A. S. 20014/15 I.S.I.S.S. Piana di Lucca

Istituto Tecnico Economico e Tecnologico “A. Benedetti” Porcari Liceo Scientifico, Scienze Applicate e Linguistico ”E. Majorana” Capannori

Classi N° 33 - Docenti N° 85 Dirigente: Prof. Luigi Lippi

Classi coinvolte: 3 A-B-C-D-E e 4 A-B-C-del Liceo ScientificoDocenti: Albarosa Cagnoni (Lingua Inglese) Loretta Santori (Disegno e Storia dell’Arte) Leana Quilici (Storia e Filosofia) Lorenzo Cesana (I.R.C.)

PROGETTOLa risorsa acqua tra passato, presente e

futuro

WATER ON THE EARTH

SALTY WATER

ICE WATER

"GOOD WATER"

Our planet is called Earth, but in

fact it is a planet made of water,

covering as much as 71% of the

globe. 97% of this water is salty,

and the remaining 3% is divided

between a 2% of ice water and

only a small part is available to

man, to drink, to produce energy,

to survive and for agriculture.

THE IMPORTANCE OF WATER

Nowaday a responsible use that avoids waste is increasingly important, whereas the

lifestyle of most developed countries requires more and more water at a rate that

seems to be increasingly unattainable. Fresh water is a precious resource, and we all

need to do as much as possible to preserve it. Here we have learned about why water

should be saved, how you can do so at home and at work, and the potential that

reclaimed water has to improve the condition of our environment.

Why save water?Learning how to save water is not difficult, and it can begin with teaching

good habits to children. All you have to do is think about how easy it is

to waste water in everyday activities; Remember, children learn fast and

change quickly as they grow and develop. The risks faced by infants and

toddlers are often very different from those of school-age children and

teens. But no matter how old your children are: here are some tips to

prevent wasting water.

What does water do for

us?

What percentage of water do we have in

our body?

2. The damp areas and the hydrological resources of our territory

1. Hydrogeological history of the municipality of Capannori and of the

Plain of Lucca

4. The use of drinking water, yesterday and today.5. The use of

underground and superficial waters by the paper industry.

6 . Identification of “good habits” that citizens and public administrations can apply to improve the use of water.

3. The hydrological risk and the activities of the “Consorzio 1 Toscana Nord”

water

With the collaboration of

- Dott.ssaa Mara Dell’Aringa, Geologo - Il Consorzio di Bonifica del Bientina

- l’Associazione di guide ambientaliste“Tuffetto”- Le classi 3A-B-C-D-E del Liceo Scientifico “E. Majorana”- La prof.ssa Albarosa Cagnoni, - La prof.ssa Loretta Santori Bibliografia- Autorità di Bacino, QUADRO GENERALE DELLA SUBSIDENZA NELLA PIANA DI LUCCA- Autorità di Bacino, Distretto del Fiume Serchio, DESCRIZIONE DEL DISTRETTO IDROGRAFICO

DEL FIUME SERCHIO, 25 settembre 2009 D- Bottari P. All’ombra della grande ciminiera – La Cucirini Cantoni Coats e la crescita economico

sociale lucchese, Maria Pacini Fazzi editore- Brugioni M., Menduni G., Montini G. Autorità di Bacino del fiume Arno, Analisi dei fenomeni

di subsidenza nel bacino del fiume Arno tramite l’utilizzo della tecnica di interferometria satellitare PSI in SARTM

- Caciagli G. Il lagodi Bientina. Vicende storiche e idrogeologiche, Bandecchi e Vivaldi 1984.- Cardella R. Un’azienda, il suo territorio, il suo sviluppo – 1946-1996 – Cinquant’anni della “Cartiera Modesto Cardella, Maria Pacini Fazzi editore.- DichiarazioneAmbientale EMAS-Distretto Cartario di Capannori, Emissione 2014 (Dati 2012)- Morosi A. Sereni U. La città industriosa – Lucca alla fine dell’Ottocento- Ordine degli Ingegneri, Prov. Di Foggia, L’uso della modellistica idraulica nella difesa del suolo. Ing. Tricoli D. 21/11/2006- Provincia di Lucca Convegno Ambiente , 29 marzo 2001, Riduzione del consumo idrico, attraverso

l’applicazione del documento BREF per l’industria della carta e della asta carta, in cartiere campione–Fattibilità, misure ed implicazioni locali.

- University of Pisa, Earth Sciences Department, M. Dell’Aringa M.-Giannecchini R. Puccinelli A. Geologist, external collaborator, Small sinkhole-like features in alluvial plains: the example

of Paganico

Siti consultati:www.isprambiente.gov.it//Cartario/CartaeAmbiente.pdfwww.isprambiente.gov.it//sinkhole.pdf.www.isprambiente.gov.it/files/pubblicazioni/atti/sessione4-sinkhole.www.museodellacarta.orgwww.comune.porcari.itwww.comune.capannori.lu.it www.capannorieventi.it www.iltuffetto.itwww.lifepioneer.info/riservato/doc_pubblico/Dichiarazione%20Ambientale%20di%20Distretto%202014.Autorità di Bacino del fiume Serchiowww.autorita.bacinoserchio.it –

Pianodigestione Cartografie Bacino pilota fiume Serchio Carte e strati informativi relativi al rischio idraulico

Piano di Assetto Idrogeologico 1° Aggiornamento approvato L'impatto ambientale dalle attività cartarie in Provincia di Lucca — ARPAT - Agenzia regionale per la

protezioneambientale della Toscana www.arpat.toscana.itwww.nat-hazards-earth-syst-sci.net/14/41/2014/www.lucartgroup.comwww.dssmith.comwww.cartierapieretti.itwww.molinomenicone.itTrattamento Acque Reflue – Lenntech www.lenntech.itwww.zoneumidetoscane.itwww.scapackaging.itwww.luccavirtuale.it www.edison.itProvincia di Lucca - Ambientewww.provincia.lucca.itwww.arpat.toscana.it › Notizie › ARPATnews › www.clubdistretti.it

Lower Pleistocene

from1.700.000

To 700.000

Years ago

The hydrogeological history of the Territory

Late 120.000/10.000 years ago

An uplifting movement progressively

gave origin to the ridges of the Cerbaie,

a series of hills which divide the original

big lake in two smaller ones: Lucca-

Montecarlo-Vinci and Firenze-Prato-

Pistoia.

Water withdraws and

two lakes form: Lake

Bientina and Lake

Fucecchio

N

S

W E

Bientina

Montuolo

In the Middle age due to the formation of the flatlands the river Auser (Serchio) divides in two branches in San Pietro a Vico.

Lunata

Cartina della piana di Lucca (Natali, 1997)

The Auser ( the bigger ): Marlia, Lunata, Antraccoli, Pieve San Paolo where it went through a new ramification.

The Auserculus (small Auser) touched Lucca from the North and from Borgo Giannotti it reached Montuolo, than it flowed into the Arno near Pisa.

A branch, went to the sout-west of Lucca to reach and flow into the Auserculus near Montuolo.

Another branch continued its course to the east towards Bientina and flowed (when it could) into the river Arno near Calcinaia.

Lucca

Pisa

In 1905 some expansion cases of the Bottaccio di Massa Pisana were made, into which even today the southern streams of the city flow.

Can.Ozzeri

An important figure for the regimentation of waters wasthe Bishop of Lucca Frediano (561- 589) who, because of the continuous floods, had the waters of the main river deviated into the main Northern branch (Auserculus). The river was also redirected to Ripafratta, to the west of the «Monti Pisani», and made to flow directly into the sea close to Pisa instead of flowing into the river Arno.

Floods: an ancient problem

In 1800 the Ozzeri canal was built as an irrigating and reclaiming canal of the lower Plain of Lucca (Nottolini) merging into the River Serchio at Cerasomma.

Carta da acque e strade, 1563 n. 10

R e c l a i m i n g in the river-bed of the ancient lake Bientina

The lake was drained in 1859 «using the barrel»: this important work by Alessandro Manetti consisted in digging an outflowing

stream with a very clever underground gallery system, which is still under the river

Arno today.

In 1852 “The barrel” is built: it is a canal which gathers the waters of the Basin which flow under the river Arno and continue to Livorno

The water ducts

The water shed “The Barrel”

The Barrel

The terrace marks

the bottom of the

river Arno; the roof

of the water ducts is

protected by a

waterproof layer of

clay which stops

water from the river

Arno to penetrate.

The two water ducts

Doors that close at 120 degrees because of

the hydraulic pressure of the main water

stream. Automatism invented by Leonardo

da Vinci.

Vincian doors and cataracts

Vincian Doors: Invented by Leonardo Da

Vinci to prevent water from flowing back in

case of flooding. In this case they close with

opposing pressure.

Fosso Zero, Padule Bientina

The damp areas and the hydrological resources of

the territory

Da “Manon Lescaut” Intermezzo del III atto

Water has fascinated many artists.

The composer Giacomo Puccini inspired by the waters of Lake Massaciuccoli,

composed some of his best and most famous operas

Environmental resources of the Plain of Lucca   

 

Forest areas in the North and South of the Plain, on the Mountains of Pisa and on the Pizzorne

The river Serchio

Hills cultivated with grape vines and olive trees.

Abundant underground layer water and surface water

The network of tributaries coming from the hills and flow down from the Pizzorne mountain into the Bientina marshlands.

Natural Oasis of Bottaccio

The Plain

The marshlands The river

The Bottaccio

What we have studied

Fountains of the aqueduct

The Nottolini aqueduct

The Bottaccio Oasis

The river Serchio and the public channel

The river bed of Lake Bientina

Public fountains in Capannori

Ozzeri

IN RED THE PUBLIC CHANNEL

The Public conduct built in

1380 has always been

important. Today it still takes

its water from the River San

Gemignano di Moriano and

after a course of 13 Km. it

crosses Lucca from the Norh

West to the South-East.

It generates the irrigation

network of the Plain whose

main canals, nearly all,

.

merge into the Rogio Canal

which also collects waters from

the area of Bientina.

The public conduct and some of

its canals flow into the Ozzeri

 The river Serchio 

It has an annual flow rate of (46 m³/s);

the rate is maintained high due to the

rainfalls of the mountain areas it goes

through and also because of the

permeability of the basin.

The hydroelectric

plant covers about

12% of the local

annual needs.

It is responsible of hydrological disasters such as the 1812 and 2012 floods.

The richest annual period is Autumn, in particular the month of November.

Lake Bientina

27

Lake Bientana was the vastest of

the Tuscan lakes and was also

known to the inhabitants of Lucca

with the name Sesto. It had as

main tributary the Auser and as

outflowing streams the Cirecchio

canal and the Serezza

The area is believed to have always been swampy as it is lower than the the river

The lake had an area of permanent water called «clear waters» and a swamp area which

dried in the Summer and even today continues to be swampy.

Aerial view of former Lake Bientina after abundant rainfalls

Lakes at “Isola Bassa” of Lammari

The area offers to the citizens new forms of aggregation thanks to sports and entertaining facilities which are didactically useful and help people become environmentally aware by coming in contact with recycled material while relaxing.

Today the area is threatened by the construction of an intense traffic road system from the North to the South which runs close to these lakes.

In Lucca Expansion frames are often called “Barrel” and

the Bottaccio Wood is in fact situated inside the expansion

frame of the Stream Visona of Castelvecchio di Compito.

31

Natural Oasis of Bottaccio

The municipality of Capannori, with city council By-laws ·N° 82 18.07.96 has instituted The

protected Natural Area of local interest (ANPIL) “The Bottaccio” which extends for 16.6 hectares.

The Italian WWF with the acquisition of government concessions, has been taking care of the Bottaccio

since 1991 and since then has inserted it in the National system of the Italian WWF Oasis.

The Municipality of

Bientina (Prov.

Pisa) With by-law

n.50/14.05.98

added to ANPLIN «The

Tanali Wood» on the

Northern side so as to

unite it with Bottaccio.

In this way the two

adjacent Protected areas

are inside the Marshlands

of Bientina.

33

The waters which flow from the Mountains of Pisa, without polluted elements, closed in by banks, remain

in the Bottaccio and so create watery and semi-watery environments in the wood .

The Bottaccio

completely

relies on the

expansion of the

Stream, Visona

of Castelvecchio,

which ends here.

The Environment

The hydrological risk and the problems and

activities of the

“Consorzio 1 Toscana

Nord”

Limited availability for water:

Meteorological phenomena

Irregular distribution

Pollution increase

Meteorological changes

Demographic growth

Changes in habits, customs and uses

Advent of different needs

Economical expansion

Excessive pumping and use

Subsidence

shrinkingl-swelling

sinkholes

Floods

Environmental problems of the

Territory , particularly of the Eastern

part of the Plain

Subsidence

This phenomenon is generally caused by

geological features, but in the last

decade it has been locally increased by

the work of man.

Subsidence consists in a slow sinking

process of a layer of soil, this can

involve areas of different sizes.

The phenomenon affects the locality of Pollino (Porcari and of the Cerbaie (Bientina.

The sinking of the water layer is progressive and gradual in time but irreversible because the annual

rain water is not enough to compensate the water loss. In this way the alluvial areas which before

were reached by the water layer during the year, always remain dry. They become compacted and

make the ground drop irreversibly, with damages to buildings that are no longer adequate to the new

context.

Evolution of the sinking of the

land in the Padule of Bientina

(Lucca) in the years 1992-2007.

Taken from the PS data and

elaborated according to the APSA

technique

Autorità di Bacino del fiume Arno

Pollino (Porcari) e Cerbaie (Bientina

The shrinkingl-swelling which takes place between summer and autumn has natural causes, but

sometimes it can be increased if water is pumped out.

This phenomenon is typical of clays (vertiche) comes out when the water layer seasonally sways

internally, the layers of clay get wet and increase in volume like “sponges”. In summer the opposite

takes place, so the clays shrink. This shrinking-swelling of the clays follows a seasonal swaying of

the water layer.

The ground goes through reversible seasonal sinkings which can damage inadequate building.

These damages expand and retreat in a cyclic way in the course of the seasons.

shrinking-swelling

Variations in the percentage of water can provoke

swelling or shrinking of the ground.

The houses affected by this instability often present

flaws in the foundations or design.

The shrinking-swelling has been taking place in the fractions of Paganico, Pieve San

Paolo, Santa Margherita (Capannori ) and Rughi (Porcari) since the ‘80s.

The existence of a water table

and/or of underground circulation

of water.

The shrinking-swelling is different form

subsidence because the permanent layer

does not undergo water loss, so even if it

undergoes pumping, it is able to increase

seasonally , sometimes even to ground

level.

Sinkholes

The sinkholes originate in complex hydrogeological contexts of the territory and come about for

various reasons: earthquake, draught-rain, the pumping of great quantities of water and the

flooding of canals. The causes can be a lot and complementary. They are holes in the ground

which form because of drainage phenomena between layers that are one on top of the other

and superficial layers and irrigating canals. It is a matter of water streams mixed between

elements with different water levels, The waters, by moving, erode the ground following an

evolutionary sequence which ends up in a hole.

The holes

concern the

fraction of

Paganico

(Capannori).

M. Dell’Aringa et al.: Small sinkhole-like features in alluvial plains

The digging of wells for the municipal acqueduct

MORE MAIN CAUSES

An absolute decrease in rainfall

A particular structure of the

ground

Birth of one of the vastest national industrial groups for the Production of Paper

A lot of private wells

Drought and rainfalls determine a lack of balance between the water table and the restrained one.

Demographic expansion

From recent studies it has emerged that the paper industries should take care of the sinkholes in Paganico so that:• The depression cones don’t reach the residential area.• The cones, deformed by the deep flow of the water layer are

deviated to the south. • The paper factories should be set in geological areas different

from that of Paganico. (areas without loam sands where these holes originate) . Because of this around the paper factories there can be local sinking or shrinking-swelling but not holes.

Ground cavities

EFFECTS

Strong lowering of the piezometric surface

Damages to buildings

Disapperance of numerous springs

Devaluation of estates and of building areas

An increase in the building costs in ugrading and

re-utilisation of old buildings

Migration to other parts of the territory

Fear among the residents

 1. The firm Acque Spa will have to decrease by 15% the drainage from the aqueduct of Paganico

Summary of the by-law of the Mayer of Capannori to reduce the pumping of water from the

underground water table and reduce the fenomeni idrogeologici del 7/02/2008 e lows del

Regolamento Urbanistico, D.C. n. 13 del 12.03.2009, n. 14 del 13.03.2009 e n. 15 del 16.03.200

2. It is forbidden to take local water either from the aqueduct or from superficial water or pumped from the underground water tables and transport it outside the municipal territory.

3. The inhabitants are invited to adopt useful measures to rationalise water, by applying specific reductions on taps so as to use less water in everyday household activities.

- 15%

5. Within 120 days the productive activity will have to be decreased by 30%.

4. The filling of private swimming pools, fountains and pools with water from the aqueduct or with water pumped directly from the water table are prohibited.

6. The Provincial administration is asked to suspend permits to pump water from underground on the whole territory, with the exception of those for domestic use and to check on the permits already issued

The Provincial administration and the firm Consorzio di Bonifica Auser-Bientina are asked to restore superficial water circulation in canals and water ways so as to restore the underground water table.

- 30%

Interventions on the waterways

with the function of:

Prevention activites

Safekeeping and maintenance of the public works of reclaiming

Supervision of private activities in the area.

Hydraulic security (water pumps, reclaiming canals), the management of irrigation waters.

Participation in town planning

Safeguard of the agricultural and environmental assets

The Consorzio di Bonifica Auser–Bientina now Consorzio 1 Tuscany North

Water ways of the

hydrogrphic Basin under

the jurisdiction of the ex

Consorzio di Bonifica

And extra-ordinary

Some of the ordinary maintenance activities

Wooden or cement

harnesses are positioned

across the water bed to

retain the coarse material

transported by water

(trunks, wood and rocks)

Torrente Picigiana, Massa Carrara

Monitoring the water ways. Maintenance of ditches and waterways

Rio Sanetta

Deviation of the river: Fossa Nuova in the Padule (marshlands) of Porcari

Expansion frame in case of floods 

Very expensive for the flow of the Rio

The bridge on Rio Casale

Strongly opposed and contested by residents

Dangerous for the lack of visibility

An impossible architectural barrier for those with special walkig needs, because of the steep slope and the

stairs which are the only walking access

why

Some of the activities of the Consorsio not approved by the residents and by the environmental associations:

Cementing the stream beds which increases the water flow in case of floods-.

The indiscriminate cutting of all the trees on the river banks which increases the risk of landslide

The indiscriminate cutting of the vegetation on the banks, in particular of swamp grasses , which help to maintain an environmental balance.

Omitting to gather the mowed grass on the road sides thus the blockage of the irrigation ditches which during the rainy seasons overflow.

Omitting to reactivate and take care of water and the environmental and the insufficient maintenance of the minor water network so as to guarantee the original output.

The lack of control on the maintenance of the minor ditches which makes irrigation of the land impossible with superficial water.

The lack of sensibility for all that is tradition and culture of the territory (people, cultivations, actions) which would contribute to a better environmental balance.

  

In the Northern part of Tuscany the Reclaiming Consorzi  along with those of

Versilia Massaciuccoli  and  Auser Bientina  were fused with the new authority called

«Toscana Nord 1».

New reclaiming projects

With the Consorzio Toscana Nord, the agricultural firms became the protagonists of the prevention activities due to hydraulic risks.

The guardian farmers can make their experience, competence and means available for everyone, in particular they can be a daily and constant presence in many areas of the district.

With the l.r. 79/2012 the Regional Government of Tuscany has started a reform for the field of

reclamation and defence of ground, it authorised the creation of 6 ReclamationConsorzi unite

structures and competences of the existing 13 Consorzi and of the 13 Municipal unions.

  Acque SpA

Is the organ that controls the integrated public water service for the citizens and

the economic activities

 

The duties of this organ are to guarantee a qualitative standard of the aqueduct

service and to extend in all the serviced area the drainage and purification system

which safeguards the environment and the citizens.

It controls the quality of the waters along the whole hydric cycle: aqueduct,

drainage and purification.

The use of drinking water yesterday and today.

The Nottolini aqueduct and «The via dell’acqua»

In 1822, Maria Luisa di Borbone, Duchess

of Lucca, for hygienical motivations,

approved the construction of an aqueduct

and appointed a local engeneer, Lorenzo

Nottolini, to build it.

Between 1822 and 1832 the engineer Lorenzo Nottolini constructed the aqueduct to bring drinking and luxury water from the springs in Guamo to the city of Lucca. Luxury water was so called because it had different uses from drinking water.

Route of the aqueduct from Guamo to Lucca

The ducts developed for 3.2 km in a structure 12 meters

high sustained by buttresses and by 460 brick arches

which hold, on the top, two water canals

According to Nottolini’s project the waters collected from

about 18 springs of the «Serra Vespaiata» of Rio San

Quirico and Rio della Valle were routed to the Tempietto di

Guamo, a circular building in neoclassical Doric style.

From there the water was cleaned and made clear

by having it flow through rocks and gravel and

by having it go through further holes and

obstacles so that all the residual impurities would

deposit.

Water system from the filters to the arches

Buildings where the waters were checked

Vespaiata Dike: filter made of gravel and coal to make the water drinkable

Spring

The two water ductsBeginning of the arches:The Temple of Guamo

End of the arches: the Temple of San Concordio on the outskirts of Lucca.

The interred duct by the walls of

Lucca

The inside of the tunnel

The water from Guamo reaches Piazza

Antelminelli by the Cathedral of Lucca

Nottolini built two ducts: one, for spring waters that went to

the public and private fountains of Lucca. The second that

went to fountains destined to other uses.

Piazza Antelminelli

Nottolini’s will was not to waste any

drinking water

P.za della Misericordia

Via dei Fossi

The water from Guamo reaches Piazza Antelminelli

In front of the Cathedral of Lucca

Today many Important

aqueducts for drinking water

draw from the Plain: that of

Paganini and that of Lucca, the

subsidiary ones of Pisa and

Livorno, that of Capannori and

the so called “Pollino” which

serves Pescia and Montecatini

but also numerous other

municipalities of the

Valdinievole and that of the

Cerbaie for the area of

Bientina-Pontedera.

Water is a human right

The link between water and legality is very strong and very little is known among the public and especially young people. The care of the environment depends directly on the behavior and actions of the individual and the political choices of the community. Citizens are first called to the legality of water use by observing the rules that determine the proper use, protection from pollution and misuses.

Water and Legality

The consequences due to the abandoning of the rules and regulation of superficial water

Referendum 2011

In June 2011, around 27 millions of Italians voted in a referendum with 95% of the voters agreeing to the proposal they voted to have water as a common good denying the possibility of privatization.

Chiattino-Guamo

La Pollina - Ruota

Thanks to the project “The flow of good water”, financed by

the Municipality of Capannori and the Regional Government

Safeguarded “a common wealth” water

Improved the best spring waters of our territory by

making them accessible to residents and tourists.

Used new technologies to disinfect which do not alter the aspects

of taste and quality of water

we have:

thanks to water, we have established,

new social relationships among citizens

and communities on the territory,

thus continuing with the best cultural

traditions of our people.

Ravano - Castelvecchio di Compito

S. Pierino o S. Pietro – Sant’Andrea di Compito

Architectural solutions environmentally friendly

and able to improve our territory have been used

on the fountains and the water locations,

Capo di Vico - Sant'Andrea di Compito

Polla del cane- Camigliano

Al Marzocco - Matraia

Perfido - San Colombano

The project “The flow

of good water” involves

15 fountains on the

territory of Capannori.

The fountains have been

upgraded and furnished

with an ultraviolet

disinfection system and

the quality of water is

also guaranteed by

periodical controls.

 

To save on waste, leaving less plastic water bottles around

The “flow” winds through 14 fractions and represents an opportunity:

To reflect on water as a precious good and inalienable right,,

To admire the vast richness of history and architecture of our

municipality

Finetti - Gragnano

5. How the paper industries use layer and

superficial water and the problems that derive

from this.

Water promotes and determines the economy of our territory.

• You could count at least 40, and they were mills, textile and woollen industries.

• The most important were: the Textile industry “Oliva” at Piaggione the hessian jute factory “Balestrieri” in Ponte a Moriano, the thread factory Niemack (later Cucirini Cantoni &Coats) at Acquacalda.

• In the 1910s the first paper mills and factories were set up.

•

Jutificio «Balestrieri»

Cucirini Cantoni Coats

The bond between water and the

industries of Lucca has always been

decisive.

In the 1920s, along this course, there

were a lot of factories quite

important for the economy of the city.

Today a lot of the ancient mills have become museums ( The Menicone Mill), some big industries have closed (the hessian jute factory “Balestriere and the thread factory Cucirini Cantoni &Coats) others have been bought by international firms (Italcarta), very few are still owned by the original families of Lucca (Pasquini of the Paper factory Lucart and Stefani-Lazzereschi for Sofidel)

Molino Menconi

Lucart

Cardella

Water can be considered

one of the main resources

used in the paper process

Environmental impact of the paper factories

Use of water

Water sewers

Use of Energy (electrical, fuels)

Visual impact

Emergencies (fires, loss of liquids)

Use of chemical products

SmellsWaste

Contamination and use of soil

Emissions in the atmosphere

Noise

How the water layer of the Plain of Lucca has dropped in time

Measures adopted by the paper industry in

relation to pumping water from the

underground water tables

The firms have now started to study and test how

to manage in an efficient way this resource,

through the recycling of water in the phases of the

working process so as to limit the pumping of

water from the wells.

Water use in the paper industry

Today the province of Lucca remains the seat of one of the most important Italian paper groups for the

production of packaging and tissue paper. In addition to the paper factories there are also numerous

factories for the transformation of paper into finished products.

This aspect, as we have already seen in the

previous section, is particularly important for the

Plain of Lucca, which presents a drop in the layer

level.

The use of water in great quantities has caused

serious environmental damages which are now

unsustainable.

To reduce further the pumping

from the water layer an

industrial aqueduct called

“tubone” was built, it takes

water from the river Serchio

through a pre-existing canal

(fossa Nuova) that originates in

Ponte a Moriano and reaches

Camigliano.

Afterwards, with an interred

pipe, from Camigliano it should

take the water of the industrial

area of Capannori Porcari to

the purifying plant Casa del

Lupo.

Acquedotto delle Cerbaie

Pozzi di Paganico

Fossa Nuova

TUBONE

The present system of the new canal “tubone” which is used to

deviate the water of the river Serchio.

The recycling of water in the paper industry

Purification plant

Water which flows back from the

productive process

Rain water

Water which flows back from sewers

Chemical-physical treatment

Anaerobic treatment

Biological treatment

To the Purification

plant ACQUAPUR

Re-used for the productive process

The

biological/

anaerobic

phase

produces

biogas which

is sent to the

section of

energetic re

cycling for the

production of

electrical

Energy.

Results reached

and

some problems

5,95,6

5,3

4,24,4

Tissue Packaging

Results reached

in “the environmental declaration EMAS – the Paper district of Capannori” is praised as excellent , it

reports that :

“the performances reached in the use of water make the paper factories of the Plain of Lucca an

international excellence. Results like those indicated by the graph are hardly ever reached elsewhere.”

This has also been confirmed by the average values reported in Bref (Best Reference Document of the

European

Commission) which reports

the best techniques available

in the field of application

according to the IPPC

indications

– which can be seen in

this graph.

… some problems. Using less water means:

A biological increase

A higher concentration of pollutants

In addition the unsuccessful cleansing system, and

the irregular water supply have not permitted a

definite stop in the use of layer water.

The output of strong smells

Purifying plant - Casa del Lupo

Water and legalityThe good procedures that citizens and

public administrations can adopt for a better use of water

Laws about water in time

Code of health laws (RD 27/07/1934)

DPR 03/07/1982 n.515 DPR 3/07/1982 n.515

DPR 24/05/1988 n.236

Innovations during 60 years

Water treatments Chlorination

Code of health laws (RD 27/07/1934)

o It gave us a first definition of “drinking water”;

o But this definition was very questionable because it evaluated characteristics in a very coarse way

SIXTHIES

Dirty water in the aqueducts

We have to find a way to reduce the pollution in the water

DPR 3/07/1982 n.515

Surface waters were

divided into three categories

A1 simple physics treatment and disinfection

A2 normal physics and chemical treatment, disinfection and refining

A3 pushed physics and chemical treatment, disinfection and refining

DPR 24/05/1988 N.236

o Were defined the meaning of “ drinking water” through some parameters

Saving water at home means huge improvements

The most obvious place to start saving water is at home, here we have

some tips that will allow you to conserve fresh water by only changing

your habits slightly

In the kitchen…

1. Don't rinse your hands, clothes or vegetables under a running tap, do so in a bowl or sink.

2. Only run washing machines or dishwashers with a full load, and cut down the rinse cycle if possible.

3. Water plants with the same water used for washing food.

In the bathroom…

1. Turn off the tap while brushing teeth, soaping hands or shaving;

2. Take short showers instead of baths;

3. If you do have a bath, use the water left over to wash the floor;

4. Use water saving devices, e.g. water efficient showerhead, water tap, dual flush cistern for the toilet, and pay attention to water efficiency labels;

5. Avoid flushing unnecessarily.

And, at least…

1. Fix dripping taps and water mains quickly;

2. Teach children that water is not for games;

3. Control the flow from the tap, do not always turn it to the full.

4. Wash cars with a bucket of water and the towel instead of a hose.

A well planned urban

and industrial growth

Measures to apply as prevention for a correct

management of the water resources are:

Use materials and architectural

solutions environmentally friendly able

to improve our territory, the fountains

and the water locations

Upgrade, respecting the environment,

industrial areas and buildings.

Collecting rain water

The use of new technologies to disinfect and not alter

the aspects of taste and quality of water

Thus avoiding to rely excessively on drainage

from the water tables and a strict organisation of

the pumping activities

Draining water from lakes and

rivers

Thanks to water, we have established, new social

relationships among citizens and communities on

the territory.

The separation of gray and black waters and the

decentralisation of the treatment techniques for

local re-use

Promote and incentivate the use of tap water in private

and public structures

The lack of interest for some types of plants

which favour the oxygen production of the

territory and remove polluting elements.

The lack of sensibility for all that is

traditional and the territorial cultural

heritage (people, farming, the elders)

who and which would contribute to

improve the territorial environmental

balance.

Water reeds

Hemp

Further operations in the area of the Plain at high hydrogeological risk

Make the new “wells field”

in the river bed of the

Serchio at San Pietro a Vico

more efficient.

Decrease the water

drainage of the paper

mills.

Monitor the levels of the

layer and the percentage

of territory under the

authority of the Bacino

dell’Arno

Increase the pressure in

the restrained table

during rainy periods.

Eliminate the

private wells

Experiment techniques

of artificial refilling of

the water layer at Casa

del Lupo

Visita Liceo Scientifico E. Majorana8 Maggio 2015

Risorse idriche:rafforzare le conoscenze alla base

della presa di decisioni

Giovanni Bidoglio

Cosa pensano della loro acqua i cittadini europei?

FLASH EUROBAROMETER 344 (2012)

• Protecting all waters, surface and ground waters

• Covering all impacts on waters• Water quality defined in terms of

biology, chemistry and morphology

• Good ecological status to be achieved with the first RBMPs by 2015

• Second RBMPs end by 2021

HHIIGGHH

GGOOOODD

MMOODDEERRAATTEE

PPOOOORR

BBAADD

Ecological status

No or minimal {

Slight {

Moderate {

Major {

Severe {

No

-de

teri

ora

tio

n

Re

sto

rati

on

Courtesy Peter Pollard

Direttiva Quadro sulle Acque: dal controllo dell’inquinamento all’integrità degli ecosistemi

La risposta dell’Unione Europea

Un problema condiviso

• 11% della popolazione e 17% del territorio europeo hanno sperimentato condizioni di scarsità d’acqua

• 2012: Condizioni di stress idrico in 26 bacini idrografici tutto l’anno (43 durante l’estate)

• 2030: Condizioni di stress idrico in 47 bacini idrografici tutto l’anno (63 durante l’estate)

• Non solo un problema per il sud Europa: le attuali valutazioni parlano di 31 su 63 bacini idrografici nel nord Europa

• Aumento della competizione per l’acqua tra diversi settori economici e politiche

Piani di bacino della Direttiva Quadro sulle Acque e progetto ClimWatAdapt

Riferimenti :

Il Prodotto Interno Lordo dei 10 più popolosi bacini idrografici al mondo supererà quello delle economie combinate di USA, Giappone e Germania, ma solo se

verrà affrontato il problema della scarsità d’acqua

Frazi

one d

el G

DP g

lobale 2010

2050

June 2012

Acqua come opportunità di crescita

1013 miliardi €

4995 miliardi €

2313 miliardi €

232 miliardi €

Il Water Footprint della produzione agricola

Vanham et al. (JRC), 2014

Bacini esportatori netti di acqua virtuale

Bacini importatori netti di acqua virtuale

Analisi dell’impronta idrica del

consumo (WFcons) e della produzione

(WFprod) di prodotti agricoli e

risultante flusso virtuale d’acqua per 365 grandi bacini idrografici nell’Unione Europea

Scenari per il 2020 di carico di azoto ai mari europei (1000 ton/anno)

Business As Usual Change in diet Manure management

18493 17906 (-3 %) 8170 (- 55 %)

Agriculture as main contributor of nitrogen entering the European Seas

Agricoltura come principale responsabile del carico di nutrienti ai mari europei

Cooperazione CNR –CCR nel Mar Mediterraneo: 2007, 2008, 2012, 2014

BiOMaP Ships

AAOT

Monitoraggio di acque marine e costiere tramite osservazioni satellitari

Clorofilla-a Materiaorganica

109April 17, 2023

1

23

4 5

1. Battery 12 V

2. Flow-meter/Counter

3. Pump (Flow rate: 0.1-0.2 L/min)

4. Holder-SPE: adsorbent

5. Water Sampling line

6. Waste

6

Cost prototype: 1500 EuroExpected cost in production: 600 EuroPatent: pendingTarget volume: max. 10-20 L 10 to 20 fold increase of LoQ

30 cm

The Mariani Box

Unrestricted irrigationFarm applications

Restricted irrigation

Restricted irrigation Reuse of industrial effluent

Unrestricted irrigation

Industrial reuse

Urban reuse

Urban reuse

Indirect potable reuseSaline intrusion barrier

Indirect potable reuseSaline intrusion barrier

Greenfield siteIndirect potable reuse

Alcune conclusioni

• Un approccio economico puo aiutare il processo politico di policy:

• Valori economici possono essere scambiati con altri valori

• Le funzioni ambientali sono da considerare

• Scelte di priorità• L’acqua non è un bene

commerciale• Il suo valore economico non è il

suo valore totale

• Problemi e opportunità sono due facce della stessa medaglia

• Qualsiasi soluzione deve mirare al consenso

• Necessità di una continuità politica oltre schemi tradizionali

• È fondamentale coinvolgere tutti i cittadini – anche bambini ed anziani

17 aprile 2023 112

• Dimmi e dimenticherò

• Fammi vedere e mi ricorderò

• Coinvolgimi e apprenderò

Progetto Lago della Gherardesca

Intervista: è stato chiesto alla popolazione di Colle di compito e di Castelvecchio di Compito quale parere

avessero riguardo all'idea di poter far diventare la zona del lago un'area turistica.

La domanda posta:<<Se venisse portato a termine il progetto di far diventare la zona

del Lago della Gherardesca, quello che è il nostro ''padule'', lei sarebbe a favore o meno?>>

INTERVISTATO n°1<< Secondo me sarebbe una bella cosa perché almeno si creerebbe del movimento in paese, dato che è un po' smorto. >>

INTERVISTATO n°2 << Non sono a favore, quella è un'area da preservare e non da rendere luogo pubblico in modo '' eccessivo'' come potrebbe avvenire nel caso fosse messo in atto questo progetto. Questo luogo è perfetto per rilassarsi, trovare la bellezza della flora e della fauna e non è corretto distruggere l'equilibrio che vi si trova. >>

INTERVISTATO n°3

<< Il Palude è un luogo da conservare e non ci deve essere costruito o altro perché verrebbe rovinato, è un luogo tranquillo, in cui si sta bene. >>

INTERVISTATO n°4<< Non sono favorevole perché lì si trova un paesaggio naturale e deve essere protetto. >>

INTERVISTATO n°5<< Ma siee, è bellissimo così com'è e un dev'esse toccato da nimmo. >>

INTERVISTATO n°6<< Son d'accordo col facci la zona turistica, per guadagnà du sordi in questo paesin vi. >>

INTERVISTATO n°7

<< Va ben osì com'è, ma se un ci fossero le zanzare a datti noia. D'inverno po si riempe d'acqua, ma in du voglian andà a fa il posto turistico. >>

INTERVISTATO n°8<< Io son d'accordo co sta '' iniziativa'' almeno porterebbe un popò di turismo per in qua. >>

INTERVISTATO n°9

<< Son a favore perché potrebbe dà der lavoro a sti giovani vi, osì il posto lo terrebbero un popò più pulito anche se un si deve sta a stravolgge l'ambiente naturale. >>

Dalla sintesi delle posizioni riportate in questo stralcio di intervista, possiamo ben capire che la comunità di Colle di Compito e di Castelvecchio di Compito è nettamente divisa intorno a due posizioni prevalenti: chi risulta

a favore della realizzazione di un'area turistica nella zona del Lago della Gherardesca, chiamato dagli abitanti ''Il Padule'', per motivi puramente economici, e chi invece opta per una conservazione che garantisca la

bellezza e l’unicità della zona.

Ci siamo chiesti se e come sia possibile conciliare sviluppo economico e tutela del paesaggio, aprendo un confronto con la proprietà e gli

stakeholders.