Kuhn e la struttura delle rivoluzioni scientifiche

Il concetto di rivoluzione scientifica.

Continuità e fratture epistemologiche.

La scienza nel suo sviluppo storico

³La storiografia positivista.

³La storiografia whig.

³Il presentismo.

³Il continuismo.

http://images.google.it/imgres?imgurl=nomm.com/Officer%20White%20Whig.JPG&imgrefurl=http://nomm.com/people.htm&h=432&w=288&prev=/images%253Fq%253Dwhig%2526svnum%253D10%2526hl%253Dit%2526lr%253D%2526ie%253DUTF-8%2526oe%253DUTF-8

http://images.google.it/imgres?imgurl=www.cibernous.com/autores/comte/images/caracomte.gif&imgrefurl=http://www.cibernous.com/autores/comte/teoria/biografia.html&h=127&w=110&prev=/images%253Fq%253Dpositivismo%2526start%253D20%2526svnum%253D10%2526hl%253Dit%2526lr%253D%2526ie%253DUTF-8%2526oe%253DUTF-8%2526sa%253DN

http://images.google.it/imgres?imgurl=www.romacivica.net/anpiroma/cronologia/cronosgm/fungo_atomico_a_nagasaki.jpg&imgrefurl=http://www.romacivica.net/anpiroma/cronologia/cronosgm/cronosgm.html&h=156&w=108&prev=/images%253Fq%253Dfungo%252Batomico%2526svnum%253D10%2526hl%253Dit%2526lr%253D%2526ie%253DUTF-8%2526oe%253DUTF-8

Thomas Khun e la Struttura delle Rivoluzioni Scientifiche

³Paradigmi:con tale termine voglio indicare conquiste scientifiche universalmente riconosciute, le quali, per un certo periodo, forniscono un modello di problemi e soluzioni accettabili a coloro che praticano un certo campo di ricerca.

³Teorie o matrici disciplinari

³Leggi

³Credenze di fondo

³Valori (semplicità, eleganza)

³Concrete soluzioni a problemi. (pendoli e piani inclinati)

³La sediosità di Wittgenstein: l’uso di un paradigma all’interno di una comunità.

http://images.google.it/imgres?imgurl=www.9000giri.it/img/sedile.jpg&imgrefurl=http://www.9000giri.it/finiture.html&h=349&w=250&prev=/images%253Fq%253Dsedile%2526svnum%253D10%2526hl%253Dit%2526lr%253D%2526ie%253DUTF-8%2526oe%253DUTF-8

http://images.google.it/imgres?imgurl=www.buildlab.com/images/db/720.jpg&imgrefurl=http://www.buildlab.com/article/73&h=225&w=150&prev=/images%253Fq%253Dsedile%2526svnum%253D10%2526hl%253Dit%2526lr%253D%2526ie%253DUTF-8%2526oe%253DUTF-8

http://images.google.it/imgres?imgurl=www.educational.rai.it/lezionididesign/oggetti/images/DIPOCOSEDILE_17.JPG&imgrefurl=http://www.educational.rai.it/lezionididesign/puntate/17/&h=223&w=204&prev=/images%253Fq%253Dsedile%2526svnum%253D10%2526hl%253Dit%2526lr%253D%2526ie%253DUTF-8%2526oe%253DUTF-8

http://images.google.it/imgres?imgurl=www.exar.it/pict/maxima.gif&imgrefurl=http://www.exar.it/prod/polmass2.htm&h=226&w=190&prev=/images%253Fq%253Dsedile%2526start%253D20%2526svnum%253D10%2526hl%253Dit%2526lr%253D%2526ie%253DUTF-8%2526oe%253DUTF-8%2526sa%253DN

http://images.google.it/imgres?imgurl=www.derghen.com/Immagini/sedia.gif&imgrefurl=http://www.derghen.com/Pagina7/Pag7_cuo.htm&h=280&w=192&prev=/images%253Fq%253Dsedia%2526svnum%253D10%2526hl%253Dit%2526lr%253D%2526ie%253DUTF-8%2526oe%253DUTF-8

http://images.google.it/imgres?imgurl=www.rinascita.it/mascaretti/Sedia.gif&imgrefurl=http://www.rinascita.it/mascaretti/page20.html&h=464&w=600&prev=/images%253Fq%253Dsedia%2526svnum%253D10%2526hl%253Dit%2526lr%253D%2526ie%253DUTF-8%2526oe%253DUTF-8

http://images.google.it/imgres?imgurl=www.gmt2000.it/img/prodotti/sedia.jpg&imgrefurl=http://www.gmt2000.it/html/lettini.htm&h=233&w=180&prev=/images%253Fq%253Dsedia%2526svnum%253D10%2526hl%253Dit%2526lr%253D%2526ie%253DUTF-8%2526oe%253DUTF-8

http://images.google.it/imgres?imgurl=www.kassiopeagroup.com/Sedia%20regista%202.jpg&imgrefurl=http://www.kassiopeagroup.com/Titolo.htm&h=224&w=200&prev=/images%253Fq%253Dsedia%2526svnum%253D10%2526hl%253Dit%2526lr%253D%2526ie%253DUTF-8%2526oe%253DUTF-8

http://images.google.it/imgres?imgurl=www.senado.gov.br/web/historia/imagens/trono.jpg&imgrefurl=http://www.senado.gov.br/web/historia/trono.htm&h=264&w=198&prev=/images%253Fq%253Dtrono%2526start%253D20%2526svnum%253D10%2526hl%253Dit%2526lr%253D%2526ie%253DUTF-8%2526oe%253DUTF-8%2526sa%253DN

http://images.google.it/imgres?imgurl=rmac.arch.uniroma3.it/DCaad/ProgAss/ProInt/Arredi/Panchina.jpg&imgrefurl=http://rmac.arch.uniroma3.it/DCaad/ProgAss/ProInt/Metodo.htm&h=374&w=640&prev=/images%253Fq%253Dpanchina%2526svnum%253D10%2526hl%253Dit%2526lr%253D%2526ie%253DUTF-8%2526oe%253DUTF-8

http://images.google.it/imgres?imgurl=www.phys.uniroma1.it/DOCS/WEBLED/Sgabellogirevole.JPG&imgrefurl=http://www.phys.uniroma1.it/DOCS/WEBLED/giroscopfr2.htm&h=343&w=231&prev=/images%253Fq%253Dsgabello%2526svnum%253D10%2526hl%253Dit%2526lr%253D%2526ie%253DUTF-8%2526oe%253DUTF-8

http://images.google.it/imgres?imgurl=www.buildlab.com/images/db/630.jpg&imgrefurl=http://www.buildlab.com/particle.php%253Far%253D66&h=200&w=270&prev=/images%253Fq%253Dsgabello%2526start%253D20%2526svnum%253D10%2526hl%253Dit%2526lr%253D%2526ie%253DUTF-8%2526oe%253DUTF-8%2526sa%253DN

http://images.google.it/imgres?imgurl=www.qth.com/giovannini/images/cassa%20legno%20cubica%201.jpg&imgrefurl=http://www.qth.com/giovannini/&h=360&w=360&prev=/images%253Fq%253Dcassa%2526svnum%253D10%2526hl%253Dit%2526lr%253D%2526ie%253DUTF-8%2526oe%253DUTF-8

http://images.google.it/imgres?imgurl=www.ciao-magazine.com/AprCiao/Travel/Sasso.jpg&imgrefurl=http://www.ciao-magazine.com/AprCiao/Travel/Sicily2.html&h=454&w=450&prev=/images%253Fq%253Dsasso%2526start%253D60%2526svnum%253D10%2526hl%253Dit%2526lr%253D%2526ie%253DUTF-8%2526oe%253DUTF-8%2526sa%253DN

http://images.google.it/imgres?imgurl=www.regione.sardegna.it/isola/img/sedia.jpg&imgrefurl=http://www.regione.sardegna.it/isola/inglese/legni/legno.htm&h=290&w=179&prev=/images%253Fq%253Dsedia%2526svnum%253D10%2526hl%253Dit%2526lr%253D%2526ie%253DUTF-8%2526oe%253DUTF-8

http://images.google.it/imgres?imgurl=www.altravista.it/users/raf86/image/cesso.gif&imgrefurl=http://www.altravista.it/users/raf86/me.php3&h=60&w=58&prev=/images%253Fq%253Dcesso%2526start%253D40%2526svnum%253D10%2526hl%253Dit%2526lr%253D%2526ie%253DUTF-8%2526oe%253DUTF-8%2526sa%253DN

Il sistema tolemaico

Il sistema copernicano

Il sistema tychonico

Keplero

http://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=www.racine.ra.it/planet/testi/Imm/brahe2.jpg&imgrefurl=http://www.racine.ra.it/planet/testi/brahe.htm&h=151&w=240&prev=/images%253Fq%253Dkeplero%2526start%253D20%2526svnum%253D10%2526hl%253Dit%2526lr%253D%2526ie%253DUTF-8%2526oe%253DUTF-8%2526sa%253DN

http://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=www.aerospazio.it/Introduzione/keplero.jpg&imgrefurl=http://www.aerospazio.it/Introduzione/introduzione.html&h=129&w=120&prev=/images%253Fq%253Dkeplero%2526start%253D40%2526svnum%253D10%2526hl%253Dit%2526lr%253D%2526ie%253DUTF-8%2526oe%253DUTF-8%2526sa%253DN

http://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=www.hao.ucar.edu/public/education/sp/images/kepler_harmonices.gif&imgrefurl=http://www.hao.ucar.edu/public/education/sp/images/kepler.2.html&h=828&w=524&prev=/images%253Fq%253Dharmonices%252Bmundi%2526svnum%253D10%2526hl%253Dit%2526lr%253D%2526ie%253DUTF-8%2526oe%253DUTF-8

http://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=www.cco.caltech.edu/~winter/unilab/module1650/kepler/b58a.gif&imgrefurl=http://www.cco.caltech.edu/~winter/unilab/module1650/kepler/58a.html&h=769&w=499&prev=/images%253Fq%253Dharmonices%252Bmundi%2526svnum%253D10%2526hl%253Dit%2526lr%253D%2526ie%253DUTF-8%2526oe%253DUTF-8

http://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=www.math.nus.edu.sg/aslaksen/pictures/kepler-spheres-1.jpg&imgrefurl=http://www.math.nus.edu.sg/aslaksen/teaching/heavenly.shtml&h=341&w=309&prev=/images%253Fq%253Dmysterium%252Bcosmographicum%2526svnum%253D10%2526hl%253Dit%2526lr%253D%2526ie%253DUTF-8%2526oe%253DUTF-8

http://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=www.enc.org/Classroom_Calendar/CC_Units/Unit_Images/154.jpg&imgrefurl=http://www.enc.org/thisweek/calendar/unit/0,1819,106,00.shtm&h=300&w=250&prev=/images%253Fq%253DNewton%252Blaws%2526start%253D60%2526svnum%253D10%2526hl%253Dit%2526lr%253D%2526ie%253DUTF-8%2526oe%253DUTF-8%2526sa%253DN

La rivoluzione nella scienza: la fisica newtoniana.

http://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=www.linguaggioglobale.com/terra/img/Term7d.jpg&imgrefurl=http://www.linguaggioglobale.com/terra/txt/7.htm&h=150&w=200&prev=/images%253Fq%253Dattrazione%2526svnum%253D10%2526hl%253Dit%2526lr%253D%2526ie%253DUTF-8%2526oe%253DUTF-8

http://www.coelum.com/astroshop/volumi/conoscere5/conoscere5.jpg

Il modello tolemaico

Il modello copernicano


³Periodo pre-paradigmatico di una scienza.

³Raccolte di dati

³Pubblico non specialistico

³Plinio

³La Scienza normale e la soluzione di rompicapo.

³Il paradigma newtoniano

³Anomalie e scoperte scientifiche.

³La scoperta di Nettuno dalle anomalie dell’orbita di Urano.

³La scoperta di Vulcano dalla precessione del perielio di Mercurio

³La tesi di Duhem-Quine

³La rivoluzione scientifica e la rivoluzione politica.

³Quando le istituzioni cessano di essere una risposta adeguata ai problemi.

³Rivoluzioni scientifiche e incommensurabilità.

³Mondo aristotelico e mondo galileiano

³Dalla paralisi di Sandras alla paralisi di Dejerine

³Dal gene di Morgan al gene di Watson.

http://images.google.it/imgres?imgurl=digilander.iol.it/marte63/pianeti/foto/nettuno.jpg&imgrefurl=http://digilander.iol.it/marte63/pianeti/pianeta_nettuno.htm&h=950&w=950&prev=/images%253Fq%253Dnettuno%2526svnum%253D10%2526hl%253Dit%2526lr%253D%2526ie%253DUTF-8%2526oe%253DUTF-8

http://images.google.it/imgres?imgurl=planetario.online.pt/Imagens/Astronomia/urano-01.jpg&imgrefurl=http://planetario.online.pt/Astronomia/astronomia-sistemasolar-urano.html&h=154&w=150&prev=/images%253Fq%253Durano%2526start%253D20%2526svnum%253D10%2526hl%253Dit%2526lr%253D%2526ie%253DUTF-8%2526oe%253DUTF-8%2526sa%253DN

http://images.google.it/imgres?imgurl=www.ca.astro.it/spaceg/AstroGeoWeb/Img00002.gif&imgrefurl=http://www.ca.astro.it/spaceg/AstroGeoWeb/lez002.htm&h=388&w=449&prev=/images%253Fq%253DRivoluzione%2526start%253D20%2526svnum%253D10%2526hl%253Dit%2526lr%253D%2526ie%253DUTF-8%2526oe%253DUTF-8%2526sa%253DN


³Invisibilità delle rivoluzioni.

³Chi vince la rivoluzione?

³Scienza e progresso.

³IL progresso nei periodi di scienza normale

³Progresso e rivoluzione: una visione relativistica e strumentale.

http://images.google.it/imgres?imgurl=www.rosycross.org/Images/mesmer.jpg&imgrefurl=http://www.rosycross.org/Rosicrucian_history.htm&h=375&w=295&prev=/images%253Fq%253Dmesmer%2526svnum%253D10%2526hl%253Dit%2526lr%253D%2526ie%253DUTF-8%2526oe%253DUTF-8

Storia del lemma : rivoluzione³La RIVOLUZIONE da re-volvere.

³La Rivoluzione settecentesca

³La Rivoluzione politica

³Novità Le opere del ‘600

³Conversione Keplero a Copernico

³Violenza Conquista(dell’editoria, delle accademie, etc)

³Rivoluzioni scientifiche con componente ideologica.

http://images.google.it/imgres?imgurl=www.medical-animations.com/assets/images/MENDELSP.jpg&imgrefurl=http://www.medical-animations.com/english/what/What_Mendel_layer.html&h=371&w=500&prev=/images%253Fq%253DGenetics%252Bpeas%2526svnum%253D10%2526hl%253Dit%2526lr%253D%2526ie%253DUTF-8%2526oe%253DUTF-8

http://images.google.it/imgres?imgurl=www.biol.vt.edu/frogs.jpg&imgrefurl=http://www.biol.vt.edu/&h=810&w=1332&prev=/images%253Fq%253DFrogs%2526svnum%253D10%2526hl%253Dit%2526lr%253D%2526ie%253DUTF-8%2526oe%253DUTF-8

Rivoluzioni incomplete

³La genetica Mendeliana rimane su carta fino al 1900.

³Franz Anton Mesmer e Kammarer : rivoluzioni mai approdate alla quarta fase.

http://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=www.astrobiology.ucla.edu/ESS116/L18/1839%20Alfred%20Wegener.jpg&imgrefurl=http://www.astrobiology.ucla.edu/ESS116/L18/L18.html&h=400&w=320&prev=/images%253Fq%253DWegener%2526svnum%253D10%2526hl%253Dit%2526lr%253D%2526ie%253DUTF-8%2526oe%253DUTF-8

http://images.google.it/imgres?imgurl=www.sculturae.net/rivoluzionefrancese.jpg&imgrefurl=http://www.sculturae.net/rivoluzionefrancese.htm&h=300&w=265&prev=/images%253Fq%253Drivoluzione%252Bfrancese%2526start%253D20%2526svnum%253D10%2526hl%253Dit%2526lr%253D%2526ie%253DUTF-8%2526oe%253DUTF-8%2526sa%253DN

http://images.google.it/imgres?imgurl=www.culture.fr/culture/actualites/celebrations2002/img/fourcroy.jpg&imgrefurl=http://www.culture.fr/culture/actualites/celebrations2002/lycees.htm&h=215&w=177&prev=/images%253Fq%253DAntoine%252BFourcroy%2526svnum%253D10%2526hl%253Dit%2526lr%253D%2526ie%253DUTF-8%2526oe%253DUTF-8

Criteri-test dello storico per definire le rivoluzioni scientifiche

³Giudizio dei contemporanei.

³Esame dei documenti posteriori per verificare quanto quel paradigma sia entrato nella pratica scientifica.

³Giudizio degli storici.

³Opinione degli scienziati contemporanei.

Kuhn e la struttura delle rivoluzioni scientifiche · La rivoluzione scientifica e la rivoluzione...

Documents

Transcript of Kuhn e la struttura delle rivoluzioni scientifiche · La rivoluzione scientifica e la rivoluzione...