_CGGCDE ]FDNK]RKDZK, "DEGKPA  
Mdrusa
4
la `kc ordl`c raedlzc `kggd gkttkrdturd lavkmkltksmd æ 4360 `c Okarok Arwkgg, gdvara `kggd skmal`d ektâ `kogc dllc –02, cl muc g–dutark ceedoclú g–dssktta eal`cdgk `c dgmulc `kmkllc `apa. ]uggd Pkrrd dggard sdrkjjkra trk ordl`c ]tdtc, `kgg–Amkdlcd idrkjjk pdrtk
Gal`rd `avk sc svagoala gk vcmkl`k ldrrdtk. Maeulkekltk sc smarok cl 4360 gd iuturd passcjcgk `koklkrdzcalk `kgg–kspkrcklzd starcmd `kg maeulcsea edrxcstd, gktturd `d muc cl tdg vkrsa sc rcmdvkrkjjk ” maeulquk ” ul ealcta maltra c pkrcmagc pkr gd gcjkrtâ k gd `keamrdzcd. Puttdvcd smrutdl`a lkg praial`a `kg rdmmalta kekr- ok lctc`d uld strutturd pagctcmd dggd rd`cmk `kggd samcktâ amkdlcdld gd qudgk rckvamd cg tatdgctdrcsea c`kagaocma `kggd Mfcksd mdttagcmd ek`ckvdgk. [l scstked mfk `urú ”  clmaltrdl`a mrksmkltc `ciicmagtâ ” jkl agtrk cg Ek`cakva, iclkl`a magg–ksskrk ekssa cl `kiclctcvd mrcsc (sujctk vdrck smcsscalc) `dgg–Cggueclcsea.
Tukstd cltkrprktdzcalk lal dppdrk prcvd `c jdsc sk malsc`krcdea dssckek d ]cealk _kcg4 mfk gd ed`rk `c aolc smfked tatdgctdrca ammc`kltdgk iu gd prdtcmd `c patkrk skmagdrk mdttagcmd (rcidmkltksc dgg–cepastdzcalk stdtdgk tkamrdtcmd vktkratk- stdekltdrcd)8 vk`rkea qucl`c cl `kttdogca mfk g–Amkdlcd arwkggcdld sc ial`d su tdgk pratatcpa (cl dppdrklzd) gdcmczzdta. [l ea`kgga, `k idmta, `cktra `cvkrsd vkstk, edltklkltk cltdttd qukggd sastdlzd.
Cg pratdoalcstd `kg raedlza, cg ea`ksta k skepgcmk _clstal ]ectf, cg qudgk kltrkrâ cl cltcectâ mal gd smalasmcutd Ocugcd (Hugcd), æ ul cepckodta `kg eclcstkra `kggd vkrctâ (`cmdstkra prkpasta d smuagd k edss-ek`cd, drtc k svdofc).
Yk lk sala dgtrc trk8 `kgg–deark, `kgg–djjal`dlzd, `kggd pdmk> mfk sc ammupdla `c rcspktta `kgg–ar`clk mastctucta, kmalaecd, `ciksd k oukrrd. Gd prced masd sdgckltk `c 4360 aiikrtd d quksta mdeecla dldgctcma maepdrdta æ gd smrcttd JCO JZAPFKZ C] _DPMFCLO SA[ saprd ul edlciksta8 jco jratfkr, `c sagcta trd`atta ordl`k irdtkgga, cl`cmd cg irdtkgga edoocark, mfc dppulta ”  maek lkg lastra mdsa ” mal kspkrcklzd supkrcark sc prkl`krkjjk murd `kc irdtkggc eclarc> cg idtta mfk tc stcd oudr`dl`a (`d latdrk cg mastrutta pkrcirdstcma cg qudgk rkl`k gd pul- tudgk clcltkrrattd dttudgctâ `c mcú) rcmar`d g–allcsmcklzd `cvcld. Cg Jco Jratfkr sar- vkogcd aolula `dgg–dgta `kggd sud clidggcjcgk sdpcklzd, pralta d` deealcrk k d mar- rkookrk (sc pklsc d qudlta sc `cmkvd lkgg–ceek`cdta ugtcea `apaoukrrd cl Ctdgcd dg iclk `c `cssud`krk cg vata dg RMC8 «Lkggd mdjcld kgkttardgk @ca tc vk`k, ]tdgcl la¾).
Gd mdpdmctâ `c cl`dodrk k tklkrk satt–ammfca, lalmfã `c cliaredrk k cl`attrc- ldrk d` fam, sc malmrktczzd lkggk mdsk pkr ekzza `c ul tkgkvcsark («tkgksmrkkl¾), mfk lal sc puú spkolkrk, ula smfkrea dttcva cl edlckrd ulcgdtkrdgk, mal iulzcalk `c tkgkmdekrd mfk sarvkogcd gd smkld k rcgkvd purk c sualc, dg skrvczca `kggd «Pfauoft
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Mdrusa
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Ragcmk¾. Cg laek `c qukst–arodlcsea cspkttcva, cltksa lkg sua pura vdgark skedltc- ma, rkstctucsmk cg scolcicmdta `c ul kltk clqucsctarca qudgk qukgga mfk iu arodla `kggd Mfcksd mdttagcmd8 gd pagczcd `kg (a sugg–dvkr) pklsdta, gd pagczcd `kg pklsckra mfk rcpugcsmk cg malsarzca uedla `d mcú mfk æ ocu`cmdta cggkmcta, lamcva dg scstked `aec- ldltk (ula spcrcta k ula zkga praprc `kgg–Clqucsczcalk).
Lkg rkocek amkdlcdla c jdejclc vkloala k`umdtc `d dppasctk arodlczzd- zcalc d` dssuekrk `dc skttk dllc cg ruaga `c spck `kltra gk gara idecogck k d skoldgd- rk dggd tfauoft pagcmk tutta qudlta æ rkputdta lal maliarek d ul malsala stcgk `c vctd> pdrcekltc gk ocavdlc `allk cl pdrtcmagdrk sc prkstdla dggd rcmkrmd `c iklaeklc «ktkra`assc (ulfarta`axy)¾. C malmkttc, kspastc lkg tksta, `c «tfauoft-mrcecldg¾ k `c «tfauoftmrcek¾ (magpkvagk-`c-dvkr-rdocaldta k rkdta-`c-pklsdrk) rcmfcdedla gk mdtkoarck tkagaocmfk mrcstcdlk `c pkmmdtark k pkmmdta eartdgk.
_clstal vcvk cl ula ]tdta lkg qudgk lal kscstala pcó ma`cmc `c larek pasc- tcvk, lal sala stdjcgctk prkmcsk clirdzcalc> mcalalastdltk cg maeprdrk k cg passk`krk ul qud`krla pkr guc sala rctklutc dttc mfk passala mdusdrk prajgkec (`d lal trd- smurdrk mfk dc maepalkltc `kg Rdrtcta ” ul oklkrk `c kmmgkscd gdcmd ” krd pracjcta idr maepkrk cl ul maeulk pulta `c maeekrmca), prajgkec mfk patkvdla mal`urrk d :; dllc `c gdvarc iarzdtc a d``crctturd dggd pkld mdpctdgk. Cg tfauotmrcek æ kqucvd- gkltk dg pkmmdta eartdgk pacmfã gd sud arcoclk smdturcsmk `dgg–cltkrcarczzdzcalk `kg sklsa `c magpd `c muc Lcktzsmfk pdrgd lkggd Oklkdgaocd `kggd eardgk. _clstal dllatd sug sua `cdrca mfk «cg-rkdta-`c-pklsdrk lal pravamd eartk8 cg-rkdta-`c- pklsdrk æ eartk¾. Cg tfauoftmrcek ” `cmk Arwkgg æ «cg mrceclk `c ial`a mfk maltk- lkvd aolc dgtra cl sã¾, qudgmasd `c lal ldsmal`cjcgk. Æ `ulquk gd prackzcalk `ktkr- rkltk `kggd pcó praial`d magpkvagkzzd lkggd masmcklzd `kogc uaeclc `d pdrtk `kg Jco Jratfkr vagtd d mrkdrk ul ekmmdlcsea `c sdgvdoudr`cd `dggd `kvcdzcalk `c ul pklsckra dutalaea8 kssa æ lkvrasc, æ pkmmdta. Rkrtdlta cl Amkdlcd «lal krd `dg idr- tc skltcrk jklsç `dgga stdrk sdla mfk praskoucvc g–krk`ctâ uedld¾. Cg pkmmdta æ `ciik- rkltk `dg rkdta k `dg malmktta `c clocusta malscogcdta `dg `crctta `c ldturd8 qukstc `uk sala cl ecsurd tkl`kltk dgg–ulcvkrsdgk `ktkrecldtc `dggd rdocalk.
Dzcalc mdtdgaodtk trd c pkmmdtc lal skeprk sala ocu`cmdjcgc rkdtc (d` kske- pca cg `cvarzca k g–aeaskssudgctâ). Arwkgg mfcdrcsmk cg tceark `kg pratdoalcstd ed- smfcgk lkg tklkrk ul `cdrca8 «@c iraltk d guc lal sc palkvd eartk ed dllckltdeklta ^dllcfcgdtcal> l.`.r.U. Cg `cdrca sdrkjjk stdta rc`atta d mklkrc k guc stkssa d vdpark ^vdpaur> l.`.r.U. ]agdekltk gd Pfauoft Ragcmk dvrkjjk gktta qudlta dvkvd smrctta, prced mfk dvksskra mdlmkggdta kssa `dgg–kscstklzd k `dggd ekearcd¾.
 
Mdrusa
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lkd gd passcjcgctâ `c dttkoocdekltc «jcoattc (jcoatk`)¾, k pac `dgg–usa `c uld kspgcmc- td tkreclagaocd. G–dltdoalcstd `kg Irdtkgga Edoocark, mfk gd mdtkmfksc uiicmcdgk `â cl pdsta d cltkggcoklzk `kiaredtk `d ul–k`umdzcalk ceeajcgczzdltk gd maeprk l- scalk ajckttcvd `kggd rkdgtâ mcrmastdltk, vcklk eastrdta lkggd qudgctâ `c «dpastdtd (jdmnsgc`kr)¾, «krktcma (fkrktcm)¾, cspcrdtark `c «krksck (fkrkscks)¾ (lalmfã `c dzcalc `c `dllkoocdeklta). Tuksta Keedlukg Oag`stkcl (cg muc laek tkaiarcma æ pdrkm- mfca cl`cmdtcva8 @ca-mal-lac) æ rdpprkskltdta `dgga stkrkatcpa pgurcskmagdrk dltc- skectd cg qudgk dvkvd dlmard uld trdmmcd lkg rcta `kg Yklkr`ç sdlta, prkmk`kltk cg Malmcgca vdtcmdla CC `kg 439:-9;, dggarmfã sc saggkmctdvdla c ik`kgc mdttagcmc d prkodrk «pra pkric`cs Cu`dkcs (pkr c pkric`c Kjrkc)¾.
Oag`stkcl krd rdiicourdta ek`cdltk «uld edord idmmcd kjrkd, mal ul–durkagd rcmmcd `c mdpkggc jcdlmfc k uld pcmmagd jdrjd d pultd ” ul vagta cltkggcokltk, k edg- ord`a tutta cl qudgmfk edlckrd lkggd sud kssklzd sprkokvagk¾. Krd cg «rcllkodta (rklkod`k8 dpastdtd, trd`ctark)¾, mfk dvuta ul rdloa prasscea dg Jco Jratfkr ogc dvkvd vagtdta gk spdggk8 «cg prcea trd`ctark (tfk prcedg trdctar)¾ (uld vcd cltkrek`cd trd ]dtdld k Ocu`d), cg maltrarcvaguzcaldrca iuoocta prced `c sujcrk gd mal`dlld mdpctdgk (uld sartd `c Pratznch). [l–dutkltcmd k rkctkrdtd gcturocd `kgg–a`ca (sc prdtc- mdla uld skttcedld `kgg–a`ca k c `uk eclutc `–a`ca), sujgcedtd `dggd rdsscmu- rdltk vcmcldlzd `kg Irdtkgga Edoocark, pagdrczzd cl lkodtcva `ktta «lkecma `kggd okltk¾8 «vk`krk a pkricla pklsdrk d Oag`stkcl pra`umkvdla pdurd k crd cl ea`a dutaedtcma¾.
G–cstcodzcalk dgg–a`ca iclk d cltrdppagdrk k crrcoc`crk cg pklsckra susmctd cl _clstal, lkggk prcek pdoclk `kg rdmmalta, skppur clsaspkttcta k `ujjcasa lkc mal- iraltc `kggd rkdgk jaltâ `kg Jco Jratfkr, uld tkl`klzd d mkrmdrk jkrsdogc, vdrc cl sk- quklzd, tkrecldltc lkgg–dlmard lal malasmcutd Ocugcd8 «Ycvc`k k edolcicmfk dggu- mcldzcalc jdgkldvdla dttrdvkrsa gd sud ekltk. Gd magpcrkjjk d eartk mal ul edl- odlkgga cl mdummcó. Gd gkofkrkjjk d ul pdga k gd ummc`krkjjk pckld `c irkmmk smd- ogcdtk maek sdl ]kjdstcdla. Gd vcagkltkrkjjk k tdogckrkjjk gd sud oagd dg eaeklta mugecldltk. Ekogca `c prced, clagtrk, maeprksk mfk cg eatcva `c mcú krd mfk guc gd a`cdssk. Gd a`cdvd pkrmfã krd ocavdlk k jkggd k maek ul–dskssudtd ^Ocugcd æ csmrcttd dggd Gkod ocavdlcgk dltcskssa> l.`.r.U, ocdmmfã varrkjjk dl`drk d gktta mal gkc k   edc ga idrkjjk, pacmfã dttarla dggd sud pcdmkvagk k igkssuasd vctd, gd qudgk skejrd- vd mfck`krtc `c djjrdmmcdrgd, gâ krd saga g–a`casd smdrgdttd idsmcd ^`kggd Hulcar Dltc - ]kx Gkdouk> l.`.r.U, doorksscva scejaga `c mdstctâ¾. Zcoudr`a d quksta æ `d ekttk- rk cl kvc`klzd cl pdrdggkga g–dttctu`clk skssuaiajcmd `kggd Mfcksd ek`ckvdgk, uld `cspasczcalk ecsaocld:  mfk partú d` dttc rkprksscvc k dgg–clsklsdtd, crrdzcaldgk k
 
Mdrusa
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lkvratcmd mdmmcd dggd strkofk. Rkr sdl Paeedsa `–Dqucla gd `alld sdrkjjk stdtd pra`attd `d @ca cl ul clsckek ldturdgk maepgkta `c muc lal krd `kold, k pkrmcú ulcmdekltk cl ul skmal`a tkepa pkr jcsaola. Tudlta pklsd _clstal æ irutta `kg- gd rkprksscalk skssudgk k `c ul pdrctktcma spralk dgg–a`ca cg qudgk sdturd ordzck d ul maltkluta lkodtcva gd pscmfk k spclok d lkvrasc maepugscvk k d maepartdekltc `c- sturjdtc. @urdltk c `uk eclutc `–a`ca dmmd`kvd dppulta mfk «ul–arrkl`d kstdsc idttd `c pdurd k spcrcta `c vkl`kttd, ul `ksc`krca `c ummc`krk, tarturdrk, magpcrk mal vcagklzd idmmk mal ul edrtkgga `d idjjra, pdrkvdla igucrk dttrdvkrsa cg oruppa cl- tkra `c pkrsalk d oucsd `c uld marrkltk kgkttrcmd, eutdltk ula pkricla maltra gd sud vagaltâ cl ul ksskrk mfk id searick, cl ul pdzza mfk orc`d¾.
Dogc Amkdlcdlc æ tagtd `c edla gd passcjcgctâ `c ul ksdek marrktta `kggk mask. Dgg–ksar`ca `kg sua `cdrca (0 doasta 4360) _clstal, gd muc spkrdlzd æ rcvagtd dc suac patklzcdgc gkttarc iuturc, smrcvk mfk gk ceedoclc dg mclked `kgg–ummcscalk `c ul u a- ea iasskra rcsugtdtk masç orattksmfk dg pulta `c susmctdrk eagtkpgcmc rcsd8 cl doocul- td g–diial`deklta `c uld jdrmd mdrcmd `c jcejc strdppú ul vcva dppgdusa dc mae- palkltc `kg Rdrtcta (sk`utc lkgg–drkd d gara rcskrvdtd), sagtdlta uld `alld `c papaga pratkstú d mdusd `kgg–cld`koudtkzzd `c tdgc smklk dogc ammfc `kc pcó pcmmagc, k vkllk mal`attd vcd `dggk iarzk `kgg–ar`clk. Gd sd`cmd `cstrdzcalk `kogc Amkdlcdlc æ ea r- jasd (sc vk`d d prapascta cg `csmarsa `c ]yek lkg mdp. Y `kggd pdrtk C)8 gk pujjgcmfk kskmuzcalc d eartk sala djjdstdlzd irkqukltc k mastctucsmala ula «spkttdmaga pa- pagdrk (papugdr spkmtdmgk)¾.
Lkggd ek`ksced edlckrd cl muc sc pkrskouctdvdla pdodlc, krktcmc, strkofk k` Kjrkc, quc ”  uld vdrcdltk gdcmd `kggd Mrcstcdlctâ ek`ckvdgk ”  dvvkloala mdmmk k mal`dllk d mdrcma `kc sastklctarc `c Oag`stkcl.
 
Mdrusa
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`c magpd sgkodtd `d pdrdektrc rdzcaldgc)8 masç purk ogc Amkdlcdlc dmmagoala tdgk md- vdgga `c Pracd mfk dprk gk partk dggd prksd `kg maltragga. Lkggd rkgcocalk cg sdmrdekl- ta `kggd maliksscalk odrdltcsmk g–dmmkssa dc sarvkogcdltc (cg maepcta `kg tkgksmrkkl æ stdta svagta `dg pugpcta k `dg maliksscaldgk).
Rkr ogc djctdltc `kgg–Amkdlcd gd strkttd æ latkvagk8 g–cedoa `kg Irdtkgga Edo- ocark sc travd qudsc cl aolc pasta, dmmaepdoldtd `d ula spcrcta dldgaoa dggd prk- sklzd `kgg–drtk sdmrd lkogc spdzc pujjgcmc. Gd `ceklscalk rkgcocasd `c quksta rko c- ek, lkggd iared dppdrkltk dmaliksscaldgk, æ tkstcealcdtd lkc `uk eclutc `–a`ca cl dpkrturd `kg raedlza `d uld `alld mfk mfcded mal tala kvdlokgcma cg Jco Jra- tfkr «eca sdgvdtark (ey sdvcaur)¾, gd qudgk sklzd cl`uocdrk pac sc rdmmaogck cl prk- ofckrd («… kggd ldsmask cg sua vagta trd gk edlc. Krd pdgksk mfk stkssk prkodl`a¾).
@kola `c eklzcalk clagtrk mfk, dg tkreclk `c `kttd gcturocd maggkocdgk, sk- oucssk uld prdtcmd `c jrkvk mdlta lkgg–djjdl`ala asdlldltk dg Jco Jratfkr (k sc sd mfk cg mdlta æ eaeklta `kgg–kskrmczca `c prkofckrd mdttagcma). [l ugtkrcark dspktta rkstctucsmk qukgg–ktfas maeulctdrca cepraltdta d uld rkgcocasctâ diiclk d qukggd mrc- stcdld8 ogc cl`cvc`uc cltkr sk sc dppkggdla oklkrcmdekltk «maerd`k¾. G–ktceagaocd `c quksta tkreclk cl`cmd mfc mal`cvc`k uld stdlzd, cg maepdola `c mdekrd, cg mdekrdtd. Rkrú g–utcgczza mfk sk lk id cl 4360 lal fd magarcturd pagctcmd.
Magara mfk mal`cvc`ala gd praprcd stdlzd `d jdejclc (dggd muc strkoud vkl- oala trdttdtc c mcttd`clc `c Amkdlcd, k cl qudgk ea`a Ndlt ” mfk maclmc`klzd vuagk sc mfcdedssk Ceedlukg ” vk`kvd rc`attc ogc uaeclc prced `kgg–Cggueclcsea) sala c irdtkggc8 pkrtdlta ” dsmagtdl`a cg pdrkrk `c _cttoklstkcl skmal`a muc cg scolcicmdta `c uld pdragd æ cliguklzdta `dg sua usa ” skejrd pcó dppraprcdta trd`urrk «maerd- `k¾ irdtkgga a sarkggd d skmal`d `kc mdsc. ]ciidttc dppkggdtcvc kvdlokgcmc sala t c- pcmc `c rdooruppdekltc mrcstcdlc, k lal staldla cl uld samcktâ mal ul «eclcstkra `kgg–deark¾, k ul «Irdtkgga Edoocark¾ dggd sud ouc`d.
Maggdltk `kggd psku`airdtkggdlzd amkdlcdld æ g–c`kagaocd d`attdtd `dggd `c t- tdturd8 g–«Closam¾, cg samcdgcsea clogksk («Klogcsf ]amcdgcse¾)> lkggd `klaecld- zcalk `kggd «luavd gcloud (lkwspkdn)¾, gd qudgk æ ula `kc pcgdstrc `kggd odjjcd `avk jgammdrk gd gcjkrd mrctcmd. D icdlma `c quksta praoktta `c smrkedturd malmkttu- dgk k skedltcmd ” `crktta d cldrc`crk g–arczzaltk `kggd maeprklscalk k gd idmagtâ `c rdocaldrk (jkl cggustrdta `dg icgagaoa ]yek d _clstal lkg mdp. Y `kggd pdrtk C) ” sc maggamd dgtrd ekta`agaocd8 Arwkgg gc mfcded clsckek «c sdmrc prclmcpc `kgg–Closam (tfk sdmrk` prclmcpgks ai Closam)¾.
 
Mdrusa
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tkepardlkctâ `kogc appastc `ktkrecld ul pklsckra dltclaecma. Arwkgg spckod d mfcdrk gkttkrk quksta pklsdrk-pkr-dltclaeck8 «]dpkrk k lal sdpkrk. Ksskrk malvcltc `kggd maepgktd vkrc`cmctâ ekltrk sc `cmala eklzaolk mastructk d` drtk, sastklkrk cl edlckrd sceugtdlkd `uk apclcalc mfk sc sala dlluggdtk, sdpkl`agk maltrd``ctta- rck k mrk`kl`a cl kltrdejk `c gara, usdrk gd gaocmd d svdltdooca `kggd gaocmd, rcpu- `cdrk gd eardgctâ ekltrk sc palk uld rcvkl`cmdzcalk d kssd, mrk`krk mfk gd `kea- mrdzcd krd cepasscjcgk k mfk cg Rdrtcta krd cg oudr`cdla `kggd `keamrdzcd, `cekltc- mdrk qudgulquk masd krd lkmkssdrca `cekltcmdrk, pac rcpartdrgd `c luava dggd ek- earcd qudl`a mk lk iassk jcsaola, qucl`c praltdekltk `cekltcmdrgd dlmard uld vagtd8 k saprdttutta, dppgcmdrk ul uoudgk pramkssa dg pramkssa ek`kscea. Cg mfk krd g–ugtced sattcogckzzd8 cl ea`a malsdpkvagk cl`urrk g–clmalsdpkvagkzzd, k pac, `c   luava, `cvklcrk clmalsdpkvagc `kgg–dtta `c cplasc mfk fdc dppkld maepcuta. Dlmfk mdpcrk gd pdragd `aujgktfcln maclvagokvd g–utcgczza `kg `aujgktfcln¾. Gk vcmkl`k `kg Mrcstcdlkscea k gd sud prk`cmdzcalk `attrcldrcd fdlla rcigkttuta mcú. Lkg Mdtta- gcmkscea pkr kskepca cg purodtarca æ stdta cepasta cl uld skmal`d idsk, ed æ maek sk mc iassk ocâ stdta (vcmkvkrsd cg gceja d`kssa æ stdta djagcta). C `aoec d vagtk fdl- la diikredta tksc cl maltrdsta mal smcklzd k gaocmctâ (pkr `crlk dgmulk8 gd ldsmctd vkrocldgk `c Oksó, a gd Prclctâ lkggd qudgk trk Rkrsalk `cstcltk sala ul saga saookt- ta), tuttdvcd rctklutk vkrk dmmdlta d uld pdrdggkgd laredgctâ `c skola appasta.
Gd mfcusurd `kggd Mfcksd dggk smcklzk (dstralaecd, ek`cmcld, ktm.), gk vamd- zcalc ecsaocld k dltcskectd, sala vcd vcd smaepdrsk, dggd edlckrd `kgg–Amkdlcd cl muc cg Jco Jratfkr fd prackttdta d rctrasa gd praprcd ceedoclk c`kdgk ktkrld suggd smkld svuatdtd `kggd starcd8 «sk tuttc ogc dgtrc dmmkttdvdla gd eklzaold mfk cg Rdrtcta ce- palkvd ” sk aolc `amueklta rdmmaltdvd g–c`kltcmd masd ” dggard gd eklzaold ds- suekvd gd `colctâ `c starcd k `cvklcvd vkrctâ. Mfc maltraggd cg pdssdta, rkmctdvd cg eatta `kg Rdrtcta, maltraggd cg iutura8 mfc maltraggd cg prkskltk maltraggd cg pdssd- ta¾. Rdrgdl`a `kggd Mfcksd, cg oklkrk `c droaekltc clmgu`kltc gd idgsd `aldzcalk `c Mastdltcla (prced lal m–krd, `apa m–æ stdtd, cliclk æ maek sk lal iassk edc std- td rcvkl`cmdtd) k cg praordeedtcma dllcmfcgceklta d smdpcta `kg masea dgtkrldtcva (tkstc dpamrcic, pravk maepraekttkltc, mugtc `cvkrsc, ktm.) sc dooculoala dg tkltdtcva `c eclceczzdrk c masc``kttc krrarc uedlc `kggk pama kvdlokgcmfk pkrskmuzcalc, kvkl- tc tuttc `kstcldtc d ksskrk diial`dtc lkgg–ajgca.
Maeulquk, cg `aujgktfcln sc `ceastrd ul la-tfcln8 ul lal-pklsdrk-diidtta, d muc, pcó a ekla malsmc, cl`cvc`uc maeulc fdlla sdmrcicmdta g–dutalaecd `c uld rdocalk k `c uld eardgk mfk @ca fd `dta dogc uaeclc pkr ekzza `kg gaoas, cg qudgk gc ulcsmk cl uld rkdgk irdtkggdlzd ulcvkrsdgk.
 
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`d Fdlldf Drkl`t, k sc `kord`d d qukstd spkmck `c arwkggcdla fdr` `csn iaredttd- jcgk d maedl`a, cl vcrtó `kg vcrus `kg tfauoftmrcek dllc`dta lkg jaat, pkrmfã edlmd ul kiicmdmk dltcvcrus. Rkrú qukstd lal æ gd sartk `c _clstal. Jklmfã c pkr- saldgc rcmar`c `kogc Amkdlcdlc lal scdla ulcvamc lã kscstdla struekltc `c vkrcicmd, cl guc ”  cg muc cltkggktta lal æ cl tata vcttced `kg pklsckra dltclaecma ” diicardla vcscalc `ciiarec `dgg–ugtced vugodtd rcvk`utd k marrkttd8 Kstdscd k Amkdlcd, gkodtk `d ul–dggkdlzd, maejdttkvdla maltra g–Kurdscd, ed kogc rdeekltdvd mfk lal krd stdta `c maltclua masç8 «[iicmcdgekltk cg mdejca `c dggkdtc lal krd edc dvvkluta. G–Amkdlcd krd cl oukrrd mal g–Kurdscd8 qucl`c g–Amkdlcd krd stdtd cl oukrrd mal g–Kurdscd sklzd cltkrruzcalk. Cg lkecma `kg eaeklta rdpprkskltdvd skeprk cg edgk dssaguta, k malskouklzd `c mcú krd mfk qudgscdsc dmmar`a pdssdta a iutura mal guc krd cepasscjcgk¾. Cg su``ktta maligctta mal ul dvvkrsdrca kstkrla æ pdrdoaldjcgk dggk Mramcdtk ek`ckvdgc. ]u uld idmmcdtd `kg eclcstkra `kggd vkrctâ amkdlcdla sala rcpartdtk smrcttc trk `aoec jdscgdrc `c qukg scstked cggcjkrdgk rkspalsdjcgk «`c ordl`c purofk (orkdt puroks)¾ cltkrlk8 GD O[KZZD Æ RDMK / GD GCJKZPÂ Æ ]MFCD- YCPÓ / G–COLAZDLXD θ IAZXD. Dppdrk kvc`kltk g–cltced maltrd``czcalk `c mcdsmula, vdlcicmdtd `dg `aujgktfcln. Pdgk `cdgkttcmd stkrcgk, dg maltrdrca `c qukggd fkokgcdld, lal pkrekttk `c supkrdrk cg maltrdsta8 sc cepdltdld cl uld rcprapasc- zcalk cltkggkttudgk `kg lcmfcgcsea oarocdla ial`dta su dltclaeck lkodtcvk rcoudr- `dltc g–al k cg ek al.
Rkr ul djctdtark `kgg–Amkdlcd gd malasmklzd `kogc kvkltc pramk`k `dg gkook- rk cl prcecs gd smrctturd lkggd ekearcd cl`cvc`udgk, kekl`djcgk idmkl`a tdjugd rd- sd, d murd `kg Irdtkgga Edoocark, cg qudgk, sug ea`kgga `kc `ciklsarc `kgg–clkrrdlzd jcjgcmd, sc krok dgtrksç d odrdltk `kgg–clkrrdlzd `kggk mraldmfk (d pdrtcrk `d qukggk smrcttk8 gk patklzcdgc prcek, k lal gk ulcmfk mask, marrkttk pdssdl`a `dg rcepcdzza `cscltkordtark `kggk vkmmfck vkrscalc k `d uld ecluzcasd apkrd okstctd `dg `cmdstk- ra `kggd vkrctâ> ul skttark prkssa muc gdvard cg `csclmdltdta _clstal).
Gd «oukrrd¾ mfk sc id «pdmk¾ (ul cggaocma sc vcs pdmke pdrd jkggue) kvamd ul pdca `c jrdlc `kc Ydlokgc ”  c qudgc gdsmcdla pkrpgkssc=  ”  `avk Oksó ksmgded8 «Lal pklsdtk mfk ca scd vkluta d ekttkr pdmk suggd tkrrd> lal sala vkluta d ekttkr pdmk jklsç spd`d (Et 42,=0)¾> «Yac pklsdtk mfk ca scd vkluta d partdr pdmk suggd tkrrd1 La, vc `cma, ed pcuttasta `cvcscalk (Gm 4:,;4)¾.
Dg `c gâ `kgg–kskoksc `c kssc, gd Mfcksd mdttagcmd lal fd edltkluta uld pkrikt- td mal`attd kvdlokgcmd `dvdltc d kvklcklzk `c jkggcokrdlzd k `c malqucstd pagctcmd8 agtrk dggk Mramcdtk, lal vdlla ”  ird g–dgtra ”  trdsmurdtk gk dzcalc ecgctdrc cl prced pkrsald `kgga ]tdta paltcicmca. Gd «gcjkrtâ¾ trdsiaredltksc cl «smfcdvctó¾ rcmar`d cg
 
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`csmarsa `kg ordl`k clqucsctark `c @astakvsnch ” lk C irdtkggc Ndrdedzav ” dg- garmfã mastuc rcmalasmk ekrcta `kg Mdttagcmkscea g–dvkr saggkvdta ogc uaeclc `dg pk- sa `kggd rkspalsdjcgctâ `kg edgk, dg masta pkrú `kggd gara gcjkrtâ8 cg rcsmdtta ” gd lua- vd gcjkrtâ ” `d quksta cltaggkrdjcgk stdtus ksmk `ulquk `dgg–dsskrvceklta d mfc passd dssagvkrga `dc pkmmdtc. Gd Mfcksd fd cg patkrk `c trdsikrcrk c maltklutc rcpravkvagc `kgg–dlced cl dssagutarc `cpcltc `c @arcdl Ordy, c qudgc sc cejruttcsmala galtdla `dc praprcktdrc8 cg euska mfk kspalk c qud`rc æ `klaecldta ]dtdld (g–dstrdzcalk mueu- gdtcvd `kggk scloagk magpk). Ogc Amkdlcdlc vcvala ul pdrc `kstcla rcpkrmarrkl`a `kt- td idgsdrcod8 lkggd gara quatc`cdlctâ gdcmd, spaogcd `c ul malmgdedta djcta rkgcocasa c pcó, c ek`camrc, c pkoocarc, pkrsc c `crcttc ial`dekltdgc `kg mcttd`cla, attkloala gc- mklzd `dgg–cepkola samcdgk pkr mkrmdrk `c ecogcardrk cg eal`a.
Maek lkggd `cdgkttcmd `c Fkokg trd scolark k skrva, gd pdurd sujar`cld ma- stara d mfc sc edlcikstd supkrcark, d mfc fd rcsmfcdta k lal fd tkeuta. Rurtrappa cg `aujgk tfcln lal `â d`cta d uld skoukltk idsk, mascmmfã gd vuatkzzd lkggd qudgk rcedlk g–uaea-mfk-sc-rdsskold-dg-pklsdrk-pkr-dltclaeck æ gd sastdlzd `kggd sud «colardlzd¾. Tukstd æ gd «iarzd¾ `kggd sud sdgvkzzd, gd «iarzd¾ su muc sc puú jdsdrk cg maltragga ” cl`kjcta ” `c ul malsarzca mcvcma (g–colardlzd prkstd cg icdlma d qudg- scdsc appcdmka praskgctcsea). Mal clokluctâ, _clstal (malsdpkvagk lalastdltk tut- ta mfk sc trdttd `c mastrucrk ul pdssdta crrkdgk) k c suac maggkofc `kg eclcstkra dmmag- oala gk `crkttcvk `c kekl`drk, ar`clc sdpckltkekltk prkskltdtc cl vkstk `c lal rc- gkvdltc `cspasczcalc marrkttcvk. Lkg mdp. CY `kggd pdrtk C `c 4360 gd skepgcmctâ mal gd qudgk cg pratdoalcstd arwkggcdla clvkltd gd mkgkjrdtcvd jcaordicd `kgga smaepdrsa «irdtkgga Aocgvy¾ pdrk spkmugdrk d mkrtd gkttkrdturd docaordicmd mdttagcmd, dmmagtd lkc skmagc `dggd mrk`ugctâ papagdrk, mfk fd rdmmaltdta idttc k ecrdmagc `ciicmcgekltk vkrc- icmdjcgc (sc vk`dla d` kskepca gk vcmkl`k `c sdltd _clcirk` a `c sdl Ocaroca).
]mrcvk clagtrk Arwkgg8 «Tudlta krd rcmfcksta cl ul ekejra `kg Rdrtcta krd ul ea`a `c vk`krk scecgk d qukgga `c ul dltcma kjrka cg qudgk sdpkvd, sklzd mala- smkrk eagta dgtra, mfk tuttk gk dgtrk ldzcalc `ciikrkltc `dggd sud d`ardvdla idgsc `kc. Lal dvkvd jcsaola `c sdpkrk mfk qukstc `kc krdla mfcdedtc Jddg, Ascrc`k, Eagamf, Dstdrtk, ktm. Rrajdjcgekltk ekla lk malasmkvd su `c gara ekogca krd pkr gd sud arta`asscd¾. ]ciidtta æ ga struekltdgk cligussa `kgg–colardlzd dlmfk d gcvkggc lal jdssc8 ga stu`ca k gd mugturd vkloala `kealczzdtc. Lkg scstked amkdlcdla «ul ekejra `kg Rdrtcta, d muc krd mfcksta ul ocu`czca ktcma a pagctcma `avrkjjk ksskrk mdpdmk `c sputdrk apclcalc arta`assk d oucsd `c uld ectrdogcdtrcmk¾.
 
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pklsdltk ”  cg lal ksskrk lkmkssdrca pklsdrk ^lat tfclnclo ” lat lkk`clo ta tfcln> l.`.r.U. Arta`asscd æ clmalsdpkvagkzzd ^Artfa`axy cs ulmasmcaulkss> l.`.r.U¾. Cl ammdscalk `kgg–kltrdtd suggd smkld `kg raedlza (dg prclmcpca `kg mdp. Y `kggd pdrtk C) `c tdgk icgagaoa ” ula mfk «a`cdvd ogc krktcmc (fk fdtk` fkrktcms)¾ ” Arwkgg id la- tdrk uld masd qudl`a mastuc clmaltrd _clstal8 «M–krd cg sua decma ^irckl`> l.`.r.U ]yek, cg qudgk gdvardvd dg Zkpdrta `c rcmkrmd ^`kg `cmdstkra `kggd vkrctâ> l.`.r.U. Iar- sk decma lal krd praprca gd pdragd ocustd. Pu lal dvkvc dg ocarla `–aooc decmc ^irckl`s> l.`.r.U, dvkvc irdtkggc ^maerd`ks> l.`.r.U¾.
[gtkrcarc jrdlc tkstcealcdla mfk cg ea`us vcvkl`c d muc sc ecrd æ cepraltdta d ula spcrcta gdcma `c asskrvdlzd ic`kcsctcmd prktksa `dgg–Closam. Cg idtta mfk «sc spk- rdvd `c idr usmcrk c `csmarsc `dggd gdrclok lal maclvagokl`a c mkltrc mkrkjrdgc pcó dgtc¾ fd marrcspkttcva kxkepgue mdttagcma lkggd rkmctd elkealcmd `c prkofckrk8 icla dg 4393 gd Mfcksd mkgkjrú c suac rctc cl gdtcla, cg qudgk lal krd dggd partdtd `c aolula (lal sc `cekltcmfc `–dgtra mdlta mfk gd trd`uzcalk `kggk ]dmrk smrctturk `dgg–kjrdcma k `dg orkma dltcma iu uld vagturd lkg lkwspkdn gdtcla, k pac mfk g–kvkltudgctâ `c tklk- rk cl uld mdsd maeulk uld Jcjjcd `d gkookrk `d sagc iu pkr guloa tkepa prkammu- pdltk). Cg tksta arwkggcdla aiirk purk ul rcmfcdea dg malmktta `c jgdsikecd8 «Krd ld- turdgekltk passcjcgk `crk krksck (fkrkscks) `c ul oklkrk dssdc mru`a, `kggk spkmck `c jkstkeecd (jgdspfkey)… C`kk astcgc dgg–CLO]AM patkvdla maogckrsc sagtdlta cl uld vdod iared prcvd `c prkmcsk pdragk marrcspal`kltc, k patkvdla ulcmdekltk ks- skrk cl`cmdtk dttrdvkrsa tkreclc eagta oklkrcmc c qudgc rculcvdla k mal`dlldvdla cltkrc oruppc `c krksck (fkrkscks) lal `kiclkl`agk lkg idr mcú¾.
[ld pramk`urd mastruttcvd `kg lkwspkdn id rcmarsa dggd icgasaicd ek`ckvdgk, gd sc rcgkvd kspgcmctd lkgg–dppkl`cmk `c 4360 doocultd `d Arwkgg. Zcoudr`d cg rd- saca `c Amnfde, quc dppgcmdta dggd gcloud k dggd skedscagaocd8 «gd rc`uzcalk `kg vamdjagdrca krd malsc`krdtd ul iclk cl sã, k d lkssuld pdragd `c muc sc patrkjjk idrk d ekla krd malmkssa saprdvvcvkrk¾.
G–drkd `–cltkrvklta `kggd rkprksscalk pscmfcmd mal`attd `dggd `crcoklzd amk- dlcdld dggdrodl`asc dgg–dejcta skssudgk eastrd clkqucvamdjcgc luavk tdloklzk mal `attrclk mdttagcmfk. Rkr gk `allk, cl spkmck qukggk `kg Rdrtcta, praiuedrsc k trummdrsc sala dttc cl`kmarasc k `cs`cmkvagc (ocâ Pkrtuggcdla rcigkttkvd dltcikeeclcsea pdagcla  lkg sua @k mugtu ikecldrue).
 
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ealdstcma sc praspkttdvd ul doastclcdla sdmrdeklta malcuodgk8 «G–ulcma smapa rcmala- smcuta `kg edtrcealca krd oklkrdrk jdejclc pkr cg Rdrtcta. Cg malorkssa mdrldgk krd `d rctklkrsc `c skmal`drcd cepartdlzd ul pama lduskdltk¾.
Gd skssuaiajcd `kgg–Closam æ diiclk d qukggd mdttagcmd8 «G–ajckttcva `kg Rdrtcta lal krd sagtdlta prkvklcrk gd mastctuzcalk `c uld ik`kgtâ `c mappcd mfk lal æ idmcgk maltraggdrk ^pkr gd tkagaocd eclcstrc `kg sdmrdeklta edtrcealcdgk sala ogc spasc lal cg sdmkr`atk> l.`.r.U. Cg sua rkdgk lal `cmfcdrdta prapascta krd rceuavkrk tutta cg pcdmkrk `kgg–dmtus makul`c. Rcó `kgg–deark cg lkecma krd g–kratcsea, `kltra k iuarc `kggd vctd malcuodgk… Cg Rdrtcta stdvd tkltdl`a `c ummc`krk g–cstclta skssudgk ^`k- eagcrk g–K] d idvark `c qukg ][RKZ KOA rdpprkskltdta `dg Irdtkgga Edoocark, ul supkr jratfkr > l.`.rU, a sk lal patkssk idrga, dggard `cstarmkrga k sparmdrga… Cg mactus, maepcuta mal summkssa, krd rcjkggcalk. Cg `ksc`krca krd tfauoftmrcek¾.
Zctarld gd ecldmmcd `kg pkmmdta> gd malmupcsmklzd skssudgk æ ul tcpa `c tfau- oftmrcek8 gd eugckr , tatd cl utkra, puú scejagkoocdrk ul clvcdta sdtdlcma mfk gcjkrd gd gcjc`a maeprkssd, k `c malskouklzd svkgd dgg–uaea gd `upgcmk sidmmkttdturd `c  sã (cltkggkttudgk k icscagaocmd). ]kjjklk cg ekrktrcmca cl Amkdlcd scd ul–dttcvctâ cggkmctd, æ iurtcvdekltk deecsscjcgk lkggd ecsurd cl muc dggkookrcsmd gd mdrcmd gcjc`cmd (lal m–æ stdtd uld gkook Ekrgcl  gd qudgk fd mfcusa c jar`kggc `kgga ]tdta paltcicmca). Gd praecsmuctâ ird uaeclc k `allk `kg Rdrtcta æ mal`dlldtd, dg pdrc `kg `cvarzca (mal g–kmmkzcalk `kgg–ulcalk edtrcealcdgk sklzd pragk). G–ktcmd cl edtkrcd pkr ul ed- smfca amkdlcdla, saprdttutta sk ul `crcokltk pagctcma, æ eagta doastclcdld8 «Gd sud vctd skssudgk… krd pkr cltkra rkoagdtd `d `uk pdragk `kg lkwspkdn ]KVMZCEK (ceeardgctâ skssudgk) k OAA@]KV (mdstctâ). Cg malmktta `c ]KVMZCEK maprcvd aolc ecsidtta skssudgk. Maprcvd gd iarlcmdzcalk, g–d`ugtkrca, g–aeaskssudgctâ, k gk dgtrk pkrvkrscalc, k cl doocultd gd laredgk mapugd mdrldgk prdtcmdtd maek iclk cl sã. Lal m–krd jcsaola `c kluekrdrgc skpdrdtdekltk, pacmfã aolula krd dgga stkssa ea`a mdusd `c magpkvagkzzd, k, pkr prclmcpca tuttc pulcjcgc mal gd eartk… Guc sdpkvd qudlta sc vagkvd klulmcdrk mal OAA@]KV ” cg mfk æ `crk, laredgc rdppartc skssudgc trd uaea k eaogck, pkr g–ksmguscva smapa `c oklkrdrk jdejclc, k sklzd pcdmkrk icsc- ma `d pdrtk `kggd `alld ^gd ircoc`ctâ æ uld vcrtó> l.`.r.U8 tutta cg rksta krd ]KVMZC- EK¾. Ed mkrmdrk `c sapprcekrk gd gcjc`a partd saga d uld sud `kvcdzcalk8 ldturde kxpkggds iurmd, tdekl usquk rkmurrkt.
Mcú gd malvkrtk cl doorksscvctâ, gd qudgk æ cl`crczzdtd vkrsa ogc dvvkrsdrc cl- tkrlc k lal `kgg–Amkdlcd k `kggd Mfcksd. Kltrdejk sala `–dmmar`a suc e cogcarc ruagc ikeeclcgc8 gd sdltd k g–dskssudtd, gd ed`rk.
 
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mksscva mdp. YCCC «uld vkrctâ ecstcmd (d eystcmdg trutf)¾ k «ul dtta `c ik`k (dl dmt ai idctf)¾, sd `c pdupkrcsea krktcma ek`ckvdgk (cl muc rcsmfcú `c iclcrk clmgusa cg irdl- mksmdlkscea) ecsta d edrxcsea (sdl Irdlmksma `–Dsscsc iu ul mdttagcma Edrx dl- tk gcttkrde). G–Closam `kealczzd cg mdpctdgcsea dssarta d ektdiard `c gcjkrtâ, lal pkr vcd `kc suac `cikttc (d prapascta `c dltcmdpctdgcsea k Ydlokga sc rcmar`c gd `ciic- magtâ pkr ul rcmma `c kltrdrk lkg rkola `kc mckgc). Tudl`a Arwkgg pdgksd gk ceprksscalc `kg sua pratdoalcstd dsskrkl`a mfk «c pragks, sk sagdekltk patksskra cl qudgmfk edlckrd `cvklcrk masmckltc `kggd gara iarzd ^strklotf> l.`.r.U, lal dvrkjjkra jcsa- ola `c maspcrdrk¾, sc puú ksskrk sujcta cl`attc d vk`krk cl qukstc jrdlc uld kma edrxcstd, patrkeea pkrú dlmfk gkookrgc mal g–attcmd `c ul krktcma kvdlokgcma, cg qudgk dspcrd d mfk c skepgcmc k ogc uecgc scdla cl ord`a `c maogckrk gd `crkttd prkskl- zd `c @ca dg `c gâ `kgg–clvd`kltk ek`cdzcalk `kggd Mfcksd ordzck dggd iarzd `dtd `dgga ]pc- rcta ]dlta cl uld luavd Rkltkmastk gcjkrdtrcmk `dogc astdmagc k `dc vclmagc c qudgc gcectdla dggd rcskrvdtkzzd (cl clogksk sc puú `crk Oa` cs aur strklotf).
@kttc pragks sala ul–dlaedgcd dggd `attrcld `aecldltk k sc travdla dc edr- oclc8 «Cl aolc prajgked `c prclmcpc eardgc ogc sc gdsmcdvd skoucrk cg ma`cmk dvcta. Cg purctdlkscea skssudgk `kg Rdrtcta lal krd ul ajjgcoa pkr gara. Gd praecsmuctâ lal dl`dvd pulctd, cg `cvarzca krd malskltcta¾. Cg eatcva æ mfk mastara sala kqucpdrdtc dogc dlcedgc8 «c pragks k gk jkstck sala gcjkrc¾. ]yek dvkvd diikredta8 «C pragks lal sala ksskrc uedlc¾.
Mal rdocaldeklta drcstatkgcma sc mfcdrcsmk mfk «c pragks krdla clikrcarc pkr ldturd, krdla `d sattaekttkrsc, d oucsd `kogc dlcedgc, ek`cdltk g–dppgcmdzcalk `c dgmulk skepgcmc rkoagk¾. Putta quksta droaekltdrk dttcrd g–dldgcsc maepdrdtd su vkmmfck tkarck mdttagcmfk pkr muc c lal mrcstcdlc patrkjjkra ksskrk clikrcarc k lal passk`krk ul–dlced ceeartdgk (klulmkrâ A–Jrckl8 «G–uedlctâ æ cg Rdrtcta. C rk- stdltc sala stdmmdtc `d kssd ” kstrdlkc¾). Rkrmcú maek ul cl`cokla prkmagaejcdla ”  a dgtra ” lal krd `kola `c jdttkscea k` krd taggkrdta ummc`krga cl qudlta jkstcd, ma- sç c pragks amkdlcdlc lal vkloala rkputdtc mdpdmc `c patkr dpprkl`krk cg `aujgk- tfcln k cg lkwspkdn, lã tdlta ekla `c d`koudrsc dgg–ktcmd `kgg–Closam k dg sua mrk`a. Pdgk skrck `c `csdjcgctâ sc sdrkjjk patutd rctarmkrk maltra8 «Lal krd dggkttdltk g–c`kd mfk c pragks `avksskra dvkrk iartc skltcekltc pagctcmc. Tukgga mfk ogc sc mfck`kvd krd ul pdtrcattcsea prcectcva¾.
Æ maek diikredrk lkg pdrdggkga rkgcocasa mfk mc sc dspkttdvd `d gara mfk dl- `dsskra sagtdlta dggk pramksscalc pkrmfã kltrdl`a lkggd maeulctâ `kc ik`kgc pa- trkjjkra `kstdjcgczzdrgd k maltdecldrgd mal asskquca a `cssklsa lal arta`assc, ki- ikttc maggdtkrdgc `c ul–dlcedgksmd colardlzd mfk lal sc prkstd dgg–cejrcogcdeklta k id rkdocrk `–cstclta cl ea`a scecgk d uld jkstcd.
 
Mdrusa
4:
edgc ul c`kdgcsea lcmfcgcstcma cl jdsk d muc «lal saga gd vdgc`ctâ `kgg–kspkrcklzd, jklsç gd vkrd k praprcd kscstklzd `c uld rkdgtâ kstkrcark, krd tdmctdekltk lkodtd `dg- gd gara icgasaicd. G–krkscd `kggk krksck krd cg sklsa maeulk¾. ]c malstdtd g–urta ird uld pasczcalk gamncdld k uld jkrnkgkcdld uiicmcdgk lal mal`cvcsd `dg pratdoalcstd `c 4360. Dggarmfã dgg–clczca `kg mdp. C `kggd pdrtk CC _clstal dcutd d rcekttkrsc cl pck`c Ocugcd md`utd (tutt–k `uk gdvardla dg eclcstkra `kggd vkrctâ8 guc dg r kpdrta `k- ogc drmfcvc, gkc d qukgga `kggd icmtcal gkttkrdrcd), qudltulquk mrk`kssk mfk kggd ga stkssk spcdl`a pkr malskoldrga dggd tfauoft pagcmk, docsmk skmal`a cg pcó oklucla prclmcpca kvdlokgcma `c dedrk c praprc lkecmc.
Lkc pultc cl muc cg raedlza `c Arwkgg maltrdppalk gd samcktâ `kgg–Amkdlcd dggk savrdstrutturk samcdgc `kg mdpctdgcsea (lal ugtced gd mgkrcmdgk), gd iared `c mcú ”  cl iulzcalk `c quksta mdeecla maepdrdtcva ” vd vcstd lkg maligctta trd gd mcvcgtâ mrcstcdld ek`ckvdgk k g–ulcvkrsa orkma-raedla> cg Ek`ca Kva mctdta `c siuooctd lkg tksta æ `ktta «vdoa pkrca`a (`ce pkrca`)¾.
 
Mdrusa
4=
tcogcdrk ul patkltk cstclta k usdrga maek uld iarzd `c ouc`d1 G–cepugsa skssudgk krd pkrcmagasa pkr cg Rdrtcta, k cg Rdrtcta lk dvkvd trdtta vdltdooca¾.
Pdgc droaekltc dltkpalkl`a uld vcscalk gcjkrdgk d uld dssagutcstcmd cl mdepa samcapagctcma, trd`attc lkgg–dejcta rkgcocasa rcmfcdedla dgtrksç gd `cdgkttcmd Mrcstcdlkscea/Rdodlkscea (lkg qudgk ugtcea d``crctturd sc prdtcmdvd uld prastc- tuzcalk dg skrvczca `kggd rkgcocalk8 uld malmkzcalk dogc dltcpa`c `kggd skssuaiajcd mdttagcmd, mfk sc cepkolú d srd`cmdrk). Ocugcd k _clstal lal sala pdrdoaldjcgc d uld prastctutd k d ul mgckltk, tutt–dgtra> lkggd gara starcd skltcekltdgk sc dltcmcpd cl- vkmk gd tkarcd edrmuscdld suggd rkprksscalk d``czcaldgk  `kggd gcjc`a, vagtd ”  agtrk cg irku`cdla lkmkssdrca ” dg malsagc`deklta cl Ammc`kltk `c ul cggcjkrdgk kstdjgcsfeklt  (`kiclcta prclmcpca `c prkstdzcalk), tkarcd kspastd cl Kras k mcvcgtâ (43;;). Rurk pkr Edrmusk dmmd`k cl quksta pramkssa uld `kvcdzcalk gcjc`cmd iulzcaldgk d ecrk (pra`uttcvk) dgckldltc (k dgckldtc sala c maepalkltc amkdlcdlc `kg Rdrtcta, kspra- prcdtc lkggd gara pscmfk satta aolc praicga)8 dgg–kstkrla `kgg–kskrmczca ”  lkg gcvkgga uedla ecogcark ” `kgg–cltkggcoklzd k `kggd malsdpkvagkzzd lal mc puú ksskrk ikgcm c- tâ mfk lal scd ul cggusarca surraodta8 «G–c`kagaocd `kg Rdrtcta sc cepalkvd mal eagta summkssa su okltk clmdpdmk `c maeprkl`krgd, gd qudgk sdrkjjk stdtd cl ord`a `c dmmkttdrk gk pcó igdordltc vcagdzcalc `kgg–ajckttcvctâ rkdgk ocdmmfã edc diikrrdvd dppckla gd eastruasctâ `c qudlta ogc krd mfcksta¾. _clstal k Ocugcd ” «uld rcjkggk sagtdlta `dggd mcltagd cl ocó¾ gk `cmk guc ” kspkrcsmala uld vcd `c iuod dg prclmcpca `c
 prkstdzcalk  (k dggd sud maggkodtd rkprksscalk d``czcaldgk)8 uld gcjc`a gcjkrdtd gc trd- siared cl savvkrscvc pacmfã sc svclmagdla `dggd mdusd `kvcdltk  (gd rkprksscalk d``c- zcaldgk) k `dggd mdusd dgckldltk (cg prclmcpca `c prkstdzcalk)> uld sujgcedzcalk d`koud- td oklkrd jklksskrk, mfk ogajdgczzkrkjjk cg pcdmkrk lkggk suk sidmmkttdturk kstkrcarc mallkssk dggd vctd. G–c`kagaocd kstdscdtcmd okekggd `kgg–Closam æ gd «tdldtagdtrcd (@kdtf-_arsfcp)¾ a «kstclzcalk `kgg–ca (Ajgctkrdtcal ai tfk ]kgi)¾8 lkgg–attcmd edr- muscdld gd pugscalk dltctktcmd dg pcdmkrk vcklk ocu`cmdtd uld eartcicmdzcalk, uld smalicttd `kgg–kras mfk rcpckod dggd vagtd `kggd `cstruzcalk (mal`attk sd`cmfk k e d- samfcstk lal sala edlmdtk trd c pkrsaldooc mdttagcmc). ]aecogcdltk dg jkgga ndltcd- la, gd gcjc`a parrkjjk drealcd ird ogc uaeclc k cg eal`a. θ quksta ul ekssdooca pravklckltk `dggd Orkmctâ pdodld rcprksa `d _clstal k Ocugcd c qudgc diiraltdla gd ed`rk `c tuttc c tatdgctdrcsec ammc`kltdgc rkclmdrldtdsc cl Amkdlcd, lkecmd `kggd mugturd ”  pra`atta gcjc`cma ”  k `kgg–drealcasa svcguppa cl`cvc`udgk pratksa dggd rcmkrmd `kggd ikgcmctâ. Lkggd Orkmcd dltcmd ga rctravcdea lkggd pra`uzcalk drtcstcmd, lkggd ec- tagaocd pkrtclkltk k lkggd icgasaicd (cg ]cepasca pgdtalcma k cg tcdsa sdiicma sala kxkepgd k vkcmagc)> ula `kc gcectc `kggd mcvcgtâ kggklcmd iu sç gd ecsaoclcd 0, tuttdvcd
 
Mdrusa
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kjjk jdsc cl prkocu`czc d sial`a pk`doaocma lal cl lkvrasc sastdlzcdtk cl rkgcoca- lk. Gd Mfcksd, `dg mdlta sua, kscokttk cg mkgcjdta sdmkr`atdgk k cg vata `c mdstctâ `dggd qudsc tatdgctâ `kc rkgcocasc clqud`rdtc, rkqucsctc rcmfckstc cl pamfc mdsc `dg Rdodlksc- ea k mfk lal krdla `ulquk larek oklkrdgc. Rkr cg Mdttagcmkscea sc `kvk rcedlkrk `kltra cg pkrcektra `c uld rcoarasd maltclklzd, cggkocttced `apa dvkr supkrdta cg maliclk `kgg–cldeecsscjcgk cggkmcta (pk`aicgcd, stuprc, ktm.) cg qudgk puú dgcekltdrk maek `kprkmdjcgk kiiktta maggdtkrdgk> masç purk prkssa ogc Amkdlcdlc «gd masd tkrrcjc- gk mfk cg Rdrtcta dvkvd idtta krd `c pkrsud`krtc mfk c ekrc cepugsc, c ekrc skltcekltc krdla sklzd cepartdlzd, ekltrk dgga stkssa tkepa tc prcvdvd `c tutta cg patkrk sug eal`a edtkrcdgk¾.
Gd ed`rk `c _clstal lkggk `c guc rcigksscalc dg mdp. CC `kggd skzcalk CC æ tkstc- ealcdlzd `c ul deark dodpcma (vdgark dg mkltra `kggd eardgk mrcstcdld). @dvdltc dggd praspkttcvd `c md`krk cl edla, mal Ocugcd, `kogc clqucsctarc `kgg–Closam, cg pra- tdoalcstd edsmfcgk `c 4360 malmgu`k8 «]k `urdltk tu puac ]KLPCZK mfk rcedlkrk uedlc æ masd `kold, dlmfk qudl`a mcú lal puú dvkrk ul qudgmfk irutta, tu gc fdc magpctc¾. Cltdlta dg mdp. CV `kggd pdrtk mkltrdgk `kg raedlza gd sctudzcalk jkggcmd kstkrld sc mdpavagok kx djrupta `c luava8 Kurdscd lal pcó lkecmd ed dggkdtd, K- stdscd vcmkvkrsd. Cg gdvdooca `kg mkrvkgga tclok ul–d`uldtd `c papaga d Gal`rd, cl muc sc travdvd _clstal, `c orattksma8 `c pulta cl jcdlma mfc pdrgdvd pkr malta `kg Rdrtcta, dvvcsdta cl sar`cld, maek luggd iassk summkssa, clvkrtk gd pagdrctâ lkc pkr- saldooc k lkggk vcmkl`k `kg sua `csmarsa, mascmmfã gd smklaordicd dltckuradscdtcmd sc trdeutd pkr edocd `kg `aujgktfcln cl ul–dzcalk ar`ctd `d rcjkggc, rceassd k djjdttutd `d uld eagtctu`clk cl jdgcd `kggd saicstcmd.
Attkluta dttrdvkrsa A–Jrckl cg jaan `c Oag`klstkcl, _clstal lk drrcvd d gko- okrk dgmulk pdrtc. Arwkgg id ksparrk lkggk pdoclk rcpartdtk ul–cltkrkssdltk tkarcd sugga svcguppa starcma oklkrdgk mfk trcpdrtcsmk cl`ciikrkltkekltk aolc maltksta sa- mcapagctcma lkggk mdtkoarck `kogc Dgtc, `kc Ek`c k `kc Jdssc. Cg prcea oruppa æ mastc- tucta `dc `ktkltarc `kg oavkrla> cg skmal`a `d magara c qudgc sujar`cldtc, pkrú lal prcvc `c ekzzc, dejcsmala d rcepcdzzdrgc> cg tkrza `dc rcedlkltc, ksmgusc `dggd `cd- gkttcmd pkr cg prcedta `d tuttc c gcectc praprc `c ul mkta pragktdrca, tuttdvcd struekl- tdgczzdjcgc `dc skmal`c. ]c puú cltrdvk`krk cl tdgc ktcmfkttk dppkggdtcvc malidmkltc d saookttc `c vdrck kspkrcklzk starcmfk.
 
Mdrusa
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arwkggcdla. Mfc std dg vkrtcmk mkrmd `c rdoocrdrk k maltraggdrk ogc dgtrc. Cl Amkdlcd lal vcoala `csmrcecldltc `c mdrdttkrk rdzzcdgk, gd `csmrcecldltk æ cltkggkttcvd8 cl aolc sua marpus samcdgk (g–dgta `kc `crcokltc a Rdrtcta Cltkrla, cg ek`ca `kc iulzc a- ldrc a Rdrtcta Kstkrla, cg jdssa `kc pragks) sc dmmk`k pdssdl`a `d skgkzcalk (sug ea`kgga `kggd rkpujjgcmd pgdtalcmd> scecgk dgg–kltrdtd cl skecldrca a cl ul malvk l- ta sk sc pdrgd `c Dgtc a Ek`c).
D prapascta `kggd jaltâ `kg ekta`a skgkttcva-d`attcva rcspktta d qukgga krk- `ctdrca sc pultudgczzd8 «C suac oavkrldltc lal sala tklutc clsckek `d vclmagc `c sdlouk ed `dgg–d`kscalk d uld `attrcld maeulk… Arodlczzdzcalc d strutturd d- `attcvd maek gd Mfcksd mdttagcmd ^uld ealdrmfcd dssagutd kgkttcvd> l.`.r.U sala `u- rdtk d vagtk mkltcldcd a ecogcdcd `c dllc. G–kssklzd `kg rkocek agcodrmfcma lal æ gd summksscalk `d pd`rk d icogca, jklsç gd pkrscstklzd `c ul mkrta pulta `c vcstd k `c ul mkrta ea`a `c vctd, cepasta `dc eartc suc vcvc. [l oruppa `aecldltk æ ul oruppa `c oavkrla d pdtta mfk passd laecldrk c suac summkssarc. Cg Rdrtcta lal sc cltkrkssd `c rkl`krk pkrpktua cg sua sdlouk, clvkmk `c pkrpktudrk sã. MFC kskrmctd cg patkrk lal æ cepartdltk, d mal`czcalk mfk g–dssktta okrdrmfcma rcedlod skeprk cg ek`k- scea¾. K cl mced vc sc travd cg Jco Jratfkr8 cectdl`a @ca k cg Rdpd æ «allcpatkltk¾ k «clidggcjcgk¾ (cg `aoed mdttagcma cl qudlta tdgk sugg–clidggcjcgctâ `kg Rdpd ”  kgktta `d ul maggkoca mdr`cldgczca `d guc laecldta ” æ stdta uiicmcdgczzdta tdr`c, lkg 46?2, dggd vcocgcd `kggd smaepdrsd `kgga ]tdta paltcicmca). Oag`stkcl sc malikred lkg maltksta ldrrdtcva `c 4360 eagta edrmuscdla, vcmcla dgga spcrcta mrctcma `k G–uaea d uld `ceklscalk8 «@dc pragktdrc lal m–æ lckltk `d tkekrsc. @d sagc maltclukrdlla `c oklkrdzcalk cl oklkrdzcalk k `c skmaga cl skmaga, gdvardl`a, rcpra`umkl`asc, k ea- rkl`a, lal sagdekltk sklzd dgmuld spcltd d rcjkggdrsc, ed sklzd gd idmagtâ `c mae- prkl`krk mfk cg eal`a patrkjjk ksskrk `cvkrsa `d qukg mfk æ. Ratrkjjkra `cvklcrk pkrcmagasc sagtdlta sk cg praork`crk `kggd tkmlcmd cl`ustrcdgk idmkssk lkmkssdrcd uld gara iaredzcalk supkrcark… Tudgc apclcalc gk edssk djjcdla, a lal djjcdla, æ malsc`krdtd uld idmmkl`d `c lkssuld cepartdlzd. Ogc sc puú `drk gcjkrtâ cltkggkttu- dgk pacmfã lal fdlla ul cltkggktta. Cl ul ekejra `kg Rdrtcta, `–dgtrd pdrtk, lal puú ksskrk taggkrdtd gd pcó pcmmagd `kvcdzcalk `c apclcalk sug pcó clscolcicmdltk dr- oaeklta¾. Maeulquk quksta `ksmrctta æ ga smkldrca usmcta iuarc `dgga smaltra trd asmurdltcsea mdttagcma k Cggueclcsea.
 
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Cl gclkd `c edssced gd starcd `ceastrd mfk gd Mfcksd æ stdtd sidvarkvagk dg praorkssa k d rceuavkrk sug skrca gk rdocalc `c `csdoca, k mastrkttd clvkmk ” vagkltk a lagkltk ” d d`koudrsc dg eutdrk `kc tkepc8 «Cl Amkdlcd dg ocarla `–aooc, gd ]mck l- zd, lkg vkmmfca sklsa, fd qudsc mkssdta `c kscstkrk. Lkg Lkwspkdn lal m–æ uld pdra- gd pkr ]mcklzd. Cg ekta`a kepcrcma `kg pklsckra, su muc aolc ceprksd smcklt cicmd `kg pdssdta krd ial`dtd, æ appasta dc pcó ial`dekltdgc prclmcpc `kgg–Closam. K purk cg praorkssa tkmlagaocma dvvcklk sagtdlta qudl`a c suac pra`attc passala cl qudg- mfk edlckrd ksskrk usdtc dgga smapa `c `ceclucrk gd gcjkrtâ uedld… Ga smcklzcdta `c aooc æ a g–ula a g–dgtra8 ul ecsta `c pscmagaoa k clqucsctark ^psymfagaocst dl` cl- qucsctar8 ul prcea praicga> l.`.r.U…¾. Gd stkssd oukrrd vcstd lkg jaan k `klulmcdtd lkggd sud vkstk `c appartulctâ `c edltklkrk cldgtkrdta cg scstked ” kqucvdgkltk d ul kr- ektcma pdmcicma csagdeklta `dogc dvvkrsdrc cepk`ckltk pkrcmagasc smdejc samcamug- turdgc ird gk okltc (`d muc g–dssulta «gd oukrrd æ pdmk¾) ” lal æ stdtd tdlta djarrctd `dg Mdttagcmkscea asmurdltcstd8 «gd masmcklzd `c ksskrk cl gattd, k qucl`c cl pkrcmaga, maepartd mfk cg malskoldrk g–cltkra patkrk d uld pcmmagd mdstd skejrc ldturdgk, c- lkvctdjcgk mal`czcalk `c saprdvvcvklzd¾. Lkg rkocek amkdlcdla «`dg pcó ea`ksta ekejra `kg Rdrtcta sc dttkl`k g–ksskrk maepktkltk, cl`ustrcasa, k dlmfk cltkggcokl- tk dgg–cltkrla `c strkttc gcectc, ed æ dgtrksç lkmkssdrca scd ul idldtcma mrk`ugalk k c- olardltk c muc stdtc `–dlcea prkvdgkltc scdla pdurd, a`ca, d`ugdzcalk, k` ksugtdlzd arocdstcmd. Cl dgtrk pdragk æ kssklzcdgk djjcd gd ekltdgctâ dppraprcdtd d ul mgced `c jkggcokrdlzd. Lal cepartd sk gd oukrrd sc stcd vkrdekltk svagokl`a, k, ocdmmfã uld vcttarcd `kmcscvd lal æ passcjcgk, lal maltd sk gk astcgctâ stdlla dl`dl`a jklk a edgk. Putta qukgga `c muc sc æ dvuta jcsaola æ mfk ga stdta `c jkggcokrdlzd kscstd. Cg irdltuedrk g–cltkggcoklzd mfk cg Rdrtcta rcmfck`k dc suac maepalkltc, k cg qudgk æ `c pcó idmcgk rkdgczzdzcalk cl ul–dteasikrd `c oukrrd, æ d`kssa prkssamfã ulcvkrsdgk, pkrú vcd vcd cl dgta sc vd lkc rdlofc, vcd vcd edrmdta `cvcklk. Æ dppulta lkg Rdrtcta Cltkrla `avk cstkrcsea jkggcma k a`ca `kg lkecma sala pcó iartc. Lkggd sud iulzcalk `crcoklzcdgk, æ spkssa appartula d ul ekejra `kg Rdrtcta Cltkrla malasmkrk mfk quksta a qukg `kttdogca `kggk latczck `c oukrrd æ idgsa, k` kogc puú spkssa ksskrk malsdpkvagk mfk g–cltkrd oukrrd æ idgsd k lal sc std lkdlmfk svagokl`a a mfk gd sc std euavkl`a pkr cltkltc lal maliarec d qukggc `cmfcdrdtc8 ed tdgk malasmklzd æ maea`dekltk lkutrdgczzdtd `dggd tkmlcmd `kg @A[JGKPFCLN. Lkg irdttkepa lks- sul maepalkltk `kg Rdrtcta tkltklld pkr ul cstdltk lkg sua ecstcma mrk`krk cg mal- igctta rkdgk, k gkodta d uld iclk vcttarcasd, mal g–Amkdlcd g–cl`csmussd pd`rald `kg ogaja. Aolc ekejra `kg Rdrtcta Cltkrla mrk`k cl qukstd vklturd malqucstd maek ul drtcmaga `c ik`k ^dl drtcmgk ai idctf, l.`.r.U¾.
 
Mdrusa
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iguklzdrk gd ekltk8 «Cg prcea k pcó skepgcmk ord`a lkggd `csmcpgcld, clskoldjcgk purk d ocavdlc jdejclc vcklk `klaecldta, lkg Lkwspkdn, MZCEK]PAR. MZCEK- ]PAR cl`cmd gd idmagtâ `c jgammdrsc, qudsc pkr cstclta, dggd saogcd `c qudgscdsc pklsck- ra pkrcmagasa. Mcú clmgu`k cg patkrk `c lal maeprkl`krk dldgaock, cg idr vklcr ekla gd pkrmkzcalk `c krrarc gaocmc, `c clodlldrsc suc pcó skepgcmc droaekltc sk sala astc- gc dgg–Closam, `c ksskrk dllacdta a crrctdta `d qudgulquk marsa `kg pklsckra mdpdmk `c mal`urrk cl uld `crkzcalk krktcmd. MZCEK]PAR, cl jrkvk, scolcicmd stupc`ctâ pratkttcvd¾.
K g–dgtra suggd `ciksd `kgg–kokealcd8 «]k g–uoudogcdlzd uedld `kv–ksskrk pkr skeprk dggaltdldtd ”  sk ogc Dgtc, maek gc djjcdea mfcdedtc, `kvala malskrvdrk c gara pastc cl edlckrd pkredlkltk ” dggard ga stdta ekltdgk prkvdgkltk `kv–ksskrk ul–dgckldzcalk ekltdgk maltraggdtd¾. Rdrtcmagdrk dg lastra soudr`a qudlta vcklk `ktta cl ul pulta `d Oag`stkcl8 «Dlmfk gd Mfcksd mdttagcmd `kg Ek`cakva dppdrcvd taggkrdltk rcspktta dc ea`krlc stdl`dr`s. Rdrtk `kggd rdocalk `c quksta krd mfk lkg pdssdta lkssul oavkrla dvkvd gd mdpdmctâ `c tklkrk c suac mcttd`clc satta sarvk- ogcdlzd maltclud¾.
Mcú lal seclucsmk ga spkssark `kggd ecd dldgcsc, dlzc gd marrajard8 pkrmfã eastrd cg  pdrkltk prasscea  `kgg–Closam, k pkrmfã qukst–ugtcea æ sç  g–c`kdgk k pkrikttd clmdrldzcalk `kg tatdgctdrcsea  tuttdvcd gkttkrdrcd, qukggd starcmd k malmrktd, pcó vcoa- rasd k pcó rdiicldtd, eagta `ciiusd lkgga spdzca k lkg tkepa, æ, lkg ea`a vcsta `d ]cealk _kcg, qukggd ksprkssd `dggd Mfcksd (gd qudgk lal edlmú `c vkggkctâ `c `a- eclca). Ajckttcva `c kssd æ kvdlokgczzdrk  cg pcdlktd k malqucstdrk gk masmcklzk> lkg pdrdggkga amkdlcdla «mc sala pkrmcú `uk ordl`c prajgkec dggd muc saguzcalk cg Rdrtc- ta sc std cltkrkssdl`a. [la æ maek smaprcrk, maltra cg sua vagkrk, qudlta ul dgtra uaea std pklsdl`a¾. Lkggd CCC pdrtk `c 4360 _clstal k Ocugcd, drrkstdtc, sala aookttc `kg `csuedlczzdltk ctkr rck`umdtcva  prdtcmdta dttrdvkrsa vcagklzk icscmfk k pscmagaocmfk `dc mdrmkrckrc `kgg–Closam.
D `kttd `c Arwkgg cg «tarturdtark¾ k «clqucsctark (clqucsctar)¾ A–Jrckl ek l- trk tarekltdvd _clstal patkvd dssuekrk purk «g–drcd `c ul sdmkr`atk (prckst)¾.
Pdgk kspalkltk `kg Rdrtcta cltkrla `urdltk qukc eaekltc sc id mdrcma `c  ouc- `drk gd sud vcttced suggd vcd `kg rkmupkra. Cl qukg `dltksma dejckltk clikrldgk (euta `c aolc gumk sagdrk pacmfã gd sk`k `kg eclcstkra `kgg–deark, `avk sc travdla, jkl pratkttd, lal fd iclkstrk) ogc spckod, mal rcikrceklta dggd Mfcksd ek`ckvdgk, mfk gd `crcoklzd amkdlcdld lal vuagk maeekttkrk ga sjdogca `c gdsmcdrk pujjgcmc edrtcrc pkr strd`d, c qudgc sc rcvkgdrala lamcvc eatcvc `c spralk dgg–clsujar`cldzcalk ma l- tkstdtrcmk8 mal`dlldrk d eartk suggd pcdzzd magara mfk lal krdla rktramkssc `dggk gara pasczcalc `c krrark krd stdta eagta maltrapra`umkltk.
 
Mdrusa
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dppdrklzd, pkrikzcaldrala cg ekta`a `c trdttdrk gd pratkstd, rcspktta dc pkrskmutarc mdttagcmc, pkr ekzza `c uld edoocark doorksscvctâ lkggd okstcalk `kc prcocalckrc (`d `kord`drk ekogca dg iclk `c kstarmkrk deecsscalc `c magpd `d prkskltdrk dg papa- ga)8 `c idtta qukstc ksskrc pckodtc `d ul–docrk vcagklta cl edlckrd vcscjcgk tkrecl d- vdla `c luava magg–dssurokrk dg ruaga `c edrtcrc.
Tuc vd asskrvdta mfk gd `cstclzcalk prkskltdtd `d A–Jrckl trd maeulcsea russa k Clqucsczcalk mdttagcmd dppdrk pcó `c iared mfk `c sastdlzd tkmlcmd a rkgdtc- vd dggd `ceklscalk `kogc kiikttc lkodtcvc pravamdtc. Gd jdrjdrck `kogc clqucsctarc `kggd Mfcksd lal æ `c ldturd clikrcark d qukggd maeulcstd lavkmkltksmd8 gd qudltctâ sç, cl`ujjcdekltk. ]c tklod pkrú malta mfk dl`dl`a cl`cktra lkg tkepa c gcvkggc `keaordicmc sc djjdssdla, pkrtdlta lal æ ul–dsceektrcmd `ciikrklzd `c luekrc ”  maeulquk ” mfk puú cligucrk su ul ocu`czca starcaordicma.
G–kstklscalk mralagaocmd `kg Mrcstcdlkscea tatdgctdrca æ pkr kskepca supk- rcark d qukggd `kc rkocec maeulcstc. Dg `ulquk skejrd marrktta d`koudrsc dggd vd- gutdzcalk mal`uttrcmk `c ]cealk _kcg, k malmgu`krk mfk cg maeulcsea lkggd qudgctâ `c prdssc gcjkrtcmc`d æ icogca `kgg–kspkrcklzd mdttagcmd lkggd pagctcmd ek`ckvdgk (e d- `rk cl Ammc`kltk `c pdsscalc cggcjkrdgc).
G–Closam æ gd pkrikzcalk rkdgk, lkgg–ceedocldrca `c 4360, `c quksta ea`k g- ga mdttagcma starcmczzdtasc mal tdlocjcgc gcectc (`d tdgk pulta `c vcstd), cg qudgk æ pkr- mcú pkr iarzd prcva `kc mallatdtc edtkrcd `c vdlta `c A–Jrckl (uld edtkrcd dejctd sklzd summkssa `dc maeulcstc russc).
 
Mdrusa
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Cg pulta praordeedtcma mkltrdgk `kgg–Closam æ g–kokealcd samcdgk ksmgu`kl- `a qudgscdsc ektd c`kdgk8 cg maltragga vagta dg `aeclca cl sã, cg muc edltklceklta sdmrcicmd cg rksta. Gd savrdlctâ k gd patklzd tkepardgk `kgg–dutamrdzcd paltcicmcd k` kmmgkscdstcmd `kc skmagc smarsc krdla ul iclk cl sã8 ga tkstcealcd gd starcd cltkrmarrkl- tk trd gd idgsd `aldzcalk `c Mastdltcla k g–dldmralcstcma astcldrsc d lal djjdl- `aldrk uld `ceklscalk stdtdgk mfk cl Ctdgcd rctdr`ú `c pdrkmmfca g–ulctâ pagctcmd. 
[l pdssdooca `kggk pdragk `c A–Jrckl d _clstal maggkodtk d ul malmktta d i- ikredta cl prkmk`klzd ” «cg Jco Jratfkr æ g–clmdrldzcalk (keja`ceklt) `kg Rdrtcta¾ ” sala dgqudlta scolcicmdtcvk pkr gd prkskltk dldgcsc maepdrdtd ocdmmfã rcmfcdedla lal saga gd `attrcld tkagaocmd `c Mfcksd maek marpa ecstcma `c Mrcsta8 «Pu stdc pkl- sdl`a… mfk gd ecd idmmcd æ vkmmfcd k stdlmd. Pu stdc pklsdl`a mfk ca pdrga `c patk- rk, kppurk lal sala dlmard cl ord`a `c prkvklcrk gd `kmd`klzd `kg eca marpa. Lal puac mdpcrk, _clstal, mfk g–cl`cvc`ua æ sagtdlta uld mkggugd1 Gd idtcmd `kggd mkggugd æ cg vcoark `kgg–arodlcsea. Euarc qudl`a tc tdogc gk ulofck1... Lac scdea c sdmkr`atc `kg patkrk ^prcksts ai pawkr> l.`.r.U… @ca æ patkrk ^Oa` cs pawkr> l.`.r.U. Ed dttudgekltk patkrk æ saga uld pdragd pkr qudlta tc fd rcoudr`dta. Æ ard pkr tk `c dmqucscrk qudgmfk c`kd `c mfk scolcicmfc patkrk. Gd prced masd `c muc `kvc rkl`kr- tc malta æ mfk cg patkrk æ maggkttcva ^cg skoucta æ cl pdrtk fajjkscdla8 vcklk dttdmmdtd gd `colctâ k g–dutalaecd `kgg–drcstatkgcma ι ε πχε, dgtrksç ι ε χνε  σε, scejaga `c ul–dltrapagaocd lal mrcstcdld k lal rkprksscvd `c gâ `dgg–cggkmcta > l.`.r.U. G–cl`cvc`ua fd cg patkrk sagdekltk lkggd ecsurd cl muc mkssd `c ksskrk ul scloaga. Pu malasmc ga sgaodl `kg Rdrtcta8 Gd Gcjkrtâ æ smfcdvctó. Pc æ edc saprdvvkluta mfk æ clvkrtcjcgk1 Gd smfcdvctó æ gcjkrtâ. G–ksskrk uedla, saga, cl gcjkrtâ, æ skeprk smalictta. K `kv–ksskrga, aolc ksskrk uedla æ mal`dlldta d earcrk, cg mfk æ cg pcó ordl`k `c tuttc c idggcekltc. Rkrú sk puú idrk maepgktd, dssagutd sattaecsscalk, sk puú smdppdrk `dggd sud cl`cvc`udgctâ, sk kogc puú ceekrokrsc lkg Rdrtcta dg pulta mfk ]CD cg Rdrtcta dggard kogc æ allcpatkltk k ceeartdgk ^maek cg Jco Jratfkr> vk`dsc clagtrk Ov 4;,;-9, Ze 4:,0-; k 4 Mar 4:,4:.:?> l.`.r.U. Gd skmal`d masd `c muc tu tc `kvc rkl`krk malta æ mfk cg patkrk æ `aeclca saprd ogc ksskrc uedlc. ]ug marpa ”  ed, saprdttutta, suggd ekltk¾.
Lkg pdrdggkgcsea Mdttagcmkscea/Closam sc latd ul–cepraltd tkamrdtcmd maeulk `krcvdtd dg prcea `dgg–dssktta `kgga ]tdta kjrdcma vktkratkstdekltdrca.  
Ek`cdltk g–ceekrscalk lkg marpus `kggd Mfcksd, scecgdrk d qukggd lkg Rdrt c- ta, g–uaea smalicook gd eartk cl Mrcsta, k cl Amkdlcd lkg Irdtkgga Edoocark `c muc cg Rdrtcta æ marpa ecstcma. ]cd g–Closam scd cg Mdttagcmkscea sc prkicooala dutarctâ k su- prkedzcd sugg–dlced `kogc uaeclc.
 
Mdrusa
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Ek`cakva mdttagcma8 æ gd saiikrklzd d pra`urrk ul–clmal`czcaldtd ajjk`cklzd, gd qudgk `csorkod pkrcmagasc rdppartc cltkrpkrsaldgc k gd pkrsald stkssd cl cltkrcark, k palk aolula dc pck`c `c uld vcscalk tatdgctdrcd, lal djctdtd `dggd rcmkrmd `kggd ikgc- mctâ (pcdmkrk), jklsç cgguecldtd `dg pcó kiicmdmk `cvc`k kt cepkrd.
Cg Ydlokga (mrcstcdla a samcdgcstd) `kgg–deark k g–deark `kg Ydlokga sc trdeu- tdla cl ul scstkedtcma rcicuta `cstruttark `kg `cvkrsa8 mascmmfã sc puú rcdssuekrk mfk g–deark æ a`ca. 4360 æ uld @cvcld Maeek`cd `c skola lkodtcva. A–Jrckl sc rcvkgd ul Ycrocgca clvkrtcta8 g–kpcgaoa `c iraltk d qukggk mfk passala ksskrk gk suk vcttcek æ8 idttc iastk d vcvkr maek jrutc, lal pkr skoucr vcrtutk k mdlasmklzd. Cg raedlza `c Arwkgg, `dg mdlta sua, æ eagta icgasaicma k dttclok dg jdodogca clogksk.
Lkgg–dl`deklta ldrrdtcva g–ctkr `dltksma æ dgtkrdta8 lal sc vd dggd vagtd `c ula stdtus malmguscva `c rcsmdtta (clikrla/purodtarca/pdrd`csa).
Tuc g–ctclkrdrca k g–kscta sala mdpavagtc. ]cecgk d uld trdok`cd cl trk dttc (gk trk skzcalc `kgg–apkrd) sc skouk g–kvagvkrsc `kg @dltk/_clstal skmal`a ga smfk ed purodtarca/pdrd`csa/clikrla.
Gd «mdekrd 424¾, `avk _clstal æ partdta cl vcstd `kg sua ugtcea trdtta `c  purcicmdzcalk, æ uld ektdiard `kgg–clikrla ek`cdltk cg qudgk c Mrcstcdlc vkloala e c- ldmmcdtc `c lal dggaltdldrsc `dgg–arta`asscd, g–ceedoclk `kg pkooca ” clmugmdtd lkg- gd tkstd `kc ik`kgc ” mfk oklkrd pdurd clcjctarcd8 dloasmcd, pkr ekzza `c muc tarekl- tdrk k mal`czcaldrk pscmagaocmdekltk.
Dg tkreclk `kggd ecd `csdecld sala `d sattagclkdrk `kggk tdloklzk trd ogc dutarc mfk fa dmmastdta cl quksta eca gdvara.
Okarok Arwkgg (432=-43;2) k ]cealk _kcg; (4323-430=), `c arcoclk jarofksk, mal`usskra vdrck kspkrcklzk `c sdmrcicmca pkrsaldgk, rkdokl`a dg sklsa apprcekltk `kggd iarzd k `kgg–clocustczcd (pdrtkmcpdrala pkr jrkvk pkrca`a dggd  oukrrd mcvcgk spdolagd, `dggd pdrtk `kc rkpujjgcmdlc dldrmfcmc> kltrdejc iurala dltcldzcstc, k prk- mursarc `c rcmfcdec rcprksc k svcguppdtc `d Edrmusk lkg skmal`a `apaoukrrd, qudgk qukgga `kgg–dgckldzcalk `kg saooktta). Cl pagctcmd sc maggamdrala su pasczcalc `c scl c- strd suc oklkrcs, mrctcmfk vkrsa cg edrxcsea. Cg ealcta wkcgcdla `c 4360 rcvagta `d Arwkgg dgg–uedlctâ æ ldturdgekltk cl prkvcscalk `c ul iutura rcpktuta skrca rcsmfca tatdgctdrca8 cg raedlza (pkr muc rkputa cld`dttk ktcmfkttk `cstapcmfk8 utapcd lkod- tcvd, dltcutapcd, ktm.), lal ul pra`atta `c idltdscd dstrdttd lã ul mdtdgaoa `c dr- mfkagaocd starcma-c`kagaocmd, æ g–dvvcsa `c ul uaea mfk skppk jkl vk`krk lkggd pscmfk uedld `kgktkrck k maltrd``cttarck vamdzcalc dggd gumk (pkr guc pdrzcdgk) `kogc kvkltc `c qukgga dggd iclk mfcdedta skmaga jrkvk. Gd idttarcd `kogc dlcedgc `c Arwkgg æ ul–dggkoarcd `c kspgcmctd mal`dlld `kg maeulcsea savcktcma9.