud ya`aua c vrnvrc vazcd`xc axxraudryn

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ka varnka "Ygnrja`di+ ?666#. C``a`zcxtxxn+ A`xcen`xd eaidua varkardck lakaxn hdkka yta yneedrd`za d vnc+ txckczza`hn ck kc`mtammcn hdk

 vazcd`xd yxdyyn+ kn yvc`mdua a cllamc`ard t`a rdakxæ hdkkalakaxxca hcudrya+ t`a ycxtazcn`d c` itc yardood mtarcxn"]axzka}cig+ 13==#. Ocynm`a vrdicyard ibd A`xcen`xd yc niitvauahc mtarcrd ‛yc`hrnlc h–a`mnyica“ "a`yca+ va`cin+ vrnen`haxrcyxdzza+ dii.# d+ in` nm`c vrnoaockcxæ+ c yc`xnlc a`ibd ecycic hcqtdkka ibd vcó xarhc udrræ ibcalaxa cyxdrca.

Yc rcyin`xra`n xraiid hc vd`ycdrn yxraxdmcin a`ibd c` Makd`n+ibd `dk CC ydi. hnvn Ircyxn c`ydm`aua ac ytnc akkcduc ibd ‛Ka itraba vcó ytiidyyn c` ibc ba echtica“.

Ck vahrd hdkka vycina`akcyc+ Ycmlt`h Erdth+ dra t`ldhcin. Vrnoaockld`xd+ kn yxranrhc`arcn d htraxtrn ytiidyyn hdkkdytd xdnrcd et hnutxn c` varxd ak eaxxn ibd ka vycina`akcyc clvn`duac` alocxn ldhcin d rdkazcn`akd ka rdmnka atrda hdkk–ayinkxn axxcun+ibd â t`n hdc vrdrdqtcycxc hdkka inlt`ciazcn`d yxraxdmcia.

Ht`qtd+ ka inlt`ciazcn`d itra+ n actxa a itrard+ ck inrvn.La qta`hn ka inlt`ciazcn`d vtÿ dyydrd in`ychdraxa

yxraxdmcia>

Yc vtÿ ytocxn aeedrlard ibd+ vdr qta`xn in`idr`d k–alocxnhdkka yaktxd+ â yxraxdmcia ka inlt`ciazcn`d vca`ceciaxa vdr in`ydmtcrd nocdxxcuc `dkk–c`xdrdyyd hdk vazcd`xd+ d hdk

 vrnedyycn`cyxa hdkka yaktxd.C`eaxxc+ ck ravvnrxn vrnedyycn`cyxa hdkka yaktxd,vazcd`xd â t`a

ycxtazcn`d inlt`ciaxcua c` itc k–nocdxxcun â inlt`d d in`hcucyn+ dka knmcia `n` â hc xcvn lnry xta,ucxa lda "mcnin a ynlla zdrn#+la ucxa xta,ucxa lda. Yd t`n ynkn hdc htd ‛vdrhd“+ d`xraloc

‛vdrhn`n“. Yd+ ucidudrya+ vrnedyycn`cyxa hdkka yaktxd d vazcd`xdinnvdra`n aeec`ibã ka rdkazcn`d inlt`ciaxcua aooca ytiidyyn deaickcxc ka itra+ d`xraloc ‛uc`in`n“.

Ck hdkciaxn la`haxn ‛yxraxdmcin“ hdk vrnedyycn`cyxa hdkka yaktxdn hdkk–nvdraxnrd ya`cxarcn in`ycyxd `dk:

in`htrrd ka rdkazcn`d7aiinlvam`ard ck vazcd`xd udryn k–nocdxxcun ikc`cin7la`xd`drd ydlvrd dkduaxd ka lnxcuazcn`d d ka echticavrnvrcd d hdk vazcd`xd7ayycitrard otn`c kcudkkc hc inlvkca`id d mdyxcrd `dk lnhnlcmkcnrd vnyycockd dud`xtakc clvrducyxc

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A unkxd+ ahdlvcdrd a xakd inlvcxn â vdr ck vrnedyycn`cyxa hdkkayaktxd t`–axxcucxæ ydlvkcid+ yvn`xa`da d clldhcaxa. In` lnkxc

 vazcd`xc `n` niinrrd+ c`eaxxc+ ayytldrd inyicd`xdld`xd t`axxdmmcald`xn yxraxdmcin+ n ahnxxard varxcinkarc xaxxcibd. Yc xraxxahdc vazcd`xc in` itc ka inlt`ciazcn`d+ ydlvkcidld`xd+ ektcyid+md`dra dqtckcorc et`zcn`akc akka itra d inyxrtcyid rdmnkd ibdeaickcxa`n ck kaunrn hdkk–nvdraxnrd.

Akxrd unkxd+ vdrÿ+ ka rdkazcn`d ink vazcd`xd "dn inc ytncealckcarc# â ircxcia d ka itra vtÿ rcyd`xcr`d. C` qtdyxc iayc+ yn`n arcyibcn yca ck od`dyydrd hdk vazcd`xd ibd qtdkkn hdkk–nvdraxnrdya`cxarcn. Aiiahd in` vazcd`xc inc qtakc ck vrnedyycn`cyxa hdkkayaktxd eaxcia a inlt`ciard+ c vazcd`xc yechticaxc+ qtdkkc ibd ldxxn`nc` hcyityycn`d ck rtnkn d ck ‛vnxdrd“ xdravdtxcin hc ibc kn rcinvrd.D– ircxcia ka inlt`ciazcn`d inc vazcd`xc ibd ydlora`n‛hcynoodhcrd“ ak vrnedyycn`cyxa hdkka yaktxd+ ibd `n` ydmtn`n kd

 vrdyirczcn`c+ n ibd kd ydmtn`n a lnhn vrnvrcn. In` qtdyxc vazcd`xck–axxdmmcald`xn hdk vrnedyycn`cyxa hdkka yaktxd hdud dyydrd vd`yaxnd vca`ceciaxn. Ck vrnedyycn`cyxa hdkka yaktxd hdud vnxdr axxc`mdrd at` rdvdrxnrcn hc xaxxcibd ibd lcmkcnrc`n ka rdkazcn`d vdr xtxdkard ck

 vazcd`xd+ ka itra d yd yxdyyn. D– duchd`xd ibd k–nvdraxnrd ya`cxarcnâ yxraxdmcin yd â c` mrahn hc inlvnrxaryc `n` ynkn inld dyvdrxnh–nrma`n+ la a`ibd inld dyvdrxn hc vrnidyyn. K–dyvdrxn hc

 vrnidyyn ya iavxard c ydm`akc+ a`ibd hdonkc+ d txckczzarkc vdr eaunrcrd ka rdkazcn`d xdravdtxcia. D– yxraxdmcia k–axxd`zcn`d ak‛ydm`akd hdonkd“+ vdribã a``t`ica ynud`xd clvnrxa`xcialocald`xc vnycxcuc n `dmaxcuc `dkka rdkazcn`d. C`nkxrd+ âyxraxdmcia k–nyydruazcn`d hdk inlvnrxald`xn `n` udroakd hdk

 vazcd`xd d ck in`xrnkkn hdkka vrnvrca inlt`ciazcn`d `n` udroakd vdr atld`xard ck mrahn hc c`ektd`za ibd yc dydricxa ytkka rdkazcn`d.Qtdyxn xcvn hc axxd`zcn`d ravvrdyd`xa t`a enrla dyxrdlald`xddeeciaid hc ayinkxn. K–nvdraxnrd ayinkxa yca qtdkkn ibd ck vazcd`xdba ha hcrd in` kd varnkd+ yca icÿ ibd dyvrcld ink inrvn.

D a`inra+ â yxraxdmcia ka iavaicxæ hc txckczzard t` kc`mtammcn vdrytaycun d ytmmdyxcun ec`akczzaxn ah akkarmard ka oayd hcin`yd`yn d hc echtica hdk vazcd`xd.

Ka inlt`ciazcn`d yxraxdmcia c` alocxn ya`cxarcn yc in`ecmtraqtc`hc inld t` ldzzn vdr md`drard `dc vazcd`xc inlvnrxald`xcyc`xn`czzaxc ytk rammct`mcld`xn hdkk–nocdxxcun xdravdtxcin.

T` ldhcin ibcrtrmn era`idyd+Jda` Kntcy Iaoa`cy+ ucyytxn akkaec`d hdkk–266 aeedrlÿ ibd ‛c vrnedyycn`cyxc hdkka yaktxd ibd

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mtarcyin`n hc vcó+ yn`n qtayc xtxxc tnlc`c dyvdrxc `dk xraxxard+ `dkunkmdrd c` qtakibd lnhn a vcaidr knrn k–a`cln tla`n+ a rca`clard

ka yvdra`za+ a rcvnrxard ka iakla `dkkd cllamc`azcn`c yin`unkxd“"Iaoa`cy+ 1=36 ’ icx. c` Ldrc`c A+ 1339 ’ Dtrcvckn d Vaxrnikn:ravvnrxn hdkkd vrnedyycn`c ldhcibd in` ck vazcd`xd+ dhcz.IKTDO+Onknm`a#.

C vrnedyycn`cyxc hdkka yaktxd ibd vcó mtarcyin`n+ yn`n avvt`xndyvdrxc `dkk–arxd hc inlt`ciard vdrytaycuald`xd in` c vazcd`xc.

 @axtrakld`xd+ dyyd`hn c vazcd`xc t`n hcudryn hakk–akxrn+ `n` dycyxdt`a xdi`cia t`cudryakd vdr rd`hdryc deeciaic. Yc vtÿ varkard vdrÿ hcqtaxxrn vrc`icvc hc ldxnhn yxraxdmcic lnkxn vrdicyc:

,Vrc`icvcn hc ekdyycockcxæ,Vrc`icvcn hc varycln`ca,Vrc`icvcn hc txckczzazcn`d,Vrc`icvcn hc rcyxrtxxtrazcn`d

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Ck Vrc`icvcn hc ekdyycockcxæ.

Kd yxraxdmcd h–c`xdrud`xn d ck lnhn c` itc ud`mn`n inlt`ciaxdhdoon`n ahaxxaryc akka vdryn`a udryn ka qtakd yn`n hcrdxxd dhdyydrd in`mrtd`xc ink in`xdyxn c` itc ud`mn`n axxtaxd.

Nm`c eaxxn inlt`ciaxcun ibd yc udrcecia `dkka rdkazcn`d in` t`nyvdicecin vazcd`xd ba t` varxcinkard uaknrd+ uaknrd ibd `n` vtÿdyydrd md`drakczzaxn ah akxrd vdryn`d n icrinyxa`zd.

D– t` clvdraxcun yxraxdmcin: k–nvdraxnrd hdud ahaxxarycakk–c`xdrknitxnrd+ ldxxd`hn ha varxd+ vdr qta`xn vnyycockd+ vrd,mcthczc d vrd,in`idxxc+ yxdrdnxcvc d ktnmbc inlt`c ytk vazcd`xd. Xraqtdyxc akit`c yn`n varxcinkarld`xd erdqtd`xc:

½ ck vazcd`xd `d ya ydlvrd ld`n hdk vrnedyycn`cyxahdkka yaktxd7½ ck kcudkkn ynicn,itkxtrakd hdk vazcd`xd â ydlvrdc`edrcnrd a qtdkkn hdk vrnedyycn`cyxa hdkka yaktxd7½ yd ck vazcd`xd yc rcodkka ak vrnedyycn`cyxa hdkka yaktxd+utnk hcrd ibd â t`a vdryn`a c`icuckd d lakdhtiaxa7

½ `n` niinrrd yvcdmard xtxxn ak vazcd`xd+ xa`xn `n`iavcrdood inlt`qtd. "Kazzarc+ Inyxcmkcnka+ 1338#

Qta`xn vcó atld`xa ck kcudkkn hc ‛vrdin`idxxn“ vnrxaxn hak vrnedyycn`cyxa hdkka yaktxd n hakk–nvdraxnrd ya`cxarcn `dkkardkazcn`d ink vazcd`xd+ xa`xn vcó atld`xa ck mrahn hc yxdrdnxcvcahdkkd lnyyd inlt`ciaxcud. A icÿ ydmtd+ c`ducxaockld`xd+ t`aooayyald`xn hdkk–deeciaica xdravdtxcia d+ yvdyyn+ t`

akkn`xa`ald`xn hdk vazcd`xd.Vncibã `n` â vnyycockd ducxard inlvkdxald`xd vrdmcthczc dyxdrdnxcvc+ â od`d dyydr`d in`yic+ yavdrd qtakc+ vcó hc akxrc+

 vnxrdoodrn hcyxtroard kd `nyxrd inlt`ciazcn`c. Lnkxc hc qtdyxckclcxc `n` rcmtarha`n ynkn icÿ ibd kn yvdicakcyxa vd`ya hdkk–akxrn+ ck

 vazcd`xd+ la a`ibd kd in`uc`zcn`c ibd ba yt yd yxdyyn. Vdr dydlvcn+ ‛kaunrn ldmkcn in` kd hn``d+ in` mkc tnlc`c lc yd`xn ahcyamcn“ â t` vrdin`idxxn ibd rd`hd hceecickcyycln rcyvdxxard ck

 vrc`icvcn hc ekdyycockcxæ. C`eaxxc+ ibc ba qtdyxa in`uc`zcn`dkclcxa`xd `dk kaunrn inc vazcd`xc layibc vtÿ yd`xcryc lc`aiicaxn a

 vrcnrc d qtc`hc+ a vrcnrc+ vtÿ axxcuard t`n yibdla hced`ycun.

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Ck Vrc`icvcn hc varycln`ca.

C ldyyammc deeciaic yn`n qtdkkc ibd ‛nxxd`mn`n ck layycln inklc`cln“+ qtdkkc md`drakld`xd enrltkaxc in` t`n yxckd ytmmdyxcun dahaxxn ak kc`mtammcn hdk vazcd`xd "vrc`icvcn hc ekdyycockcxæ#+ ibd `drciakia`n kd in`uc`zcn`c+ c uaknrc d kd lnxcuazcn`c.

 @n` rcyvn`hd ak vrc`icvcn hc varycln`ca ka inlt`ciazcn`dnkxrdlnhn yvdicecia+ crxa hc xdi`cicylc+ rcedrcld`xc yicd`xcecic+hdxxamkc ibd ck vazcd`xd vnxrdood xrnuard hceecickd iavcrd.

Ck vrc`icvcn hc varycln`ca yc rcedrcyid akka qtakcxæ hdk kc`mtammcntxckczzaxn d `n` akka qta x̀cxæ. Vdr dydlvcn+ c`ydrcrd `dkkainlt`ciazcn`d a`dhhnxc n ldxaenrd â t` dyvdhcd`xd yxraxdmcin hcmra`hcyycln clvaxxn7 a`ibd yd atld`xa ck `tldrn hc varnkdin`xd`txd c` t` ldyyammcn+ dvvtrd â t`n yxraxamdlla ibd rcyvdxxack vrc`icvcn hc varycln`ca. C`eaxxc+ a`dhhnxc d ldxaenrd varka`nakk–dlcyedrn hdyxrn hdk idrudkkn ,ka varxd hdk idrudkkn ibd kaunra

 vdr cllamc`c,+ dlnzcn`a`n k–c`xdrknitxnrd d+ inyë+ knytmmdyxcn`a`n ah aiidxxard ytocxn ytmmdrcld`xc d vrdyirczcn`c in`lammcnrd clvdm`n d echtica.

Ck vrc`icvcn hc varycln`ca â rcedrcxn a`ibd akka txckcxæ hdkkdinlt`ciazcn`c c`ucaxd. Vdr yavdrd yd yc yxa amd`hn ydin`hn xakd

 vrc`icvcn ocynm`a ibcdhdryc: ‛A inya lc ydrud c`ucard qtdyxnldyyammcn> Qtakd nocdxxcun unmkcn rammct`mdrd in` qtdyxninlvnrxald`xn>“

C` md`drd+ yn`n yiaryald`xd yxraxdmcic vrnvrcn vdribã `n`‛varycln`cnyc“ c hcyinryc ibd ba``n vdr nmmdxxn ck vayyaxn. Ck

 vayyaxn `n` yc vtÿ ialocard+ vdricÿ nm`c hcyvtxa a rcmtarhn vtÿ

ynkxa`xn atld`xard ka hcyxa`za inlt`ciaxcua d aiid`xtard ck yd`ynhc ertyxrazcn`d d hc inkvdunkdzza hdkk–c`xdrknitxnrd. Qtdyxnin`idxxn yc inkkdma ah t`a en`hald`xakd iaraxxdrcyxcia hdk vd`yardd hdk eard yxraxdmcic: ka id`xraxtra ytkk–bci dx `t`i "qtc dh nra#.

La`xd`drd ka inlt`ciazcn`d yt t` kcudkkn hc in`xdlvnra`dcxæak lnld`xn c` itc yc c`xdramcyid+ ducxa`hn ck vcó vnyycockd hc‛vdrhdryc“ c` qtdyxcn`c ytk vayyaxn+ n yt ktnmbc d vdryn`d hcudrydha qtdkkd vrdyd`xc+ in`yd`xd hc la`xd`drd t` `nxdunkd in`xrnkknytkka rdkazcn`d+ kclcxard c in`ekcxxc+ avvrnen`hcrd ck enity hdkkardkazcn`d ink vazcd`xd d rcyvarlcard xdlvn.

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Ck Vrc`icvcn hc txckczzazcn`d.

C`ycdld ak vrc`icvcn hc rcyxrtxxtrazcn`d+ ck vrc`icvcn hctxckczzazcn`d â ka inkn``a vnrxa`xd hdkka inlt`ciazcn`d yxraxdmcia"Ydiic+ ?664#. In`ycyxd `dkk–txckczzn a ec̀ c vdrytaycuc hdkkc`mtammcn+ hdkk–axxdmmcald`xn d hdkkd armnld`xazcn`c hdkk–akxrn.Xtxxn icÿ ibd auucd`d akk–c`xdr`n hc t`a rdkazcn`d inlt`ciaxcua

 vtÿ dyydrd txckczzaxn+ a`ibd dud`xc ibd vnxrdoodrn avvarcrdin`xrnvrnhtid`xc.

K–chda ibcaud â aiidxxard+ yd`za nvvnryc+ c ldyyammc ibd ck vazcd`xd c`uca. Uakd a hcrd ibd+ yd yc utnkd inlt`ciard c` lnhndeeciaid+ ocynm`a ducxard `dk lnhn vcó ayynktxn hc in`xdyxardavdrxald`xd k–akxrn. Nm c̀ ‛yin`xrn“+ a`ibd kcdud+ ink vazcd x̀dinyxcxtcyid t` vdrcinkn vdr ka rdkazcn`d.

Ck eatxnrd hdkk–txckczzazcn`d inld vrc`icvcn hc inlt`ciazcn`dyxraxdmcia d inld xdi`cia vycinxdravdtxcia et Lckxn` Drcigyn`+ ckqtakd raiin`xaua yvdyyn t` a`dhhnxn vdr yvcdmard inya ycm`cecibc‛txckczzazcn`d“. Ck vahrd hc Drcigyn` dra t` in`xahc`n d t` mcnr`nck mcnua`d Lckxn` kn uchd ld`xrd idriaua in` xtxxd kd vrnvrcd enrzd

hc ear d`xrard t`a mrnyya ltiia hd`xrn ka yxakka hdkka eaxxnrca.Yvc`mdua k–a`clakd ha hcdxrn+ d k–a`clakd c`hcdxrdmmcaua a`inr hë

 vcó. Kn xcraua vdr kd inr`a+ d nxxd`dua kn yxdyyn rcytkxaxn.Ydloraua clvnyycockd vnrxard ka ltiia hd`xrn ka yxakka ec`ibãDrcigyn` ecmkcn `n` dood k–chda hc xcrard vdr ka inha k–a`clakd`dkka hcrdzcn`d nvvnyxa akka vnrxa. In` t`n yiaxxn+ ka ltiia d`xrÿ`dkka yxakka.

K–txckczzazcn`d â a`ibd t`a xaxxcia oayckard `dkk–a`xcia arxd

 odkkcia ic`dyd+ ibd c`ydm`a a uc`idrd yd`za inloaxxdrd yertxxa`hnkd enrzd hdk `dlcin "Lamc+ ?669#.

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Ck Vrc`icvcn hc rcyxrtxxtrazcn`d.

_cyxrtxxtrard ycm`cecia c`ydrcrd ka hdec`czcn`d ibd ka vdryn`a hæhc t` vrnokdla akk–c`xdr`n hc akxrc ycyxdlc hc ycm`ceciaxn"]axzka}cig+ 13=8#. Vcó ydlvkcidld`xd+ utnk hcrd actxard ka

 vdryn`a a ialocard vt`xn hc ucyxa yt ayvdxxc hdkka yta dyvdrcd`zaucyytxc inld varxcinkarld`xd ircxcic d hnknrnyc.

C` alocxn ya`cxarcn ka rcyxrtxxtrazcn`d â t`a vraxcia qtnxchca`a.Vdr dydlvcn+ qta`hn yc hcid ah t` vazcd`xd lnkxn yneedrd`xd ibd cklnhn c` itc ynvvnrxa ck hnknrd â t`a hclnyxrazcn`d hc mra`hdinrammcn+ yc axxta t`a rcyxrtxxtrazcn`d. Nvvtrd+ nm`c unkxa ibd yca`xcicva`n ah t` vazcd`xd mkc deedxxc inkkaxdrakc hc t`a haxa xdravca+

 vtÿ audrd t` deedxxn ‛rcyxrtxxtra`xd“ aeedrlard ibd vrnvrcn ckla`cedyxaryc hdmkc deedxxc inkkaxdrakc â ka hclnyxrazcn`d ibd ckearlain yxa amd`hn ydin`hn kd axxdyd.

Ka inlt`ciazcn`d â yxraxdmcia yd rcyvdxxa c qtaxxrn vrc`icvcynvra dyvnyxc. La vdr vnxdr enrltkard c`xdrud`xc inyë eniakc+

 ocynm`a c``a`zcxtxxn in`nyidrd k–c`xdrknitxnrd+ c`hcuchtard ck ytn

yxckd inlt`ciaxcun+ yavdr rcin`nyidrd c ydm`akc lnkxdvkcic dc`in`yavdunkc ibd dmkc c`uca hak vrcln lnld`xn c` itc yc ravvnrxain` `nc. Vdrud`crd a qtdyxd `didyyarcd c`enrlazcn`chdkk–c`xdrknitxnrd rcibcdhd k–dydriczcn inyxa`xd hdkk–ayinkxn.

Ck ldyyammcn yxraxdmcin vdrucd`d akka ec`d hdk vrnidyyn hcayinkxn d hc in`nyid`za hdkk–akxrn+ `n` â lac vrd,in`edzcn`axn ladkaonraxn in` itra yarxnrcakd ytkk–c`xdrknitxnrd. Ck inlt`ciaxnrdyxraxdmcin â+ vrcla hc xtxxn+ t` axxd`xn ayinkxaxnrd dh nyydruaxnrd.

Eniakczza k–axxd`zcn`d yt qtdkkn ibd ucd`d hdxxn d yt inld ucd`dhdxxn+ kclcxa`hn ak layycln c`edrd`zd d c`xdrvrdxazcn`c ibd vnyya`n uc`inkard ka inlt`ciazcn`d.

Icayit`n hdc iavcxnkc ydmtd`xc yc in`id`xra yt ayvdxxc hdk vrnidyyn inlt`ciaxcun clvnrxa`xc `dkka inyxrtzcn`d hc xdi`cibd dyxraxdmcd txckc `dkka rdkazcn`d h–actxn.

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