gamomcemloba universali -...

gamomcemloba `universali~

Tbilisi 2014

2

Ivane Javakhishvili Tbilisi State University

Ivane Javakhishvili Institute of History and Ethnology

ISSN 1512-3154

Studies in Modern and Contemporary History

1(14)

Publishing House `UNIVERSAL~

Tbilisi 2014

3

ivane javaxiSvilis saxelobis Tbilisis saxelmwifo

universiteti

ivane javaxiSvilis istoriis da eTnologiis instituti

ISSN 1512-3154

axali da uaxlesi

istoriis sakiTxebi

1(14)


Tbilisi 2014

4

uak (UDC) 94(100) `15/18~ + 94(100) `1918/...~ a-984

saredaqcio kolegia: EDITORIAL BOARD:

irakli gabisonia

zurab gamezardaSvili

gia gelaSvili oTar gogoliSvili

SoTa vadaWkoria

nugzar zosiZe

vasil kaWarava

igor kveselava

vaJa kiknaZe

luiji magaroto

(veneciis universiteti)

voicex materski

(poloneTis mecnierebaTa

akademia)

uCa oqropiriZe

gela saiTiZe

(redaqtoris moadgile)

lela saraliZe

avTandil sonRulaSvili

(redaqtori)

xaTuna qoqraSvili

(pasuxismgebeli mdivani)

avTandil RelaRutaSvili

dodo WumburiZe

(redaqtoris moadgile)

niko javaxiSvili

Irakli Gabisonia

Zurab Gamezardashvili

Gia Gelashvili Otar Gogolishvili Shota Vadachkoria Nugzar Zosidze Vasil Kacharava Igor Kveselava Vazha Kiknadze Luiji Magaroto (Venice University) Wojciech Materski (Academy of Sciences of Poland) Ucha Okropiridze Gela Saitidze (Deputy editor) Lela Saralidze Avtandil Songulashvili (Editor) Khatuna Kokrashvili (Executive secretary) Avtandil Gelagutashvili Dodo Chumburidze (Deputy editor) Niko Javakhishvili

sagamomcemlo sabWo:

irina arabiZe, lela miqiaSvili, Sorena murusiZe, mzia tyavaSvili.

PUBLISHING COUNCIL: Irina Arabidze, Lela Mikiashvili, Shorena Murusidze, Mzia Tkavashvili.

gamomcemloba `universali~, 2014

Tbilisi, 0179, i. WavWavaZis gamz. 19, �: 2 22 36 09, 5(99) 17 22 30

E–mail: [email protected]

S i n a a r s i

Contents

T h e H i s t o r y o f t h e G e o r g i a

daviT javaxiSvili............................................................................ 15

qarTlis mefis ieses ojaxuri garemo da misi

pirdapiri STamomavlebi Davit Javakhishvili The Family Environment of Kartli King Yese and His Straight Descendants

daviT javaxiSvili............................................................................ 25

qarTlis mefis baqaris pirdapiri

STamomavlebi Davit Javakhishvili Bakars, King of Kartli, Straight Descendants

arCil CaCxiani.................................................................................... 31

afxazTa separatistuli moZraobis

saTaveebTan

Archil Chachkhiani At the Beginnings of the Abkhaz Separatist Movement

SoTa vadaWkoria................................................................................ 46

saqarTvelos gasabWoeba da osi separatistebis

brZola Sida qarTlSi gavlenis sferoebis

gasafarToeblad

Shota Vadachkoria Sovietisation of Georgia and the Ossetian Separatists’ Fight For Widening the Spheres of Influence

lela saraliZe................................................................................... 69 saqarTvelos deokupaciisTvis brZolis

istoriidan (1922-1923 ww.)

Lela Saralidze

From the History of Struggle for Georgian Deoccupation (1922 -1923 )

irma gikaSvili .................................................................................. 80

1922 wlis ajanyeba da erTi ucnobi, qarTveli

gmiri qalis istoria (mze-qala)

6

Irma Gikashvili The Rebellion in 1922 and the History of an Unknown Georgian Heroine

gela saiTiZe........................................................................................ 87

`samSoblos siyvaruliT aTamaSebuli...~

(irodion evdoSvilis dabadebis 140 wlis gamo)

Gela Saitidze For the 140th anniversary of Irodion Evdoshvili

jemal gaxokiZe, sofo midelaSvili .......................................... 106 ra gziT viaroT afxazeTisken?!

Jemal Gakhokidze, Sophie Midelashvili Which Way to Go to Abkhazia?!

aleqsandre mosiaSvili.................................................................. 114

Ddisidentizmis mniSvneloba qarTuli erovnul-ganmaTavisuflebeli moZraobisTvis

Aleksandre Mosiashvili Mean of the Disidentizm for the Georgian National-liberation Movement

aleqsandre mosiaSvili.................................................................. 121

saqarTvelos damoukideblobisaken swrafvis Semaferxebeli garemoebebi 1989-1990 wlebSi

Aleksandre Mosiashvili Hindrance to the Circumastences of Georgia Aspiration for Independence in 1989-1990 Years

G e o r g i a a n d t h e W o r l d

Ndodo WumburiZe................................................................................ 127

ruseTis liberal-demokrati aristokratia

saqarTvelosa da kavkasiis Sesaxeb

Dodo Chumburidze Russian Liberal-Democrat Aristocracy about Georgia and the Caucasus

nato sonRulaSvili ........................................................................ 139

qarTul-dasavluri urTierTobebi (1991-1992)

Nato Songulashvili Georgian-Western Relations (1991-1992)

7

Ggiorgi gociriZe ............................................................................... 150

qarTvelebi pirveli msoflio omis frontebze

Giorgi Gotsiridze Georgians in the Fronts of the World War I

uCa oqropiriZe.................................................................................. 159

saqarTvelo-TurqeTis urTierTobis zogierTi

aspeqti Tanamedrove Turqul istoriografiaSi

Ucha Okropiridze Some Aspects of Georgia-Turkey's Relationship with the Modern Turkish Historiography

naTia lacabiZe ................................................................................... 172 italia-azerbaijanis ekonomikuri urTierTobebi

da saqarTvelo postsabWoTa periodSi

Natia Latsabidze Economic Cooperation Between Azerbaijan and Italy in Post-soviet Period and Georgia

giorgi CxikviSvili, daviT tabataZe ......................................... 179

ruseTis sagareo politikis ZiriTadi

mimarTulebebi da qarTuli politikis

paradigmebi

Giorgi Chkhikvishvili, Davit Tabatadze Main Vector of Russian Foreign Policy and Paradigms of Politics of Georgia

T h e H i s t o r y o f t h e C a u c a s u s Николай Джавахишвили ........................................................................ 189 ИЗ ИСТОРИИ ГРУЗИНО-ДАГЕСТАНСКОГО ВОЕННОГО СОТРУДНИЧЕСТВА (На рубеже XVIII-XIX веков)

Nikolai Javakhishvili From The History of Georgian-dagestanian Military Collaboration (The End of The XVIII - The Beginning of The XIX Centuries) M

mzia tyavaSvili ................................................................................. 205

noRaelTa yofa-cxovreba da gadasaxlebebi (XVI-XIX ss.)

Mzia Tkavashvili Noghayans’ Habits and Life and Resettlement (XVI – XIX centuries)

8

T h e H i s t o r y o f t h e W o r l d

mixeil barnovi .................................................................................. 213

aSS-is frontiris regionsa da Soreul dasavleTs

Soris komunikaciis problemis ZiriTadi aspeqtebi

1850-ian wlebSi

Mikheil Barnovi Main Aspect of Communication Problem Between the U.S.’s Frontier and the Far West Settlements in 1850-ies

M i l i t a r y H i s t o r y

arCil CaCxiani.................................................................................... 219

istoriis sabediswero gakveTilebi — `Cven

momakvdinebeli safrTxis winaSe vdgavarT...~

Archil Chachkhiani The Fateful Lessons of the History – `We are Facing the Deadly Threat~

T h e H i s t o r y o f t h e D i p l o m a c y

mariam gabunia .................................................................................... 247

nikifore irbaxi da ori iberiis naTesaobis

sakiTxi qarTul-espanur diplomatiur

molaparakebebSi (1626-1627 ww.)

Mariam Gabunia Niceforo Irbachi and the Issue of Kindship of Both Iberian in the Georgian-Spanish Diplomatic Discussions (1626-1627)

9

P o l i t i c a l P o r t r a i t s

lela miqiaSvili ............................................................................... 257

masalebi afxazeTis ukanaskneli mTavris — mixeil

ServaSiZis pirovnuli da sazogadoebriv-

politikuri portretisaTvis

Lela Mikiashvili Materials for the Personal and Socio-political Portrait of Michael Shervashidze – the Last Ruler of Abkhazia

oTar gogoliSvili .......................................................................... 283

gamoCenili pirovneba da sazogado moRvawe

grigol gurieli

Otar Gogolishvili Grigol Gurieli — the Famous Person and Public Figure

niko javaxiSvili .............................................................................. 288

ucnobi stalini (dakvirvebani mis warmomavlobaze,

garegnobasa da pirovnul xasiTze)

Niko Javakhishvili Unknown Stalin (Observations on his Provenance, Appearance and Personal Character)

Tamar darCia ....................................................................................... 326 Strixebi mixeil gorbaCovis politikuri

biografiidan

Tamar Darchia Traits of Mikhail Gorbachev’s Political Biography

P o l i t i c a l S c i e n c e

igor kveselava................................................................................... 337

saqarTvelo rusul, evropul da amerikul

politikur ganzomilebebSi (meore nawili)

Igor Kveselava Georgia in Russian, European and American Political Dimension

10

avTandil sonRulaSvili............................................................... 352

`civi omis~ anatomia

Avtandil songulashvili Anatomy of the `Cold War~

S o u r c e S t u d y

gia gelaSvili .................................................................................... 364

ramdenime dokumenti britaneTis nacionaluri

arqividan

Gia Gelashvili Some Documents from the British National Archives

vaJa kiknaZe.......................................................................................... 384

dokumentebi saqarTvelos eklesiis istoriisaTvis XIX saukunis pirvel naxevarSi

Vazha Kiknadze The Documents from the History of Georgian Church in the 19th century

xaTuna qoqraSvili ........................................................................... 395

ramdenime dokumenti erovnuli moZraobis

istoriisTvis (1802 wlis politikuri gamosvla kaxeTSi)

Khatuna Kokrashvili Some Documents about the National Movement History (Political Action in Kakheti in 1802)

SoTa vadaWkoria................................................................................ 404

evropuli dapirebebi da sabrZolo vaznebis

gareSe darCenili saqarTvelo (1919—1921 wlebi)

Shota Vadachkoria Promises of Europe and Georgia Left Without Cartridges (1919-1921)

arCil CaCxiani.................................................................................... 413

erTi ucnobi memuari qarTveli iunkrebis Sesaxeb

Archil Chachkhiani An Unknown Memoir about the Georgian Officer-cadets (Junkers) merab kalandaZe................................................................................. 424

profesori kote anTaZe da dasavleT evropis

axali istoriis wyaroTmcodneobis sakiTxebi

11

Merab Kalandadze Professor Kote Antadze and Issues of Source Study of the New History of the Western Europe

T h e E t h n o l o g y

avTandil RelaRutaSvili ............................................................ 436

Rvinis istoria _ realoba da miTologia

Avtandil Gelagutashvili Vine History – Reality and Mythology

E d u c a t i o n a n d C u l t u r e

mzia maisuraZe.................................................................................... 444

saqvelmoqmedo dawesebulebebi da qvelmoqmedTa

kulturul-saganmanaTleblo saqmianoba carizmis

periodis kaxeTSi

Mzia Maisuradze Philanthropy and Charity Agencies, Cultural - educational Activities in the Kakheti Region of the Tsarist Period

T h e L o w

salome pirveli ................................................................................. 456 saqarTveloSi miwis sakuTrebis daregistrirebis

problemebi

Salome Pirveli Registration of Land Ownership In Georgia

12

F r o m t h e H i s t o r y o f t h e L i t e r a t u r e

madona bedinaSvili.......................................................................... 464

mwerlis teqstis ideologiisa da gmiris

xasiaTis polifoniurobisaTvis

Madona Bedinashvili

For the Writer’s Text Ideology and the Character's Polyphony of Nature

P o l i t i c a l P a m p h l e t

badri cxadaZe .................................................................................... 470

politikuri orqelexianoba saqarTveloSi

Badri Tskhadadze Political Dual Funeral Repast in Georgia

C r i t i c i s m a n d B i b l i o g r a p h y

guram yoranaSvili........................................................................... 479

erazm roterdamelis `qeba sisulelisas~

gamocemis Sesaxeb

Guram Koranashvili About the Georgian Translation of “Prise to stupidity” (published in 1993)

uCa oqropiriZe.................................................................................. 492

mniSvnelovani naSromi Tanamedrove qarTuli erovnul-ganmaTavisuflebeli moZraobis Sesaxeb

Ucha Okropiridze Important Works about Contemporary Georgian National – liberation Movement

dodo WumburiZe................................................................................ 503

saistoriografio siaxleni

Dodo Chumburidze Historiography Novelties

13

I n f o r m a t i o n Николай Джавахишвили ....................................................................... 512 МЕЖДУНАРОДНЫЙ МЕДИА ФОРУМ В АСТАНЕ (Личные впечатления грузинского делегата) Nikolai Javakhishvili Interantional Media Forum in Astana

V i e w P o i n t

avTandil RelaRutaSvili ............................................................ 517

aleqsandre batoniSvili da `qarTveli“ Samili

Avtandil Gelagutashvili Prince Aleksandre Bagrationi and “Georgian” Shamil Николай Джавахишвили .................................................................... 522 ЛАТВИЯ, ЛАТЫШИ И ИХ ДОБРЫЕ ДРУЗЬЯ ГРУЗИНЫ В МОЕМ ВИДЕНИИ Nikolai Javakhishvili Latvia, Latvians and theirs Kind Georgian Friends by my Imagination

A n n i v e r s a r y

mamia jijeiSvili ......................................................................... 546

Mamia Jijeishvili

14

krebuli gamodis weliwadSi orjer

krebulis saredaqcio kolegia xelmZRvanelobs kanoniT

presis Sesaxeb. gamoqveynebuli masalebis sizusteze da

Sinaarsze pasuxismgebelia avtori.

redaqciis misamarTi:

ivane javaxiSvilis istoriisa da eTnologiis instituti,

axali da uaxlesi istoriis ganyofileba

Tbilisi, petre meliqiSvilis q. # 10, III sarTuli

telefoni: 2 93 41 37

15

daviT javaxiSvili

istoriis doqtori, iakob go-

gebaSvilis saxelobis Telavis

saxelmwifo universiteti

qarTlis mefis ieses ojaxuri garemo da misi pirdapiri STamomavlebi

XVIII saukunis pirvel mesamedSi, qarTlis samefos jer

or (1714-1716), xolo Semdeg sam (1724-1727) weliwads, anu sa-

erTo jamSi — 5 weliwads ganagebda mefe iese I (1681/6-1727).

igi ganekuTvneboda bagrationTa aTaswlovani samefo dinas-

tiis qarTlis (muxranis) Stos, kerZod, iyo qarTlis mefis va-

xtang V, igive Sah navazis (mefobda 1658-1675 wlebSi) SviliS-

vili da ufliswul levan vaxtangis Ze bagrationis (gardaic-

vala 1709 wels) vaJi — meore qorwinebidan.

qvemoT moTxrobilia mefe ieses ojaxuri garemos, ker-

Zod, mSoblebis, da-Zmis da col-Svilis, aseve, misi pirdapiri

(anu mamrobiTi xaziT) STamomavlobis Sesaxeb, rac bagrati-

onTa samefo dinastiis demografiuli ganviTarebis istori-

is mniSvnelovan sakiTxebs warmoadgens. es problema jerac

ar gamxdara sagangebo kvlevis obieqti. aqve davsZenT, rom

bagrationTa samefo dinastiis erT-erTi, kerZod, kaxeTis

Stos demografiuli ganviTarebis istoria monografiulad

gvaqvs Seswavlili [9].

* * *

ufliswul levan vaxtangis Zis pirveli meuRle — TuTa

qaixosros asuli gurieli 1678 wels Dgardaicvala. daqvrive-

bulma ufliswulma meored iqorwina. 1680 wels man colad

SeirTo TinaTini, asuli qarTlis warCinebuli Tavadisa gio-

rgi avaliSvilisa.

TinaTin avaliSvilma Sva da aRzarda 3 vaJi — ufliswu-

lebi iese, svimon da Teimuraz bagrationebi. imavdroulad,

16

man aRzarda Tavisi gerebi (meuRlis Svilebi pirveli qorwi-

nebidan), qarTlis momavali mefeebi: qaixosro I, vaxtang VI

(romelic sami wlis asakSi daoblda) da momavali kaTolikos-

patriarqi domenti.

aqve unda iTqvas, rom ufliswul levans hyavda mxeval-

Tagan SeZenili Svilebic, kerZod, ufliswulebi konstanti-

ne, adarnase (aTanase), rostomi da xoreSan batoniSvili [3, 6].

ase, rom ieses mravali da-Zma hyavda.

ieses dabadebis TariRi danamdvilebiT dadgenili ar

aris. igi unda dabadebuliyo ara uadres 1681 wlisa (vinai-

dan, rogorc zemoT aRvniSneT, misi mSoblebi 1680 wels da-

qorwindnen, xolo iese maTi ufrosi Svili iyo) da ara ugvia-

nes — 1686 wlisa, rogorc amas mkvlevari manana qiqoZe varau-

dobda [5, 48].

ufliswul vaxuSti bagrationis SefasebiT, iese “iyo

mxne, axoani, haerovani, mowyale, uxvi, maRalTa da mdabalTa

mimcemi, lxin-sixarulTa, Sueba-gancxromaTa moyuare, samRu-

deloTa pativismcemeli... da iyo ese friad miqceul mahmadi-

anobasa zeda da mqcevi maTebr, mdidari da amayi~ [2, 493-493].

1701 wels, sparseTis sataxto qalaq ispahanSi, SahinSah

husein I sefianTan Casulma ufliswulma levanma Tan iaxla

Tavisi vaJi — iese batoniSvili [2, 481], romelic imxanad daax-

loebiT 16-20 wlis Wabuki unda yofiliyo.

1705-1714 wlebSi sparseTis SahinSahs iese batoniSvili

erTgulad emsaxureboda. gamahmadianebis Semdeg iese — ali-

yuli-xanad iwoda. igi monawileobda ajanyebuli avRanelebi-

sa da belujebis winaaRmdeg warmoebul xangrZliv brZolaSi,

romelsac xelmZRvanelobda jer ieses gvirgvinosani biZa —

giorgi XI, xolo misi mokvlis (1709 w.) Semdeg, misi naxevari

Zma, aseve mefe — qaixosro I, romelic 1711 wels daiRupa.

1708 wels husein I-ma aliyuli-xani daadgina qirmanis

mxaris naibad, xolo momdevno wels mas beglar-begoba uboZa.

1711 wels igi sparseTis artileriis ufrosad anu TofCiba-

Sad daniSnes.

1714 wels SahinSahma husein I-ma sefianma sparseTSi dai-

bara ufliswuli vaxtang levanis Ze (1675-1737, momavalSi —

mefe vaxtang VI) da mefobis boZebis sanacvlod mas gamahmadi-

aneba mosTxova. vaxtangi Tavdapirvelad uarze iyo. igi or

17

weliwads yoymanobda. swored am periodidan qarTlSi mefo-

bda vaxtangis gamahmadianebuli Zma — iese I, igive aliyuli-

xani. igi ori (1714-1716) wlis ganmavlobaSi valis anu mefis-

nacvlis rangSi marTavda qarTls, nacvlad sparseTSi myofi

Tavisi naxevarZmisa (mamamisis kanonieri vaJisa) — vaxtangisa.

sagulisxmoa, rom mefe iese kulturul moRvaweobas

eweoda da qristianuli literaturis gavrcelebazec zrunav-

da. misi xelSewyobiT, 1716 wels, TbilisSi, ganaxlebul qar-

Tul stambaSi daibeWda “daviTni~, romlis TavsarTic iuwye-

boda: “daviTni aw, meoTxed dabeWdil qarTul enasa zeda, Jamsa

amaRlebulsa mefisa uflisai iesesi.~ rogorc irkveva, im pe-

riodSi, iesem uaryo islami da kvlav gaqristianda [5, 48-50].

orwliani yoymanis Semdeg, 1716 wels vaxtangma forma-

lurad iwama islami da mefobac miiRo, Tumca samSobloSi

dabruneba man mxolod 1719 wels SeZlo. 1717-1719 wlebSi

qarTls marTavda baqar vaxtangis Ze.

1719 wels sparseTidan dabrunebuli vaxtang VI qar-

TlSi mefobas Seudga. marTalia, Tavdapirvelad, iese eurCe-

boda Tavis ufros Zmas, magram Semdeg Seurigda vaxtangis me-

fobas da bolos misi mxardamWeric gaxda. misi ZalisxmeviT,

qarTlis samefom daibruna qalaqi mcxeTa, romelic droebiT

kaxeTis samefom SeierTa.

madlierma vaxtang VI-m ieses yvela Secodeba didsu-

lovnad miuteva. 1721 wels, mefis brZanebiT, iese qarTlis

msaxurTufrosad dainiSna. imavdroulad, mas mTlianad dau-

brunda CamorTmeuli qoneba, xolo saufliswulo mamulad

muxrani eboZa.

sagulisxmoa, rom 1723 wlis dasawyisSi, rodesac os-

malTa armia qarTlSi SeiWra, xolo Tbilisi kaxeTis mefe

konstantine II-m anu mahmad-yuli-xanma daikava, iese vaxtangi-

sa da baqaris mxardamxar ibrZoda.

1724 wels mefe vaxtang VI iZulebuli gaxda, rom Tavisi

col-SviliT ruseTSi gadaxvewiliyo. qarTlSi myofma osma-

lebma ivnisSi Tbilisic daikaves. Seqmnil urTules viTare-

baSi iesem osmaluri orientaciis dakaveba amjobina da ar-

cTu uSedegod. sunituri islamis miRebis Semdeg, igi musta-

fad iwoda. amis sanacvlod, osmalebma qarTli mustafa-fa-

Sad monaTlul ieses Caabares.

18

ufliswul vaxuStis cnobiT: “iese miiqca sjulsa maTsa

zeda...…da aw yo ese, vinaiTgan iyo xorcTmoyuare. amisTvis mi-

endunen mas urumni~ [2, 507].

mustafa-faSa (anu yofili iese da aliyuli-xani) qar-

TlSi amjerad sami (1724-1727) wlis ganmavlobaSi, gardacva-

lebamde mefobda [4, 200-205].

manana qiqoZis marTebuli SefasebiT, “ieses saboloo

pozicia, misi moRvaweobis bolos erTgvarad gamoikveTa. igi

wminda socialuri suliskveTebiT, feodaluri fsiqikis daZ-

levis uunarobiT Sepyrobili, erTxel mopovebuli da Semdeg

dakarguli qarTlis samefos gamgeblobis uflebebis aRdge-

naze fiqrs Seudga~ [5, 51].

vfiqrobT, sainteresoa, Tu vin hyavda colad ieses, an

vin iyvnen misi STamomavlebi.

cnobilia, rom saqarTvelos erTiani samefos daSlis

(1466 w.) Semdeg, bagrationTa samive samefo saxlis — kaxeTis,

qarTlisa da imereTis warmomadgenlebi, qorwindebodnen Zi-

riTadad qarTvel warCinebulebze [6, 450], Tumca zogjer uc-

xotomelebzec.

bagrationTa qorwinebebs qarTvel da ucxotomel war-

Cinebulebze mivuZRveniT ramdenime statia, romlebic ga-

moqveynda rogorc saqarTveloSi [6-8; 13; 15], aseve sazRva-

rgareTis qveynebSi, kerZod, azerbaijansa [11; 14] da daResta-

nSi [12].

ieses pirveli meuRle iyo mariam vaxuStis asuli yaf-

laniSvili (qvemo qarTlis Tavad orbelianTa erT-erTi sag-

vareulo ganStoeba), romelic manamde colad hyavda Tavad

qaixosro amirejibs. maT SeeZinaT vaJi — giorgi [10, 51].

ieses meore meuRle iyo batoniSvili elene-begumi

(1687-1750), asuli qarTlis (Semdgom — kaxeTis) mefisa erekle

I-isa [2, 494]. maT SeeZinaT eqvsi Svili, maTgan oTxi vaJi da ori

asuli. maT Soris iyvnen batoniSvilebi (CamoTvlilia qrono-

logiuri TanamimdevrobiT): giorgi (igive aliverdi, gur-

gen-begi), ioane (?-1717), nikolozi, daviTi (saistorio wya-

roebSi Cans 1716-1738 wlebSi), anastasia (?-1731/3), mariami

(Cans 1750-1754 wlebSi) da Teimurazi (1720-1788), romelic

mogvianebiT kaTolikos-patriarqi gaxda da cnobilia anton

I-is saxeliT.

19

mefes mxevalTagan SeeZina kidev oTxi Svili, kerZod,

sami vaJi: arCili, igive abdula-begi (saistorio wyaroebSi

Cans 1716-1762 wlebSi), levani, igive husein-begi (saistorio

wyaroebSi Cans 1743-1758 wlebSi), aleqsandre, igive isay-be-

gi (saistorio wyaroebSi Cans 1775/81 wlebSi) da erTi asuli,

romlis saxelic ucnobia [1, nusxa # 4].

qvemoT CamovTvliT iese I-is Svilebs da mimovixilavT

rogorc maT ojaxebs, aseve xsenebuli mefis STamomavlebs

(SviliSvilebs, SvilTaSvilebs da SvilTaSvilis Svilebs)

mxolod pirdapiri anu mamakacTa xaziT.

iese I-is pirvelma Svilma, ufliswulma giorgim (sais-

torio wyaroebSi Cans 1724-1762 wlebSi), colad SeirTo Ta-

mar ciciSvili. maTma erTaderTma vaJma dimitrim (1746-1826)

colad SeirTo mariam dimitris asuli ciciSvili (1767-1808).

maT SeeZinaT ori asuli — elisabedi (?-1863) da anastasia

(1796-1857).

ase, rom qarTlis mefis ieses STamomavloba pirveli

qorwinebidan, pirdapiri anu mamakacTa xaziT Sewyda 1826

wels, rodesac gardaicvala misi SviliSvili dimitri gior-

gis Ze (1746-1826).

iese I-is meore qorwinebidan dabadebuli vaJebi, uf-

liswulebi: ioane (?-1717), nikolozi, daviTi (saistorio

wyaroebSi Cans 1716-1738 wlebSi) da Teimurazi (1720-1788) —

ar daojaxebulan da maT arc memkvidre dautovebiaT.

mariam batoniSvili (Cans 1750-1754 wlebSi) colad ga-

hyva Tavad iese giorgis Ze qsnis erisTavs (gardaicvala 1787

wels).

ase, rom mefe ieses STamomavloba meore qorwinebidan,

pirdapiri anu mamakacTa xaziT Sewyda 1788 wels, rodesac

gardaicvala misi vaJi Teimurazi (1720-1788) — aRmosavleT

saqarTvelos kaTolikos-patriarqi anton I [1, nusxa # 4].

iese I-is vaJs, mxevlisagan dabadebul ufliswul ar-

Cils, igive abdula-begs (1696-1756) colad hyavda qeTevan

batoniSvili (Cans 1742-1752 wlebSi), asuli mefe erekle I-isa.

maT SeeZinaT 5 vaJi: aRasi (?-1765), rostom-mirza (saistorio

wyaroSi Cans 1736-1755 wlebSi), arseni (iese) Tbileli (?-1812),

daviTi (sikvdiliT dasajes 1765 wels), asan-mirza (saisto-

rio wyaroSi Cans 1736 wels) da erTi asuli — mariam-begumi.

20

daviT arCilis Zem colad SeirTo TinaTin elizbaris

asuli TaqTaqiSvili. maT STamomavloba ar darCeniaT.

mariam-begum arCilis asuli colad gaayoles jer Tav-

rizis mflobels azat-xans (gardaicvala 1760 wels), xolo

Semdeg — Tavad revaz papunas Ze andronikaSvils (gardaicva-

la 1772 wels).

iese I-is vaJs, mxevlisagan dabadebul ufliswul aleq-

sandres, igive isay-begs (gardaicvala 1775/81 wlebSi) SeeZi-

na sami vaJi: ioane/ivane (1730-1795), solomoni (Cans 1750

wels), Toma (1743-?) da kirile (1749-1828) da erTi asuli — ana

(1723-1780).

solomon da Toma aleqsandres (isay-begis) ZeTa daoja-

xebis Sesaxeb cnobebi ar SemogvrCa. cnobilia, rom maT STa-

momavloba ar darCeniaT.

ivane aleqsandres (isay-begis) Zes (1730-1795) hyavda sa-

mi vaJi — petre (1765-1812), aleqsandre (1771-1820) da revazi,

igive romani (1778-1834).

gamoCenil mxedarTmTavars petre ivanes Zes (1765-1812)

colad hyavda ekaterine pavles asuli skavronskaia (1783-

1857). maT Svili ar SesZeniaT.

aleqsandre ivanes Zes (1771-1820) hyavda oTxi vaJi: pet-

re (1806-?), nikolozi (1808-?), romani (1808-?), aleqsandre

(1815-?) da erTi asuli — aleqsandra (Cans 1821 wels).

petre aleqsandres Zes (1806-?) colad hyavda elisabed

ivanes asuli nasekina.

revaz, igive roman ivanes Zes (1778-1834) colad hyavda

ana semionis asuli ivanova (1799-1875), romelTanac SeeZina

ori vaJi — petre (1818-1876), ivane (1824-1860) da sami asuli —

ana, elisabedi (1820-1867) da aleqsandra (1829-?).

petre revazis (romanis) Zes (1818-1876) colad hyavda

ana aleqsis asuli martinova (?-1908), romelTanac SeeZina

ori asuli — evgenia (1846-1903) da elisabedi (1846-1868).

ivane revazis (romanis) Zes (1824-1860) SeeZina erTader-

Ti vaJi romani (Cans 1855 wels).

kirile aleqsandres (isay-begis) Zes (1749-1828) colad

hyavda jer varvara aleqsis asuli xovanskaia (1769-1788), xo-

lo Semdeg aleqsandra ivanes asuli golikova (1778-1853).

pirvel meuRlesTan mas SeeZina ori vaJi — aleqsi (1786-1824)

21

da aleqsandre (1778-?), xolo meore meuRlesTan — erTi vaJi

— petre (1811-?) da sami asuli — natalia (1803-1873), ana (1804-

1875) da daria (1809-1831).

aleqsi kiriles Zes (1786-1824) colad hyavda zoia voka-

resku, romelTanac SeeZina ori vaJi — konstantine (1818-

1860), aleqsandre da ori asuli — aleqsandra da elene (Cans

1849 wels).

aleqsandre aleqsis asuls SeeZina erTaderTi asuli —

zoia (1840-1884).

aleqsandre kiriles Zes (1778-?) colad hyavda vera

aleqsandres asuli solnceva (1799-1875), romelTanac SeeZi-

na ori vaJi — petre (1824-?), valeriani (1825-?) da ori asuli —

varvara (1823-?) da sofio (1827-?).

petre aleqsandres Zes (1824-?) hyavda ori vaJi — aleq-

sandre (1862-1920), dimitri (1863-1919) da sami asuli — nina

(1864-1913), elisabedi (1865-1940) da vera (1872-1946).

dimitri petres Zes (1863-1919) hyavda erTaderTi asu-

li — nina.

qarTlis mefis ieses STamomavloba pirdapiri anu mama-

kacTa xaziT Sewyda 1920 wels, rodesac gardaicvala misi

SvilTaSvilis SvilTaSvili — aleqsandre petres Ze bagrati-

oni (1862-1920) [1, nusxa # 4].

amrigad, mefe iese I-s hyavda 8 vaJi. maTgan erTis deda

iyo mariam vaxuSis asuli yaflaniSvili (orbeliani), oTxisa

— dedofali elene-begumi, xolo samisa — mxevlebi.

mefis SviliSvilebi da maT STamomavlebi — ruseTSi Ta-

vad bagrationis gvars atarebdnen.

iese I-is STamomavloba pirdapiri anu mamakacTa xaziT

Sewyda 1920 wels, rodesac gardaicvala misi STamomavali

(meeqvse Taoba) — aleqsandre petres Ze bagrationi (1862-

1920).

22

damowmebuli wyaroebi da literatura:

1. bagrationebi, samecniero da kulturuli memkvidre-

oba, avtorTa koleqtivis samecniero statiebis krebuli ge-

nealogiuri nusxebiTurT, Tbilisi, 2003.

2. vaxuSti batoniSvili, aRwera samefosa saqarTvelo-

sa, wignSi: „qarTlis cxovreba~, teqsti dadgenili yvela Zi-

riTadi xelnaweris mixedviT simon yauxCiSvilis mier, t. IV,

Tbilisi, 1973.

3. giorgi paiWaZe, vaxtang VI, Tbilisi, 1981.

4. saqarTvelos mefeebi, avtorTa koleqtivis naSromi

akademikosebis mariam lorTqifaniZisa da roin metrevelis

redaqciiT, 2000.

5. manana qiqoZe, qarTlis mefe iese aliyuli xan bagra-

tionis moRvaweoba (1686-1727), krebulSi analebi, t. II, 2004.

6. daviT javaxiSvili, qarTvel mefeTa meuRleebi (bag-

rationTa dinastiis kaxeTis Sto), krebulSi axali da uaxle-

si istoriis sakiTxebi, t. IV, 2008.

7. daviT javaxiSvili, eqvsi etiudi bagrationTa kaxe-

Tis Stos warmomadgenelTa qorwinebebis istoriidan (XVII-

XVIII saukuneebi), krebulSi axali da uaxlesi istoriis sakiT-

xebi, t. X, 2011.

8. daviT javaxiSvili, erekle II-is meuRleebi, krebu-

lSi: qarTuli wyaroTmcodneoba, t. XIII—XIV, 2011/2012. 9. daviT javaxiSvili, bagrationTa samefo dinastiis

kaxeTis Stos demografiuli ganviTarebis istoriidan, is-

toriis doqtoris akademiuri xarisxis mosapoveblad warmo-

dgenili sadisertacio naSromi, xelnaweris uflebiT, 2011.

10. Дворянские роды Российской империи, т. III, Князья, под редакцией С. Думина, Москва, 1996.

11. Джавахишвили Д., Из истории династических браков кахетинских Багратионов с представителями мусульманской знати (XVI-XVIII вв.), Сборник трудов Гянджинского государственного уни-верситета `Ученые записки~, Гянджа (Азербайджанская республика), 2010, № 2.

12. Джавахишвили Д., Династические браки между кахетинс-кими Багратионами и представителями кавказской и персидской зна-

23

ти, Общественно-политический и культурно-исторический научный журнал `Ахульго~, Махачкала (Дагестанская республика), 2010, № 12.

13. Джавахишвили Д., Династические браки на службе дипло-матии (на примере кахетинской ветви царской династии Багратионов), материалы международной научной конференции: `Археология, этно-логия, фольклористика Кавказа~ Тбилиси, 27-30. IX. 2010 г., Тбилиси, 2011.

14. Джавахишвили Д., Семья царя Ираклия II, Сборник трудов Гянджинского государственного университета `Ученые записки~, Гян-джа (Азербайджанская республика), 2013, № 1.

15. Джавахишвили Д., Восточногрузинский Царский Дом в период царствования Ираклия II и Георгия XII, Сборник научных трудов отделения новой и новейшей истории Института истории и эт-нологии имени Иванэ Джавахишвили `Вопросы новой и новейшей истории~, 2013, № 13.

24

Davit Javakhishvili

Doctor of History, Jakob Goge-bashvili Telavi State University

The Family Environment of Kartli King Yese

and His Straight Descendants

Summary The essay studies the family environment of King of Kartli (Kartali-

nia) Yese I (1681/6-1727, reigned in 1714-1716 and 1724-1727 years) spe-cifically, his parents, sister and brother, wife and children, also the demographic development of his direct (from the man line) descendants.

Father of Yese was prince Levan, son of King of Kartli (Kartalinia) Vakhtang V, mother – Tinatin, was the daughters of the noble Giorgi Ava-lishvili.

The first wife of Yese was Maryam, the daughter of the noble Vak-hushti Kaplanishvili (Orbeliani). They had son – prince Giorgi.

The second wife of Iese was princess Elene (1687-1750), daughter of the king Erekle I. They had six children: prince Giorgi, prince Yoane (?-1717), prince Nikoloz, prince Davit (appears in the historical sources in 1716-1738 years), princess Anastasia (?-1731/3), princess Maryam (appears in 1750-1754 years) and prince Teimuraz (1720-1788), who later became Catholicos-Patriarch of East Georgia and was famous with the name of Anton I.

The king had four children from unofficial wives: prince Ar-chil (appears in 1716-1762 years), Levan (appears in 1743-1758 years), prince Alexandre (appears in 1775/81 years) and one daughter (the name is unknown).

Thus, Yese I had 11 sons – 8 sons and 3 daughters. Yese I posterity with the direct line was stopped in 1920, when

his descendant (the sixth generation) – prince Alexandre Bagrationi (1862-1920) died.

25

daviT javaxiSvili

istoriis doqtori, iakob go-

gebaSvilis saxelobis Telavis

saxelmwifo universiteti

qarTlis mefis baqaris pirdapiri

STamomavlebi

XVIII saukunis pirvel meoTxedSi qarTlis samefos TiT-

qmis sam weliwads, kerZod, 1717-1719 wlebSi ganagebda baqar

vaxtangis Ze bagrationi (1700-1750), igive mefe baqari [2, 496].

baqari ganekuTvneboda bagrationTa aTaswlovani same-

fo dinastiis qarTlis Stos. kerZod, is iyo SvilTaSvili

qarTlis mefisa vaxtang V-isa (Sah navazisa) da Svili mefe vax-

tang VI-isa [4], da rusudan dedoflisa, yabardos mTavris

asulisa [9, 45-46].

baqaris mama — vaxtang levanis Ze, anu igive vaxtang VI

TerTmeti wlis ganmavlobaSi janiSinis anu mefisnacvlis

rangSi marTavda qarTls, kerZod, 1703-1709 wlebSi — nacvlad

sparseTSi myofi Tavisi biZisa (mamis Zmisa), mefe giorgi XI-

isa (daiRupa 1709 wels), 1709-1711 wlebSi — nacvlad sparseT-

Si myofi Tavisi Zmisa, mefe qaixosrosi (daiRupa 1711 wels),

xolo 1711-1714 wlebSi — sparseTis SahinSahis mier mefed

damtkicebis molodinSi. 1712 wels SahinSahma husein I-ma se-

fianma vaxtangi sparseTSi daibara da mefobis boZebis sanac-

vlod mas gamahmadianeba mosTxova.

1712-1714 wlebSi qarTls gamgeblis rangSi marTavda

vaxtang VI-is umcrosi Zma — svimoni [2, 491]. 1714-1716 wlebSi

qarTlSi mefobda vaxtang VI-is aseve umcrosi Zma — iese I, ro-

melsac gamahmadianebis Semdeg — ali yuli xani uwodes.

orwliani yoymanis Semdeg, 1716 wels vaxtangma forma-

lurad iwama islami da mefobac miiRo, Tumca samSobloSi

dabruneba man mxolod 1719 wels SeZlo.

1717-1719 wlebSi qarTls mefis rangSi ganagebda baqar

I, romelsac gamahmadianebis Semdeg — Sah navaz xani uwodes.

ufliswuli vaxuSti vaxtangis Ze bagrationi (1696-

1756) Tavisi ufrosi Zmis mefobis Sesaxeb mogviTxrobs: “vina-

26

iTgan hgonebda mefe vaxtang warsvlasa xorasans, amisTvis

hkadra yeensa, raTa misces mefoba qarTlisa Zesa Tvissa ba-

qars. usmina da mosca da miaqcies rjulsa maTsa mxolod sit-

yviTa da ara saqmiTaca~ [2, 496].

qvemoT moTxrobilia mefe baqaris qorwinebis, col-

Svilisa da pirdapiri (anu mamrobiTi xaziT) STamomavlobis

Sesaxeb, rac bagrationTa samefo dinastiis demografiuli

ganviTarebis istoriis mniSvnelovan sakiTxebs warmoadgens.

es problema jerac ar gamxdara sagangebo kvlevis obieqti.

aqve davsZenT, rom bagrationTa samefo dinastiis kaxe-

Tis Stos demografiuli ganviTarebis istoria monografiu-

lad SeviswavleT Cvens sadoqtoro disertaciaSi [8].

* * *

saqarTvelos erTiani samefos daSlis (1466 w.) Semdeg,

bagrationTa samive samefo saxlis — kaxeTis, qarTlisa da

imereTis warmomadgenlebi, qorwindebodnen ZiriTadad

qarTvel warCinebulebze [5, 450], Tumca zogjer ucxotome-

lebzec.

bagrationTa qorwinebebs qarTvel da ucxotomel war-

Cinebulebze mivuZRveniT ramdenime statia, romlebic ga-

moqveynda rogorc saqarTveloSi [5-7], aseve sazRvargareTis

qveynebSi, kerZod, azerbaijansa [11] da daRestanSi [12].

mefe vaxtang VI-s rusudan dedofalTan SeeZina oTxi

Svili, maTgan sami vaJi da erTi asuli. maT Soris iyvnen bato-

niSvilebi (CamoTvlilia qronologiuri TanamimdevrobiT):

rostomi (1695-1698); Tamari (1696-1746); ana (1698-1746); baqari

(1700-1750) da giorgi (1712-1786) [1, nusxa # 4].

mefes mxevalTagan SeeZina kidev ori vaJi, ufliswule-

bi vaxuSti (1696-1756), paata (1720-1765) da erTi asuli — mari-

ami (TuTa) (1699-1746) [3, 75].

ase, rom baqars hyavda eqvsi da-Zma, kerZod, 4 - Zma da 3-

da.

1724 wlisaTvis qarTlSi Seqmnili umZimesi samxedro-

politikuri viTarebis gamo, gvirgvinosani mama-Svili — vax-

tang VI da baqar I iZulebulni gaxdnen, rom samSoblo daeto-

vebinaT da colSvilisa da mravalricxovani amalis Tanxle-

biT ruseTSi gadaxvewiliyvnen. xsenebul mefeTa da maTi Zme-

27

bis STamomavlebi — ruseTSi atarebdnen Tavad gruzinskis

gvars [10, 46].

zemoT ukve aRvniSneT, rom vaxtang VI-is vaJi pirveli

qorwinebidan — ufliswuli baqari — mamis sparseTSi yofnis

(1717-1719 wlebi) periodSi ganagebda qarTls. ruseTSi was-

vlis Semdeg is gaxda saimperio armiis artileriis general-

poruCiki da umaRlesi saxelmwifo jildos, wm. mociqul an-

dria pirvelwodebulis ordenis kavaleri.

qvemoT CamovTvliT baqar I-is Svilebs da mimovixilavT

rogorc maT ojaxebs, aseve xsenebuli mefis STamomavlebs

(SviliSvilebs, SvilTaSvilebs da SvilTaSvilis Svilebs)

mxolod pirdapiri anu mamakacTa xaziT. aqve CamovTvliT ba-

qaris STamomaval im mandilosnebsac, romlebic gruzinskis

gvars atarebdnen.

baqars colad hyavda ana erisTavi (1706-1780), asuli gi-

orgi aragvis erisTavisa [13, 263]. maT SeeZinaT 2 vaJi: aleqsa-

ndre (1726-1791), levani (1728-1763) da 3 asuli: elisabedi (?-

1768), mariami (?-1807) da kidev erTi asuli, romlis saxelic

ucnobia. M aleqsandre baqaris Zes (1726-1791) colad hyavda

grafinia daria aleqsandres asuli menSikova (gardaicvala

1817 wels). maT SeeZinaT 3 vaJi: giorgi (1762-1832), aleqsandre

(1763-1823) da ioane (gardaicvala bavSvobaSi), aseve 2 asuli:

ana (1760-1842) da daria (?-1796).

giorgi aleqsandres Zes (1762-1832) colad hyavda var-

vara petres asuli baxmetieva. maT SeeZinaT vaJi — ioane, ro-

melic bavSvobaSi gardaicvala da asuli — ana (1798-1889). maT

garda, giorgis hyavda 2 arakanonieri vaJic, romlebic umem-

kvidreod gadaegnen.

aleqsandre aleqsandres Ze (1763-1823) — umemkvidreod

gadaego.

levan baqaris Zes (1728-1763) colad hyavda aleqsan-

dra iakobis asuli sibirskaia (1728-1793). maT SeeZinaT 4 vaJi:

iakobi (1757-1835), levani (1764-1800), dimitri, aleqsandre da

6 asuli: ana (1753-1812), marTa, daria, maria, sofio da anasta-

sia.

iakob levanis Zes (1757-1835) colad hyavda vera petres

asuli urusova (1765-1835). maT SeeZinaT 6 vaJi: nikolozi

(1783-1861), petre (1785-1812), dimitri, iakobi (1793-1866), ser-

28

gei (1795-1880) da aleqsandre (1802-1828) da 2 asuli: aleqsan-

dra (1787-1853) da vera (1801-1860).

nikoloz iakobis Zes (1783-1861) hyavda sami vaJi: ivane

(1831-1898), konstantine (gardaicvala 1884), petre (1840-1892)

da erTi asuli — aleqsandra (?-1888).

iakob iakobis Zes (1793-1866) hyavda vaJi — ivane.

levan levanis Zes (1764-1800) colad hyavda praskovia

evgrafis asuli tatiSCeva (1767-1841). maT SeeZinaT 2 vaJi: da-

viTi, evgrafi (1788-1794) da 4 asuli: sofio (?-1862), ekateri-

ne, mariami (?-1791), olRa (1800-1850).

qarTlis mefis STamomavloba pirdapiri anu mamakacTa

xaziT Sewyda 1898 wels, rodesac gardaicvala ufliswul ba-

qaris SvilTaSvilis Svili — ivane nikolozis Ze gruzinski

(1831-1898) [1, nusxa # 4].

amrigad, qarTlis mefe baqar I-s (1700-1750) colad hya-

vda ana erisTavi (1706-1780), asuli giorgi aragvis erisTavi-

sa. maT SeeZinaT 2 vaJi: aleqsandre (1726-1791) da levani (1728-

1763).

mefis SviliSvilebi da maTi STamomavlebi ruseTSi Ta-

vad gruzinskis gvars atarebdnen.

mefe baqaris STamomavloba pirdapiri anu mamakacTa

xaziT Sewyda 1898 wels, rodesac gardaicvala misi SvilTaS-

vilis SviliSvili (meoTxe Taoba baqaridan) — ivane nikolo-

zis Ze gruzinski (1831-1898).


1. bagrationebi, samecniero da kulturuli memkvidre-

oba, avtorTa koleqtivis samecniero statiebis krebuli ge-

nealogiuri nusxebiTurT, Tbilisi, 2003.

2. vaxuSti batoniSvili, aRwera samefosa saqarTvelo-

sa, wgn.: „qarTlis cxovreba~, teqsti dadgenili yvela Ziri-

Tadi xelnaweris mixedviT simon yauxCiSvilis mier, t. IV,

Tbilisi, 1973.

3. roin metreveli, niko jadugiSvili, mkvidri umkvid-

ro Seviqen, Tbilisi, 2007.

29

4. giorgi paiWaZe, vaxtang VI, Tbilisi, 1981.

5. daviT javaxiSvili, qarTvel mefeTa meuRleebi (bag-

rationTa dinastiis kaxeTis Sto), krebuli “axali da uaxle-

si istoriis sakiTxebi~, t. IV, Tbilisi, 2008.

6. daviT javaxiSvili, eqvsi etiudi bagrationTa kaxe-

Tis Stos warmomadgenelTa qorwinebebis istoriidan (XVII-

XVIII saukuneebi), krebuli axali da uaxlesi istoriis sakiT-

xebi, t. X, Tbilisi, 2011.

7. daviT javaxiSvili, erekle II-is meuRleebi, krebuli

qarTuli wyaroTmcodneoba, t. XIII—XIV, Tbilisi 2011/2012.

8. daviT javaxiSvili, bagrationTa samefo dinastiis

kaxeTis Stos demografiuli ganviTarebis istoriidan, is-

toriis doqtoris akademiuri xarisxis mosapoveblad warmo-

dgenili sadisertacio naSromi, xelnaweris uflebiT, 2011.

9. niko javaxiSvili, narkvevebi qarTveli da adiReli

xalxebis urTierTobis istoriidan, Tbilisi, 2005.

10. Дворянские роды Российской империи, т. III, Князья, под редакцией С. Думина, Москва, 1996.

11. Д. Джавахишвили, Из истории династических браков кахетинских Багратионов с представителями мусульманской знати (XVI-XVIII вв.). Сборник трудов Гянджинского государственного уни-верситета `Ученые записки.~№ 2. Гянджа (2010).

12. Д. Джавахишвили, Династические браки между кахетинскими Багратионами и представителями кавказской и пер-сидской знати, Общественно-политический и культурно-исторический научный журнал `Ахульго~, № 12, Махачкала, 2010.

13. С. Думин, Гребельский П., Дворянские роды Российской империи, т. IV, Князья Царства Грузинского, под редакцией С. Думина и Ю.Чиковани, Москва, 1998.

30

Davit Javakhishvili

Doctor of History, Jakob Goge-bashvili Telavi State University

Bakars, King of Kartli, Straight Descendants

Summary

The work consecutively narrates about King of Kartalinia/Kartli

(Central part of Georgia) – Bakar the I’s (1700-1750) straight descendents. King Bakar the I reigning in 1717-1719.

King Bakars wife was Queen Anna (1706-1780), daughter of prince George Eristavi of Aragvi.

King Bakar the I and Queen Anna had a 5 children: 1) prince Alexander/Alexandre (1726-1791); 2) prince Leon/Levan (1728-1763); 3) princess Elisabeth/Elisabed (?-1768); 4) princess Maria/Maryam (?-1807); 5) princess (name is unknown). King Bakar the I posterity with the direct line was stopped in 1898,

when died his descendant (the fourth generation) – prince Ivan Nikolaevich Gruzinsky/Bagrationi (1831-1898).

31

arCil CaCxiani

istoriis doqtori, polkovniki, daviT aRma-

Seneblis saxelobis saqarTvelos erovnuli

Tavdacvis akademiis sameTauro-saStabo ko-

lejis omebisa da samxedro xelovnebis, Tav-

dacvisa da usafrTxoebis, omis Teoriisa da

bunebis kursis ufrosi instruqtori

afxazTa separatistuli moZraobis

saTaveebTan

1917 wlis Tebervlis revoluciam da mefis damxobam

mZlavri biZgi misca yofili imperiis teritoriebze revo-

luciuri aqtivobis zrdas. sul male am movlenebma arakon-

trolirebadi jaWvuri reaqciis saxe miiRo da misma eqom

CrdiloeT kavkasiamdec moaRwia. imperiis daSlas kavkasiis

damonebuli xalxebi erovnuli damoukideblobis mopovebis

ideiT Sexvdnen, saerTo qaosma ki xeli Seuwyo Crdilo-kavka-

sieli xalxebis `revoluciuri~ da erovnul-ganmanTavisuf-

lebeli moZraobis aRmavlobas. ase Camoyalibda `kavkasiis

mTielTa gaerTianebuli kavSiri~, romelic vladikavkazSi,

1917 wlis maisSi Seiqmna mTielTa I yrilobaze. am organizaci-

aSi unda momxdariyo revoluciuri masebis energiis akumu-

lireba, romlis mizansac imperiis wnexisagan dasxltoma da

sakuTari saxelmwifoebriobis misaRebi formebis Zieba war-

moadgenda. am `kavSirs~ xelmZRvanelobdnen CeCeni t. Cermoe-

vi, yumuxi r. kaplanovi, yabardoeli p. kocevi, inguSi b. jaba-

gievi da sxvebi [1, 134].

msgavsi scenariT ganviTarda `revoluciuri~ procese-

bi afxazeTSic, quTaisis guberniis soxumis olqSi. magram

CrdiloeT kavkasiisagan gansxvavebiT, soxumis olqSi mimdi-

nare procesebma mkveTrad gansazRvruli nacionalisturi,

antiqarTuli da separatistuli elferi miiRo. aq Cabude-

bulma bolSevikebma da afsua separatistebma moxerxebulad

isargebles leninuri `erTa TviTgamorkvevis~ deklarirebu-

li principebiT da afxazeTis saqarTvelodan mowyvetis po-

litikaze aiRes kursi. afxazTa separatistul moZraobas

`axali afxazebi~, afxazuri e.w. `saxalxo inteligenciis~ war-

32

momadgenlebi Caudgnen saTaveSi: simon basaria, simon aSxaca-

va, vasil agrba da sxva. zustad aRniSnavs profesori zurab

papasqiri, rom `axal situacias momzadebuli Sexvdnen anti-

qarTulad ganwyobili afxazuri `saxalxo inteligenciis~

liderebi... afxazeTSi ruseTis imperiuli reJimis mier aTe-

uli wlebis manZilze gatarebulma Tanmimdevrulma antiqar-

Tulma propagandam realuri nayofi ukve 1905-1907 ww. revo-

luciis periodSi gamoiRo, rodesac odesRac ruseTisa da

yovelive rusulis moZule afxazobam, romelTa didi nawili

Tavis Crdilo-kavkasiel muslim TanamoZmeebTan erTad TiT-

qmis 70 wlis ganmavlobaSi `saRvTo oms~ eweoda ruseTis xe-

lisuflebis winaaRmdeg, diametralurad Seicvala orienta-

cia da imperiis yvelaze loialur da erTgul xalxad iqca~

[2, 3].

rogorc ityvian, imperiulma principma ~Devide et Impera~

Sesabamisad imuSava da Tavisi Sxamiani nayofic gamoiRo. mu-

hajirobis procesis dasrulebisa da afxazi xalxis sruli

damorCilebis Semdeg, afxazebs `damnaSave xalxis~ statusi

moexsnaT da imperiis mxridan maTze dawolac Semcirda. daw-

yebuli XIX saukunis bolodan ki, kavkasiaSi yvelaze urC, re-

voluciuri ideebiT STagonebul da imperiisaTvis saSiS xal-

xad ukve qarTvelebi iqcnen. imperiam CaTvala, rom 1905-1907

wlebis revolucia da masSi qarTveli revolucionerebis di-

di roli da adgili, amis sruli dasturi iyo. imperiis usaf-

rTxoebisaTvis, imperiaSi mcxovreb xalxebTan damokidebu-

lebaSi saWiro iyo strategiuli veqtorebis mimarTulebis

Secvla da kavkasiaSi ZalTa Semdgomi dabalanseba. saWiro

iyo qarTvelTa revoluciuri suliskveTebis Caqroba, xolo

saqarTvelos teritoriaze macxovrebel xalxebsa da dias-

porebSi prorusuli ganwyobebis gazrda. pirvel rigSi ki, am

xalxebis cnobierebaSi antiqarTuli ganwyobebis muxti unda

Seqmniliyo. xalxebs Soris siZulvilis naperwklis Semdgomi

gaRviveba ki, imperiisaTvis Zalian martiv amocanas warmoad-

genda. amis gamocdileba da meTodebi imperias ukve kargad

hqonda damuSavebuli. qarTvelTagan momavali `revoluciu-

ri safrTxis~ neitralizebisa da politikuri situaciis sta-

bilizaciisaTvis saWiro iyo dapirispirebis ideologiuri-

dan sul sxva, erovnebaTaSorisi dapirispirebis WrilSi ga-

33

datana, Tumca igi mainc garkveuli ideologiuri saburve-

liT unda SeniRbuliyo. da es amocana warmatebiT iqna gadaW-

rili. imperiis mier aseT xelsayrel xalxebad saqarTveloSi

mcxovrebi erovnuli umciresobebi da diasporebi, osebi da

afxazebi iqcnen, gansakuTrebiT — es ukanasknelni [3, 61].

ukve 1917 wlisaTvis swored zemoT xsenebuli rusofi-

li `axali afxazebi~ aRmoCndnen axali `revoluciuri qariS-

xlis~ avangardSi da saswrafod Seudgnen yofili imperiisa-

gan marTuli antisaxelmwifoebrivi da antiqarTuli poli-

tikis ganxorcielebas. yvelaferi es ki, erTa TviTgamorkve-

vis principebiTa da demokratiis SirmiT unda SeniRbuliyo.

ruseTis droebiTi mTavrobis adgilobriv (afxazeTis) orga-

nos — sazogadoebrivi usafrTxoebis droebiT komitets (Se-

iqmna 1917 wlis 10 marts) swored rusofili `axali afxazebi~

da `saxalxo inteligenciis~ warmomadgenlebi Caudgnen saTa-

veSi. am organos xelmZRvaneli qarTvelTmoZule afxazi Ta-

vadi aleqsandre SarvaSiZe gaxda [2, 4]. sazogadoebrivi usaf-

rTxoebis droebiTi komitetis SemadgenlobaSi Sevidnen: Ta-

vadi joto SarvaSiZe, varlam lakerbaia, Tavadi arzayan emux-

vari, Tavadi vladimer emuxvari da andria WoWua. amasTan,

WoWuas aryofnis SemTxvevaSi mas mixeil caguria Secvlida

[4, 14]. soxumis olqis miliciis ufrosad Tavadi tataS marSa-

nia iqna arCeuli, qalaq soxumis Tavad ki, cnobili social-

demokrati da Zveli revolucioneri — beniamin (benia) Cxik-

viSvili. sayuradReboa, rom zemoT xsenebuli komitetis Se-

madgenloba soxumis olqis mxolod afxazuri mosaxleobis

Sekrebaze iqna miRebuli. am sakiTxSi afxazeTSi mcxovrebi

sxva erovnebebis interesebi ignorirebul iqna. amitom ga-

daWriT unda iTqvas, rom es e.w. `sazogadoebrivi usafrTxoe-

bis droebiTi komiteti~ xelisuflebis aralegitimur orga-

nos warmoadgenda da igi araviTar SemTxvevaSi ar gamoxatav-

da soxumis olqis mTeli mosaxleobis interesebs.

erTob sainteresoa am komitetis Tavmjdomaris, Tavad

aleqsandre SarvaSiZis, oldenburgis princis piradi megob-

ris pirovneba, misi kredo da ideologiur-politikuri po-

ziciebi, misi cvalebadi xasiaTi da zogadad, misi winaaRmde-

gobebiT aRsavse persona. aleqsandre SarvaSiZis dasaxasia-

Teblad erTi ucnobi avtoris saintereso memuars moviyvanT,

34

romelmac `megobris~ (Друг) fsevdonimiT gamoaqveyna igi. me-

muaridan Cans, rom igi qarTvelia, erovnul-demokratiuli

partiis wevri. kargadaa garkveuli imdroindel afxazeTSi

mimdinare politikur, samxedro da socialur procesebSi.

ufro metic, igi am movlenebis uSualo TviTmxilveli da mo-

nawilecaa. pirvelad es memuari germaniaSi daibeWda 1931

wels, qarTveli emigrantebis mier gamocemul gazeTSi `TeT-

ri giorgi~ [5, 80].

maS ase — `megobari~:

~...me Zalian kargad vicnobdi aleqsandre SarvaSiZes.

igi Zalian umecari da maxinjad aRzrdili kaci iyo: arc af-

xazi, arc rusi, arc qarTveli. da amave dros Tavis Tavs ra-

Racad warmoidgenda, magram araferi ar gamosdioda, imitom

rom TviTonac ar icoda, ra undoda, ras eswrafvoda... aleq-

sandre SarvaSiZe mcirediT kmayofildeboda da usagno sia-

mayiT iyo gaberili, raRacad miaCnda Tavi. da qarTvelebmac

Caagdes kacad, soxumis qalaqis Tavad airCies. magram ara-

fers ar akeTebda, arc cuds, arc kargs. imitom rom codna ar

gaaCnda, arafris keTebis survilic ar hqonda. igi rusofili

iyo, imdenad, ramdenadac 1905 wlis revolucias, da saerTod

revolucias, socializms da misTanebs, qarTvelebis monago-

nad da maT mierve mowyobilad Tvlida...

1917 wels man gadawyvita disputi gaemarTa baton mixe-

il wereTelTan. batoni wereTeli SeekiTxa Tu ra undoda

mas, da ra undodaT saerTod afxazebs, ebrZanebinaT misTvis.

es ki aqeT-iqiT mied-moedo da bolos gaaxsenda TiTqos, so-

xumSi meCeTi minda aSendeso! batonma wereTelma upasuxa: `ki

batono, neba Tqvenia, aaSeneT, vin dagiSalaT!~ aseTma pasuxma

sruliad daabnia SarvaSiZe da SemdgomSi sul iZaxda Tu ram-

denad kargi kaci iyo es wereTeli. Tumca aseTebs xom ara-

fers ar ekiTxebian da mas ra unda gaekeTebina!

erTi sityviT, am adamians undoda eTamaSa raRac roli,

rac bevr Cvengansac uyvars. Tundac iseTis, romelsac igi

TamaSobda rusebis dros. magram man ar icoda, rogor mieRwia

amisaTvis. igi aqeT-iqiT mied-moedeboda da didi ziani mou-

tana afxazeTsac da saqarTvelosac. mas mcire raodenobiT

mxardamWerebi hyavda, sul ori-sami kaci, magram mainc moa-

35

xerxa Tavisi cudi roli eTamaSa afxazur-qarTul urTier-

TobebSi~ [6, 80].

sazogadoebrivi usafrTxoebis soxumis komitetma in-

teresi CrdiloeT kavkasiisa da `kavkasiis mTielTa gaerTia-

nebul kavSirTan~ mimarTebaSi Tavidanve gamoiCina. da es arc

iyo gasakviri. 1917 wlis agvistoSi afxazuri delegacia mo-

nawileobda maikopTan, aul xa-kurinoxablSi gamarTul mTi-

elTa SexvedraSi, sadac ganixileboda `yubanis olqis mTiel-

Ta damokidebuleba afxaz xalxTan mimarTebaSi.~amave wlis

oqtomberSi ki, afxazuri delegaciis (aleqsandre SarvaSiZe,

tataS marSania, simon basaria, simon aSxacava, vasil agrba da

sxva) monawileobiT msgavsi Sexvedra ukve vladikavkazSi gai-

marTa, sadac Seiqmna e.w. `kazakTa jarebis, kavkasiel mTiel-

Ta da stepis Tavisufal xalxTa samxreT-aRmosavleTis kav-

Siri~ [7]. jer dasaxeleba rad Rirs... afxazi xalxis warmomad-

genlad am `kavSirSi~ simon aSxacava dainiSna.

gaugebari da erTob bundovani iyo am e.w. `samxreT-aR-

mosavleTis kavSiris~ — organizaciisa Tu saxelmwifoebrivi

warmonaqmnis saxelmwifoebrivi mowyobis forma, misi samxed-

ro-politikuri miznebi da amocanebi. da epoqis moTxovnebis

Sesabamisad, `kavSiris~ erT-erT mTavar amocanad `revolu-

ciis monapovrebis~ dacvis sababiT kargad SeniRbuli separa-

tistuli idea daedo safuZvlad.

ai am e.w. `kavSiris~ Semadgenloba, miznebi da amocanebi,

romelic 1917 wlis 20 oqtombris SeTanxmebaSi iyo warmodge-

nili:

Мы нижепоименованные Казачьи войска, Горские народы Кавказа и Вольные народы степей, заключаем между собой союз с целью способствовать установлению наилучшего государственного строя, внешней безопасности и порядка в государстве Российском, а также обеспечить членам союза их неприкосновенность, поддержать внутреннее спокойствие, поднять общее благосостояние и тем закрепить завоеванные революцией благодеяния свободы.

`kavSiris~ Semadgenloba ki aseTi unda yofiliyo:

I Состав союза: Ст.1. Союз составляют казачьи войска: войско Донское, войско

Кубанское, войско Терское и войско Астраханское, примкнувший к

36

войску Астраханскому Калмыцкий народ и объединенные в особый союз Горцев Кавказа следующие горские и степные народы:

а) Все народы Дагестана (аварцы, даргинцы, лаки, они же кази кумыки, коринцы, кумыки, табасаранцы и иные) и Закатальского округа (лезгинцы).

б) Все терские народы Кубанского края (карачаевцы, абазинцы, черкесы, ногайцы и иные);

в) Горский народ Сухумского округа (Абхазцы); 2) Степные народы Терского края (ногайцы и караногайцы) и

ставропольской губернии (ногайцы и туркмены). Ст.2. Территорию членов союза составляют земли, а

принадлежащие названным в статье 1-й казачьим войскам, горцам Кавказа и Вольным народам степей…[8]

diax, I statiis в) punqtis mixedviT am `samxreT-aRmo-

savleTis kavSirs~ `Seadgenda~ `soxumis olqis mTieli xalxi

(afxazebi)~, da ara soxumis olqi da misi mTeli mosaxleoba.

miT umetes, aq saerTod araa saubari mTlianad afxazeTze da

iq macxovrebel xalxebze. anu, `kavSirs~, dokumentis mixed-

viT, Seadgenda soxumis olqis mTieli mosaxleoba, mxolod

afxazebi da ara olqSi macxovrebeli sxva xalxebi. TavisTa-

vad cxadia, es nabiji erTi muWa separatistebis merkantilur

interesebze dafuZnebuli TviTneburi gadawyvetileba iyo

da igi araviTar SemTxvevaSi ar gamoxatavda ara Tu soxumis

olqis mTeli mosaxleobis, aramed soxumis olqis TviT afxa-

zi mosaxleobis interesebsac ki. soxumis olqis mTiel afxa-

zebTan mimarTebaSi, aseTi strategiulad mniSvnelovani ga-

dawyvetilebis miRebisaTvis maT arc Sesabamisi rwmunebebi

gaaCndaT da arc Sesabamisi ndobis mandatiT iyvnen aRWurvi-

lebi. da Tu imasac gaviTvaliswinebT, rom afxazuri eTnosi

mTeli afxazeTis mosaxleobis Zalian mcire nawils warmoad-

genda, xolo sakuTriv afxazebiT ZiriTadSi gudauTis mTiani

zona iyo dasaxlebuli, maSin gasagebi xdeba am xelovnuri po-

litikur-separatistuli insinuaciebis mTeli siyalbe da

aralegitimuroba.

axla ki mcire statistika.

cnobili qarTveli mecnieris, afxazeTis problemati-

kaze momuSave mkvlevaris, profesor jemal gamaxarias mixed-

37

viT, 1914 wlis monacemebiT afxazeTis mosaxleoba Seadgenda

181382 kacs. aqedan qarTvelebi Seadgendnen umetesobas —

70114 kacs (38,5%), mTielebi da afxazebi — 45705-s, (25%), sxva-

dasxva aziuri xalxi — 20196 (11,1%), rusebi — 18097-s, (9,9%),

sxva evropuli xalxebi — 13784-s (7,6%), somxebi — 13038-s

(7,5%), ebraelebi — 448-s (0,3%) [9, 113].

cnobili rusi mecnieri, istoriis mecnierebaTa doq-

tori, ruseTis mecnierebaTa akademiis eTnologiisa da an-

Tropologiis institutis erovnebaTaSoriso urTierTobe-

bis Semswavleli centris wamyvani mecnier-TanamSromeli, va-

Singtonis vudro vilsonis saxelobis samecniero centrTan

arsebuli rusuli kvlevebis qenanis institutis miwveuli

profesori, svetlana Cervonnaia Tavis naSromSi `Абхазия – 1992: Посткомунистическая вандея~, aRniSnavs:

`1918 wlisaTvis afxazeTis mosaxleobis erovnuli Se-

madgenloba Semdegi iyo: qarTvelebi — 42,1%, afxazebi —

21,4%, rusebi — 11,7%, berZnebi — 11,7%, somxebi — 10,2%, sxva

erovnebebi — 2,9%.[7] samson fircxalavas mixedviT ki, uSua-

lod qalaq soxumSi im droisaTvis 40000 kaci cxovrobda, sa-

dac absolutur umravlesobas qarTvelebi warmoadgendnen,

rusebi — 15000, xolo somxebi — 5500.[10]

`samxreT-aRmosavleTis kavSiris~ winaSe mdgari amoca-

nebis Sesaxeb afxazi mwerali, afxazTa saxalxo sabWos wevri,

samson Wanba, `mTielTa kavSiris~ beWdur organoSi `Горская жизнь~, 1917 wlis 14 noembris nomerSi gamoqveynebul werilSi

`Союз горцев и права нации~, werda:

`Удар великой революции мигом уничтожил тиски под которыми задыхались десятки лет свободные сыни Кавказа и распались цепи и преграды изолировавшие столько лет горские племена...

Задачи Союза велики. Его цель – защита свободы и революции, защита прав свободного самоопределения народов. А потому Союз Объединенных Горских племен не есть нечто замкнутое в сфере только своего быта, своей национальной нити, он широко открывает свои двери всем, кому дорога защита свободы, защита прав национальностей...

38

Каждой национальности должно быть предоставлено свободное развитие внутри государства, обеспеченное соответвствующими правовыми нормами и государственными учреждениями. Это ее естественное право. При этом, условии для каждой национальности явится возможность выяснить свою оригинальность, самобытность и культуру, и перекрещивать их с теми же качествами других национальностей, что, естественно, создает отношение между ними, что нормальное свободное развитие каждой, не разъединяет их, а, наоборот, роднит их одним в крепости и незыблемости, его залог исполнения наших чаяний~ [11, 15-16].

rogorc vxedavT, samson Wanba `diadi revoluciis~

damsaxurebad kavkasiis damonebuli tomebis izolaciidan

gamosvlas Tvlida, xolo kavSiris miznad Tavisuflebis, re-

voluciisa da xalxTa Tavisufali TviTgamorkvevis uflebis

dacva miaCnda.

aRniSnul sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT isic unda aRiniS-

nos, rom am e.w. `samxreT-aRmosavleTis kavSirSi~ arsebul wi-

naaRmdegobebze, rac ar unda gasakviri iyos, Tavidanve miu-

TiTebda misi Seqmnis erT-erTi iniciatori, CeCeni aslanbek

Serifovi. faqtia, rom Seqmnidan sul mcire xanSi, kavSiris

Seqmnas igi politikur avantiurad miiCnevda. `mudmivi eko-

nomikuri mtrebis am arabunebrivma kavSirma, — werda aslan-

bekovi, — mravali ubedureba moutana mTielebs~ [12, 164].

marTali iyo aslanbek Serifovi, sruliad axalgazrda

CeCeni revolucioneri Tavis SefasebebSi. diax, es gaugebari

e.w. `samxreT-aRmosavleTis kavSiri~ raRac droebiTi samxed-

ro-politikuri Tu samxedro-teritoriuli gaerTianebis

Sekowiwebis mcdelobas warmoadgenda, romlis Seqmnis ideac

Tebervlis revoluciis zvirTebma moitanes doni-yubanis

auzsa da CrdiloeT kavkasiis mTiswineTSi.

galelebma ar miiRes e.w. `samxreT-aRmosavleTis kav-

SirSi~ Sesvlis idea da mxari saqarTvelosTan erTianobis

ideas dauWires. isini imiTac ki daimuqrnen, rom gamoeyo-

fodnen afxazeTs da ase Sevidodnen saqarTvelos Semadgen-

lobaSi. am faqts iseTi odiozuri pirovnebac ki ver uaryofs

Tavis memuarSi, rogoric mixeil tarnavaa, afxazTa saxalxo

sabWos erT-erTi wevri. Tavis memuarSi igi wers — `magram es

39

ar moxda, radgan mTielTa saxelmwifosTan gaerTianeba ar

iyo myari...~ [13, 194-212].

Cvenis mxriv davamatebT, rom mTielTa am e.w. `saxelmwi-

fosTan~ afxazeTis gaerTianeba ara Tu myari ar iyo, saxel-

mwifoebrivi da teritoriuli erTianobis TvalsazrisiT,

igi ubralod arc arsebobda. aq saubari mxolod da mxolod

garkveuli socialur-kulturuli da politikuri urTier-

Tobebis damyarebis survils exeboda da ara raime tipis sa-

xelmwifoebrivi warmonaqmnis Seqmnas, esaa da es, meti arafe-

ri. TavisTavad cxadia, am survilis xorcSesxmac, saerTo

jamSi, ver moxerxda.

1917 wlis 4 dekembers gamocemul iqna `mTielTa kavSi-

ris~ droebiTi mTavrobis №1 dekreti, sadac ewera:

1. mTielTa kavSiris droebiTi mTavrobis saxelmwifo-

ebrivi xelisufleba srulad vrceldeba daRestanis olqze,

xasav-iurtis, groznos, vedenos, nazranis, vladikavkazisa da

nalCikis okrugebze, Tergis olqis yaranoRais okrugze, ase-

ve stavropolis guberniis noRaur da Turqmanul terito-

riebze.

2. zaqaTalisa da soxumis olqebTan dakavSirebiT mTi-

elTa droebiT mTavrobas gaaCnia socialur-kulturuli da

politikuri xasiaTis xelisufleba. mTielTa mTavrobis sa-

xelmwifoebrivi xelisuflebis srulad gavrcelebis sakiTxi

am okrugebze wardgenil iqnas gansaxilvelad zaqaTalisa da

soxumis saxalxo sabWoebze.

Tavmjdomaris moadgile — r. kaplanovi.

iusticiis uwyebis mmarTveli — b. dalgati [14].

rogorc vxedavT, am `samxreT-aRmosavlur kavSirs~ da

mis `mTavrobas~ afxazeTTan mimarTebaSi ar hqonda da verc

eqneboda xelisuflebis gavrcelebisa da saxelmwifoebriv-

teritoriuli kuTvnilebis pretenziebi. es dResaviT naTe-

lia. aqve aRvniSnavT, rom dasmuli sakiTxis gansazRvra da am

e.w. `dekretis~ me-2 statiis moTxovna, anu, `mTielTa mTavro-

bis saxelmwifoebrivi xelisuflebis srulad gavrcelebis

sakiTxi~, afxazTa saxalxo sabWos dRis wesrigSi arc aras-

dros ar damdgara.

40

Rrma kvleva da analitikuri wiaRsvlebi ar sWirdeba

imis dadgenasac, rom es `kavSiri~ araformalur organos

warmoadgenda da ara realur samarTlebriv subieqts. misi

dasaxelebidanve Cans, rom am efemeruli kavSiris Seqmnis

idea, idead unda darCeniliyo, radgan am mkvdradSobil kav-

Sirs Seqmnis araviTari saerTo safuZvlebi da wanamZRvrebi

ar gaaCnda — arc istoriuli, arc teritoriuli, arc eTniku-

ri, arc socialuri, arc religiuri, arc ekonomikuri da arc

geografiuli. Dda albaT amitomac sul male, Tavad Serifovi,

`samxreT-aRmosavleTis kavSiris~ Seqmnis erT-erTi inicia-

tori da damfuZnebeli, dajerebul bolSevikad, orjoniki-

Zisa da kirovis erTgul xelqveiTad, TanamebrZolad da wi-

Tel meTaurad iqca.

rogorc mosalodneli iyo, am mkvdradSobili organi-

zaciis arsebobis istoriac erTob xanmokle aRmoCnda — sul

ramdenime Tve. `1918 wlis dasawyisisaTvis `samxreT-aRmosav-

leTis kavSiris~ gaZlierebisaTvis zrunva zedmetic ki iyo,

imdenad, ramdenadac kavSirma faqtiurad arseboba Sewyvita,

radganac igi xalxebis gareSe arsebuli mTavrobebis kavSi-

rad iqca~[15] — samarTlianad aRniSnavs rusi avtori, m. v. lo-

monosovis saxelobis moskovis saxelmwifo universitetis

profesori, andrei zaicevi Tavis sadoqtoro naSromSi `Региональный политический процесс в условиях гражданской войны 1917-1922 гг. (На материалах Дона и Кубано-Черноморья).~

istoria xSirad meordeba... da meordeba sazareli gar-

duvalobiT. XX saukunis 90-iani wlebis dasawyisSi, aRwerili

ambebidan zustad 73 wlis Semdeg, msgavsi movlenebi ganvi-

Tarda igive CrdiloeT kavkasiaSi. sabWoTa kavSirSi mimdina-

re dezintegraciuli procesebis paralelurad, 1990 wlis 4

noembers, rusuli specsamsaxurebis CareviTa da mxardaWe-

riT, CrdiloeT kavkasiaSi, nalCikSi gamarTul damfuZnebel

yrilobaze iqmneba gasamxedroebuli politikuri organiza-

cia, e.w. `kavkasiis mTiel xalxTa konfederacia~ (Конфедера-ция горских народов Кавказа). yrilobaze gamocxadda, rom es

organizacia 1917 wlis nimuSis `mTiel xalxTa respublikis~

samarTalmemkvidres warmoadgenda. masSi ruseTis federaci-

idan Sevidnen sabWoTa avtonomiuri respublikebisa da ol-

qebis (adiRea, yabardo-balyareTi, yaraCai-CerqezeTi, Crdi-

41

loeT oseTi, daRestani, CeCneTi) prorusuli elementebi da

kleptokratia. saqarTvelodan ki, damkvirveblis statusiT

— samxreT oseTis sabWoTa socialisturi avtonomiuri ol-

qisa da afxazeTis sabWoTa socialisturi avtonomiuri res-

publikis separatistulad ganwyobili aseve prorusuli

elementebi da kleptokratia.

rusuli specsamsaxurebis mier mxardaWerili konfe-

deraciis Seqmnis mizans, iseve rogorc 1917 wels, saqarTve-

loSi sabWoTa imperiis winaaRmdeg 80-iani wlebis bolos az-

virTebuli erovnul-ganmanTavisuflebeli moZraobisa da

antiimperiuli gamosvlebis neitralizeba warmoadgenda af-

xazeTis sabWoTa socialisturi avtonomiuri respublikis

afxazur mosaxleobaSi antiqarTuli da separatistuli mux-

tis gaZlierebis gziT. imperia kidev erTxel Seecada qar-

TvelTa erovnul-ganmanTavisuflebeli moZraobisaTvis

erovnebaTaSorisi SuRli daepirispirebina.

1991 wlis 1-2 noembers soxumSi gamarTul konfedera-

ciis yrilobaze Tormeti xalxis warmomadgenlebma xeli mo-

aweres xelSekrulebas konfederaciuli kavSiris Camoyali-

bebaze. miRebul iqna gadawyvetileba Seqmniliyo garkveuli

saxelmwifoebrivi da administraciuli marTvis organoebi.

unda Seqmniliyo e.w. kavkasiis parlamenti, Tavdacvis komi-

teti da sxva militaristuli struqturebi. qalaqi soxumi

ki, konfederaciis Stab-binad dadginda. am TviTgamocxade-

buli samxedro-politikuri organizaciis e.w. `preziden-

tad~ yabardoeli musa Sanibovi iqna arCeuli, profesiiT iu-

risti sabWoTa funqcioneri, e.w. `parlamentis Tavmjdoma-

red~ — kriminaluri warsulis mqone iusuf soslanbekovi,

SemdgomSi CeCneTis respublikis Tavdacvis ministri. xolo

sabWoTa armiis gadamdgari polkovniki, yabardoeli sulTan

sosnalievi — konfederaciis samxedro ganyofilebis ufro-

sad, SemdgomSi afxazeTis SeiaraRebuli Zalebis e.w. `genera-

luri Stabis ufrosi~ da e.w. `samxedro ministri.~

sul male, 1992 wlis oqtomberSi am winaaRmdegobebiT

aRsavse TviTgamocxadebuli organizaciis gavlenis areali

farTovdeba da mas saxeli ecvleba. dasaxelebidan amoRebul

iqna sityva `mTiel~ da organizacias ewoda `kavkasiis xalxTa

konfederacia.~konfederaciam da misma daqiravebulma e.w.

42

`moxaliseebma~ mniSvnelovani roli iTamaSes afxazuri sepa-

ratizmis gaRvivebasa da qarTul-afxazuri xelovnuri dapi-

rispirebis eskalaciaSi. xolo 1992-1993 wlebSi afxazeTis

teritoriaze mimdinare ruseT-saqarTvelos morig omSi gan-

xorcielebul qarTvelTa eTnikur wmendaSi mniSvnelovani

swored am konfederaciis daqiravebul e.w. `moxaliseTa~ ro-

li iyo. faqtobrivad da iuridiulad dadasturebuli es WeS-

mariteba aRiarebul iqna adamianTa uflebebis dacvis sxva-

dasxva saerTaSoriso organizaciebis mier.[16], [17], [18]


1. Лакоба Станислав, К ВОПРОСУ О КАВКАЗСКОЙ КОНФЕ-ДЕРАЦИИ. Союз объединенных горцев Северного Кавказа и Дагеста-на (1917-1918 гг.), Горская республика (1918-1920 гг.). Документы и материалы. Махачкала, 1994. http://fatiha. ru/fatih/ konfederac.htm.

2. zurab papasqiri, narkvevebi Tanamedrove afxazeTis

istoriuli warsulidan, eqvTime TayaiSvilis saxelobis sa-

qarTvelos saistorio sazogadoebis afxazeTis organiza-

cia. ivane javaxiSvilis saxelobis Tsu soxumis filialis ga-

momcemloba, nakveTi II. 1917-1993. Tbilisi, 2007.

3. arCil CaCxiani, ruseT-saqarTvelos samxedro-poli-

tikuri urTierTobebi da sabrZolo moqmedebebi afxazeTis

regionsa da SavizRvispireTSi (1918-1920 wlebi), saqarTve-

los SeiaraRebuli Zalebis generaluri Stabis lojistikis

sardlobis topografiuli sammarTvelos stamba, Tbilisi,

2014.

4. Протокол. Совещания представителей абхазского населения Сухумского округа. 10 марта 1917 года. Абгосмузей, подл. Ф. 3, оп. 1., д. 39, лл. 17-18, Абхазия – документы и материалы (1917-1921г.г.), Су-хуми - 2009. http://apsnyteka.org/file/ Abkhazja– dokumenty–i– materialy –1917–1921.pdf.

5. `Кавказский Акцент~, 2000, №3,4,5, Абхазия – документы и материалы (1917-1921), Сухуми - 2009. http://apsnyteka.org/file/ Abkhazja– dokumenty–i– materialy –1917– 1921.pdf

43

6. Друг, Начало отчуждения: Абхазия. 1917-1920 г. г., Абхазия – документы и материалы (1917-1921), Сухуми, 2009. http://-apsnyteka.org/file/ Abkhazja– dokumenty –i– materialy –1917–1921.pdf.

7. Светлана Червонная, Абхазия – 1992: Посткомунистическая вандея, Москва, 1993. http://www.conflicts.rem33.com/ images/abkhazia/ Czerwon na.htm.

8. Из союзного договора Юго-Восточного Союза казачьих войск, горцев Кавказа и вольных народов степей 20 октября, 1917 г. ЦГАА, ф. И-39, оп.1, Д.2, л.З. http://abkhazeti.info/history/ 20050-617224534872448.php.

9. Леван Тоидзе, К вопросу о политическом статусе Абхазии. (Страницы истории 1921-1931). Джемал Гамахария, Из истории грузино-абхазских взаимоотношений, Тбилиси, 1991, с. 113 (на груз. яз.). http://www.georgianweb.com/history/rus/abkhazia.html#30.

10. С. Пирцхалава, Забытый край - о положении в Абхазии, Газета Сахалхо Пурцели, 1915, 25 октября, http://abkhazeti. info/ history/200506164938 90032439.php.

11. Самсон Чанба, Союз горцев и права нации, Газета `Горская жизнь,~ 1917, 14 ноября. Абхазия – документы и материалы (1917-1921), Сухуми - 2009. http://apsnyteka.org/file/ Abkhazja– dokumenty–i– materialy –1917–1921.pdf.

12. Е. Эшба, Асланбек Шерипов, http://abkhazeti.info/history/ 20050617224534872448. php.

13. Михаил Тарнава, Воспоминания о революционном движении в Абхазии за 1917-1921 годы, Фрагменты. Действительный съезд Абхазских крестьянских депутатов. Журнал `Литературная Абхазия.~ Сухуми, 1991. №1. Абхазия – документы и материалы (1917-1921г.г.) Сухуми - 2009. http://apsnyteka.org/file/ Abkhazja– dokumenty–i– materialy –1917–1921.pdf.

14. Декрет №1 Временного правительства союза горцев, 4 декабря 1917. ЦГАА, ф. И-39, оп.1, д.2, л.5. http://abkhazeti. info/ history/2005061739234906 1106.php.

15. Зайцев Андрей Алексеевич, Региональный политический процесс в условиях гражданской войны 1917-1922 гг. (На материалах дона и кубано-черноморья). Автореферат. Диссертации на соискание ученой степени доктора исторических наук. Ведущая организация: Московский государственный университет им. М. В. Ломоносова.

44

Москва – 2009, http://oldvak.ed. gov.ru/ common/img/uploaded/ files/ vak/ announcements/istorich/2009/07-09/ Zaytsev A.A.doc.

16. Human Rights Watch report, Georgia/Abkhazia: Violations of the laws of war and Russia’s role in the confjict, March 1995. http://www.-hrw.org/reports/pdfs/g/georgia /georgia 953.pdf.

17. Chervonnaia, Svetlana Mikhailovna, Conflict in the Caucasus: Georgia, Abkhazia and the Russian Shadow, Gothic Image Publications, 1994. http://www.hrw.org/reports/pdfs/g/ georgia/ georgia 953. pdf.

18. U.S. State Department, Country Reports on Human Rights Practices for 1993, February 1994. http://www.hrw.org/reports/pdfs/g/ge-orgia/georgia953.pdf.

Archil Chachkhiani

Doctor of History, Colonel, Senior Instruc-tor on the Course of the War History and Military Art, Defense and Security, the The-ory and Nature of War, at the CGSC of the David Agmashenebeli Georgian National Defense Academy

At the Beginnings of the Abkhaz Separatist Movement

Summary

The February Revolution of Russia and overthrowing of Russian

monarchy gave the strong stimulus to revolutionary acivities all over the territories of the former empire. Those developments proceeded very fast, like a chain reaction out of control and it echoed in the Caucasia as well.

The nations of Caucasia met the disintegration of the Empire with the ideas and expectations of obtaining national indepenedance. The `revolutionary~ processes took place in the Transcaucasia, particularily, in Sokhumi district of Kutaisi gubernia. But it should be noted that the revolutionary processes in Abkhazia turned to be sheerly nationalistic and anti-Georgian in character.The Bolsheviks and Apsua-separatists embedded there aptly made use of the principles of `national self-determination~

45

declared by Lenin and immediately choose separating Abkhazia from Georgia their strategic direction.

This article shows the development of Apsua-separatism in Abkhazia in 1917, its ties with the so-called `South-East Union of the Kazak armies, Caucasian highlanders and free nations of steppes.~The parallels are drawn between those developments and the activities of the so-called `Confederation of Mountain Peoples of the Caucasus~ in the 90-ies of the last century and supported by Russian special servicies.

46

SoTa vadaWkoria

istoriis mecnierebaTa doqtori, ivane

javaxiSvilis saxelobis Tbilisis sa-

xelmwifo universiteti, ivane javaxiS-

vilis istoriisa da eTnologiis insti-

tutis axali da uaxlesi mTavari mecni-

er-TanamSromeli

saqarTvelos gasabWoeba da osi separatistebis brZola Sida qarTlSi gavlenis sferoebis

gasafarToeblad

saqarTvelos ZaldatanebiTi gziT gasabWoebam da xe-

lisuflebis umaRles organod revkomis gamocxadebam, os

separatistebs TavianTi gegmis mesame safexuris ganxorcie-

lebis realuri Sansi gauCina. mxedvelobaSi maqvs: a)Sida qar-

Tlis CrdiloeTi nawilis da misi momijnave mazrebis garkve-

uli teritoriis mitacebis warmatebuli mcdeloba, b)qar-

Tuli mosaxleobis gamodevnis xarjze, osebis gansaxlebis

arealis gafarToeba. qarTveli eris sawinaaRmdegod mimar-

Tuli am mavnebluri Canafiqris Sesrulebis SesaZleblobas,

saqarTvelos revkomis 1921 wlis 12 martis dadgenileba iZ-

leoda. Sida qarTlSi, sadac wminda osuri mosaxleoba cxov-

robda, am dokumentis mixedviT `samxreT oseTis~ revkomi un-

da Seqmniliyo. TbilisSi mokalaTebuli qarTveli renegati

bolSevikebisagan gacemuli nebarTvis safuZvelze, osma se-

paratistebmac ar daayovna da Sida qarTlSi `samxreT ose-

Tis~ revkomis Seqmna xelmeored gamoacxada. imave revkomis

mier 1921 wlis 26 marts miRebuli #1 brZanebis mixedviT,

`samxreT oseTis~ revkomis uflebamosileba, mTiani Sida

qarTlis— maT mier moazrebul, magram jer kidev samarTleb-

rivad ararsebul e.w. `samxreT oseTis mTel teritoriaze~

gaavrcela. metic, goris mazris CrdiloeT nawilSi Semavali

raionebi, Temebi, soflebi da dawesebulebebi `samxreT ose-

Tis~ revkoms TviTneburad dauqvemdebara [1, 75-76].

ramdenadac `samxreT oseTis~ revkomis moqmedebis

sazRvrebi im etapze oficialurad mkacrad ar iyo Semo-

fargluli. es faqti: 1) Sida qarTlSi Seqmnili qarTuli

47

da osuri revkomebis urTierTdapirispirebis realur sa-

fuZvels qmnida; 2) osi separatistebis revkoms, Sida qar-

TlSi moqmedebisa da uflebebis survilisamebr ganvrco-

bis farTo SesaZleblobas aZlevda. miTumetes, saqarTve-

loSi sabWoTa xelisuflebis damyarebidan 15 dRis Semdeg,

`samxreT oseTis~ niRbiT Sida qarTlis mTian zonaSi for-

malurad sabWoTa xelisuflebis xelmeored `gamarjve-

bis~ gamocxadebas qonda adgili. am faqtiT, Sida qarTlis

CrdiloeTi nawili, saqarTvelosgan xelovnurad iqna ga-

ucxoebuli. dokumenturi masaliT dasturdeba, rom `sam-

xreT oseTis~ revkomi, qarTvelTa sazianod Seqmnil arse-

bul politikur realobas maqsimalurad iyenebda. am

TvalsazrisiT, isini Seudarebelni iyvnen. maSindeli sa-

qarTvelos xelisuflebis antiqarTuli politikuri kur-

sis erT-erT gamovlinebas, `samxreT oseTis~ revkomis

cxinvalSi TviTneburad ganTavsebaze da osuri revkomis

mier cxinvalis rezidenciad gamocxadebaze reagirebis

argakeTeba warmoadgenda. momxdari faqtiT, osurma rev-

koma SesaniSnavad isargebla da cxinvalis `qarTul rev-

koms~ mmarTvelobis uflebebi waarTva. Zalismieri meTo-

dis gamoyenebiT, cxinvalis garSemo arsebuli 26 qarTuli

soflis mosaxleobis `samarTlebrivad~ gavlenis sfero-

Si moqcevas Seecada.

am mimarTulebiT, osuri revkomebis TviTnebobis ga-

movlenis erT— erT dadasturebas, sofel saTixaris Temis

revkomis Tavmjdomaris oficialuri gancxadeba warmoad-

gens: `saTixaris Temis revkomi emorCileba samxreT oseTis

revkoms da ara sxvas~. am faqtTan dakavSirebiT, Sinagan saq-

meTa saxalxo komisariatisadmi goris mazris revkomis Tav-

mjdomaris mier 1921 wlis ivlisSi gagzavnil SekiTxvaze — ra

zomebi mieRo saTixaris revkomis TviTnebobasTan mimarTeba-

Si, Sinagan saqmeTa saxalxo komisariati pasuxobda: 1) sof.

saTixari, Warebi, snekvi da xelCua, tyviavis raionis mereTis

Temis SemadgenlobaSi Sedis da masze goris mazris revkomis

xelisufleba vrceldeba; 2) saTixaris Temis revkomis Tav-

mjdomaris gancxadeba kanonier safuZvels moklebulad un-

da CaiTvalos; 3) Tuki saTixaris Temis revkomi goris mazris

revkomTan mimarTebaSi urCobas gaagrZelebda, misi xel-

48

mZRvaneloba `sarevolucio drois kanonebis mixedviT~ dais-

jeboda. samwuxarod, Sinagan saqmeTa saxalxo komisariatis

aRniSnuli dapirebis Sesruleba dokumenturi masaliT ar

dasturdeba. amis TvalsaCino magaliTs goris mazris revko-

mis Tavmjdomaris da imave mazris sasursaTo komisaris mier

Sinagan saqmeTa saxalxo komisariatisadmi 1921 wlis 28 seq-

tembers gagzavnili werili warmoadgens. am dokumentis mi-

xedviT, `samxreT oseTis~ centraluri xelisufleba da sa-

Tixaris Temis revkomis Tavmjdomare urCobas isev agrZe-

lebda, saxelmwifos Sesabamisi uwyebis mier gamoyofil komi-

sias mosaxleobisagan naturaluri gadasaxadis amoRebis uf-

lebas ar aZlevda. aRniSnuli faqtidan gamomdinare, Sinagan

saqmeTa saxalxo komisariatis winaSe, igive dokumenti urCi

moxeleebis ukangawvevisa da dasjis meqanizmis amoqmedebis

aucileblobas kategoriuli formiT moiTxovda. am werilSi

motanil faqtTan mimarTebaSi, centralur xelisuflebas

mkacri reagireba ar gaukeTebia. saarqivo masaliT mxolod

is irkveva, rom Sida qarTlSi arsebuli urTulesi situaciis

Seswavlis mizniT, Sinagan saqmeTa saxalxo komisariatma mxo-

lod sagangebo komisia Seqmna. igi ramdenime qve komisiad da-

iyo da Sida qarTlSi sxvadasxva mimarTulebiT daigzavna. am

SemTxvevaSi, Cveni yuradReba erT-erTi qvekomisiis Tav-

mjdomaris SveliZis moxsenebam miiqcia. `samxreT oseTis~

revkomis mier cxinvalsa da mis garSemo mimdebare qarTul

soflebSi Seqmnili mZime situaciis aRweris fonze, masSi

konkretulad iyo dasmuli kiTxva: `vin aris im teritoriis

gamgebeli, romelic cxinvalisa da osebiT dasaxlebuli te-

ritoriis Sua imyofeba? vin aris gamgebeli im qarTuli sof-

lebisa, romlebic osur soflebTan imyofebian, an osuri

soflebisa, romlis irgvliv qarTuli soflebia? am kiTxve-

bis gadauWreloba — wers SveliZe — dids ubedurebas iwvevs

da isedac gaborotebul xalxs aRizianebs. TviT cxinvalSi...

aris erTgvari gaugebroba da mcxovreblebma ar ician vis

xelSia sofeli. soflebi: vanaTi, beloTi, sacxeneTi, awris-

xevi da sxva, qarTvelebiT aris dasaxlebuli. cxinvalis rai-

onis qarTulma revkomma am soflebSi revkomis wevrebad qar-

Tvelebi gagzavna, magram, osebis revkomma isini gadaayena da

maT magier osebi daniSna. amas Sedegad xalxis aRSfoTeba mo-

49

hyva da bevrma oseTis revkomis qveS darCenas gadasaxleba am-

jobina.~ es vrceli amonaweri, qarTul soflebze osuri rev-

komebis mxridan Zalmomreobis gziT Zalauflebis gavrcele-

bis mcdelobas, usamarTlobis damkvidrebas da am danaSau-

lebriv faqtebTan mimarTebaSi qveynis Sinagan saqmeTa saxal-

xo komisariatis ususurobas erTxel kidev adasturebs.

ramdenadac, cxinvalis raionSi osebis TviTnebobis

dausjeloba, ukanonoba da ganukiTxaoba zeimobda, osi se-

paratistebi arsebul situacias SesaniSnavad iyenebda da

imisdamixedviT moqmedebda, rasac maTi erovnuli intere-

sebi moiTxovda — kerZod: a) ararsebuli `samxreT oseTis~

sazRvrebSi moazrebul Sida qarTlis teritoriaze Zala-

uflebis gavrcelebis daCqareba da misi aneqsiis aucileb-

loba; b) momxdari faqtiT momavalSi `samxreT oseTis~ sa-

marTlebrivad dakanonebis saWiroebisaTvis Sesabamisi

fundamentis momzadeba. am mimarTulebiT osebis partiu-

li elitis mxridan gaweuli praqtikuli saqmianoba safe-

xurebrivad mimdinareobda. mxedvelobaSi maqvs, osuri mi-

liciis ganyofilebebis qarTul soflebSi unebarTvod

Seqmna. am sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT, goris mazris politikuri

biuros mier saqarTvelos Sromis saxalxo komisariatisadmi

1921 wlis 28 ivniss gagzavnil werilSi xazgasmiT iyo miTiTe-

buli. `samxreT oseTis revkomma — vkiTxulobT dokumentSi —

Tavisi milicia Seqmna oqonaSi da mejvrisxevSi. es raionebi

goris mazras ekuTvnis da goris samazro miliciaa gaxsnili.

amJamad ori miliciaa. isini erTmaneTis muSaobas aferxeben.

mosaxleobaSi es faqti qmnis antagonizms osebsa da qarTve-

lebs Soris. saswrafod miiReT zomebi erT-erTi romelime

miliciis salikvidaciod.~ marTalia, es dokumenti zemoaR-

niSnul soflebSi osuri miliciis ganyofilebebs ukanonod

gaxsnilad acxadebda, magram konkretulad misi gauqmebis sa-

kiTxs ar ayenebda. Serbilebuli formiT, qarTulsa da osur

milicias Soris arCevanis gakeTebis uflebas Sromis saxalxo

komisariats aZlevda. arada, goris mazraSi Seqmnili umZime-

si situaciidan gamomdinare, yovelgvari saxis ukanonobis

dauyovneblivi aRmofxvra principuli da kategoriuli

formiT unda yofiliyo am werilSi dasmuli. Tuki ase ar ga-

keTda, es iyo danaSauli, radgan osebis revkomTan da milici-

50

asTan mimarTebaSi samTavrobo struqturebis nebismieri

kompromisi, os separatistebs aqtiuri moqmedebisaTvis ki-

dev ufro ganawyobda. saarqivo masalebis Seswavlidan irkve-

va, rom osuri revkomebisa da osuri miliciis mxridan zemo-

aRniSnuli gadametebuli TviTnebobis msgavs faqtebs qonda

adgili Casavlis, rexulis, xurvaleTisa da sxva sasoflo Te-

mebSi. saarqivo dokumentebiT dasturdeba, rom Casavlis sa-

zogadoebis (raWis mazra) Tavmjdomarem, aRniSnuli sazoga-

doeba, jer kidev oficialurad ararsebuli `samxreT ose-

Tis~ Semadgenel nawilad gamoacxada, xolo `samxreT oseTis~

mesame raionis miliciis ufrosma qoqoevma, sofel rexulis,

monastris da qsanis mosaxleoba iZulebiT osuri miliciis

uflebebs dauqvemdebara. am faqtTan dakavSirebiT, goris

mazris komisarma miliciis mTavar sammarTvelos 1921 wlis 8

agvistos TxovniT mimarTa aRniSnul soflebSi `samxreT ose-

Tis revkomis gankargulebiT ukanonod aRmocenebuli osuri

miliciis ganyofilebebis~ dauyovneblivi gauqmebisa da sa-

Tanado zomebis miRebis Sesaxeb. osuri miliciis ganyofile-

bebi TviTneburad iqna Seqmnili cxinvalze miweril 9 qar-

Tul sofelSiac (vanaTi, beloTi, awrisxevi, sacxeneTi, xoSu-

ra, xadurianTkari, dvani, zemo avnevi da qvemo avnevi). aRniS-

nul faqtTan dakavSirebiT, imave goris mazris revkomma, mi-

liciis mTavar sammarTvelos analogiuri Sinaarsis werili

gaugzavna. Sinagan saqmeTa saxalxo komisariatis fondis

Sesabamisi saqmeebis safuZvlianad Seswavlis miuxedavad,

jerjerobiT ar aRmoCnda iseTi dokumenti, romelic go-

ris mazris revkomis zemoaRniSnul moTxovnebs srulad

daakmayofilebda, osuri revkomebisa da osuri miliciis

ganyofilebebis TviTnebobas alagmavda, maT xelmZRvanel

pirebsa da xelqveiT personals kanonis Sesabamisad pasu-

xisgebaSi miscemda. arada, imave sabWoTa xelisuflebis

mier miRebuli dekretebis mixedviT, saqarTvelos revko-

mi qveynis umaRles sakanonmdeblo, ganmkargulebel da ma-

kontrolebel organod iTvleboda. xolo nebismieri sa-

raiono revkomis Seqmna Sinagan saqmeTa saxalxo komisari-

atis prerogativas warmoadgenda. amis damadastureblad,

`saqarTvelos sabWoTa socialisturi respublikis revo-

luciuri komitetis xelisuflebis organizaciis Sesaxeb~

51

1921 wlis aprilSi miRebuli dekreti #27 gamodgeba. masSi

garkveviTaa naTqvami: `1)revoluciuri komiteti aris sa-

qarTvelos socialisturi sabWoTa respublikis uzenaesi

sakanonmdeblo, ganmkargulebeli da kontrolis organo.

SeniSvna: saraiono revkomi arsdeba Sinagan saqmeTa saxal-

xo komisariatis cnobiT iq, sadac adgilobriv da sxva ga-

remoebis gamo aris amis saWiroeba~ [2, 9].

`samxreT oseTis~ revkomi, ramdenadac oficialu-

rad saqarTvelos revkomis mier iyo daarsebuli da samar-

Tlebrivad mis qvemdebare organos warmoadgenda, saqar-

Tvelos revkomsa da Sinagan saqmeTa saxalxo komisariats

zemoaRniSnul faqtebTan mimarTebaSi umkacresi RonisZi-

ebis gatarebis sruli ufleba gaaCnda. samwuxarod, am mi-

marTulebiT maTi mxridan drouli praqtikuli nabiji ar

gadadgmula.

osuri revkomebisa da osuri miliciis ganyofilebebis

zRvargadacilebul qmedebebs, Sida qarTlis qarTuli sof-

lebis mosaxleoba aprotestebda da saqarTvelos xelisuf-

lebisagan damnaSaveebis dauyovnebliv dasjas moiTxovda. sa-

qarTvelos mTavrobis kancelariaSi qarTuli soflebis mo-

saxleobis rwmunebulTa mier Setanil gancxadebaSi (1921

wlis maisi) vkiTxulobT: `sifel vanaTSi, beloTSi, sacxeneT-

Si da awrisxevSi iyo... Semdgari qarTuli revkomi, romelic

ekuTvnoda cxinvalis revkoms. ramdenadac es soflebi arian

qarTuli soflebi, oseTis revkomma am soflebSi gagzavna mi-

licia da gamoacxada Tavisi orientacia. ase rom es sofle-

lebi iZaxian, Tu Cven amaT xelSi davrCebiT, maSin aqedan aviy-

rebiT. asec moxda, mosaxleobis nawili aiyara da barisken wa-

vida~. analogiuri xasiaTisaa qvemo Walis Temis 7 qarTuli

soflis mcxovrebTa mier 1921 wlis 12 marts miRebuli dad-

genileba: `Cven qvemo Walis raionis soflebis: zemo baRebis,

qvemo baRebis, gudiaanTkaris, saRoreTis, biCiaanTkaris, me-

tesmanis da RvduleTis warmomadgenlebma davadgineT: rad-

ganac awrisxevis me- 3 raionis aRmaskomi ZaliT moiTxovs am

soflebis mcxovrebTagan maTTan administraciulad SeerTe-

bas da axdens Cvens mimarT sxvadasxva gankargulebebs, Cven ki

maTTan kavSiri ar gvaqvs, vugzavniT dadgenilebas umaRles

mTavrobas, raTa man winadadeba misces me-3 raionis awrisxe-

52

vis aRmaskoms (osuri aRmaskomia), rom igi Camogvexsnas, rad-

gan Cveni Rrma survilia veqvemdebarebodeT qvemo Walis rai-

onis aRmaskoms (qarTuli aRmaskomia), rogorc es mTavrobis-

gan aris dawerili~.

`samxreT oseTis~ revkomisa da osuri miliciis gan-

yofilebebisagan Sewuxebuli qarTuli mosaxleobis gasa-

Wiri, maT mier wardgenili saCivrebis safuZvelze gakeTe-

buli moxsenebebi da daskvnebi sagangebo ganxilvis miz-

niT, gasbWoebuli saqarTvelos maSindel partiul eli-

tas, skp (b) centraluri komitetis arcerTi plenumis

sxdomis dRis wesrigSi ar Seutania. miTumetes, 1921 wlis

24 martidan 26 noembris CaTvliT, skp (b) plenumis 40

sxdoma Catarda. dadgenilebis saxiT saarqivo masalebSi

jerjerobiT iseTi dokuments ver mivakvlieT, romelic

`samxreT oseTis~ revkomis antiqarTul qmedebebs oficia-

lurad mTeli simkacriT dagmobda, osuri miliciis uka-

nono ganyofilebebs gaauqmebda, damnaSaveebs gansasjel-

Ta skamze dasvamda da Sida qarTlis mTiani zolis qarTul

mosaxleobas mamapapeul miwa-wyalze cxovrebis norma-

lur pirobebs Seuqmnida. respublikis revkomi, partiis

centraluri komiteti, misi umaRlesi organo — plenumi

da kavbiuro, aRniSnul sakiTxebTan mimarTebaSi srul

umoqmedobas iCenda da qarTvelTa gasaWirs TiTqmis uyu-

radRebod tovebda. isic xazgasasmelia, rom cxinvalis ra-

ionis qarTvelTa saprotesto saCivrebs maqsimalurad

asaidumloebda da farTo sazogadoebisaTvis xelmiuw-

vdomels xdida. amis udao dadasturebas im periodis bol-

Sevikuri presa warmoadgens. Sida qarTlis qarTuli mosax-

leobis umZimesi mdgomareobis Sesaxeb, mis furclebze mci-

reoden informaciasac ver wavawydi. erTaderTi gazeTi, ro-

melmac gabeda da `samxreT oseTis~ revkomis danaSaulebriv

qmedebebs farda axada, gazeTi `socialist-federalisti~

iyo. am mxriv, gansakuTrebul yuradRebas Wiyos fsevdonimiT

gamoqveynebuli statia `cxinvalis raionis qarTveloba mo-

iTxovs mTavrobis yuradRebas~ iqcevs. Sida qarTlis qarTve-

lebis mTeli rigi problemebis win wamowevis paralelurad,

masSi `samxreT oseTis~ revkomis TviTnebobazea aqcentireba

gakeTebuli. statiis avtori mkiTxvel sazogadoebas auwyeb-

53

da, rom `samxreT oseTis~ revkomi Tavs Sida qarTlis baton-

patronad da ganmkarguleblad Tvlida, qarTuli mosaxleo-

bis damorCilebas yovelgvari saSualebebiT cdilobda. amis

damadastureblad imave statiaSi `samxreT oseTis~ revkomis

mier sofel Sindisis Temis revkomisadmi gagzavnili erT-er-

Ti brZanebaa motanili. `vinaidan samxreT oseTis revkomi —

vkiTxulobT dokumentSi — ar eqvemdebareba saqarTvelos

revkoms, winadadebas gaZlevT yovelive Cveni moweriloba

dauyovnebliv iqnes sisruleSi moyvanili.~ es faqti mraval-

mxrivaa sayuradRebo; 1) saqarTvelos revkomis dadgenile-

bis safuZvelze Seqmnili `samxreT oseTis~ revkomi, saqar-

Tvelos revkoms oficialurad daumorCileblobas ucxadeb-

da da 2) `samxreT oseTis~ revkomi, Sida qarTlis mTiani zo-

lis, osi separatistebis mier `samxreT oseTad~ moazrebuli

teritoriis baton-patronad da mis ganmkarguleblad acxa-

debda Tavs. aqedan gamomdinare, qarTuli mosaxleobisgan

morCilebas da osebis survilis aRsrulebas kategoriuli

formiT moiTxovda. yovelive amas, oficialuri brZanebebi-

Ta da Sesabamisi werilebiT adasturebda. aseT faqtebTan

mimarTebaSi, respublikis revkomis xelmZRvaneloba ara-

nair reagirebas ar akeTebda, riTac os separatistebs Ta-

vianTi pretenziuli miswrafebebis gamovlenis da qarTul

mosaxleobaze zewolis SesaZleblobas aZlevda. nebismie-

ri Tavmoyvare eris mTavroba, `samxreT oseTis~ revkomis

aRniSnuli qmedebisa da qveynis xelisuflebis Seuracmyo-

feli gancxadebidan gamomdinare, administraciul sadam-

sjelo RonisZiebebs dauyovnebliv gaatarebda. Tuki igi

am mimarTulebiT raime saxis adeqvatur praqtikul gadaw-

yvetilebas ar Rebulobda, `samxreT oseTis~ revkoms `da-

moukidebel~ organod, xolo Sida qarTlis mTian zols sa-

qarTvelosgan gaucxoebul `samxreT oseTis qveynad~ moi-

azrebda. winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi, saqarTvelos revkoms

aRniSnuli statiis avtorisagan im faqtis Sexseneba ar

dasWirdeboda, rom `samxreT oseTis~ revkomis moqmedeba

saqarTvelos mTavrobis uflebebis miTvisebasa da mis Se-

uracyofas warmoadgenda. amasTan dakavSirebiT imave sta-

tiaSi vkiTxulobT: `guSindel straJnikebs da dRes komunis-

tur qudebSi gamowyobilT aviwydebaT, rom Sindisis revkoms

54

igive ufleba aqvs Tavis raionSi, rac javis revkoms Tavis

farglebSi. amgvari TviTneboba da saqarTvelos socialis-

turi sabWoTa respublikis mTavrobis uflebaTa miTviseba

aris Cveni saxelmwifos uflebebis Seuracmyofa da anarqiis

Seqmna mmarTvelobaSi... yovelive amas unda mieqces saTanado

da seriozuli yuradReba. xalxi itanjeba, mas dRes Tu ara

xval moTminebis fiala aevseba da arasasurveli Sedegebis

momswre gavxvdebiT Tu saTanado zomebi ar iqna miRebuli

visganac jer ars~ [3].

igive gazeTi, `samxreT oseTis~ revkomis TviTnebobis

Sesaxeb meore faqtzedac amaxvilebda yuradRebas. saqme exe-

ba `samxreT oseTis~ revkomis mier sofel mereTis revkomi-

sadmi dasjis muqariT gagzavnil werils. aRniSnul sakiT-

xTan dakavSirebiT miminos fsevdonimiT gamoqveynebul sta-

tiaSi `cxinvalis raioni safrTxeSia~ vkiTxulobT: `sof. me-

reTi wminda qarTuli sofelia, Sedis tyviavis sazogadoeba-

Si. samxreT oseTis revkomTan araviTari damokidebuleba ara

aqvs da Cven gvikvirs, rom osebis revkomi iseT kadnierebam-

dis midis, rom Tavis Tanave revkoms dasjiT emuqreba. mkiT-

xveli amis Semdeg advilad mixvdeba, samxreT oseTis revko-

mis gavlenaSi myofi qarTuli soflebi ra siam— tkbil yofa-

Si iqnebian~ [4].

marTalia, gazeTis mier zemoT motanili faqtebi da

saqarTvelos xelisuflebis misamarTiT gakeTebuli sayve-

duri Sida qarTlis mTiani qarTuli mosaxleobis dacvis miz-

niT Sesabamisi RonisZiebebis gatarebisaken mowodebas war-

moadgenda, magram igi umaRlesi saxelisuflebo organoebis

mxridan uyuradRebod darCa. iseTi STabeWdileba iqmneba, ga-

sabWoebuli saqarTvelos mTavroba, `samxreT oseTis~ revko-

mis danaSaulebriv qmedebasTan mimarTebaSi TiTqos Segnebu-

lad xuWavda Tvals da cxinvalis raionis qarTuli mosaxle-

oba gasawirad hyavda gametebuli. aseTi mkacri Tvalsazrisi,

imave statiaSi motanil faqtebs emyareba. mxedvelobaSi

maqvs `samxreT oseTis~ revkomTan arsebuli `damnaSaveTa

samZebro ganyofilebis~ mier qarTuli mosaxleobis daSine-

bis mizniT gatarebuli RonisZieba. `ganyofileba — vkiTxu-

lobT statiaSi — raionSi iseT gankargulebebs iZleva, ro-

melsac ukanonobis da TviTnebobis beWedi azis. Cven SemTxve-

55

va gvqonda gavcnobodiT... zemoT dasaxelebuli dawesebule-

bis ufrosis 4 maisis 139-e nomriT nik. qobulovis saxelze

gacemul dokuments, romlis mixedviTac, qobulovs ufleba

hqonda miniWebuli — daetusaRebina yvela, visac moisurveb-

da, xolo winaaRmdegobis gawevis SemTxvevaSi iaraRi exmara~

[4]. advili warmosasdgenia, osi separatistebi Tu ras damar-

Tebda Sida qarTlis im qarTvelebs, vinc osuri revkomisa da

osuri miliciis ukanono qmedebebs asaCivrebda. msgavs faq-

tebTan mimarTebaSi, maSindeli saqarTvelos xelisuflebis

qmediTi reagirebis dadasturebis kvali im etapze samwuxa-

rod ar ikveTeba. saarqivo masalebis Seswavlidan irkveva,

rom erTaderTi, rac saqarTvelos revkomma im etapze gaake-

Ta, cxinvalis raionSi wesrigis dasamyareblad da arsebuli

mdgomareobis gamosasworeblad xutulaSvilis xelmZRvane-

lobiT gansakuTrebuli uflebebiT aRWurvili sameuli gag-

zavna. es faqti, garegnulad movaleobis moxdis elfers ata-

rebda da igi Sida qarTlis cxinvalis regionis qarTuli mo-

saxleobis damcavi meqanizmis Sesaqmnelad gadadgmul nabijs

namdvilad ar warmoadgenda. saarqivo masalebiT ar dastur-

deba, rom aRniSnuli `sameulis~ saqmianobas raime dadebiTi

Sedegi gamoeRo. piriqiT, saqarTvelos xelisuflebis mxri-

dan dausjelobis imedidan gamomdinare, osi separatistebi

pirvandel poziciaze idgnen, mxedvelobaSi maqvs: a) cxinva-

lis isev `samxreT oseTis~ rezidenciad miCneva; b) cxinvalis

garSemo arsebul 26 qarTul sofelze mmarTvelobis ufle-

bis SesanarCuneblad swrafva; g) raWisa da duSeTis mazrebis

teritoriebis garkveul nawilze TviTneburad, Zaldatane-

bis meTodis gamoyenebiT `samxreT oseTis~ revkomis Zalauf-

lebis gavrcelebis maqsimalurad mcdeloba. amas bedavdnen

da akeTebdnen maSin, roca jer kidev `samxreT oseTis~ avto-

nomiuri olqi samarTlebrivad ar iyo Seqmnili da misi saz-

Rvrebis damdgeni komisia muSaobas agrZelebda. mdgomareoba

imdenad garTulda, rom saqarTvelos revkomi iZulebuli

gaxda sazRvrebis damdgen komisiasTan mimarTebaSi Semdegi

saxis dadgenileba (1921 wlis 11 ivlisi) mieRo: `daevalos ar-

sebul komisias saswrafod gamoarkvios samxreT oseTisa da

sxva mezobeli revkomebis samoqmedo sazRvrebi~ [5, 68]. es do-

kumenti arapragmatul xasiaTs atarebda im TvalsazrisiT,

56

rom momqmed komisias, dasmuli sakiTxis saswrafod gadaw-

yveta namdvilad ar SeeZlo, radgan es procedura Tavisi

sirTuliT garkveul dros moiTxovda. amis dadasturebas is

saarqivo dokumenturi masala warmoadgens, romlis mixedvi-

Tac `samxreT oseTisa~ da misi revkomis samoqmedo sazRvrebi

1922 wlis martisTvisac ar iyo garkveuli. aqedan gamomdina-

re, erTaderT gamosavals `samxreT oseTis~ revkomis umkac-

resi formiT gafrTxileba, misi uflebamosilebis qarTul

da Sereul soflebze manamde SeCereba warmoadgenda, sanam

avtonomiis sazRvrebi ar dazustdeboda da osebis avtono-

mia oficialurad samarTlebriv statuss ar SeiZenda. Sida

qarTlSi `samxreT oseTis~ revkomis mier mizanmimarTulad

Seqmnili ganukiTxaobis situaciis miuxedavad, saqarTvelos

revkomi, partiis centraluri komiteti da kavbiuro, aRniS-

nul faqtTan mimarTebaSi `samxreT oseTis~ revkomisadmi ar-

wyeninebis pozicias adga. es iqedanac Cans, rom Cvens mier Ca-

moTvlili xelisuflebis umaRlesi organoebi, arsebuli re-

alobis oficialur Sefasebas ar axdenda da Sesabamisi xasia-

Tis dadgenilebis miRebisagan Tavs ikavebda. amis udao da-

dasturebas, zemoaRniSnuli dokumentis miRebidan oTxi

Tvis Semdeg, saqarTvelos revkomis prezidiumis 1921 wlis 20

dekembers miRebuli dadgenileba warmoadgens. `im dromde —

vkiTxulobT dokumentSi — sanam cxinvalis raionis qarTuli

mosaxleobis sulieri mdgomareoba ar Seicvleba q.cxinvalis

raionis avtonomiuri olqis teritoriis miCnevis sasargeb-

lod, q.cxinvalSi da mis irgvliv arsebuli qarTuli mosax-

leobis soflebSi Zalaufleba dautovos saraiono revkoms,

romelic Sedis goris mazraSi~. marTalia, aq sakiTxi konkre-

tuladaa gamokveTili da cxinvalis raionis qarTul sof-

lebs goris samazro revkomis daqvemdebarebaSi tovebs, mag-

ram, igi orazrovani formiTaa (im dromde... sanam...) Sedgeni-

li da `samxreT oseTis~ revkomTan mimarTebaSi mbrZaneblur

xasiaTs ar atarebs. da rac mTavaria, misi arSesrulebis Sem-

TxvevaSi pasuxismgeblobas aravis akisrebs. amitom iyo, rom

es dadgenilebac `samxreT oseTis~ revkomis mxridan Seusru-

lebeli darCa. arada, cxinvalis raionis qarTvelTa umZimesi

yofa, `samxreT oseTis~ revkomis ambiciuri qmedebebis dau-

yovnebliv moTokvas, teritoriebis mitacebis mizniT gavle-

57

nis sferoebis gafarToebis mcdelobebis droulad SeCere-

bis aucileblobas moiTxovda. Sida qarTlSi am mxriv arsebu-

li ganukiTxaobis damadasturebeli masalebi, Sinagan saqme-

Ta saxalxo komisariatTan Seqmnili komisiebis moxsenebebSi

da imave komisariatSi Setanili qarTveli mosaxleobis sap-

rotesto werilebSi mravlad iyo warmodgenili.

samwuxarod, saqarTvelos revkomis fondis Sesaba-

mis saqmeebSi ar aRmoCnda iseTi dokumenti, romelic `sam-

xreT oseTis~ revkomis danaSaulebriv qmedebebs amxelda

da misi qvemdebare uwyebisadmi mbrZanebluri xasiaTis mi-

TiTebebi iqneboda dafiqsirebuli. rogorc sCans, `sam-

xreT oseTis~ revkomis arwyeninebas da Sida qarTlSi Seq-

mnili situaciis mogvarebas, saqarTvelos revkomi gar-

kveuli mosazrebebidan gamomdinare Segnebulad gaurbo-

da. mxedvelobaSia misaRebi saxelisuflebo struqture-

bisadmi SeiaraRebuli osebis mxridan dapirispirebis di-

di albaToba. miTumetes, am mxriv ramdenime precedents

hqonda adgili. amis erT-erT magaliTs, duSeTis mazris sam-

xedro komisariatisa da adgilobrivi saxelisuflebo orga-

noebisadmi, kobisa da axalgoris raionis osebis daumorCi-

lebloba warmoadgens. aRniSnul sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT,

gansakuTrebul yuradRebas duSeTis mazris samxedro komi-

saris mier samxedro, sazRvao komisariatis Stabis ufrosisa

da Sinagan saqmeTa saxalxo komisariatisadmi 1921 wlis 11 ag-

vistos gagzavnil pataki iqcevs. `damatebiT Cemi patakisa a/w.

28 ivnisidan #1136 ganmeorebiT mogaxsenebT, — vkiTxulobT

dokumentSi — rom kobis da axalgoris raionis mobanake ose-

bi ar emorCilebian adgilobriv administracias da ilaSqre-

ben ukanasknelTa winaaRmdeg SeiaraRebuli ZaliT, rac imiT

aixsneba, rom 1899—1900 wlebSi dabadebuli arcerTi samxed-

ro valdebuli dRemdis ar gamocxadebula da siebs 1901-1902

wlebSi dabadebulebiT adgenen. zemoaRniSnulis Sesaxeb Cems

mier ecnoba CrdiloeT-oseTis revkoms gankargulebisaTvis

21 ivnisidan #1067, magram dRemdis pasuxi ar maqvs. garda ami-

sa, rogorc patakSi #1136 mogaxsenebdiT, isini SesamCnevad

arian SeiaraRebulni da adgilobrivi milicia maT ver dai-

morCilebs Tu ar iqna damxmare samxedro jaris nawili. aseTi

arasasurveli movlena moqmedebs maT mezoblad mobanake

58

mcxovreblebze, rasac SeiZleba mohyves farTo arasasurve-

li Sedegi. zemoaRniSnulidan gTxovT gankargulebas~. es

dokumenti mravalmxrivaa sayuradRebo: 1) sabWoTa ruse-

Tis mier damoukidebeli saqarTvelos winaaRmdeg sab-

rZolvelad SeiaraRebuli osebi, imave iaraRiT gasabWoe-

buli saqarTvelos adgilobriv xelisuflebas im doneze

daupirispirda, rom maTi damorCileba da samarTlebriv

CarCoSi moqceva samxedro jaris nawilebis Carevis gareSe

SeuZlebeli xdeboda. es faqti imaze migvaniSnebs, rom osi

separatistebi da misi mfarveli osuri revkomebi winas-

war dasaxuli miznis misaRwevad, saWiroebis SemTxvevaSi

iaraRis gamoyenebiTac moqmedebdnen; 2) imave dokumenti-

dan aSkarad ikveTeba, rom a) os separatistebs da mis rev-

komebs, CrdiloeT oseTis revkomisgan garkveuli mxarda-

Wera qonda, an b) SeiaraRebuli osebi, CrdiloeT oseTis

revkomis daqvemdebarebaSi myofi samxedro nawilis wev-

rebs warmoadgendnen. winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi, duSeTis

mazris samxedro komisars CrdiloeT oseTis revkomisad-

mi Sesabamisi mimarTvis gagzavna ar dasWirdeboda; 3) Seia-

raRebuli osebisadmi saxelmwifos mxridan Zalismieri

meTodis gamoyenebas, SesaZloa osebis ajanyeba gamoewvia.

miTumetes, 1921 wlis martis dasawyisSi CrdiloeTidan Se-

mosuli osi `partizanebis~ ramdenime SenaerTi, im etapze

maRal doneze iyo SeiaraRebuli. Sesabamisi uwyebisadmi

zemoaRniSnuli problemis mogvarebis aucileblobis me-

ored Sexsenebis miuxedavad, gasabWoebuli saqarTvelos

xelisufleba, osebTan iaraRiT dapirispirebas da Sida

qarTlis 1920 wlis movlenebis SesaZlo ganmeorebas maqsi-

malurad gaurboda. am daTmobiT, osebis mier sapretenzi-

od qceul teritoriaze macxovrebel qarTvelTa intere-

sebi, arsebul xelisuflebas, sabWouri ideologiis sam-

sxverploze Sesawirad miqonda. yovelive zemoTqmulis

gaTvaliswinebidan gamomdinare, SegviZlia davaskvnaT,

rom qarTveli erisTvis im urTules situaciaSi, `samxreT

oseTis~ revkomze saqarTvelos xelisuflebis uflebebi

TiTqmis nominalur xasiaTs atarebda da bunebrivia, go-

ris, duSeTisa da Sorapnis mazrebis teritoriaze macxov-

rebel qarTvelTa interesebis dacva ar SeeZlo. yovel

59

SemTxvevaSi, am mimarTulebiT pragmatuli xasiaTis um-

kacresi RonisZiebis gatarebas maqsimalurad erideboda.

aRniSnuli xmamaRal gancxadebad rom ar CameTvalos, amis

damadastureblad Sesabamis faqts movitan: `samxreT oseTis~

revkomTan arsebuli samxedro sazRvao komisaris moadgilis

brZanebis Tanaxmad (1921 weli) `samxreT oseTis samazro, igi-

ve cxinvalis samazro samxedro komisrebi amieridan unda

iwodebodes samxreT oseTis samxedro komisrebad~. rogorc

vxedavT, saxelwodebidan amoRebuli iqna sityva — samazro,

radgan mazris cnebis oficialurad figurireba, `samxreT

oseTis~ revkoms xels ar aZlevda. im periodis sabWouri ka-

nonmdeblobis mixedviT, ama Tu im saxelmwifo uwyebis an misi

qvemdebare organizaciis saxelwodebaSi saTanado cvlile-

bis Setana, mxolod saqarTvelos revkomis prerogativas

warmoadgenda. igi qveynis umaRlesi sakanonmdeblo organos

(im etapze revkomis) Sesabamisi dekretiT an dadgenilebiT

unda momxdariyo. `samxreT oseTis~ revkomma es sakiTxi

TviTneburad, misi Sexedulebisamebr gadawyvita, xolo sa-

qarTvelos revkoms aRniSnul darRvevasTan mimarTebaSi Se-

sabamisi reagireba ar gaukeTebia. Sida qarTlis mTiani zo-

lis qarTvelTa problemis mougvareblobas, osuri revkomis

gadametebul TviTnebobas da saqarTvelos xelisuflebis

mxridan sadamsjelo RonisZiebebis argatarebas, Cvens mier

zemoT motanili faqtorebic ganapirobebda.

Sida qarTlSi Seqmnili urTulesi problemisadmi cen-

traluri xelisuflebis wayruebam, goris mazris revkomis

Tavmjdomares aqtiuri moqmedebisaken da mazraSi Seqmnili

daZabuli situaciis daregulirebis gzebis Ziebis aucileb-

lobisaken ubiZga. es arc aris gasakviri, radgan `samxreT os-

eTis~ revkomis moqmedebis areali, goris mazris CrdiloeT

nawils warmoadgenda da am samazro erTeulis amforiaqeb-

lis funqcias asruleba. aRniSnulis gaTvaliswinebidan ga-

momdinare, goris samazro revkomis 1921 wlis 13 maisis gan-

kargulebiT, goris mazris administraciul erTeulTa dam-

yofi komisia (q. qarumiZe, d. qarumiZe, g. martaSvili) iqna

Seqmnili. mis mier Segrovili masalebi safuZvlad im pro-

eqts daedo, romelic 1921 wlis 31 maiss goris samazro rev-

komis prezidiums gansaxilvelad waredgina.

60

aRniSnuli dokumenti sami nawilisagan Sedgeba: 1)go-

ris mazris administraciul erTeulebad damyofi komisiis

dadgenileba; 2) goris mazris raionebad da Temebad dayofis

damadasturebeli aqti da 3) goris mazris raionebad da Teme-

bad dayofis proeqtis sqema. proeqtis sqemisadmi TandarTu-

li aqtis mixedviT Tuki vimsjelebT, proeqtis Sedgenisas

komisiis wevrebis mier miRebul gadawyvetilebebs eTnogra-

fiuli, strategiuli, geografiuli da sxva mniSvnelovani

faqtorebi daedo safuZvlad. aqedan gamomdinare, komisiam

goris mazra 12 administraciul raionad dayo (mejvrisxevi,

qvemo Wala, tyviavi, cxinvali, ruisi, gomi, qareli, xaSuri,

borjomi, xidisTavi, axalqalaqi (sof. kaspis raionSi), kav-

Tisxevi). rac Seexeba qalaq gors — sadguris nawiliT, igi me-

13-e raionis saxiT iqna proeqtSi Setanili. imave proeqtis

mixedviT, zemoaRniSnuli raionebi Temebad (sul 32 Temi) da-

iyo. (ix. cxrili #1) am SemTxvevaSi, komisia goris mazris yo-

veli raionisa da Temis mosaxleobis raodenobasac iTvalis-

winebda. amis dadasturebas imave dokumentSi motanili sta-

tistikuri monacemebi warmoadgens. TiToeuli Temis Seqmna

winaswar Sedgenili sqemis mixedviT — mosaxleobis garkveu-

li komlobrivi raodenobis dakmayofilebis SemTxvevaSi

xdeboda. rac Seexeba goris mazris mosaxleobis saerTo rao-

denobis dadgenas, komisia am SemTxvevaSi 1907 wlis aRweris

statistikiT xelmZRvanelobda, radgan goris mazris mcxov-

rebTa 1917 wlis aRweris monacemebi komisiam arasrulyofi-

lad miiCnia. imave komisiis mier Sekrebili masalebis mixed-

viT, goris mazraSi 35394 komli cxovrobda, romelTa sula-

dobrivi raodenoba 176970 kacs Seadgenda. isic sayuradRe-

boa, rom komisiam, goris mazris mTel rig raionebSi mcxov-

rebi osebis procentuli raodenobac daadgina. mis mier mo-

tanili statistikis mixedviT, mejvrisxevis raionSi osebis

mosaxleobis saerTo raodenoba 2,98 %- s Seadgenda, qvemo Wa-

lis raionis — 5,13 %- s, tyviavis raionis — 1,27 %- s, qarelis

raionis — 4,27 %- s, xidisTavis raionis — 2,74 %- s, borjomis

raionis — 1,3 %- s. sakiTxis gadawyvetisas, komisia aRniSnul

monacemebsac iTvaliswinebda. saqarTvelos revkomis 1921

wlis 15 aprilis #23 dekretis meore ganyofilebis $2-is sa-

fuZvelze, komisiam revkomebis Seqmna mizanSewonilad Sem-

61

deg raionebSi CaTvala: mejvrisxevSi, xaSurSi, cxinvalSi,

axalqalaqSi (sof. kaspis raionSi) da borjomSi. amis auci-

leblobas, komisiis wevrTa azriT, imave raionebSi mcxovrebi

sxvadasxva erovnebis mosaxleobis tradiciuli da adminis-

traciuli garemos gaTvaliswineba moiTxovda. proeqti Sida

qarTlis mTis osebis sakiTxsac exeboda. amasTan dakavSire-

biT, proeqtisadmi TandarTul aqtSi vkiTxulobT: `rac See-

xeba mTa oseTis nawils, yofili Zveli mTavrobis sazogadoe-

bebs: ortevis 16 sofliT, garda vanaTisa, romelic Sevida

dicis saTemoSi — cxinvalis raionSi; 2) beloTis 31 sofliT,

garda awrisxevis, sacxeneTis, xoSorisa da xadurianTkarisa,

romlebic mieweren dicis saTemos da cxinvalis raions; 3)

yornisis 12 sofliT; 4) javis 23 sofliT; 5) yemulTis 20 sof-

liT; 6) rokis 33 sofliT; 7) wunaris 30 sofliT, garda dvani-

sa, zemo da qvemo avnevisa, romlebic mieweren dirbis saTe-

mos da ruisis raions, — datova Tanaxmad mTavrobis gankar-

gulebisa samxreT oseTis gamgeblobaSi~ (ix. cxrili # 2). am

amonaweris mixedviT, `samxreT oseTis~ revkomis daqvemdeba-

rebas bevri qarTuli da Sereuli soflebi Camocilda da isi-

ni goris mazris winandel Temebze manamde rCeboda miwerili,

sanam `samxreT oseTis~ sazRvris sakiTxs sagangebod gamoyo-

fili komisia sabolood ar gaarkvevda. Sida qarTlis mTian

zonaSi `samxreT oseTis~ revkomis Zaladobrivi da ukanono

qmedebebidan gamomdinare, am proeqtis dadebiTi mxare ima-

Si mdgomareobda, rom; 1) igi `samxreT oseTis~ revkomis

moqmedebis areals kvecavda da garkveul teritoriul

sazRvrebSi aqcevda; 2) cxinvalis raionsa da mis garSemo

arsebul 51 qarTul sofels goris mazris revkomis mmar-

Tvelobas uqvemdebarebda da rac mTavaria, `samxreT ose-

Tis~ revkomis rezidenciad cxinvali aRar iqneboda; 3) go-

ris samazro revkomis SemadgenlobaSi Semavali raionebi

da Temebi, proeqtiT gamokveTili formiT iyo warmodgeni-

li. imave komisiis mier am dokumentisadmi gakeTebul das-

kvnaSi vkiTxulobT: `vinaidan goris mazra... teritoriuli

sivrciT da mosaxleobis SemadgenlobiT... sxva mazrebTan Se-

darebiT udidesi mazra aris... misi dayofa imazed nakleb Te-

mebis ricxvzed, rogorc amJamad daiyo, yovlad SeuZlebe-

lia, xolo maTi gamravleba mazras araviTar sargeblobas ar

62

moutans. amitom, prezidiumis sxdomam amnairi gadawyveti-

leba scno friad mizanSewonilad da saqmisaTvis sasargeb-

lod. amasTanave dasZens, rom mazra aris dayofili: erT sa-

mazro revkomad, sadac aris moTavsebuli mazris centralu-

ri organo Tormeti raionis revkomiT (am raionSive iqnebian

administraciuli raionis punqtebic) da ocdaori Temis rev-

komiT, sul ocdaTxuTmet erTeulad~.

aRniSnul dokumenti goris mazris revkomma Sinagan

saqmeTa saxalxo komisariats gansaxilvelad warudgina. sa-

arqivo masalebidan irkveva, rom igi garkveuli mosazrebebi-

dan gamomdinare dawunebuli iqna. marTalia, proeqti garkve-

ul xarvezebsac Seicavda, magram igi imdenad umniSvnelo

iyo, rom gadamuSavebas eqvemdebareboda da im etapze misi xe-

laRebiT uaryofa, Sida qarTlSi arsebil damZimebul situa-

cias kidev ufro arTulebda. miTumetes, Sinagan saqmeTa sa-

xalxo komisariats im momentSi goris samazro revkomis xel-

mZRvanelobisaTvis alternatuli proeqti ar SeuTavazebia.

osi separatistebis mxridan mdgomareoba droTa ganmavloba-

Si imdenad rTuldeboda, rom cxinvalis raionis garSemo ar-

sebuli 25 soflis revkomebis warmomadgenelTa sagangebo

yrilobam, Seqmnili mdgomareobis Sesaxeb specialurad im-

sjela da problemis mogvarebis mizniT, Sinagan saqmeTa sa-

xalxo komisariats Sesabamisi TxovniT mimarTa. `samxreT os-

eTis~ revkomisa da osebis miliciis ganyofilebebisagan ga-

tanjuli qarTuli soflebis mcxovrebTa godebis Sesmena,

mxolod amis Semdeg gaxda SesaZlebeli. mxedvelobaSi maqvs

imave komisariatis mier 1921 wlis 9 agvistos miRebuli dad-

genileba #30. sanam uSualod am dokumentis ganxilvas Se-

vudgebode, yuradReba erT metad mniSvnelovan faqtze minda

gavamaxvilo. saqme exeba zogierTi Cemi kolegis mier bolo

periodSi gamoqveynebul naSromSi gatarebul mcdar Sexedu-

lebas; saqarTveloSi `sabWoTa xelisuflebis damyarebis

pirvel dReebSi sabWoTa mTavroba saerTod ar iyenebda ter-

mins — `samxreT oseTi~ [6, 148]. am debulebis gasamyareblad,

avtors Sinagan saqmeTa saxalxo komisariatis zemoaRniSnu-

li dadgenileba aqvs damowmebuli. amasTan dakavSirebiT un-

da ganvacxado, rom es dokumenti exeba ara Sida qarTlis

mTian zols, romelsac im periodSi `samxreT oseTad~ moiaz-

63

rebdnen, aramed cxinvalis raionis garSemo mdebare mxolod

31 qarTul sofels, romlebic yvelaze mZime mdgomareobasi

imyofeboda, `samxreT oseTis~ revkomi TviTneburad acxa-

debda pretenzias da mis damorCilebas Zalismieri meTodis

gamoyenebiT cdilobda. 9 agvistos dadgenileba, swored aR-

niSnuli problemis mogvarebas iTvaliswinebda da cxinvalis

raionis qarTul soflebs kanoniT oficialurad goris sa-

mazro revkoms uqvemdebarebda. Sesabamisi gankargulebis am

sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT droulad miRebis mizniT, imave dad-

genilebis mesame muxliT, goris samazro revkomi da respub-

likis miliciis sammarTvelo saqmis kursSi iqna Cayenebuli.

es dokumenti, `samxreT oseTis~ revkomis moqmedebis areals

zRudavda da rac mTavaria, qarTul soflebze zemoqmedebis

gatarebis uflebas arTmevda. ramdenadac aRniSnuli dadge-

nileba cxinvalis raionis qarTuli soflebisa da mis bazaze

Seqmnili saTemo revkomebis goris mazrisadmi uSualod daq-

vemdebarebis dakanonebas axdenda, bunebrivia, termini —

`samxreT oseTis~ masSi Cawera, sakanonmdeblo TvalsazrisiT

mizanSeuwoneli iyo. rac Seexeba gasabWoebuli saqarTvelos

xelisuflebis Sesabamis uwyebebs, termins — `samxreT oseTs~

daniSnulebisamebr SeuzRudavad xmarobda. Tuki 1921 wlis

25 Tebervlidan imave wlis 9 agvistomde ganvlili periodi

`sabWoTa xelisuflebis damyarebis pirvel dReebad~ SeiZle-

ba CaiTvalos, am eqvsTvian monakveTSi miRebul dadgenile-

bebSi `samxreT oseTi~ xSiradaa gamoyenebuli. amis damamtki-

ceblad Tveebis mixedviT mxolod ramdenime dokuments da-

vasaxeleb: 1) saqarTvelos revkomis 1921 wlis 26 martis dad-

genileba `samxreT oseTis~ revkomis Seqmnis Sesaxeb; 2) saqar-

Tvelos revkomis prezidiumis 1921 wlis 7 aprilis dadgeni-

lebis meore punqti, romelic `samxreT oseTis~ soflebis

aRdgenisaTvis Tanxis gamoyofas exeba; 3) saqarTvelos rev-

komis prezidiumis 1921 wlis 11 maisis dadgenileba, romlis

mixedviTac, soflebis aRdgenis Sesaxeb `samxreT oseTis~

revkomis iniciativa iqna mowonebuli; 4) 1921 wlis 27 ivnisi.

Sinagan saqmeTa saxalxo komisaris mier `samxreT oseTis~

revkomisadmi gagzavnili werili, sadac `samxreT oseTi~ ram-

denjermea naxsenebi; 5) saqarTvelos revkomis prezidiumis

1921 wlis 11 ivlisis dadgenileba, sadac `samxreT oseTi~

64

xuTjeraa naxsenebi; 6) Sinagan saqmeTa saxalxo komisariatis

1921 wlis 20 ivlisis dadgenileba `samxreT oseTis~ avtono-

miuri olqis Seqmnis Sesaxeb. am xuTpunqtian dokumentSi

`samxreT oseTi~ xuTjeraa naxsenebi. aseTi saxis saarqivo

dokumentebis motana mravlad SeiZleba. vfiqrob, aRniSnu-

lic sakmarisia imis sailustraciod, rom gasabWoebuli sa-

qarTvelos xelisuflebis Sesabamisi uwyebebi (1921 wlis 25

Tebervlidan 9 agvistomde) termins — `samxreT oseTs~ ar Tu

saerTod ar iyenebda, aramed mas TiTqmis yovel nabijze xma-

robda.

rac Seexeba 1921 wlis 9 agvistos miRebul dadgenile-

bas, am dokumentis mixedviT, goris mazris cxinvalis raionSi

ramdenime soflis gaerTianebis safuZvelze 5 saTemo revko-

mi unda Seqmniliyo: 1) qvemo aCabeTis Temi (soflebi: dgvrisi,

TamaraSeni, zemo aCabeTi, qurTa, kexvi, kverneTi da monaste-

ri); 2) zemo niqozis Temi (soflebi: qvemo niqozi, zemo xviTi,

qvemo xviTi, dvani, avnevi da nuli); 3) dicis Temi (soflebi:

kodi, arbo, eredvi, bJoleTi, tirZnisi, meRvrekisi da ergne-

Ti); 4) Zarwemis Temi (soflebi: qemerti, xeiTi da sveri); 5)va-

naTis Temi (soflebi: sacxeneTi, beloTi da awrisxevi) [7, 14].

Tuki aRniSnul dadgenilebasa da goris mazris administra-

ciul erTeulebad damyofi komisiis mier Sedgenil proeqts

erTmaneTs SevadarebT, cxinvalis raionis sakiTxTan mimar-

TebaSi udides sxvaobas davinaxavT. kerZod, goris samazro

komisia cxinvalis raions marTalia 4 saTemo revkomad yof-

da, magram mis mmarTvelobas 51 qarTul sofels uqvemdeba-

rebda. esenia: 1) cxinvalis Temi: cxinvali, gujabauri; 2) di-

cis Temi: arbo, browleTi, dici, koxaTi, qordi, meRvrekisi,

frisi, sarabuki, tirZnisi, Tergvisi, ergneTi, eredvi, vanaTi,

sacxeneTi, xoSuri, beloTi, awrisxevi, xadurianTkari; 3) Ta-

maraSenis Temi: dgvrisi, TamaraSeni, qvemo aCabeTi, zemo aCa-

beTi, qurTa, monasteri, kexvi, qemerti, sveri, patara Zarwe-

mi, didi Zarwemi, xeiTi, zRudaris ubani, sabawminda, xeiTis-

frisi; 4) Sindisis Temi: araSenda, axaldaba, variani, zemo ni-

qozi, qvemo niqozi, zemo xviTi, qvemo xviTi, yelqceuli, saqa-

SeTi, fxvenisi, Sindisi. goris samazro revkomis komisiis mi-

er Sedgenil proeqtsa da saqarTvelos revkomis 9 agvistos

dadgenilebas Soris is gansakuTrebuli sxvaobac SeiniSneba,

65

rom am ukanaskneli dokumentis mixedviT, cxinvalis xuTi sa-

Temo revkomi 51-is nacvlad, mxolod 31 qarTul sofels, e.i.

20 sofliT naklebs aerTianebda.

aRniSnuli faqtebidan gamomdinare dasturdeba,

rom goris samazro revkomis komisiis mier SemuSavebuli

proeqti, `samxreT oseTis~ revkomis samoqmedo areals me-

tad kvecavda, vinem Sinagan saqmeTa saxalxo komisariatis

dadgenileba. miuxedavad amisa, cxinvalis raionSi Seqmni-

li situaciis fonze, igi wingadadgmul nabijad mxolod

im SemTxvevaSi CaiTvleboda, Tuki arsebuli problemis

praqtikulad gadawyveta am dokumentis mixedviT moxde-

boda. aseTi gancxadebis gakeTebis safuZvels `samxreT

oseTis~ revkomis Seupovari `sasazRvro brZola~ da qar-

Tul soflebze zemoqmedebis berketebis SenarCunebis

warmatebuli mcdelobis amsaxveli saarqivo masalebi iZ-

leva. faqtiurad, Sinagan saqmeTa saxalxo komisariati

`samxreT oseTis~ revkomis mosaTokad uZluri aRmoCnda.

mis mier miRebuli dadgenileba, `samxreT oseTis~ revko-

mis TviTneburi moqmedebidan gamomdinare Seusrulebeli

darCa. es imdenad ar aris gasakviri, ramdenadac, Sida qar-

Tlis qarTuli mosaxleobis elitaruli nawilis amowyvetisa

da osebis batonobis saprotesto muxtis matarebeli qarTu-

li mosaxleobis mamapapeuli sacxovrisidan mizanmimarTu-

lad gamoZevebis danaSaulebrivi qmedebis gamo, osi separa-

tistebi, gasabWoebuli saqarTvelos xelisuflebas ar daus-

jia. es faqtori, `samxreT oseTis~ revkomis xelmZRvanelo-

basa da misadmi daqvemdebarebul uwyebebs, Sida qarTlis

mTian zonaSi da momijnave mazrebis (duSeTi, raWa, Sorapani)

garkveul teritoriaze, ara marto gavlenis sferoebis ga-

farToebis, aramed, qarTvelTa istoriuli miwa-wylis ose-

bis kuTvnilebad gaTavisebis da am mimarTulebiT Sesabamisi

propagandis gawevis SesaZleblobas aZlevda.

amrigad, Cvens mier zemoT motanili dokumenturi

masalis analizidan gamomdinare SeiZleba davaskvnaT: 1)

saqarTvelos ZaldatanebiTi gasabWoebis Semdeg, Sida qar-

Tlis mTian zonaSi `samxreT oseTis~ niRbiT sabWoTa xeli-

suflebis gamarjvebis formalurad gamocxadeba, `sam-

xreT oseTis~ revkomis xelmeored oficialurad Seqmna

66

da misi cxinvalSi ganTavseba, osebis revkomisadmi qarTu-

li soflebis daqvemdebarebaSi moqcevasa da cxinvalis

regionis saqarTvelosagan xelovnurad gaucxoebas isa-

xavda miznad; 2) saarqivo masaliT dasturdeba, rom `sam-

xreT oseTis~ revkomisa da mis mier qarTul soflebSi Seq-

mnili osuri miliciis ganyofilebebis TviTneburi saqmi-

anoba (qarTuli mosaxleobis mizanmimarTuli Seviwroe-

ba), `sarevolucio drois kanonebis~ darRvevas warmoad-

genda. miuxedavad amisa, saqarTvelos revkomi da Sinagan

saqmeTa saxalxo komisariati, `samxreT oseTis~ revkomTan

mimarTebaSi radikalur zomebs ar Rebulobda, Sida qar-

Tlis qarTuli mosaxleobis gasaWirs Segnebulad asai-

dumloebda da farTo sazogadoebisaTvis xelmiuwvdo-

mels xdida. dokumenturi masalidan irkveva, rom Seiara-

Rebuli osuri mosaxleobis sabWoTa xelisuflebisadmi

ardapirispirebis mizniT, saqarTvelos maSindeli mmar-

Tveli wreebi, osebTan mimarTebaSi yovelgvari saxis daT-

mobaze midioda da Sida qarTlis qarTuli mosaxleobis

interesebi, sabWouri ideologiis samsxverploze mihqon-

da; 3)goris mazris administraciul erTeulebad damyofi

komisiis mier Sedgenili proeqti, mazris eTnografiuli,

strategiuli, geografiuli da sxva mniSvnelovani faqto-

rebis gaTvaliswinebaze iyo damyarebuli. misi praqtiku-

lad ganxorcielebis SemTxvevaSi: a)cxinvalis raionis 47

qarTuli sofeli goris mazras daeqvemdebareboda; b) `sam-

xreT oseTis~ revkomis moqmedebis areali Seikveceboda

da garkveul CarCoSi moeqceoda; g) `samxreT oseTis~ re-

zidenciad cxinvali ar iqneboda. Sinagan saqmeTa saxalxo

komisariatis 1921 wlis 9 agvistos dadgenileba #30, go-

ris mazris SemadgenlobaSi cxinvalis raionis mxolod 31

qarTuli soflis (16-iT naklebis) Seyvanas iTvaliswineb-

da. aRniSnuli defeqtis miuxedavad, goris mazris Crdi-

loeT nawilSi Seqmnili mZime politikuri situaciis fon-

ze, am dadgenilebis praqtikulad ganxorcieleba winga-

dadgmul nabijad CaiTvleboda. `samxreT oseTis~ revko-

mis Seupovari `sasazRvro brZolisa~ da saqarTvelos xe-

lisuflebis kompromisuli politikidan gamomdinare,

`samxreT oseTis~ revkomma qarTul soflebze batonobis

67

SenarCuneba SeZlo. am faqtiT, dasaxul mizans ZiriTadad

miaRwia da momdevno etapisaTvis sabrZolvelad Sesabami-

si safexuri moamzada.


1. u. baxtaZe, samxreT oseTis avtonomiuri olqis Seqmna da

misi samarTlebrivi mdgomareoba, Tbilisi, 1968.

2. Jurnali moambe, 1921, #3.

3. gazeTi socialist-federalisti, 1921, 24 maisi.

4. gazeTi socialist-federalisti, 1921, 22 maisi.

5. suica. f. 281. aRw. 1. saq. 23. furc. 68.

6. l. saraliZe, e.w. `samxreT oseTis~ avtonomiuri olqis Seq-

mnis istoriidan (1917— 1922 ww.), krebulSi: axali da uaxle-

si istoriis sakiTxebi, 1 (7), 2010.

7. Jurnali moambe, 1921, #15.

Shota Vadachkoria

Doctor of Historical Sciences, Ivane Java-khishvili Institute of History and Ethnology of Tbilisi Javakhishvili State University, Ma-in research-scientist of the Department of Modern and Contemporary History

Sovietisation of Georgia and the Ossetian Separatists’ Fight

For Widening the Spheres of Influence

Summary

On the basis of the documentary materials it is stated that: 1) after the forced Sovietisation of Georgia in the mountainous region of Shida Kar-tli (Inner Kartli) formal announcement of the Soviet rule under the mask of the “South Ossetia~, official creation of the “South Ossetia~ Revolutionary Committee for the second time and its location in Tskhinvali aimed to sub-

68

ordinate Georgian villages to the Revolutionary Committee of Ossetia and artificially alienate Tskhinvali region from the rest Georgia; 2) with the help of the archive material it is proved that the willful activities (deliberate op-pression of the Georgian population) of the Revolutionary Committee of the “South Ossetia~ and departments of the Ossetian militia formed by the Revolutionary Committee in Georgian villages were the violations of the “revolutionary period legislations.~ In spite of this the Revolutionary Com-mittee of Georgia together with People's Commissariat of Internal Affairs were not carrying out radical measures towards the Revolutionary Commit-tee of “South Ossetia~, was purposely concealing the troubles of the Shida Kartli (Inner Kartli) Georgian population and thus, making it unavailable for wide circles of society. With the help of the documentary materials we become aware that for preventing the opposition of the armed Ossetian population towards the Soviet rule the ruling circles of those days Georgia were ready for all kinds of concessions and thus, were sacrificing the inter-ests of Shida Kartli Georgian population on the altar of the Soviet ideology; 3) the project that was worked out by The Commission of Dividing the Gori District into Administrative Units was based on taking into consideration ethnographic, strategic, geographical etc. factors. If the project should have been carried out practically, 47 Georgian villages should have been under the control of the Gori district; the area of the “South Ossetia~ Revolution-ary Committee influence should have been narrowed and enclosed in certain frames; Tskhinvali should not have been the residence of “South Ossetia.~ According to the resolution of the People's Commissariat of Internal Af-fairs, 1921, August, 9, ¹30 only 31 Georgian villages (instead of 16 more villages) should have been united into the Gori district. Despite the men-tioned imperfection, on the background of the political situation in the North of the Gori district, to carry out practically the resolution should have been a step forward. Because of the obstinate “fights on the border~ of the Revolutionary Committee of the “South Ossetia~ and the compromise pol-icy of the Georgian government the Revolutionary Committee of the “South Ossetia~ was able to keep control on Georgian villages. In fact it helped it to reach the goal and prepare for another step.

69

lela saraliZe

istoriis doqtori, ivane javaxiSvi-

lis saxelobis Tbilisis saxelmwifo

universiteti, ivane javaxiSvilis is-

toriis da eTnologiis institutis

axali da uaxlesi istoriis ganyofi-

lebis ufrosi mecnier-TanamSromeli

saqarTvelos deokupaciisTvis brZolis istoriidan (1922-1923 ww.)

1921 wlis Teberval-martis omis Sedegad, sabWoTa ru-

seTma saqarTvelos demokratiuli respublika daipyro. sa-

qarTvelos demokratiuli respublikis xelisuflebas qvey-

nis okupacia da aneqsia ar ucvnia da sabWoTa ruseTis xeli-

suflebis winaSe kapitulacia ar mouxdenia. 1921 wlis 18

marts, saqarTvelos demokratiuli respublikis mTavrobis,

aseve, damfuZnebeli krebis wevrTa didma nawilma saqarTve-

lo datova da emigraciaSi gaemgzavra, raTa iqidan gaegrZe-

lebina brZola dakarguli damoukideblobis aRsadgenad. sa-

qarTveloSi darCenili antisabWoTa politikuri partiebis

warmomadgenelTa gaerTianebis mizniT, intensiuri muSaoba

mimdinareobda. gaerTianebis ideis iniciatorebi social-

demokratebi iyvnen. 1921 wels sabWoTa ruseTis mier saqar-

Tvelos dapyrobis Semdeg, saqarTvelos social-demokrati-

uli partiis centraluri komitetis iniciativiT, antisab-

WoTa partiebis winaSe erTiani erovnuli frontis Seqmnis

sakiTxi daisva, romlis mizani saqarTvelos saxelmwifoebri-

vi damoukideblobis aRdgena iyo.

emigraciaSi myof politikosebsa da saqarTveloSi

darCenil politikur Zalebs Soris kavSiri, Tavdapirvelad,

susti iyo. saqarTveloSi myofi politikosebi, sabWoTa xe-

lisuflebis mxridan, sastiki teroris qveS moeqcnen. sabWo-

Ta ruseTis mier saqarTvelos demokratiuli respublikis

dapyrobis Semdeg, saqarTveloSi ruseTis analogiuri Zalo-

vani struqturebis formireba daiwyo. 1921 wlis 25 Teber-

vals, TbilisSi, mamia oraxelaSvilis TavmjdomareobiT, sa-

qarTvelos revoluciuri komitetis pirveli sxdoma gaimar-

70

Ta. sxdomas eswrebodnen: Salva eliava, mixeil okujava, la-

do dumbaZe, giorgi elisabedaSvili, SoTa gabriCiZe (sxdomis

mdivani). sxdomaze moismines saqarTvelos sagangebo komisi-

is organizebis da komisiis droebiT Tavmjdomared giorgi

elisabedaSvilis daniSvnis sakiTxi. 1921 wlis 26 Tebervals,

saqarTvelos revkomis brZanebiT, `kontrrevoluciasTan,

spekulaciasTan da sabotaJTan brZolis sagangebo sagamom-

Zieblo komisia“ Seiqmna. Tavis mxriv, saqarTvelos da amier-

kavkasiis sagangebo komisiebi antisabWoTa mimarTulebis

qarTuli politikuri partiebis dasaSlelad da gasanadgu-

reblad amzadebdnen niadags. bolSevikebis mier daarsebul

saqarTvelos sagangebo komisiaSi, specialurad Seiqmna mesa-

me da meoTxe qveganyofilebebi, romlebic memarjvene da me-

marcxene politikuri partiebis winaaRmdeg aqtiurad muSa-

obdnen. P

saqarTvelos Sinagan saqmeTa saministros arqivSi da-

culi dokumentebidan naTlad Cans, rom sabWoTa mTavroba

aqtiurad adevnebda Tval-yurs emigraciaSi myofi qarTveli

politikosebis moRvaweobas. sabWoTa xelisuflebisTvis ma-

Ti gadaadgilebis yoveli nabiji cnobili iyo.

MsabWoTa reJimis mxridan arsebuli zewolis miuxeda-

vad, saqarTvelos deokupaciis mizniT, 1922 wlis agvistoSi,

TbilisSi, saqarTvelos xuTi politikuri partiisgan speci-

aluri organo — saqarTvelos damoukideblobis komiteti

(damkomi), igive paritetuli komiteti Seiqmna. 1922-1924

wlebSi komiteti aqtiur iatakqveSa brZolas warmarTavda

sabWoTa okupaciisa da bolSevikuri reJimis winaaRmdeg. an-

tisabWoTa partiebis aRniSnulma blokma saqarTveloSi,

bolSevikebis winaaRmdeg mimarTuli, saerTo saxalxo ajan-

yebis organizeba sakuTar Tavze aiRo. politikur partiebs

Soris miRweuli SeTanxmebis Tanaxmad, damoukideblobis ko-

miteti, marTalia, paritetul sawyisebze iyo dakompleqte-

buli, magram komitetis Tavmjdomare mudmivad social-de-

mokratiuli partiis warmomadgeneli unda yofiliyo. saqar-

Tvelos damoukideblobis komitetis Seqmnis Taobaze, Tbi-

lisSi SemuSavebuli SeTanxmebis teqsti, ioseb gobeCias xe-

liT, sazRvargareT myof saqarTvelos mTavrobas gaegzavna.

saWiro iyo saqarTveloSi myof, sabWoTa reJimis winaaRmdeg

71

mebrZol, politikur partiebs Soris SeTanxmeba ecnoT emig-

raciaSi myof saqarTvelos demokratiuli respublikis

mTavrobis Tavmjdomares noe Jordanias da qarTuli poli-

tikuri partiebis sazRvargareT arsebul organizaciebs,

rac SemdegSi miRweuli iqna. saqarTvelos damoukideblobis

komitetis pirveli Semadgenloba aseTi iyo: gogita faRava

(social-demokrati), iason javaxiSvili (erovnul-demokra-

ti), grigol rcxilaZe (socialist-federalisti), muxran xo-

Wolava (damoukidebeli social-demokratebidan), ioseb go-

beCia (socialist-revolucioneri). SeTanxmebis Tanaxmad,

damkom-is pirveli Tavmjdomare gogita faRava gaxda, xolo

mdivani — iason javaxiSvili. 1922 wlis agvistoSive, social-

demokratiuli partiis warmomadgeneli gogita faRava niko-

loz qarcivaZem Secvala, romelic Sesabamisad, damkomis

Tavmjdomare gaxda. Nn. qarcivaZe damkom-s 1922 wlis agvisto-

dan 1923 wlis martamde (dapatimrebamde) xelmZRvanelobda.

1923 wlis martidan damkom-is Tavmjdomare social-demok-

rati konstantine andronikaSvili iyo, romelic komitets

mis likvidaciamde (1924 wlis seqtembramde) xelmZRvanelob-

da. 1923 wlis dasawyisidan, erovnul-demokratiuli partiis

daqvemdebarebaSi myofi qaquca ColoyaSvilis razmi damkom-

is gankargulebaSi gadavida.

saqarTvelos damoukideblobis komiteti koordinaci-

aSi iyo sazRvargareT moRvawe qarTuli politikuri emigra-

ciis wevrebTan da mudmivad awvdida informacias saqarTve-

loSi arsebul viTarebasTan dakavSirebiT. Tavis mxriv, uc-

xoeTSi myofi saqarTvelos mTavrobis wevrebi cdilobdnen

bolSevikuri ruseTis mier gavrcelebuli cilismwamebluri

sicruis gamoaSkaravebas, TiTqos saqarTveloSi ruseTis ja-

ri ar imyofeboda, iq araviTari omi ar yofila da ajanye-

bulma qarTvelma xalxma Camoagdo menSevikuri mTavroba,

romelic bolSevikuri mTavrobiT Seicvala.

Tavis mxriv, saqarTvelos emigraciuli mTavroba rusi

okupantebis mier daniSnul mTavrobas saqarTvelosTvis ka-

nonierad ar cnobda da ucxoeTidan agrZelebda brZolas da-

moukideblobis aRsadgenad.

ucxoeTSi moRvawe saqarTvelos demokratiuli res-

publikis mTavrobis muSaobis angariSi warmodgenilia, emig-

72

raciaSi myofi mTavrobis Tavmjdomaris noe Jordanias we-

rilSi, romelic man saqarTvelos damoukideblobis komi-

tets, parizidan, gamougzavna. werilSi dawvrilebiT aris

ganxiluli ucxoeTSi moRvawe qarTveli politikosebis

mcdeloba rusuli okupaciisgan saqarTvelos gaTavisufle-

bis saqmeSi. sainteresoa noe Jordanias xedva, maSindeli sa-

erTaSoriso politikuri movlenebis fonze, saqarTvelos

deokupaciis sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT. werilSi dasmuli sa-

kiTxebi dResac aqtualuria, radgan ruseTis xelisufleba

XXI-e saukuneSic Zveli, imperiuli meTodebis gamoyenebiT

cdilobs ucxo qveynebis teritoriebis miTvisebas da saer-

TaSoriso samarTlis da sazogadoebrivi azris srul igno-

rirebas axdens. gTavazobT, werilis srul variants.

noe Jordanias werili saqarTvelos

damoukideblobis komitets TbilisSi

parizi. 9 aprili, 1923 weli

moqalaqeno, amaswineT Cven gamogigzavneT gamosaqvey-

neblad mowodeba `qarTvel ers“, xelmowerili damfuZnebe-

li krebis prezidiumisa da partiaTa warmomadgenlebis mier.

axla saWirod vcnobT damoukideblobis komitets warmoug-

zavnoT ganmartebiTi baraTi, gavacnoT mas mokled Cven mier

ucxoeTSi ganvlili gza da momavlis perspeqtivebi. mTavro-

bis muSaoba ucxoeTSi dRidan misi saqarTvelodan wamosvli-

sa warmoebda ori mimarTulebiT: erTis mxriT, Cven veweodiT

agitacias da propagandas saqarTvelos sasargeblod sazo-

gadoebis farTe masaSi — muSaTa klasSi, demokratiaSi, par-

tiebSi, yovel wresa da yvela mxareSi, sadac ki xma da fexi

migviwvdeboda. am mizniT, Cven viyenebdiT, rogorc Cven ofi-

cialur saelCoebs, ise aq myof damfuZnebel krebas da mis

prezidiumis wevrebs. ar yofila iseTi TvalsaCino yriloba,

partiuli Tu saxelmwifoebrivi, sadac Cveni warmomadgene-

li ar misuliyos da iq saqarTvelos interesebi ar daecvas.

garda piradi agitaciisa, Cven farTed viyenebdiT beWdviT

sityvas, broSurebs, mowodebas. presis saSualebiT mivmar-

TavdiT evropas. am miznis ukeT misaRwevad Cven davaarseT

73

gansakuTrebuli sainformacio dawesebuleba stambolSi,

romSi, JenevaSi, parizSi, londonSi, berlinSi, sadac saqar-

Tvelodan mosuli cnobebi da Cveni mimarTvani igzavneboda,

iTargmneboda da presas ecnoboda. ucxoelTa Soris Cven am

muSaobaSi gansakuTrebiT gvexmareboda da gvismenda muSaTa

sindikatebi da socialisturi partiebi orive — londonisa

da venis internacionalisa.

es Cveni ori wlis muSaoba, SegviZlia Tamamad vsTqvaT,

dagvirgvinda metad nayofierad, Tu winaT saqarTvelos saxe-

li kanti-kuntad, aqa-iq qondaT gagonili, xolo warmodgena

masze sruliad zerele, axla ar moiZebneba arc erTi sazoga-

doebrivi wre, arc erTi organo, arc erTi kerZo Tu saxel-

mwifo dawesebuleba da organizacia, romelmac ar icodes

vin aris qarTveli eri, ra surs da ra uWirs mas. arc erTi pa-

tara eri, arc erTi politikuri kiTxva ar iwvevs evropaSi am-

Jamad iseT saerTo TanagrZnobas, iseT udao gamoxmaurebas,

rogorsac iwvevs qarTveli eri da saqarTvelos sakiTxi.

evropis demokratia am erT kiTxvaSi savsebiT SeerTe-

bulia, aq dava da uTanxmoeba ar aris partiaTa da klasTa So-

ris. Cven winaaRmdeg muSaobs mxolod erTaderTi partia —

komunistebisa, romelic moskovis xarjze daarsda da mosko-

vis imediT suldgmulobs. es moskovis agentebi, es maTi mo-

jamagireni, rasakvirvelia icaven maT da Cven gvebrZvian. mag-

ram unda iTqvas isic, rom sazogado azri imdenad Rrma da

farTea Cvens sasargeblod, rom es moskovis agentebi Zalau-

neburad mas angariSs uweven da saqarTvelos winaaRmdeg aS-

karad, pirdapir ver gamodian. maTi organoebi isev moskove-

lebs (trockis [1] da sxv.) alaparakeben Cvens winaaRmdeg, Tvi-

Ton ki duman. magram vinaidan es partiebi axla aqeT yvelgan

suls Rafaven, maT yovelnairi moraluri Zalaufleba dakar-

ges da aRaravin arafers ujerebs, cxadia maT vnebis motana

ar SeuZliaT da saerTo simpatias Cvens mimarT veRar Searye-

ven. maTi wirva gamowirulia.

evropis sazogadoeba Seurigda ruseTSi bolSevikebis

batonobas, amaze aq aravin daobs. rogorc xalxi iseTi mTav-

roba — amboben aq. magram is ar Seurigdeba saqarTvelos oku-

pacias am mTavrobis mier. aq ar iTqmis rogorc xalxi, ise

mTavrobao, vinaidan qarTvelma xalxma Seqmna demokratiuli

74

mTavroba, xolo bolSevikuri ki garedan, rusis xalxidan Se-

motanili mTavrobaa. ai, amitom saqarTvelos sakiTxi muSaTa

internacionalma wamoayena erT-erT pirobad bolSevikebis

internacionalTan mosaTanxmeblad. is gadaiqca principia-

lur sakiTxad da exeba eris TviTgamorkvevis ZiriTad debu-

lebas.

Cveni mizania am xanaT es miRweuli Sedegi SevinarCu-

noT, gavamagroT, gavaRrmaoT da miT evropis sazogado az-

rSi samudamod davisadguroT da rom Cven swored am mxriT

mivdivarT, dagvanaxa evropis ukanasknelma gamoZaxilma sa-

qarTveloSi datrialebul saSinel terorze. guriis akle-

bam, asobiT udanaSaulo xalxis daxvretam gamoiwvia aq saer-

To aRSfoTeba da protesti. mTavrobis Tavmjdomaris te-

legramam meore internacionalis mimarT da mowodebam `ga-

naTlebul kacobriobas“ moiara yvela qveynis presa. gansa-

kuTrebiT farTo gamoxmaureba movipoveT inglisSi.

aseTia mokled Cveni muSaobis msvleloba sazogadoeb-

riv sferoSi. meore mxare Cveni muSaobisa Seicavs diploma-

tiur sferos. es muSaoba ise advili ar gamodga, rogorc

pirveli. msoflio omis mier gamowveuli aoxreba da zarali

imdenad didia yvela did saxelmwifoebSi, rom mis gamoswo-

rebas da anazRaurebas undeba saxelmwifos mTeli Zal-Rone.

arcerTi mTavroba Tavis qveynis gareT ar ixedeba, yvela Ta-

vis winandel saqmes mistiris. xarjis Semokleba, saxelmwi-

fos yairaToba — ai saiTken aris miqceuli TviToeulis yu-

radReba. gansakuTrebiT daCrdila yvela sakiTxi safrangeT-

germaniis ganxeTqilebam. ruris okupacia daepatrona dip-

lomatiis yuradRebas. am saerTo diplomatiur atmosferoSi

amuSavda loid jorjis politika moskovis sasargeblod. man

gadawyvita moskovis da misi aqtebis dadastureba ara marto

inglisis, aramed evropis mierac da Tavs idva kani-genuas [2]

konferenciis mowveva (aRsaniSnavia, rom loid jorjis [3]

mTavari mrCeveli fr. f. uazi gamodga moskovis agenti, rome-

lic axla mis samsaxurSi Sevida). misi xmaurobis da gavlenis

wyalobiT bolSevikur ruseTs saarSiyoT Semoadga mTeli ev-

ropa, is modaSi Semovida, saerTaSoriso diplomatiis sagnad

gadaiqca.

75

aseT CvenTvis arasasargeblo pirobebSi mTavar miznad

davisaxeT erTi sakiTxi—Cveni internacionaluri statusis

dacva, e. i. Cveni damoukideblobis iuridiuli cnobis SerCe-

na da maSasadame, brZola yvela iseT nabijebTan, romelic mi-

marTuli iqneboda okupaciis dasustebisken. loid jorjis

planebis (gegmebis-l.s.) CafuSva iqneboda amave dros Cveni

gamarjveba. vinaidan loid jorjis mTavroba Cven ar gvcno-

bilobda da arc gvikarebda, Cven daveyrdeniT safrangeTis

mTavrobas, romelic Tavidanve Cvens mxareze idga da gvicav-

da.

SarSan gamoqveynebul loid jorjis — klemansos [4] mi-

wer-moweridan aSkara gaxda, rom versalis zavidan ori azri

ebrZoda erTimeores ruseTis Sesaxeb. loid jorji yofila

momxre didi ruseTis da masTan morigebiT yvela kiTxvebis

gadawyvetis. es tradiciuli politikaa inglisis libera-

lizmisa. klemanso ki piriqiT, did ruseTs aRar scnobs dro-

is SesaferisaT da amitom mfarvelobas ruseTidan gamoyofi-

li saxelmwifoebisa scnobda mizanSewonilad. safrangeTma

ruseTis sazRvarze moipova axali erTguli mokavSire — po-

loneTi da ruminia, romelTa interesi ar eTanxmeba didi ru-

seTis interesebs da maSasadame, am or mopirdapireTa Soris

erT-erTi unda gaewira. ai, es pro-polonuri da antididru-

seTuli mimarTuleba darCa dRevandlamde safrangeTis po-

litikaT da amitom Cvenc aq vpoveT bina da mfarveloba.

Cvens sakiTxSi inglisis premiers daupirispirda saf-

rangeTis premieri [5] rogorc kanSi, ise genuaSi da orive

alagas daamarcxa is. ruseTis warmomadgeneli ar iqna cnobi-

li saqarTvelos warmomadgenlad. ase Tu ise, saSiSroeba Ta-

vidan aviSoreT imave safrangeTis wyalobiT lozanis konfe-

renciaze, xolo TviT konferenciis msvlelobaSi inglisis

warmomadgeneli — lordi kerzoni savsebiT Cvens mxareze

gadmovida da Cveni iuridiuli status qvo dacul iqmna. lo-

id jorjis dacemam inglisSi Seqmna Cveni sasargeblo diplo-

matiuri atmosfero da is amJamaT TandaTan Cvensken ixreba.

amnairaT, diplomatiur sferoSi Cven SevinarCuneT is,

rac gvqonda. saqarTvelo cnobilia dResac damoukideblad

yvela saxelmwifoebis mier, vinc ki wineT gvicno, garda er-

TaderTi germaniisa. magram dRevandeli evropis koncertSi

76

germaniis xma metad dablad fasobs da misi magaliTi aravi-

saTvis saxarbielo da misabaZavi ar aris. germaniam pirvelad

icno Cveni damoukidebloba, manve dagmo pirvelad [6], Tumca

misi mesveurebi axlac amboben, rom maT icvnes bolSevikuri

saqarTvelo da ara okupacis. CvenTvis ki es orive erTi da

igivea.

aseTia Cveni muSaoba dRemde. rogoria Cveni perspeqti-

vebi? am mxriT sayuradReboa sami garemoeba: loid jorjis

kabinetis dacema inglisSi, osmaleT-evropis mosalodneli

morigeba da moskovis prestiJis sabolood dacema evropaSi.

samive es faqtori amuSavda lozanaSi. aq moskovi daamarcxa

inglisma osmaleTis daxmarebiT. Savi zRvis sakiTxSi, rac

niSnavs amierkavkasiis sakiTxs, aq gamoaSkaravda sajarod in-

glis-osmaleTis saerTo Sexedulebebi. moskovis cda Savi

zRva gadaaqcios ruseTis daxurul tbad, rogorc es iyo ca-

rizmis dros Seejaxa inglis-osmaleTis saerTo iteresebs da

damarcxda, lozanidan daiwyo moskovis gariyva diplomatia-

Si, xolo sazogadoebidan xom karga xania gariyulia. inglis-

osmaleTis daaxloeba dRes faqtia. lozanis meore konfe-

renciaze dRes davac ki aRar aris maT Soris. maTi urTier-

Tobis kiTxvebi gadaWrilia. maT Soris zavi faqtiurad Camo-

vardnilia. lozanaSi ixsneba, amJamad, mxolod osmaleT-saf-

rangeTs Soris arsebuli ekonomikuri kvanZi. es umTavresad

osmaleT-safrangeTis konferenciaa.

amnairad, osmaleT-inglisis morigeba moxda ruseTis

winaaRmdeg da mis xarjze. orive saxelmwifo SeerTda imaSi,

rom Savi zRva da iqedan momavali gzebi aRmosavleTSi—ruse-

Tis monopolia ar unda iyos. aq maTac aqvT interesebi. in-

glisi am gzisken ufro da ufro ixreba. amiT aixsneba damo-

kidebuleba ruseTisagan. osmaleTis arSiyoba carieli sit-

yvebia, bolSevikebis mosatyueblad droebiT, sanam saboloo

zavze xeli ar mouweriaT. sainteresoa ara es sityvebi, ara-

med saqme, xolo saqmes ki angora anti-moskovurs awarmoebs.

Cven dRevandlamde diplomatiur sferoSi veyrdnobo-

diT safrangeTs, rogorc zeviT vsTqviT. axla Cven SegviZlia

vTqvaT, rom axlo momavalSi mTeli muSaoba ara marto dip-

lomatiuri, aramed realur-praqtikulic daeyrdnoba ag-

reTve inglis-osmaleTis SeerTebul kombinacias. es ar niS-

77

navs imas, rom safrangeTi da misi mokavSireni: poloneTi, ru-

minia ukve gamovarda Cveni perspeqtivebidan, ara, es rCeba da

mis gverdiT dgeba es meore, axlad Seqmnili politikuri

kombinacia, romelic pirdapir, uSualod gadabmulia Cveni

qveynis mdgomareobasTan.

moqalaqeno, eris Tavisufleba naCqarvi, mosagebi saqme

ar aris; is bejiTi, xangrZlivi Sromis da brZolis nayofia.

veraviTari sagareo Zala ver uSvelis ers, Tu mas ar surs Ta-

visufleba, Tu mas ar ZaluZs misTvis brZola. Sors ar aris is

dro, roca sagareo kombinacia (sagareo kombinaciaSi vgu-

lisxmob agreTve moskovis mTavrobis Signidan dacemas) gve-

tyvis: gaaqnie xeli da Cvenc SegeweviTo da Tu maSin xeli ver

gavaqnieT, Tu Cveni mxneoba da sulieri Zala gatexili aRmoC-

nda — saqarTvelo monobidan ver gamova da evropac sabuTia-

nad gvetyvis — ar yofilxarT Rirsi Tavisuflebiso!

sulieri gautexeloba da organizaciuli momzadeba —

ai, ra gvWiria Cven ai, ra mogvcems saboloo gamarjvebas.

komentarebi:

[1] trocki — leiba daviTis Ze bronSteinis (Лейба Давидович Бронштейн) (1879-1940 ww.) fsevdonimi. XX saukunis

ruseTis revoluciuri moRvawe, sabWoTa marqsisti da Teo-

retikosi, politikosi. ruseTis wiTeli armiis erT-erTi fu-

Zemdebeli. pirvel sabWoTa mTavrobaSi sagareo saqmeTa sa-

xalxo komisris posti eWira, xolo 1918-1925 wlebSi samxed-

ro da sazRvao saqmeTa saxalxo komisari iyo. stalinTan po-

litikuri uTanxmoebis gamo trocki komunisturi partiidan

garicxes da sabWoTa kavSiridan gaaZeves. 1940 wels, igi meq-

sikaSi sabWoTa agentma ramon merkaderma mokla.

[2] kani-genua — igulisxmeba safrangeTis qalaq kanSi

gamarTuli konferencia (1922 w.), sadac emigraciaSi moRvawe

qarTveli politikosebis ZalisxmeviT, konferenciis mier

miRebuli rezoluciis VI muxli sabWoTa ruseTis xelisuf-

lebisgan saqarTvelodan jaris gayvanas moiTxovda. genua,

igulisxmeba italiis qalaq genuaSi gamarTuli saerTaSori-

so konferencia (1922 wlis 10 aprili-19 maisi). konferencia-

ze aralegalurad muSaobda qarTuli delegacia, romelic

78

kategoriulad moiTxovda sabWoTa ruseTis warmomadgene-

li, genuis konferenciaze saqarTvelos saxeliT ar yofili-

yo daSvebuli.

[3] loid jorji (David Lloyd George) (1863-1946 ww.), didi

britaneTis premier-ministri.

[4] JorJ klemanso (Georges Benjamin Clemenceau) (1841-1929

ww.), safrangeTis mTavrobis Tavmjdomare 1917-1920 wlebSi.

[5] igulisxmeba raimond puankare (Raymond Poincaré) (1860-1934 ww.), frangi politikuri moRvawe, safrangeTis

mTavrobis Tavmjdomare 1922-1924 wlebSi.

[6] igulisxmeba 1922 wlis 16 aprils (genuis konferen-

ciis msvlelobis dros) rapalos xelSekrulebis xelmowera

sabWoTa ruseTsa da germanias Soris, riTac moxda diploma-

tiuri urTierTobis aRdgena am or qveyanas Soris.

Lela Saralidze

Doctor of History, Ivane Javakhishvili Tbilisi State University, Ivane Javakhishvili Institute of History and Ethnology, Senior researcher-scientist of the Department of Modern and Contemporary History

From the History of Struggle for Georgian

Deoccupation (1922-1923 )

Summary According to the archival materials the work shows the struggle of

anti-soviet political parties, who ware trying their best to regain freedom not only in Soviet Georgia but from the Emigration. The work also shows that the power Georgian Democratic Republic didn't declared the occupation or annexation of the country and didn't surrender to Soviet Union. On 18 march in 1921 the main part of the Georgian Government and members of the Constituent Assembly left Georgia and went in Emigration to continue

79

the battle for independence. On August of 1922 five Georgian political par-ties established freedom committee (DAMCOM) for returning lost inde-pendence for country. Between 1922-1924 years committee produced un-derground battles against Soviet Union and Bolshevik regime.

Committee had permanent connection to the members of the gov-ernment in Emigration and they ware providing information about the events in Georgia. The work also shows the letter written by the chairman of Georgian Government, Noe Jordania who was emigrated in Paris.

The letter shows in detail the work of emigrated citizens who ware trying their best for Georgian Independence. The vision of Noe Jordania about returning Independence is quite interesting. This issues are actual in nowadays, because Russian Government is using the same Imperial meth-ods which was used in XXI century also tries to appropriate the foreign country lands and ignores international public opinion.

80

irma gikaSvili

istorikosi, Tbilisis 178-e sajaro

skolis istoriis maswavlebeli

1922 wlis ajanyeba da erTi ucnobi qarTveli

gmiri qalis istoria (mze-qala)

saqarTvelos uaxloes istoriaSi 1922 wlis xevsure-

Tis ajanyeba erT-erTi mniSvnelovani movlenaa... masze bevri

ram dawerila da gamoqveynebula. Tumca, SeiZleba iTqvas,

rom es movlena erT-erTi naklebad Seswavlili sakiTxia

qarTul istoriografiaSi.

1922 wlis xevsurTa amboxi, romelic sabWoTa xelisuf-

lebis winaaRmdeg iyo mimarTuli pirdapir aris dakavSire-

buli qaquca ColoyaSvilis saxelTan.

ColoyaSvilebis gvari saqarTvelos erT- erTi cnobi-

li istoriuli gvaria. am gvarma saqarTvelos misca bevri

cnobili saxelmwifo, samxedro da politikuri moRvawe.

`SeficulTa~ saxeliT cnobili qaqucas razmis mTeli

istoria, dawyebuli razmis naTlobidan, damTavrebuli sa-

qarTvelos miwaze gatarebuli ukanaskneli dRiT, mWidrod

aris gadajaWvuli xevsurebis ajanyebasTan.

miuxedavad didi mcdelobisa, 1922 wlis xevsurTa ga-

mosvlac da 1924 wlis sayovelTao amboxic marcxiT dam-

Tavrda. xelmocarulma ColoyaSvilma uaxloes garemocvas-

Tan erTad samSoblo datova da Tavi safrangeTs Seafara.

emigrantuli mTavroba, romelic parizSi 1921 wlis

martidan imyofeboda, Tbilad daxvda 1924 wlis ajanyebis

Tavgadadebul mebrZols. ColoyaSvilma darCenili sicoc-

xle safrangeTSi gaatara...

bolSevikuri okupaciis Semdeg, saqarTvelodan devnil

msxvil politikur partiebs social-demokratebs, erovnul-

demokrtebs, socialist-federalistebs isRa darCenodaT

gaerTianebuliyvnen da parizSi SeeqmnaT saqarTvelos poli-

tikur patriaTa gaerTianeba, romlis organoc gaxldaT 1926

wlis ianvridan parizSi gamomavali yovelTviuri gazeTi

`damoukidebeli saqarTvelo“, romelsac xelmZRvanelobda

81

socialist-revolucioneri — ioseb gobeCia, Semdeg ki so-

cial-demokrati — grigol urataZe. maSindeli saqarTve-

los istoriaSi ar yofila arcerTi mniSvnelovani politi-

kuri movlena, rasac gazeTi `damoukidebeli saqarTvelo~

ar gamoxmaurebia. am gazeTSi aqveynebda Tavis statiebsa da

mogonebebs n. Jordania, g. kvinitaZe, n. ramiSvili, mix. were-

Teli, eq. TayaiSvili, a. Cxenkeli, da mravali sxva emigranti

qarTveli. am gazeTTan mWidrod TanamSromlobda qaquca

ColoyaSvilic.

1926 wlis dekembris nomerSi man gamoaqveyna mogone-

bebi xevsureTis ajanyebis monawile erTi ucnobi qarTveli

qalis -mzeqalas gmirobis Sesaxeb... amiT maia wyneTelis da

Tamar vaSlovnelis saxels emateba ucnobi xevsuri mzeqa-

las saxeli, romelsac erTi frangi mwerali Jana darksac

ki adarebs.

ai, ras werda qarTveli Seficulebis beladi gazeT

`damoukidebeli saqarTvelos~ erT-erT nomerSi (gazeTi ina-

xeba Tbilisis saxelmwifo universitetis emigraciis muze-

umSi): `1922 wlis seqtemberSi, q. duSeTTan Setakebis Semdeg

xevsureTSi gadavedi. xevsurebma sixaruliT mimiRes, Cemi

saxeli gagonili hqondaT, amas garda, Cvens gvars mudam

hqonda pativi am xalxSi, radganac istoriulad ColoyaSvi-

lebi am kuTxis mouravebi iyvnen. isini gamocxaddnen CemTan

da miTxres, rom mzad arian rusebisTvis winaaRmdegoba gae-

wiaT“ [1…]. qaqucas Svidkacian jgufs xevsureTSi mravali pat-

rioti miemata, maT Soris gamorCeulebi abika da dimitri

WinWaraulebi da Toma baliauri iyo, (igi sicocxlis bo-

lomde agrZelebda Seurigebel brZolas rusi dampyroble-

bis winaaRmdeg).

im dros qaqucas razmis adgilsamyofeli iyo orwyali,

maSindeli TavdacviTi operaciebisaTvis unikaluri buneb-

rivi simagre. al. sulxaniSvili mas ase aRwers: `...orwyali

uTosaviT wamowvdili uzarmazari kldea. amgvarad, vinc ki

mas daikavebs, Tamamad SeZlebs gzis gadaketvas, rom xevsu-

reTSi aravin SeuSvas“ [4, 150].

xevsureTis mosaxleobisa da ColoyaSvilis partizanu-

li razmis ZiriTadi amocana iyo xevsureTSi mtris ar SeSve-

82

ba, misTvis seriozuli dartymis miyeneba da aqedan mTeli

eris gaTavisuflebisaTvis Zlevamosili laSqrobis dawyeba.

rogorc ukve aRvniSne, ColoyaSvilma orwyalis buneb-

rivi simagris gamoyeneba gadawyvita. farTo mosamzadebelma

samuSaoebma ki mTeli xevsureTi moicva, yvela raionSi, yve-

la sofelSi iyvnen daniSnulni asisTavebi da aTasisTavebi,

xalxs iaraRi jer kidev hqonda SenarCunebuli da niSans

eloda ColoyaSvilisagan.

amboxeba 1922 wlis 6 agvistos unda dawyebuliyo... fSa-

vis aragvis Sua welze xeoba gansakuTrebiT viwrovdeba, aq-

vea xidi, maSin grZel xidad wodebuli. orwylis xidsa da

grZel xids Soris kidev erTi xidi iyo — `lamianis xidi“.

swored es monakveTi iqca xevsureTis omis asparezad...

sabWouri Zalebis didi SenaerTi moiwevda xevsureTisa-

ken (am armiis erT-erTi monawile, Telavis samxedro komisa-

ri p. WiWinaZe, igonebda `20 — aTasamde viyaviTo“). jari modi-

oda mZimed SeiaraRebuli, tyviamfrqvevebiTa da zarbazne-

biT aRWurvili. maRaroskaridan orwyalamde amosvlas maT

2-3 dRe moandomes. qaquca `uTosaviT kldis~ Tavze iyo ga-

magrebuli, es strategiulad uaRresad xelsayreli adgili

iribad iyo daxrili aragvis kalapotsa da jaris gamagrebis

xazis mimarT da saimedod icavda gamagrebulebs tyviebisa

da zarbaznis Wurvebisagan.

qaquca ColoyaSvili igonebs: `mteri jer ar Canda.me

orwyalTan axlos, mwvervalze viyavi dabanakebuli da niSans

velodi. saRamo xans Cems Tvalebs saucxoo suraTi gadaeSa-

la. soflis erTi koSkidan Zaxili gaisma. es iyo gangaSi... es

xma atyobinebda danarCen soflebs, rom xevsureTi oms iw-

yebda.

dainTo cecxlebi da maxlobelma soflebma gangaSiTve

upasuxes. erTi Ramis ganmavlobaSi yovelma xevsurma icoda,

rom dilas iaraRiT unda gamosuliyo. gudamayaris mxridgan

Tofi gavarda. es mtris moaxloebis niSani iyo. gaiara Rame-

mac da dilazed rusebma Semoteva daiwyes. tyvia zuzunebda

da zarbazani grialebda. CemTan sul sami kaci iyo. es simci-

re ar iyo Cemi gasaWiri. nabadSi gaxveuli miwazed vegde da

cieba, ase xSiri Cvens partizanul yofaSi, Sedegi Cveni ga-

mudmebuli miwazed wolisa, sulsa mRafavda. damewyo RamiT

83

da dilazed sicxec momca. modiodnen kacebi da mohqondaT

ambebi da mihqondaT brZaneba, magram damijerebT? dResac ar

vici ra brZanebani iyvnen isini~ [1, 214].

cud dros mouswro ColoyaSvils cieb-cxelebam. nabad-

Si gaxveuli, sicxisgan gaTanguli iwva da Soridan adevnebda

Tvals sabrZolo moqmedebebs. magram, uceb xmauri atyda da

`...erTma xevsurma cxeni zed nabadzed momagdoo - igonebs Co-

loyaSvili...

- romelia ColoyaSvili? — daiZaxa man. kacebma Cemzed

miuTiTes. man damxeda da wamoiZaxa :

- ra dros wolaa, vaJau, ar gagigia, xevsureTs mteri

moadga?!

me Sevxede. Cems win sul axalgazrda, uwverulvaSo xev-

suri idga. mxarzed patrontaSi hqonda gadagdebuli, xelSi

Tofi eWira da ubelo cxenzed ijda. me isev Tvalis daxuWva

mindoda, im imediT, rom pasuxs Cemebi gascemdnen, rom mo-

suls patrontaSis qveS qalis Ria mkerdi davunaxe.

aseTi uCveulo garegnobis stumris mosvlam gamomar-

kvia da wamoviwie. vidre misi ucnauri mosvlis mizezs vikiT-

xavdi, me TviT mindoda amexsna mizezi Cemi wolisa, radganac

mosuli qali iyo, eWvs gareSe da mis sityvebzed, cota ar

iyos, Tavi uxerxulad vigrZeni.

- avad var, - wavilaparake me.

- gana sikvdili avadmyofs ar SeuZlian? or wyalSi

omia!

- mipasuxa man.

- vina xar disav? — vkiTxe, roca davatyve, rom Cemi stu-

mari Cveulebriv qals ar hgavda.

- mze-qalas meZaxian, araSulis qali! netai, Tu Senc Co-

loyaSvili xar?

- gaxlavar. ras mibrZaneb?

- brZaneba Seni iyos, me or wyalzed minda migacilo.

xevsurni gelodebian. omia!

- sTqva da TvalebSi CamaSterda~ [1, 214].

- qaquca mixvda, rom wausvleloba ar iqneboda. igi

cxenze Zlivs Sejda da qals gahyva. win mze-qala miuZRoda.

tyvia zuzunebda, magram, qali amas yuradRebas ar aqcevda.

ColoyaSvili ver mimxvdariyo, rogor miagno mze-qalam mas.

84

misi kacebisgan rom ar iyo gamogzavnili, es danamdvilebiT

icoda. erT sofels rom gauswordnen, cxeni Semoatriala da

sofels erTi magrad dasWyivla, saxlSi darCenilebs uZaxo-

da. soflidan mxolod ZaRlma gasca xma. yvelani wasulano-

Cailaparaka man. swored aq SeZlo ColoyaSvilma misi saxis

garCeva: `iqneboda Tvrameti wlisa. saxe hqonda kuSti da eS-

xiani, iseTi, rogorsac gvixataven yazbegi da vaJa fSavela

Tavis mTiulur moTxrobebSi. mkerdi CamoReRili hqonda,

rogorc vTqvi da mxrebze Savi Tma eyara. tuCebi im garegani

silamazis hqonda awyobili, rom mTel mis arsebas mSvels am-

zgavsebda~ [1, 215].

`miuaxlovdnen Tu ara xevsurTa sangrebs, mze-qala win

gaiWra, mTeli xeobis gasagonad daiZaxa qaqucas saxeli da

mtrisken Tofi dascala.

brZolam ramdenime dRes gastana... rusebi utevdnen,

xevsurebi ki ukan erekebodnen... Tumca zarbaznis cecxlma,

yumbaris sididem da misi afeTqebis Sedegebma xevsurebze

didi moraluri da fsiqologiuri Sedegebi gamoiRo. kidev

ufro damTrgunavi aRmoCnda xevsurTaTvis TviTmfrinavis

gamoCena da mis mier Camoyrili bombebis panikuri zegavlena.

gava dro da xevsuri TaTar liqokeli am movlensTan dakav-

SirebiT ityvis:

`dgas zarbaznis quxili da

pulimetis kakanio,

maRliT madis heroplani,

axla magis RaRanio“ [2, 118].

am xnis ganmavlobaSi mze- qalam brZolis velze ram-

denjerme Caiqrola... isev is ubelo cxeni... isev is Ria mker-

di...isev is Tofi xelSi. magram ColoyaSvilTan aRarcer-

Txel SeCerebula, TiTqos ver amCnevso. usaqmod ki erTxe-

lac ar yofila: xan mamakacebTan erTad isroda, xan karga

xniT sadRac gaqreboda da mohyavda axal-axali xalxi...

xevsureTis ajanyeba marcxiT dasrulda. rusebma ga-

ugonari sisastike gamoiCines mTielTa misamarTiT, rogo-

ric gaxlavT saxlebis, davrdomili adamianebis cocxlad ga-

dawva, sursaT-sanovagis, cocxali pirutyvis ganadgureba,

uamravi xevsuris daxvreta da daxocilTa daumarxavad mi-

toveba. dedamiwis am patara teritoriaze, mTa-gorebze,

85

mdinareTa xeobebSi TiTqmis ori Tvis ganmavlobaSi mZvin-

vare xocva-Jletva mimdinareobda.

ColoyaSvili ki ise uvneblad gaaciles xevsurebma CeC-

neTSi, rom mis Seficulebs kaci ar daklebiaT...

gava dro da parizSi, gazeT `damoukidebeli saqarTve-

los“ furclebze SeficulTa lideri dawers: `...CeCneTSi

mimavals gza isev xevsureTze medo, rusebi wasuliyvnen. da-

ewvaT soflebi da daexvritaT xalxi, daxvretilTa Soris xu-

Ti qalic eria. unda gvefiqra, rom am xuTSi mzeqalac iqnebo-

da. magrad mzeqalas ambavi sul sxvanairad miambes: daxevis

dros xevsurebi mTebSi wavidnen da pirveli sofeli, romel-

Siac gamarjvebuli rusebi Sevidnen, mzeqalas sofeli iyo.

(sof. akuSo) qalebi, bavSvebi da moxucebi ajanyebulT gah-

yvnen. cariel sofels rusebma zarbazani dauSines. srola

rom Sewyda, sofels rusis saldaTebi moedvnen da daiwyes

Cveulebrivi Zarcva. jaris kacTa erTi jgufi mzeqalas sax-

lisaken gaemarTa. saxlidgan ori tyvia gamovarda da ori ja-

ris kaci mohkla, rusebma sroliTve upasuxes. boli rom ga-

nibna da rusebi saxlSi Sevidnen, miwazed axalgazrda qalis

usulo gvami naxes. mokluli mzeqala iyo! roca sofeli xal-

xisagan daicala, is mainc Tavis saxlSi darCeniliyo da fici

daedva Tavis kerazed rusi ar gaetarebina. mze-qalam sityva

Seasrula da rusebi mxolod misi sikvdilis Semdeg Sevidnen

mis saxlSi. rusis tyvia swored im adgilas moxvedroda, ro-

melic mzeqalas iseTis umanko mourideblobiT dahqonda -

Ria mkerdSi. magram patrontaSi isev mxarzed hqonda da To-

fic xelSi CarCenoda. Tavzed ubelo cxeni adga~ [1, 216].

am faqtis Sesaxeb ivane liqokeli wers: `guldasmiT

kvlevis Sedegad dadginda, rom akuSoSi aseTi ambavi ar

momxdara, imitom rom, roca mteri Sevida, sofeli ukve ga-

damwvari iyo. meorec — mTel omSi erTi qali iqna mokluli,

sof. baqCviloSi — mzeqala liqokeli. moqmedebis Sesaxeb

naklebi informaciaa da gauxmaurebloba ki gasagebia. `gaux-

maureblobis mizezs ivane liqokeli ase xsnis:~ xevsuruli

eTikis mixedviT, kacis kvla ar aris diacis saqme. es mas saxe-

lad ki ara, codvad CaeTvleboda. meore mxriv, amiT Crdili

da sircxvili eyrebaT iqaur vaJkacebs, rad gaixades Tavi

diacTa sapatronod.

86

ase unda aixsnas faqti am saganze siCumisa ( i. liqoke-

li, `xevsurebi da qaquca“).

Tumca, sul sxvas gveubneba Zveli xevsuruli leqsi:

`Sin ar as xaxmatelebi,

marto omobda qalia“.


1. guram SaraZe, qarTuli emigrantuli Jurnalistikis is-

toria, Tbilisi, t. II 2001.

2. ivane liqokeli, xevsurebi da qaquca, Tbilisi, 2006.

3. solomon zaldastaniSvili, saqarTvelos 1924 wlis am-

boxeba, Tbilisi, 1989.

4. aleqsandre sulxaniSvili, mogonebebi SeficulTa raz-

mze, artanuji, 2007.

Irma Gikashvili Historian, teacher of the 178th

Public School

The Rebellion in 1922 and the History of an Unknown Georgian Heroine

Summary

In the spring of 1922, the Committee for the Independence of

Georgia and the military bodies were set up to fight for the national independence of Georgia. These bodies planned and set up the organization to struggle to free Georgia from the Russian Bolsheviks. One of the starting points of this organization was the national uprising starting with Khevsureti uprising, led by Kakutsa Cholokashvili. Unfortunately, the national revolt failed, it was only limited by the Khevsurs rebellion, which was put down with Soviet forces by the brutal and inhuman methods.

87

gela saiTiZe


javaxiSvilis saxelobis Tbilisis saxelm-

wifo universiteti, ivane javaxiSvilis is-

toriisa da eTnologiis institutis axali

da uaxlesi istoriis ganyofilebis mTava-

ri mecnier-TanamSromeli, profesori

`samSoblos siyvarulis cremliT aTamaSebuli...~

(gr. robaqiZe)

(irodion evdoSvilis dabadebis 140 wlis gamo)

gasul, 2013 wels, gamoCenili qarTveli poetis irodi-

on evdoSvilis dabadebidan 140 weli Sesrulda. ise, rogorc

winaT, arc amJamad gaxsenebia vinmes misi saiubileo TariRe-

bis aRniSvna. arada, ir. evdoSvilis Semoqmedeba, misi saxeli,

namdvilad ar aris daviwyebis ferflwasayreli. SeiZleba

virwmunoT da Tamamad gavimeoroT Cvenamde gamoTqmuli mo-

sazreba: misma poeziam saetapo roli iTamaSa ruseTis TviT-

mpyrobeluri reJimis winaaRmdeg qarTveli mSromelebis sab-

rZolvelad darazmvis saqmeSi.

* * *

ir. evdoSvili dabadebuli iyo qiziySi — siRnaRis maz-

ris sof. bodbis xevSi. mamamisi isak Tadeozis Ze xositaSvi-

li, imave soflis eklesiis mTavardiakoni iyo, xolo deda —

evdo (evdokia) xunaSvili, saTno da keTili mandilosani —

mravalSviliani ojaxis diasaxlisi gaxldaT. swored dedi-

sadmi gansakuTrebulma siyvarulma ganapiroba is, rom sam-

werlo asparezze gamosulma irodionma Tavis ZiriTad fsev-

donimad evdoSvili airCia da am saxeliT daimkvidra Tvalsa-

Cino adgili qarTuli mwerlobis istoriaSi.

patara irodioni, ufrosma Zmam — ilarionma, TbilisSi

Camoiyvana da erT-erT pansionSi miabara. Semdeg man Telavis

sasuliero saswavleblis sruli kursi daamTavra da Tbili-

sis sasuliero seminariaSi ganagrZo swavla. aq mas mxolod

sami weli mouwia darCena, radgan mesame klasSi iyo, roca

88

`arakeTilsaimedoobis~ mizeziT, seminariidan daiTxoves...

[1, 17], cota xans Tbilisis iunkerTa saswavlebelSi swavlob-

da [1, 17], xolo Semdeg yubis polkis `volnoopredeliaiuSCi~

gaxda. 1894 wlis TebervalSi baqos 153-e qveiTTa polkSi ga-

nagrZo samsaxuri; ramodenime TveSi ki unter-oficris Cinic

miiRo, magram oqtombris dasawyisSi namdvili samxedro sam-

saxuridan saerTod daiTxoves da TadarigSi gadaiyvanes [1,

18-19].

1895 wels ir. evdoSvili i. WavWavaZis gazeT `iveriaSi~

TanamSromlobs; swored iq beWdavs Tavis pirvel leqsebs.

1896-1899 wlebSi ir. evdoSvili baqoSi nobelis qarxa-

naSi muSaobda da iq arsebul muSaTa soc.-demokratiuli wre-

ebis saqmianobaSi monawileobda.

male man pirveli qarTuli marqsistuli organizaciis

— `mesame dasis~ msoflmxedveloba gaiTavisa da maTi beWdu-

ri organos, gazeT `kvalis~ sasurveli avtori gaxda; aqtiu-

rad monawileobda xsenebuli organizaciis praqtikul saq-

mianobaSi. 900-iani wlebidan dawyebuli gansakuTrebuli po-

pularobiT sargeblobda misi beWduri Tu zepiri gamosvle-

bi. poeti-tribunis leqsebi barikadebze dgomisaken mouwo-

debda adamianebs.

istoriuli sinamdvile moiTxovs aRiniSnos, rom am xa-

nebSi igi ecnoba lado kecxovels, ioseb juRaSvils da sxvebs

(e. w. `mesame daselTa~ memarcxene frTis warmomadgenlebs)

da maTi aralegaluri gazeTis `brZolis~ furclebze aqvey-

nebs ramdenime originalur leqss da Targmanebs revoluci-

uri leqsebisas: `varSauli~ [2, 3] da `marselioza~ [3, 17]...

uaRresad popularuli gaxda misi leqsi — `megobrebo, win...

win gaswiT~, romelsac barikadebze da demonstraciebze mRe-

rodnen mSromelebi:

`megobrebo, win... win gaswiT,

nu Sedrkeba Tqveni guli,

de, mkerds sisxlis daRi aCndes

da Subls — oflis nakaduli!

...win, win! medgrad SevebrZoloT

Carx-ukuRmarT am Cven drosa

Wiris oflSi gavataroT

89

simarTlis da Zmobis droSa!...~ da a. S.

gr. robaqiZis sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, ir. evdoSvilis am

periodis poezia, gariTmuli proklamaciebi iyo, magram Ta-

visi paTosiT aRfrTovanebas iwvevda revoluciis barikadeb-

ze, Tu demonstrantTa rigebSi mdgomi adamianebisas [20, 2].

1904 wlis oqtomberSi, ruseT-iaponiis omis dawyebas-

Tan dakavSirebiT, ir. evdoSvili, rogorc samxedrovalde-

buli jarSi gaiwvies da q. ganjaSi mdgar aslanduzis saTada-

rigo batalionSi gaamweses, sadac 1905 wlis dekembris bo-

lomde dahyo.. aq igi jariskacTa Soris eweoda social-de-

mokratiuli ideebis propagandas, ris Sesaxebac erT saarqi-

vo dokumentSi vkiTxulobT: àgenturis monacemebiT, q. eli-

zavetpolis aslanduzis batalionSi myofi Tadarigis pro-

porSiki irodion xositovi (xositaSvili), qarTveli poeti,

romelic swers evdoSvilis fsevdonimiT, awarmoebs danaSau-

lebriv propagandas dasaxelebuli batalionis jariskacTa

Soris. agentis sityviT, baTalionis TiTqmis yvela jariska-

ci imyofeba misi propagandis gavlenis qveS. garda amisa, da-

saxelebuli xositovi social-demokratebs awvdis iaraRs:

berdanis Tofebs, brauningisa da naganis revolvrebs. iaraRs

iwers qarxnidan da iaraRis maRaziebis patronebisagan. uf-

rosebis yuradReba rom ar miiqcios xSiri TxovniT iaraRis

SeZenis nebarTvis miRebaze, xositovs ganzraxva aqvs baTali-

onis beWedi gaayalbos da iaraRi yalbi mowmobiT SeiZinos

[32, 1].

erTi sityviT, ir. evdoSvils ceixgauzis gatexisa da

iaraRis gatacebis gegma hqonia SemuSavebuli, SeTqmulTa

Soris Sesul erT dambezRebels gaucia... polkis ufross,

romelsac brZaneba hqonia miRebuli mis dasatusaReblad, ga-

ufrTxilebia: Tavs uSveleo. imave RamiT irodions Tbilisi-

saken gamouwevia da iaraRis nawilis gamotaceba mainc mou-

xerxebia [32, 3].

misi dis, mweral babilina xositaSvilis mogonebiT,

1905 wlis revoluciis dros ir. evdoSvili naZaladevsa da

orTaWalaSi muSaTa jgufebs Tofis srolaSi avarjiSebda

[ix. gaz. `literatura da xelovneba~, #26, 1906 wlis 18 maisi].

1906-1907 wlebSi ir. evdoSvili legalurad gamomavali

qarTuli bolSevikuri gazeTebis — àxali cxovrebis~, àxali

90

droebis~, `mnaTobis~, `Cveni cxovrebis~ da `dros~ TanamSro-

melia. maT furclebze dabeWdili misi leqsebi da satirul-

iumoristuli nawarmoebebi ara marto farTo sazogadoebis,

aramed soc.-demokratTa (menSevikTa) yuradRebas da gaRizi-

anebas iwvevda. ra Tqma unda, xelisuflebis mudmivi meTval-

yureobac ar aklda... [7].

revoluciis damarcxebam da gamarjvebuli reaqciis

ukidegano parpaSma, damTrgunvelad imoqmeda ir. evdoSvi-

lis poetur aRmafrenaze; rasac Tan erTvoda gamudmebuli

devna-Seviwroveba da ciliswamebani, rogorc xelisuflebis,

ise ganawyebenebul Tanamoazre (menSevikTa) mxridan... gasage-

bia mis mimarT xelisuflebis pozicia, magram gasarkvevia yo-

fil TanamoazreTa ganwyobis mizezi. mizezi ki wiwamurTan

datrialebuli tragedia, anu eris mamis, didi ilias mkvle-

loba iyo. aRsaniSnavia, rom im dReebSi ir. evdoSvili mkveT-

rad cvlis Tavis damokidebulebas social-demokratebTan

da erovnul poziciaze dgeba. muSaobas iwyebs val. gunias

Jurn. `niSadurSi~ (1907-1908). swored aq aqveynebs iliasadmi

miZRvnil leqss — `i. WavWavaZes~ da udides Sefasebas aZlevs

samSoblos moWirnaxule mgosans, romelsac ormocdaaTi we-

liwadi xelSi eWira samSoblos droSa da `Cvens saqarTvelos

edga darajad da farad~.

`ar gqonda Zili da mosveneba,

marad xelT gepyra imisi maja,

kavkasionis TeTri mwvervali

oh, ra udrovod, bedma dagsaja!

lomo mgosano, Senebriv Svili

dRes saqarTvelom bevric inatros,

magram vai Tu tkbilma bunebam

ZabunTa Soris ar gaimetos~!

[6, 220].

rogorc Cans, aseTi striqonebi miuRebeli gamxdara

didi ilias jalaTebisaTvis da irodionisaTvis gaCumeba mo-

uTxoviaT, magram arc ise ioli gamxdara misi daSineba...piri-

qiT, igi wers axal leqs-braldebas, leqs-ganaCens imaT mi-

marT vinc es epoqaluri danaSauli Caidina ara erTi konkre-

tuli pirovnebis, aramed mTeli misi mSobeli eris mimarT...

91

`visac unda is gaCumdes,

me ar ZalmiZs moTmineba;

TviT kalami braz-naRveliT

aTrTolda da ileseba.

Tqvena gkiTxavT avazakno,

rom ahmarTeT urcxvad xeli,

moaSoreT wuTisofels

eris Svili, mis saxeli!

ras fiqrobdiT neta im dros,

roca swyvetdiT wminda simebs,

uwmindurno, sazizRarno,

Tavs adarebT iqneb gmirebs?!

ara Tqven xarT muxanaTni,

Waobisa gvel-bayayni,

magram kmara! TqvenTan ar Rirs

kamaTi da laparaki.

me mivmarTav akvnesebuls,

atirebul qarTvel ersa,

igi dasdebs Sesafer msjavrs

Tqvens uRmerTo saqcielsa!

man dahkarga Tvisi Svili,

siamaye, Tvis dideba,

iman icis Tvisi mgosnis

pativi da mis Rirseba!

Tqven-ki, modiT gvamTan axlo,

avazakno, Tu gaqvT guli,

dainaxeT eris cremli,

dainaxeT misi wyluli,

iqneb maSin iudasebr

daikrifoT guls xelebi:

jer miwas ar uSobnia

TqvenisTana jalaTebi!

ugvanono, mas ki-ara

Tqveni tyvia moxvda ersa,

istoriis sazizRarno,

furTxi, krulva Tqvens saxelsa~.

[6, 207-208].

92

im viTarebaSi aseTi ganaCenis gamotana Tavissave Tana-

moazrisagan saSinel dartymas warmoadgenda qarTveli soc.-

demokratebisaTvis (menSevikebisaTvis) da maTac raRa darCe-

nodaT, daiwyes irodionis mimarT daundobeli cilismwameb-

luri gamoxdomebi da misi ganapireba TavianTi rigebidan...

magram poeti ar uSindeba av-enianTa sisins da axali leqsiT

cdilobs maT SeCerebas... swored es damokidebuleba sCans

leqsSi — `av-enano...~:

`av-enanno odes dascxreT,

moasvenoT Tqveni suli

Sxam-borotiT, Sxam naRveliT,

gaJRenTili, avsebuli?

av-enano, av-enano,

kaenisa giZevT guli,

Suri, mtroba, veragoba

Tqvens gvamSia Cawmaxnuli!

ra gsurT? aha, me mzada var,

rom avide samsxverploze!

cxovrebisa naZiralno,

neta rodis moxvalT gonze!

me Cems grZnobas ara vfarav,

arc Sina da arc Tu gareT,

Tqven-ki ciliswamebiTa

veragulad momepareT.

gsurT SembRaloT, damamciroT,

hpoveT dro TviT areuli,

sCans, kaenis grZnobiT ari

gamsWvaluli Tqveni guli.

magram Cven gvyavs sxva msajulic —

zardamcemi, momavali,

iq-ki naTlad gamoCndeba

kaenis da

mis Zmis brali!~

[6, 211].

leqss — `gvelebs~ ir. evdoSvili aseve Tavis yofil Ta-

namoazreebs uZRvnis, sadac isini megobris ubeSi CamZvrom

93

gvel-geslebad hyavs warmodgenili da, romlebic misi poezi-

is Sav damRadamCenebad arian gamoyvanilni...

`davxede gvelebs, simebze

gaWimuliyvnen mwkrivaTa,

Tavi Cems mkerdze moeyrdnoT,

isars mibnevdnen civaTa...

davxede, vican `erTguli

megobar-amxanagebi~.

mas aqeT Cemi CangiTa

maTgan Sors daviarebi!~

[6, 217].

diax, TviTon ki surda `maTgan Sors yofiliyo~, magram

vinRa asvenebda: mogvianebiT imaSic `waexmarnen~ rom cimbi-

risken gaemgzavrebinaT...

ir. evdoSvili `namdvili mowafe iyo iliasi da akakisa,

da ufro pirvelis weris kilo da manera hqonda SeTvisebu-

li... me mogaxsenebT, irodioni ilias mowafe iyo... mowafe er-

Tguli, moyvaruli da Tavdadebuli, maT Soris iyo gabmuli

ganuwyveteli jaWvi, romelic aerTianebs did moZRvars pa-

tara moyvarul mowafesTan da amitomac arcerTs Cvens mwe-

rals, TviT vaJasac ki ar ugrZvnia didebuli moZRvris wameba

iseTi tragizmiT, rogorc man mTels mis arsebaSi katastro-

fa moaxdina... marTalia Cvens droSi banakis gamocvla ufro

advilad xdeba, vidre xelTaTmanisa, magram irodionma gani-

cada udidesi sulieri tanjva udidesi saero ubedurebisa-

gan da sisxlis narevi cremliT morwyo Tavisi hangebi amis

gamo~, — werda mogvianebiT kita abaSiZe [20].

ir. evdoSvili 1909 wlis 22 oqtombers TbilisSi daapa-

timres da metexis cixeSi Casves. aTTviani patimrobis Semdeg

gaasamarTles da sami wliT vologdis guberniis qalaq sol-

viCegodskSi gadaasaxles. aRsaniSnavia, rom igi isedac daava-

debuli da dasustebuli — etapiT gaagzavnes miTiTebul ad-

gilas... am umZimesma mgzavrobam kidev ufro daasneula da sa-

bolood gatexa irodionis janmrTeloba. ukurnebeli seniT

— WleqiT daavadebuli gausaZlis pirobebSi myofi patimari,

ori wlis Semdeg eqimebis SuamdgomlobiT astraxanis guber-

niis patara dasaxlebul punqtSi — Corni-iarSi gadmoiyvanes.

94

sasjelis moxdis Semdeg, 1913 wlis gazafxulze, ir. evdoSvi-

li samSobloSi dabrunda... Tavis col-SvilTan erTad, um-

Tavresad, TbilisSi cxovrobda da miuxedavad mZime avadmyo-

fobisa intensiur SemoqmedebiT muSaobas agrZelebda.

`samSobloSi dabrunebuli irodioni megobrebSi mot-

rialebam sakmaod gamoacocxla, TvalebSi imedi Caudga da

gulic gauxalisa, magram eklian gzaze SeZenili seni mainc

Tavis saqmes akeTebda~, — werda poeti siko faSaliSvili [10,

110].

misi janmrTeloba sul ufro uaresdeboda; poeti lo-

gins miejaWva... cemSi dasvenebam da mkurnalobam sasurveli

Sedegi ver moutana avadmyofs...

1913 wels irodioni soxumSi gaemgzavra, sadac man mom-

devno wlis martis bolomde dahyo. rogorc Tanamedroveni

aRniSnaven, soxumis havas masze saswaulebrivad umoqmednia:

jan-Rone aRudgenia da ganaxlebuli energiiT dabrunebula

TbilisSi. am periodisaTvis, kerZod, pirveli msoflio omis

mZvinvarebisas, ir. evdoSvili aqtiur partiul muSaobas

aRar eweva, jer kidev gadasaxlebamde, gawyvita urTierToba

social-demokratebTan (rogorc menSevikebTan, ise bolSevi-

kebTan), Tumca misi poeturi muza da publicistis gawafuli

kalami SeZlebisdagvarad mainc exmianeba saqveyno proble-

mebs... gazeT `saqarTvelos~ TqmiT: TbilisSi axladCamosuli

iyo, rodesac somxur gazeT `horizons~ Tavis furclebze

`istoriuli sicrue zRaprul Coxosan-fafaxian qarTveleb-

ze~ daustambavs, romlebsac TiTqos qarTveli eris saxeliT

molaparakebebi gaumarTiaT stambolis mTavrobasTan. am am-

bavs saSinlad auRelvebia avadmyofi mgosani, sapasuxo weri-

li dauweria da gazeT `saxalxo furclis~ redaqciaSi miuta-

nia... iq ki werilis gamoqveynebaze uari uTqvamT... redaqcii-

dan erevnis moedanze (dRevandeli Tavisuflebis moedani —

g. s.) gamosul irodions tramvais vagonSi Cajdomis dros pi-

ridan sisxlis Rebineba dawyebia. pirveli daxmareba kavkasi-

is saafTiaqo saqonlis amxanagobis maRaziaSi aRmouCeniaT da

saswrafo daxmarebis etliT Tavis binaze gadauyvaniaT [23, 3],

sadac avadmyofis mimarT didi yuradReba gamouCeniaT im-

droisaTvis cnobil qarTvel eqimebs: Salva miqelaZes, vax-

tang RambaSiZes da ivane gomarTels. cota moRonierebis Sem-

95

deg waRverSi wauyvaniaT saagarakod. pirveli msoflio omi

dawyebuli iyo da yvelaferi omis kanonebs eqvemdebareboda.

miuxedavad mZime avadmyofobisa, irodions, rogorc Tadari-

gis proporSiks, TbilisSi orjer Camosvla da Sesabamis uwye-

baSi gamocxadeba dasWirvebia. misi, isedac dasustebuli or-

ganizmisTvis sabediswero gamxdara zedmeti daZabuloba.

1915 wlis noemberSi kvlav soxumSi gaustumrebiaT... Tumca

misi gamojanmrTeleba usaSvelo gamxdara.

1916 wlis 22 aprils ir. evdoSvili soxumidan TbilisSi

brundeba. cxovrobda Tavis saxlSi, qarTuli gimnaziis mo-

pirdapire mxares (dRevandeli Tsu-s pirveli korpusi — g. s.)

da zemoT dasaxelebuli eqimebis yuradRebis qveS imyofebo-

da. fiqrobdnen: avadmyofi isev waRveris agarakze waeyvanaT.

magram yvelaferi amao gamodga. 2 maiss, Ramis 3-is naxevarze,

ojaxis wevrebis garemocvaSi myofi irodion evdoSvili gar-

dacvlila. siko faSaliSvilis sityvebiT rom vTqvaT: ~...

xalxis siyvarulSi daferflili misi guli dadumda, misi

mkvnesare Cangi damgloviarda~ [10, 112; 23, 3].

gardaicvala ir. evdoSvili, jer kidev axalgazrda ka-

ci... gaubedurda misi ojaxi — deda, meuRle da umweod da

usaxsrod darCenili oTxi Svili. sxva rom araferi, micvale-

buls qristianuli wesiT miwisaTvis mibareba xom sWirdebo-

da?!. es, arc-Tu iolad mosagvarebeli saqme — qarTvelTa So-

ris wera-kiTxvis gamavrcelebeli sazogadoebis gamgeobam

da sxva kulturul dawesebulebebTa warmomadgenlebTan er-

Tad soc.-federalisturi partiis gazeTis _ `saxalxo fur-

clis~ redaqciam ikisra... Seiqmna damkrZalavi komisia sof-

rom mgalobliSvilis TavmjdomareobiT, komisiaSi Seyvanil

iqnen — nino nakaSiZe, valerian gunia, sandro SanSiaSvili, r.

bebiaSvili, aristo WumbaZe, dekanozi anton ToTibaZe, ioseb

imedaSvili, d. imnaiSvili da sxva [26]. gamoqveynda samglovia-

ro gancxadeba da mowodeba qarTuli sazogadoebisadmi, ra-

Ta yvelas gaeRo Tanxa, romelic dakrZalvis xarjebs moxmar-

deboda, xolo Tu ram darCeboda, gansvenebulis ojaxs gada-

ecemoda. `saWiro iyo maTi daxmareba, raTa Zvirfasi mgosnis

Svilebi, romelTagan ufrosi Svili 15 wlis vaJi da sami qali,

qarTuli gimnaziis moswavleni iyvnen, uswavlelni ar unda

darCeniliyvnen...~ [24].

96

Semdeg, rogorc ityvian, yvelaferi rigiT da wesiT wa-

rimarTa. moxerxda sasaflaosTvis adgilis gamoyofa didu-

bis qarTvel moRvaweTa panTeonSi. samgloviaro gancxadebe-

bi gamoaqveynes periodulma gamocemebma (`saqarTvelo~,

`samSoblo~, `Tanamedrove azri~ da sxv.). poetis sazogadoeb-

riv-politikuri da samwerlo moRvaweoba farTod wamoaCi-

nes qarTuli SemoqmedebiTi inteligenciis warmomadgenleb-

ma (kita abaSiZe, grigol robaqiZe, ivane gomarTeli, samson

fircxalava, ia ekalaZe, noe CxikvaZe, kikna-fSavela, siko fa-

SaliSvili, daviT baazovi da sxv.).

gansvenebulis cxedari dasvenebuli iyo qaSveTis wm.

giorgis saxelobis eklesiaSi, sadac qarTveli samRvdeloe-

bis mier aseulobiT pativismcemlis TandaswrebiT xdeboda

sulis mosaxseniebeli panaSvidebis gadaxda. ukanaskneli pa-

naSvidi goris eparqiis dekanozma anton ToTibaZem aRavlina.

Tbilisis mcxovrebTa TiTqmis yvela fenisa da klasis warmo-

madgeneli Tvalcremliani eTxoveboda saxalxo mgosnis

neSts. qaSveTis eklesiidan poetis cxedari xeliT waasvenes

didubis taZrisken... gzaSi ramdenime adgilas gaimarTa gamo-

saTxovari mitingebi, warmoiTqva sityvebi... dRis oTx saaTze

ki ir. evdoSvilis gvami miwas miabares qarTvel moRvaweTa

panTeonSi, vaJa-fSavelas gverdiT. es moxda 1916 wlis 8 maiss,

kviras. pativismcemelTa Soris Zalze cotani iyvnen muSebisa

da maTi partiis — soc.-demokratebis warmomadgenlebi. es ar

iyo SemTxveviToba, aramed aseTi iyo neba politikuri parti-

is xelmZRvanelobisa, romelTac maT winaSe Cadenili `dana-

Sauli~ ar apaties im adamians, romlis poeturi sityviT da

mowodebiT aRfrTovanebuli mSromelebi uSiSrad ilaSqreb-

dnen caristuri xelisuflebis winaaRmdeg.

soc.-demokratTa (menSevikTa) es saqcieli axsnili iyo

maTsave gazeTis `Tanamedrove azris~ furclebze dabeWdil

saredaqcio werilSi — `irodion evdoSvili~.

vinaidan, ir. evdoSvilis moRvaweobis Semswavlel arc

erT mkvlevars dRemde misTvis gansakuTrebuli yuradReba

ara aqvs miqceuli, mizanSewonilad migvaCnia dRevandel

mkiTxvels gavacnoT igi. `romaelebis sibrZne gvaswavlis, —

naTqvami iyo saredaqcio werilSi, — micvalebulze an arafe-

ri unda sTqva, an unda aqovo. am sibrZneze aRzrdili sazoga-

97

doeba, viciT, gvisayvedurebs, rom amas vigonebT dRes, roca

evdoSvilis neSTi saflavisTvisac ar miubarebiaT, magram,

ra gaewyoba; muSaTa klass da mis organos romaelTa am sib-

rZniT xelmZRvaneloba ar SeuZlia; is ver daindobs misi in-

teresebis moRalates. muSaTa klasi, es gogolis taras bul-

baa, romelic Tavisive xeliT sicocxles uspobs Tavis RviZl

Svils andrias, roca is Ralatobs Tavisianebs da mterTa ba-

nakSi gadadis.

aba ra dasamalavia, rom evdoSvilma uRalata muSaTa

klass! es sruliad moulodnelad moxda 1907 wels, roca

Cvenma mosisxle mtrebma `wiwamuris tragedia~ gamoiyenes mu-

SaTa mTeli partiis saxelis gasatexad, roca mTels partias

Tavs moaxvies boroti xeliT daRvrili poetis sisxli.

1907 wels, am politikuri da socialuri reaqciis

dros, roca devnili muSaTa klasis majiscema Sesustda; ro-

ca soroebSi mimaluli bneli Zalebi xelaxla gamoZvrnen

dRis sinaTleze da yoveli mxridan medgari ieriSi miitanes

muSaTa klasze, Cvens mamuliSvilebs muSaTa saqme dasamare-

buli egonaT CvenSi da Savbneli reaqciis wyalobiT moindo-

mes Tavisi dangreuli batonobis aRdgena. maT magrad CasWi-

des xeli ilias mkvlelobas, moindomes misi avtoritetiT

sargebloba da poetis sisxlSi CaxrCoba moundomes mTels

mimarTulebas...

politikurma da socialurma wyvdiadma moico mTeli

saqarTvelos teritoria. sisxlis suni datrialda CvenSi...

is imTavidan Cveni amxanagi iyo. CvenTan eweoda uRels da SeZ-

lebis da gvarad emsaxureboda qarTveli mSromeli xalxis

gacnobierebis saqmes.

mesame dasi iyo evdoSvilis akvanic da misi samoqmedo

wrec. mesame dasis gamosvlis dros evdoSvili TiTqmis er-

Tad erTi poeti iyo, romelmac SeiTvisa dasis msoflmxedve-

loba da Tavisi xalxis umweo da dabeCavebuli nawilis mosar-

Cled gamodioda.

misi Cinebuli leqsi — `megobrebo, win, win gaswiT!...~

namdvili himni iyo.

evdoSvili Tavisi literaturuli dabadebis dRidan

davaJkacebamde mesame dass ekuTvnoda.

98

da ai, swored aseT dros davinaxeT Cvens kalTaSi aR-

zrdili evdoSvili Cvens mosisxle mterTa banakSi.es guSin

Cveni TanamebrZoli evdoSvili dRes win miuZRoda Cvenze am-

xedrebul qarTvel SavrazmelTa laSqars...

evdoSvilma uRalata muSaTa klass da muSaTa klasis-

Tvis am dRidan mokvda igi.

mesame dasma maSin daitira evdoSvili.

dRes mas mesame dasis mtrebi daitireben~.

[28, 2].

amasTan dakavSirebiT gazeT `saxalxo furceli~ werda:

`momavali daamtkicebs da yvelasTvis naTels hyofs, Tu vin

uRalata qarTvel muSaTa xalxs — gansvenebulma poetma, ro-

melmac Seigno da SeiTvisa erovnebis diadi mcneba, Tu im da-

selebma, romelTac fexiT gasTeles yvelaferi erovnuli! es

momavali Rrma gulistkiviliT aRniSnavs im striqonebsac,

romlebic uZRvnes Cvenma daselebma axali qarTuli poeziis

erTs saukeTeso warmomadgenelTagans, im gulRvarZliano-

bas da velur siborotes, romelic gamoiCines suliT da gu-

liT Ratakebma niWieri adamianis winaSe~ [25].

gaz. `Tanamedrove azris~ mosazrebas: evdoSvilma uRa-

lata mSromelebso da sxva, gazeT `samSoblos~ redaqtori ia

ekalaZe aRSfoTebuli exmaureboda:

`gaixareT, batonno, xalxisTvis viTomda metad Tavda-

debulno! mokvda `moRalate~ i. evdoSvili... nuTu marTla

TviT xalxs miaCnia moRalated irodion evdoSvili?

Tu es asea, Tu `Tanamedrove azris~ sityvebi marTla

qarTveli Segnebuli xalxis xmaa, nebas vaZlevT Cvens Tavs

cremlmoreuli TvalebiT SevZaxoT:

- xalxno da jamaaTno, ram dagabrmavaT da ram dagayru-

vaT agre, rom Tqven ukeTes mebrZols moRalateTa naTlavT?

vin, vin aris moRalate? irodion evdoSvili? — Tqveni

upirvelesi mgosani, Tqveni Wirisa da lxinis momRerali?..

vin, vin aris moRalate?

irodion evdoSvili?..

gons modiT, xalxno da jamaaTno! nu daujerebT nura-

vis, nu daujerebT demagog da calkerZ kalmosnebs, nu dagvi-

jerebT nurac Cven, nurac nuravis!..

99

gaixseneT is vaJkacuri, Tavdadebuli kiJina, is wminda

da uangaro hangebi, romelic man Tqven gaswavlaT! gaixseneT

is Tavganwiruli SeZaxili, romliTac man dasWyivla Tqvens

mtrebs, Tqvens Semarcxvenelebs...~ [29].

ir. evdoSvilis gardacvalebis dReebSi gazeT `saxal-

xo furcelSi~ `sityva~ (samson fircxalava) werda: `ir. ev-

doSvili metad Taviseburi poetia Cvens mwerlobaSi... misi

leqsi sakmaod Seswavlili ar aris, misi niWi aqamdis aravis

Seuswavlia da daufasebia, da roca farTo sazogadoeba ax-

los gaicnobs mgosnis Semoqmedebas, roca misi nawarmoebebi

uklebliv iqneba gamocemuli, maSin ir. evdoSvilis saxeli

ufro amaRldeba da ufro gaizrdeba pativiscema da siyvaru-

li misdami...

... ir. evdoSvili mxolod garedan ar ucqerda dRevan-

deli cxovrebis siaves da piradad ganicada usamarTlo dev-

na, Seviwroeba, cixe da bolos cimbirSi gadasaxleba. mSobeli

qveynis sevdam, CrdiloeTis Tovlma da yinvam mostexa magari

sxeuli da sami wlis Semdeg poeti dagvibrunda samSobloSi

samudamod daavadebuli... [22].

ivane gomarTelis azriT: `irodionis poezia sevdiania,

misi sevda aris sevda ganaxlebuli, gaRviZebuli saqarTve-

losi... Cveni demokratiis gaTviTcnobiereba mWidrod aris

SekavSirebuli irodionis poeziasTan da pirovnebasTan.

irodioni demokratiis erTi saukeTeso medroSea, misi idea-

lebis erTi saukeTeso gamomxatveli.

irodions swams demokratiis mxolod erovnuls nia-

dagze. ukanaskneli azris qadagebisaTvis mas eklis gvirgvini

daadges Tavze. amitom aris sayvareli is qarTveli xalxisaT-

vis da rac ufro gaizrdeba qarTveli xalxis cnobiereba, miT

ufro imatebs irodionisadmi siyvaruli.

qarTveli xalxis winmsvlelobas veraviTari Zala ve-

Rar Seaferxebs da is moipovebs im brwyinvale momavals, ro-

melsac ase sevdianad da ase tkbilad ugalobda irodionis

Cangi~ [17, 3].

imave dReebSi ir. evdoSvilis poetur Semoqmedebaze

Tavis kompetentur azrs gamoTqvamda gr. robaqiZe. igi ir.

evdoSvilis Semoqmedebas or periodad hyofda: pirveli, ro-

melic umTavresad socialuri motivebiT iyo gajerebuli

100

`metad sustad~ miaCnda, vinaidan `mravali misi leqsi am

mxriv mxolod gariTmuli proklamaciaa sarevolucio~, mag-

ram ufro mdidar da Zlierad Tvlida misi Semoqmedebis meo-

re periods, roca `man savsebiT igrZno samSoblo dedis ZuZu

(gansakuTrebiT gadaxvewilobis Jams) da mravali margaliti

gadmoSala, samSoblos siyvarulis cremliT aTamaSebu-

li.~aseTebad Tvlida leqsebs: ùcnobi mdinaris napirze~,

`pirsisxliano yorano~, `gadatexili Cangi~ da sxv.; xolo

leqsi — `TviT Cemi muzac veRar iclis~, gr. robaqiZes miaC-

nda: irodionis yvela leqsze ukeTesad, romelSiac `cxadyo-

fili iyo misi Semoqmedi buneba.~Tavisi azris sailustraci-

od am leqsidan imowmebda erT strofs:

`me ferfli-Ra var cecxlze damwvar salamurisa,

me gminva-Ra var — Svelis gminva — gangmirulisa,

me var orbis frTa motexili, modunebuli,

me var vardis Zirs migdebuli mkvdari bulbuli...~

da daaskvnida: `didi gancdaa am leqsSi Camarxuli~-o

[22].

ir. evdoSvilis xsovnisadmi miZRvnil leqsSi — èvdoS-

vilis kubosTan~ poeti noe CxikvaZe ase mamarTavda poets:

`Sen, mSobel eris uangaro msxverplaT iwvodi,

qveynis vaeba-mwuxarebiT gul-daTuTquli,

zeciur xmaTa, Tafl-samsaliT aRmoityodi

ocnebis mefe, siyvarulis kilo — bulbuli...~

n. CxikvaZe daundoblad aaSkaravebda im farisevelTac,

romlebmac iriodinis gardacvalebis Semdeg atexes didi

vai-uSvelebeli da guldaTuTqul Wirisuflebad moevlinen

gaWirvebaSi sul-amoxdil mgosans...

àw raRa undaT, ra awuxebT Sens mter-moyvareT,

roca sikvdilma dagikriba ukve xelebi?

- modiT gul-Zvirno, sasoebiT muxlT moiyareT

da mgosnis kubos daafrqvieT Tqveni cremlebi!...

..., vai, Tqven, Torem ar momkvdara suli vnebuli:

101

caTa wiaRSi hpova sfero ganaxlebisa,

da saukuno siyvaruliT gabrwyinebuli,

Tavze adgia mas gvirgvini ukvdavebia!~

[14, 2].

poetis kubosTan qaSveTis eklesiidan misi gamosvene-

bis dros `metad lamazi, Sinaarsiani da mgrZnobiare sityva

warmosTqva onis qarTvel ebraelTa rabinma daviT baazovma.

man Zalze STambeWdavad daxata poetis mier tanjva-wvalebiT

ganvili cxovrebis gza da xazgasmiT miuTiTa imaze, rom qar-

Tvelebsa da ebraelebs Soris odiTgan kargi damokidebule-

ba arsebobda. daviT baazovs miaCnda, rom irodioni ara mar-

to Tavisi xalxis Wir-varamis gamziarebeli, aramed sxva ere-

bis mwuxarebisa da ubedurebis gulwrfeli TanamgrZnobic

iyo. madlierebiT moixsenia ebraeli erisadmi miZRvnili poe-

tis leqsebi, romlebSic gadmocemuli iyo am eris tragikuli

bedi, misi tkiviliani istoria... `TvaliT Tu gindaT itireT

mgosani, — mimarTavda rabini damwuxrebul sazogadoebas, —

magram guliT nu itirebT ukvdavebiT gasxivosnebul irodi-

ons... satiralni arian mxolod isini vinc Tavis samSoblosa

da erisagan gamdgaran~ [26, 3].

axalgazrda qarTveli poetebis erT-erTi gamorCeuli

warmomadgeneli, kikna-fSavela (simon baduraSvili), irodi-

onisadmi miZRvnil werilSi — `wamebis raindi~ aRniSnavda:

~... bedma igi eris momavlis Tavganwirul gmirad war-

moSva. wamebis jvari atvirTa da bolos golgoTiT daagvir-

gvina misi mowameobrivi SaravandediT mosili, magram uxno,

xanmokle sicocxle... vaglax! dahkarga wminda ierusalimisa-

ken mimavalma norCma Taobam beladi!.. vaglax! eris yma mozva-

vebuls Zalas daekarga suliT Zlieri, mZle mebairaxtre,

mesvuri...~ [15, 3].

1916 wels, irodionis gardacvalebamde ramdenime kvi-

riT adre, gamovida mis nawarmoebTa `krebuli~, romelSic Se-

tanilia leqsebi, poemebi da prozis ramdenime nimuSi.

`krebulisaTvis~ wamZRvarebul mimarTvaSi — `mkiTxve-

lis sagulisxmod~, niWieri publicisti da redaqtori, niko

kurdRelaSvili (igi ir. evdoSvilis dis — babilina xositaS-

vilis meuRle iyo) aRniSnavda: `metad xelSemSlel pirobebSi

102

mogvixda am krebulis gamocema. omianobam mTlad aaforiaqa

sazogadoebrivi cxovreba da Cveulebriv kalapotidanac ga-

moiyvana — yoveli qarTvelis ojaxi. brZolis velze ganwi-

rul maxlobelTa dakargvam ZaZiT Sehmosa mTeli saqarTve-

lo... am glova-cremlis xanaSi mainc SevudeqiT ir. evdoSvi-

lis krebulis dastambvas.

... qarTvelma sazogadoebam am sisxlis-wvimis drosac

naTlad dagvimtkica, rom mis bunebaSi umWknarad aris Camarxu-

li maradiuli evrovnul-kacobriuli miswrafebani~, romlis

moraluri da materialuri mxardaWeriT SesaZlebeli gaxda,

ir. evdoSvilis TxzulebaTa am krebulis gamocema~-o [6, 3-4].

aqve, gvsurs dRevandeli mkiTxvels ir. evdoSvilis bi-

ografiidan, erT metad tragikul faqtze mivaqcevino yu-

radReba, miTumetes masze dRemde aseve aravis araferi aqvs

naTqvami...

poetis gardacvalebidan erTi welic ar iyo gasuli,

rac ruseTis caristuli reJimi daemxo. asrulda natvra,

risTvisac mTeli Tavisi Segnebuli sicocxlis manZilze

`xiStiT da kalmiT~ ibrZoda ir. evdoSvili. SesaZlebeli gax-

da qarTveli xalxis sanukvari ocnebis — Tavisuflebisa da

damoukideblobis mopoveba.

am dRes moeswro ir. evdoSvilis col-Svilic — meuRle

mariam ivanes asuli janyaraSvili, Svilebi: vano, Tamar, beta

da Tina xositaSvilebi, romlebic dauyovnebliv Cadgnen axa-

li saqarTvelos mSenebelTa rigebSi. Tumca damoukidebeli

qveynis xelisuflebis saTaveSi umravlesobiT mosulma so-

cial-demokratebma (menSevikebma), ver gamoiCines didsulov-

neba da, maTi azriT, `mosisxle mterTa banakSi~ gadasuli ir.

evdoSvilis ara Tu politikuri damsaxureba, aramed misi

rogorc poetis saxelic dasaviwyebdad gaimetes. mamis `cod-

va~ mis Svilebzec gaavrceles. aba, ras unda mieweros is faq-

ti, roca 1920 wlis ianvarSi misi erTaderTi vaJi, 20 wlis va-

no xositaSvili, qarTuli universitetis agronomiuli fa-

kultetis studenti saxadiT gardaicvala, erTi samglovia-

ro gancxadebiT, erTi striqoniTac ki arsad aRniSnes. ara-da

mamis saxelis amofarebis gareSec miuZRoda axalgazrda ma-

muliSvils samSoblos winaSe damsaxureba.

103

amis Sesaxeb im dReebSi mxolod erovnul-demokratiu-

li partiis centraluri gazeTi `saqarTvelo~ auwyebda mkiT-

xvelebs: `gimnaziis gaTavebis Semdeg, 1920 wlis zafxulSi vano

xositaSvili saxelmwifo universitetis agronomiuli fakul-

tetis studentad Cairicxa... vano axalgazrdulis gatacebiT

ibrZoda or weliwads samSoblos damoukideblobis dasaca-

vad. igi xan erT frontze iyo, xan meorezed. ibrZoda yvelgan:

axalcixeSi, rodesac osmalebi gvitevdnen, qarTlSi — osebis

ajanyebis CasaxSobad, somxebTan brZolaSi.

yvelgan mxneobisa da vaJkacobis magaliTs iZleoda. ori

giorgis jvari hqonda miRebuli. mTeli Semodgoma malariiT

itanjeboda, romelic baTomidan Camohyva: roca Cvenma res-

publikam baTomi Caibara, vano, rogorc moxalise, gvardiis na-

wilSi iyo. darCenia literaturuli naSromebic~ [19, 1].

* * *

amrigad, zemoTqmulidan gamomdinare, SeiZleba davas-

kvnaT, rom ir. evdoSvili iyo erovnul-demokrati moRvawe,

poeti, mwerali, publicisti, romlisTvisac umTavresi Tavi-

si samSoblos da mSobeli xalxis Tavisufleba da damouki-

debloba iyo; igi Tavis adgils qveynisTvis mebrZolTa pir-

vel rigebSi miiCnevda da `kalmiT da xiStiT~ uSiSrad emsaxu-

reboda am wminda saqmes... igi arc erTi partiis kuTvnilebas

ar warmoadgenda, misi poeturi aRmafrena Tavs dastrialeb-

da ilias mier dasaxuli triadis — `mamuli, ena, sarwmunoe-

bis~ realobad qcevas. misi `dafi da naRara~ qveynis ganTavi-

suflebisa da damoukideblobis mopovebisaTvis sabrZolve-

lad mouwodebda qarTvel mamuliSvilebs.


1. saqarTvelos centraluri saxelmwifo saistorio arqi-

vi, fondi 31, saq. 564.

2. gazeTi brZola, #1, 1901.

3. gazeTi brZola, #2-3, 1901.

4. qse, t. 4, Tbilisi, 1979.

104

5. baramiZe SoTa, irodion evdoSvili (cxovreba da Semoq-

medeba), Tbilisi, 1985, gv. 24-25.

6. evdoSvili irodion, krebuli, tfilisi, 1916.

7. gozaliSvili S., ir. evdoSvilis Semoqmedeba qarTul

legalursa da aralegalur bolSevikur presaSi, Tbili-

si, 1955.

8. imedaSvili ioseb, Cemi cxovrebis wigni, Tbilisi, 1978,

gv. 340-343.

9. yoranaSvili guram, ilias fenomeni, Tbilisi, 2007.

10. faSaliSvili siko, Sexvedrebi dauviwyar adamianebTan,

Tbilisi, 1961.

11. revoluciuri moZraobis moRvaweni saqarTveloSi, Tbi-

lisi, 1961, gv. 217.

12. gaz. `iveria~, #77, 1990, 9 aprili.

13. gaz. `saqarTvelo~, #298, 1916, 3 maisi.






19. gaz. `saqarTvelo~, #11, 1920, 16 ianvari.

20. gaz. `saxalxo furceli~, #570, 1916, 8 maisi.

21. gaz. `saxalxo furceli~, #....... 1916, maisi.







28. gaz. `Tanamedrove azri~, #100, 1916, 5 maisi.

29. gaz. `samSoblo~, #349, 1916, 6 maisi.

30. gaz. `samSoblo~, #352, 1916, 1 maisi.

31. gaz. `Cveni cxovreba~, #4, 1907 wlis 22 Tebervali, gv.2.

32. saqarTvelos centraluri saxelmwifo saistorio arqi-

vi, fondi 1, saqme 48.

105

Gela Saitidze

Doctor of Historical Sciences, Ivane Javakh-ishvili Tbilisi State University, Ivane Java-khishvili Institute of History and Ethnology Chief Researcher scientist of the Depart-ment of Modern and Contemporary History

For the 140th anniversary of Irodion Evdoshvili

Summary

1. In 2013 was 140th anniversary of the famous Georgian poet and public

figure I. Evdoshvili. Officially this date was not remembered and cele-brated. His name as a “tribune of revolution” does not deserve to be forgotten indeed.

2. As Kita Abashidze said: “Irodion was a pupil of Ilia...and none of us, even Vazha felt so tragically the torment of such a great figure as Irodion did and because of this watered his tuneswith tears mixed with blood” (see newspaper “Sakhalkho Purtseli”, ¹570, 1916, May, 8).

3. On the basis of the newly revealed and for the first time used in the article factual material and the statements expressed by poet in a certain works (“I. Chavchavadze”, “I will not be Silent”, “Evil Tongues” etc.) we came to a conclusion that the complices of Ilia’s murder were Georgian Social – Democrats. I. Evdoshvili, their ex party comrade, had an information about this indeed. This was the ultimate reason for him to cut all ties with them finally and fight against them for life and death. It was obvious in those days of Ilia’s funeral and burial (May, 1916); was obvious in the speeches of the prominent representatives of the Georgian intelligentsia: Kita Abashidze, Grigol Robakidze, Samson Pirtskhalava, Ivane Gomarteli, Ia Ekaladze-Tsintsadze, Noe Chkhik-vadze, Siko Pashalishvili, Kikna-Pshavela, David Baazov etc. and in boycott and refusal of Social – Democrats (Mensheviks) to partici-patein carrying out and the burial ceremony of the poet.

4. I. Evdoshvili was not belonging to any party. In the first he was a Georgian poet, writer, publicist and public figure. The main goal of his activity was the fight for the independence and freedom of his mother-land and people he courageously served with “pen and bayonet” all his life.

106

jemal gaxokiZe

politikisa da samarTlis mecni-

erebaTa doqtori, sruli pro-

fesiri, saqarTvelos teqnikuri

universitetis senatis spikeri

sofo midelaSvili

socialur mecnierebaTa doq-

tori, asistent-profesori

ra gziT viaroT afxazeTisken?!

Tavisi damRupveli SedegebiT saqarTvelosTvis sabe-

diswero aRmoCnda 2008 wlis ruseT-saqarTvelos omi, rom-

lis Semdegac regionSi politikuri realoba SeiZleba iT-

qvas radikalurad Seicvala. igi mTeli sigrZe-siganiT Seexo

pirvel rigSi saqarTvelos erovnul interesebs, maT Soris

upirvelesad konfliqtebis gadawyvetis perspeqtivebs. oku-

pirebulia saqarTvelos teritoriis 20 %. mTlianad davkar-

geT kontroli kodoris xeobasa da axalgoris raionze. sxva-

TaSoris, 1993 wlidan moyolebuli 2008 wlis agvistos omam-

de afxazeTis da e.w. samxreT oseTis mxridan kodorisa da

axalgoris dabrunebis seriozuli mcdeloba ar dafiqsire-

bula. saerTaSoriso Tanamegobrobis mier saqarTvelos Ta-

vis sazRvrebSi aRiarebis miuxedavad, ruseTma saerTaSori-

so samarTlis fundamenturi principebis (teritoriuli

mTlianobis) ugulebelyofiT cno afxazeTi da e.w. samxreT

oseTi, rogorc damoukidebeli saxelmwifoebi. omis Semdeg

saqarTvelosTan mimarTebaSi afxazeTi da e.w. samxreT oseTi

unda ganvixiloT, rogorc tipiuri gandgomili regionebi. 2008 wlidan dRemde konfliqtebis gadawyvetis sakiTxi

gaiyina, CixSi Sevida da, rac yvelaze SemaSfoTebelia, raime

perspeqtivas ver vxedavT. aseT viTarebaSi saWiroa axali

gzebis Zieba, romelic realpolitikas daemyareba. axal po-

litikur realobas sul sxva axali strategia sWirdeba kon-

fliqtebis Cixidan gamosayvanad, rogorc saerTaSoriso Ta-

namegobrobis, ise saqarTvelos xelisuflebis mxridan.

107

90-iani wlebis konfliqtis Semdeg oci weli gavida. mi-

uxedavad saerTaSoriso Tanamegobrobisa da saqarTvelos

megobari qveynebis Zalisxmevisa mdgomareoba ukeTesobisa-

ken ar Secvlila, piriqiT — ki. e.w. bodenis gegma Tbilissa da

soxums Soris `saidumlod mogzaurobis~ dros ukvalod dai-

karga. yvelanairi mcdeloba misi gacocxlebisa marcxiT dam-

Tavrda. konfliqtebis daregulirebis sakiTxis Jenevis mo-

laparakebebisa da am formatis imedad datovebac, rbilad,

rom vTqvaT Tavis motyuebaa da meti araferi. sxva perspeq-

tivebic ar Cans. rac Seexeba teritoriuli mowyobis sakiTxs, aqac sir-

Tulis winaSe dgas saqarTvelo. arsebobs mxolod 2 ZiriTadi

forma teritoriuli mowyobisa — unitaruli da federaciu-

li. magram sakiTxavia pasuxobs Tu ara samarTlisa da poli-

tikis mecnierebebSi aRiarebuli saxelmwifo mowyobis es

ori tipi Tanamedrove gamowvevebs, SesaZlebelia Tu ara am

ori tipidan erT-erTis SeTavazeba im saxelmwifoebisaTvis,

romlebsac gaaCniaT gandgomili regionebi, Tundac, saqar-

Tvelos magaliTze. Cveni pasuxi calsaxaa — ara. argumentad

gvinda moviyvanoT Semdegi: saqarTvelos prezidentma mixe-

il saakaSvilma 2008 wlis 10 agvistos ganacxada Semdegi: `me

vadastureb sami wlis win Cems mier wamoyenebul, wlebis gan-

mavlobaSi gavrcobil gegmas samxreT oseTisaTvis praqtiku-

lad SeuzRudavi avtonomiis da TviTmarTvelobis Sesaxeb,

yvela eTnikuri osis uflebis gansakuTrebuli dacvis Tao-

baze. saerTaSoriso garantiebis qveS myof avtonomias, evro-

kavSiris standartebiT Seqmnil avtonomiur erTeuls da me,

aseve, vTavazobdi da vTavazob ruseTis federacias iyos sam-

xreT oseTis avtonomiis garanti saqarTvelos teritoria-

ze~ (stili daculia). avtonomiasTan dakavSirebiT saqarTvelos nacionalu-

ri xelisuflebis mxridan gandgomili regionebisadmi gaCnda

axali midgomebi: pirveli — SeuzRudavi avtonomia; meore —

saerTaSoriso garantiebis qveS myofi avtonomia da mesame —

ruseTis federacia, rogorc avtonomiis garanti saqarTve-

los teritoriaze. ra dinamikaa am TvalsazrisiT msoflioSi da ra midgo-

mebi fiqsirdeba gandgomili regionebis samomavlo status-

108

Tan dakavSirebiT. magaliTad, CineTis saxalxo respublikis

cnobilma liderma den-siaopinma ganacxada, rom Tanamedro-

ve pirobebSi SesaZlebelia erT saxelmwifoSi ori sistemis

arseboba (ra Tqma unda, igi gulisxmobda CineTis saxelmwi-

fosa da misi gandgomili regionis honkongis samomavlo Ta-

naarsebobis SesaZleblobas). aqve aRsaniSnavia, rom 10 weli gavida mas Semdeg, rac

gaerom, afxazuri konfliqtis gadasaWrelad, SeimuSava do-

kumenti saxelwodebiT `soxumsa da Tbiliss Soris ufleba-

mosilebebis gadanawilebis Sesaxeb.~Tavisi arsiT, es iyo gae-

ros mcdeloba, raTa, konfliqtis mSvidobiani gadawyvetis-

Tvis saWiro pirobebze sasaubrod, afxazuri da qarTuli

mxareebi molaparakebebis magidasTan daesva. dokumentSi wi-

naswar aris gansazRvruli, ra CarCoebSi unda moxdes dialo-

gi. kerZod, mis meore muxlSi vkiTxulobT: `afxazeTi aris sa-

qarTvelos saxelmwifos farglebSi kanoniT gansazRvruli

suverenuli erTeuli~. maSin gaeros uSiSroebis sabWos uklebliv yvela wevri

Tanxmdeboda erT rameSi, rom sxvadasxva garemoebebis gavle-

niT Seiqmna iseTi unikaluri situacia, roca praqtikulad

SesaZlebeli gaxda konfliqtis mogvareba misi umTavresi

problemis — saqarTvelos teritoriuli mTlianobis — ga-

daWris safuZvelze [1]. rogorc vxedavT, rogorc saakaSvilis, ise den-siaopi-

nis mier SemoTavazebuli saxelmwifoebrivi mowyoba didi

xnis win aRiarebul arc federaciul da arc unitarul sa-

xelmwifo mowyobis modelSi ar jdeba. miT ufro ar jdeba

diter bodenis SemoTavazeba saqarTvelos saxelmwifo far-

glebSi afxazeTis, rogorc suverenuli erTeulis arseboba. aqve, Cndeba kiTxva — Seesabameba Tu ara zemoTqmuli av-

tonomiasTan dakavSirebuli axali saxelmwifo warmonaqmnis

modelebi qarTul sinamdviles? saWiroa saxelmwifodmcodneebma, politikosebma da

ara marto maT saerTaSoriso Tanamegobrobas SesTavazon

axali tipis saxelmwifo mowyobis gansakuTrebuli forma,

romelic unda iyos Tavisi SinaarsiT tipiuri, tradiciuli,

rogorc federaciuli, ise unitaruli saxelmwifoebisagan

gansxvavebuli. rac mTavara, unda Seiqmnas saxelmwifos ise-

109

Ti tipi, romelic moxsnis mkveTr gamijvnas centrsa da sa-

xelmwifoSi Semaval saxelmwifo warmonaqmnebs Soris, ker-

Zod: erTis mxriv maqsimalurad xelmisawvdoms gaxdis regio-

nebisaTvis centralur xelisuflebaSi konstituciurad ga-

rantirebul monawileobas da meore mxriv ar gamoiwvevs cen-

trisaTvis saSiSroebas, rac gamoixateba regionis mudmiv

miswrafebaSi gandgomisaken rac TandaTan, rogorc wesi, ga-

daizrdeba separatizmSi. Cveni azriT, unda Seiqmnas saxel-

mwifo mowyobis axali modeli, romlisTvisac damaxasiaTebe-

li iqneba, rogorc unitaruli, ise federaciuli saxelmwi-

fos niSan-Tvisebebi, kerZod: specialur avtonomiur regi-

ons unda eniWebodes saxelmwifo warmonaqmnisaTvis damaxa-

siaTebeli Tvisebebi garda saxelmwifoebrivi suverenite-

tisa, deda-saxelmwifos SemadgenlobaSi mudmivad misi ar-

seboba konstituciiT unda iyos uzrunvelyofili, konsti-

tuciebSi unda arsebobdes sakanonmdeblo harmonia, rac ga-

napirobebs centrisa da regionebis saxelisuflebo struq-

turebis ukonfliqto saqmianobas, rac dafuZnebuli ar iqne-

ba arc politikur da arc samarTlebriv diskriminaciaze.

aseve, deda-saxelmwifosa da regions Soris urTierTvalde-

bulebebis Sesrulebis garanti, vfiqrobT, SeiZleba iyos sa-

erTaSoriso Tanamegobroba, saerTaSoriso organizacia, ma-

galiTad rogoric aris gaero. aseve SesaZlebelia gaerosTan

Seiqmnas saxelmwifoTa jgufi, romelic aiRebs valdebule-

bas iyos myari garantori deda-saxelmwifosa da regions So-

ris stabiluri da mSvidobiani Tanacxovrebisa. ar gamovric-

xavT aseTi roli Seasrulos calke saxelmwifom. rac Seexeba

saxelmwifoTa jgufs saqarTvelosTan mimarTebaSi, amis pre-

cendenti ukve gvaqvs megobari qveynebis saxiT: aSS, germania,

safrangeTi, ruseTi da didi britaneTi. Cven zemoT vaxseneT CineTis lideris den-siaopinis da-

mokidebuleba honkongTan. honkongi ara mxolod amitom aris

CvenTvis saintereso, aramed imiTac, rom misi CineTis saxel-

mwifoSi dabruneba marTlac unikaluri movlenaa. amitom

mniSvnelovnad gveCveneba konfliqtis honkongiseuli gadaw-

yvetis rogorc istoriuli, ise porlitikur-samarTlebrivi

aspeqtebis analizi da SesaZlebeli paralelebis gavleba,

msgavsebisa da gansxvavebebis Zieba saqarTvelosa da mis gan-

110

dgomil regionebTan mimarTebaSi. vfiqrobT saWiroa Sesaba-

misi winadadebebis SemuSaveba aramarto misi Teoriul done-

ze gansjisaTvis, aramed pragmatuli, konfliqtis mxareebi-

saTvis misaRebi da realuri gadawyvetilebebis misaRebad. rogorc cnobilia, honkongi uZvelesi droidan Cine-

Tis teritoriis nawili iyo. opiumis omis (1840 weli) Semdgom

honkongi okupirebul iqna didi britaneTis mier. 1984 wlis

19 dekembers CineTisa da didi britaneTis mTavrobebis mier

xemoweril iqna erToblivi deklaracia honkongis Sesaxeb da

dadasturda, rom 1997 wlis 1 ivlisidan CineTis saxalxo res-

publikis xelisufleba aRadgenda suverenitets honkongze.

amgvarad, Cineli xalxis didi xnis miswrafeba gandgomili

regionis dabrunebis Taobaze realobad iqca. erovnuli er-

Tianobisa da teritoriuli mTlianobis dacvis, honkongis-

Tvis keTildReobisa da stabilurobis SenarCunebis piro-

biT, aseve, misi istoriisa da realobis gaTvaliswinebiT mi-

Rebul iqna erToblivi gadawyvetileba honkongis specialu-

ri administraciuli regionis daarsebis Sesaxeb, Tanaxmad

CineTis saxalxo respublikis konstituciis 31 muxlisa,

principiT `erTi saxelmwifo, ori sistema.~friad sayurad-

Reboa, rom 1984 wlidan 1997 wlis 1 ivlisamde, TiTqmis 13

wlis ganmavlobaSi, Suamavlis funqciiT moqmedebda erTob-

liv mokavSireTa jgufi, romelmac dakisrebul misias

brwyinvaled gaarTva Tavi, razec damdgari Sedegi metyve-

lebs. amasTan, aranakleb saintereso aRmoCnda didi britane-

Tis gansakuTrebuli pozitiuri roli, rogorc faqtobri-

vad Suamavlisa, aRniSnuli problemis mogvarebasTan dakav-

SirebiT. sxvaTaSoris samwuxaro faqtia, rom arcerTi doku-

menti, arc honkongis konstitucia da arc didi britaneTis,

CrdiloeT irlandiisa da CineTis saxalxo respublikis sam-

TavrobaTaSoriso erToblivi deklaracia honkongis sakiT-

xze dRemde qarTulad ar Targmnila). Tavisuflad SeiZleba ganvacxadoT, rom es modeli

dRes msoflioSi aRiarebul federaciul da unitarul sa-

xelmwifoTa modelSi ar jdeba da am TvalsazrisiTac axal

realobasTan gvaqvs saqme. faqtobrivad, honkongis dedasaxelmwifoSi dabruneba

moxda mSvidobianad da TiTqmis uproblemod. am Tvalsazri-

111

siT igi SeiZleba CaiTvalos gansakuTrebul politikur mov-

lenad konfliqtis mSvidobianad mogvarebis TvalsazrisiT.

Tumca, SeuTavseblobis da dapirispirebis winapirobebi sak-

maod bevri iyo. sakmarisia aRiniSnos, absoluturad gansxva-

vebuli, ufro sworad dapirispirebuli ori sistemis arse-

boba: erTis mxriv CineTis saxalxo respublikis socializmi

da meores mxriv honkongis kapitalizmi. es winaaRmdegoba ga-

dailaxa ZiriTadad CineTis xelisuflebis mxridan gamoCeni-

li pragmatuli da realpolitikaze dayrdnobili politi-

kuri nebiT. honkongis specialuri administraciuli regio-

nis konstituciis me-5 muxlSi Cawerilia: `socialisturi

sistema da politika ar iqneba damkvidrebuli honkongSi da

kapitalisturi sistema da cxovrebis stili ucvleli darCe-

ba 50 wlis ganmavlobaSi~ [2]. rogorc zemoT aRvniSneT, CineTis saxalxo respubli-

kis premier-ministrma den siaopinma gaakeTa gancxadeba imis

Sesaxeb, rom imdenad mniSvnelovania CineTisaTvis gandgomi-

li regionis (honkongis) dedasaxelmwifoSi dabruneba, rom

dasaSvebad miiCnia erT saxelmwifoSi ori sistemis arseboba.

aqedan naTlad Cans, rom CineTisaTvis teritoriebis dabru-

neba da teritoriuli mTlianobis aRdgena mudmiv da upirve-

les erovnul interess warmoadgenda yovelTvis da Sedegmac

ar daayovna. upirvelesad TvalSisacemia is faqti, rom honkongs

ewoda CineTis saxalxo respublikis honkongis specialuri

administraciuli regioni. aq saqme marto dasaxelebaSi ar

aris. specialur administraciul regions honkongis kon-

stituciiT (ZiriTadi kanoniT) swored specialuri ufleba-

mosileba mieniWa. CineTis sxva administraciuli regionebi-

sagan gansxvavebiT honkongSi Zalian maRalia damoukideblo-

bisa da marTvis xarisxi politikur, ekonomikur da samar-

Tlebriv sferoebSi, kompetenciaTa da uflebaTa gamijvnaSi

centrsa da regions Soris. Zalian saintereso Cans honkon-

gis konstituciis pirveli muxli: `honkongis specialuri

administraciuli regioni aris ganuyofeli nawili CineTis

saxalxo respublikisa~ [2]. konstituciis me-13 da me-14 mux-

lebSi aRniSnulia, rom centraluri saxalxo mTavroba iqne-

ba pasuxismgebeli honkongis specialuri administraciuli

112

regionis sagareo saqmeebsa da Tavdacvaze. erTi sityviT,

honkongma centralur xelisuflebas dauTmo mxolod saga-

reo da TavdacviTi funqciebi. samagierod, imave konstitu-

ciis me-19 muxliT, honkongis sasamarTlo xelisufleba da-

moukidebelia, misi gadawyvetileba sabolooa da ar saCiv-

rdeba CineTis saxalxo respublikis sasamarTloebSi. aseve,

honkongis specialur administraciul regions SeunarCunda Tavisufali portisa da calke sabaJo teritoriis statusi. ufro metic, miuxedavad imisa, rom sagareo politikas war-

marTavs CineTis centraluri xelisufleba, honkongSi Sesas-

vlelad uxcoel moqalaqes sWrideba calke viza specialu-

rad gacemuli am miznisaTvis. rogorc vxedavT, mTeli am xnis ganmavlobaSi arcerT

mxares ar hqonda mcdeloba calmxrivad gadaewyvitaT prob-

lema da mxolod orive mxarisaTvis misaReb da amasTanave

realur gadawyvetilebebs iRebdnen, rasac mowmobs erTob-

liv mokavSireTa jgufis Seqmna, romelic 1984 wlidan 1997

wlis 1 ivlisamde, TiTqmis 13 wlis ganmavlobaSi, Suamavlis

funqciiT moqmedebda ingliselebis monawileobiT, da ro-

melmac dakisrebul misias brwyinvaled gaarTva Tavi, razec

damdgari Sedegi metyvelebs. Cven SevexeT Zalian mcire nawils im politikuri da sa-

marTlebrivi aspeqtebisas, romelmac ganapiroba CineTisa da

honkongis interesTa Tanxvedra. erTi statia metis saSuale-

bas ar iZleva. Tumca, zemoT aRniSnuli gvaZlevs imis SesaZ-

leblobas bevri ram gamoviyenoT qarTul-afxazuri urTier-

Tobebis mosawesrigeblad, bevri ram Cvens sinamdvileSi ga-

saTvaliswinebelia, bevri kritikulad Sesafasebeli, zogi

yuradsaRebo da zogic miuRebelia. samomavlod vgegmavT

aRniSnuli sakiTxis Zireul Seswavlas, radgan honkongis

problemis aseTi novatoruli gadawyveta Zalzed sainterso

da yuradsaRebia.

113


1. http://resonancedaily.com/index.php?id–rub=11&id–artc=8067. 2. The Basic Law of the Hong Kong special administrative region of the

people’s republic of China. 3. Sino-British Joint Declaration (Joint Declaration of the Government of

the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland and the Government of the People's Republic of China on the Question of Hong Kong).

Jemal Gakhokidze Doctor of Political and Law sciences,

Full Professor, Speaker of Senate of Georgian Technical University

Sophie Midelashvili

Doctor of Social Sciences, Assistant Professor

Which Way to Go to Abkhazia?!

Summary

The most important problem of Georgia is regulation of the conflict

with Abkhazia and South Ossetia. We thought the new form of territorial arrangement, our attention was drawn to Chinese government's innovative

approach towards Hong Kong and it became interesting as historical, politi-cal and legal precedent. The Hong Kong Special Administrative Region in

the People's Republic of China is an absolutely new model of territorial ar-rangement, we think it was a manifestation of China's realpolitics and we

hope, that the model will be very useful, if not completely at least partially,

for the future of Georgia, for its territorial integrity.

114

aleqsandre mosiaSvili

istoriis doqtori, Telavis iakob go-

gebaSvilis saxelobis saxelmwifo

universitetis asistent-profesori

Ddisidentizmis mniSvneloba qarTuli erovnul-ganmaTavisuflebeli moZraobisTvis

qarTl-kaxeTis samefos gauqmebis (1801 w.) Semdeg jeri

midga danarCeni saqarTvelos `ruseTis mfarvelobis qveS”

gaerTianebaze, rac TandaTanobiT sisruleSi iqna moyvanili.

aRsaniSnavia, rom 1802 wlidanve saqarTveloSi iwyeba erov-

nul-ganmaTavisflebeli moZraoba. Aam moZraobam sakmaod xan-

grZlivi da rTuli gza ganvlo. mniSvnelovania swored

yoveli is etapi, romelic am moZraobis dros iqna gavlili.

jer kidev 1802 wels kaxeTSi moewyo qelmenCuris SeTqmule-

ba, 1804 wels ki ifeTqa qarTlis mTianeTis ajanyebam. mZlav-

ri ajanyeba mimdinareobda kaxeTSi 1812-1813 wlebSi, xolo

1819-1820 wlebSi _ imereTSi [9].

qarTuli erovnul-ganmaTavisuflebeli moZraobisaT-

vis umniSvnelovanesia 1832 wlis ganuxorcielebeli SeTqmu-

leba, radganac, swored aq gamoCnda yvela socialuri fenis

ukmayofileba qveyanaSi arsebuli erovnuli CagvriT. ajanye-

baTa nusxa, raTqma unda, amiT ar sruldeba, Mmagram, unda aRi-

niSnos, XIX saukunis samociani wlebidan `Tergdaleulebis”

gamosvla asparezze ilia WavWavaZis meTaurobiT. Aaseve, me-

tad mniSvnelovania 1879 wels `qarTvelTa Soris wera-kiT-

xvis gamavrcelebeli sazogadoebis” daarseba. Aaq Cven ukve

vxedavT qarTuli erovnul-ganmaTavisuflebeli moZraobis

kidev ufro ganviTarebis morig etaps, rodesac brZolis ia-

raRad gamoyenebulia erovnuli cnobiereba: wigni, kalami da

ideebi. XIX-XX saukuneTa mijnaze saqarTveloSi Cndebian

sxvadasxva politikuri organizaciebi [1].

U qarTveli erisTvis udavod didi gamarjvebaa 1918 wlis

26 maiss gamocxadebuli qveynis damoukidebloba, romelic

samwuxarod 1921 wlis TebervalSi daikarga [4]. Semdgomi pe-

riodi brZolis partizanuli meTodebiT warmoebiT gamoir-

Ceva. sxvadasxva ajanyebebs Soris yvelaze mZlavri 1924 wlis

agvistoSi dawyebuli ajanyeba iyo [8; 11], romelsac saTaveSi

saqarTvelos erovnuli gmiri qaquca ColoyaSvili ed-

ga.Mmdgomareoba gansakuTrebiT garTulda mas Semdeg, rac e.

115

w. sabWoTa kavSirSi amoqmedda represiuli manqana. gadasax-

lebiT an sikvdiliT isjeboda yvela gansxvavebulad moaz-

rovne adamiani. magram aRsaniSnavia isic, rom qarTvelma

emigrantebma Camoyalebebuli samxedro SenaerTebiT meore

msoflio omis mimdinareobisas germanelTa mxardaWeriT da

xelSewyobiT scades saqarTvelos teritoriaze SemoRweva,

rac aseve warumateblad damTavrda.

1956 wlis martis cnobili movlenebis mimdinareobisas

gaJRerda mowodebebi saqarTvelos damoukideblobis aRdge-

nisaken.marTalia, es gamosvlebi didi tragediiT dasrulda,

[6] magram imave wels pirvelad daapatimres zviad gamsaxur-

dia da merab kostava antisabWoTa proklamaciebis gavrce-

lebisTvis da aseve, sainteresoa, rom maTmierve farulad iq-

na dafuZnebuli politikuri moZraoba `gorgasliani.~ faq-

tobrivad, am periodidan iwyeba saqarTveloSi disidenturi

moZraoba. disidenti laTinuridan momdinareobs da gulis-

xmobs pirs, romelic ar iziarebs qveyanaSi gabatonebul ide-

ologias da ibrZvis mis winaaRmdeg. is sxvagvarad moazrov-

nea [12].

saxelmwifoSi gamefebuli ukanonoba, uzneoba, danaSau-

lis dafarva, siyalbe kidev ufro aZlierebda mosaxleobis

SiSs arsebuli reJimis mimarT.komunisturi monstri ki swo-

red am SiSis wyalobiT ixangrZlivebda arsebobas. xalxSi Si-

Sis daTrgunva mxolod simarTliT SeiZleboda. simarTlis

Tqma ki disidenturma TviTgamocemebma ikisres. 1970 wlidan

daiwyo `oqros sawmisis~ gamocema [2].

Tavdapirvelad vrceldeboda informaciebi adamianis

uflebaTa dacvis sferoSi arsebul darRvevebze, kulturis

Zeglebis xelyofisa da saqarTvelos eklesiis wiaRSi fexmo-

kidebul danaSaulTa Sesaxeb, ganaTlebis sistemasa da dawe-

sebulebebSi gamefebul rusifikaciaze, akrZalul saekle-

sio dResaswaulebze, mecnierebisa da kulturis sferoSi ar-

sebul cenzuraze. saTanado masalebis moZiebasa da gamoce-

mis rTul saqmes saqarTveloSi arsebuli adamianis ufleba-

Ta dacvis sainiciativo jgufis ramdenime wevri axircieleb-

da: zviad gamsaxurdia, merab kostava, m. arCvaZe-gamsaxurdia,

leda arCvaZe, T. janeliZe, isai da grigori goldSteinebi, n.

samxaraZe. mTavari kredo sainiciativo jgufisa gaxldaT:

`Cven unda vicxovroT ideisaTvis da ara amqveyniuri keTil-

dReobisaTvis, Cven unda gaviRoT msxverpli, ar unda vuRa-

latoT Cvens maradiul mrwamss, Tundac rom sikvdilis wina-

Se mogvixdes wardgoma. Ees iqneba praqtikuli dadastureba

116

Cvens mier umaRlesi movaleobis gagebisa, amiT miecema Cvens

yofas azri!~ (zviad gamsaxurdia).

1976-1977 wlebSi ukve xdeboda `saqarTvelos moambis”

nomrebis gamocema. 70-iani wlebidan Zlierdeba suki-s mxri-

dan TvalTvali, dakiTxvebi, dabarebebi, muqara.A am periodi-

dan iwyeba im mZime xvedrTan ziareba, rasac disidenturi

cxovreba hqvia. igi savsea yoveldRiuri usiamovnebebiT, dev-

niT, SantaJiT, romelic brZolis Zlier stimuls gaZlevs,

grZnob simarTlis Zalas, cdilob, rac SeiZleba meti gaake-

To samSoblosa da xalxis gadasarCenad.

1972 wlidan saqarTvelos adamianis uflebaTa dacvis

sainiciativo jgufi ukavSirdeba ruseTis disidentur wre-

ebs, moskovisa da leningradis TviTgamocemebs. Aamave wlidan

TanamSromlobs akad.Aa. saxarovTan, i. SafareviCTan, v. Weli-

ZesTan, s. kovaliovTan, aleqsandre da alina ginzburgebTan,

a. lavutTan, i. gastevTan, a. tverdoxlebovTan, v. borisov-

Tan, t. velikanovTan, i. aleqseevTan, a. amalrikTan da sxv.

TbilisSi aralegaluri stambebis pirobebSi faqtobrivad

iatakqveSeTSi ibeWdeboda da vrceldeboda sxvadasxva TviT-

gamocemebi.

saqme #131-is sabraldebo daskvnaSi vkiTxulobT: `gam-

saxurdiam miznad daisaxa antisabWoTa literaturis masiuri

gavrceleba. 1974 wlis gazafxulze man moipova a. solJenici-

nis `gulagis arqipelagis~ oTxive nawili, im avtorisa, rome-

lic gaZevebul iqna ssrk-dan misadmi mtruli moRvaweobis

gamo. `gulagis arqipelagi~ gamoica parizSi, `umka-presSi~,

romelic gmobs marqsistul-leninur moZRvrebas socialis-

tur revoluciaze~….

TviTgamocemis gamravlebisa da gavrcelebis parale-

lurad, saqarTvelos disidenturi moZraoba poziciebs iZ-

lierebda saerTaSoriso masStabiT. 1975 wlis aprilSi mos-

kovSi v. turCinisa da a. tverdoxlebovis mier yalibdeba `sa-

erTaSoriso amnistiis moskovis jgufi~, sadac saqarTvelos

warmomadgenlad zviad gamsaxurdias irCeven.

1979 wels moskovSi akademikos i. orlovis mier iqmneba

helsinkis xelSekrulebaTa saSemsruleblo jgufi. Aimave

wlis ivnisSi saqarTveloSi zviad gamsaxurdia qmnis analogi-

ur jgufs romlis ZiriTadi mizania informaciebisa da sta-

tiebis Sekreba admianis uflebaTa sakiTxebSi, rac qveynde-

boda qarTuli TviTgamocemis JurnalSi _ `saqarTvelos

moambe~.

117

amavdroulad, moskovisa da saqarTvelos jgufebi ad-

gendnen koleqtiur dokumentebsa da saprotesto gancxade-

bebs adamianis uflebebis darRvevasTan dakavSirebiT. disi-

dentur gamocemebSi beWdaven suk-isa da komunisturi cen-

zuris mier akrZaluli mwerlebisa da poetebis nawarmoe-

bebs.isini amxeldnen sabWoTa totalitaruli sistemisaTvis

damaxasiaTebeli xelisuflebisaTvis arasaxarbielo infor-

maciis dafarvas yvela sferoSi.informacias awvdidnen sa-

qarTvelos mosaxleobis garkveul nawils erovnul, religi-

ur da socialur problemebze. aseve saerTo mdgomareobaze,

romelic Seqmnili iyo ssrk-Si. `saqarTvelos moambis” pirve-

li nomeri iwyeba gaeros adamianis uflebaTa dacvis dekla-

raciiT, romelzec ssrk-is xelisuflebam xeli moawera;

aseve ganxiluli iyo: saqarTvelos istoriis swavlebis sa-

kiTxi qarTul skolebsa da umaRles saswavleblebSi, rusi-

fikaciis mcdelobis Sesaxeb, saqarTvelos marTlmadidebe-

li eklesiis mdgomareoba, kulturis Zeglebis dacva sa-

qarTveloSi, patimrebis wameba saqarTvelos cixeebSi, xan-

Zrebi da diversiebi saqarTveloSi, angariSsworeba polit-

patimrebis mimarT, saqarTvelos sapatriarqos gaZarcva, ro-

melSic mxilebulni arian ck-s wevrebi,Tanamdebobis pirebi,

Sss, suk-is TanamSromlebi _ maTi ojaxis wevrebi, ministrTa

sabWos religiis saqmeTa rwmunebuli da maTi TanamSromle-

bi, sasuliero pirebi da sxv. `saqarTvelos moambis” momdev-

no nomerSi mxilebuli arian suk-is zogierTi agentebi `wiTe-

li inteligenciidan,” ramac didi aRSfoTeba gamoiwvia. pre-

saSi daiwyo Tavdasxmebi zviad gamsaxurdiasa da merab kosta-

vaze, statiis avtorebi daufaravad iTxovdnen maT dapatim-

rebas (prof. r. gordeziani, v. qvaCaxia, a. surgulaZe, g. xav-

Tasi da sxv.) [3].

Tu manamde ar xorcieldeboda represiebi zviad gamsa-

xurdiasa da misi megobrebis mimarT, amis mizezi udavod iyo

maT ukan mdgomi erT-erTi yvelaze popularuli mwerali sa-

qarTveloSi, qarTuli literaturis klasikosi konstantine

gamsaxurdia. misi ukvdavi nawarmoebebi sakmaod didi tira-

JiT ibeWdeboda da misi Svilis dapatimreba TviTgamocemebis

dabeWdva-gavrcelebisTvis seriozul usiamovnebebs Seam-

TxvevdaT xelisufalT dasavleTis mxridan. konstantine

gamsaxurdias gardacvalebis Semdeg ukve iwyeba disidentu-

ri moZraobis ganadgurebis mcdelobebi: dapatimreba, wameba,

gadasaxleba, devna, TvalTvali, iZulebiTi wesiT moTavseba

118

fsiqiatriul saavadmyofoebSi da Sesabamisad, yalbi, cnobe-

bis gacema Cveulebriv movlenebad iqca [7,10].

1977 wels zviad gamsaxurdia mweralTa kavSiridan ga-

ricxes. ramdenime dRis Semdeg is saqarTvelos mecnierebaTa

akademiis SoTa rusTavelis saxelobis qarTuli literatu-

ris istoriis institutidanac gaaTavisufles `uRirsi saq-

mianobis” motiviT. XX-saukunis 80-iani wlebi ssr kavSiri-

saTvis Rrma krizisebiT gamoirCeoda. es gansakuTrebiT Se-

samCnevi iyo ekonomikis sferoSi. 1985 wlidan ssr kavSirSi

daSvebulma erTgvarma liberalizaciam, rac gardaqmnis po-

litikaSi gamoixata, axali biZgi misca erovnuli moZraobis

gaZlierebas. 1987 wlidan saqarTveloSi Zlierdeba erov-

nul-ganmaTavisuflebeli moZraoba.maT gamocxadebuli sa-

jaroobisa da demokratizaciis fonze farTo masStabiT da-

iwyes mitingebisa Tu sxva sainformacio an saprotesto aqci-

ebis Catareba. Eerovnul- ganmaTavisuflebeli moZraobis sa-

TaveSi im TaviTve gamoikveTa yofili disidentebis aqtiu-

roba. miuxedavad imisa, rom 1989 wlis 13oqtombers avtoka-

tastrofis Sedegad gardaicvala saqarTvelos erovnuli

gmiri merab kostava [5], zviad gamsaxurdiam mainc SeZlo daw-

yebuli brZolis bolomde miyvana; man Seqmnili politikuri

blokiT `mrgvali magida _ Tavisufali saqarTvelo” 1990

wlis 28 oqtombers Catarebul pirvel mravalpartiul ar-

CevnebSi moipova brwyinvale gamarjveba da arsebuli ukano-

no komunisturi reJimi daamarcxa, ris Sedegadac xelisuf-

lebis saTaveSi mosulma, 1991 wlis 31 marts Catarebuli re-

ferendumis safuZvelze 1991 wlis 9 aprils gamoacxada sa-

qarTvelos damoukideblobis aRdgena.rac Seexeba qveynis

damoukideblad aRiarebis sakiTxs, is ukve 1991-1992 wlebis

mijnaze ganxorcielda, riTac saqarTvelom miiRo sruli po-

litikuri damoukidebloba.

amrigad, erovnul-ganmaTavisuflebeli moZraoba sa-

qarTveloSi X1X saukunis dasawyisidanve iwyeba. qarTveli

xalxi arasdros Serigebia moZalade mtris batonobas, yo-

velTvis ibrZoda usamarTlobis winaaRmdeg, yovelTvis es-

wrafvoda Tavisuflebas, yvela periodi garkveuli Tavise-

burebebiT gamoirCa. qarTul erovnul-ganmaTavisuflebel

moZraobas dasWirda brZolis sxvadasxva meTodebis gamoye-

neba sxvadasxva etapze, magram Tavganwirva mas arasdros ak-

lda. qarTuli disidenturi moZraoba erT-erTi umniSvnelo-

vanesia am brZolis pirobebSi. man Tavisi omaxiani sityva Tqva

saqarTvelos uaxles istoriaSi. swored mis gagrZelebad iq-

119

ca 80-ian wlebSi axali ZaliT dawyebuli moZraoba, ramac sa-

boloo gamarjvebamde miiyvana qarTveli eri. Mmiuxedavad di-

di siZneleebisa, qarTvel disidentebs arasdros Seuwyveti-

aT TavianTi saqmianoba, bolomde umklavdebodnen arsebul

reJims, amxeldnen maT danaSaulebriv qmedebebs, mraval sa-

kiTxze swor informacias avrcelebdnen sazogadoebaSi, rac

garkveulwilad inarCunebda xalxSi erovnul muxts da arse-

buli reJimis winaaRmdeg brZolis Jins.


1. abaSiZe z., baxtaZe m., janeliZe o., saqarTvelo da qarTve-

lebi, Tbilisi, 2013.

2. arCvaZe-gamsaxurdia m., oqros sawmisi, Tbilisi, 2006.

3. arCvaZe-gamsaxurdia m., saqarTvelos moambe, Tbilisi,

2007.

4. bendianiSvili a., saqarTvelos pirveli respublika (1918-

1921), Tbilisi, 2001.

5. gagniZe b., Savlego, Tbilisi, 1990.

6. naTaZe n., sisxliani paraskevi, Tbilisi, 1991.

7. sajaia s., kolxuri koSkis laskari da cxum-afxazeTi,

Tbilisi, 1999.

8. sulxaniSvili a., mogonebebi SeficulTa razmze, Tbili-

si, 2007.

9. RelaRutaSvili a., erovnul-ganmaTavisuflebeli moZra-

oba saqarTveloSi XIX saukunis pirvel mesamedSi. aleq-

sandre erekles Ze bagrationi, Tbilisi, 2009.

10. Samanauri n., Cemi simarTle _ Cemi mteria, Tbilisi, 1991.

11. SaraZe g., gverdwiTeli g., qaquca ColoyaSvili, Tbilisi,

1989.

12. WabaSvili m., ucxo sityvaTa leqsikoni, Tbilisi, 1999.

120

Aleksandre Mosiashvili Doctor of History, Assistant-Professor of Jakob Gogebashvili Telavi State University

Mean of the Disidentizm for the Georgian

National-liberation Movement

Summary

At the beginning of the XIX century, after the abolished of the Kartl-Kakheti Royal by the Russian Imperator, Developments in the country has led to emergence of the Georgian National-Liberation movement. Full res-toration of the country's independence which have been implemented in 1991,took a number of generation’s fight. At the different step of the war, were used different methods and forms. There were Rebellions, Collusions. Fighting through the intellectual methods. Guerrilla movement, foreign military assistance, Georgian dissident movement is one of the conspicuous place in the struggle for the country's independence and freedom.

Since the beginning of 50th years, this movement despite great diffi-culties, harassment, abuse, surveillance, violence, terror, torture, imprison-ment or resettlement, and in spite of its a number of attempts to discredit, at least proved to be the decisive and its struggle ended with a great victory of the Georgian nation.

121

aleqsandre mosiaSvili

istoriis doqtori, Telavis iakob goge-

baSvilis saxelobis saxelmwifo univer-

sitetis asistent-profesori

saqarTvelos damoukideblobisaken swrafvis

Semaferxebeli garemoebebi 1989-1990 wlebSi

XX saukunis 80-iani wlebis miwurulidan aSkarad gamoC-

nda, rom saqarTveloSi azvirTebuli erovnul-ganmaTavi-

suflebeli moZraoba qveynis sruli politikuri damouki-

deblobisTvis ibrZolebda. 1988 wlis noembris aqciebmac

cxadyo, rom saqarTveloSi arsebul erovnul Zalebs SeeZ-

loT erToblivi moqmedeba ssrk-is winaaRmdeg. miuxedavad

amisa, maSindeli sabWoTa partiuli nomenklatura da saxel-

mwifo uSiSroebis komiteti ar apirebdnen arsebul situaci-

asTan Serigebas. aq ismis kiTxva, ra SeiZleboda moemoqme-

debinaT maT kremlis xelSewyobiT, riTac gaanelebdnen arse-

bul erovnul muxts?

pirvelad, saqarTvelos damoukideblobis aRdgenis

moTxovna 1989 wlis aprilis cnobili aqciebis dros gaJRer-

da [1]. aseTi mSvidobiani aqciebis mowyoba maSindeli xeli-

suflebis mier daSvebuli iyo gamocxadebuli demokratiza-

ciis da sajaroobis pirobebSi, magram 9 aprils gamTeniisas

TbilisSi datrialebulma tragediam sazogadoebrioba kidev

erTxel daarwmuna imaSi, rom oficialuri moskovi, miuxeda-

vad arsebuli social-ekonomikuri Tu politikuri krizisi-

sa, ar dauSvebda e.w. sabWoTa kavSiris daSlas. aRsaniSnavia,

isic, rom momxdarma tragediam pozitiuri roli iTamaSa sa-

qarTvelos Semdgomdroindel pilitikur cxovrebaSi.aqciis

vandaluri meTodebiT darbevam, momitingeTa daxocvam, ki-

dev erTxel Searyia mkveTrad`sabWoTa kavSiris” _ `demok-

ratiuli imiji.”

winaswar aRmoCnda momzadebuli provokaciebi afxaze-

Tis avtonomiuri respublikis teritoriaze. 1989 wlis 18

marts afxazeTis avtonomiuri respublikis sofel lixnSi

Sekrebilma afxazTa mravalricxovanma mitingma saqarTve-

lodan afxazeTis gamoyofis sakiTxi daayena. Ggamoyofis au-

cileblobas Sekrebis xelmZRvanelebi istoriis gayalbebiT

asabuTebdnen. isini, rogorc aRniSnavdnen, TiTqos afxazeTs

saqarTvelosTan araferi akavSirebda... rom winaTac da ax-

122

lac `afxazi eri~ qarTvelebisagan mxolod Seviwroebasa da

Cagvras ganicdis, amitom maTi Tanacxovreba SeuZlebelia da

sxv. Aase nel-nela yalibdeboda separatistuli moZraoba af-

xazeTSi. xelovnurad wamoSobilma separatizmma, rasac Tan

axlda eqstremizmi, 1989 wlis 15-16 ivliss qarTvelebi da af-

xazebi sisxlismRvrel dapirispirebamde miiyvana [3].

swored am dapirispirebis Tavidan acilebas isaxavda

miznad TbilisSi 4 aprils mTavrobis sasaxlis win dawyebuli

aqciebi, magram rogorc aRmoCnda, e. w. sabWoTa kavSiris cen-

traluri xelisufleba da misi xelmZRvaneli mixeil gorba-

Covi miznad isaxavdnen qarTuli erovnul-ganmaTavisufle-

beli moZraobis da misi momxreebis daTrgunva-ganadgurebas

da aseve saqarTvelos teritoriaze iseTi sawinaaRmdego

procesebis marTvas, romlebic Seaferxebdnen saqarTvelos

damoukideblobisaken swrafvas.

1989 wlis 13 oqtombers momxdari avtoavariis Sedegad

gardaicvala saqarTveloSi dawyebuli erovnul-ganmaTavi-

suflebeli moZraobis TvalsaCino lideri merab kostava.

amave SemTxvevis Sedegad gardaicvala kidev erTi lideri

zurab WavWavaZe. maT tragikul gardacvalebasTan dakavSi-

rebiT qarTvel sazogadoebaSi maSinve aRiZra garkveuli eW-

vebi, daisva garkveuli kiTxvebi da marTlac, ar iyo gamoric-

xuli, rom es yvelaferi yofiliyo mowyobili suk-is mier.

sabWoTa sinamdvilisTvis politikuri niSniT devna, wameba,

terori ar iyo ucxo. amis mowmea qarTuli disidentizmi.

Oodnav adre, 24 ivniss gvian RamiT, zviad gamsaxurdias-

Tan `kolxur koSkSi~, Sekrebilni iyvnen erovnul-ganmaTavi-

suflebeli moZraobis warmomadgenlebi: irakli wereTeli,

irakli baTiaSvili da sxvebi. Ddilis 3 saaTze, WiSkridan ga-

mosvlisas, rodesac batoni zviadi acilebda maT, manqanas-

Tan miaxloebisas esroles f-1 sistemis xelyumbara. afeTqe-

bis Sedegad, sabednierod, aravin daSavebula [4].E teroristu-

li aqtebis mowyobas arsebuli reJimi momdevno periodSic

cdilobda...

EsaqarTvelos ssr uzenaesma sabWom 1990 wels scada

erovnuli ZalebisTvis Tavs moexvia 25 martis uzenaesi sab-

Wos arCevnebi. maSin ocamde dasaxelebis politikurma orga-

nizaciam Seqmna erovnuli forumi, romlis wevrebmac boiko-

ti gamoucxades daniSnul arCevnebs.isini ganmartavdnen,

rom arCevnebi ukanono da aralegitimuri iyo, radgan ukano-

no iyo arCevnebis damniSvneli TviT saqarTvelos ssr uzena-

esi sabWo, rogorc sabWouri struqtura. daaxloebiT erTi

123

Tvis Semdeg erovnul forums gamoeyo ramdenime politiku-

ri organizacia da zviad gamsaxurdias TaosnobiT 1990 wlis

7 maiss dafuZnda axali politikuri gaerTianeba `mrgvali

magida.~ mrgvali magidis ZalisxmeviT, 1990 wlis 28 oqtom-

bers, saqarTveloSi dainiSna pirveli mravalpartiuli ar-

Cevnebi.E

erovnul forumSi darCenilma politikurma partiebma

am arCevnebsac boikoti gamoucxades. maT Seqmnes erovnuli

kongresi [1]

28 oqtombris arCevnebSi gamarjveba moipova blokma

`mrgvali magida_ Tavisufali saqarTvelo”, romlis wina sa-

arCevno programac iTvaliswinebda, gamarjvebis SemTxveva-

Si, saqarTvelos srul politikur damoukideblobas. rasak-

virvelia, saqarTvelos komunisturi partia da misi moskove-

li xelmZRvanelebi ver Seeguebodnen aseT marcxs da yvela

saSualebiT gaagrZelebdnen brZolas axalgazrda xelisuf-

lebis winaaRmdeg. rogorc Cans, kremlSi varaudobdnen, rom

aseTi formiT SeZlebdnen saqarTveloSi, socialur niadag-

ze, mosaxleobis ukmayofilebis zrdas axlad arCeuli uzena-

esi sabWos da misi Tavmjdomaris zviad gamsaxurdias mi-

marT.mTavrobis mier gamocxadebuli gardamavali periodi,

rasakvirvelia, gulisxmobda garkveuli reformebis gatare-

bas, arsebuli sabWouri modelis rRvevas da axlis Camoyali-

bebas.raTqmaunda, es procesi ar iyo ioli saqarTvelos res-

publikisaTvis _ rogorc mas ewoda arCevnebis Semdeg. nel-

nela izrdeboda umuSevarTa ricxvi, izrdeboda inflaciac.

Aaxali mTavrobis xelisuflebis saTaveSi mosvlis para-

lelurad qveyanaSi gaaqtiurdnen parlaments gareT darCe-

nili erovnuli kongresi da sxva danarCeni politikuri Za-

lebi. isini, rogorc dedaqalaqSi, aseve regionebSi awyob-

dnen sxvadasxva saxis saprotesto aqciebs, rac mimarTuli

iyo arsebuli xelisuflebis diskreditaciisaken.Aaseve, se-

riozul problemas warmoadgenda ukanono SeiaraRebuli

formirebebis arsebobac. samwuxaroa, magram rogorc Sem-

dgomSi gamoikveTa, zemoxsenebuli Zalebi moqmedebdnen ko-

munisturi partiis xelmZRvanelebTan SeTanxmebiT [5]

Zalze gamwvavda mdgomareoba e.w. samxreT oseTis avto-

nomiur olqTan dakavSirebiT.saqme iqamde mivida, rom krem-

lidan waqezebulma osma separatistebma damoukidebeli res-

publikac ki gamoacxades. daZabuloba imdenad gamwvavda,

rom 1990 wlis 11 dekembers miRebul iqna `saqarTvelos res-

publikis kanoni samxreT oseTis avtonomiuri olqis gauqme-

124

bis Sesaxeb~ [6]. unda iTqvas isic, rom am periodisaTvis iqna

miRebuli, gadawyvetileba romlis mixedviTac qarTveli wve-

vamdelebi sabWoTa saokupacio jaris nacvlad imsaxureb-

dnen qarTul erovnul gvardiaSi, romelic jer kidev ar iyo

Camoyalibebuli. rasakvirvelia, rTuli iyo sabWoTa milici-

is erTbaSad erovnul policiad gardaqmna. Mmiliciisa, rome-

lic jer kidev sabWour formebSi iyo gamowyobili.serio-

zul problemas qmnida, agreTve, arsebuli suk-is erovnuli

usafrTxoebis samsaxurad gardaqmnis sakiTxic da a.S.

rac Seexeba garemo faqtorebs, unda aRiniSnos, rom am

periodisaTvis dasavleTSi jer-jerobiT mxolod diskusie-

bi imarTeboda damoukideblobis gzaze mdgomi saqarTvelos

da sxva respublikebis erovnul-ganmaTavisuflebel moZra-

obasTan dakavSirebiT. TviT aSS-is prezident buSs hyavda

opozicia, romlebic akritikebdnen mis pragmatul pozicias

da misgan moiTxovdnen Cagruli xalxebis mxardaWeras [7].

Aamave periodisaTvis saqarTvelos teritoriaze arse-

buli birTvuli iaraRic seriozul problemas warmoadgen-

da.Bbunebrivia, sabWoTa xelisuflebas ar awyobda masze kon-

trolis dakargva, xolo dasavleTs, Tavis mxriv, garkveul-

wilad afiqrebda am iaraRis Semdgomi bedi [7].

zemoT naxsenebi afxazeTis da e.w. samxreT oseTis regi-

onebis garda, garkveuli daZabuloba SeiniSneboda aWaris av-

tonomiuri respublikis teritoriazec, sadac vrceldebo-

da sxvadasxva saxis dezinformacia daZabulobis kidev erTi

keris Sesaqmnelad. Ggarkveuli provokaciebi xdeboda qvemo

qarTlis regionSic da a.S. yovelive es mianiSnebs imaze, rom

sabWoTa xelisufleba ibrZoda TavgamodebiT, iyenebda yve-

la saSualebas, raTa momxdariyo revanSi.

Semdgom periodSic DgrZeldeboda garkveuli provoka-

ciebis mowyobis gziT qveyanaSi destabilizaciis gamefebis

mcdelobebi. Mmagram, miuxedavad yvelafrisa, `mrgvali magi-

da~ mizanmimarTulad agrZelebda damoukideblobisaken

swrafvas.

1991 wlis 31 marts saqarTvelos masStabiT moewyo mo-

saxleobis saerTo-saxalxo gamokiTxva. Mmis monawileebs unda

epasuxaT kiTxvaze: `Tanaxma xarT Tu ara, aRdges saqarTve-

los saxelmwifoebrivi damoukidebloba 1918 wlis 26 maisis

damoukideblobis aqtis safuZvelze?~ referendumSi monawi-

leoba miiRo 3milion samasiaTasze metma amomrCevelma. Ggamo-

kiTxulTa 98%-ma SekiTxvas dadebiTi pasuxi gasca.saqarTve-

125

los damoukideblobis ideas mxari dauWira respublikis

araqarTveli mosaxleobis umetesobamac.

referendumis Sedegebma qveynis xelisuflebas meti sa-

fuZveli misca saqarTvelos politikuri bedis gadasawyve-

tad. Ddaeyrdno ra 31 martis referendumiT gamoxatuli res-

publikis mosaxleobis erTsulovan nebas, uzenaesma sabWom

1991 wlis 9 aprils saqarTvelos saxelmwifoebrivi damouki-

deblobis aRdgena gamoacxada [2].

1991 wlis 9 aprils gamocxadebuli saqarTvelos damo-

ukideblobis aRdgena warmoadgenda qveynis damoukideblo-

bis mopovebis pirvel nawils (de-faqto). rac Seexeba meore

etaps, anu de-iures, is ukve ganxorcielda 1991-92 wlebis

mijnaze, rodesac saqarTvelos dedaqalaqis centrSi, rus-

Tavelis gamzirze, mimdinareobda saqarTvelos maSindeli

kanonieri xelisuflebis damxobis procesi, rusuli jaris

specnawilebis daxmarebiT. maSin, saqarTvelos damoukideb-

loba aRiara 28 saxelmwifom da amiT dasrulda saqarTvelos

1921 wlis TebervalSi dakarguli damoukideblobis aRdge-

nis procesi. Ees udides gamarjvebas warmoadgenda, rogorc

qarTveli eris, aseve, politikuri blokis `mrgvali magida_

Tavisufali saqarTvelos~ da misi lideris, saqarTvelos

pirveli prezidentis zviad gamsaxurdiasaTvis, romelmac

miuxedavad arsebuli sirTuleebisa, SeZlo saqarTvelos te-

ritoriuli mTlianobis SenarCuneba da winasaarCevno dana-

pirebis Sesruleba.

G


13. abaSiZe z., baxtaZe m., janeliZe o., saqarTvelo da qarTve-

lebi, Tbilisi, 2013.

14. anTelava i., gafrindaSvili m., vaCnaZe m., meliqiSvili g.,

metreveli r., saqarTvelos istoria, Tbilisi, 1996.

15. gamaxaria j., zviad gamsaxurdias politika afxazeTSi

(1990-1993 ww.), Tbilisi, 2004.

16. gvenetaZe e., kalandia z., saqarTvelos uaxlesi istoriis

dokumenturi masalebi (1988-1990), t. 1, Tbilisi, 2011.

17. SveliZe d., politikuri dapirispirebebi da erovnuli xe-

lisuflebis damxoba saqarTveloSi (1987-1992 ww.), Tbili-

si, 2008.

18. gaz. `mamuli~, Tbilisi, 1990, # 23.

19. gaz. `saqarTvelos respublika~, Tbilisi, 1990, # 289.

126

Aleksandre Mosiashvili

Assistant-Professor of Jakob Goge-bashvili Telavi State University

Hindrance to the Circumastences of Georgia Aspiration for

Independence in 1989-1990 Years

Summary Tragedy which happened in Tbilisi in 9 april of 1989,determined the

consolidation of Georgian nation.The national liberation movement for the complete political independence of Georgia with more energy.In October 28 of 1990,carried out first multiparty which really ensured the current regime change of communist by the nation forces,and gave the ability ti the new Govement,to put Georgia on the road to independence.Is doomed to fail the communist regime was not going to put up with the current situation.It tried all the way to discredit-destruction the national-liberation movement and national government.Because of this, they were applied so-called stirring up of conflicts of Ethno in different region of Georgia.Promition of the extrem-ism and separatism,Destrabilization,Illegal arrests,Terrors and etc.

127

N dodo WumburiZe


javaxiSvilis saxelobis Tbilisis saxe-

lmwifo universiteti, ivane javaxiSvi-

lis istoriisa da eTnologiis institu-

tis axali da uaxlesi istoriis ganyo-

filebis mTavari mecnier-TanamSromeli

ruseTis liberal-demokrati aristokratia saqarTvelosa da kavkasiis Sesaxeb

sakiTxi exeba metad faqiz, dResac aqtualur Temas: iyo

da aris Tu ara ruseTis inteligencia im imperiuli politi-

kuri kursis mxardamWeri, rasac yovelTvis atarebda da ata-

rebs rusuli xelisufleba zogadad, konkretuladki — sa-

qarTvelosa da qarTveli xalxis mimarT. ori ruseTis prob-

lema qarTul cnobierebaSi sul idga da yofda sazogadoeb-

riv azrs. sabWoTa istoriografiaSi ori ruseTis Teoria

dominantobda, Tanamedrove istorikosebi ki, am sakiTxze

msjelobisas, simarTles Tvals usworeben da weren, rom

``ori ruseTi saxelmwifoebriv-politikuri TvalsazrisiT

arc arsebula da arc arsebobs, igi mxolod miTia, fantaziis

nayofia da araferi aqvs saerTo realobasTan~ [1, 36].

Tu simarTles ar gaveqceviT, rusul sazogadoebaSi XIX

saukuneSic da Semdegac iyvnen iseTi liberalur-humanuri

azrovnebis mqone pirovnebebi, romlebic pativs scemdnen sa-

qarTvelos warsuls, mis mdidar kulturasa da literatu-

ras, eTnotradiciebs, siyvaruls gamoxatavdnen am tradici-

ebis matarebeli xalxisadmi. zogi am grZnobebSi gulwrfeli

iyo, zogi amas diplomatiuri manevris gamo akeTebda, zogic

moCvenebiT da yalbad. amis miuxedavad, TiTqmis arcerTi

maTgani ar uWerda mxars saqarTvelosa da kavkasiis damouki-

deblobas, calke saxelmwifoebriobas. amis magaliTad ga-

mogvadgeba yvelaze gamorCeuli rusuli inteligenciis war-

128

momadgenelTa damokidebuleba qarTuli erovnuli sakiTxi-

sadmi. am mxriv saocrad zustia italieli qarTvelologis,

profesor luiji magarotos Tvalsazrisi : `XIX saukunis I

aTeuli wlebis rusul politikur azrovnebaSi rogorc impe-

riaSi Semavali ararusi xalxebisadmi, aseve mosazRvre mcire

qveynebisadmi dampyrobluri da imperiuli damokidebuleba

iyo gabatonebuli. es iTqmis rogorc caristul da sxva kon-

servatiul, aseve liberalur, Tu lamis revoluciur wreebze

dekabristebis CaTvliT. SeiZleba davsZinoT, rom dapyroba-Za-

ladobaze damyarebuli urTierTobis amgvar ideas mxurvaled

iziarebdnen rogorc jarSi momsaxure moazrovneebi, aseve ru-

suli samoqalaqo sazogadoebis warmomadgenlebi, maT Soris—

mravali liberalurad ganwyobili mwerali, puSkinis CaTvliT,

romelmac Tavisi poemis—`kavkasiis tyve~—epilogSi xotbac ki

Seasxa rusi generlebis kolonialistur oms kavkasiaSi. marTa-

lia, zogierTi moazrovne ar TanaugrZnobda puSkinis aRtace-

bas rusuli jaris ZaladobiT (o, kotliarevski, kavkasiis Sol-

to! sadac ki gaCndi elvad da mexad— iq Seni misvla Savi WiriviT

acamtverebda da spobda tomebs!) da akritikebda mas xelisuf-

lebis winaSe mliqvnelobisa da qedis moxrisaTvis (poeti da

kritikosi petre viazemski, sxvaTa Soris puSkinis megobari, mas

imaSi adanaSaulebda, rom `sisxliT SebRala Tavisi poemis bo-

lo striqonebi~), magram aseTi adamianebi iSviaTobas warmoad-

gendnen da, cxadia, isini ver aRudgebodnen win ruseTis sazo-

gadoebaSi gamefebul saerTo suliskveTebas~ [2, 153-154].

rac Seexeba am citataSi naxseneb dekabristebs, maTi mosaz-

rebebi, rac dekabristul programebSi aisaxa, naTlad metyve-

lebs `ori ruseTis~arsebobis absurdulobas.

dekabristebi, — es rusi revolucionerebi, rusuli samxed-

ro aristokratiis warmomadgenlebi, romlebic ruseT-safran-

geTis 1812 wlis omSi da 1813-1814 wlebSi ruseTis mier mowyobil

evropul samxedro eqspediciaSi monawileobdnen, ar malavdnen

TavianT imperiul Tvalsazriss kavkasiisa da kavkasielebisadmi.

rogorc viciT, ruseTSi dabrunebis Semdeg maT gadawyvites Ta-

vianTi qveynis gardaqmna da evropuli reformebis gatareba. am

mizniT, dekabristebma Camoayalibes faruli sazogadoebebi:

`CrdiloeTis sazogadoeba~ — peterburgSi da `samxreTis sazo-

gadoeba~ — odesaSi. am sazogadoebebs xelmZRvanelobdnen pavle

129

pesteli da aleqsandre muraviovi. evropuli azrovneba da re-

formebi maT sulac ar uSlidaT xels imperiul azrovnebaSi. ma-

Ti ajanyeba dagegmili iyo 1825 wlis 14 dekembrisaTvis, rodesac

peterburgis senatis moedanze imperator nikoloz I-is taxtze

asvlis ceremonia tardeboda. ajanyebulebs surdaT monarqiis

Secvla respublikuri, an konstituciur-monarqiuli wyobile-

biT, axal saxelmwifoSi ki iseve damamcirebel rolSi moiazreb-

dnen dapyrobil xalxebs, rogorSic isini manamde, imperiul ru-

seTSi iyvnen.

moZraobis liderebma Seadgines proeqtebi ruseTis Semdgo-

mi mowyobis Sesaxeb. am dokumentebSi maTi midgoma ruseTis impe-

riaSi Semavali dapyrobili xalxebisadmi, carizmis msgavsad re-

aqciuli, SeiZleba iTqvas, kidev ufro metad agresiulic iyo. ma-

galiTad: `mSvidobian~ kavkasielebs isini TavianT sacxovrebel

adgilebSi tovebdnen, oRond mTlianad unda waSliliyo maTi

erovnuli niSnebi da garusebuliyvnen. `mRelvareni~ unda aeya-

raT da ruseTis Soreul guberniebSi gadaesaxlebinaT. Tu ga-

viTvaliswinebT saqarTveloSi momxdar antirusul ajanyebebs

(1802, 1804, 1812-1813, 1819-1820 w. w.), qarTvelebi swored `mRelva-

re~ xalxSi iqnebodnen Cawerilni.

dekabristTa am reaqciul Tvalsazriss kargad aCvenebs Sem-

degi dokumenti : pavle pestelis `russkaia pravda~ kavkasi-

eli xalxebis Sesaxeb, paragrafi 11.

`kavkasieli xalxebi calkeul samflobeloTa did um-

ravlesobas Seadgenen. isini sxvadasxva sarwmunoebis aRmsa-

rebelni arian, gansxvavebul enebze laparakoben, mravalfe-

rovani adaTebi da marTva-gamgeobis wesebi gaaCniaT; erTma-

neTs mxolod erT rameSi, sificxesa da mZarcvelobaSi hgva-

nan. mudmivma saomarma moqmedebebma, rac am xalxebis cxovre-

bis wesia, isini gamorCeuli simamaciTa da moxerxebulobiT

daajildova. magram cxovrebis igive wesia damnaSave imaSi,

rom es xalxebi Zalian Raribni da gaunaTleblebi arian. miwa,

romelzedac cxovroben, dalocvilia da ZvelTaganve gan-

Tqmulia imiT, rom aqauri buneba adamianis Sromas uxvad ana-

zRaurebs. es odesRac ayvavebuli da umSvenieresi mxare,

dRes gaudaburebulia da naxevrad veluri xalxebiT aris da-

saxlebuli.

130

sparseTisa da mcire aziis mosazRvre am mxaris dakaveba

ruseTs karg saSualebas miscemda aqtiuri da momgebiani sa-

vaWro urTierTobebi daemyarebina samxreT aziasTan da amiT

gaemdidrebina saxelmwifo. es yovelive ki imitom ar xerxde-

ba, rom kavkasieli xalxebi Zalian saSiSi da mSfoTvare me-

zoblebi da arasaimedo, usargeblo mokavSireebi arian. mxed-

velobaSi viRebT ra im garemoebas, rom am xalxebis mSvidobi-

ani xerxebiT moTviniereba SeuZlebelia, saWiroa am miwebze

damyardes droebiTi umaRlesi mmarTveloba:

aucileblad unda iqnas dapyrobili yvela xalxi, rom-

lebic cxovroben ruseTis sazRvridan sparseTsa da Turqe-

Tamde gadaWimul miwebze, DdRes TurqeTis qveSevrdomobaSi

myofi zRvispireTis CaTvliT.

yvela es kavkasieli xalxebi daiyos or kategoriad:

mSvidobianebad da mRelvareebad. pirvelebi datovebul iq-

nan TavianT sacxovrebel adgilebze, oRond davumyaroT maT

rusuli wyobileba da mmarTveloba; meoreni davanawiloT

mcire jgufebad da CavasaxloT ruseTis SuagulSi mdebare

sxvadasxva rusul samflobeloebSi.

kavkasiur miwebze davaarsoT rusuli dasaxlebebi. iq

Casaxlebul rusebs sakuTrebaSi gadavceT mRelvare kavkasi-

elebisaTvis CamorTmeuli miwebi. am xerxiT, kavkasiaSi waiSa-

los yovelgvari niSanwyali uwindeli (anu axlandeli) mcxo-

vreblebisa da es mxare keTilmowyobil rusul olqad gada-

iqces. am RonisZiebebis gatarebis yvela detali droebiT

umaRles mmarTvelobas daeqvemdebaros da misi gankargule-

biT ganxorcieldes~ [3, 490-493].

dekabristTa nawili kavkasiaSi gadmoasaxles. isini qar-

Tvel aristokratias daumegobrdnen. qarTvelebi ganaTlebuli

da liberaluri RirebulebebiT moazrovne rusi revolucione-

rebiT moixiblnen. adamianuri urTierTobebi advilad gaiba. am

WeSmaritad gulwrfeli da Tbili urTierTobis miRma imalebo-

da dekabristTa gegmebi kavkasielebis mimarT, rac maTTan dame-

gobrebuli qarTvelebisTvis ZiriTadad ucnobi iyo.

bevr sxva istoriul faqtTan erTad, kavkasiel xalxebze

dekabristebis Tvalsazrisi kidev erTxel aqarwylebs miTs,

TiTqos ruseTSi odesme romelime politikuri Zala iyo sxva

erebis interesebis damcveli. liberaluri da progresuli

131

ideebis miuxedavad, rodesac saqme `inorodcebs~, am SemTxve-

vaSi kavkasielebs Seexo, imperiuli azrovnebisgan verc de-

kabristebi ganTavisufldnen. TavianT samSobloSi isinic ga-

orebulni iyvnen: Tavisufali, demokratiuli qveynis aSeneba

surdaT, imperiul ideebs ki ver eleodnen.

samwuxarod, carizmis droindeli qarTuli aristokrati-

is didi nawili, iseve, rogorc dekabristebisadmi, zogadad rusi

moxeleebisadmi mimndobi iyo. mxolod mowinave da gabeduli na-

wili amxelda calkeul moxeleTa sisastikesa da nacionalur

Sovinizms, magram, SecdomiT, miaCndaT, rom amgvar moxeleebs

kavSiri ar hqondaT umaRles xelisuflebasTan, imperatorTan.

imperatorisa da umaRlesi xelisuflebis kritikas tabu hqonda

dadebuli. amgvar damokidebulebas cnobili sazogado moRvawe

— arCil jorjaZe ase xsnida: `TavadaznaurTa saukeTeso war-

momadgenlebs sjerodaT, rom Tu raime saero da saxelmwi-

foebrivi muSaoba iyo saqarTveloSi, es iyo nayofi didi me-

feebis da maTi erTguli saero da samRvdelo pirebis Tanam-

Sromlobisa. mefe iyo feodalTa amlagmveli, wesierebis da-

mamyarebeli, erovnuli da politikuri sxeulis ganmamtkice-

beli. mefis erTguleba da momxreoba iyo progresistoba da

mowinaveoba...grZnoba, mimarTuli winaT qarTveli mefeebi-

sadmi, dRes axal mfarvelebs ekuTvnodaT... axali reJimis

uvargisoba aseT adamianTa TvalSi politikuri mmarTvelo-

bis uvargisobiT ki ar iyo gamowveuli, aramed moxeleTa

uvargisobiT, romelnic gars exveodnen uangaro da yoveli

sikeTis mqone mefes~ [4, 424].

am mxriv sainteresoa didi qarTveli pedagogisa da gan-

manaTleblis — iakob gogebaSvilis Sexedulebac. isic, Tavi-

si Taobis sxva moazrovneebTan erTad, akritikebda Sovinist

moxeleebs : vostorgovs, ianovskis, ganaTlebis ministrs —

delianovs, quTaisisa da Tbilisis guberniebis skolebis di-

reqtorebs — levitskisa da zavadskis, rus pedagogebs, rom-

lebic ebrZodnen mis erovnul saganmanaTleblo politikas.

am moxeleTa moRvaweobas is ar ukavSirebda imperiis mesve-

urTa politikas, miaCnda, Tu malavda namdvil azrs imis Tao-

baze, rom moxeleebi anxorcielebdnen saxelmwifos gegmebsa

da interesebs. gamorCeuli azri hqonda mas gazeT `kavkazis~

redaqtorze. am samTavrobo, imperiuli da reaqciuli poli-

132

tikis gamtarebel gazeTs redaqtorobda warmoSobiT ukrai-

neli, liberal-demokratis ambiciiT ganmsWvaluli Jurna-

listi da mwerali — vasil veliCko. mas bebia hyavda qarTve-

li, amiTac xsnidnen mis simpaTias qarTvelebisadmi. Tumca,

veliCkosac ar aklda kritikosebi. bevri mas voroncovs ada-

rebda da ar iviwyebda mis imperiul-derJavul interesebs,

rasac atarebda ruseTis oficialuri organo — gazeTi `kav-

kazi~, romlis redaqtori iyo vasil veliCko.

gogebaSvili Seecada gaemijna veliCkos pirovnebasa da

moRvaweobaSi erTmaneTisagan dadebiTi da uaryofiTi momen-

tebi da am rusi moxelis realuri suraTi warmoedgina. sta-

tia —`moyvare Tu mteri?~, romelic gazeT ìveriaSi~ 1904

wels gamoqveynda[5, 133], eZRvneboda veliCkos gardacvale-

bas. cnobili poeti, redqtori da gamomcemeli peterburgSi

gardaicvala 1903 wels. iakobi exmianeboda gazeTebSi —ìve-

riasa~ da `cnobis furcelSi~ veliCkosadmi miZRvnili sta-

tiebis paToss da arkvevda qarTvelebisadmi mis damokidebu-

lebas. ìveria~ aqebda veliCkos da qarTvelebis did moyva-

red gamohyavda, `cnobis furceli~ ki, piriqiT. amis gamo, ia-

kobis azriT, `zogis TvalSi veliCko darCa Cvens mtrad, zogs

ki dResac Cvens megobrad miaCnia.~statiaSi iakobi Seecada

eCvenebina misi dadebiTi da uaryofiTi mxareebi.

gogebaSvilma cxovrebiseuli magaliTebiT daxata am

adamianis portreti. statiaSi is ixsenebda veliCkos gacno-

bas, rodesac, gogebaSvilma scada gaego veliCkos erovnuli

interesebi, ramdenad iyo is rusuli imperiuli azrovnebis

mqone da wveulebaze mis gverdiT moxvedrils saubari dauw-

yo malorosielTa uflebebze, ruseTis mier maTi asimilaci-

is cdaze. iakobi misgan eloda ukrainelTa interesebis dac-

vas, Tumca, veliCkom upasuxa, rom es problema ar iyo, radgan

malorosielebi amas sixaruliT egebebian, asimilacia Tava-

dac moswonTo. amaze gogebaSvils qarTvelTa im jgufisaT-

vis, romelic veliCkos aqebda, uTqvams: eg kaci Tavisi saku-

Tari samSoblos gadagvarebas ar wuxs da Cven rogor dagvi-

Wers mxarso, razec misTvis upasuxniaT: velikorosielni da

malorosielni TiTqmis erTi da igive xalxia, Cven ki didad

ganvsxvavdebiT rusebisagan, amitom, misi unda gvjerodeso.

sami ramisTvis vemdurodio, — wers gogebaSvili: 1. is iyo

133

retrogradi, da mtruli TvaliT uyurebda imperator aleq-

sandre II-is reformebis gatarebas CvenSi, iseTs, rogoric

erobis da nafic msajulTa samarTalia; 2. veliCko xSirad

uxmobda policielebs brZolaSi dasaxmareblad; 3. qadagebda

represiebs mezobeli xalxis winaaRmdeg (gulisxmobda som-

xebs, romelTac veliCko mudam akritikebda, d. W.), represie-

bi ki gadamdebia, rogorc saxadi, xorvela da Savi Wirio. yve-

lafer amis gamo `kavkazSic~ ar davdiodio. veliCko iyo mim-

devari denacionalizaciisa da rusebTan mcire erebis asimi-

laciisao. gogebaSvili veliCkos am mcdar mosazrebas ase

aqarwylebda: `denacionalizacias aucileblad mosdevs de-

moralizacia, gaxrwna da dacema erisa, metadre imisTanasi,

romelsac Tavisi sakuTari istoriuli cxovreba hqonia mra-

vali saukunis ganmavlobaSi da sakuTari kultura Seuqmnia.

ylorti SeiZleba amynoT sxva xeze, magram Tu dasrule-

buls da xnier xes moundomebT amas, igi uTuod daWkneba

da gaxmeba.~

60-iani wlebis mamuliSvilTa aRtacebasa da pativisce-

mas veliCkosadmi ase xsnida iakob gogebaSvili: `es aixsneba

imiTi, rom veliCko upiratesobas aZlevda qarTvelebs ru-

seTis yvela ucxo tomTa Soris da rusebis Semdeg pirvel

adgils uTmobda. mxolod marto qarTvelebisTvis moiT-

xovda Tanabar uflebebs mebatone erTana.~

gogebaSvili exmianeboda saqarTvelos ruseTTan Seer-

Tebis asi wlisTavze veliCkos werilebs `moskovskie vedo-

mosti~-Si. am statiebSi saqarTvelos bediT Sewuxebuli av-

tori ruseTs pirdapir uCvenebda da uSlida suraTs, Tu ra

damsaxureba hqonda qarTvel xalxs mis winaSe, urCevda mas-

Tan damokidebulebis Secvlas, qarTvelebi Cveni erTguli

megobrebi arian da droa cvlilebebi SeitanoT mis saero da

saeklesio marTvaSio.

gogebaSvils moswonda veliCkos werilebi deda-enis Se-

saxeb, romelic man `Русский вестник~-Si gamoaqveyna. am weri-

lebSi is icavda mSobliur enaze swavla-ganaTlebis miRebis

aucileblobas da srulad pasuxobda Tavad gogebaSvilis Se-

xedulebas imdrois saqarTveloSi, metad rTul da sakamaTo

sakiTxze.

134

es yvelaferi gogebaSvils mainc ar miaCnda sakmarisad

— veliCkoSi daenaxa qarTvelTa erovnuli interesebis sru-

lad damcveli da mokavSire. gogebaSvili amCnevda, rom ve-

liCko ar iyo Tamami demokratiul-liberaluri moazrovne,

is SeboWili iyo sazogadoebrivi azris Tu xelisuflebis Si-

SiT, amitom, fsevdonimebiT rodesac werda sxvagvari iyo,

ufro Tamami, vidre `upirbadod.~aseTi iyo is qarTvelebi-

sadmi poziciis gamoxatvisas. misi ~TanagrZnoba xSirad sus-

tdeboda da iryeoda, rodesac sakuTari saxeliT gamodioda

mkiTxveli sazogadoebis winaSe. veliCkos eSinoda mTavrobis

TvalSi qarTvelebis qebis gamo ndoba ar daekarga. ar viciT

amis, Tu sxva ramis gamo, man mxari ar dauWira rkinigzis gay-

vanas foTidan Tbilisamde,~ amas gogebaSvili igonebda da ve-

liCkos amgvari moqcevis mizezsac asaxelebda: qarTvelebi

nerviuli xalxia da maTi dakavSireba saSiSiao [6, 26].

gogebaSvili veliCkos magaliTiT saubrobda mter-moy-

vareobis garCevasa da eris konsolidaciis aucileblobaze.

`zogi Cveneburi inteligentni im azrisani iyvnen, rom

veliCkos mter-moyvareobas isev wminda mteroba sjobiano.

diaRac emjobineboda, Cveni mdgomareoba rom metad kriti-

kuli ar iyos. mogexsenebaT, rom rkinas cema simtkices uma-

tebs da afoladebs. magram Tu Tujs dauSenT did CaquCebs,

igi ki ar gamagrdeba, gatydeba. xan xalxi aris rkinis mdgoma-

reobaSi, xan Tujs mogagonebT da bevrs cemas ver aitans,

bevrs mters ver gauZlebs. saubedurod, Cveni samSoblo amJa-

mad swored Tujs emsgavseba. wodebani erTmaneTs ebrZvian,

provincializmi jer kidev Zlieria, batonymoba faqtiurad

jer kidev arsebobs, inteligencia dayofilia patar-patara

jgufebad, saerTo programa ar arsebobs, da yvela amis gamo

qarTveloba SekumSuls ers ar warmoadgens. amisTana yofaSi

mter-moyvareni mtrad ar unda gadavaqcioT, mowinaaRmdege

Zala ar unda gavaZlieroT, Torem advilad SeiZleba eris

organizmi samudamod gatydes, susti TujiviTa. roca Cveni

samSoblo gamova am mdgomareobidan, batonymoba faqtiurad

moispoba, provincializmi gaqreba, inteligencia solidaro-

bis gzas mtkiced daadgeba, da Cveni eris socialuri orga-

nizmi rkinis simtkices moipovebs, maSin Tamamad da uSiSrad

135

SegveZleba mter-moyvrebs zurgi SevaqcioT da maT wminda

mtrobas sruliad aRar SevuSindeT~ [6, 27].

bevri qarTveli ganaTlebuli aristokrati da cnobi-

li sazogado moRvawe fiqrobda ruseTis erTguleba da

samSoblos samsaxuri erTmaneTisTvis daekavSirebina. maT

swamdaT, rac ufro metad uerTgulebdnen xelisuflebas,

samSoblos met sargeblobas moutandnen. ruseTis mTavro-

ba Tavis samsaxurSi gamorCeulebs miscemda qarTuli saq-

meebis keTebis saSualebas. es ase ar moxda. amis saukeTeso

magaliTi aris dimitri yifianis cxovreba.

Rrmad ganaTlebuli, principuli da samarTliani di-

mitri yifiani saqarTvelos erovnuli gmiri, Tavdade-

buli adamiani da yvela erovnuli saqmis sulisCamdgme-

li iyo. igi axalgazrdobis wlebSi, qarTuli saxelmwifos

aRdgenis ideiT ganmsWvaluli, monawileobda 1832 wlis

SeTqmulebaSi, risTvisac vologdaSi gadaasaxles. 1837

wels samSobloSi dabrunebuli gaxda kavkasiis mefisnac-

vlis sabWos wevri, bejiTad asrulebda taxtis uerTgule-

si qveSevrdomis rols, iyo Tbilisisa da quTaisis Tava-

daznaurTa guberniebis winamZRoli, Tbilisis qalaqis Ta-

vi. kavkasiis administraciis samoxeleo elitaSi yofnis

paralelurad, is aqtiurad monawileobda iseTi erov-

nuli dawesebulebebis dafuZnebaSi, rogoric saTava-

daznauro banki da qarTvelTa Soris wera-kiTxvis gamav-

rcelebeli sazogadoeba iyo. rodesac XIX saukunis 80-ian

wlebSi daiwyo yovelive qarTulis devna da qarTveli eris

garusebis mizanmimarTuli politikis gatareba, man ver

SeZlo daefara Tavisi ukmayofileba, daupirispirda xeli-

suflebas da sastikad daisaja kidec.

1885 wels, dimitri yifianis quTaisis Tavadaznauro-

bis winamZRolobis dros, quTaiss ewvia didi mTavari mixe-

il nikolozis Ze. mas yifianma saubarSi uTxra: rom Tava-

daznauroba, saerTod qarTveloba, winandeburad erTgu-

lia xelmwifis, ficisTvis ar uRalatnia, da riT unda aix-

snas adgilobrivi mmarTvelobis mier qarTvelebis aseTi

devnao. yifianma es Tvalsazrisi werilobiTac Seadgina da

borjomSi gadasca did mTavars. kritika ZiriTadad kavka-

siis maSindel mTavarmarTebels — dondukov-korsakovs

136

exeboda, xolo Tavisi didi pativiscema da erTguleba ru-

seTis imperatorisadmi aqac daadastura. didma mTavarma

dimitri yifianis moxsenebis Sinaarsi acnoba mTavarmarTe-

bel dondukov-korsakovs, romelmac axsna-ganmarteba mos-

Txova dimitri yifians. yifianma upasuxa, rasac gulis-

xmobda: 1. qarTvelTaTvis saxelmwifo samsaxurSi miRebis

dros dabrkolebebis Seqmnas; 2. saxalxo ganaTlebis sfe-

roSi mimdinare antiqarTul movlenebs.

axsna-ganmartebis teqsti ase mTavrdeboda: `arse-

bobs midrekileba qarTuli enis devnisa. mociqulTa

droidan qarTuli ena iyo saeklesio da sakulto ena sa-

megreloSi da iq es ena yvelas esmis. amJamad ki axal

kulturas hnergaven — megrul enas aswavlian sxva enis

saSualebiT. ase rom gavyveT, SeiZleba Seiqmnas axali kul-

turebi aWarlebisa, fSav-xevsurisa, ingiloebisa, mTiule-

bisa da sxvaTaTvis. sasargeblo ki iqneba es yovelive im

mTavrobisaTvis, romelmac Tavis mfarvelobis qveS aiyvana

mravaltanjuli marTlmadidebluri saqarTvelo, risTvi-

sac usazRvro madloba da erTguleba daimsaxura?

me Cems wminda movaleobad vsTvli mudam am madlobis

da erTgulebis grZnobaze vidge da swored rom ar mesmis,

ratom miwyrebian amis gulisTvis?..~

amis Sedegi is iyo, rom 1885 wlis 13 dekembers impera-

torma sagangebod ganixila quTaisis Tavadaznaurobis wi-

namZRolis saqcieli, rac ecnoba mTavarmmarTebel dondu-

kov-korsakovs: `xelmwife imperatori scnobs ra b-n yi-

fianis amgvar moqmedebas uadgiloT, Tqven brwyinvale-

bas avalebs gamoucxados mas Sesaferisi gakicxva.~don-

dukov-korsakovis da mis msgavsTa moqmedeba saqarTvelo-

Si ruseTis imperiuli politikis nawili iyo, romlis saTa-

veSi imperatori idga...

1886 wels Tbilisis seminariis moswavlem ioseb laRi-

aSvilma mokla am saswavleblis reqtori dekanozi Cudec-

ki. es iyo saqarTveloSi ganxorcielebuli represiebiTa

da mTavrobis reaqciul-Sovinisturi politikiT gamowve-

uli mkvleloba. xelisufleba SeSfoTda, centraluri ru-

suli presa alaparakda qarTvelebis velurobaze, xolo

egzarqosma pavlem Cudeckis dasaflavebis dros daswyev-

137

la da SeaCvena is eri, romlis wridanac mkvleli laRiaSvi-

li gamovida.

dimitri yifianma werili miswera egzarqoss da urCia:

Tu marTali iyo es ambavi, daetovebina saqarTvelo, rad-

gan veRar iqneboda sulieri moZRvari im erisa, romelic

dawyevla. egzarqosma meore dResve upasuxa da miuTiTa ga-

zeT `kavkaz~-Si gamoqveynebul Tavis sityvaze, romelSic

swored sadavo adgili (wyevla) iyo amoRebuli. yifiani ci-

liswamebaSi daadanaSaules.

dimitri yifiani gadaayenes TavadaznaurTa winamZRo-

lobidan da sacxovreblad q. stavropolSi gadaasaxles,

sadac 1887 wlis 24 oqtombers ruseTis mTavrobam Tavisi

agentebis saSualebiT sicocxles gamoasalma mZinare mo-

xuci. egzarqos pavles ki, erTguli samsaxurisTvis xel-

mwifem uboZa briliantis jvari bartyulze satareblad.

amis garda, amave periodSi, rusuli Tavadaznauroba ga-

morCeulad iqna miCneuli mTels imperiaSi, rasac impera-

tori reskriptiT amowmebda: `saxelmwifos keTildReobi-

saTvis keTil vcaniT, rom ruseTis Tavadaznaurobas, ro-

gorc wineT, ise exlac, unda SerCes pirveloba sardlobaSi,

adgilobriv mmarTvelobaSi da sasamarTloSi... da is uanga-

rod unda zrunavdes xalxis saWiroebaze~[7, 93].

yvelaferma aman cxadi gaxada, rom erTdroulad ru-

seTis taxtis erTguleba da samSoblos samsaxuris idea,

romelsac qarTveli aristokratiis erTi nawili misdev-

da, uSedego iyo. ruseTis imperiisa da qarTveli xalxis

erovnuli interesebi radikalurad gansxvavdeboda da ma-

Ti SeTavseba SeuZlebeli iyo. miuxedavad amisa, am damar-

cxebul ideologias CvenSi Semdegac mimarTavdnen, rasac

martooden ziani mohqonda qveynisa da xalxisaTvis. zogi-

erTebi, samwuxarod, dResac ar gamoricxaven msgavsi viTa-

rebis SesaZleblobas.

138


1. oTar janeliZe, narkvevebi saqarTvelo-ruseTis urTi-

erTobis istoriidan, Tbilisi, 2014.

2. Oluiji magaroto, saqarTvelos aneqsia ruseTis mier

(1783-1801), italiuridan Targmna salome kenWoSvilma,

Tbilisi, 2008.

3. Русская Правда (Конституционный проект П. И. Пестеля), 1825 г., wignSi: С. Бертолисси, (под ред А. Н. Сахарова), Конституцион-ные проекты в России, XVIII–начала XX в., Москва, 2000.

4. arCil jorjaZe, werilebi, Tbilisi, 1989.

5. gazeTi `iveria, 1904, #133.

6. iakob gogebaSvili, Txzulebani 5 tomad, tomi III, 1990.

7. 1885 wlis 21 aprils ruseTis imperatoris umaRlesi res-

kripti Tavadaznaurobis Sesaxeb, gaz. `droeba~, 1885, # 93.

Dodo Chumburidze

Doctor of Historical Sciences, Ivane Javakhishvili Tbi-lisi State University, Ivane Javakhishvili Institute of History and Ethnology,Chief Research scientist of the Department of Modern and Contemporary History

Russian Liberal-Democrat Aristocracy about Georgia and the Caucasus

Summary

The article deals with a topical issue in the past untiltoday: Do the progressive society of Russia support Russia's imperial policy in the Caucasus or not. In exemple Decembrist nd other Russian Liberal-Democrat, it is shown that the Russian educated society always supported and justified his country’s policy towards small nations.Russian officials, who featured expressed their love and friendship to the Georgian nation, frequently have changed attitudes. InThe letter it is shown Vasil velichko’s, The editor of newspaper "Caucasus” activitis "black - white" sides.. Jacob gogebashvili colled once velichko as "an enemy - a friend". The article criticizes Georgians and other small nations "obedience" policy toward Rus-sia, which many Georgians are still support. However historically, this pol-icy has always ended in failure. The reason was that the national interests of both Georgians and Russians excluded.

139

nato sonRulaSvili

istoriis doqtori, ivane javaxiSvilis

saxelobis Tbilisis saxelmwifo uni-

versiteti, ivane javaxiSvilis istori-

isa da eTnologiis institutis axali

da uaxlesi istoriis ganyofilebis

mecnier-TanamSromeli

aRniSnuli statia daiwera SoTa rus-

Tavelis erovnuli samecniero fond-

Si mopovebuli grantis (52154) meSve-

obiT

qarTul-dasavluri urTierTobebi (1991-1992)

Nnebismieri saxelmwifos arsebobisTvis da maT Soris,

saqarTvelosTvis aucilebelia garkveuli Rirebulebebis

erToblioba. XX saukunis 90-ian wlebSi mwvaved dadga sakiT-

xi, rogor unda ganviTarebuliyo damoukideblobis Semdeg

saqarTvelos saxelmwifoebrioba. saWiro gaxda gamokveTi-

liyo im faseulobebis mniSvneloba, razec saqarTvelos mo-

mavali aigeboda. sabWoTa kavSiris daSlis Semdeg qarTuli

sazogadoebis da saxelmwifoebriobis idea garkveul gada-

sinjvas saWiroebda da es bunebrivic iyo.

tradiciuli qarTuli Riorebulebebis aRorZineba-

ganviTarebasTan erTad aRniSnul periodSi aqtualuri iyo

qarTul-dasavluri urTierTobis sakiTxi. saqarTvelo pre-

tenzias acxadebda dasavlur saxelmwifoTa ojaxSi gawevria-

nebaze. es procesi cvlilebebisa da gardaqmnebis fonze mim-

dinareobda.

saqarTvelosTvis, saerTaSoriso urTierTobebis

qselSi sakuTari adgilis damkvidreba gansakuTrebulad

mniSvnelovania. 1989-1992 wlebi gadamwyveti iyo erovnuli

TviTSegnebis gamokveTasa da aRorZinebaSi. 1989 wlis 9 apri-

lis Semdeg gansakuTrebiT gaaqtiurda dasavleTTan urTi-

erTobis sakiTxi. Aamas mowmobs saqarTvelos erovnuli damo-

ukideblobis partiis mTavari komitetisa da wminda ilia

140

marTlis sazogadoebis gamgeobis deklaracia miRebuli 1989

wlis 17 agvistos gafarToebul sxdomaze: `saqarTveloSi ar-

sebuli situaciidan gamomdinare aucilebelia Semdegi Ro-

nisZiebebis gatareba: unda Sedges specialuri mimarTvebi,

romlebic gaigzavneba iseT saxelmwifoebsa da saerTaSori-

so organizaciebSi, rogorebicaa, gaero, evropis sabWo, ev-

ropis parlamenti, CrdiloeT atlantikis xelSekrulebis

organizacia, gaerTianebuli qveynebis mTavrobebi. moTxov-

nil iqnas saerTaSoriso misiebis Camosvla saqarTveloSi sa-

xelmwifoebrivi damoukideblobis aRdgenis sakiTxis dasmi-

sa da ganxilvis mizniT. agreTve, gaeros eqspertebis Camoyva-

na 9 aprilisa da 15 ivlisis genocidis faqtebis Sesaswavlad~

[7, 258]. aRniSnulis gamoxatulebaa ilia WavWavaZis sazoga-

doebis gamgeobis mimarTva gaerTianebuli erebis organiza-

ciis generaluri mdivnis xavier peres de kueliarisadmi:

`umorCilesad gTxovT ar darCeT gulgrili aneqsirebuli

eris bedis mimarT. SeqmnaT saerTaSoriso komisia da gamog-

zavnoT eqspertebi qarTveli xalxis winaaRmdeg Cadenili

borotmoqmedebis Sesaswavlad. (analogiuri Sinarsis weri-

lebi gaegzavna aSS-s prezidents b-n jorj buSs, didi brita-

neTis premier-ministrs q-n Mmargaret tetCers, safrangeTis

respublikis prezidents b-n fransua miterans, germaniis fe-

deraciuli respublkis federalur kanclers b-n helmut

kols, mis uwmindesobas romis paps ioane pavle meores)~ [7, 61-

62].

ai, ras vkiTxulobT aSS saxelmwifo mdivnis jeims bei-

keris mimarT gagzavnil werilSi: `bolSevikuri ruseTis mi-

er aneqsirebuli qarTveli xalxis saxeliT mogmarTavT

Tqven, saxelmwifo mdivans amerikis SeerTebuli Statebisa,

qveynisa, romelic warmoadgens Tavisuflebisa da demokra-

tiis dasayrdens mTel msoflioSi, sabWoTa mxaresTan mola-

parakebisas ganixiloT Semdegi sakiTxebi:

1. aSS sakonsulos gaxsna TbilisSi.

2. amerikuli sainformacio saagentoebis sakorespon-

dento punqtebis gaxsna TbilisSi, rac xels Seuwyobs amier-

kavkasiaSi mimdinare movlenebis obieqtur gaSuqebas.

141

3. qarTveli da amerikeli xalxebis kulturuli, samec-

niero, SemoqmedebiTi kontaqtebis gaRrmavebisaTvis aSS

kulturuli centris gaxsna TbilisSi.

4. 9 aprilis movlenebis Semdeg dapatimrebuli qarTve-

li politpatimrebis dauyovnebel ganTavisuflebas.

5. 9 aprilis ambebis gamosaZieblad saeerTaSoriso ko-

misiis Seqmna [7, 73].

saqarTvelos miswrafebas dasavleTisaken mowmobda is

faqtic, rom qveyana orientirebuli iyo rac SeiZleba meti

ucxoeli eqspertis saqarTveloSi mowvevaze, qveynis gacno-

baze da SemdegSi diplomatiuri urTierTobebis Camoyalibe-

baze. `28 oqtombris arCevnebs saerTaSoriso damkvirvebel-

Ta soliduri korpusi daeswro. ucxoel damkvirvebelTa So-

ris iyvnen amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis, germaniis, safran-

geTis, avstriis, belgiis, Sveciis, espaneTis, fineTisa da

sxva saxelmwifoebis warmomadgenlebi — parlamentis wevre-

bi, senatorebi, kongresmenebi, politologebi, sociologe-

bi, eqspertebi, Jurnalistebi. arCevnebis gasaSuqeblad sa-

qarTveloSi akreditebuli iyo sazRvargareTis sxvadasxva

qveynis wamyvani gazeTebisa da televiziebis 70-mde kores-

pondenti~ [15, 11]. swrafva dasavleTisaken gansakuTrebiT ga-

aqtiurda 1991 wlidan. `saqarTvelos erovnuli xelisufle-

bis mizans rogorc gardamavl periodSi, ise damoukideblo-

bis gamocxadebis Semdeg warmoadgenda keTilmezobluri ur-

TierTobis damyareba yvela mosazRvre qveyanasTan, xolo

1991 wlis 9 aprilis deklaraciis Semdeg — qveynis de iured

aRiarebisaTvis brZola. saqarTvelos ZiriTadi sagareo-po-

litikuri orientacia dasavleTisaken iyo mimarTuli, Tum-

ca sasurveli iyo agreTve xelsayreli ganviTareba aRmosav-

leT qveynebTanac~ [2, 42].

1991 wlis 14 maiss irakli kakabaZe aRniSnavda: `Tanamed-

rove dasavluri samyaro aramcTu winaaRmdegia, aramed dainte-

resebuli Tavisufal saqarTvelosTan urTierTobiT. Uupirve-

les yovlisa amas gansazRvravs Cveni qveynis geopolitikuri

mdebareoba da saqarTvelos istoriuli misia — iyos qristia-

nuli da civilizebuli samyaros forposti axlo aRmosavleT-

Si. Tuki yvelaferi ise wava, rogorc saWiroa, darwmunebuli

142

var SeerTebuli Statebi, dasavleT evropa da israeli did dax-

marebas aRmouCenen TavianT axal megobars~ [8, 213].

1991 wlis 18 ivniss saqarTvelos respublikis uzenaes-

ma sabWom mimarTa gaerTianebuli erebis organizacias: `sa-

qarTvelos respublika, romelic eswrafvis msoflios de-

mokratiul qveynebs Soris adgilis damkvidrebas, cnobs sa-

erTaSoriso samarTlis primats, rogorc saSinao, ise saga-

reo politikaSi da mzad aris umokles vadaSi SeuerTdes sa-

erTaSoriso samarTlis umniSvnelovanes konvenciebs, dek-

laraciebs, paqtebs, moaxdinos maTi ratifikacia. saqarTve-

los respublikis uzenaesi sabWo mogmarTavT gaerTianebuli

erebis organizacias, raTa mxari dauWiroT saqarTvelos

brZolas damoukideblobisaTvis da amiT xeli SeuwyoT qveya-

naSi demokratiis da stabiluri situaciis damkvidrebas.

Tqveni mxardaWeris mkafio gamovlineba iqneba saqarTvelos

respublikis warmomadgenelTa mowveva gaerTianebuli orga-

nizaciis mravalmxriv saqmianobaSi monawileobisaTvis~ [8,

297].

saqarTvelos prezidenti zviad gamsaxurdia mimarTav-

da aSS prezidents jorj buSs: `vimedovnebT, rom amerikeli

xalxi da aSS-is mTavroba miesalmebian qarTveli xalxis

swrafvas damoukideblobisaken, rac gamoixata mis mier sa-

xelmwifoebrivi damoukideblobis aRdgenis aqtis miRebaSi.

imedi gvaqvs agreTve, rom saqarTvelo male miaRwevs srul

damoukideblobas msoflios erTa Tanamegobrobis demokra-

tiuli wreebis, pirvel rigSi aSS-sa da piradad Tqveni mxar-

daWeriT b-o prezidento~ [2, 53].

1991 wlis 29 marts, saqarTvelos lideri zviad gamsa-

xurdia Sexvda aSS-s yofil prezidents riCard niqsons da

masTan erTad saqarTveloSi Camosul amerikis delegacias.

Nniqsonma ganacxada, rom `Cveni viziti ar aris oficialuri

xasiaTisa, magram Cven prezidentis davalebiT varT Camosu-

li da gvevaleba saqarTvelos politikuri viTarebis mis-

Tvis gacnoba. Tqvengan miRebuli informaciis safuZvelze

saWiroa delegaciebis gacvlas intensiuri xasiaTi mieces,

urTierTdamokidebuleba saqarTvelosTan iqnes ara iseTi,

rogoric sabWoTa kavSirTan iyo. es iqneba arsebiTad axali

saxis urTierTkavSiri. Aamerikis mxare didad aris daintere-

143

sebuli saqarTvelosTan urTierTobiT~ [6, 32]. konstantine

gamsaxurdias SefasebiT: `niqsonis vizitis mizans warmoad-

genda daeyoliebina saqarTvelos prezidenti, raTa am uka-

nasknels Seewyvita konfrontaciuli kursi gorbaCovTan. Ees

ki niSnavda axal samokavSireo xelSekrulebaze xelis mowe-

ras, romlis saWiroebazec gorbaCovi Tavis gamosvlebSi uk-

ve laparakobda. Tu rogor dasrulda es sakmaod gulTbili

Sexvedra, Cans niqsonis sityvebidan, romelic man uTxra mas-

pinZels: `me vxedav, rom Tqven ar SecvlilxarT. Tqven isev is

mamaci kaci xarT, am oci wlis winaT rom iyaviT.~ diplomati-

ur enaze es niSnavda, didi gansacdeli geliTo win. Nniqsons

axsovda bevri ram, radgan disidenturi moZraobis aRmavlo-

ba sabWoTa kavSirSi mis prezidentobas daemTxva~ [2, 106].

aRniSnul vizits nodar naTaZe Semdegnairad afasebs:

~... riCard niqsoni, sxvaTa Soris `saparlamento opozicia-

sac~ Segvxvda krwanisSi... magram, niqsonis Camosvlis mizani,

cxadia mxolod opoziciasTan saubari ar iyo. rogorc axla

vxedav da rogorc `mrgvalebisagan~ miRebuli informaciac

migviTiTebs, misi (da, albaT ara mxolod misi) piriT saqar-

Tvelos prezidents gadmoeca regionis, Cveni qveynis da

msoflios CvenTan dakavSirebuli danarCeni nawilis mowyo-

bis raRac garkveuli koncefcia, romelic saqarTvelosTvis

da, maSasadame saqarTvelos prezidentisTvisac miuRebeli

aRmoCnda am gegmis savaraudo punqtebi. Aar gamovricxav (Tum-

ca, rasakvirvelia, arc vamtkiceb da arc dabejiTebiT vvara-

udob), rom saqarTvelos pirvelma prezidentma dasavleTi-

dan dasaxmareblad gamowvdili xelidan swored aseTi an amis

msgavsi gegma miiRo winadadebis saxiT, magram igi ar Seiwyna-

ra... da aseve ar gamovricxav, rom buSis sityvebi, romlebic

mas, gadmocemiT, z. gamsaxurdias politikis mimarT uxmaria

saqarTvelos prezidenti dinebis sawinaaRmdegod micuravso

- swored am arCevans exeba~ [5, 176].

1991 wlis 24 ivniss aSS prezidents zviad gamsaxurdiam

Semdegnairad mimarTa: `vimedovnebT, rom amerikeli xalxi da

aSS-s mTavroba miesalmebian qarTveli xalxis swrafvas damo-

ukideblobisaken, rac gamoixata mis mier saxelmwifoebrivi

damoukideblobis aRdgenis aqtis miRebaSi. imedi gvaqvs ag-

reTve, rom saqarTvelo male miaRwevs srul damoukideblo-

144

bas msoflios erTa Tanamegobrobis demokratiuli wreebis,

pirvel rigSi aSS-sa da piradad Tqveni mxardaWeriT, batono

prezidento~ [4, 212].

rogorc vxedavT, sawyis etapze gamsaxurdia gamoirCe-

oda aqtiurobiT dasavleTTan mimarTebaSi. Tumca 1991 wlis

agvistos moskovis putCis Semdeg amerikam pirdapir ganacxa-

da, rom gamsaxurdias araswori politikuri kursi hqonda

arCeuli. A`amerikisa da saqarTvelos imJamindel urTierTo-

bas sabolood dausva wertili moskovSi 1991 wlis 11 noem-

bers saxelmwifo mdivnis j. beikeris gancxadebam. maSin beike-

ri gorbaCovsa da SevardnaZes Sexvda da ganacxada, rom Sta-

tebi ar cnobda saqarTvelos damoukideblobas. cxadia, es

Taviseburi signali iyo kremlisa da opoziciisaTvis~ [3, 167].

aSS TandaTanobiT acxadebda Tavis axal midgomas yo-

fil da jer kidev, iuridiulad arsebuli sabWoTa respubli-

kebis mimarT. `1991 wlis 12 dekembers prinstonSi warmoT-

qmul sityvaSi amerikis saxelmwifo mdivanma Tavisi keTil-

ganwyobileba gamoxata ramdenime respublikis mimarT: ru-

seTma, ukrainam, yazaxeTma, somxeTma, yirgizeTma `demokra-

tiuli idealebisadmi midrekilebebis demonstrireba moax-

dines,~ — aRniSnavda jeims beikeri da adasturebda, rom maT

dasavleTis mxardaWeris imedi unda hqonodaT.

magram aqve, amerikis saxelmwifo mdivanma is respub-

lkebic daasaxela, romlebsac dasavleTisagan aseTi mxarda-

Weris imedi ar unda hqonodaT. amgvari respublikebis ricxvi

sul ori gaxldaT: — saqarTvelo da azerbaijani. beikerma

gansakuTrebuli negatiuri damokidebuleba gamoxata saqar-

Tvelos prezidentis mimarT da mis personalurad dasaxele-

basac ar moerida: `prezidenti zviad gamsaxurdia imis da-

dasturebaa, Tu rogor SeiZleba komunizmis Semcvlelad mo-

vides sxva avtoritaruli reJimi. xilul momavalSi dasavle-

Ti ar apirebs daxmareba aRmouCinos baqos da Tbiliss~ [11,

411].

giorgi wiqariSvilis SefasebiT: `9 aprilma kategoriu-

lad gamoricxa araTu kompromisis SesaZlebloba, aramed yo-

velgvari politikuri teqnologia da erTaderT dominantad

aqcia lozungi: `Zirs ruseTis dampali imperia.~es lozungi

saqarTvelosTvis Zalze wamgebiani aRmoCnda saerTaSoriso

145

TvalsazrisiT... maSin, rodesac amerikelebma da evropeleb-

ma `SvebiT amoisunTqes~ da gorbaCovis wyalobiT moiSores

birTvuli omis, sabWoTa agresiis majlajuna SiSi, rodesac

gamoCnda pirveli simptomebi aRmosavleT evropis SesaZlo

gaTavisuflebisa, — ai swored am dros saidanRac gamoCndnen

es `abezari qarTvelebi~, `keTil gorbaCovs~ provokaciebs

uwyoben da perestroikis winaaRmdeg ilaqreben, riTac aZli-

ereben moskovSi im Zalebs, romlebic ebrZvian gorbaCovs da

surT msoflio daabrunon civi omis epoqaSi. Aase aRiqves da-

savleTSi 9 aprili da amitom uwoda momxdars yvelaze soli-

durma, liberalurma frangulma gazeTma `mondma~ — `bunti

da provokacia.~amasTanave dasavleTSi Zalian ar moewonaT

Tbilisur movlenaTa aSkara antirusuli Seferiloba. Cven-

gan gansxvavebiT, isini komunistur fenomens ar aigivebdnen

rusul fenomenTan~ [13, 71].

zviad gamsaxurdia JurnalistebTan saubarSi ase afa-

sebda aRniSnul movlenebs:

`-rogor ggoniaT mas Semdeg, rac sabWoTa kavSiris ar-

seboba Sewyda, dasavleTi Seicvlis Tavis Tvalsazriss sa-

qarTveloze Tu ara?

-jerjerobiT ar Cans, da ara mgonia, rom es ase swrafad

moxdes.

-Tqven sakmaod cudi damokidebuleba gaqvT dasavle-

Tis liderebTan?

-diax, es maTi bralia, radgan isini ar arian dainterese-

buli imperiis daSliT. Ees xom cnobilia. Cemi saxiT ki isini xe-

daven kacs, romelic imperiis dezintegraciis momxrea~ [12, 6].

agreTve: `dasavleTis wyromas Cvens mimarT, kidev erTi

mizezi hqonda. saxelmwifos saTaveSi mosulni, Cven veswra-

fodiT erovnuli kulturis aRorZinebas, xalxis SekavSire-

bas erovnuli suliskveTebiT, raTa mas mTeli siRrmiT gaec-

nobierebina, rom mas gacilebiT Zveli istoria aqvs, vidre

bevr evropel xalxs... Cveni politikis es erovnuli orienta-

cia ar iwvevda swored saerTo evropuli saxlis mesveurTa

aRtacebas, radgan oficialuri dasavleTi (mxedvelobaSi

maqvs xelisufleba da ara xalxebi) ebrZvis yovelgvar erov-

nul moZraobas. maTi mizania gaanadguron eris cneba saer-

Tod da Seqmnan erTiani msoflio konglomerati saTaveSi

146

msoflio xelisuflebiT. Aam msoflio mTavrobam unda gana-

gos qveyniereba da daamyaros e.w. axali msoflio wesrigi.

Aaxali msoflio wesrigis arsia: ganadgureba saxelmwifos

(qristianuli iqneba is Tu musulmanuri, religias isini ar

aniWeben mniSvnelobas) damoukideblobisa, genocidi am qvey-

nebis mosaxleobisa da saboloo damorCileba mTeli plane-

tisa~ [12, 17].

sainteresoa aRiniSnos, rom zviad gamsaxurdia dasav-

leTis mxardaWeras moiTxovda `xuntis~ Semdegac. `me mivmar-

Tav gaeros, msoflios xalxebsa da mTavrobebs, amxilon xun-

tis mier adamianis uflebaTa uxeSze uxeSi darRvevebi saqar-

TveloSi, moiTxovon konstituciurad arCeuli xelisufle-

bis aRdgena, agreTve, yvela saSualebiT daexmaron qarTvel

xalxs Tavi daaRwios im mZime gansacdels, rac mas Tavs daat-

yda samxedro xuntis avantiuristuli moqmedebis wyalobiT~

[9, 13]. aseTive azrs aviTarebs gamsaxurdia aSS-s saxelmwifo

mdivnis jeims beikerisadmi miweril werilSi: `aSS adminis-

traciis mier danaSaulebrivi reJimis mxardaWera niSnavs

amerikis sazogadoebis demokratiuli tradiciebis fexqveS

gaTelvas, helsinkis SeTanxmebis da parizis qartiis princi-

pebis uaryofas. Yyovelive es qarTveli eris aRSfoTebas iw-

vevs da aZlierebs antiamerikul ganwyobilebebs; moviTxov

Sewydes saxelmwifo damnaSaveTa mxardaWera, urTierToba

unda damyardes mxolod saqarTvelos respublikis kanonier

xelisuflebasTan, romelic amJamad samSoblodan gandevni-

lia~ [10, 12].

1992 wlidan axali etapi daiwyo saqarTvelos istoria-

Si. 1992 weli saqarTvelos saerTaSoriso aRiarebis weli

iyo. 30 ianvrisaTvis saqarTvelos damoukidebloba scno 24-

ma qveyanam. `1992 wlis 23 marts portugaliam, romelic maSin

Tavmjdomareobda evropis ekonomkur gaerTianebas, gamoac-

xada gaerTianebis wevrebis mier saqarTvelos koleqtiuri

aRiarebis Sesaxeb. es iyo energiuli nabiji saerTaSoriso

izolaciis gasarRvevad, romelSic qveyana yofilma reJimma

moaqcia~ [11, 314].

`17 aprils TbilisSi megobrul vizitad iyo germaniis

federaciuli respublikis sagareo saqmeTa ministri ditrix

genSeri. 25 maiss saqarTvelos ewvia aSS-s saxelmwifo mdivani

147

jeims beikeri. Mmas axlda generali jon (malxaz) SalikaSvili.

daiwyo axali etapi amerika-saqarTvelos urTierTobebSi.

faqtobrivad, 1992 wlidan axali etapi daiwyo saqar-

Tvelo-dasavleTis urTierTobebSi. `saqarTvelos warmo-

madgenelma pirvelad miiRo monawileoba Crdilo-atlanti-

kuri TanamSromlobis sabWos (naqsi) SexvedraSi 1992 wlis 1

aprils, xolo Cveni qveynis sruli gawevrianeba am organiza-

ciaSi moxda 1992 wlis 5 ivniss osloSi gamarTul naqsi-s

wevr-saxelmwifoebis sagareo saqmeTa ministrebis Sexvedra-

ze (delegacies xelmZRvaneli — sagareo saqmeTa ministry a.

CikvaiZe). Aamgvarad, natosTan saqarTvelos TanamSromlobis

dasawyisad swore dRes TariRi SeiZleba CaiTvalos~ [1, 83].

1992 wlis 8 ivliss, saqarTvelos delegacia e. Sevar-

dnaZis meTaurobiT monawileobda evropis uSiSroebisa da

TanamSromlobis saboloo aqtis xelmoweraSi. E`SevardnaZe

Sexvda aSS-s prezidents jorj buSs, ruseTis prezidents b.

elcins, germaniis federaciuli respublikis prezidents h.

kols, inglisis premier-ministrs j. meijors, safrangeTis

prezidents f. miterans, TurqeTis premier-ministrs s. demi-

rels da sxva saxelmwifoTa meTaurebs~ [4, 340].

1992 wlis 31 ivliss gaerTianebuli erebis organizaci-

is generalurma ansambleam saqarTvelo miiRo am organiza-

ciis 179-e wevrad. es aqti gansakuTrebul gamonakliss war-

moadgenda, radgan saqarTvelos maSin ar hyavda legitimuri

xelisufleba. Ee. SevardnaZis SefasebiT, am aRiarebiT, `faq-

tobrivad, 1992 wlis 31 ivliss daibada axali saqarTvelo~ [4,

341].

amdenad, warmodgenili masala miuTiTebs imaze, rom

saqarTvelo aqtiurad miiswrafvoda dasavleTisaken da es

mimarTeba gamoixateboda mis sruluflebian wevrad gaxdo-

maSi. Bbunebrivia, es orientacia epoqis gamowvevebidan gamom-

dinareobda da politikuri, Tu socialur-ekonomikuri mov-

lenebis cvlileba-ganviTarebaze iyo damokidebuli.

148


1. z. abaSiZe, nato da saqarTvelo, utopiidan realobisaken,

Tbilisi, 2000K

2. z. gamsaxurdia, konstantine gamsaxurdia, dinebis sawina-

aRmdegod, Tbilisi, 1997

3. i. kveselava, saqarTvelos uaxlesi istoriis qronikebi, II,

zviad gamsaxurdia disidenti, prezidenti, mowame, Tbi-

lisi, 2008

4. g. mWedliZe, istoria udistanciod, Tbilisi, 1999

5. n. naTaZe, rac vici (faqtebi da analizi), Tbilisi, 2002

6. oTxmocdaTerTmeti, saqarTvelos respublikis prezi-

denti zviad gamsaxurdia, samarTlianobis aRdgenis kav-

Siri `xma erisa~, Tbilisi, 1995

7. saqarTvelos uaxlesi istoriis dokumenturi masalebi

(1988-1990), t. I, masalebi moiZies, qronologiurad daala-

ges da gamosacemad moamzades ediSer gvenetaZem da zaza

kalandiam, Tbilisi, 2011

8. saqarTvelos uaxlesi istoriis dokumenturi masalebi

(1988-1990), t. II, masalebi moiZies, qronologiurad daa-

lages da gamosacemad moamzades ediSer gvenetaZem da za-

za kalandiam, Tbilisi, 2011

9. saqarTvelos saxelmwifos xelmZRvanelebi, oficialuri

dokumentebi, mimarTvebi da interviuebi, t. I, zviad gam-

saxurdia, Tbilisi, 2013

10. saqarTvelos saxelmwifos xelmZRvanelebi, oficialuri

dokumentebi, mimarTvebi da interviuebi, t. II, zviad gam-

saxurdia, Tbilisi, 2013

11. e. SevardnaZe, fiqri warsulsa da momavalze, memuarebi,

Tbilisi, 2006

12. d. SveliZe, politikuri dapirispirebebi da erovnuli xe-

lisuflebis damxoba saqarTveloSi (1987-1992w.w.), Tbi-

lisi, 2008

13. cxra interviu saqarTvelos respublikis prezident zvi-

ad gamsaxurdiasTan, samarTlianobis aRdgenis kavSiri

`xma erisa~, Tbilisi, 1995

14. g. wiqariSvili, Jami WeSmariti, Tbilisi, 2003

149

15. o. janeliZe, 1990 wlis 28 oqtombris mravalpartiuli ar-

Cevnebi saqarTveloSi, krebulSi saqarTvelos saxelmwi-

foebrivi damoukideblobis aRdgena (1991 wlis 31 marti —

9 aprili), Tbilisi, 2008

Nato Songulashvili

Doctor of History, Ivane Javakhishvili Tbi-lisi State University, Research scientist of the Department of Modern and Contem-porary History of Ivane Javakishvili Insti-tute of History and Ethnology

Georgian-Western Relations

(1991-1992)

Summary For any state and its existence, also for Georgia, it is necessary

some values. In 90th of XX century, the issue, how to develop a way of Georgian governmental thinking and as a subject, was acute. It was nec-essary to outline the importance of those values, on which would be built the future of Georgia. After the collapse of the Soviet Union, the idea of Georgian society and statehood needed some revision and it was natural.

Together with the development of traditional Georgian values, in this period, Georgian- Western relations were actual. Georgia claimed to join the family of the western states. This process was going with changes and transformation.

For Gerogia, like every small country, it is important to take own place in the international relations. 1989-1992 years were decisive in forma-tion of national consciousness. It was a time when the Soviet Union was collapsed and first national movements appeared in Georgia. After April 9, 1989, relations with the West made more active especially.

150

Ggiorgi gociriZe

istoriis doqtori, iakob gogebaS-

vilis saxelobis Telavis saxelmwi-

fo universitetis profesori

qarTvelebi pirveli msoflio omis

frontebze

pirveli msoflio omi erT-erTi yvelaze farTomasSta-

biani samxedro konfliqti iyo kacobriobis istoriaSi, ro-

melsac 9 milioni adamianis sicocxle Seewira. masSi imdro-

indeli msoflios praqtikulad yvela saxelmwifo monawile-

obda. mobilizebul iqna daaxloebiT 70 000 000 adamiani. sao-

marma operaciebma moicva dedamiwis praqtikulad mTeli te-

ritoria, zRvac da haeric. Tumca brZolebis udidesi nawili

dasavleTisa da aRmosavleTis frontebze warmoebda, Tavisi

arsiT arcTu umniSvnelo rols asrulebdnen sxva fronte-

bic, mag. Kkavkasiis fronti. Cveni kvlevis mizania, vaCvenoT

qarTvelebis monawileoba pirveli msoflio omis saomar

operaciebSi, maTi damokidebuleba meomari banakebisadmi,

brZolis realuri mizezebi, maTi miznebi da miswrafebebi.

Kkvlevis procesSi gamoikveTa, rom qarTveli xalxis da-

mokidebulebas pirveli msoflio omisadmi mniSvnelovnad

gansazRvravda Tavisufali erovnuli ganviTarebis imedi. Aam

rwmeniT isini xalisianad ibrZodnen, rogorc ruseTis dro-

Sis qveS, ise mis winaaRmdeg. amis damadasturebeli faqtebi

uxvad moipoveba saarqivo masalebsa Tu imdroindeli presis

furclebze.

rogorc aRvniSneT, pirvel msoflio omSi daaxloebiT

70 000 000 adamiani iqna mobilizebuli. Aam konteqstSi sainte-

resoa omSi gawveul qarTvelTa raodenobis garkveva. saarqi-

vo masalebSi, periodul presaSi Tu memuarul literatura-

Si sxvadasxva monacemebia moyvanili: 180 000 [12]; 200 000 [15,

374]; 300 000 [21; 7]. qarTul istoriografiaSi swor cifrad

200 000-ia miCneuli. Cveni kvlevis Sedegebma saSualeba mog-

vca, garkveuli koreqtivebi Segvetana am sakiTxTan dakavSi-

rebiT. pavle ingoroyvas mixedviT, saqarTvelos mosaxleoba

1916 wels Seadgenda 3 365 000 kacs, aqedan qarTvelebi iyvnen 2

349 000 [9, 16-17]. saqarTvelodan 1916 wlisaTvis jarSi gawve-

ulTa 239 000 kacidan 186 000 qarTveli iyo [9, 16-17]. amas uda-

vod daematebodnen axalcixis, axalqalaqis, baTumisa da ar-

151

taanis qristiani qarTvelebi, mefis armiaSi momsaxure uam-

ravi qarTveli oficeri da generali da es ricxvi 1916 wli-

saTvis, vfiqrobT, daaxloebiT 200 000 kacamde gaizrdeboda.

cxadia, es sia mainc arasrulia, radganac masSi gaTvaliswine-

buli ar aris 1917-18 wlebis monacemebi. sumbaTovis mixdviT

(В мощных объятиях, общия очертания 117 лет русско-грузинского объединения, 1919), saqarTveloSi 2 250 000 qristiani qarTve-

li cxovrobda. ruseTis mTeli mosaxleobidan (170 000 000)

jarSi gaiwvies maqsimum 7%, maSin rodesac `meomar qarTvel-

Ta~ ricxvi omis mimdinareobis yovel momentSi Seadgenda 14

%-ze mets, anu daaxloebiT mTeli mosaxleobis 1/7 nawils”

e.i. jarSi gawveuli qarTvelebi iyvnen orjer meti imperiis

saerTo mosaxleobasTan SedarebiT. amis Sesabamisad saqar-

Tvelos unda gaegzavna 160 000 kaci, magram gagzavna 320 000 [24, 86_88]. sumbaTovi iyo moskovis qarTvelTa sazogadoe-

bis Tavmjdomare, friad miRebuli piri ruseTis samTavrobo

wreebSi, mas xelewifeboda esargebla im monacemebiT, romel-

Ta safuZvelzec SeeZlo, daedgina pirvel msoflio omSi mo-

nawile qarTvelTa ricxvi _ 320 000 kaci.

Cven viziarebT mis Sexedulebebs. imdroindeli qarTu-

li emigraciis brwyinvale warmomadgenlebi _ g. maCabeli da

m. wereTeli, agreTve d. Wiabrovi wignSi `omi da qarTvelebi”

[25, 65] 300 000 kacs asaxeleben [21]. aseTi daskvnis gamotanis

uflebas gvaZlevs imdroindeli presis masalebic. mag., 1914

wels gazeT `saxalxo furcelSi” al. wereTeli werda: `Sem-

Txveva mqonda dameTvalierebina zemo imereTis ramodenime

sofeli da TiTqmis versad vipove iseTi ojaxi, romelsac er-

Ti wevri mainc ar hyavda brZolis velze. ufro xSirad ki Sex-

vdebi iseT ojaxebs, romelTac 3-4 wevri gaugzavnia omSi [14];

an Semdegi cnoba: `iSviaTia 10-15 komliani patara sofeli sa-

idamac 2-4 vaJkaci ar iyos wasuli brZolis velze [13]. 1915

wlis 20 ivnisis gazeT `saqarTveloSi’’ moyvanilia saqarTve-

lodan gawveul qarTvel jariskacTa raodenoba - 200 000 ka-

ci. omis damTavrebamde ki xom sami weli kidev iyo darCenili.

yovelive zemoTqmulidan gamomdinare, Cven vfiqrobT,

rom pirvel msoflio omSi daaxloebiT 300 000 qarTvelma mi-

iRo monawileoba. es ki imdroindeli saqarTvelos mosaxle-

obis daaxloebiT 13% iyo.

jarSi gawveva ar Seexo aWaris mahmadian qarTvelobas

[12]. 1916 wels pirvelad gaiwvies jarSi afxazebi da ingiloe-

bi [11]. am wlisaTvis saqarTvelodan pirveli msoflio omis

152

frontebze ibrZoda 53 000 araqarTveli, maT Soris 31 000 so-

mexi iyo [9, 16-17].

omis pirvel periodSi qarTvelebs mxolod aRmosavle-

Tis frontze iwvevdnen, meore periodSi jarSi gawvevis es

sistema Seicvala kavkasiis mefisnacvlis Tanamdebobaze di-

di mTavris nikoloz nikolozis Ze romanovis daniSvnasTan

dakavSirebiT: man Secvala Tavisi winamorbedis mkveTrad ga-

moxatuli antiqarTuli politika,

gazeTi „Cveni megobari“ 1917 wlis 404-e nomerSi mkiT-

xvels acnobebda, rom aRmosavleTis frontze yvelaze mZime

operaciebs qarTuli korpusebi asrulebdnen. general g. kvi-

nitaZis cnobiT, pirveli msoflio omis frontebze 25 qar-

Tveli generali ibrZoda, maTgan 23 wminda giorgis jvriT

iyo dajildoebuli [10].

omSi Tavi gamoiCinა bevrma qarTvelma generაlma: di-

mitri gedevaniSvilma, giorgi erisTavma, giorgi mazniaSvi-

lma, givi amilaxvarma, abraam vaCnaZem, aleqsandre miqelaZem,

giorgi andRulaZem, zaqaria baqraZem, polkovnikma niJara-

Zem, legendarulma kapitanma tarasi vaSakiZem, romelsac

Turqebma `SeiTan kapitani” uwodes.

samxreT-dasavleTis frontze ibrZoda general-maiori

daviT afxazi [23,15,], dasavleTis frontze _ general-maio-

ri konstantine afxazi, romelmac sakuTari saxsrebiT Sead-

gina savele saartilerio brigada [23, 17], kavkasiis frontze

msaxurobda mravali ordenis kavaleri, general-maiori va-

sil dimitris Ze lioniZe. 1917 wels igi kavkasiis armiis 222-e

fexosanTa polks meTaurobda. polkis likvidaciis Semdeg,

1918 wlis aprilidan amierkavkasiis samsaxurSi Cadga [22]. Aama-

ve frontze ibrZoda general-maiori giorgi arjevaniZe [23,

38].

TavdadebiT ibrZoda omSi generali S. baqraZec, romel-

sac wm. giorgis ori jvari hqonda miRebuli. rogorc mogvia-

nebiT S. maRlakeliZe SeniSnavs Tavis mogonebebSi, aseTi ram

iSviaTi iyo [1]. omis dros moRvaweobdnen generlebi l. da a.

vaCnaZeebi, wulukiZe, andronikaSvili, imnaZe, mdivani, quTa-

TelaZe. am ukanasknels mogvianebiT baTumis cixe-simagre Ca-

abares [16].

Ppirveli msoflio omis dawyebisTanave jarSi gaiwvies

qaixosro (qaquca) ColoyaSvili. imave wels igi avstriis

frontze daiWra, ris Semdegac kavkasiis frontze iqna gad-

moyvanili. sariyamiSSi Cadenili gmirobisaTvis igi oqros

xmliT daajildoves.

153

avstriis sazRvarze gmirulad ibrZoda mravalgzis or-

denosani evgeni solomonis Ze afxazava. gansakuTrebiT aRsa-

niSnavia rumineTSi mebrZoli praporSCiki qorqaZe, romelic

17-18 wlis asakSi waradgines wminda giorgis saaficro jvar-

ze da daajildoves oqros xmliT [6]. unda davasaxeloT ag-

reTve petrogradis aleqsandrovis Teatris msaxiobi, rusu-

li Teatris cnobili reJisoris meirholdis mowafe aleqsan-

dre zaqarias Ze rostomaSvili, romelic frontze moxali-

sed wavida. germanuli enis brwyinvale codna mas saSualebas

aZlevda, mtris zurgSi Tavisuflad emoqmeda. igi meTaurob-

da mzveravTa razms samsonovis korpusSi, sadac wminda gior-

gis jvriT dajildovda [5].

moxalised gaemgzavra frontze Stabs-kapitani giorgi

mixeilis Ze xerxeuliZe. igi gmirulad daiRupa poloneTSi

1914 wlis 25 noembers [8]. gmirulad daiRupnen: poloneTSi,

qalaq loZTan, polokovniki aleqsandre giorgis Ze yazbegi,

karpatebSi ki misi Zma _ cxenosani legionis Stabis rotmis-

tri nikoloz yazbegi. P

pirvel msoflio omSi monawileobdnen qarTveli qale-

bic. magaliTad, sorbonis universitetis kursdamTavrebuli

nino jorjaZe omis dawyebisTanave wavida frontze mowyale-

bis dad, sadac gamoCenili mamacobisaTvis miiRo wminda gi-

orgis oTxive xarisxis jvari. mTels imperiaSi amgvarad da-

jildovebuli meore qali iyo.

ase rom, qarTveli meomrebi erTgulad da TavdadebiT

ibrZodnen pirveli msoflio omis frontebze ruseTis dro-

Sis qveS. am omma gamoawrTo da did mxedarTmTavrad Camoaya-

liba mravali qarTveli oficeri, msofliosaTvis cnobili

gaxada bevri maTganis saxeli. qarTvelma jariskacebma da

oficrebma uamravi medali, ordeni da madloba daimsaxures

rogorc ruseTis, ise inglisisa da safrangeTis mTavrobebi-

sa da pirveli pirebisagan. TavianTi gmirobiT maT kavkasiaSi

gamefebuli antiqarTuli politikis Secvlasac garkveulwi-

lad Seuwyves xeli. ruseTisadmi maT Tavganwirvas ganapiro-

bebda imedi imisa, rom omi qarTvel ers Cagruli mdgomareo-

bidan daixsnida.

marTalia, qarTvelebis umravlesoba ruseTis samsa-

xurSi idga, magram iyvnen iseTebic, romlebic iaraRiT xelSi

ebrZodnen ruseTis TviTmpyrobelobas. ruseTis winaaRmdeg

mebrZol qarTvelTa ricxvi gacilebiT mcire iyo ruseTis

droSis qveS mebrZol qarTvelebTan SedarebiT. maT ricxvs

ZiriTadad Seadgendnen sazRvargareT moRvawe emigranti

154

qarTveli patriotebi, germaniis, TurqeTisa da avstria-un-

greTis tyveTa banakebSi myofi qarTvelebi da TiTo-orola,

antirusulad ganwyobili, omis dros sazRvargareT gaqceu-

li pirovneba. isini gaerTianebuli iyvnen `qarTul legion-

Si”. mis saqmianobas saqarTvelos damoukideblobis komite-

tis wevrebi did mniSvnelobas aniWebdnen, radganac masSi da-

moukidebeli saqarTvelos Zlieri jaris Canasaxs xedavdnen.

`qarTuli legionisadmi” araerTgvarovani damokidebuleba

hqondaT oTxTa kavSiris saxelmwifoebs. Tu germania-av-

stria-ungreTis mTavrobebi mas maqsimalur daxmarebas uwev-

dnen, TurqeTis mmarTveli wreebi ewinaaRmdegebodnen, rad-

ganac masSi potenciur mowinaaRmdeges xedavdnen.

germanelebi dainteresebulni iyvnen imiT, rom „qarTu-

li legionი“ rac SeiZleba mravalricxovani yofiliyo. amis

naTeli dadastureba iyo, „qarTuli legioniს“ saqmianobis

gaaqtiurebis mizniT, mis meTaurad 1915 wlidan graf fon

der Sulenburgis daniSvna; germaniis genStabTan specialu-

ri aRmosavleTis ganyofilebis Seqmna baron openhaimis me-

TaurobiT, romelic qarTvel tyveebTan muSaobda; mixako

wereTlisa da giorgi maCablis xelmZRvanelobiT germaniisa

da avstria-ungreTis tyveTa banakebSi meomrebis moZieba

qarTuli legionisaTvis, romlebsac, germaniis mTavrobis

davalebiT, exmarebodnen germaniis aRmosavleTis saqmeTa

sainformacio biuros TanamSromlebi harald kozaki da

sxvebi. am mizniT isini banakebSi mowodebebs avrcelebdnen.

1914 wlis dekembrisaTvis enver faSam ruseTis winaar-

mdeg saomari operaciebis dawyebis mizniT legioni arzrumis

mimarTulebiT gaagzavna da germanel podpolkovnik Stankes

dauqvemdebara. maTi erToblivi moqmedebebis Sedegad gar-

Rveul iqna rusTa TavdacviTi zRudeebi da aRebul iqna ar-

taani. swored aq moxda qarTuli legionis pirveli sabrZo-

lo naTloba. SemdgomSic araerTxel isaxeles Tavi legione-

rebma, riTac dRiTidRe germanelebis simpaTiebs imsaxureb-

dnen. samagierod, Turqebi SiSiT adevnebdnen Tvalyurs le-

gionis saqmianobis gaaqtiurebas. isini, bunebrivia, amis wina-

aRmdegni iyvnen, radgan masSi potenciur mowinaaRmdeges xe-

davdnen. amitomac mimarTa TurqeTis armiis xelmZRvanelo-

bam germaniis mTavrobas TxovniT, daeSala qarTuli legioni

da provokaciebic moawyo mis winaaRmdeg [26, 79]. TurqeTis

pozicia aSfoTebdaT saqarTvelos damoukideblobis komi-

155

tetis wevrebs, radganac qarTul legionSi isini momavali

saqarTvelos Zlier jars xedavdnen [18].

legionerTa sabrZolo suliskveTebis amaRlebis miz-

niT 1915 wels dawesda Tamar mefis ordeni. gamoqveynda do-

kumenti, sadac mocemuli iyo misi aRweriloba, SemoRebis da

dajildovebis wesi [19].

1916 wlis 12 dekembers saqarTvelos damoukideblobis

komiteti germaniis genStabs da misi politikuri seqciis

ufross fon vezendonks ugzavnis memorandums (mas xels

awerdnen: p. surgulaZe, m. qarcivaZe, Zmebi leo da giorgi ke-

reseliZeebi), romelSic legionis SenarCunebis did politi-

kur mniSvnelobazea saubari. amave dros memorandumSi deli-

katurad iyo miTiTebuli, rom legioni qarTvelebisaTvis

germaniis Tanadgomis imedic iyo ruseTis winaaRmdeg da misi

daSliT maT es imedic espobodaT. vfiqrobT, dasafasebelia

komitetis wevrTa diplomatiuri alRo. isini did mniSvne-

lobas aniWebdnen legionis gasvlasac evropaSi, amitom ger-

maniis generalur Stabs sTxovdnen mis gadayvanas germania-

ruseTis frontze. 15 dekembers germaniis genStabma memorandumis ganxil-

vis Sedეgad moiwona legionis germania-ruseTis frontze

gadayvanis idea. am saqmis organizaciisaTvis samsunSi mivli-

nebul iqnen p. surgulaZe da m. qarcivaZe [20]. maT 1917 wlis

maisisaTvis moaxerxes legionerTa TurqeTidan rumineTSi

Cayvana. Aaq isini frontze saomari moqmedebebisaTvis emzade-

bodnen, magram 1917 wlis oqtombris gadatrialebam da ruse-

Tis omidan gamosvlam CaSala maTi gegmebi. rumineTSi 1918

wlis ivlisamde darCnen, Semdeg ki samSobloSi dabrundnen

_ ukve damoukidebel da Tavisufal saqarTveloSi [3].

Ggermanuli droSis qveS mebrZol qarTvel patriotebs,

mTeli rigi winaaRmdegobebis miuxedavad, mainc swamdaT,

rom ruseTi omSi aucileblad damarcxdeboda. albaT, amito-

mac moadgnen ramdenjerme saqarTvelos napirebs germanuli

sabrZolo masaliT datvirTuli wyalqveSa navebi 1916-1917

wlebSi [2, 163]. 1915 wlis oqtomberSi d. vaCnaZem da g. gabaS-

vilma germaniaSi gaagzvnes leitenanti vladimer mZinaraSvi-

li, romelic saqarTveloSi ramdenime Tvis Semdeg dabrunda

g. maCabelTan erTad wyalqveSa naviT [4, 127]. am imediT Camo-

dioda giorgi maCabeli saqarTveloSi, am imediT mogzaurob-

da ruseTis sauniversiteto qalaqebSi, raTa qarTveli stu-

dentebi erovnuli komitetis ajanyebaSi monawileobis misa-

Rebad moemzadebina [17]. germaniis saimperatoro mTavrobisa

156

da qarTveli sazogadoebriobis progermanuli orientaciis

warmomadgenlebis didi mcdelobis miuxedavad, saqarTvelo-

Si anticaristuli ajanyeba ver ganxorcielda.

Seswavlilma masalam cxadyo, rom pirvel msoflio om-

Si daaxloebiT 300 000 qarTvelma miiRo monawileoba. Oomisad-

mi da, upirveles yovlisa, saqarTvelos momavlisadmi sxva-

dasxvagvari damokidebulebis gamo isini imTaviTve or sapi-

rispiro banakSi aRmoCndnen. pirveli banakis qarTvelebi ib-

rZodnen ruseTis droSis qveS oTxTa kavSirSi Semavali qvey-

nebis winaaRmdeg, xolo meore banakis qarTvelebi ruseTis

winaaRmdeg oTxTa kavSiris mxareze. qarTvelTa didi nawili

pirvel banakSi iyo, xolo umciresoba _ meore banakSi. oT-

xTa kavSirsa da antantas Soris arsebulma winaaRmdegobam,

rac TavisTavad pirveli msoflio omis ganmsazRvreli iyo,

garkveulwilad saqarTveloSic iCina Tavi, oRond Tvisobri-

vad gansxvavebul aspeqtSi: qarTvelTa Soris dapirispire-

bas, bunebrivia, ar hqonia imperialisturi xasiaTi. igi erov-

nili niSniT xasiaTdeboda. sxvadasxvagvari iyo erovnuli

ideali or sapirispiro banakSi ganawilebuli qarTvelebisa

da maT Soris winaaRmdegobasac es ganapirobebda. mTavari is

aris, rom orive mxare Tavisi qveynis naTel momavalze ocne-

bobda. sxva sakiTxia, rom es momavali maT sxvadasxvagvarad

esaxebodaT: Nnawils ruseTTan, xolo meore nawils ki germa-

niasTan erTad. Mmagram xazgasmiT unda aRiniSnos, rom orive

banakis qarTveloba mxolod da mxolod Tavisi qveynis inte-

resebisaTvis, misi keTildReobisaTvis ibrZoda.

Gdamowmebuli wyaroebi da literatura:

1. àxalgazrda komunisti”, # 103, 1959.

2. gabaSvili r., rac maxsovs: dabruneba, qarTuli emigran-

tuli literatura , t. 3, guram SaraZis saerTo redaq-

ciiT, Tb., 1992.

3. èrToba”, #30, 1919.

4. vaCnaZe d., samSoblos samsaxurSi, mogonebani: qarTul-

evropuli institutis Jurnali ìveria” 1992, #1.

5. `Tbilisi”, #4, 1960.

6. `Teatri da cxovreba”, #3 1917.

7. ìmereTi~, #6, 1915.

8. ìmereTi”, 2. 1, 1915.

157

9. ingoroyva p., saqarTvelos teritoriis sazRvrebis Se-

saxeb, Tb., 1990. 10. kvinitaZe g., Cemi pasuxi: Jurnali `macne”, istoriis,

eTnografiisa da xelovnebis istoriis seria #3, 1990.

11. `saqarTvelo,” #155, 1916.

12. `saxalxo ganaTleba~, 22,@II, 1990.

13. `saxalxo furceliN #142, 1914.

14. `saxalxo furceli”, #150, 1914.

15. a., surgulaZe p., saqarTvelos istoria (1783-1990), Tb.,

1991.

16. სცა, f. 1818, anaw. 2, saq. 2, furc. 51-55.

17. სცა,f. 157, anaw. 1, saq. 320, furc. 398.


19. სცა,f. 13, anaw. 27, saq. 5439, furc. 48-50.


21. `qarTuli gazeTi~, 27, 1917.

22. `Вечерний Тбилиси~ 8. VI. 1960. 23. Гогитидзе М., Военная Элита, I, Генералы и Адмирали из

Грузии, Тбилиси, 2007. 24. Сумбатов А. В., Мощных обьятиях (общия очертания 117 лет

руского-грузинского объединения), Петроград, 1919. 25. Чиабров Д. З., Война и грузины, Петроград, 1915. 26. Lang D., A modern history of Georgia, L., 1962.

Giorgi Gotsiridze

Doctor of History, Professor of Iakob Gogebashvili Telavi State University

Georgians in the Fronts of the World War I

Summary

The given work deals with Georgian participations in military posi-

tions during the World War I, their attitude toward Military Barak, real rea-sons of the War, their goals and their aspirations. Approximately 300 000 Georgians participated in the World War I. They took their positions in the opposite camps and everything happened for the better future of Georgia.

158

Georgians from the first camp were fighting against the countries, which were included by the countries of "Unions of Four Countries". And from the second camp, Georgians were fighting on the side of Russia. Majority of Georgians were in the first camp, and the minorities were in the second one. National ideal was different in those camps and it was the reason of their resistance between them. However, Georgians from both of the camps were fighting for defending Georgia's interests and its prosperity.

159

uCa oqropiriZe

istoriis doqtori, SoTa rusTa-

velis saxelmwifo universiteti,

niko berZeniSvilis saxelobis sa-

mecniero-kvleviTi institutis

mTavari mecnier-TanamSromeli

saqarTvelo-TurqeTis urTierTobis zogierTi

aspeqti Tanamedrove Turqul istoriografiaSi

bolo periodSi SeiniSneba Turqi istorikosebis da, sa-

erTod, Turquli sazogadoebis garkveuli nawilis didi da-

intereseba qarTuli problematikiT, rac misasalmebelia da

axაl perspeqtivas uqmnis ori mezobeli xalxis erTmaneTis

mimarT gamoCenili jansaRi interesis dakmayofilebas. mag-

ram Tanamedrove pirobebSi es erTmaneTis TiTqmis xelaxla

gacnobisa da urTierTdaaxloebis procesi unda emyarebo-

des ganvlili istoriuli movlenebis Rrmad gaazrebul da

Sinaarsobrivad marTebul xedvebs, raTa es urTierTobebi

Tavidanve aigos iseT saZirkvlze, sadac siyalbe da raRacis

gamo mwvave istoriuli movlenebis sasurvelad warmoCenis

mcdelobebi gamoricxuli iqneba.

Tu gvsurs Rirseuli samomavlo urTierTobani, igi un-

da aigos orive mxaris mier Rirsebis grZnobiT gaazrebul

warsulis codnasa da Cvenive Rirsebebis Tu cdomilebebis

amRiarebel istoriul naSromebze, sadაc gamoricxuli iqne-

ba viRacis upiratesobis upirobo miRebaze agebuli imperiu-

li TvalTaxedva. Cven Tu marTla gvsurs erTmaneTTan WeSma-

riti megobroba, aseTi megobrobis saZirkveli, upirveles

yovlisa, Cveni xalxebis WeSmariti istoriis aRiarebaa, sa-

dac dampyrobels dampyrobeli erqmeva, mCagvrels — mCagvre-

li, moyvares — moyvare, mters — mteri da a. S.

Cven isic kargad viciT, rom `Tavsa axlad vervin iSobs~,

magram Cveni urTierTobis momavlisaTvis, valdebuli varT

daviviwyoT arcTu sasiamovno warsuli, magram ara tyuile-

bisa da erTmaneTis kidev erTxel gacucurakebis xarjze,

aramed Cveni namdvilad adamiაnuri Secdomebisa da sisuსte-

160

ebis aRiarebiT, romelic gabrwyinebuli iqneba WeSmariti mo-

naniebis madliT.

Zalian samwuxaroa, magram faqtia, rom am mimarTulebis

tendencia saerTod ar SeiniSneba Turquli saistorio sko-

lis warmomadgenelTa mier am bolo xans gamoqveynebul naS-

romebSi, romlebic saqarTvelo-TurqeTis urTierTobebis

istoriis axalsa da uaxles periods exeba.

saqაrTvelos demokratiuli respუblikis droindeli

movlenebi Zalian tendenciurad aris gaSuqebuli Turqi

mkvlevrebis — esin dais [1, 2001, 89-99], nurhan aidins [2, 134,

149], enver qonuqCus [3, 59], qamil aRajanis [4, 2002; 8, 1] da

sxvaTa naSromebSi, rac maTSi ganxilul sakiTxTa WeSmarit

istoriul arss verafers sZens. Mmagram, radganac samxreT-

dაsavleT saqarTvelos (kerZod, aWaris) garSemo Seqmnili ga-

remoebani mWidrod aris dakavSirebuli saqarTvelos saxel-

mwifoebrivi damoukideblobis aRdgenisa da misi istoriuli

teritoriebis suverenuli mflobelobis uflebis proble-

masTan, amitomac aucileblad miviCnieT, azri gamogveTqva

zogierT am sakiTxze.

am TvalsazrisiT sayuradReboa Turqi profesori esin

dai, romelic Tavis naSroms, “elvie-i selase, sami sanjayi

(yarsi, baTumi, artaani) ase iwyebs: “elvie-i selase yarsis,

artaanis da baTumis sanjayebis Sesaxeb gamoyenebuli Zveli

terminia~... Semdeg ki iqve ganagrZobs, — `1878 wlis san ste-

fanos zavis me-19 muxlis mixedviT naxsenebi, miliard oTxasi

milion rublad Sefasebuli elvie-i selase, anu baTumis,

yarsisa da artaanis, maTTan erTad baiazeTis sanjayi kon-

tribuciis saxiT ruseTis xelSi gadadioda [1, 90].

pirvel rigSi, radgan pativcemuli avtori am terminis

(elvie-i selase) siZveleze laparakobs, etyoba amiT mas surs

aRniSnuli teritoriebis TiTqosda osmalur warmoSobaze

miTiTeba. aseT SemTxvevaSi, upriani xom ar iqneboda, Rrmad

pativcemuli avtori dainteresebuliyo mainc, rom xom ar

arsebobda am e. w. sanjayebis Sesaxeb gamoyenebuli ufro Zve-

li saxelebi, romlebic zustad miuTiTebdnen mis istoriul

fesvebze, — ris gakeTebac misi profilis mecnierisaTvis siZ-

neles ar unda warmoadgendes, da meorec, — roca aRniSnuli

Temebis osmaleTis mier ruseTze kontribuciis saxiT gada-

161

cemaze saubroben, Turq avtorebs ar unda daaviwydeT isic,

rom am istoriulad qarTuli miwebis (vgulisxmob mxolod

samuslimano saqarTvelos aWariTurT) dapyrobisas TviT os-

maleTi ra principiT xelmZRvanelobda?! kontribuciis sa-

xiT miiTvisa saqarTvelos istoriuli sanaxebi, Tu dam-

pyroblis uflebiT?! xolo saqarTvelos damoukidebeli sa-

xelmwifos aRdgenis Semdeg, grZnobda Tu ara raime pasuxis-

mgeblobas misi saukunovani monobis gamo, rodesac isev sca-

da da kvlav misataceblad waepotina saqarTvelos miwa-

wyals? (rac moaxerxa kidec imave ruseTTan SesaSur tandem-

Si, romelsac TiTqos kontribuciis saxiT miRebul miwebs ay-

vedris. — u. o. )

esen dais es srulebiTac ar awuxebs. piriqiT, cdilobs

am teritoriaTa mimarT osmalTa mtacebluri mada gaamar-

Tlos da aRniSnul regionSi èrovnuli organizaciebis~ ga-

aqtiurebaze saubrobs: òsmaleTma omis Sedegad dakarguli

naxsenebi teritoriebi ar daiviwya da arc aqauri xalxi dae-

morCila ruseTTan SeerTebas. Cvveni interesebis sferoSi

Sedis is ormocwliani tyveobis periodi (1878-1918 wlebs So-

ris periodს gulisxmobs — u. o.), romelSic imyofeboda el-

vie-i selases xalxi da romelSic mudmivad cocxlobda sam-

SoblosTan SeerTebis idea da yovelnairad ewinaaRmdegebo-

da osmaleTidan mowyvetas~ — aRniSnavs pativcemuli mecnie-

ri da Semdeg Cveuli rixiT ganagrZobs, — àm periodSi elvie-

i selaseSi, sxvadasxva organizacიis Camoyalibebis mizniT,

iqmneboda sazogadoebebi, mag: panislamizmis, panTurqizmis,

erovnuli dacvis komiteti, difais partia, janbizari, wera-

kiთxvis gamavrcelebeli sazogadoeba.

aRniSnuli sazogadoebebi elviei selases xalxSi rwme-

nis, kulturis, erovnuli sulis SenarCunebis mizniT iqmne-

boda.… wera-kiTxvis gamavrcelebeli sazogadoeba xalxis

rwmenis da erovnuli uflebebis dacvis, swavla- ganaTlebaSi

Turqebis ganviTarebisaTvis Seiqmna [1, 91-92].

esin dais am msjelobas Tu verwmunebiT, osmaleTis im-

periaSi dabrunebaze dResac unda ocnebobdnen adre mis Se-

madgenlobaSi myofi xalxebi, romelTac didi brZolis Sem-

deg Zlivs daaRwies Tavi osmalTa batonobas da damoukide—

bel saxelmwifoebad Camoyalibdnen, an isev namdvili samSob-

162

los farglebSi dabrundnen... aqve unda aRvniSnoT, rom ro-

desac avtori laparakobs elviei selaseSi erovnuli organi-

zaciebis Seqmnaze, maTi iseTi saxelwodebani, rogoricaa pa-

nislamizmi da panTurqizmi sruliad gamoricxavs am organi-

zaciaTa erovnul xasiaTs, radgan panislamizmi da panTur-

qizmi iseve iyo osmalur-Turquli `erovnuli~ interesebis

samsaxurSi, rogorc marqsizmi, bolSevizmi Tu komunizmi

sabWour-rusuli saxelmwifos interesebis samsaxurSi. es

iyo maTi agresiuli, imperiuli politikis ideologiuri ba-

zisi da masazrdoebeli, misi ganxorcielebis iaraRi. rac Se-

exeba e. w. elviei selases, misi mosaxleobis umravlesoba um-

Tavresad araTurquli warmoSobis iyo da meti rom ar

vTqvaT, uxerxulia imis mtkiceba, rom aRniSnuli sazogadoe-

bebi elviei selases xalxSi rwmenis, kulturis, da, miTume-

tes, — `erovnuli sulis SenarCunebis mizniT iqmneboda.~da

saerTod, rodesac vlaparakobT Turqebis erovnuli ufle-

bebis dacvaze (risi winaaRmdegic aravinaa — u. o.), ar unda

dagvaviwydes im xalxis uflebebic, romlebic am mxareTa is-

toriul, avtoqton mosaxleobas warmoadgens. es organiza-

ciebi TurqebisTvis SeiZleba aRqmuli iqnas rogorc erov-

nuli, radgan osmalur-Turquli interesebis ganxorciele-

bas emsaxurebodnen! Turquli saxelmwifos saZirkvlis gan-

mtkiceba, mosaxleobis Turqizacia da sxva (albaT aravin da-

iwyebs Mmtkicebas, rom es sazogadoebebi am xalxSi erovnuli

aRorZinebisTvis ibrZodnen?! — u. o.). magram xalxisaTvis,

romlebsac osmაlebTan mxolod saerTo saxelmwifos teri-

toria da SeiZleba islamuri rwmenac aerTianebda, maTi

erovnul organizaciebad SesaReba, cinizmia. Cven gvesmis,

rom aTa Turqi da misi mimdevrebi, Turquli saxelmwifos Se-

narCuneba-aRorZinebisTvis ibrZodnen da, sxvaTaSoris, kar-

gadac ibrZodnen. xolo ramdenad iyo maTi es brZola erov-

nuli niSnis matarebeli osmaleTis imperiaSi Semavali dap-

yrobili xalxebisaTvis, es sul sxva da Zalze saeWvo sakiT-

xia. Cven, ra Tqma unda, pativs vcemT am marTlac Seupovar

brZolaSi Turqi saxelmwifo moRvaweebis mier gamoCenil Se-

udreklobasa da simamaces, riTac maT SesZles TurqeTis su-

verenuli saxelmwifos garkveul sazRvrebSi ar marto Se-

narCuneba, aramed misi gafarToebac, magram am movlenebis

163

iseTi formiT warmoCenas, romelic laxavs adre osmaleTis

imperiaSi Zalad gaerTianebuli sxva ZirZveli istoriuli

xalxebis uflebebsa da Rirsebas, ver daveTanxmebiT. da Tu

osmalebma imdeni mოaxerxes, rom am xalxs TavianTi erovnuli

vinaoba gadaaviwyes da zogierTebi panislamuri Tu panTur-

qistuli idealebis ganmაxorcielebelი organizaciebis sa-

zarbazne xorcad aqcies, es am xalxis istoriuli ubedurebaa

da ara maTi Rirseba.

`kavkasiaSi ganxorcielebulი samxedro moqmedebebis

Sedegad did omSi (pirvel msoflio oms gulisxmobs—u. o.)

osmaleTis mTavrobis mizani gaxda dakarguli teritoriebis

dabruneba~, (1, 92) wers igive Turqi avtori da Semdeg miuTi-

Tebs, rom`pirveli msoflio omis Semdeg rusebTan 1917 wlis

17 dekembers xelmowerili erzinjanis zavisa da 1918 wlis 3

martis brestis zavis ZaliT elvie-i selase kvlav daubrunda

osmaleTis imperias... 1918 wlis 12 ivniss Catarda plebisci-

ti, … xmaTa umravlesobiT, anu 85 procentiT elvie-i selase

oficialurad TurqeTs SeuerTda, magram es sixaruli el-

vie-i selaseSi didxans ar gagrZelda. 1918 wlis 30 oqtombers

xelmowerili da antantis qveynebis mier ZaliT SeTavazebul

mudrosis zavis ZaliT igi isev daikarga (iqve, 94),—damwuxre-

buli acxadebs esin dai; magram, rogorc sayovelTaod cnobi-

lia, Turqebma aRniSnuli plebisciti xiStebis qveS da iseTi

darRvevebiT Caatares, rom misi Sedegebi ar scno arc misma

mokavSire germaniam da arc konstantinepolis sazavo konfe-

renciam. brestis zavze apelirebisas Turq avtorebs ar unda

daaviwydeT isic, rom osmalebma ar daicves misi is punqti,

romlis ZaliTac baTumis, yarsis da artaanis olqebSi ple-

bisciti unda Catarebuliyo yvela mezobeli qveynebis war-

momadgenelTa monawileobiT. Turqebma ki iaraRis qveS moaw-

yves, rogorc qarTuli gazeTebi samarTlianad aRniSnavdnen,

baTumis olqis mosaxleobis dakiTxva [5, 55-58].

ra iuridiuli Zala SeiZleboda hqonoda mosaxleobis

aseT dakiTxvas, amaze Tavidanve marTebuli pozicia Camoya-

libda ara marto saqarTveloSi, aramed saerTaSoriso aspa-

rezzec. swored amazea laparaki gazeT `saqarTvelos~ 1918

wlis 11 agvistos nomerSi, sadac vkiTxulobT: `germaniis de-

legaciis ufrosi, generali fon kresi auwyebs sagareo sami-

164

nistros, rom am ukanasknelis mier aRZruli protesti ba-

TumSi momxdari referendumis Sesaxeb man Seatyobina berli-

nis mTavrobas. exla ganerali fon kresi atyobinebs Cvens (sa-

qarTvelos — u. o.) sagareo saministros germaniis sagareo

saministrosgan miRebul cnobas, rom germaniis elCs stam-

bolSi mouvida instruqcia, Seatyobinos saimperatoro

mTavrobas Semdegi: is faqti, rom otomanis mTavrobam TviT

moawyo baTumSi ama wlis 14 ivliss plebisciti sxvaTa monawi-

leobis miuReblad, ewinaaRmdegeba brest-litovskis xel-

Sekrulebis me-4 muxlis dadgenilebas, romlis ZaliT wes-

wyobilebis damyareba sam (baTumis, yarsisa da ardaganis) ol-

qSi unda momxdariyo TviT adgilobriv mcxovrebTa mier me-

zobel saxelmwifoebTan SeTanxmebiT. amis gamo, Tu vinico-

baa, romelime am saxelmwifoTagani ganacxadebda protests

otomanis mTavrobis winaSe amnairi moqmedebis winaaRmdeg,

germaniis mTavrobas ar SeeZlo aseTi gamosvla kanonier sa-

fuZvels moklebulad ecno~ [6].

ase, rom Turqul okupaciasa da Zalmomreobis pirobeb-

Si aRniSnuli plebiscitis kanonierebasa da misi meSveobiT

am e. w. elvie-i selases oficialurad TurqeTTan SeerTebaze

avtoris mier sityvis Camogdeba mas iseT mdgomareobaSi aye-

nebs, roca misTvis sasurvels sinamdviled warmoidgenen

xolme. xolo, rac Seexeba sixaruls, — gaaCnia visTvis.

mokled, aseTia im periodSi samuslimano saqarTvelos,

kerZod ki, aWaris garSemo Seqmnili istoriuli sinamdvile,

amasTan unda aRiniSnos, rom 1878 wlis berlinis kongresis

gadawyvetilebiT saqarTvelos ZirZveli istoriuli kuTxe

aWara deda-samSoblos wiaRs daubrunda da araviTari mniS-

vneloba ar aqvs imis gaxsenebas, rom baTumi (aWara), amierkav-

kasiis sxva teritoriebTan erTad, ruseTma kontribuciis sa-

xiT miiRo. es iyo qarTveli xalxis saukunovani ocnebis axde-

na, amasTan, istoriuli samarTlianobis aRsruleba, SeeerTe-

bina TanamoZme gamuslimanebuli qarTvelebiT dasaxlebuli

saqarTvelos Znelbedobisas dakarguli istoriuli teri-

toriebi. am saqmeSi, ra Tqma unda, didi roli Seasrula ruse-

Tis samxedro Zalam da diplomatiam, magram am SemTxvevaSi

ruseTic, iseve, rogorc Tavis droze osmaleTi, Tavisi sam-

flobeloebis gafarToebasa da Savi zRvis auzsa da amierkav-

165

kasiaSi Tavisi poziciebis gaZliereba-gamtkicebas isaxavda

miznad da ara saqarTvelos istoriuli teritoriebis gaer-

Tianebas, misi mTlianobis aRdgenas. es iyo misi bunebrivi

ganvrcobis Cveulebrivi procesi, romelsac raime keTilSo-

biluri miswrafeba ar warmarTavda da warmoadgenda kavkasi-

aSi ruseTis Zlierebis meToduri demonstrirebis Sedegs.

aRniSnuli procesi, mocemul SemTxvevaSi, mxolod iribad

daemTxva qarTveli eris gaerTianebisaken miswrafebas. aWa-

ris samSoblosTan dabrunebac am procesis (ruseTis imperi-

is sivrculi gafarToeba) logikuri Sedegi iyo. xolo misi

istoriuli bedukuRmarToba swored imaSi mdgomareobda,

rom igi or ucxo dampyrobels Soris xSirad aRiqmeboda ro-

gorc mxolod gacvla-gamocvlis sagani da sakontribucio

obieqti. dadga dro, CamovayaliboT axali urTierTobebi da

upirveles yovlisa, yvelaferi es gaviTvaliswinoT momav-

lis diplomatiaSi.

metad sasiamovno faqtia, rom bolo dros TurqeTSi sa-

qarTvelosTan megobrobis asociaciis egidiT gamoica mu-

rad qasabisa [7] da mumin ildizTaSis [8] maRal poligrafiul

doneze Sesrulebuli metad saintereso naSromebi. misasal-

mebelia TurqeTis respublikaSi mcxovrebi Cveni TanamoZmee-

bis sakuTari istoriiTa da qarTuli problematikiT dainte-

reseba, maT mier am mimarTulebiT gaweuli didi muSaoba, ro-

melic aRniSnul monografiebSi aisaxa, magram, samwuxarod,

verc isini axerxeben, Tavi daaRwion zemoT Cven mier gakriti-

kebul gaugebrobaT.

murad qasabi Tavisi wignis qarTuli Targmanis winasit-

yvaobaSi aRniSnavs, rom `osmaleTis imperia ar atarebda sxva

erebisa da religiebis asimilaciis politikas, ar Zaladobda

misi mmarTvelobis qveS myof aramuslim xalxebze... SeZlo ma-

Ti arsebobis gadarCena~... da Semdeg iqve ganagrZobs,—`osma-

leTis qarTvelebisaTvis islamuri aRmsarebloba sisxlxor-

ceuli rwmenaa. ar aris aranairi istoriuli sabuTi maTi Za-

liT gamuslimanebis Sesaxeb... saqarTveloSi qristianobis ga-

uqmebis politika ar gatarebula~ [7]. aq unda iTqvas, rom imis

aRiarebac ki, TiTqos osmaleTma `SeZlo maTi arsebobis ga-

darCena~, ukve imis iribi aRiarebacaa, rom es xalxi marTlac

yofila viRacis Zalmomreobisagan gadasarCeni da romeli Za-

166

la SeiZleboda yofiliyo igi, Tu ara qarTveli xalxis isto-

riul mexsierebaSi SemorCenili `arabobis~, `didi Turqobis~,

`yizilbaSobis~, `osmalobis~ da sxvaTa avbediTi periodebis

istoriuli aqtiorebi. an imaze meti ra istoriuli sabuTi un-

da darCeniliyo, vidre Tundac erTi ioane sabanisZis abos wa-

meba da Zveli qarTuli literaturis specialuri Janri agi-

ografiaa. qarTuli saero da saeklesio istoria savsea saqar-

TveloSi muslimTa Semosevebis dros aTaseulobiT qristia-

nis zvarakad Sewirvis ambavTa aRweriT (daviT da konstantan-

tines wameba, jalal ed-dinis mier aTasobiT Tbiliselis amo-

Jleta Tu Temur-lengis saqarTveloSi 8 gzis laSqrobisas Ca-

denili mxecobani da sxva). an kidev, iqneb SemTxveviT aRiqva

koleqtiurma qarTulma istoriulma cnobierebam murvan yru

da buRa-Turqi saqarTvelosa da yovelive qarTulis dauZine-

bel mtრebad da maTac saqarTvelosTvis, avtoris logikas Tu

mivyvebiT, sikeTis meti araferi undodaT?!.

1918 wlis ivnisSi samuslimano saqarTveloSi Catarebu-

li referendumis Sesaxeb zemoT ukve mogaxseneT, magram iqve,

sadac amis Sesaxeb wers, batoni muradic sixaruliT aRniS-

navs, rom `...1992 wlis saqarTvelosa da TurqeTs Soris me-

gobrobisa, TanamSromlobis da keTilmezobluri urTirTo-

bis xelSekrulebis xelmoweriT saqarTvelom scno yarsis

xelSekrulebiT dadgenili TurqeTis aRmosavleTi sazRva-

ri~ [7, 24],— magram ra aris aq sasixarulo?! nuTu TurqeTSi

aravis afiqrebs is faqti, rom arc 1921 wels yarsisa da 1992

wlis saqarTvelo-TurqeTis xelSekrulebebze xelmowera ar

gaukeTebia saqarTvelos legitimur, kanonier xelisufle-

bas da rogorc pirvel, ise meore SemTxvevaSi man xelSekru-

leba gaaforma qarTvel xalxze moZalade uzurpatorebTan.

Tu TurqeTis mTavrobisa da xelisuflebis mesveurTaTvis

sul erTia, oRondac maTTvis sasargeblo rame miiRon da ra

gziT, es saerTod ar anaRvlebT? anda, orive SemTxvevaSi, es

saqarTvelos keTilismyofeli osmaleTi Tu TurqeTi, ratom

aRmoCnda qarTveli xalxis nebis uarmyofelTa mxares?! yve-

lam kargad vicodeT, rom imperiebi SeiZleba iseve gaqrnen

istoriis asparezidan, rogorc es adreve momxdara, es kiT-

xvebi da WeSmariteba ki darCeba samaradisod, Tu qarTveli

xalxis namdvil warmomadgenelTan, romelic amisaTvis auci-

167

lebeli qarTveli xalxis ndobis mandatiT iqneba aRWurvili,

ar gadawydeba maTi mogvareba.

magram, miuxedavad zemoT aRniSnulisa, wigni gvacnobs

osmaleTis imperiasa da TurqeTis saxelmwifoSi moRvawe

qarTuli warmoSobis cnobil samxedro da politikur, sasu-

liero Tu saero pirTa mier gaweul udides muSaobas, ris ga-

moc udidesiა misi mniSvneloba qarTuli saistorio mecnie-

rebisTvisac, Tumca, unda aRiniSnos isic, rom, ufro mtkiv-

neulad Tu ar gamogviva naTqvami, gadametebulia iseTi Tav-

dadebuli qarTuli orientaciis pirovnebebisa da samusli-

mano saqarTvelos ganmaTavisuflebeli komitetis aqtiuri

moRvaweebis osmaleTis saxelmwifos mesveurebad moxsenieba,

rogorebic iyvnen aleqsandre kaxTa mefe, giorgi saakaZe, ba-

toniSvili daviTi (iadigar davudis avtori), Teimuraz pir-

veli Tu sxvani, da, ra Tqma unda, cnobili qarTveli politi-

kuri da sazogado moRvawe samuslimano saqarTvelodan, ker-

Zod ki aWaridan, memed-beg abaSiZe da misi Zma, pirveli qar-

Tveli generali maSindeli samuslimano saqarTvelodan, as-

lan abaSiZe. swored maT Seitanes udidesi wvlili, rom aWara

qarTuli saxelmwifos sazRvrebSi dabrunebuliyo.

amasTan unda aRiniSnos, rom murad qasabis monografia,

`osmaleTis qarTvelebi~, Turquli istoriografiis mniSvne-

lovani SenaZenia da qarTuli istoriuli mecnierebisTvisac

metad saintereso didZal masalas Seicavs, amitomac misi

gadmoqarTulebuli variantis 2012 wlisTvis gamocema, sasi-

amovno faqtia. aqve SeiZleba iTqvas, rom masSi warmodgenil

pirovnebaTa istoriebi, SesaZloa, iqces qarTvel istori-

kosTa gansakuTrebuli kvlevis sagnad da savaraudoa, rom

zogierT maTganze calke wignebic ki daiweros.

rac Seexeba mumin ildizTaSis metad saintereso da

mniSvnelovan monografias, amjerad masSi gadmocemul im ni-

uansebze gavamaxvilebT yuradRebas, romlebic Cven mier ze-

moTganxilul Tematikas exmianeba da Tavidanve aRvniSnavT,

rom misi naSromic ar aRmoCnda am mxriv unaklo da dazRveu-

li.

naSromis wardgenisas batoni ali riza alTuni aRniS-

navs, rom `gamocemis mTavari mizania... raTa momavali ufro

jansaR safuZvelze aSendes~,—rac savsebiT gasagebi da misa-

168

salmebelia; magram avtori iqve miuTiTebs, rom `saqarTve-

loSi yofnisas osmalebisa da Turqebis Sesaxeb gagonilma ga-

monaTqvamebma CemSi mwvave gancdebi gamoiwvia~,—ufro me-

tic,—`saukuneebis manZilze regionisaTvis kanonebisa da sa-

marTlianobis momtani xalxis mimarT winaswarganzraxuli

ciliswamebiT Cirqis mocxebis mayureblis rolSi meti veRar

davrCebodi.~

Cven kargad gvesmis pativcemuli oponentis da vTvliT,

rom misasalmebelia misi mxridan amgvari patriotizmi, da

imeds vitovebT, Tavadac sworad gaigebs Cvens pozicias, Tu

mis mier gamomJRavnebuli am umarTebulo reaqciis gamo, verc

Cven SevZeliT Tavis Sekaveba da mas qarTuli pirdapirobiT

vetyviT: Tumca yvela dampyrobeli am pretenziiT gamodis,

magram arcerTs moutania dapyrobili xalxisaTvis kanoniere-

ba da, miT umetes samarTlianoba. marto is faqtic ki, rom isi-

ni ase urcxvad ayeneben TavianT Tavs aTaseuli wlebis isto-

riuli mexsierebis mqone xalxebze maRla, Seuracxmyofelia.

da saerTod, kanonierebisa da samarTlianobis TvalsazrisiT,

ra unda eswavlebinaT osmalebs im xalxisTvis, romlebmac jer

kidev XII saukuneSi gaauqmes sikvdiliT dasja da damsaxiCrebe-

li sasjelebi TavianT saxelmwifoSi... xolo osmaleTis sul-

Tnebis karze Tu vinme did Tanamdebobebs aRwevda, es maTi ni-

Wierebis dadasturebaa da ara osmaluri keTilmoqmedebis,

radgan isic cnobilia, ramdeni didad naRvawi aseTi pirovne-

bebis sicocxle Seiwira fadiSahebis tiraniam (murad qasabis

wignSi mocemuli 18 sadrazamidan 6 sikvdiliT dasajes—u. o.).

marTlac, Tqvens Tvalwin unda Caiaros sisxliT SeRebili

mtkvrisa da Woroxis talRebma, rom misi realoba irwmunoT?!

nuTu amisaTvis sakmarisi ar aris gadavxedoT Cveni mraval-

tanjuli samშoblos, saqarTvelos, istorias, romlis fur-

clebic aRsavsea `arabobis~, `didi Turqobis~, `osmalobis~,

`yizilbaSobis~, `lekianobisa~ Tu `rusobis~ swored saqar-

Tvelos winaaRmdeg brZolis utyuari dokumentebiT, maTi ar-

sebobisa da cxovrebis SinaarsiT aRsavse ambebiT. nuTu Tqven

fiqrobT, rom saqarTvelos istoriaSi es ukve kategoriebad

Camoyalibebuli istoriuli msazRvrelebi, Sinaarsisgan dac-

lili, arafrismTqmeli sityvebia da sxva araferi?!. Tu es

asea, Zalian scdebiT!...da arc imis swavleba gvWirdeba vinmes-

169

gan, visi da risi daviwyebis ufleba gvaqvs. am SemTxvevaSi Cven-

Tvis umTavresia, Tu ra damsaxureba miuZRvis ama Tu im pirov-

nebas saqarTvelos winaSe.

Tqven kargad gesmiT Tqveni dRevandeli samSoblos

satkivari da misi gadmosaxedidan msjelobT, magram Tqveni

zemoT dasaxuli miznis misaRwevad mniSvnelovania gaigoT

Tqveni Zveli TanamoZmeebis gulistkivili da istoriac uf-

ro Rrmad, vidre amas dRes axerxebT. amisTvis ki saWiroa ma-

Ti poziciidanac da ufro siRrmiseulad CaixedoT am isto-

riaSi, gaigoT riTi da sad kvnesis maTi gulisTqmis ZarRvi da

fesvi, xolo roca mas Tvalcremlians dainaxav, Senc utyua-

rad unda mixvde, sad iRebs cremlis wyaro saTaves, — da maSin

imasac gaigeb, Tu ratom aqvs Cvens saerTo modgmas da jilags

aseTi udidesi optimizmi da momavlis dauSreteli rwmena,

romelTan brZolasac ara erTi imperia Seewira. rac Seexeba

iseT mosazrebebs, rom òsmaleTis saxelmwifo erTis mxriv

yovelgvari iZulebis gareSe uzrunvelyofda qarTvelebis

mier islamis miRebas, meore mxriv ki qristiani qarTvelebis

uflebebisa da usafrTxoebis dacvis sakiTxebsac yuradRe-

biT da gagebiT ekideboda~—eseni erTimeores gamoricxavs,

radgan qristiani, marTlmadidebeli qarTvelisaTvis misi

ùflebebisa da usafrTxoebis dacva~, pirvel rigSi qarTve-

lobis, e. i. qristianobis SenarCunebas niSnavda. im periodSi

xom es ori cneba erTmaneTis Semcveli iyo, da roca `zogi-

erT adgilobriv liders~ uyenebT braldebas, rom is ~cdi-

lobda epova gzebi maTi gamuslimanebis winaaRdeg~... [8, 23]

unda icodeT, rom es maTTvis qarTvelobisaTvis brZolas

niSnavda da oficialuri stambolis aqtiuroba amis winaaR-

mdeg, iyo qarTvelTa kanonieri uflebis daTrgunvisaken mi-

marTuli Zaladoba da mimtacebloba. (swored aseTi `kanoni-

erebisa da uflebebis~ dasacavad ibrZvis ruseTi dResac sa-

qarTveloSi mis mier okupirebul teritoriebze).

aseve, Tanamedrove Turquli istoriografiuli sko-

lisaTvis niSandobliv azrobriv niuansebs Seicavs,—rom òs-

malos saxelmwifoSi monad Cayvanil bevr qarTvels sabolo-

od veziris, sardlis da didveziris TanamdebobisTvisac mi-

uRwevia... osmaleთis saxelmwifo... ar ewinaaRmdegeboda mas-

ze damokidebuli tomebisa da begebis mier damoukidebeli

170

qarTveli da sxva Temebisagan tyveebis wayvanas~... —batonebo,

sxvas ras niSnavs Zaladoba?!. gamodis, rom Tu damoukidebe-

li xar da osmalos uReli ar gadgas, arafriT yofilxar da-

culi manam, sanam osmaloze tyved ar gagyiddnen da amiT ar

`gagabednierebdnenen~... msgavsi logika Cveulebrivia impe-

riuli, mpyrobeli saxelmwifos azrovnebisaTvis, magram maT

msxverplT vkiTxoT!...amasTan tyves ukve aRaravin ekiTxebo-

da, surda Tu ara gamuslimaneba.

da bolos, oriode sityviT SevexoT termins `qarTveli

osmalebi.~pirdapir unda iTqvas, rom aseTi ram bunebaSi ar

arsebobs da arc SeiZleba arsebobdes, radgan qarTveloba

ara marto warmomavlobiTi, aramed upirveles yovlisa, qar-

Tuli kulturis, social-zneobrivi garemos da cxovrebis

wesis SemoqmedebiTi naerTia,— es erovnebaa da ara ideologi-

urad gabatonebuli mmarTveli kasta, romelic yvelasa da

yvelafris Tavis morCilebaSi moyvanis surviliT Sepyrobili

da samarTlianobis saxeliT SeniRbuli, sakuTari batonobis

uzrunvelyofas cdilobs, rogorc amas Tavis droze bolSe-

vik-komunistebi, an Tundac panislamistebi Tu osmalebi ake-

Tebdnen. amitomac, Cveni Rrma rwmeniT, SeiZleba iyos gaosma-

lebuli qarTveli, iseve rogorc gabolSevikebuli qarTveli,

magram `qarTveli sabWoeli~ (e. i. komunisti),an `qarTveli os-

malo~, es is surogatia, romelic yovelgvar qarTuls ganad-

gurebiT emuqreboda da emuqreba dResac da misi dakavSireba

raime qarTulTan didi Secdoma da gaugebrobaa.

Cven kidev erTxel mivesalmebiT Tanamedrove Turqi av-

torebis saqarTvelos istoriisa da saerTod, qarTuli

problematikiT jansaR dainteresebas. amasTan erTad, Cven

mier ganxiluli naSromebis avtorebs udidesi pativiscemis

gamocxadebiT vTxovT, didsulovnad mogvitevon, Tu Cveni

keTilmosurne kritikiT maTSi arasasiamovno gancdebi aR-

vZariT, magram am SemTxvevaSi gvamoZravebda metad keTilSo-

biluri mizani, rom saqarTvelo-TurqeTis urTierTobaTa

uaxlesi furclebi samomavlod unda gadaiSalos urTierT-

pativiscemisa da udidesi urTierTndobis niSniT [9, 91, 94],

rasac, Cveni Rrma rwmeniT, didad Seuwyobs xels sakuTar mo-

sazrebaTa Tavisufali urTierTgaziareba, simarTlisa da

istoriuli samarTlianobis prioritetTa win wamoweva.

171


1. esin dai, elvie i selase, sami sanjayi: yarsi, baTumi, ar-

taani, krebulSi: simpoziumis Sromebi, axalcixe-yarsi,

2001.

2. nurhan aidini, yarsis xelSekruleba da misi istoriuli

mniSvneloba krebulSi: simpoziumis Sromebi, axalcixe-

yarsi, 2001.

3. enver qonuqCu, aRmosavleT anatoliis uaxlesi istoria,

krebulSi: simpoziumis Sromebi, axalcixe-yarsi, 2001.

4. qamil aRajani, erTi avtonomiis anatomia, gazeTSi: `axa-

li era~, 1(177), 2002, 8, I;

5. gazeTSi `saqarTvelo~, #141, 1918.

6. gazeTSi `saqarTvelo~, #153, 1918.

7. murad qasabi, osmaleTis qarTvelebi, baTumi, 2012.

8. mumin ildizTaSi, saqarTvelo da qarTvelebi osmalur

saarqivo dokumentebSi, stambuli, 2012.

9. uCa oqropiriZe, CamovayaliboT axali urTierTobebi,

JurnalSi: `Woroxi~, 6, 2006.

Ucha Okropiridze Doctor of History, Shota Rustaveli Batumi State University, Chief Scientist researcher of the Niko Berdzenishvili Instute.

Some Aspects of Georgia - Turkey's Relationship

with the Modern Turkish Historiography

Summary The article deals with the views of the modern Turkish historians -

Enver konukchu, Kemal aghajanisa and others, also fundamental studies by the mumin ildiztashis and Murad kasabis about Georgia - Turkish relations, int he past and the modern stage. There is some criticism of their views . It is concluded , Georgian - Turkish relationship with a better perspective.

172

naTia lacabiZe

saqarTvelos teqnikuri uni-

versitetis biznes-inJinerin-

gis fakultetis doqtoranti

italia-azerbaijanis ekonomikuri urTierTobebi

da saqarTvelo postsabWoTa periodSi

italiis mier azerbaijanis aRiareba 1992 wlis 1 ian-

vars im eqvs respublikasTan erTad moxda, romlebic sabWo-

Ta kavSiris daSlis Semdeg warmoiqmnen (sabWoTa kavSiris

daSla 1991 wlis dekemberSi almaatis samitze iqna dekleri-

rebuli). imave wlis 8 maiss italiam xeli moawera baqosTan

diplomatiuri urTierTobebis damyarebis SeTanxmebas. da-

moukidebeli azerbaijanis pirveli ekonomikuri partnio-

ric dasavleTidan swored italia gaxda [1]. ekonomikuri TanamSromloba, kerZod navTobisa da ga-

zis sferoSi, azerbaijansa da italias Soris ormxrivi ur-

TierTobebis niSansveti gaxda [2]. am konteqstSi, 1995 wlis

noemberidan yarabaRis navTobis ofSoruli zonis eqsplua-

taciaze uflebebis gadacemiT kaspiis navTobis saerTaSori-

so kompaniisTvis (Cipco), Agip-Tan erTad (italiis sayovel-

Tao navTobkompania), romelic 30%-iani wilis mflobelia,

italia baqosaTvis gaxda aTvlis wertili da privilegirebu-

li partniori. miuxedavad imisa, rom navTobis WaburRilebis faqtob-

rivi rezervebi aRmoCnda mniSvnelovnad dabali, vidre Tav-

dapirveli SefasebiT, ramac gamoiwvia konsorciumis daxur-

vis saWiroeba 1999 wels, energetikis sferoSi TanamSromlo-

ba TandaTanobiT mainc gaaqtiurda da ganviTarda orive

qveynis xelisuflebis mudmivi mxardaWeris wyalobiT. 1997

wlis seqtemberSi prezident alievisa da italiis premier mi-

nistris romano prodis, Sexvedris farglebSi ENI-sa (`Ente

Nazionale Idrocarburi~) da azerbaijanis saxelmwifo energetiku-

li kompania SOCAR-s Sori gaformda winaswari SeTanxmeba eq-

spluataciis uflebis gadacemis, ganviTarebisa da naxSir-

wyalbadebis (Txevadi sawvavis) warmoebis Sesaxeb baqos of-

173

Sorul sanapirosTan. 1998 wlis ivnisSi dadebuli produqci-

is wilobrivi ganawilebis xelSekrulebis safuZvelze ita-

liuri kompania 25% -iani wilis mflobeli gaxda. amas garda

2001 wels ENI ganixileba konsorciumis aqciebis 5% -iani

wilis mflobelad romelic pasuxismgebelia baqo-Tbilisi

jeihanis (BTC), navTobsadenis mSeneblobaze da miznad isa-

xavs evropul bazarze azerbaijanSi mopovebuli navTobis

transportirebas [3]. energoseqtorSi mzardi urTierTTanamSromlobis sa-

fuZvelze italiam baqo-sufsis navTobsadenis amoqmedebis

Semdeg 1998 wels daiwyo azerbaijanidan navTobis importi

TandaTanobiT mzardi kvotebiT da gaxda naxSirwyalbadebis

qveynis pirveli importiori da agreTve pirveli savaWro

(komerciuli) partniori. naxSirwyalbadebis eqsporti rea-

lurad warmoadgens azerbaijanis mTliani eqsportis daax-

loebiT 92% -s. italia, romelic 1998 wels warmoadgenda azerbaijanis

rigiT meoTxe partniors da iyo 7.4% wilis mflobeli, 1999 wels ukve gaxda azerbaijanis pirveli partniori da azerba-

ijanuli eqsportis daaxloebiT 33 % wilis mflobeli, Tu

ar CavTvliT 2007 wlis xanmokle Seferxebas, igi dRemde

inarCunebs am mdgomareobas. 2009 wels italiaSi importire-

buli iqna azerbaijanSi warmoebuli navTobis 12.3%. igi naci-

onaluri miwodebis mesame arxs warmoadgens libiisa da ru-

seTis Semdeg [4]. Tu 1999 wlidan, navTobis eqsporti Seadgenda italia-

sa da azerbaijans Soris savaWro urTierTgacvlis TiTqmis mTel wils, TandaTanobiT gaizarda bunebrivi gazis moxma-

rebis SesaZleblobebi, ramac gaaZliera interesi baqos

energetikuli politikis mimarT da dasabami misca ormxrivi

TanamSromlobis axal da mniSvnelovan SesaZleblobebs.

2007 wlidan Sah denizis sabadodan gazis warmoebis dawyebis

Semdeg azerbaijani faqtobrivad gaxda eqsportiori gazis evropul bazarze, romelic ufro da ufro eZebs ruseTis

alternatiul meTanis axal momwodeblebs. Sah denizis saba-

dos eqspluataciis meore fazis dawyebam -2015 wlamde unda

174

uzrunvelyos eqsportis zrda da unda Seadginos wliurad

10 miliardi kuburi metri. baqo aris wamyvani kandidati bunebrivi airis miwode-

baSi, romelmac unda gaxsnas axali energetikuli koridori

kavSiris samxreTiT da romelic evrokomisiis mier didi xnis

winaa Casmuli transevropuli qselebis `prioritetebSi~.

2005 wlidan kontinentTaSorisi proeqtis TurqeTi-saber-

ZneTi-italia (ITGI) amoqmedebiT, berZnulma kompania Edison-

ma, Defa - sTan da Turqul Botas -sTan(TurqeTis milsadenebis

saxelmwifo kompania) SeTanxmebiT gazis samxreTidan impor-

tirebis niadagi Seqmna. gazis satranzito derefnis strate-

giuli mniSvnelobis aRiarebiT italiis da azerbaijanis

mTavrobebma 2007 wlis dekemberSi xeli moaweres urTier-

Tgagebis memorandums romelic miznad isaxavs EDISON-sa da

SOCAR-s Soris gazis miwodebis Sesaxeb molaparakebebis

warmoebis mxardaWerasa da monitorings [5, 52—53]. azerbaijanis mniSvneloba kvlav dominirebs Sah deni-

zis meore fazis ganxorcielebaSi. samxreTis derefans evro-

kavSiri gazis miRebis axal damoukidebel marSrutad ganixi-

lavs [6, 12-13]. evropa am proeqtiT damatebiT 16 miliardi ku-

buri metri gazis miRebas SeZlebs.imisaTvis, rom am moculo-

bam miaRwios Cafiqrebul bazrebamde, bolo monacemebiT, ga-

dawyda, rom BP da misi partniorebi rig proeqtebs ganaxor-

cieleben. kerZod, aSendeba ori gazsadeni — TANAP-i da TAP-

i. transanatoliuri gazsadeni (TANAP) samxreT kavkasiis

milsadenis gagrZeleba iqneba TurqeTis aRmosavleT saz-

RvarTan. gazsadeni saqarTvelo-TurqeTis sazRvarTan ai-

Rebs saTaves da TurqeT-bulgareTis sazRvramde gagrZel-

deba. TANAP-i TurqeTis dasavleT sazRvarTan transadria-

tikul gazsadens (TAP) SeuerTdeba. aqedan TAP-i gadakveTs

saberZneTs da albaneTs adriatikis zRvis napiramde, Semdeg

milsadeni wyalqveS gaivlis italiamde. aqedan ki ukve itali-

is gazis transportaciis qsels SeuerTdeba. nabuqos proeq-

tis transadriatikuli milsadeniT Canacvlebis gadawyveti-

leba Sah deniz II-is konsorciumma 2013 wlis 28 ivniss miiRo.

arCevani imave dRes moiwona amerikis saxelmwifo departa-

mentma [7]. molaparakebebis procesSi aqtiurad iyo CarTuli

175

italiis xelisuflebac, romelic azerbaijanis mTavrobas

TAP—is upiratesobaSi arwmunebda. energetikis sferos garda azerbaijanSi italiis eko-

nomikuri warmomadgenloba mainc sakmaod mwiria da 2009

wlis monacemebis Sesabamisad erovnuli kvotiT ucxouri in-

vesticiebis mxolod 0.1% -s Seadgens. miuxedavad italiis didi mcdelobisa, xeli Seuwyos savaWro kavSirebis ganviTa-

rebas or qveyanas Soris — Seqmnas ormxrivi savaWro palata, organizebuli iqnas italiuri bazrobebi — italiis yofna

azerbaijanSi samewarmeo prerogativad rCeba im didi same-

warmeo jgufebisaTvis romlebic koncentrirebulni arian

infrastruqturis, mSeneblobis, sabanko da saavtomobilo mrewvelobis seqtorebSi. italiis wili azerbaijanSi impor-

tis saerTo moculobaSi rCeba dabali (2,1%— 2009 wels), qmnis ra savaWro disbalanss, romelmac 2009 wels, 3.5 mili-

ard evros gadaaWarba [5, 53]. amJamad 50 — mde italiuri kompa-

nia moRvaweobs azerbaijanSi. gasul wels eqsportma azerba-

ijanidan evrokavSirSi 7 miliardi evro Seadgina, xolo ev-

rokavSiridan azerbaijanSi — 400 milioni. xeli moewera da

Seiqmna sakanonmdeblo baza, rac Tavis mxriv xels Seuwyobs

qveynebs Soris ekonomikuri urTierTobebis gaRrmavebas. axali SesaZleblobebi warmoSobs axal ekonomikur ko-

niunqturas, romelic erTi mxriv qmnis italiuri firmebis

mimarT internacionalizaciis saWiroebas da meore mxriv

aucileblobas, rom azerbaijanis mier waxalisebuli iqnas

ekonomikis diversifikacia, romelic energetikis sferozea

mniSvnelovnad damokidebuli. miuxedavad imisa, rom ekono-

mikis diversifikaciis sakiTxi jer kidev gadauWrelia azer-

baijanis mTavrobis mxridan da qveyana ar aris msoflio sa-

vaWro organizaciis wevri, garkveuli Zvrebi mainc SeiniSne-

ba da qveynis sameurneo da samrewvelo seqtorSi idialuri

pirobebi iqmneba aRorZinebisTvis. am fonze, italiis ekono-

mika, romelic xasiaTdeba mcire da saSualo zomis sawarmoe-

bis Zlieri warmomadgenlobiT, xels uwyobs azerbaijanis in-

dustrializaciis process. swored am mizniT Seiqmna mTav-

robaTaSorisi ekonomikuri komisia (2006 w).

176

azerbaijanTan urTierTobis gaRrmavebisadmi mzardi

interesis dasturia italiuri sawarmoo biznesis misia

azerbaijanSi, romelic ganxorcielda 2010 wlis aprilSi baqoSi da romelsac xelmZRvanelobda sagareo ekonomikuri ganviTarebis ministri adolfo urso. agreTve misiaSi mona-

wileobdnen Ice (sagareo vaWrobis erovnuli instituti) da Simest Finest (Crdilo aRmosavleTis mewarmeebis saholdingo

kompania) [9]. meore mxriv, mcdeloba gaixsnas samrewvelo da lojistikur zona italiur portSi Aktau da kaspiis yazaxur

sanapiroebze, xazs usvams kidev erTxel azerbaijanis rols centraluri aziis bazrebze.

bunebriv gazze moTxovna evropuli da samxreT kori-

doris gaswvriv maRalia. italia, romelic gazsadenis daniS-

nulebis bolo punqtia, evropaSi bunebrivi gazis erT-erTi

umsxvilesi bazaria: aq gazis moxmareba 70 miliard kubur

metrs aRwevs, xolo baqos, rogorc energetikuli partnio-

ris SesaZleblobebi amouwuravia. Tuki am ori qveynis Tanam-

Sromlobis dinamikas davakvirdebiT, naTlad davinaxavT

bevr sasikeTo signals, rogorc regionisTvis aseve Cveni

qveynisTvis. mxolod Sah deniz-is meore fazis dawyebiT sa-

qarTvelos teritoriaze samjer ufro meti gazi gaivlis, sa-

qarTvelo gaaZlierebs sakuTar, rogorc tranzitori qvey-

nis, rols; damatebiTi gazis gatarebis SemTxvevaSi, saqar-

TveloSi SesaZlebeli gaxdeba gazze arsebuli moTxovnis

75%-is dakmayofileba msoflioSi arsebul sabazro faseb-

Tan SedarebiT TiTqmis samjer ufro iafad da gazsadenis

operirebis periodSi mudmiv samuSao adgils miiRebs 130 ada-

miani. arsebuli SeTanxmebis Tanaxmad, saqarTvelos SeuZlia

tranzitiT gatarebuli bunebrivi airi 5% SeRavaTian fasad

Seisyidos, rac gazsadenis maqsimaluri datvirTvis SemTxve-

vaSi, weliwadSi damatebiT miliard kubur metr gazze mets

Seadgens. amasTan, paraleluri milsadenebis mSeneblobisaT-

vis saqarTvelos portebisa da rkinigzis gamoyenebiT daax-

loebiT 350 000 tona samSeneblo tvirTisa da masalebis gada-

zidva ganxorcieldeba [8, 17-18].

177

damowmebuli wyaroebi da literatura: 1. `Heydar Aliyev’s Heritage~ Iinternational Online Library, www. li-

brary.aliyev-heritage.org. 2. presis saagento `APA~, APA’s interview with Italian Ambassador

to Azerbaijan Giampaolo Cutillo, 05 November 2013. 3. http://www.eni.com/portal/search/search.do?locale=en–

IT&section=news&keyword=SOCAR. 4. State Statistical Committee of the Republic of Azerbaijan,

www.azstat.org. 5. Litalia e I vicini oriental dell Unione Europea, ISPI, 2011. 6. La politica energetica dell'Unione europea; Arianna Checchi. p.12-13;

2009. 7. http://www.state.gov/r/pa/prs/ps/2013/06/211313.htm Selection of Pipeline

Route for the Southern Gas Corridor; Press Statement; Patrick Ventrell Act-ing Deputy Spokesperson, Office of Press Relations; Washington, DC, June 28, 201.

8. energodaijesti, saqarTvelos energetikis saministro,

2014, #4. 9. http://www.ambbaku.esteri.it/

Natia latsabidze

Doctoral Student of Technical University of Georgia

Economic Cooperation Between Azerbaijan and Italy in Post-soviet Period and Georgia

Since restoration of its independence in 1991 Azerbaijan has paid par-

ticular attention to development of its political and economic ties with devel-oped market economies. One of the countries which became strategic partner for Azerbaijan is Italy. During recent years Italy and Azerbaijan have signed a number of bilateral documents related to development of economic relations thus creating solid legislative basis for bilateral cooperation.

Italy and Azerbaijan made remarkable achievements in developing bilateral cooperation in oil and gas sector, including oil and gas refinery and

178

transportation. Cooperation in this area will definitely continue due to the strategic locations both Italy and Azerbaijan. Oil and Gas is the key sector at the moment, TAP is a very important step and great opportunity, both for Italy and the European Union, to diversify energy supplies from an impor-tant and stable provider like Azerbaijan.

On the other hand, Italian companies can be also actively involved in development of non-oil sector of economy of Azerbaijan. Forms of coop-eration may include 100% FDI, joint ventures, sub-contracting, license agreements, franchising. Cooperation on equity and non equity basis taking into consideration experience of Italy in developing of small and medium size enterprises (SMEs) could be right direction for expansion of bilateral economic relations.

Cooperation with such economically advanced country as Italy would help Azerbaijan to increase further its competitiveness. Besides tech-nical assistance, cooperation with developed market economies will allow Azerbaijan to attract more FDI, portfolio investment, technology and know-how and gradually increase competiveness of its economy.

If examine the dynamics of cooperation of these two countries, we’ll see many positive signals not only for the region also for Georgia. Due to launching second phase of Shah Deniz, three times more natural gas will pass through Georgia. Consequently, Georgia will strengthen its role as a transistor.

179

giorgi CxikviSvili

saqarTvelos teqnikuri univer-

sitetis asistent-profesori

daviT tabataZe

arasamTavrobo organizacia `demoka-

ratiis ganviTarebis, analizisa da

prognozirebis centris~ Tavmjdomare

ruseTis sagareo politikis ZiriTadi mimarTulebebi da qarTuli politikis paradigmebi

ruseTis sakiTxi SiSveli nerviviT feTqavs qarTul

cnobierebaSi. SeiZleba iTqvas, rom nakleb moiZebneba Tana-

medrove saxelmwifoTa urTierTobebis istoriaSi ori mezo-

beli qveyana, romelTa Tanacxovreba im doziT iyo gadatvir-

Tuli dramatuli movlenebiT, rogorc es saqarTvelo-ruse-

Tis magaliTzea. samwuxarod, saqarTveloSi mecnierul do-

neze naklebad aris Seswavlili `marSze myofi ruseTis~ [h.

kisinjeris gamoTqmiT] sagareo politikis veqtorebi, misi

adgili regionsa da Tanamedrove msoflioSi, arada am prob-

lemis politologiuri analizis gareSe ver gavakeTebT das-

kvnebs — ras unda velodeT xvalindeli ruseTisagan, sag-

rZnoblad garTuldeba ruseTis mier permanentul gamowve-

vaTa swori `inventarizacia~ da adeqvaturad damcavi meqa-

nizmebis Seqmna.

istoriulad, ruseTi yovelTvis iyo saxelmwifo, rom-

lis ndobac sarisko iyo. uinston CerCils Tu davesesxebiT

`rusebTan dadebuli xelSekrulebis fasi ar aRemateba im qa-

Raldis furclis fass, romelzec igia dabeWdili.~marTlac,

man araerTxel daarRvia dadebuli xelSekruleba da gatexa

sityva. ruseTis imperatorma aleqsandre I-ma faratina qa-

Raldad aqcia giorgievskis traqtati — araTu ar daicva da

daifara saqarTvelo, aramed TviTon daipyro: mefis xeli-

sufleba da avtokefalia gaauqma da xangrZliv koloniur

monobaSic Caagdo. faratina qaRaldad aqcia, agreTve, 1920

wlis 7 maiss dadebuli xelSekruleba ruseTsa da saqarTve-

los Soris. saqarTveloSi gabatonebidan sul raRac sauku-

180

nenaxevarSi ruseTma (ssr kavSiris CaTvliT) 11 didi omi ga-

daixada, romelTa saerTo xangrZlivoba 25 wels aRemateba.

maTgan Svidi omis frontis xazi saqarTveloze gadioda [1.

341]. Sedegi advilad warmosadgenia. igive bedi ewia medvedev-

sarkozis cnobil xelSekrulebas. Tumca, unda aRiniSnos,

rom dRemde ruseTi Zalismier komponents e.w. `uxeS Zalas~

iyenebs postsabWoTa teritoriaze, romelsac igi jer kidev

mis gavlenis sferod miiCnevs. amis damadasturebelia saqar-

Tvelos teritoriis nawilebis okupacia, 2008 wlis ruseT-

saqarTvelos omi da da yirimis aneqsia. rac Seexeba dasav-

leTTan urTierTobebs, civi omis Semdeg ruseTma politiku-

ri midgomebi mkveTrad Secvala. beloveJis samitis Semdeg,

rodesac igi iqca saerTaSoriso urTierTobaTa srulufle-

bian subieqtad, (rogorc sabWoTa kavSiris samarTalmemkvid-

re ruseTi avtomaturad gaxda rogorc gaeros, aseve, misi

uSiSroebis sabWos mudmivi wevri), sagareo politikis mTavar

prioritetad aqcia dasavleTTan TanamSromloba da saerTa-

Soriso politikur da ekonomikur institutebSi gawevriane-

ba. 2007 wlis 10 Tebervals usafrTxoebis sakiTxebisadmi miZ-

Rvnil miunhenis tradiciul konferenciaze `putinis doq-

trinis~ saxiT, ruseTma gaakeTa ganacxadi evropuli usaf-

rTxoebis sistemis mTavar arqiteqtorad gaxdomis Sesaxeb.

nawilobriv modernizebulma ruseTma uxeSi Zalis gakeTil-

Sobilebis mizniT samxedro komponentebi Caanacvla zegav-

lenis araZalismieri formebiT, qmedebebiT, romelic poli-

tikis TeoriaSi `rbili Zalis~ saxeliTaa cnobili.

`rbilis Zalis~ koncefciis avtori aris amerikeli

mecnieri, harvardis universitetis profesori jozef nai,

romelmac 2004 w. gamoqveynebul Tavis naSromSi `rbili Zala

— msoflio politikaSi miznis miRwevis saSualeba~, wamoayena

axali midgoma Tanamedrove sagareo urTierTobebSi. es Teo-

ria emijneba `uxeSi Zalis~ Teorias. igi dafuZnebulia iZu-

lebisa da zewolis meqanizmze da sasurveli miznis misaRwe-

vad aqcents akeTebs TanamSromlobaze, energetikul, ekono-

mikur da inteleqtualur resursebze. `rbili Zalis~ kon-

cefciis praqtikuli realizacia aqtiurad daiwyo aSS-s moq-

medma prezidentma barak obamam. misi `gadatvirTvis politi-

ka~ aris `rbili Zalis~ politikis ganxorcielebis klasiku-

181

ri nimuSi. ruseTic ukrainis procesebamde cdilobda ar Ca-

morCenoda amerikis axali administracias. `rbili Zalis~ re-

alizaciis mizniT moskovi iyenebda saxelmwifo struqtu-

rebs da institutebs, medias, sazogadoebriv organizaciebs,

fondebs, cnobil saxeebs, mecnierebs, eqspertebs, ucxoeTSi

saxelganTqmul pirovnebebs, emigracias da e.w. `mexuTe ko-

lonas.~man es meqanizmi daamuSava samecniero-kvleviT cen-

trebSi. dasavleTTan mimarTebaSi rusuli `rbili Zalis~

strategiis umniSvnelovanesi mimarTulebebia:

pirveli, aSS-sTan urTierTobis dros gauWreli kozi-

ria ruseTis xelSi `vetos~ ufleba uSiSroebis sabWoSi da

globaluri usafrTxoebis proeqtebSi monawileoba. evro-

pasTan urTierTobis dros ki ZiriTadad ekonomikis politi-

kuri miznebiT gamoyeneba, kerZod:

a) ruseTis energetikuli diplomatiis ganviTareba, mi-

si ZiriTadi mizani aris zegavlenis moxdena mezoblebsa da

evrokavSiris qveynebze. dasavleTSi ruseTis mier ekonomi-

kuri berketebis gamoyenebis magaliTebia: avstriaSi — `gaz-

promis~ mier ramdenime gazis savaWro da marketinguli kom-

paniis kontroli. 2012 wlis TebervalSi rusuli `sberban-

kis~ mier SeZenili avstriuli VBI bankis 100%-iani wili, ra-

mac moicva VBI-is Svilobili bankebi bosniaSi, serbeTSi,

sloveniasa da xorvatiaSi. ruseTi aris avstriisaTvis gazis

sakvanZo mimwodebeli; bulgareTSi — `gazpromis~ mier gazis

savaWro da transportirebis kompania `topenergo~-sa da ga-

zis distribuciis kompaniis `overgazis~ kontroli. gaziT

momaragebis TvalsazrisiT, bulgareTi mTlianad ruseTzea

damokidebuli; serbeTSi — `gazpromi~ akontrolebs gazis sa-

disertacio kompania `iugorosgazs.~amasTan erTad, serbe-

Tis gazis momarageba ruseTzea damokidebuli; CexeTSi —

`gazpromi akontrolebs gazis sadistribucio kompania `ve-

meqss.~2011 wels `gazpromma~ SeiZina 51%-iani wili Cexur

`RSP Energy~-Si, romelis aris Cexi momxmareblisaTvis eleq-

troenergiisa da gazis erT-erTi mimwodebeli [2. 22]. CexeTi

gaziT ZiriTadad ruseTidan maragdeba. garda amisa, ruseTi

aris gazis ZiriTadi wyaro TurqeTisaTvis, makedoniisaTvis,

saberZneTisaTvis, slovakeTisaTvis, sloveniisaTvis, fine-

TisaTvis, CernogoriisaTvis, poloneTisaTvis; mniSvnelova-

182

ni mimwodebelia germaniisaTvis, italiisaTvis, rumineTisa

da xorvatiisaTvis.

b) `rbili Zalis~ instrumentis saxiT ruseTi moiaz-

rebs finansur daxmarebebs, romelzec damokidebulni arian

didi da patara qveynebi. koloniuri politikis periodSi in-

glisSi arsebobda gamoTqma, romelic koloniuri dapyrobis

sqemas asaxavda: `jer Cndeba vaWari, mere xiSti da droSa.~ru-

seTi sul ufro zrdis evropuli qveynebisaTvis gacemul

kreditebs da kremlis mier kontrolirebadi rusuli kompa-

niebis mier SeZenili evropuli kompaniebis aqciebis ricxvs.

Zalian didia ruseTis gavlena evropuli saxelmwifoebis fi-

nansur sistemebSi, kerZod, kviprosi 2005-2011 wlebis mona-

cemebiT oficialurad iyo mesame adgilze ruseTSi Cadebu-

li pirdapiri ucxouri investiciebiT, rac gamowveuli iyo

rusuli fulis moZraobiT ruseTidan kviprosze da iqidan

isev ruseTSi; serbeTs 2013 wels miRebuli aqvs ruseTis mier

5-wliani krediti 800 milioni dolaris odenobiT, serbuli

satransporto sistemis, upirveles yovlisa, rkinigzis mo-

dernizaciisaTvis, mogvianebiT daemata 500 milioni dola-

ris odenobis krediti sabiujeto deficitis dasafinanseb-

lad, Cernogoriis uamravi qonebis did nawils ruseTis moqa-

laqeebi floben, ungreTs 2014 wlis xelSekrulebiT ruseTis

mier gadaecema 13.7 miliardi dolaris odenobiT krediti,

romelic unda moxmardes arsebuli atomuri energosadgu-

lebis ganaxlebas da a. S. [2. 24].

g) ruseTis ekonomikuri aqtivobis sxva formebsac iye-

nebs misi politikuri interesebis mxardasaWerad. magali-

Tad, iaraRiT vaWrobs evropis farglebs gareT rig saxel-

mwifoebrTan: sudanTan, boliviasTan, indoeTTan, ekvador-

Tan, zimbabvesTan, iranTan, vietnamTan, siriasTan, venesua-

lasTan da a. S., rasac mowmobs sxvadasxva wlebSi saqarTve-

los okupirebul regionebSi devnilTa dabrunebis Sesaxeb

gaeros yovelwliuri rezoluciebis winaaRmdeg micemuli

xmebi.

meore, `rbili Zalis~ erT-erTi komponentia sxva qvey-

nebis Sinagan procesebze zegavlenis taqtika, romelic gamo-

ixateba xelisuflebaSi kanonieri gziT prorusuli Zalebis

mosvliT. es teqnologia ZiriTadad gamoiyeneba postabWour

183

sivrceSi, ramac ukve gamokveTa garkveuli Sedegebi. proru-

suli orientaciis prezidentebis arCeviT belarusSi, ukrai-

naSi, moldovaSi, somxeTSi rusebma SeZles gavlenis aRdgena

am qveynebSi aseve, Sua aziis saxelmwifoebSi: yazaxeTSi, yir-

gizeTSi, sadac e.w. `meamboxeebma~ daamxes kanonieri prezi-

denti bakievi da a. S. amJamad mimdinareobs `rbili Zalis~ ga-

moyenebis mcdeloba postsocialistur qveynebTan mimarTe-

baSi.

mesame, `rbili Zalis~ erT-erTi instrumentia kremlis

mier ganxorcielebuli saxelmwifo politika, romelic ori-

entirebulia msoflioSi ruseTis sainformacio-kulturu-

li zegavlenis misaRwevad. rusuli `rbili Zalis~ koncefti

efuZneba `velikorusul faseulobebs~, `tradiciebis dac-

vas~, romelic gazavebulia rusuli nacionalizmiTa da mesi-

anizmiT da maTi gakeTilSobilebis axali mcdelobaa. garda

amisa, mniSvnelovan rols TamaSobs antisemizitmi da anti-

vesternizmi, ramdenadac `tradiciebis dakarga~ ebraelebis

an dasavleTis kulturuli zegavlenis Sedegad aRiqmeba; da

aseve homofobiis instrumentalizacia, romelic ruseTis

mezobel qveynebSi antievropuli ganwyobilebis Sesaqmnelad

da ruseTis garSemo maT dasarazmavad gamoiyeneba. marTlac,

homoseqsualobis Tema kremlis `tradicionalisturi~ ideo-

logiis wyalobiT sazogadoebrivi yuradReis epicentrSi

moeqca TiTqmis mTel postabWoTa sivrceSi, Tumca seqsua-

luri umciresobebis statusis Temas evropuli qveynebis sa-

jaro diskursebSi arcTu imdenad mniSvnelovani adgili uka-

via, rogorc amis warmoCenas kremli cdilobs. putinis ruse-

Tis ideologiur fasads rigi mecnierebi, ZiriTadad antig-

lobalistebi da nacionalistebi, CvenSic da dasavleTSic

sinamdviled aRiqvams. am wreebSi putini ganixileba dasavlu-

ri liberalizmis alternativad.

meoTxe, rusuli `rbili Zalis~ politikis erT-erTi

komponentia ruseTis sagareo politikis `humanitaruli mi-

marTuleba~, romelic dakavSirebulia ucxoeTSi ruseTis in-

teresebisa da erTa TviTgamorkvevis uflebaTa dacvasTan.

moskovi samxedro operaciebis ganxorcielebis dros yiri-

mis aneqsiamde yovelTvis apelirebda saerTaSoriso samar-

Tlis principebiTa da humanitaruli motivaciiT. yirimis

184

aneqsiiT man daarRvia saerTaSoriso samarTliT gansaz-

Rvruli `TamaSis wesebi~, romlebic aRiares suverenulma sa-

xelmwifoebma da rac gamoixateboda saerTaSoriso xelSek-

rulebebiT. kerZod, ruseTma yirimis aneqsiiT daarRvia 1994

wlis aSS-sa da didi britaneTis garantorobiT mis mier xel-

mowerili SeTanxmeba ukrainis sazRvrebis xelSeuxeblobis

Sesaxeb. amiT ruseTma wyali Seuyena arsebul msoflio wes-

rigs da evropis sazRvrebis urRvevobas da gaakeTa ganacxa-

di `rbili Zalis~ politikis TamaSis wesebis ignorirebis, sa-

kuTari politikuri dominaciis Riad aRdgenisa da axali ge-

opolitikur msoflio moTamaSed gaxdomis Sesaxeb.

Tanamedrove politikuri wesrigis Semdgomi koreqti-

reba dakavSirebulia aSS-s mier ganxorcielebul qmedebeb-

Tan — ramdenad SeZlebs igi am wesrigis garantoris rolis

SenarCunebas da ruseTis dabrunebas saerTaSoriso samar-

Tlebriv sivrceSi. aseve mniSvnelovania evrokavSiris pozi-

ciac ruseTis mimarT — ramdenad SeZlebs is politikuri daq-

saqsulobis daZlevas da ekonomikur distancirebas ruse-

Tisgan. grZelvadian gaTvlebSi evropis gaziT momaragebis

alternatiuli gzebis moZiebis, aseve Txevadi gazis tran-

sportirebisa da fiqlis gazis teqnologiebis ganviTarebis

SemTxvevaSi es savsebiT realuria. moklevadian gaTvlebSi

ruseTisagan unda velodeT axal-axal siurprizebs demokra-

tiuli dasavleTisaTvis, da gamowvevebs permanentul reJim-

Si mis samezobloSi rCeba. gansakuTrebiT ki evrokavSirTan

asocirebis Sesaxeb xelSekrulebis gaformebisa da seqtem-

bris natos samitze mapis miRebis survilis gamo.

gamomdinare iqidan, rom ruseTi dRes ukrainis Semdeg

postsabWoTa sivrceSi yvelaze agresiulad ganwyobili sa-

qarTvelos winaaRmdeg aris, saqarTvelo rCeba ruseTis

mxridan erT-erTi yvelaze seriozuli pretenziebis samiz-

ned da kvlav arsebobs safrTxe realuri suverenitetis xel-

yofis WrilSi, gansakuTrebiT ukrainis movlenebis Semdeg.

amitomac, rac ar unda rTuli misaRwevi iyos, qarTulma dip-

lomatiam unda uzrunvelyos iseTi samomavlo realoba, rom-

lis drosac ruseTTan nebismieri intensiurobisa da xasia-

Tis konfliqtis dros saqarTvelo ruseTTan pirispir ar aR-

moCndeba movlenaTa mosalodneli Tu moulodneli scenare-

185

bis ganviTarebis SemTxvevaSic ki. diplomatiis istoriam

icis precendenti, rodesac saerTaSoriso zegavleniT ruse-

Ti iZulebuli gaxda eRiarebina sakuTari sagareo politikis

strategiis kanonieri miuRebloba sxva saxelmwifoebisaTvis

da daTanxmebuliyo mis Zireul koreqtirebaze. mxedveloba-

Si gvaqvs 1878 wlis ivnisSi berlinis kongresze londonSi

ruseTis elCis graf Suvalovis pozicia, romelmac erT-er-

Tma pirvelma aRiara britaneTis sagareo saqmeTa ministris

lord solsberis cnobili memorandumis samarTlianoba, sa-

dac damajereblad iyo dasabuTebuli, Tu ratom iyo evropis

simSvidisaTvis obieqturad miuRebeli san-stefanos zavi da

sajarod dauWira mxari ruseTisaTvis uprecendentod xel-

sayrel TurqeTTan zavis gadasinjvas. marTalia, es faqti,

samwuxarod, erTaderTia ruseTis politikur istoriaSi,

magram globalizaciis ganviTarebis logika Tanamedrove

etapze iZleva Sanss, rom saerTaSoriso sazogadoebrivi az-

ris saqarTvelos saxelmwifos interesis irgvliv mobilize-

bis SemTxvevaSi es faqti ar darCes mxolod precendentad.

amave dros sasicocxlod mniSvnelovania ganvsazRvroT sa-

erTaSoriso sazogadoebrivi azris mobilizebis realuri

CarCoebi, vawarmooT swori gaTvlebi dasavleTis mxardaWe-

ris masStabebsa da SesaZleblobebze, raTa globalur poli-

tikaSi mimdinare nebismieri politikuri procesi an politi-

kuri aqcia ar iqces siurprizad TbilisisaTvis da saqarTve-

los ar mouwios moqmedeba post-faqtum. amisaTvis ki, upir-

veles yovlisa, unda iqnas sworad gansazRvruli da Sefase-

buli ruseTis, rogorc axali geopolitikuri msoflio mo-

TamaSis roli globaluri politikis arenaze, misi dasav-

leTTan urTierTdamokidebulebis xarisxi da margi qmede-

bis koeficienti. ucxoel mokavSireTa realuri zegavlenis

gansazRvra aucilebelia, raTa SevZloT ruseTTan mosalod-

neli agresiis neitralizeba.

ruseTTan Cveni urTierTobisas amosavali postulati

unda iyos pragmatizmi, amave dros, unda vimoqmedoT swra-

fad, radgan saqarTvelos ara aqvs didi xnis lodinisa da kus

nabijiT siarulis fufuneba. unda moxdes moskovidan momdi-

nare yvela SesaZlo riskebis analizi, ruseTs zewolis sakma-

od bevri da mravalferovani arsenali gaaCnia. unda moxdes

186

TiToeuli maTganis gaTvla da mis asacileblad Sesabamisi

prevenciuli zomebis miReba. kerZod: rTuli ar aris imis

prognozireba, rom SesaZloa yirimis movlenebma `dominos

Teoriis~ mixedviT saqarTvelos teritoriazec gadmoinac-

vlos. amitom saWirod migvaCnia davaswroT movlenebs da mi-

viRoT prevenciuli zomebi, romlis Tanaxmadac ruseTma Ta-

visi koziri — erTa TviTgamorkvevis saerTaSoriso samar-

Tlis principiT apelireba — ver gamoiyenos. miTumetes,

msoflioSi arsebobs aseTi midgomis precendenti. kerZod,

kanadis federalurma mTavrobam 1998 wels mimarTa qveynis

uzenaes sasamarTlos kvebekis calmxrivad gamoyofis legi-

timurobis gansasazRvrad. sasamarTlom daadgina, rom kana-

dis kanonmdeblobis mixedviT, kvebeks ara aqvs calmxrivad

gamoyofis ufleba da daadastura, rom ukanono gziT gan-

xorcielebuli secesiis dakanoneba SeuZlebelia saerTaSo-

riso Tanamegobrobis mier da am SemTxvevaSi erovnul kanon-

mdeblobaze maRla ver dadgeba saerTaSoriso Tanamegobro-

bis mier saxelmwifos romelime Semadgeneli nawilis aRiare-

ba.

unda vifiqroT, rom espaneTSi Seqmnili politikuri

analizis gaTvaliswinebiT ar aris gamoricxuli, rom aseTi-

ve wesiT moxdeba msjeloba kataloniis Taobaze. dasanania,

rom dRemde ar momxdara aseTi msjeloba saqarTvelos sakon-

stitucio sasamarTloSi, miT umetes, rom aseT akrZalvebs

iseve, rogorc kanadis, Cveni erovnuli kanonmdeblobac iT-

valiswinebs. amitom aucileblad migvaCnia, rom dRes mainc

saqarTvelos sakonstitucio sasamarTlom imsjelos im te-

ritoriebTan dakavSirebiT, romlebic ZiriTadad araqarTu-

li mosaxleobiTaa dasaxlebuli, raTa moskovis samomavlo

provokaciebs zurgs ar umagrebdes politikur-samarTleb-

rivi bazis arasrulyofileba.

saqarTveloze ruseTis zewolis erT-erT meqanizmad

SeiZleba ganvixiloT sazogadoebriv azrSi cvlilebebic.

Tavis droze natoSi gawevrianebis mxardamWerTa 70%-ze met-

ma maCvenebelma zedmeti Tavdajerebulobis atmosfero Seq-

mna. aliansSi gawevrianebaze sazogadoeba Zalian did imedebs

amyarebda da amitomac, rogorc yovelTvis xdeba, did molo-

dins didi imedgacrueba mohyva. pirvelive seriozul winaaR-

187

mdegobaze buqarestis samitze moxda iluziebis Canacvleba

imedgacruebiT. am fonze Zalian gaaqtiurda prorusuli Za-

lebi, romlebic Riad prorusul propagandas jerjerobiT

ver bedaven, magram imave mizans dasavleTisa da misi faseu-

lobebis kritikiT aRweven. dRes prodasavluri infras-

truqturis TiTqmis yvela komponenti dartymis qveSaa. imi-

saTvis, rom garkveul winaaRmdegobebs da mosalodnel pro-

vokaciebs ar mohyves iluziebis Canacvleba da imedgacrueba

aucileblad migvaCnia TbilisSi farTo sazogadoebis mona-

wileobiT iqnas mowyobili diskursiebi, samecniero konfe-

renciebi Tu sxva saxis RonisZiebebi, sadac iqneba seriozuli

mecnieruli kvleva Catarebuli Tanamedrove ruseTis saga-

reo politikis da misi politikuri doqtrinis, liderTa

mentalobis, rusebis eTnofsiqologiisa da sxva sakiTxebis

Sesaxeb, aseve saqarTveloSi arsebuli dilemebisa Tu saxva-

lio safrTxeebis analizis, prognozirebis, damcavi preven-

ciuli zomebis gaTvlisa Tu sxva gamowvevebis Taobaze.

gamoyenebuli wyaroebi da literatura:

1. a. bendianiSvili, a. dauSvili, m. samsonaZe, o. janeliZe,

rusuli kolonializmi saqarTveloSi, Tbilisi, 2008.

2. Jurnali `tabula~, #35, 2014.

188

Giorgi Chkhikvishvili

Assistan-proffesor of the Geor-gian Technical University

Davit Tabatadze

Chief of N.G.O `Center of Development, Analysis and Forecasting of Democracy~

Main Vector of Russian Foreign Policy and Paradigms

of Politics of Georgia

Summary Considered in the article, the new trend of modern Russian foreign

policy in global politics according to which military components are re-placed not by force impact forms. Such an approach in political science is known as the principle of ‘’soft power.~

'Soft power', Russia in Global Affairs, applies and in the former So-viet Union, which Russia still considers its sphere of influence, not even trying hard to elevate the power and uses of neighboring states to meet their real claim due to their sovereignty

In the letter is concluded on the basis, politological analysis of prob-lems. What we should expect from tomorrow's Russia and given advice about the possible avoidance of danger.

189

Николай Джавахишвили

Доктор исторических наук, профессор Тбилисского государственного универси-тета имени Иванэ Джавахишвили, глав-ный научный сотрудник Отделения новой и новейшей истории Института истории и этнологии имени Иванэ Джавахишвили

ИЗ ИСТОРИИ ГРУЗИНО-ДАГЕСТАНСКОГО

ВОЕННОГО СОТРУДНИЧЕСТВА (на рубеже XVIII-XIX веков)

История взаимоотношений грузинского и северокавказских

народов берет свое начало в глубине веков. Грузинские цари и владетельные князья всегда придавали большое военно-политическое значение тесным связям с горцами, проживающими по ту сторону Кавказского хребта. Поэтому они старались поддерживать с северокав-казскими народами добрососедские, дружественные отношения. Вои-ны-северокавказцы служили в войсках грузинских царей еще до наше-го летосчисления [13, 22-45].

Царская династия Багратионов правила Грузией в продолжение тысячелетия (IX–XIX вв.) [40, 615-622], дав родине многих выдающихся царей [1].

Традиционное военное сотрудничество грузин и северокав-казцев успешно продолжалось и развивалось вплоть до последних лет существования грузинской монархии. В этом отношении особенно выделялся период царствования (1744-1798) Ираклия II (1720-1798), в войсках которого систематически числились северокавказцы [22, 92-120], в том числе и дагестанцы [14, 39].

История взаимоотношений грузинского и дагестанских народов насчитывает многие века [5; 17; 28]. Правда, на протяжении столь долгой истории сосуществования между нашими народами, к сожале-нию, нередко случалась и вражда, но между грузинами и дагестанцами – не только историческими соседями, но и родственными с

190

генетической и языковой точек зрения царили также дружба и сотруд-ничество [33-34].

Одним из значительных периодов истории грузино-дагестанского военного сотрудничества является конец XVIII – начало XIX веков. В этот период на территории Грузии существовало два цар-ства – Карталино-Кахетия (Восточная Грузия) и Имеретия (Западная Грузия), а также княжества: Мегрелии, Абхазии, Гурии и Сванетии (Западная Грузия).

Последними царями из династии Багратионов были: в Имеретии – Давид II (1755-1795) и сын его двоюродного брата – Соломон II (1772-1815), в Карталино-Кахетии – Георгий XII (1746-1800) и его внук – Григорий I (1789-1830).

Настоящий очерк делится на две подглавы: 1. Дагестанцы на службе последних царей Имеретии – Давида II и Соломона II; 2. Дагестанцы на службе последних царей Карталино-Кахетии – Георгия XII и Григория I.

1. Дагестанцы на службе последних царей Имеретии

Давида II и Соломона II Соломон I (1735-1784), царь Имеретии, царствовал в течение 32

лет (1752-1784). По его завещанию на имеретинский престол должен был взойти сын его брата, царевича Арчила – Давид (1772-1815), будущий царь Соломон II. Заметим, что мать Давида, царевна Елена (1753-1786) была дочерью царя Ираклия II.

Поскольку по смерти Соломона I (1784) его племяннику Давиду Арчиловичу было всего 12 лет, было решено до его совершеннолетия временно возвести на престол двоюродного брата скончавшегося царя 29-летнего Давида Георгиевича (1755-1795), который известен в истории под именем Давида II [16, 280-281].

Давид II царствовал в течение 1784-1789 гг. Для осуществления собственных целей он часто использовал дагестанское войско, которое шедро вознаграждал.

В 1789 году против Давида II сформировалась коалиция, в которой объединились недовольные его правлением феодалы. Последние пытались возвести на престол законного наследника имере-тинского престола 17-летнего Давида Арчиловича. В свою очередь, Давид II стал готовиться к войне.

191

Как отмечает историк Николай (Нико) Дадиани (1764-1834), `царь Давид собрал войско грузин и дагестанцев~ [7, 184].

11 июля 1789 года недалеко от города Хони, в битве, разыгравшейся в Хунц-Матходжской роще, Давид Арчилович победил Давида II и изгнал его из Имеретии. На имеретинский престол взошел Давид Арчилович, известный под именем царя Соломона II.

Изгнанный царь нашел пристанище у Ахалцихского паши, подданного турецкого султана. Он не собирался уступать имеретинского престола и 11 июля 1790 года вторгся в Имеретию и на недолгое время вернул себе престол. В его войске сражались и дагестанцы [7, 185-186].

Следует сказать, что в борьбе за овладение имеретинским престолом дагестанские отряды служили в войсках обоих претендентов – Давида II и Соломона II.

В том же 1790 году коалиционная армия, в состав которой входили войска Карталино-Кахетии и Мегрелии, повергла Давида II и взяла г. Кутаиси. На этот раз дагестанцы боролись на стороне Соломо-на II [16, 303].

Давид II еще раз попытался вернуть трон с помощью турок и дагестанцев, но тщетно. Сторонникам Соломона II удалось склонить на свою сторону влиятельного лезгинского вождя Дурмаму, который вместе со своим отрядом покинул войско Давида II.

Но оставшиеся в войске Давида II дагестанцы продолжили борьбу. Особую самоотверженность в этой войне проявили прославленные воины – князь Свимон Абашидзе и дагестанец Амирхан. Однако численный перевес противника вынудил Давида II покинуть поле бытвы [7, 187].

Победивший в борьбе Соломон II окончательно вернул себе царский престол и процарствовал до 1810 года.

Соломон II желал утвердить свою власть и в княжествах, существовавших в ту пору на территории Западной Грузии. В его лич-ной охране служили отборные дагестанские воины [24, 447], которых царь использовал и для покорения мятежных владетельных князей Мегрелии и Гурии [7, 190-192].

В 1802 году Соломон II нанял дагестанский отряд численностью 600 человек под предводительством Нур-Мамеда [23, 375], а также другой отряд, которым руководил Джама, платя каждому воину по 20 курушов [23, 669].

192

Здесь следует отметить, что упомянутый выше Нур-Мамед или Нур-Мухаммад Османилав был из сел. Унцукуль (по грузински – `Осоколо~), жители которого считались подданными шамхалов Тарко-вских, хотя по языку они являются аварцами.

25 апреля 1804 года Соломон II был вынужден подписать документ, согласно которому Имеретия вошла под подкровительство Российской империи. Однако, несмотря на это, царь не скрывал своего недовольства произволом имперского военного руководства и гото-вился к изгнанию русских войск. В 1808 году командование русской армией узнало, что Соломон II планировал использовать против рус-ских дагестанское войско [16, 353].

По такому случаю 20 февраля 1810 года по указу командующего дислоцированной в Имеретии русской армией генерала А. Тормасова в церквах Кутаиси публично объявили об упразднении Имеретинского царства [25, 219].

Однако сам царь был еще на свободе и не намеревался покориться, тем более, что народ его поддерживал. Естественно поэтому, что русские мечтали схватить его.

12 марта 1810 года офицеры имперской армии Симонович и Могилевский публично поклялись, что не схватят царя, если он согласится на переговоры с генералом Тормасовым. Но офицеры не сдержали клятвы, 15 марта пленили приглашенного на переговоры царя и привезли его в Тбилиси [16, 372].

10 мая Соломону II удалось бежать из плена и покинуть Тбилиси. В сопровождении 23 грузинских конников царь направлялся в Ахалцихе, когда на Триалетской дороге ему повстречался отряд ма-родёрствующих дагестанцев в составе 300 человек. Однако, узнав ца-ря, дагестанцы приветствовали Соломона II и с большими почестями сопроводили его до Ахалцихе. Ахалцихский паша в знак особого уважения торжественно встретил царя и преподнес породистого коня и украшенную золотом сбрую [8, 105].

Укрывшийся в Ахалцихе царь готовился вернуть потерянный престол. По его призыву в июне в Имеретию вспыхнуло народное восстание.

В середине июня Соломон II вместе с преданными ему князьями и дагестанским отрядом в 600 человек вторгся в Имеретии и возглавил восстание [7, 202].

193

Кровопролитная борьба продолжалась три месяца. Восставшие стойко, самоотверженно противостояли врагу, однако, когда русским на подмогу пришли значительные силы, продолжать борьбу стало невозможно.

25 сентября Соломон II окончательно покинул территорию своего царства и укрылся в Ахалцихе. Последние годы своей жизни гонимый царь провел в Трапезунте, где скончался 7 февраля1815 года в возрасте 42 лет [16, 377-387].

Как видим, дагестанские воины преданно служили в войсках последних имеретинских царей: одни из них – у царя Давида II, другие – у царя Соломона II.

2. Дагестанцы на службе последних царей Карталино-

Кахетии – Георгия XII и Григория I 14 января 1798 года царем Карталино-Кахетии был

благословлен наследник престола, старший сын покойного царя Ираклия II (1720-1798) – Георгий XII (1746-1800), который процарст-вовал три года (1798-1800).

В личной охране Георгия XII некоторое время служили и наемные дагестанские (аварские) воины.

Как пишет известный грузинский историк XIX века Платон Иоселиани (1809-1875), `1200 дагестанских бойцов были приглашены в Тбилиси в ранге личной охраны царя. Каждый из них ежемесячно получал 30 рублей серебром. По приказу царя дагестанцев опекал дворянин Фома Мегвинетухуцесишвили, который хорошо знал их язык~ [10, 198-199].

Царевичи Юлон и Александр, братья Георгия XII по отцу, попытались настроить против царя свою личную охрану [10, 198-199], но этот заговор провалился, как так вожак аварцев – Мурат оказался преданным царю человеком [10, 58].

28 декабря 1800 года Георгий XII скончался. За десять дней до его кончины император Павел I подписал тайный манифест, по которому Карталино-Кахетинское царство упразднялось и входило в состав Российской империи. Этим было нарушено обещание самого императора о сохранении царству автономии [27, 461-462] и упразднялось царствование династии Багратионов.

194

12 сентября 1801 года новый император России Александр I издал новый манифест об упразднении Карталино-Кахетинского царства и воссоединении его с Российской империей. Таким образом, Восточная Грузия стала частью России.

В 1801-1917 гг. российские императоры разумели себя одновременно и царями Грузии. В их титуловании термин `Царь Грузинский~ стоял до титулов `Великий князь Литовский~, `Великий князь Финляндский~, `Князь Эстляндский, Лифляндский, Курляндс-кий~ (т. е. владетелей Прибалтийских стран) и т. д. [39, 7].

В XIX веке в Большой и Средний государственные гербы России был внесен ~Герб Царства Грузинского~, в основе которого был положен Большой государственный герб Карталино-Кахетинского царства времен царя Ираклия II.

На Большом государственном гербе России были изображены гербы различных владений, входящих в состав Российской империи, среди которых самое пространное описание имел `Герб Царства Грузинского.~На нем, наряду с гербами грузинских царств, были изо-бражены и гербы кавказских владений, которые когда-либо входили в состав Грузии или находились в ее подчинении: Северный Кавказ и ханства, находящиеся на территории нынешнего Азербайджана и Армении, в частности, `герб Кабардинских земель~, `герб Черкасских и горских князей~ и `герб Армении~ [30, 38-39].

В официальном описании Большого государственного герба Российской империи читаем: ~Герб Царства Грузинского – щит четверочастный, с оконечностью и малым в середине щитом:

в среднем малом щите – герб Грузии: в золотом поле святой Георгий Победоносец в лазуревом вооружении, с золотым на груди крестом, в червленой мантии, сидящий на черном коне, покрытом багряной с золотом бахромою и поражающий червленым копьем зеленого, с черными крыльями и червлеными глазами и языком дракона;

в первой части – герб Иверии: в червленом щите серебряный скачущий конь; в углах, верхнем левом и нижнем правом, серебряные восьмилучевые звезды;

во второй части – герб Карталинии: в золотом щите огнедышащая гора, пронзенная крестообразно двумя черными стрелами, остриями вверх;

195

в третьей части – герб Кабардинских земель: в лазурном щите, на двух серебряных крестообразно, остриями вверх положенных стрелах – малый золотой щит с червленым, обращенным вправо полу-месяцем; в трех четвертях серебряные шестилучевые звезды;

в четвертой части – герб Армении: в золотом поле червленый коронованный лев;

в оконечности – герб Черкасских и Горских князей: скачущий на черном коне черкес, в серебряном вооружении, червленой одежде и черной из меха мантии, с черным копьем на правом плече~ [30, 38-39].

Этот многообразный герб, увенчанный грузинской царской короной, представляет собой уникальный геральдический образец. Он символически олицетворяет весь Кавказ, объединенный под царской короной тысячелетней династии Багратионов. Тем самым правители Российской империи на значительнейшем ее символе – государственном гербе официально зафиксировали, что среди стран Кавказского региона Грузия традиционно являлась государством-гегемоном.

Упразднение грузинской государственности дорого обошлось династии Романовых. Симптоматично, что за столь коварное действо по отношению к единоверной стране провидение наказало Павла I рукой обрусевшего грузинского князя – в покушении на императора участвовал и генерал-майор Владимир Михайлович Яшвиль/Яшвили (1764-1815) [41, 78-79].

После этого ни один император России, кроме Александра III, не умирал естественной смертью [37; 41].

Потеря национальной государственности вызвала большое недовольство свободолюбивого грузинского народа. За этим последовали бунт в Кахетии (1802 г.) и восстания в Мтиулети (1804 г.), которые были утоплены в крови имперской администрацией.

Однако, при всем при том, здравомыслящая часть грузинского населения не оставляла надежды на вновь воцарение Багратионов, видя в этой династии живой символ грузинской государственности. Именно поэтому большинство членов Карталино-Кахетинской царской семьи с 1803 года были насильно переселены в Санкт-Петербург. Позже их судьбу разделили и остальные члены царской семьи. Избежали этого лищь два царевича: сбежавший в Персию Але-ксандр Ираклиевич (1770-1844) и его племянник (внук брата по отцу)

196

Григорий (на грузинском языке – Григол) Иоаннович (1789-1830), которому удалось остаться на родине до марта 1812 года.

Самоуправство имперской администрации вызывало глубокое недовольство населения Грузии, готовя почву для очередных волнений.

С 31 января 1812 года в Кахетии вновь вспыхнуло народное восстание. В то время Грузией управлял назначенный императором `главнокомандующим~ маркиз итальянского происхождения Филлип Осипович Паулуччи (1779-1849).

В восстание включился правнук Карталино-Кахетинского царя Ираклия II – Григорий Иоаннович Багратиони – представительный, рослый мужчина, которому в ту пору было 23 года.

Отцом Григория был известный грузинский государственный деятель, просветитель, энциклопедист, писатель и ученый, лексикограф, фельдцехмейстер грузинской артиллерии – царевич Иоанн (1768-1830), сын царя Карталино-Кахетии Георгия XII (1746-1800). Его супруга, мать Григория – Кетеван (1772-1823) – была дочерью влиятельного имеретинского князя Зураба Церетели.

Григорий рос при дворе своего прадеда Ираклия II и деда Георгия XII. Именно здесь, в атмосфере культурных и литературных традиций причастился он к писательству. Будущий поэт и каллиграф вращался в кругу избранного общества того времени.

Появление в Кахетии молодого потомка славных грузинских царей стало большим стимулом для восставших. Кахетинцы провозгласили его своим предводителем и объявили царем Карталино-Кахетии.

Григорий I царствовал в Восточной Грузии с 20 февраля до 6 марта 1812 года.

Официальная историография периода Российской империи и СССР считала Григория не царем, а претендентом на престол. Однако в последнее время в грузинской историографии мною было высказано мнение, что Григория I следует считать последним царем Карталино-Кахетинского царства, поскольку он царствовал в течение двух недель. Этому вопросу было посвящено наше монографическое исследование `Григорий I – последний грузинский царь~ [21], изданное на грузинском языке.

Материал о Григории I и кахетинском восстании 1812 года содержится как в грузиноязычных, так и русскоязычных изданиях [2-4;

197

6; 8-12; 15; 18-21; 26; 29; 31-36; 38]. Поэтому мы не будем остана-вливаться на данном вопросе.

Григорий I проявил большие организаторские способности и развернул широкую пропагандистскую деятельность, призывая все народы Кавказа объединиться против общего врага.

Ликование грузин в связи с обретением собственного монарха разделили все свободолюбивые народы Кавказа, в том числе дагестанцы, осетины, а также живущие в юго-восточной приграничной зоне Карталино-Кахетии тюркские племена – борчалинцы, шамшадильцы и казахцы, традиционно преданные грузинским царем.

Царь Григорий I разослал письма агаларам (управителям) Борчало, Шамшадило и Казаха с призывом `истребить покорителей~ [18, 116-118].

Делегация восставших прибыла в Ахалцихе и предложила Шериф-паше, ярому противнику русских: `Коли хочешь отомстить маркизу, как раз наступило время. Восстала вся Восточная Грузия, ма-ркиз в Карабахе, атакуй русских с Триалети~ [18, 149].

21 февраля отряд Шериф-паши напал на русский гарнизон, располагавшийся в Ахалцихской крепости, но был разбит. Однако радость Паулуччи была недолгой – управитель Казаха сообщил ему печальное известие: `1000 дагестанских воинов прибыли к Алазани и соединились с восставшими грузинами. И здесь нет покоя от бунтовщиков, шлют своих представителей и подстрекают здешних му-сульман против императорской армии~ [18, 133].

По сведению царевича Теймураза, в войсках Григория I плечом к плечу с грузинами сражались 4000 дагестанцев [2, 81].

Восставшими командовал князь Отар Кобулашвили. Они создали серьезные проблемы оккупантам и изгнали из Кахетии русских чиновников [8, 119].

Царская власть Григория I распространялась почти по всей территории Кахетии и на северо-восточной части Картли, т. е. на Арагвское ущелье. В Кахетии русские гарнизоны оставались лишь в Телави и Карагаджи.

Восставшие призвали к помощи и осетин, проживающих в Тагаурской общине. Таким образом, это восстание постепенно перешло границы Грузии и приняло общекавказский характер, в связи с чем генерал Паулуччи не скрывал своего беспокойства.

198

Выдающийся грузинский историк Иван Александрович Джавахишвили (1876-1940) писал: `Восстание, вспыхнувшее сразу, начинало организовываться: были посланы от грузин агенты для пере-говоров с пограничными народами, началось брожение в Дагестане, стал волноваться и Ширванский хан Мустафа, борчалинские, шамшадильские и казахские татары. Одновременно должны были на-пасть и персиане с грузинским царевичем Александром...

Главнокомандующий..., храбрившийся маркиз вначале находился в критическом положении, дела повстанцев шли хорошо, но восстание все же было подавлено оружием~ [32, 443-444].

Имперские власти хорошо осознавали все последствия вспыхнувшего в Кахетии восстания и развившихся параллельно с ним событий на Кавказе.

В рапорте генерала Паулуччи председателю Государственного Совета и Кабинета министров Российской империи Николаю Румянцеву (1754-1826), посланном 22 февраля 1812 года, отмечалось: `Побег к Арагвским бунтовщикам сына царевича Иоанна, в Москве пребывающего, кн. Григория, о котором ныне получен мною рапорт, что он старается склонить к мятежу Ксанских жителей и всю Ка-рталинию, где некоторые деревни начинают обнаруживать склонность к измене, — не оставляет ни малейшего сомнения в том, что здесь скрывался умышленный заговор, чрез который все владения В.И.В. от самого Кавказа должны бы быть потерянными вместе с войсками, оныя защищающими~ [26, 60].

Паулуччи докладывал Н. Румянцеву, что Григорий I `весьма ва-жен… по уважению, каковое народ здешнего края имеет к его проис-хождению и по правам… на наследство Грузии~ [26, 44-45].

Повстанцы изо всех сил сопротивлялись русской армии, которая превосходила их по численности и лучше была вооружена. Пленным солдатам они обривали головы. По просьбе Паулуччи грузины освободили триста обритых русских офицеров и солдат [8, 44].

Угроза распространения восстания по всему Кавказу вынудила имперские власти принять решительные меры. Вскоре с Северного Кавказа оккупационные войска получили внушительную подмогу в виде живой силы и военного снаряжения. Это обусловило поражение

199

восстания. Однако, несмотря ни на это, Григорий I все же продолжал борьбу.

5 марта 1812 года у села Тианети восставшие дали русским последний бой. Их самоотверженность не знала границ, `натыкались на штыки, бросались со скал, совершали самоубийство, но не сдавались в плен~ [4, 197]. Однако восстание была потоплено в крови.

После поражения восстания царь Григорий I вместе со своими соратниками укрылся на Северном Кавказе. Они нашли убежище в Да-гестане, где анцухские горцы с большим почетом приняли их [8: 120] и устроили царя в доме старосты Анцухской общины [26, 80] – Али-хана [38, 78].

Схватить скрывшегося в Анцухи грузинского царя генералу Паулуччи удалось обманным путем, с помощью сахлтухуцеса (управителя) домена отца Григория [11, 24].

В рапорте Н. Румянцеву от 11 марта 1812 года генерал Паулуччи писал: `Царевич Григорий, сын царевича Иоанна, в Москве пребывающего, провозглашенный кахетинскими мятежниками царем Грузии и издавший от имени своего возмутительные прокламации, та-кже коего имя в церквах бунтовщиками поминаемо было как царя Гру-зии и который, собрав мятежную толпу, дрался против войск В. И. В., но был мною разбит, бежал было в Дагестан, к анцухским лезгинам, но средствами, мною изысканными… находится теперь в моих руках.

Сей царевич, к коему столь охотно прилепились кахетинские бунтовщики... важнее… и вреднее для Грузии, потому что немалая часть легковерных грузин признают его имеющим законное право на Грузию, основываясь на том, что прежде бывший настоящий наслед-ник Грузии царевич Давид – бездетен, что потому сей Григорий, как сын первого по нём брата, царевича Иоанна, находящегося в отсутст-вии, должен быть наследником Грузии.

Итак, для спокойствия сего края, я не умедлю сего царевича за надлежащим присмотром препроводить в Россию чрез несколько дней~ [26, 63].

Таким образом, восстание было подавлено, последний грузинский царь, достойный представитель славной династии Багратионов Григорий I был побежден в неравной борьбе.

Победа дорого обошлась покорителям. По официальным данным в течение лишь одного месяца русские потеряли 1350 бойцов,

200

212 были ранены, а 510 попали в плен. Кроме того русской армии был причинен и значительный материальный ущерб, в частности они потеряли огромное множество коней и большую часть военного имущества [38, 82-84].

Однако, следует отметить, что восстание на этом отнюдь не потухло, и с апреля того же года вновь вспыхнуло в Кахетии с новой силой.

17 марта 1812 года имперские власти сослали Григория Багра-тиони в Россию, где он год провел под арестом. После помилования, он жил в Санкт-Петербурге, где стал одним из видных членов грузи-нской колонии и сформировался как писатель и книжник. Сохранились в рукописи его стихотворения, а также переводы с русского языка [29, 107-108].

Григорий Багратиони всегда тепло вспоминал своих дагестанских союзников, подчеркивая их смелость и гостеприимство.

22 сентября 1830 года, в Санкт-Петербурге, в возрасте 41 года Григорий Багратиони скончался. Похоронен в Александро-Невской лавре [21, 60].

Таким образом, военное сотрудничество дагестанского и грузинского народов насчитывает века, а особой интенсивностью этих отношений характеризуется конец XVIII – начало XIX веков. Дагеста-нцы были верными союзниками последних грузинских царей, которые, в свою очередь, щедро одаривали их своей милостью.

Указанные источники и литература:

1. Багратионы. Научное и культурное наследие. Сборник научных статей с генеалогическими таблицами, Тбилиси, 2003.

2. Багратиони Т., Новая история, текст подготовила к печати, исследованием и указателями снабдила Л. Микиашвили, Тбилиси, 1983.

3. Бепиева Н., Григорий Багратиони (жизнь и творчество), Тбилиси, 2006.

4. Бердзенишвили Н., Вопросы истории Грузии, кн. II, Тбилиси, 1959.

5. Боцвадзе Т., Из истории грузино-дагестанских взаимоотношений ХV-ХVIII вв., Тбилиси, 1968.

201

6. Гелашвили А., Восстание 1812 года в Кахети, Тбилиси, 2003. 7. Дадиани Н., Жизнь грузин, текст издал, предисловием,

исследованием, комментариями, указателями и словарем снабдил Ш. Бурджанадзе, Тбилиси, 1962.

8. Царевич Давид, Новая история. Царевич Баграт, Новое сказание. Издание Т. Ломоури, Тбилиси, 1941.

9. Документы к истории восстания 1812 г. в Кахети, подготовил к изданию Ш. Хантадзе, Тбилиси, 1999.

10. Иоселиани П., Жизнь Георгия ХII, введение, редакция и примечания А. Гацерелия, Тифлис, 1936.

11. Кекелидзе Л., Жизнь и творчество Григория Багратиони. В сборнике: `Вопросы древней грузинской письменности и руствелологии~, т. IV, Тбилиси, 1973.

12. Киквидзе А., Крестьянское восстание 1812 года в Кахетии, Тбилиси, 1941.

13. Леонтий Мровели, Жизнь грузинских царей, в книге: `Картлис цховреба~ (История Грузии), текст установлен по основным ру-кописям С. Каухчишвили, т. I, Тбилиси, 1955.

14. Лионидзе С., Оплакивание с причитанием царя Грузии Геркулеса, блаженства достойного. По автографической рукописи ХVIII в. текст установил, очерком и указателями снабдил Н. Канделаки, Тбилиси, 1957.

15. Махатадзе Н., Петербургский очаг грузинской культуры (ХVIII-XIX вв.), Тбилиси, 1967.

16. Рехвиашвили М., Имеретинское царство (1462-1810 гг.), Тбилиси, 1989.

17. Ткавашвили М., Грузино-дагестанские взаимоотношения в первой трети XIX века, Тбилиси, 1990.

18. Пронели (Кипшидзе) А., Кахетинское восстание (1812 г.), Тифлис, 1907.

19. Чиковани М., Багратиони Григорий Иоаннович, Энциклопедия `Грузия~, т. I, Тбилиси, 1997.

20. Чиковани М., История грузинской народной словесности, т. I, Тбилиси, 1975.

21. Джавахишвили Н., Григорий I – последний грузинский царь, Тбилиси, 2008.

202

22. Джавахишвили Н., Очерки из истории взаимоотношений грузинского и адыгских народов, Тбилиси, 2005.

23. Акты, собранные Кавказской Археографической комиссией. Архив Главного управления наместника Кавказского, под редакцией А. Берже, т. I, Тифлис, 1866.

24. Акты, собранные Кавказской Археографической комиссией. Архив Главного управления наместника Кавказского, под редакцией А. Берже, т. II, Тифлис, 1868.

25. Акты, собранные Кавказской археографической комиссией, Архив Главного управления наместника Кавказского, под редакцией А. Берже, т. IV, Тифлис, 1870.

26. Акты, собранные Кавказской Археографической комиссией. Архив Главного управления наместника Кавказского, под редакцией А. Берже, т. V, Тифлис, 1873.

27. Бутков В., Материалы для новой истории Кавказа с 1722 по 1803 г., т. II, СПб., 1869.

28. Гасанов М., Исторические связи Дагестана и Грузии, Махачкала, 1991.

29. Горгидзе М., Грузины в Петербурге (страницы летописи культур-ных связей), Тбилиси, 1976.

30. Дворянские роды Российской империи. т. I, Князья. Руководитель авторского коллектива П. Гребельский, под редакцией С. Думина, СПб., 1993.

31. Дворянские роды Российской империи. т. III, Князья. Руководи-тели авторского коллектива П. Гребельский и С. Думин, под редакцией С. Думина, Москва, 1996.

32. Джавахов (Джавахишвили) И., Политическое и социальное движение в Грузии в XIX веке, СПб., 1906.

33. Джавахишвили Н., Дагестанские союзники последних грузинских царей. Материалы VI международной научной конференции: `Каваказские языки (генетические, типологические и ареальные связи)~ (Махачкала, 14-16 октября 2008 г.). Организаторы конфе-ренции: Российская Академия Наук, Институт языка, литературы и искусства имени Гамзата Цадасы Дагестанского научного центра, Махачкала, 2008.

34. Джавахишвили Н., Из истории грузино-дагестанского военного сотрудничества (на рубеже XVIII-XIX веков). Материалы III меж-

203

дународного конгресса кавказоведов: `Мультикультурализм и толерантность на Кавказе~ (Тбилиси, 23-26 октября 2013 г.). Организаторы конференции: Институт кавказоведения факультета гуманитарных наук Тбилисского государственного университета имени Иванэ Джавахишвили и Институт языкознания имени Арнольда Чикобава, Тбилиси, 2013.

35. Джавахишвили Н., Грузины под российским флагом (Грузинские военные и государственные деятели на службе России в 1703–1917 гг.), Тбилиси, 2003.

36. Джавахишвили Н., Санкт-Петербург – центр русско-грузинских взаимоотношений (1703-2003), Тбилиси, 2003.

37. Коняев Н., Романовы. Расцвет и гибель династии, Москва, 2003. 38. Маркова О., Восстания в Кахетии 1812 г., Москва, 1951. 39. Мурашев Г., Титулы, чины, награды, СПб., 2002. 40. Сычев Н., Книга династий, Москва, 2006. 41. Чулков Г., Императоры России (Психологические портреты),

Москва, 2003.

Nikolai Javakhishvili

Doctor of historical sciences, Professor of Ivane Javakhishvili Tbilisi State University, Chief sci-entist-researcher of the Modern and Contempo-rary History Department of the Ivane Javakhish-vili Institute of History and Ethnology

From The History of Georgian-dagestanian Military Collaboration

(The End of The XVIII - The Beginning of The XIX Centuries)

Summary The history of Georgian-Dagestanian relations traces back to the an-

cient times. The present essay deals with a survey of one of the important sec-

tions of the centuries – old history of Georgian-Dagestanian relationship of the end of the 18th and the beginning of the 19th centuries. The Georgian

204

kings, under the grave international and domestic conditions existed in that period of history, had a reliable support in the people of the North Cauca-sian mountaineers.

The military alliance of the Georgians and nations of Dagestan be-came especially intensive in the period of ruling of the last kings of Imereti – David II (ruling in 1784-1789) and Solomon II (ruling in 1789-1810) and the last kings of Kartli-Kakheti – George/Giorgi XII (ruling in 1798-1800) and his grandson, Gregory/Grigol I (ruling in March-February of 1812).

The Dagestanians, as faithful warriors of the last Georgian kings, were always regarded with favor by them.

205

Mmzia tyavaSvili




toriisa da eTnologiis institutis


lebis mecnier-TanamSromeli

noRaelTa yofa-cxovreba da gadasaxlebebi (XVI-XIX ss.)

rusi istorikosi s. bronevski noRaelTa istorias

1262 wlidan, mangu yaenis sikvdilis Semdeg, iwyebs. misi mo-

sazrebiT, am wels monRolTa mxedarTmTavarma noRaim SeZlo

`didi urdosgan gamoyofa da ramdenime xnis ganmavlobaSi

marTavda daSte-yivCaRs anu oqros urdos~ [7, 206]. misi sik-

vdilis Semdeg noRaelebi Sevidnen gansakuTrebul sammar-

TveloSi, romelic iyo ra mudmivad Cabmuli sxva TaTrul

urdoebTan omebSi, TandaTan dasustda. ruseTis mier oqros

urdos damarcxebas noRaelTa moskovis samTavros gavlenis

qveS moqceva mohyva. 1552, 1556 wlebSi, ivane mrisxanis mier ya-

zanisa da astraxanis saxanoebis dapyrobis Semdeg, volgas-

Tan mcxovrebma noRaelebma mas astraxanis mefe iamguCisgan

dacvis TxovniT mimarTes da amis Semdeg maleve miiRes ruse-

Tis qveSevrdomoba. s. bronevskis mosazrebiT, yvela noRae-

li erTidaigive warmoSobis iyo da volgis urdos narCenebs

warmoadgenda. isini kavkasiaSi sxvadasxva mizeziT iyvnen ga-

dasaxlebulni da aq TavSesafari Tavisuflebis miRebis sa-

nacvlod hqondaT mopovebuli [7, 205, 206].

volgis noRaelebi sam nawilad iyofodnen: did noRae-

lebad, mcire noRaelebad da jetisanad (anu 70 000-ianele-

bad). ufro patara ulusebs hqondaT TavianTi winaprebisagan

miRebuli saxelebi: kelenSi, xatai, yivCaRi, barlaki, mahgiti

da sxva [7, 206].

ruseTis qveSevrdomobaSi Sesul noRaelTa nawili Si-

naomebs gaerida da volgispireTidan urals iqiT gadasax-

lda. isini momTabareobdnen mdinare jemis (embis) napirebze

da jembuilukovebi ewodaT.

206

1630 wels yalmuxeTis mflobelma xorliuk taiSma dai-

morCila jembuilukovebi da isini isev volgaze miiyvana. 1671

wels noRaelebi volgidan yubans iqiT gadasaxldnen da gax-

dnen yirimis qveSevrdomni.

1672 wels yalmuxeTis mefisnacvali aiuka-xani Tavs da-

esxa mdinare yubanze mcxovreb noRaelebs, orTviani brZo-

lis Semdeg daimorCila isini da ruseTis qveSevrdomobaSi

daabruna — didi noRaelebi da jetisani ukan volgaze waiyva-

na. xolo mcire noRaelebi samomTabareod yabardos siaxlo-

ves md. Tergze datova.

1696 wels didi noRaelebi murza jagmatis da asaSis

xelmZRvanelobiT volgidan isev yubanze gaiqcnen. maT gai-

taces mcire noRaelebi, jambuilukovelebi da jetisanTa na-

wili [7, 208].

`1715 wels yubanelma sulTanma bakta-gireim Tavdasxma

moawyo aiuk-xanze da jambuilukovelebze da isini isev yu-

bans iqiT waiyvana~ [7, 208].

1736 wels, TurqeTTan omis dros, ruseTma isev Seutia

noRaelebs, daipyro mcire noRaelebi da gadaiyvana mdinare-

ebis: Tergsa da yums Soris miwebze. isiniU yalmuxeTis mefis-

nacvals saqonliT (yvela ojaxi) uxdidnen xarks. noRaelebi

amas ar Seeguen, moawyvs ajanyeba da ganTavisufldnen gada-

saxadebisgan. ruseTis xelisuflebis mxridan mkacri kon-

trolis miuxedavad, noRaelebi mcire partiebad kvlav mir-

bodnn yubans iqiT [7, 208].

1770 wels noRaelebi mdinare yubanis marcxena napirze,

stanica batalfaSinskidan labis SesarTavamde, aseve, yuba-

nis marjvena sanapiroze, e. w. ToxTamiSis aulebSi da beSTaus

mTasTan, piatigorskis siaxloves dasaxldnen [1, 5-6].

ruseT-TurqeTis omis dros (1769-1774) grafma paninma

Seutia besarabiaSi momTabare noRaelebs, daipyro da miaRe-

bina ruseTis qveSevrdomoba. 1774 wlis quCuk-kainarjis

traqtatiT, noRaelebi yvelasgan damoukideblad aRiares.

isini emorCilebodnen mxolod sakuTar xans. noRaeli Sadin-

girei portasgan cnobili iqna xanad. Semdgom periodSi noRa-

elebi rusebis mier gadmoyvanilni iqnen kavkasiis guberniaSi

[7, 208].

207

i. debu ase axasiaTebda noRaelebs: `noRaeli xalxi

sxvadasxva tomebisgan Sedgeba, isini dafantulad momTaba-

reoben stepebSi da imyofebodnen otomanTa portas daqvem-

debarebaSi. arian mravalricxovnebi da aZlierebdnen yiri-

mis xanebs [6, 136].

aRniSnuli xalxi, gansakuTrebiT ki misi murzebi, arian

kargi meomrebi, uSiSrebi, SeuZliaT arnaxuli gaWirvebisa da

sirTulis gadatana, kargad floben iaraRs, romelic uyvarT

da ufrTxildebian yvelaferze metad, midrekilni arian ya-

CaRobisa da avazakobisken. ewevian moZrav cxovrebas, mudmi-

vad da swrafad gadaadgildebian erTi adgilidan meoreze.

gzaSi mcireodeni saSiSroebis SemTxvevaSic ki TavianTi ur-

mebisgan gasaocari siswrafiT akeTeben oTxkuTxed simagres,

romlis SigniTac aTavseben TavianT qonebas da ojaxs, ro-

melsac TavganwirviT icaven. amasTan erTad, maT aqvT daur-

Rveveli wesi — arasdros ar Cavardnen tyved. ar yofila Sem-

Txveva, rom murza an ubralo noRaeli tyved Cavardniliyo.

amas isini miiCneven ukidures damcirebad, romelic samar-

cxvinoa mTeli gvarisTvis~ [6, 136-137].

saqarTvelos mTavarmarTebel graf gudoviCis (1806-

1809) daxasiaTebiT, `noRaelebi sakmaod Sromismoyvareni iy-

vnen. ZiriTadad Tesdnen TavianTvis sakmarisi raodenobis

fetvs, rac Seadgenda kidec maT erTaderT sakvebs; aseve, am-

zadebdnen saqonlisTvis didi raodenobiT Tivas zamTris-

Tvis; Tavisufal dros ki mezobel soflebSi rus glexebTan

da kavkasiis xazis stanicebSi kazakebTan qiriT muSaobdnen~

[5, 687]. YXIX saukunis 50-ian wlebSi ruseTis xelisuflebam kav-

kasiis kolonizacia gaaZliera. kavkasiaSi sul ufro izrde-

boda rusi mosaxleobis raodenoba. yubanel noRaelTa miwe-

bis nawili kazakTa stanicebisa da ruseTis armiis sakuTre-

baSi gadavida. noRaelebi saomari moqmedebis wina xazze aR-

moCndnen. yovelive aman isini metad Seaviwrova. kavkasiis

mcxovrebTagan swored yubaneli noRaelebi iyvnen pirvelni,

vinc osmaleTSi gadasaxldnen [4, 51; 2, 298]. maT maleve mih-

yvnen beSTasTan (piatigorskTan) mcxovrebi noRaelebi [8,

127, 131, 132]. oficialuri monacemebiT, muhajirobaSi mxo-

lod yubanispireTidan 30 650 noRaeli wavida [3, 207].

208

1859 wlis oqtombris bolos stavropolis general-gu-

bernator brianCaninovs meqaSi mosalocad gamgzavrebisTvis

nebarTvis TxovniT ukve yaranoRaelebma mimarTes. isini iT-

xovdnen, rom maTTvis epatiebinaT 1860 wlis gadasaxadebi da

neba miecaT, TurqeTSi xmeleTis gziT, amierkavkasiis gav-

liT, gadasuliyvnen. maT osmaleTSi saqonlis gadayvanac un-

dodaT.

XIX saukunis 50-iani wlebis bolos yaranoRaelebi

momTabareobdnen stavropolis guberniis aRmosavleT na-

wilSi, yizlaris mazraSi, mdinare Tergze mdebare stanice-

bis mopirdapired kaspiispireTis stepebamde. maT marTavda

pristavi, gadasaxadebs ar ixdidnen, cxovrobdnen kargad,

hyavdaT didi raodenobiT saqoneli.

brianCaninovi yaranoRaelTa gamgzavrebisadmi uaryo-

fiTad iyo ganwyobili. mis saqciels ramdenime mizezi hqon-

da:

1) noRaelTa amierkavkasiaze gavla, gamoiwvevda saqar-

Tvelos samxedro gzaze mimosvlis Seferxebas. radganac mu-

hajir-noRaelebs TavianTi saqonlis wayvana surdaT, auci-

lebeli gaxdeboda saqarTvelos samxedro gzis gaswvriv

mcxovrebi adgilobrivi mosaxleobis kuTvnili saZovrebis

gamoyeneba, rac gaxdeboda am ukanasknelTa seriozuli ukma-

yofilebis mizezi. Seiqmneboda problemebi aramarto saqon-

lis, aramed TviT gadasaxlebulTa sakvebiT momaragebaSic;

didi raodenobiT yaranoRaelebisa da maTi saqonlis gavla

mniSvnelovnad daazaralebda gzispira dasaxlebul pun-

qtebs.

vinaidan yaranoRaelebi saqonelTan erTad midiodnen,

mosalodneli iyo, rom TurqeTSi gadasvlis Semdeg isini

Sors aRar wasuliyvnen da sazRvrispira zolSi dasaxlebu-

liyvnen, sadac advili SesaZlebeli iyo, rom isev gasCenodaT

ukan dabrunebis survili, rac ar awyobda ruseTis xelisuf-

lebas; Tuki isini TurqeTSi gadasaxlebis Semdegac SeinarCu-

nebdnen ruseTis siZulvils, amiT gaaZlierebdnen sazRvar-

Tan mcxovreb antirusulad ganwyobil mosaxleobas, rac ru-

seTisTvis saziano iqneboda~.

2) aseve, SeuZlebeli iqneboda yaranoRaelebisTvis

1860 wlis gadasaxadebis patieba, radganac es gamoiwvevda bi-

209

ujetSi 40 000 maneTian deficits; noRaelebs kontraqti

hqondaT dadebuli kavkasiis armiis marcxena flangis maRa-

ziebis proviantiT momaragebaze — Seferxdeboda es saqmec,

riTac kavkasiis armiis mdgomareoba garTuldeboda; maTi

wasvlis Semdeg naxevarze metad Semcirdeboda am mxaris ga-

dazidvisunarianoba, rac gamoiwveda proporciulad provi-

antze fasebis momatebas; gaizrdeboda fasebi caricinidan,

astraxanidan, serebriakovidan da Sandurovidan kavkasiaSi

Semosul yvela saqonelze; garTuldeboda vaWroba rogorc

stavropolis aRmosavleT nawilSi, aseve, mniSvnelovnad Se-

ferxdeboda ruseTis Sida guberniebTan am mxaris ekonomi-

kuri kavSiri [4, 475].

yaranoRaelebis wasvlis Semdeg sakmaod mZime mdgoma-

reobaSi Cavardeboda yizlaris da axlomdebare teritoriis

mosaxleoba, romlebsac moakldeboda ramdenime aTasi muSa-

xeli.

yaranoRaelebi miwaTmoqmedebisaTvis sakmaod gamou-

sadegar, qviSian da unayofo miwebze, mkacri klimatis piro-

bebSi cxovrobdnen, romlebzec rusi moaxalSeneebi ver da-

saxldebodnen, rac imas gamoiwvevda, rom maTi TurqeTSi ga-

dasaxlebis SemTxvevaSi, es teritoria dausaxlebeli darCe-

boda [4, 475].

stavropolis samoqalaqo gubernatori brianCaninovi

kavkasiis mefisnacval bariatinskis 1859 wlis 29 oqtombers

Semdegs werda: `Tuki noRaelebi gadasaxldebian TavianTi

sacxovrebeli adgilidan, es did zarals moutans stavropo-

lis guberniis meurneobas da mosaxleobis keTildReobaze

damRupvelad imoqmedebs. bostnebi, baRebi, yanebi darCeba

daumuSavebeli; endros mopoveba da meurneobis sxva dargebi

mTlianad ganadgurdeba. xolo saxmeleTo gadazidvebi,

mrewvelobis mTavari mamoZravebeli Zala, mTlianad Sewyde-

ba~ [4, 475].

XIX saukunis bolos noRaelebs mniSvnelovani adgili

ekavaT stavropolis guberniis ekonomikur cxovrebaSi. qa-

laq yizlaris mazris winamZRolisa da qalaqis ufrosis gan-

cxadebiT, (1859 weli), `yaranoRaelebi stavropolis guber-

niis mosaxleobis keTildReobis aucilebel rgols Seadgen-

dnen. stavropolis mxaridan yizlaramde, am guberniis yvela

210

mxaris CaTvliT, saxmeleTo gziT warmoebuli saxazino Tu

kerZo tvirTis gadazidvebi da Savi samuSao maTi saSualebiT

xdeboda. raganac momTabareobdnen da ar hqondaT erTi sam-

kvidro, isini gafantulni iyvnen guberniis mTel sivrceze.

hqondaT ra imis unari, rom aetanaT yvela gaWirveba da mTe-

li wlis ganmavlobaSi SeesrulebinaT umZimesi samuSao, saku-

Tari, patronisa da sazogado sikeTisTvis saqmianobdnen

gulmodgined~ [4, 476].

maTi saqmianobis sfero sakmaod vrceli iyo. garda

maTze dakisrebuli yovelwliuri saxazino gadasaxadis — 10

000 sazidrisa, maT gamohyavdaT: 40 000 uremi, romliTac pro-

viantiT amaragebdnen kavkasiis xazis marcxena flangis mTel

maRaziebs; 10 000 sazidari — mozdokis, grebenis da kazakTa

polkebis da saxazino maRaziebis mariliT mosamarageblad,

40 000 — yizlaridan Sandurovamde da ukan kerZo pirebis sa-

qonlis gadasazidad, 5000 — yizlaridan astraxanamde saqon-

lis gadasazidad; rac imas niSnavda, rom erTi wlis ganmav-

lobaSi noRaelebs 105 000 uremi gamohyavdaT.

Ggrebenis, mozdokisa da yizlaris kazakTa polkebis

kuTvnil miwebze mTeli mosavlis: xorblis, Tivis, yurZnis,

endros da a. S. aReba-dabinaveba xdeboda noRaelTa xeliT.

mdinare Tergis marcxena da mdinare talovkis marjvena na-

piris sanapiro cixe-simagreeebis umetesobis saxazino da

kerZo miwebs, aseve, yizlaris mcxovrebTa samuSaoebs mTlia-

nad asrulebdnen noRaelebi, romelTa raodenoba erTi wlis

manZilze 50 000 adamians aRwevda [4, 476].

mxolod qalaq yizlaris baRebs wlis ganmavlobaSi 300

000 noRaeli amuSavebebda, xolo mazraSi xorblis, yurZnis,

endros, Tivis, potaSis mosavlis asaRebad, aseve mebaReoba-

sa, meabreSumeobasa da TevzWeraSi saWiro iyo 200 000 noRae-

li.

mozdokidan yizlaramde mTel mesaqonleobasac mTli-

anad noRaelebi uZRvebodnen. garda imisa, rom maT hyavdaT

mravalricxovani farebi da Tabunebi, isini qiris sanacvlod

adgilobriv mosaxleobasTan mwyemsebadac muSaobdnen da

maT gareSe meurneobis am dargs veravin gauZRveboda [4, 476].

yovelive zemoT CamoTvlilis gamo stavropolis samo-

qalaqo gubernatori brianCaninovi aucileblobad da saWi-

211

rod miiCnevda, Seferxebuliyo yaranoRaelebis, truxmenebis

da aCikulak-jembulukovebis gadasaxleba. misi azriT, male-

ve, astraxanisa da stavropolis guberniebis sazRvrebis

dadgenis Semdeg, maT gamoeyofodaT saZovrebi kalmikebis

stepebidan, es ki gamoiwvevda maTi keTildReobis amaRlebas

[4, 475].

G

damowmebuli wyaroebi da literatura

1. Этнографическое обозрение Кавказа, составил А. П. Берже, С,-Петербург, 1879.

2. Берже А. П., Выселение горцев с Кавказа, в журнале: Русская Старина, 1882, январь.

3. История народов Северного Кавказа (конец XVIII в.-1917 г.), ред. А. Нарочницкий, Москва, 1988.

4. Акты собранные Кавказскою Археографическою Коммисcиею, XII, Тифлис, 1904.

5. Акты собранные Кавказскою Археографическою Коммисcиею, III, Tифлис, 1869.

6. И. Дебу, О Кавказской линии, Москва, 1828. 7. Броневский С., Новейшие географические и исторические

известия о Кавказе, 2 ч., Москва, 1823. 8. m. tyavaSvili, noRaelTa muhajiroba (1858-1860 wlebi),

krebulSi: axali da uaxlesi istoriis sakiTxebi, 2 (13)

2013, Tbilisi, 2013.

212

Mzia Tkavashvili

Doctor of History, Ivane Javakhishvili Tbilisi State University, Research Worker of the Department of Modern and Contemporary History of Ivane Javakh-ishvili Institute of History and Ethnology

M Noghayans’ Habits and Life and Resettlement

(XVI–XIX centuries)

Summary According to Bronevskiy, after death of Mangu Khan (1262) the

Mongol Commander Noghai managed to establish an independent ulus within the Golden Horde and the different peoples united in it had been called Noghayans. Within XVI-XIX centuries the Noghayans had changed their habitation for many times. At times they were under subordinacy of Russia and Ottoman Empire and at times they were staying independent. The Noghayans were living in kibitkas (tents) in extreme poverty.

In XIX century the Noghayans habitations were in the Pre-Kuban, Beshta Mountain and Kizlar sites. The majority of the Noghayans of Pre-Kuban and Beshta Mountain territories moved in 1958-1965 to Ottoman Empire as a result of Russian government provoking. Belonging to them fertile lands were meant for settling of the Russian population. The Nogha-yans living at Kizlar represented the main leading force of economic life of this district. The lands possessed by them represented deserts and semide-serts and the Russian population would not settle there. Because of this the Caucasian Administration was doing its best to prevent the process of their resettlement to the Ottoman Empire.

213

mixeil barnovi

ivane javaxiSvilis saxelobis

Tbilisis saxelmwifo universi-

tetis asistent-profesori

aSS-is frontiris regionsa da Soreul dasavleTs Soris komunikaciis problemis Ziri-

Tadi aspeqtebi 1850-ian wlebSi

samoqalaqo omis dasrulebis droisTvis md.misisipis

dasavleTiT mdebare didi teritoriebi kvlav gamoirCeoda

TeTrkaniani mosaxleobis simciriT. auTvisebeli sivrce aR-

mosavleTidan dasavleTisken daaxloebiT 2400 km-ze iyo ga-

daWimuli da moicavda teritoriebs aSS-is wynari okenis sa-

napirosa da md. misuris Soris. geografiuli TvalsazrisiT

es sivrce iyofoda ramdenime regionad: md. misurisa da ro-

kis mTianeTs Soris mdebare didi dablobebi, rokis mTiane-

Ti, zegani da didi qvabuli. 1865 wlisTvis es teritoriebi

indielTa sxvadasxva tomebis gansaxlebis areals warmoad-

genda [3]. XIX saukunis pirvel naxevarSi frontiris xazi eta-

pobrivad miiwevda dasavleTisken aSS-is aRmosavleTis da-

saxlebuli Statebidan da teritoriebidan. magram 1840-

1850-ian wlebSi sasargeblo wiaRiseulisa da mineralebis aR-

moCenam auTvisebel Soreul dasavleTSi aTeulobiT aTasi

axalmosaxle miizida. oqrosa da vercxlismaZieblebi gansa-

kuTrebiT momravldnen rokis mTianeTis centralur nawil-

Si (SemdgomSi kolorados Statis teritoraze) da Soreuli

dasaveleTis sxva regionebSi, maT Soris Tanamedrove State-

bis: nevadis dasavleT nawilSi, kaliforniaSi, aseve wynari

okenis Crdilo-dasavleT nawilSi. amgvarad, Soreul dasav-

leTSi mimofantuli samTo dasaxlebebi rukaze qmnidnen

kunZulebis jaWvs, romelic gadaWimuli iyo misuri-kanzasis

214

frontirispira qalaqebidan dasavleTiT siera nevadis mTi-

aneTamde da kaliforniamde. saWiro iyo axali satransporto

sistemis ganviTareba, romelic daakavSirebda Soreul da-

savleTis am izolirebul dasaxlebebs qveynis danarCen na-

wilTan [1]. dasavleTis auTvisbeli teirotirebis gavliT mgzav-

roba wlebis ganmavlobaSi sxvadasxva saxis riskTan iyo da-

kavSirebuli. Tumca samTo saqmianobis masStatbebi, Soreuli

dasavleTis ekonomikuri ganviTareba aucilebels xdida am

dasaxlebebis droul dakavSirebas qveynis aRmosavleT Sta-

tebTan. am miznis misaRwevad 1850-ian wlebSi gadawyda samxe-

leTo safosto samsaxuris amoqmedeba, romelic erTmaneT-

Tan daakvSirebda md. misisipisTan mdebare frontirispira

Statebs Soreul dasavleTis ganaSenianebul regionebTan [2]. zogadad, safosto samsaxuri gulisxmobda ara mxolod

ojaxis wevrebs Soris arsebuli mimoweris uzrunvelyofas

aramed gazeTebisa da saxelmwifo mniSvnelobis dokumenta-

ciis transportirebasac. XIX saukunis Sua xanebisTvis misi-

sipis aRmosavleTiT mdebare StatebSi samdinaro, saxmeleTo

da sarkinigzo komunikaciebi Zalian kargad iyo ganviTarebu-

li rac ganapirobebda safosto samsaxuris Seuferxebel da

efeqtur muSaobas. aSS-is aRmosavleT StatebSi mcxovreb ne-

bismier moqalaqes safosto samsaxuris maRali donis servisi

SeeZlo mieRo [1]. gansxvavebuli situacia iyo md. misisipis

dasavleTiT. rokis mTianeTSi, kalifroniisa da oregonis

StatebSi, aseve iutas, niu meqsikosa da kanzasis teritori-

ebze mimofantuli amerikuli axalSenebi uimedod iyvnen

mowyvetilni qveynis aRmosavleTs. ar arsebobda araviTari

gamarTuli sakomunikacio sistema, romelic raime saxiT ma-

inc daakavSirebda aSS-is Soreuli dasavleTis mosaxleobas

aRmosavleT StatebTan [3]. federalur xelisuflebas karagd esmoda, Tu raoden

mniSvnelovani iyo aSS-is aRmosavleT Statebsa da Soreul

dasavleTs Soris safosto Tu satransporto komunikaciebis

ganviTareba. es ganwyoba kargad gamoCnda 1846 wlis 5 agvis-

tos prezident jeims polkis kongresisadmi gakeTebul mi-

marTvaSi: `aucilebelia, rom safosto momsauxerba, rome-

215

lic esoden aucilebelia informaciis gavrcelebisaTvis da

Cveni gafarToebuli kavSirisaTvis1, mivawodoT rokis mTia-

neTis dasavleTiT mcxovreb Cvens moqalaqeebs`[4, 34]. 1847 wels kongresis ZalisxmeviT aSS-is wynari okeanis

sanapiros mimarTulebiT amoqmedda sazRvao safosto samsa-

xuri, romelic TveSi orjer asrulebda safosto gzavnile-

bis transportirebas. kaliforniis oqros cieb-cxelebam da 1850-ian wlebSi

rokis mTianeTSi sasargeblo wiaRiseulis aRmoCenam aSkra

gaxada, rom arsebuli safosto samsaxuris muSaobis siCqare

ver akmayofilebda axalmosaxleTa moTxovnebs. saWiro iyo

gacilebiT ufro swrafi saxmeleTo safosto samsaxuri [1]. Soreuli dasavleTis siRrmeebSi wasul pionerebs

surdaT hqonodaT permanentuli kontaqti aRmosvleTSi

darCenil ojaxis wevrebTan, naTesavebTan, megobrebTan. oq-

ros cieb-cxlebis dros kaliforniaSi dasaxlebuli aTi aTa-

sobiT amerikelisTvis aRmosavleTSi darCenil axlobleb-

Tan komunikaciis erTaderTi saSualeba iyo - werili. Sore-

ul dasavleTSi sabanko saqmisa da biznesis ganviTarebis Se-

degad saWiro iyo mniSvnelovani komerciuli informaciis

gacvla aRmosavleTsa da dasavleTs Soris, risTvisac aseve

saWiro iyo regularuli safosto samsaxuris arseboba [1].

garda amisa, Soreul dasavleTSi saqalaqo mSeneblobis bumi

didad iyo damokidebuli aRmosavleT StatebTan savaWro

urTierTobis intensiur ganviTarebaze. Soreuli dasavleTis axladSeqmnili urbanuli cen-

trebi Zalian meCxerad iyo mimofantuli md. misisipisa da

wynari okeanis sanapiros Soris. kaliforniisa da iutas te-

ritoriebze arsebuli samTo bumis samuSaoebis kerebi TiT-

qmis naxevari kontinentis manZiliT iyo daSorebuli aRmo-

savleTis ganaSenianebul raionebs. magaliTad, didi dablo-

bebis dasavleT periferiaze mdebare paiks pikis regioni2

1 polkis mimarTvis teqstSi naxsenebia`konfederaciisTvis“, Tumca

konteqstidan gmomdianre prezidenti gulisxmobda aSS-is imJamin-

del teritorias. 2 1858-1859 wlebSi amerikelebma oqro aRmoaCines kanzasis terito-

riis dasvleT nawilSi, paiks pikis regionSi.

216

1126,54 km-iT daSorebuli frontirispira kanzasisa da misu-

ris qalaqebs [1]. amgvarad, 1850-ian wlebSi gamoikveTa aSS-is Soreul

dasavleTSi sakomunikacio sistemis ganviTarebis aucileb-

loba. saWiro iyo, kaliforniis, oregonis, vaSingtonis, niu

meqsikosa da kanzasis teritoriebSi mdebare frontiris xa-

zidan mowyvetili, izolirebuli axalSenebis dakavSireba

aRmosavleT StatebTan. aucilebeli iyo Soreuli dasvale-

Tis dakavSireba aRmosavleT Statebis sainformacio siv-

rcesTan, regionis integracia danarCeni qveynis socialur

da poltikur cxovrebasTan [1]. dasavleTSi mcxovrebi moqalaqeebis saWiroebis dasak-

mayofileblad 1850-ian wlebSi federalurma xelisuflebam

daiwyo saxmeleTo safosto samsaxuris Camoyalibeba. rogorc

ukve aRvniSne, pirveli nabijebi komunikaciis damyarebis miz-

niT kongresma 1849 wels gadadga. saokeano safosto samsaxu-

ris marSruti kombinirebuli iyo. niu-iorkidan-panamamde da

panamidan-san-franciskomde, anu mTliani marSrutis udides

nawilze, fosta gadaqondaT orTqmavali gemebis saSualebiT.

miuxedavad mTavrobis mxardaWerisa, am safosto samsaxuriT

sargebloba rigiTi moqalaqeebisTvis Zalian Zviri jdeboda,

gadasaxadi 1 unciaze1 Seadgenda 80 centze mets. rac aseve sa-

yuradReboa fostis gadatanas niu-iorkidan san-franciskom-

de sakmaod didi dro Wirdeboda, xandaxan erT Tveze metic.

amitomac, ramdenime weliwadSi gansakuTrebiT kaliforniisa

da aseve Soreuli dasavleTis sxva dasaxlebebis amerikeli

moqalaqeebi iTxovdnen swraf da iaf safosto samsaxurs da-

narCen amerikasTan dasakavSireblad [1]. yvelaze efeqturad am problemas gadawyvetda rkinig-

za. Tumca im etapze transkontinenturi rkinigzis mSeneblo-

ba, romelic gadakveTda mTels dasavleTs da daakavSirebda

erTmaneTTan atlantispira da wynari okenis sanapiroebs, So-

reuli perspeqtiva iyo [1]. swored aseT viTarebaSi, Soreuli dasavleTis aRmo-

savleT StatebTan dasakavSireblad gadawyda saxmeleTo sa-

1 27, 2875 gr.

217

fosto xazis amuSaveba. igegmeboda specialuri marSrutebis

mowyoba, sadac satransoprto saSualebad gamoyenebuli iq-

neboda diliJansebi. am tipis transportis gamoyeneba saixle

ar iyo qveynis aRmosavleT nawilSi, sadac 1800-1850 wlebSi

intensiuri ganaSenianebis paralelurad sagzao infras-

truqturac warmatebiT ganviTarda da diliJansebic aqtiu-

rad gmaoiyeneboda [4].


1. Alan Wexler, Molly Brown, Atlas of Westward Expansion, New-York,

1995. 2. Dale Anderson, Westward expansion, Austin, 2001. 3. Tim McNeese, The Transcontinental railroad and the Westward Expan-

sion, Berkeley Heights, 2006. 4. Warren A. Beck, D.Haase, Historical Atlas of the American West,

Norman, 1989. 5. R. A. Billington, M. Ridge, Westward Expension, A History of Ameri-

can Frontier, New York, 1982.

Mikheil Barnovi

Ivane Javakhishvli Tbilisi State Uni-versity, Assistant Professor

Main Aspect of Communication Problem Between the U.S.’s

Frontier and the Far West Settlements in 1850-ies In this article I discuss why it was important to develop overland

travel system during 1850-ies in American Far West and the first attempts of government to link Easter states with the West.

As more and more people began to settle the West, new problems arose-there wasn’t appropriate possibilities of traveling and transportation through American West. Ten of thousands of Americans who had poured in California and Kansas, Pikes Peak Country during the gold rush relied on

218

the mail as their only link with friends and relatives in the East. The new population centers of the Far West were widely scattered between the Mis-sissippi Valley and the Pacific Coast. During decades travel across the un-settled regions of the trans-Mississippi west for a different reasons was dan-gerous, risky and hazardous affair. It was clear for federal authorities that it was very important to create communication system and link Far West to the East.

To meet the needs of westerners the federal government decide to develop overland western travel. For this purpose the best solution was stagecoach lines to the Far west.

219

arCil CaCxiani

istoriis doqtori, polkovniki, daviT

aRmaSeneblis saxelobis saqarTvelos

erovnuli Tavdacvis akademiis sameTau-

ro-saStabo kolejis omebisa da samxed-

ro xelovnebis istoriis, Tavdacvisa da

usafrTxoebis, omis Teoriisa da bune-

bis kursis ufrosi instruqtori

istoriis sabediswero gakveTilebi — `Cven momakvdinebeli safrTxis winaSe vdgavarT...~

istoria winaparTa da gardasul movlenaTa Sesaxeb ara

mxolod paTetikuri toniT aRwerili heroikuli traqtate-

bis krebuli, aramed pirvel rigSi, realiebis zusti aRwera

da analizia, an ukidures SemTxvevaSi, maqsimalurad dazus-

tebuli da kritikulad gaazrebuli faqtebisa da msjelobe-

bis dialeqtikuri erTianoba [1, 40]. am sakiTxTan mimarTebaSi

XIX saukunis did prusiel samxedro moRvawesa da filoso-

foss, Tanamedrove omis Teoriis erT-erT fuZemdebels, ge-

neral karl fon klauzevics (Carl von Clausewitz) movixmobT:

`Cven vansxvavebT istoriuli movlenebis kritikul gadmoce-

mas Cveulebrivi gadmocemisagan, romelic mxolod rigiTo-

biT alagebs movlenebs da odnav exeba mis gamomwvev mizezebs.

istoriis kritikul gadmocemaSi gonebrivi moqmedebis sami

saxe SeiZleba gamovyoT.

pirvel rigSi mniSvnelovania istoriuli Zieba da saeW-

vo faqtebis dadgena. esaa istoriuli Zieba, romelsac Teo-

riasTan araferi ara aqvs saerTo;

meore — mizez-Sedegobrivi kavSirebis damyarebaa. es

TeoriisaTvis aucilebelia, radgan yvelaferi rac Teoriu-

lad miiRweva an aixsneba cdebis saSualebiT, mxolod am gziT

miiRweva.

220

mesame — gamoyenebuli saSualebebis mizanSewonilobis

Sefasebaa. esaa azrobrivad Tavad kritika, romelic Tavis

TavSi moicavs Seqebasa da mibaZvas. aq ukve Teoria emsaxureba

istorias, an ufro zustad, im swavlebas, rac istoriidan Se-

iZleba gamovarCioT~ [2, 96-97].

aqve moviyvanT ukve XX saukunis ingliseli moazrovni-

sa da Tanamedrove strategiis Teoriis erT-erTi fuZemdeb-

lis, ser bazil lidel hartis (Sir Basil Liddell Hart) naazrevs

misi naSromidan `Why Don't We Learn from History?~ (`ratom ar

vswavlobT istoriisagan?~), sadac Zalian martivad da gasa-

gebadaa naTqvami, rom `istoria kacobriobis mier daSvebuli

Secdomebis katalogia... Cveni movaleoba ki isaa, rom gaviT-

valiswinoT es sakiTxi da swori daskvnebi gamovitanoT mis-

gan~ [3, 43].

veTanxmebiT zemoT moyvanil avtorTa daskvnebs da

vityviT — diax, Cven vansxvavebT istoriuli movlenebis kri-

tikul gadmocemas Cveulebrivi gadmocemisagan. diax, isto-

ria daSvebuli Secdomebis katalogia, magram qarTuli sa-

xelmwifo namdvilad ver daikvexnis Tavs gadamxdari isto-

riuli realiebis gaTvaliswinebisa da daSvebuli Secdome-

bis Rrma analizis Catarebis gamocdilebiT. amis mizezebs ki,

politikuri nebis arqona, bundovani ideologiuri veqtore-

bis dasaxva, mZime socialuri foni, gare safrTxeebisa da Si-

da dapirispirebebis arseboba warmoadgenda guSinac, da war-

moadgens dResac.

gansaxilveli sakiTxi saqarTvelos uaxlesi istoriis

sferodanaa. ufro konkretulad — 1920 wlis bolosaTvis

pirveli qarTuli respublikis sinamdvileSi Seqmnili sam-

xedro-politikuri realiebis zogierTi momentis warmoCena.

kerZod, saqarTvelos demokratiul respublikasa da bolSe-

vikur ruseTs Soris arsebuli samxedro-politikuri urTi-

erTobebi. da mTavari sakiTxi — flobda Tu ara qarTuli sa-

xelmwifo bolSevikuri ruseTis mxridan saomari samzadisis

Sesaxeb informacias? ramdenad adeqvaturad iyo aRqmuli sa-

qarTvelos samTavrobo Tu samxedro wreebis mier sagareo

safrTxeebis xarisxi da emzadeboda Tu ara qveyana bolSevi-

kur ruseTTan mosalodneli omisaTvis?

221

ratomRac qarTul istoriografiaSi damkvidrebulia

is azri, rom 1921 wlis 12 Tebervlis gamTeniisas, borCalos

mazris qveda zonaSi bolSevikTa mier dawyebuli srulmas-

Stabiani samxedro intervencia moulodnelobas warmoad-

genda qarTuli saxelmwifosaTvis. TiTqosda bolomde ar

iyo identificirebuli mowinaaRmdegis vinaoba, misi Seiara-

Rebuli Zalebis Semadgenloba da ricxovnoba, dartymis mTa-

vari da damxmare mimarTulebebi, sabrZolo moqmedebebis

gegmebi da a. S. aseT mosazrebebs ZiriTadSi memuarul lite-

raturaSi vxvdebiT (g. kvinitaZe, g. mazniaSvili, S. maRlake-

liZe, ak. kvitaiSvili, al. CxeiZe, v. TevzaZe, r. gabaSvili da

sxv.). sakiTxisadmi amgvari midgoma garkveulwilad gasagebi-

caa, rameTu xsenebul avtorebs ar hqondaT saxelmwifos

Tavdacvisunarianobis ganmtkicebisaTvis SemuSavebul sam-

xedro xasiaTis mqone sruliad saidumlo dokumentebze

wvdoma. memuaruli litaratura ki ar SeiZleba mivakuTvnoT

utyuar pirvelwyaros. isic araa sadavo, rom nebismieri xasi-

aTis memuarSi, nebsiT nu uneblieT, uamravi did-patara

uzustoba Tu Secdoma SeiZleba iyos daSvebuli.

metad niSandoblivia sabWour istoriografiaSi arse-

buli is ideologiuri xazi, romelic bolSevikTa sagareo

politikuri kursis warmoCeniTa da istoriis falsifikaci-

iT iyo dakavebuli. es produqcia aTwleulebis ganmavlobaSi

warmatebiT tiraJirdeboda aTeulobiT sabWoTa avtoris

aseulobiT naSromsa Tu wignSi. sabWouri ideologiis am xazs

dasabami `wiTeli profesuris~ TvalsaCino warmomadgenelma,

isaak israeloviC mincma daudo — istorikosma, akademikosma,

socialisturi Sromis gmirma, orgzis stalinis premiisa da

leninuri premiebis laureatma, sabWoTa istoriografiuli

skolis erT-erTma fuZemdebelma da sabWouri ideologiis

erT-erTma apologetma. xolo misi naSromi `Победа советской власти в Закавказье~, am ideologiis klasikur nimuSad da gzam-

kvlevad iqca istoriis sabWouri skolis Semdgomi warmomad-

genlebisaTvis. am naSromis Sesavali nawilis pirvelive wina-

dadeba ase iwyeba:

`События связанные с победой Советской власти в Закавказье вошли в летопись истории Великой Октябрьской революции которая `явила миру образец решения коренных социальных проблем:

222

свержения власти эксплуататоров и установления диктатуры пролетариата, превращения частной буржуазно-помещичьей собственности в общественную, социалистическую, справедливого решения аграрного вопроса в пользу крестьян, освобождения зависимых народов от колониального и национального гнёта, создания политических и экономических предпосылок построения социализма. Борьба трудящихся Закавказья за социалистическую революцию составляет органическое звено того революционного процесса, который обновил социальный облик нашей страны и, как указывал В. И. Ленин, открыл новую эпоху всемирной истории~...[4, 5].

verafers ver vityviT, sabWouri politikuri demago-

giisa da ideologiuri beletristikis klasikur nimuSTana

gvaqvs saqme. `saqarTvelos istoriis narkvevebSi~ ki vkiTxu-

lobT: `komunisturma gazeTma `soxumskaia pravda~ daundo-

beli da mamxilebeli brZola gaaCaRa mesabotaJeebis, speku-

lantebis, burJuaziul-nacionalistebis winaaRmdeg. gazeTi

amave dros masebs internacionaluri solidarobisaken mou-

wodebda sabWoTa xelisuflebis ganmtkicebis saqmeSi, siste-

maturad aSuqebda rsfsr mTavrobis RonisZiebebs socialis-

turi saxelmwifos ganmtkicebisa da msoflioSi xalxTa So-

ris mSvidobis damyarebisaTvis, (Sic!) amxelda amierkavkasiis

kontrrevoluciur xelisufalT da aSuqebda sabWoTa xeli-

suflebisaTvis im mZlavr revoluciur brZolas, romelsac

amierkavkasiis mSromeli masebi eweodnen bolSevikuri par-

tiis meTaurobiT~ [5, 444]. aqac minciseuli demagogiis gadam-

RerebasTana gvaqvs saqme. jer marto fraza — `rsfsr mTav-

robis RonisZiebebi socialisturi saxelmwifos ganmtkice-

bisa da msoflioSi xalxTa Soris mSvidobis damyarebisaTvis~

— rada Rirs! simarTlis asaxvisa da Rirebulebebis sruli

polarizacia saxezea. am erT frazaSi sruladaa naCvenebi

sabWouri ideologiis mTeli siyalbe — Savi TeTradaa war-

modgenili, xolo TeTri Savad. arnold borisoviC kadiSevic, istoriis mecnierebaTa

doqtori, polkovniki, samxedro istoriis erT-erTi keTil-

sindisieri mkvlevari, cxadia, ver acdeboda sabWouri ideo-

logiis am zegavlenas Tu moTxovnas. Tavis naSromSi

`Интервенция и гражданская война в Закавказье~, kadiSevi wers:

`Tavisi mSvidobismoyvare politikis erTguli sabWoTa mTav-

223

roba sul mcire SesaZleblobasac ki ar uSvebda xelidan,

rom saqarTvelosTan, iseve rogorc sxva amierkavkasiur res-

publikebTan arsebuli uTanxmoebebi mSvidobiani gzebiT mo-

egvarebina...~ [6, 269]. (Sic!) `mSvidobismoyvare politikis er-

Tguli sabWoTa mTavroba~ — marTlac sxartadaa naTqvami!

aqac sabWouri da rusuli imperiuli cinizmis klasikur ni-

muSTan gvaqvs saqme.

istoriuli realoba ki isaa, rom oqtombris gadatria-

lebis Semdeg ruseTis centralur xelisuflebaSi bolSevi-

kebis mosvlidan sul mcire xanSi, leninma da misma Tanamoaz-

reebma, moklevadiani demokratiuli preludia daasrules.

isini aqtiur samxedro moqmedebebze gadavidnen da yofili

caristuli imperiis mTels teritoriaze SeiaraRebuli

gziT daiwyes ideologiuri eqspansiisa da proletaruli ne-

okolonializmis xangrZlivi da sisxliani procesi... saqmeSi

erTob wonadi argumentic — `muSur-glexuri wiTeli armia~,

РККА (Рабоче-крестьянская Красная армия) CarTes da `msoflio

proletaruli revoluciis~ cecxli aagizgizes aRmosavleT

evropaSi. daiwyo wiTeli marSi poloneTis axladSeqmnili

respublikis winaaRmdeg.

rTuli saerTaSoriso viTarebidan gamomdinare, ru-

sul-qarTuli urTierTobebis mogvarebisaTvis zrunva qar-

Tulma saxelmwifom amierkavkasiis federaciis daSlisa da

saqarTvelos saxelmwifoebrivi damoukideblobis aRdgenis-

Tanave daiwyo. saqarTvelos demokratiuli respublikis

pirveli diplomatiuri misia moskovSi ukve 1918 wlis 11 iv-

niss gaigzavna, magram uSedegod. rusul-qarTuli samxedro-

politikuri urTierTobebi mxolod ori wlis Semdeg, 1920

wlis gazafxulisaTvis daregulirda TiTqos, rodesac 1920

wlis 7 maiss moskovSi xeli moewera xelSekrulebas, romlis

ZaliTac kremlma scno qarTuli saxelmwifos damoukideb-

loba da suvereniteti. es iyo pirveli SemTxveva, roca sa-

xelmwifo aRiarebda Tavisi teritoriebis nawilis damouki-

deblobas ufro adre, vidre amas sxva qveynebi gaakeTebdnen

[7, 179].

Cven ar SevudgebiT 1920 wlis 7 maisis xelSekrulebis

punqtobriv ganxilvas, imdenad, ramdenadac am sakiTxebis Se-

saxeb uamravi kvlevaa Catarebuli. mxolod erT-erT muxls

224

SevexebiT, romelic xelSekrulebis saidumlo damatebaSi

iyo mocemuli:

`saqarTvelo valdebulebas iRebs aRiaros saqarTve-

los teritoriaze arsebuli komunisturi organizaciebis

ufleba Tavisufali arsebobisa da moRvaweobis Sesaxeb, ker-

Zod, krebebis Tavisufali mowyobis ufleba da gamomcemlo-

bis Tavisufleba (maT Soris beWdviTi organoebisa).

arc erT SemTxvevaSi ar SeiZleba iqnas gamoyenebuli

araviTari represiebi, arc sasamarTlo da arc administra-

ciuli xasiaTisa, arc kerZo pirebis da arc organizaciebis

mimarT, Tu es exeba komunisturi programis sasargeblo sa-

xalxo propagandasa da agitacias, aseve maT qmedebebs, rom-

lebic komunistur programazea dafuZnebuli~ [8].

maS ase — aRsrulda. 1920 wlis 7 maisis xelSekrulebiT

sabWoTa ruseTma scno saqarTvelos demokratiuli respub-

lika, samagierod miaRwia saqarTveloSi moqmed bolSevikTa

saqmianobis legalizebas. SeTanxmebis swored am punqtma ga-

uxsna xel-fexi bolSevikebisa da sxva aTasi juris avantiu-

ristis SeuzRudav antisaxelmwifoebriv moqmedebebs, mimar-

Tuls saqarTvelos saxelmwifoebrivi safuZvlebis winaaR-

mdeg. male ki, TbilisSi ruseTis federaciis oficialuri,

400 kaciani warmomadgenlobac gaixsna, romelsac kavkasiis

frontis samxedro-revoluciuri sabWos wevri, sergo or-

jonikiZis uaxloesi megobari da TanamebrZoli, sergei kos-

trikov-kirovi1 Caudga saTaveSi. faqtobrivad saqarTveloSi

1 sergei mironoviC kirovi (namdvili gvari kostrikovi) (1886-1934) —

profesionali revolucioneri, rusi da sabWoTa saxelmwifo da

politikuri moRvawe, wiTeli teroris aqtiuri monawile da erT-

erTi xelmZRvaneli. rsdmp wevri1904 wlidan. 1905-1907 wlebis re-

voluciis monawile. 1905 wels rsdmp tomskis komitetis wevri.

1917 wlis bolomde menSevikuri ideologiis matarebeli da ruse-

Tis droebiTi mTavrobis mier warmoebuli politikis mxardamWe-

ri. oqtombris gadatrialebis Semdeg ekedleba bolSevikebs. 1918

wlis ivlisSi damkvirveblis statusiT monawileobs sabWoebis me-

5 yrilobaze. 1919 wlis Tebervlidan astraxanis droebiTi revo-

luciuri komitetis Tavmjdomarea. xelmZRvanelobs antibolSe-

vikurad ganwyobil muSaTa da sasuliero pirTa daxvretebs. imave

wels xdeba me-11 wiTeli armiis samxedro revoluciuri sabWos

wevri, sergo orjonikiZis`marjvena xeli.~1920 wlis dasawyisidan

rkp(b) centraluri komitetis kavkasiis biuros wevri. imave wlis

225

kremlisa da bolSevikTa kavbiuros sadazvervo rezidentu-

ra dafuZnda.

saqarTvelo, rogorc diplomatiuri da saerTaSoriso

valdebulebebis erTguli samarTlebrivi subieqti, morCi-

lad Seudga 7 maisis xelSekrulebis pirobebis aRsrulebas.

ukve 11 maiss gamarTul mTavrobis sxdomaze (oqmi №2041) mi-

Rebul iqna Semdegi dadgenileba:

1. sagareo saqmeTa ministris moxseneba miRebul iqnas

cnobad da Sinagan saqmeTa ministrma dauyovnebliv moiyva-

nos sisruleSi xelSekrulebis me-109 muxli (bolSevikebis

cixidan ganTavisuflebis Sesaxeb garda im pirTa, romelTac

bralad edebaT sisxlis samarTlis saqme).

2. ruseTSi gasagzavni ekonomiuri da savaWro komisiis

Sedgena daevalos finansTa da momaragebis ministrebs.

3. sazRvrebis komisia ki Seadginon Sinagan saqmeTa da

samxedro ministrma, am ukanasknelis TavmjdomareobiT.

mTavrobis Tavmjdomare: n. Jordania;

mTavrobis saqmeTa mmarTveli: a. jafariZe;

mdivani: lomTaZe [9].

1920 wlis Semodgomidan mdgomareoba icvleba. `msof-

lio proletaruli revoluciis~ eqsportis mizniT polone-

Tis winaaRmdeg dawyebuli omi rus bolSevikTa gamanadgure-

aprilis bolos azerbaijanis demokratiuli respublikis bolSe-

vikuri intervenciisa da okupaciis erT-erTi xelmZRvaneli. 1920

wlis ivnisidan iniSneba sabWoTa ruseTis sruluflebian warmo-

madgenlad saqarTvelos demokratiul respublikaSi. 1920 wlis

oqtombridan xelmZRvanelobs ruseTis delegacias poloneTTan

warmoebul samSvidobo molaparakebebSi. 1921 wels, rkp(b)-s me-10

yrilobaze irCeven partiis centraluri komitetis wevrobis kan-

didatad. imave wels iniSneba azerbaijanis sabWoTa socialistu-

ri respublikis kompartiis centraluri komitetis pirvel mdiv-

nad. 1923 wlidan, rkp(b) me-12 yrilobaze irCeven partiis centra-

luri komitetis mdivnad. 1926 wlidan partiis leningradis saqa-

laqo da saolqo komitetebis pirveli mdivani, rkp(b)-s Crdilo-

dasavleTis biuros mdivani. imave wels irCeven rkp(b)-s centra-

luri komitetis biuros wevrobis kandidatad. 1930 wlidan sakav-

Siro komunisturi partiis centraluri komitetis wevria, xolo

1934 wlidan — partiis centraluri komitetis mdivani da cekas

saorganizacio biuros wevri. imave wlis 1 dekembers piradi anga-

riSsworebis mizniT moklul iqna vinme leonid nikolaevis mier.

226

beli marcxiT sruldeba. 1920 wlis 12 oqtombers, rigaSi xe-

li moewera xelSekrulebas saomari moqmedebebis Sewyvetis

Sesaxeb. amiT bolSevikebs xel-fexi gaexsnaT saqarTvelos

winaaRmdeg moqmedebebis Semdgomi eskalaciisaTvis. saqar-

Tvelos garSemo daiwyo Sida da gare intrigebis xlarTva,

axali Zalebisa da saSualebebis Tavmoyra amierkavkasiaSi,

samxedro intervenciis axali strategiebis SemuSaveba. sa-

qarTvelos sadazvervo samsaxurebis mier mopovebul iqna

bolSevikTa samxedro intervenciis generaluri gegma [10, 42].

me-11 wiTeli armiis sardlis, anatoli hekeris1 orjonikiZi-

sadmi wardgenil moxsenebas ki, Semdegi saxe hqonda:

`general hekeris moxseneba.

moxseneba rusuli wiTeli meTerTmete armiis sarda-

lis, general hekerisa

`kavkasiis revoluciur militarul sabWos~ Tavmjdo-

mare orjonikiZisadmi.

1920 wlis dekembris Tormeti.

saidumlo.

1 Aanatoli iliC hekeri (1888-1937) — TbilisSi dabadebuli da gaz-

rdili garusebuli germaneli. mefis armiis yofili oficeri, Sem-

dgomSi wiTeli meTauri, komkori. I msoflio omisa da ruseTis sa-

moqalaqo omis aqtiuri monawile. 1909 wels daamTavra vladimi-

ris samxedro saswavlebeli sankt-peterburgSi. 1917 wels amTav-

rebs genStabis akademias, wodebiT Stabs-kapitani. Tebervlis re-

voluciis Semdeg emxroba bolSevikebs.Ooqtombris bolSevikuri

gadatrialebis Semdeg, 1917 wlis dekembridan jariskacTa yrilo-

bis mier arCeul iqna 33-e korpusis Stabis ufrosad. 1918 wlis

ianvridan bolSevikTa me-8 armiis sardalia. 1918 wlis aprilidan

antonov-ovseenkos ukrainis frontis sardlobis Stabis ufrosi,

imave wlis dekembridan astraxanis gamagrebuli raionis komen-

danti. 1919 wlis 2 Tebervlidan muSur-glexuri me-8 wiTeli armi-

is me-13 msroleli diviziis meTauri. 1920 wlis maisidan — me-13

armiis sardali. 1920 wlis april-agvistos periodSi respublikis

Sinagani samsaxuris jarebis Stabis ufrosi. 1921 wlis dasawyisi-

dan iniSneba me-11 armiis sardlad. 1922 wlis Teberval-ivnisis pe-

riodSi muSur-glexuri wiTeli armiis samxedro akademiis ufro-

si. imave wlis ivlisidan samxedro ataSe CineTSi, xolo 1929 wli-

dan sabWoTa kavSiris samxedro ataSe TurqeTis respublikaSi. an-

tisabWoTa SeTqmulebaSi monawileobis braldebiT dapatimrebul

da daxvretil iqna 1937 wlis 1 ivliss.

227

Tqveni werilis sapasuxod №1753, qvemoT mogaxsenebT

mosazrebebs, Tu ra pirobebSi unda moxdes saqarTveloSi

Sesvla; amisaTvis aris mxedvelobaSi misaRebi:

1.. saerTaSoriso mdgomareoba, Cveni damokidebuleba

aRmosavleT anatoliasTan;

2.. Cven ZalTa mdgomareoba, romelTa gadajgufeba gan-

sazRvrul vadaSi SeiZleba TavdasxmiT punqtebze;

3.. mdgomareoba da ricxobrivi Zala qarTuli jarisa;

4.. Cveni zurgis mdgomareoba;

`rogorc ukve mogaxseneT `meTerTmete armiis revo-

luciur-militarul sabWos~ krebaze ama wlis [1920] sam de-

kembers, saqarTvelos winaaRmdeg operaciebi SesaZlebelni

arian mxolod im pirobebSi, Tu kiazim karabekiris1 jarebi

1 qiazim yarabeqir faSa (1882-1948) — Turqi samxedro, sazogado da

politikuri moRvawe, osmaleTis imperiis SeiaraRebuli Zalebis

general-maiori (mirliva) da qemalistTa armiis general-leite-

nanti/polkovniki (feriki). balkaneTisa da I msoflio omebis aq-

tiuri monawile. I msoflio omSi amierkavkasiaSi moqmedi qveiTi

polkis meTauri, xolo 1917 wlis bolodan amierkavkasiaSi gaSli-

li me-3 armiis diviziis meTauri. I msoflio omis bolos osmalTa

aRmosavleTis armiis sardali. 1919 wlis gazafxulidan general

mustafa qemalTan (SemdgomSi aTaTurqi) erTad saTaveSi udgeba

anatoliaSi agorebul winaaRmdegobis moZraobas. TurqeTis

erovnul-ganmanTavisuflebeli omis erT-erTi centraluri fi-

gura, general mustafa qemal faSas uaxloesi megobari da Tana-

mebrZoli, 1919 wlidan arzrumSi dislocirebuli osmalTa me-15

saarmio korpusis sardali da regionis faqtobrivi mmarTveli,

qemalistTa aRmosavleTis frontis sardali, general-letenan-

ti/polkovniki (feriki). 1920 wels misi sardlobiT ganaxorcie-

les me-15 saarmio korpusis qvedanayofebma somxeTis dasavleTi

nawilis (sariyamiSi, yarsi, aleqsandropolisi) okupacia da Sem-

dgomi aneqsia. 1921 wlis TebervalSi misi armiis qvedanayofebma

moaxdines saqarTvelos demokratiuli respublikis artaanis, xo-

lo martSi baTumis olqebis dakaveba. 1921 wlis oqtomberSi igi

warmoadgenda TurqeTisa da amierkavkasiis respublikebs Soris

dadebuli yarsis istoriuli xelSekrulebis sulisCamdgmelsa

da qemalistTa mxridan centralur, sruli rwmunebebiT aRWur-

vil pirs. TurqTa mxridan swored man moawera xeli am xelSekru-

lebas. 1922 wlidan TurqeTis parlamentis wevri da 1-li armiis

generaluri inspeqtoria. parlamentis mier dajildoebul iqna

TurqeTis umaRlesi samxedro jildoTi —Y`damoukideblobis or-

deni.~1924 wlidan opoziciaSi udgeba mustafa qemals, afuZnebs

228

daicaven garkveul megobrul neitralitets, radgan im Sem-

TxvevSic, Tu dainiSnebian am operaciisaTvis meTerTmete

armiis garda mTlianad mecxre armia da meore armiis kavale-

ria, Cven komandobas ar eyoleba sakmarisi Zalebi, raTa Tur-

qTa winaaRmdeg jebiri SevqmnaT.

cnobaTa Cveni uwyebis mixedviT, kiazim karabekiris Za-

lebi sarikamiS-aleqsandropolis xazze 22000 — 24000 regu-

liarul jariskacs aRwevs da 14 — 16 aTas qurT da TaTar ka-

valerias. viRebT ra mxedvelobaSi somxuri jaris sisustes,

romelic sruli daSlis krizisis periods ganicdis da rome-

lic safuZvlian organizacias moiTxovs, Cven unda davaye-

noT jebirad Turqebis winaaRmdeg Zalebi, rac erT qveiT di-

viziaze da erT kavalerul brigadaze mcire ar iqneba. am Sem-

TxvevaSic ki Cveni operacia yazax — wiTeli xidis mimarTule-

biT da Sorsac, Tbilisisaken, Seferxebuli iqneba. qarTuli

jaris nawilebis mier seriozuli winaaRmdegobis SemTxveva-

Si, Cveni jarebi SeiZleba katastroful mdgomareobaSi Ca-

vardnen.

amgvarad, me ar vxedav SesaZleblobas aseTi barierebis

Sesaqmenlad, miT umetes, rom militaruli operaciebis da-

sawyisSi, ver gavbedav jarebi gamoviyvano romlebic dakave-

bulni arian lenqoranSi, daRestanSi, javunSirSi da yarabaR-

Si. aseT pirobebSi, Cemi Rrma rwmena aris, rac werilobiT uk-

ve mogaxseneT, rom Cveni urTierTobis TurqebTan winaswari

mogvarebis gareSe, saSiSi iqneba saqarTvelos winaaRmdeg mi-

litaruli oparaciebis dawyeba~ [11, 56-57].

rac Seexeba bolSevikur-qemalistur urTierTobebs.

es sakiTxi scildeba Cvens Temas, amitom amjerad mas ar gan-

vixilavT. vityviT mxolod imas, rom 1919 wlis gazafxulidan

dawyebuli, rus bolSevikebsa da Turq qemalistebs Soris

daiwyo samxedro-politikuri aliansis Camoyalibeba e.w.

`msoflio imperializmis~ winaaRmdeg sabrZolvelad. 1920

progresul respublikur partias da misi pirveli Tavmjdomare

xdeba. 1925 wels dapatimrebul iqna mustafa qemalis sawinaaRmde-

go SeTqmulebaSi monawileobis braldebiT. 1938 wels, mustafa

qemal aTaTurqis gardacvalebis Semdeg, reabilitirebul iqna.

1946 wels arCeul iqna TurqeTis parlamentis spikerad. gardaic-

vala 1948 wels.

229

wlis gazafxulidan ki, saerTaSoriso samarTlis am ori ara-

legaluri subieqtis mier daiwyo amierkavkasiis teritorie-

bis xelaxali gadanawilebis sisxliani procesi.

mosalodnel safrTxeebze reagirebisa da Sesabamisi

zomebis gatarebis mizniT saqarTveloSi iqmneba saxelmwifo-

ebrivi marTvis umaRlesi samTavrobo organo — `Tavdacvis

sabWo~, organizacia, romelsac pasuxismgebloba unda aeRo

qveynis Tavdacvisunarianobis ganmtkicebaze.

Tavdacvis sabWos pirveli sxdoma 1920 wlis 9 noembers

Sedga [12]. sabWos meore sxdomaze, romelic 11 noembers Ca-

tarda, daarsda Tavdacvis fondi, sadac 2 miliardi maneTi

iqna Setanili [13]. metad mniSvnelovania Tavdacvis sabWos

№4 da №10 sxdomebi.

Tavdacvis sabWos №4 sxdoma.

1920 wlis 12 noemberi. sruliad saidumlo.

Tavmjdomare: mTavrobis Tavmjdomare n. Jordania.

wevrebi: samxedro ministris TanaSemwe, generali odi-

SeliZe,1 Sinagan saqmeTa ministris moadgile WiWinaZe, saxal-

xo gvardiis mTavari Stabis ufrosi v. juReli.

1 ilia odiSeliZe (1865-1924) — qarTveli mxedarTmTavari da samxed-

ro moRvawe, ruseTis armiis general-leitenanti da amierkavkasi-

is armiis infanteriis generali, qarTuli armiis generali. ru-

seT-iaponiisa da I msoflio omebis monawile. Tbilisis kadetTa

korpusis dasrulebis Semdeg swavlas agrZelebs aleqsandres sam-

xedro saswavlebelSi, romelsac asrulebs 1887 wels, podporuCi-

ki. 1895 wlis 4 agvistodan kavkasiis me-2 kazakTa diviziis Stabis

ufrosi adiutanti, kapitani. 1896 wlis 1 seqtembridan kavkasiis

me-2 msroleli batalionis aseulis meTauri. 1900 wlidan ust-

dvinis cixe-simagris ufrosi, 1902 wlidan podpolkovniki. 1904

wlis 24 Tebervlidan aRmosavleT cimbiris me-6 msroleli divi-

ziis Stabis ufrosi. imave wlis 22 seqtembridan aRmosavleT cim-

biris me-3 msroleli diviziis Stabis ufrosi. 1904 wlis dekem-

bridan — polkovniki. 1906 wlis 11 martidan me-3 polkis meTauri.

1909 wlidan msaxurobs Tiurqestanis samxedro olqis sardlis

gansakuTrebul davalebaTa generlad. 1910 wlidan general-maio-

ri. 1911 wlis 9 noembridan samaryandis samxedro gubernatori,

xolo 1914 wlis 9 ianvridan Turqestanis samxedro olqis Stabis

ufrosi. 1914 wlis 11 oqtombridan general-leitenanti da me-10

armiis Stabis ufrosi. 23 dekembridan 1-li armiis Stabis ufrosi.

1917 wlis 16 ianvridan me-15 saarmio korpusis sardali, xolo ima-

230

damswreni: saxalxo gvardiis mTavari Stabis wevri al.

dgebuaZe, generaluri Stabis ufrosi, generali zaqariaZe.

me-3 punqti. borCalos mazris samxreT nawilis dakave-

bis Sesaxeb.

daadgines: borCalos mazris samxreT nawili axlave iq-

nas dakavebuli da gamocxaddes samxedro wesebze. adgilob-

riv mcxovrebT ecnobos, rom Cven SevdivarT iq osmaloTa mo-

salodneli Semosevisagan maT dasacavad [14].

Tavdacvis sabWos №10 sxdoma.

1920 wlis 19 noemberi. sruliad saidumlo.

me-3 punqti. moxseneba general odiSeliZesi borCalos

mazris neitraluri zonis Sesaxeb somxeTis mTavrobasTan

dadebul xelSekrulebaze.

daadgines: jer-jerobiT Cveni jarebi darCes neitra-

lur zonaSi, xolo im SemTxvevaSi, Tu osmalebma daikaves ka-

raklisi (dRevandeli vanaZori, sabWoTa periodis kirovakani

— a. C.) da gamoCndnen bezobdalis uReltexilze, jari gayva-

nil iqnas borCalos mazris samxreT nawilidan da Cveni jaris

mier dakavebul iqnas es raioni mazris samxreT sazRvramdis

waweviT.

me-4 punqti. moxseneba general odiSeliZesi borCalos

mazraSi saxalxo gvardiis zogierTi nawilis dauyovnebliv

gagzavnis saWiroebis Sesaxeb.

ve wlis 12 aprilidan 1-li armiis sardali. 1917 wlis 12 seqtem-

bridan me-3 armiis sardali. 1917 wlis oqtombridan kavkasiis ar-

miisa da kavkasiis frontis sardali da infanteriis generali. gi-

orgis jvris kavaleri. 1918 wlis dasawyisidan amierkavkasiis fe-

deraciis samxedro ministris TanaSemwe. 1918 wlis maisidan aqti-

urad monawileobs saqarTvelos demokratiuli respublikis sam-

xedro aRmSeneblobis saqmeSi. 1919 wels parizis msoflio samSvi-

dobo konferenciis qarTuli delegaciis wevri. 1920 wlidan res-

publikis samxedro ministris TanaSemwe da Tavdacvis sabWos wev-

ri. imave wlis dekemberSi iniSneba saqarTvelos SeiaraRebuli Za-

lebis mTavarsardlad, xolo 1921 wlis 16 Tebervlidan — saqar-

Tvelos mTavrobis Tavmjdomaris mTavar samxedro mrCevlad. sa-

qarTvelos bolSevikuri okupaciis Semdeg, 1921 wlis martidan

emigraciaSia. garadaicvala 1924 wels.

231

daadgines: winadadeba mieces saxalxo gvardiis mTavar

Stabs yovelTvis acnobos generalur Stabs yvela mis mier na-

wilebisadmi gacemuli operatiuli xasiaTis brZanebebi [15].

bolSevikTa mxridan momavali safrTxeebidan gamomdi-

nare, iqmneba e.w. `samxreT-aRmosavleTis fronti~ da 1920

wlis 22 noembers mis sardlad generali ioseb gedevaniSvi-

li1 iniSneba [16]. xolo 4 dekembers — `Tbilisis simagreebis

raionis komendantad~ — generali giorgi mazniaSvili2 [17].

1 ioseb (soso) gedevaniSvili (1873-1939) — ruseTis armiis Stabs-ka-

pitani da qarTuli armiis generali. saqarTvelos demokratiuli

respublikis samxedro ministris TanaSemwisa da SeiaraRebuli Za-

lebis mTavarsardlis,Egeneral aleqsandre gedevaniSvilisa da

genStabis operatiuli seqciis ufrosis, polkovnik nukoloz ge-

devaniSvilis Zma. revolucioneri oficeri, socialist-federa-

listTa partiis wevri 1905-1923 wlebSi. rkp(b) wevri 1924 wlidan.

1905-1907 wlebis revoluciis aqtiuri monawile, ris gamoc kapit-

nis wodebiT daTxovnil iqna ruseTis armiidan. mas Semdeg eweoda

aqtiur politikur da revoluciur saqmianobas. 1917 wlis Teber-

vlis revoluciis Semdeg amierkavkasiis nacionaluri armiisa da

qarTuli saarmio korpusis Seqmnis erT-erTi iniciatori da xel-

mZRvaneli. saqarTvelos erovnuli sabWos wevri, socialist-fe-

deralistTa partiis aRmasrulebeli komitetis wevri. duSeTis

komendanti. 1919 wlis gazafxulidan saqarTvelos demokratiuli

respublikis damfuZnebeli krebis wevri. 1918 wlis dasawyisidan

federalistTa baTumis sabrZolo e.w.`partizanuli razmis~ meTa-

uri. 1918 wlis agvistodan saqarTvelos demokratiuli respub-

likis samxedro saministros saerTo ganyofilebis ufrosi. 1919

wlis dasawyisidan afxazeTisa da SavizRvispireTis qarTuli gar-

nizonis sardali, 1920 wlis bolodan iniSneba borCalos mazris

qarTuli garnizonis sardlad. bolSevikuri samxedro interven-

ciis dawyebasTan dakavSirebiT, 1920 wlis 4 dekembridan iniSneba

samxreTisa da samxreT-aRmosavleTis frontis sardlad. saqar-

Tvelos demokratiuli respublikis bolSevikuri okupaciis Sem-

deg emigraciaSi ar wasula da darCa saqarTveloSi. 2 giorgi mazniaSvili (1870-1937) — gamoCenili qarTveli mxedarTmTa-

vari. ruseT-iaponiisa da I msoflio omebis aqtiuri monawile, ru-

seTis armiis general-maiori da qarTuli armiis generali. I msof-

lio omis aRmosavleTis frontze ibrZoda poloneTis teritoria-

ze, diviziis meTauri. 1917 wlis bolodan saqarTveloSia. monawi-

leobs qarTuli armiis aRmSeneblobis saqmeSi. iniSneba qarTuli

saarmio korpusis me-2 qveiTi diviziis meTaurad. 1918 wlis dasaw-

yisidan Tbilisis garnizonis da borCalos mazris dacvis ufrosi.

1918 wlis aprilSi Coloqi-natanebis frontis sardali, imave wlis

232

qveynis Tavdacvisunarianobis ganmtkicebisaTvis dai-

gegma garkveuli zomebis gatareba: mobilizacia, xidebis da-

naRmva, damatebiT erTi javSnosani matareblis ageba, sate-

legrafo xazebis gayvana mosalodneli agresiis mimarTule-

bebze, gzebis SekeTeba, iaraRis, aRWurvilobis, samosis, nav-

Tobis, saburavebis, sabrZolo masalebis SeZena, cxenebisa da

sazidrebis rekviziciebis Catareba, lores zonaSi mosaxle-

obis ganiaraReba, foilos xidis raionSi dislocirebuli

qvedanayofebisaTvis yazarmebis mowyoba...

metad sainteresoa 1920 wlis 6 dekembers gamarTuli

Tavdacvis sabWos №19 sxdomis masalebi, romlis me-6 pun-

qtSic vkiTxulobT: `moxseneba saxalxo gvardiis mTavari

Stabis Tavmjdomaresi samxedro mdgomareobiT gamowveul

samuSaoebis sawarmoeblad Sromis begarisa da gansakuTre-

buli samuSao jgufebis mowyobis Sesaxeb.

daadgines: xsenebuli samuSaoebisaTvis gayvanil iqnes

mobilizaciis saxiT q. Tfilisis aramSromeli elementebi.

muSaobis da samuSao jgufebis mowyoba daevalos saxalxo

gvardiis mTavar Stabs. yvela am mobilizaciiT gawveuli pi-

maisidan — afxazeTis general-gubernatori da SavizRvispireTis

jarebis sardali. 1918 wlis noembridan qalaq Tbilisisa da Tbili-

sis guberniis samxedro olqisa da aRmosavleT saqarTvelos rki-

nigzebis general-gubernatori. 1918 wlis dekembridan somxeT-sa-

qarTvelos omis Sulaveris frontis sardali. 1919 wlis Teberval-

Si axalcixisa da axalqalqis mazrebis general-gubernatori da re-

gionSi dislocirebuli qarTuli garnizonis jarebis sardali.

1919 wlis martidan 1920 wlis noembramde CamoSorebuli iyo aqti-

ur samxedro samsaxurs. 1920 wlis noembridan iniSneba qalaq Tbi-

lisis simagreebis raionis garnizonis ufrosad. 1921 wlis Teber-

valSi ruseT-saqarTvelos omis soRanluRis frontis sardali,

1921 wlis martSi baTumis garnizonis jarebis sardali. qemaliste-

bisagan baTumis ganTavisuflebisaTvis mimdinare brZolebis saer-

To xelmZRvaneli. giorgis jvris kavaleri. saqarTvelos gasabWoe-

bis Semdeg rCeba saqarTveloSi da monawileobs qarTuli wiTeli

SenaerTis formirebaSi. iniSeneba sabWoTa saqarTvelos wiTeli

qveiTi diviziis meTaurad, Semdeg — respublikis jarebis mTavar

samxedro inspeqtorad. mcire xniT imyofeboda emigarciaSi, pariz-

Si, saidanac saqarTveloSi brundeba 1925 wels. 1937 wels bolSevik-

Ta mier iqna represirebuli. 6 maiss daxvretil iqna SvilTan er-

Tad.

233

ri eqvemdebarebian samxedro wesierebis disciplinas, xolo

dezertirobis CadenisaTvis pasuxs ageben samxedro sasamar-

Tlos winaSe. xsnebuli pirni unda gamocxaddnen TavianT ta-

nisamosSi, xolo SeuZliaT miiRon saxelmwifosagan qalamne-

bi da saWiroebisda mixedviT erTi wyvili winda. maTi gamok-

veba evaleba saxalxo gvardiis mTavar Stabs gvardielebi-

saTvis arsebuli saerTo wesiT. yvela muSas eZleva gansaz-

Rvruli samuSao, romlis Sesrulebis Semdeg is Rebulobs sa-

muSaosgan saTanado Tavisuflebis mowmobas~ [18]. magram rea-

lurad, zemoT CamoTvlili RonisZiebebi ar gatarebula.

1920 wlis 13 dekembers gamarTul Tavdacvis sabWos 22-

e sxdomaze, saqarTvelos SeiaraRebuli Zalebis mTavarsar-

dlad iniSneba generali ilia odiSeliZe [19], ruseTis armia-

Si qarTvel generalTa Soris umaRlesi Tanamdebobisa da

samxedro wodebis mqone oficeri.

axla ki yvelaze mniSvnelovani... saarqivo masalebze

muSaobisas erT saintereso dokuments mivakvlieT. esaa gene-

ral odiSeliZis mier Sedgenili samxedro-strategiuli xa-

siaTis sruliad saidumlo moxseneba bolSevikTa mxridan mo-

mavali safrTxeebisa da am safrTxeebis prevenciisaTvis sa-

Wiro zomebis gatarebis Sesaxeb. moxsenebaSi warmodgenili

Rrma profesiuli analizi da dadebuli prognozebi didi si-

zustiTa da skrupulozurobiT aris Catarebuli. naTlad

Cans analitikosis logika da saomar moqmedebaTa Teatrebis

strategiuli xedva, gamotanili daskvnebis sizuste da moT-

xovnebis kategoriuloba, amave dros Sinagani gangaSis is cu-

dad dafaruli gancda, rac mTel dokuments wiTeli xaziviT

gasdevs. warmodgenili saarqivo dokumenti originalia. igi

rusul enaze lurji melniT manqanaze nabeWd teqsts warmo-

adgens da srulad gamoxatavs 1921 wlis dasawyisisaTvis ami-

erkavkasiis regionSi arsebul samxedro-operatiul viTare-

bas. am dokuments srulad moviyvanT.

maS ase, saqarTvelos demokratiuli respublikis sam-

xedro ministris TanaSemwe, saqarTvelos SeiaraRebuli Za-

lebis mTavarsardali, generali ilia odiSeliZe:

`saqarTvelos respublikis mTavrobas.

samxedro ministris TanaSemwe.

234

1921 wlis 3 ianvari. №64/49

qal. tfilisi. sruliad saidumlo.

gacnobisTanave eqvemdebareba Tavdacvis sabWoSi dab-

runebas.

asli: saxalxo gvardiis mTavari Stabis ufross, sam-

xedro ministrs.

SeniSvna 1. oficialuri werilobiTi saxis moxseneba Ce-

mi da genStabis ufrosis xelmowerebiT, warmodgenili iyo

ufro adre, 1920 wlis oqtombersa da noemberSi. kidev ufro

adre, me oficialurad, sityvierad movaxsene amis Sesaxeb

mTavrobas erT-erT sxdomaze. arsebobs am sxdomebis oqmebi.

1920 wlis oqtombrisa da noembris moxsenebebi arsiT igivea:

ruseTTan gardauvali omis gamo isini moiTxovdnen armiis

gaZlierebasa da momzadebas.

SeniSvna 2. 1920 wlis noemberSi me gavakeTe oficialu-

ri moxseneba samxedro da sagareo saministroebis gaerTiane-

buli komisiisa da damfuZnebeli krebis fraqciebis winaSe —

saerTo jamSi, oqtomber-noemberSi oTxjer. da yovelTvis

erTi daskvniT: Cven momakvdinebeli safrTxis winaSe vdga-

varT. (es fraza avtoris mier xazgasmulia — a. C.)

gasuli wlis noembris Tvesa da dekembris dasawyisSi

Cvens xelT arsebuli yvela monacemis safuZvelze, cxadi

iyo, rom sabWoTa ruseTis sardloba dekembris Sua ricxvebi-

saTvis apirebda respublikaze saerTo Setevis dawyebas, mag-

ram rogorc Cans Zalian didi gaTvlebi iyo gakeTebuli qvey-

nis Signidan afeTqebaze, rac qveyanaSi SemoWris signali un-

da gamxdariyo. magram TviT ruseTSi arsebulma politikur-

ma garemoebebma, rasac me-11 armiis sardali hekeri aRniSnav-

da, CaSales es gegmebi da daproeqtebuli Seteva ar ganxor-

cielda.

magram dekemberSi gagegmili Setevis gadadeba ar niS-

navs sabWoTa ruseTidan momavali safrTxis gaqrobas. bol-

Sevikebi rogorc Cans emzadebian CvenTan omisaTvis, rac Cans

ukve naxsenebi me-11 armiis sardlis moxsenebidan, romelic

rekomendacias iZleva gadaidos saqarTveloze Tavdasxma

gansazRvruli pirobebis Sesrulebamde: azerbaijanSi Svidi

qveiTi diviziisa da meore cxenosani armiis Tavmoyra (30000-

de xiSti da 5000 xmali), ganjaSi puris maragebis Semotana de-

235

kembrisa da ianvris ganawesebiT, Turqul sardlobasTan Se-

Tanxmebis miRweva, romelic uzrunvelyofs TurqTa mxridan

sabWoTa Setevas, (zustad asea teqstSi — Обеспечивающаго Совътского наступленіе со стороны Турокъ — a. C.) da bolos, me-9

armiis gadajgufeba (ganlagebuli iyo yubanis olqSi), ris Se-

saxebac mTavarsardal kamenevis1 mier gacemul iqna gankar-

guleba.

amgvarad, sabWoTa sardloba mxolod axanebs Setevis

dawyebas im xelsayrel momentamde, sanam am SetevisaTvis maT

yvelaferi ar eqnebaT mogvarebuli. es garemoebebi mavalde-

buleben Tavdacvis sabWos yuradReba mivaqcevino im garemo-

ebaze, Tu ra mdgomareobaSi imyofeba Cveni SeiaraRebuli Za-

lebi da SemogTavazoT rigi konkretuli da Cemis azriT ga-

1 sergei sergeeviC kamenevi (1881-1936) — mefis armiis yofili pol-

kovniki da muSur-glexuri wiTeli armiis mTavarsardali, I rangis

komandarmi. ruseT-iaponiisa da I msoflio omebis monawile. I

msoflio omSi 1914 wlis seqtembridan 1-li dasavleTis frontis

armiis Stabis kvartermeisteris ufrosi adiutanti, Semdeg — ar-

miis operatiuli ganyofilebis ufrosi. 1917 wlis aprilidan

polkovniki, poltavis 30-e polkis meTauri. 1917 wlis noembridan

me-15 saarmio korpusis Stabis ufrosi. oqtombris gadatrialebis

Semdeg emxroba bolSevikebs. 1918 wlis aprilidan muSur-glexuri

wiTeli armiis SemadgenlobaSia. 1918 wlis ivnisidan vitebskis wi-

Teli qveiTi polkis meTauri, 1918 wlis agvistodan — smolenskis

raionis samxedro xelmZRvaneli, 1919 wlis agvistodan aRmosav-

leTis frontis sardali da muSur-glexuri wiTeli armiis (РККА)

mTavarsardali. 1924 wlis aprilidan wiTeli armiis mTavari sam-

xedro inspeqtori, 1925 wlidan — wiTelis armiis Stabis ufrosi.

1926 wlis agvistodan wiTeli armiis mTavari sammarTvelos uf-

rosi, amave dros m. frunzes saxelobis samxedro akademiis taqti-

kis ciklis ufrosi. 1927 wlidan samxedro da samxedro-sazRvao

saqmeTa saxalxo komisris moadgile da sabWoTa kavSiris samxed-

ro revoluciuri komitetis Tavmjdomaris moadgile. 1935 wels

mieniWa I rangis komandarmis samxedro wodeba, maSin roca samoqa-

laqo omis periodSi mis daqvemdebarebaSi myof xuT mxedarTmTa-

vars (voroSilovs, budionis, bliuxers, egorovsa da tuxaCevskis)

mieniWaT umaRlesi samxedro wodebebi — sabWoTa kavSiris marSa-

li. gardaicvala 1936 wels. sikvdilis Semdeg, 1937 wels, igi

braldebul iqna`samxedro-faSistur SeTqmulebaSi.~misi moRva-

weoba amoSlil iqna ruseTis samoqalaqo omis oficialuri isto-

riis furclebidan, misi saxeli ki, daviwyebas mieca.

236

daudebeli zomebisa am Zalebis brZolisunarianobis xaris-

xis asamaRleblad, raTa maT SeZlon Tavisuflad daupiris-

pirdnen mowinaaRmdeges, romelTa Zalebic zemoT iyo moyva-

nili. am sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT me mqonda winasawari mola-

parakebebi gvardiis mTavari Stabis wrmomadgenlebTan, gene-

ralur StabTan da sajariso meTaurebTan. yvelani isini mi-

vidnen im daskvnebame, rasac me gTavazobT am moxsenebaSi.

sanam gadaval am zomebis CamoTvlaze, neba miboZeT gav-

Cerde im samxedro-politikuri garemoebebis aRweraze, ra-

sac adgili aqvs mocemul momentSi respublikis garSemo,

radgan naTeli iyos ZalTa is ganawileba, romelsac qvemoT

gTavazobT.

sabWoTa ruseTis Cvens respublikasTan damokidebule-

ba sruladaa warmodgenili rogorc zemoT xsenebuli me-11

armiis sardlis moxsenebaSi, aseve Cveni sagareo saqmeTa sami-

nistros monacemebSi. rac Seexeba Zalebs, romelic SeuZlia

Cvens winaaRmdeg gamoagzavnos ruseTma — isic sakmao sizus-

tiTaa aRwerili moxsenebaSi da es suraTi ase gamoiyureba:

Cveni aRmosavleTis frontis winaaRmdeg, wiTeli xididan za-

qaTalamde moemarTeba aqtiuri jgufi 6-7 qveiTi diviziisa

da 5 sakavalerio diviziis SemadgenlobiT (30000-de xiSti da

4-5 aTasi xmali); pasiuri mimarTulebebis — vladikavkazisa

da soWis dasafaravad rCeba TiTo divizia (8000-de). Tu amas

davumatebT samxreT oseTSi CrdiloeT kavkasiidan osebis

SemoWris SesaZleblobas, raodenobiT 3000 kacamde (sadaz-

vervo monacemebiT CrdiloeT kavkasiaSi), maSin sabWoTa ru-

seTis mxridan Cvens winaaRmdeg unda velodoT 40000 xiStam-

de da 5000 xmals. amasTan, aqtiuri jgufi, 30000-de xmali,

Cvens winaaRmdeg imoqmedebs aRmosavleT da samxreT-aRmo-

savleT sazRvrebze.

sabWoTa ruseTTan Setakebis SemTxvevaSi, Cveni meore

mteri albaT sabWoTa somxeTi iqneba, romelic Cvens samxreT

sazRvrebs daemuqreba borCalos mazraSi. zusti monacemebi

somxeTis SeiaraRebuli Zalebis Sesaxeb ar mogvepoveba, mag-

ram yvela niSniT igi mZimed dezorganizebulia, xumbapetebi

(daSnakuri sabrZolo razmebis meTaurebi — a. C.) ki aqamde

uTanagrZnoben daSnakebs da isini ganiaraRebulni ar arian.

(beqzadianis saubari pirdapir mavTulze muravianTan da Ci-

237

Cerinis telegrama somxeTis sagareo saqmeTa saxalxo komi-

sars). miuxedavad amisa, sqarTvelosTan omis SemTxvevaSi,

sabWoTa somxeTis mTavrobac ki moZebnis CvenTan omis warmo-

ebis sakmao raodenobis msurvels. Tu amas davumatebT Cvens

winaaRmdeg ajanyebuli borCalos mazris somxur mosaxleo-

bas, Cven saqme gveqneba SeiaraRebul mterTan, raodenobiT —

10-15000 kaci.

Tqvens yuradRebas mivapyrob Semdeg Cvens mezobels,

TurqeTs. unda aRvniSnoT, rom misi Cvendami damokidebuleba

bolomde naTeli araa: erTis mxriv, igi warmoadgens sabWoTa

ruseTis oficialur mokavSires, magram meores mxriv ruse-

Tis samxedro sardloba CvenTan omis dawyebis SemTxvevaSi

apirebs qiazim yarabeqiris jarebis winaaRmdeg gansakuTre-

buli zRudis Seqmnas da am jarebis poziciebis gamorkvevam-

de TviT Setevis SesaZleblobis daSvebas.

ukanasknel periodSi Cvensa da angoras (dRevandeli

ankara — a. C.) Soris damyarebuli kavSirebi gvafiqrebinebs,

rom Turqebi, ruseTTan Cveni omis SemTxvevaSi am omSi Cvens

winaaRmdeg aqtiurad ar Caebmebian, yovel SemTxvevaSi mis

sawyis fazaSi. isini daelodebian pirveli brZolebis Sede-

gebs da Cveni damarcxebis SemTxvevaSi, dauyovnebliv daika-

veben im olqebs, romlebic maT hqondaT gadacemuli brest-

litovskis zaviT.

rac Seexeba TurqTa Zalebs, romlebic maT gaaCniaT

amierkavkasiaSi. cnobilia rom maTi raodenoba 20-25000-s aR-

wevs. amas garda, me-3 divizia trapizonis midamoebSi — 5000

kaci, romelic aseve SeiZleba gadmojgufebul iqnas baTumis

olqSi saomari moqmedebebisaTvis. Tu imasac gaviTvaliswi-

nebT, rom yarabeqir faSa iZulebuli iqneba datovos garkve-

uli Zalebi somxebis winaaRmdeg da am miznisaTvis Semoifar-

gleba 10-15000 kaciT, aseT SemTxvevaSic Cvens winaaRmdeg mas

SeuZlia gamoiyvanos 10-15 aTasiani jari. Tu amas davumtebT

baTumis olqisa da ardaganis okrugis musulmani mosaxleo-

bis 15-20000 meamboxes, maSin Cvens samxreT-dasavleT fron-

tze saqme gveqneba mowinaaRmdegis 35000-ian jarTan.

xazs vusvam, rom am ukanasknels adgili Tavidanve ar

eqneba, aramed CvenTvis yvelaze uares SemTxvevaSi.

238

amgvarad, sabWoTa ruseTTan Setakebis SemTxvevaSi saq-

me gveqneba 50-60000-ian rusul-somxur jarTan, maTTan Tur-

qebis SeerTebiT ki — 75-90000-Tan. amasTan erTad, yvelaze aq-

tiuri iqneba samxreT-aRmosavleTis saomar moqmedebaTa Te-

atri, Cveni samxreT-aRmosavleTis sazRvrebi, saidanac mowi-

naaRmdege ganaxorcielebs yvelaze ufro intensiur Setevas

respublikis administraciuli, politikuri da samxedro

centris — Tbilisis xelSi Casagdebad.

Aam monacemebiTa da aseve Cveni geografiuli da stra-

tegiuli mdebareobidan gamomdinare (centraluri mdebare-

oba da Sida saoperacio xazebze moqmedebebi), saWiroa dau-

yovnebliv CavigdoT xelSi iniciativa. amis misaRwevad ki

mzad unda viyoT imisaTvis, rom Cveni sazRvrebis nebismier

ubanze, saWiro momentSi movaxdinoT mowinaaRmdegesTan Se-

darebiT aRmatebuli Zalebis Tavmoyra. magaliTad, sabWoTa

ruseTis Setevis SemTxvevaSi Cvens aRmosavleT sazRvrebTan

Tavi unda movuyaroT 35000-ian jars, xolo samxreTSi 10000-

s, amasTan erTad, sxva mimarTulebebisaTvis rezervSi unda

viyolioT 15000-iani jari. amgvarad, Cveni SeiaraRebuli Za-

lebis saerTo ricxvi unda iyos 60000 xiSti da xmali.

amasTan erTad, Cveni jarebis moqmedebis xasiaTi unda

iyos mxolod aqtiuri, swrafi da energiuli, rac gamowveu-

lia erTis mxriv Cveni strategiuli mdgomareobiT da meores

mxriv Cveni mosalodneli mowinaaRmdegis xasiaTiT, raode-

nobiT Zalian STambeWdavi, magram Zalian aramdgradi xan-

grZlivi winaaRmdegobisaTvis, rac sabWoTa ruseTis mTavar-

sardlobis mierac aris gaTvaliswinebuli, roca igi Tavisi

me-11 armiis sardlisagan moiTxovs iniciativis xelSi aRebas.

amas unda davumatoT Cveni ekonomikuri mdgomareoba, rome-

lic ar gvaZlevs saSualebas vawarmooT xangrZlivi omi, ase-

ve Cveni jariskacis xasiaTi, romelic mowodebulia gmirobi-

sa da swrafi moqmedebebisaTvis, magram ar uyvars xangrZlivi

gasaWiri.

aRwerili mdgomareoba moiTxovs jarebis ukidures

mobilurobas, rac damokidebulia Cveni gzaTa Setyobinebis

mdgomareobiT. am mimarTulebiT ki mogviwevs gadamwyveto

zomebis gatareba. rkinigzis dauyovneblivi uzrunvelyofa

navTis maragebiT, raTa omis dawyebis SemTxvevaSi miRweul

239

iqnas moZraobis saWiro tempebi. amitom nebismieri danaxar-

jebis fasad unda SevZloT sazRvargareT navTis saWiro ma-

ragebis SeZena, imdenad, ramdenadac misi azerbaijanidan mi-

Rebis imedebi, ra Tqma unda, ara gvaqvs.

qvemoT naCvenebi iqneba Tu momavali omis Teatrebze

romeli gzebi unda iyos moyvanili srul wesrigSi. aq ki mxo-

lod ukiduresad saWiro RonisZiebebis gatarebiT Semovi-

farglebiT — rkinigzis xazis mSenebloba wnoris wyali-la-

godexi, rac mowinaaRmdegesTan SedarebiT mniSvnelovnad ga-

aumjobesebs Cvens strategiul mdgomareobas alaznis velis

dasacavad.

magram jarebis mobilurobisaTvis mniSvneloba aqvs

ara marto gzebs, aramed saWapane transports, romelic kve-

bavs jars. mniSvnelovania aseve artileriasa da cxenosan

jarSi cxenebis raodenoba. am mxriv ki, Cveni jari ukidure-

sad mZime mdgomareobaSi imyofeba. dakmayofilebulia jare-

bis saStato moTxovnilebis mxolod 40%-de. saxeze arsebu-

li ki, uWmelobis gamo, ukiduresad cud mdgomareobaSia. sa-

Wapane transporti Zveli, dazianebuli da xangrZlivi laS-

qrobebisaTvis gamousadegaria...

Cveni SeiaraRebuli Zalebis arsebuli raodenoba Za-

lian Sorsaa im ricxvisagan, rac saWiroa sabWoTa ruseTis wi-

naaRmdeg sabrZolvelad, e.i. 60000, rac zemoT iyo aRniSnu-

li. mocemul momentSi Cven gvyavs mxolod 25000 xiSti, rom-

lebic Semdegnairad arian ganawilebulni: gagris raioni —

1900 xiSti, baTumis olqi — 4900, axlacixe-axalqalaqi-arda-

ganis raioni — 4500, lagodexis raioni — 1000, yazbegis raioni

— 150, samxreT-aRmosavleTis fronti — 9500. dabolos, re-

zervi tfilisSi — 2500 xiSti.

respublikis SeiaraRebuli Zalebis saWiro raodeno-

bamde misayvanad gadaudebelia:

a. axlave moxdes 1920 wlis axlwveulTa gawveva im gaT-

vliT, rom gazafxulisaTvis SesaZlebeli gaxdes maTi sab-

rZolo mwyobrSi dayeneba;

b. axlave daiwyos batalionebis sabrZolo gaSla samba-

talionian polkebad. axlave daiwyos damatebiTi formirebe-

bis Seqmna, rac moiTxovs damatebiT TadarigSi myofTa or-

wlian gawvevas da saxalxo gvardiis mTeli Semadgenlobis

240

srul mobilizacias. es RonisZiebebi mogvcemen saSualebas

jarebis raodenoba aviyvanoT 35000-de, rac CvenTvis sasur-

vel ricxvs warmoadgens.

magram sanam SevkrebT am raodenobis jars, saWiroa ma-

Ti uzrunvelyofa yvela aucilebeli nivTiT, rogoricaa

tansacmeli, TeTreuli, fexsacmeli, aRWurviloba, Seiara-

Reba, sabrZolo masalebi d sasursaTo maragebi. amitom exla-

ve unda vizrunoT imaze, rom moxdes am qonebis SeZena saz-

RvargareT, Tundac sasaqonlo gacvlis gziT. arsebuli cno-

bebiT, amis miRweva Zalian advilia konstantinopolSi, sadac

ganTavsebulia antantis saokupacio jarebisa da vrangelis

armiis maragebi. sasurvelia mivlinebiT gaigzavnos gansa-

kuTrebuli komisia, sursaTis saministros, saxalxo gvardi-

isa da samxedro-sameurneo komitetis wevrTa Semadgenlo-

biT, romlebic ganaxorcieleben am Sesyidvebs. Cveni armiis

zemoT moyvanili ricxvebis Sesabamisad, 40-50000 kacisaTvis

unda moxdes tansacmlis, aRWurvilobisa da SeiaraRebis Se-

Zena, xolo sursaTisa — Tviuri proporciiT 100-120000 kacsa

da 15000 cxenze, anu, CavacmevT 75000 kacs, kidev 75000-s ki,

davtovebT xeluxlebel maragebad.

sabrZolo masalebis mxriv gansakuTrebuli yuradReba

unda mieqces saartilerio Wurvebis SeZenas, romelic Zalian

SezRuduli raodenobiT gagvaCnia... axlave saWiroa gamoiyos

Tavdacvis fondidan asignebani — 50-60000000 maneTis odeno-

biT cxenebisa da xarebis saWiro raodenobis SesaZenad, ag-

reTve saWapane satransporto saSualebebis SesakeTeblad.

rogorc zemoT iyo aRniSnuli, kolosaluri mniSvne-

loba aqvs gzebis mdgomareobas, am mxriv ki yvelaze mniSvne-

lovani, samxreT-aRmosavleTis frontis gzebi borCalos

mazrasa da yaraiazis raionSi, ukiduresad cud mdgomareoba-

Sia. daTbobasTan erTad aq gzebi sruliad gauvali gaxdeba.

amitom aucilebelia, exlave gavataroT Sesabamisi zomebi,

rom wesrigSi iqnas moyvanili qvemoT dasaxelebuli gzebi:

tfilisi-qesalo-wiTeli xidi, sandari-wiTeli xidi, aSaRa-

sarali-yaCaRani-wiTeli xidi, sadaxlo-kerpeli, da sandari-

voroncovka-jalal-oRli. (voroncovka — istoriuli qar-

Tuli taSiri, jalal-oRli — istoriuli qarTuli lore,

241

dRevandeli stefanavani. dRes orive es dasaxlebuli punqti

somxeTis SemadgenobaSia CarTuli — a. C.)

am Teatrze Cveni jarebis or dajgufebas Soris kavSi-

risaTvis ki saWiroa, qesalos raionSi, mdinare mtkvarze xi-

dis aSeneba yaCaRanTan, mdinare debeda Caize xidis aSeneba da

yaraiazis raionSi ori-sami ormagi bornis gamarTva mdinare

mtkvarze. am xidebisa da bornebis asaSeneblad saWiro Tanxe-

bis gamoyofa unda moxdes exlave, dauyovnebliv.

saWiroa aRniSnul raionebSi srulad damyardes sate-

legrafo Setyobineba, risTvisac dagvWirdeba damatebiTi sa-

telegrafo xazebis gayvana Semdeg marSrutebze: aSaRa-sara-

li-yaCaRani-wiTeli xidi da beiuq-kisiaki-yaCaRani. amas gar-

da, jarebis kavSirgabmulobis uzrunvelsayofad, axlavea sa-

Wiro sazRvargareT telegrafis aparatebis da gansakuTre-

biT misi elementebis SeZena, imdenad ramdenadac, am ukanas-

knelSi SeimCneva didi ukmarisoba. Cvens mier damzadebuli ki

uvargisi gamodga. vTvli, rom maTi SeZena SegviZlia davava-

loT Cems mier zemoT xsenebul komisias konstantinopolSi.

samxreT-aRmosavleTi fronti metad mwiria dasaxle-

buli punqtebiT, riTac ukiduresad garTulebulia jarebis

ganTavsebis sakiTxi. amasTan erTad, am raions samxedro

TvalsazrisiT respublikisaTvis yovelTvis eqneba pirvel-

xarisxovani mniSvneloba da am raionSi, omis SemTxvevaSi, ja-

rebis Tavmoyras mudmivi xasiaTi eqneba. am TvalsazrisiT ga-

daudeblad vTvli barakis tipis sacxovreblebis agebas sad-

gurebis suguT-bulaxisa da beiuq-kisiakis raionSi, aseve wi-

Teli xidis raionSi. es Senobebi mSvidobianobis dros SeiZ-

leba gamoyenebul iqnas sasazRvro jarebisaTvis. maT aSene-

bas axlave unda SevudgeT, saSen masalad ki SeiZleba gamoye-

nebul iqnas axla carieli yofili saintendanto sawyobis Se-

nobebi didubeSi, navTluRsa da arsenalze.

armiisa da gvardiis saWiroebisaTvis unda davamatoT

agreTve aeroplanebis sakiTxi — bombdamSenebi, 40 fuTi sab-

rZolo tvirTamweobiT, saavtomobilo da saaviacio benzini,

romlis gareSc Cven sruliad moklebulni viqnebiT brZolis

warmoebis iseT mZlavr saSualebebs, rogoricaa sahaero da-

bombva da saavtomobilo dazverva. vTvli, rom es Sesyidvebi

SeiZleba ganxorcieldes Cems mier zemoT xsenebuli komisiis

242

mier. Sesyidvebi unda Sesruldes swrafad, radgan winaaR-

mdeg SemTxvevaSi CavvardebiT gamouval mdgomareobaSi.

amgvarad, Cveni usafrTxoebis uzrunvelyofisa da Ce-

mis azriT momaval gazafxulze sabWoTa ruseTTan gardau-

vali omis saSiSroebis gamo (bolo fraza avtoris mier xaz-

gasmulia — a. C.), saswrafod unda gavataroT Semdegi zomebi:

1. 1920 wlis axalwveulTa kontigentis saswrafo gawve-

va;

2. yvelafris saswrafod momzadeba imisaTvis, rom ja-

rebis raodenoba gazrdil iqnas 60000-de, zurgis CaTvliT

ki, 75000-de damatebiTi kontigentisa da rezervis gawveviT.

amisaTvis, dauyovneblv unda iqnas SeZenili saWiro raode-

nobis cxenebi, xarebi, tansacmeli, aRWurviloba, iaraRi da

sabrZolo masala. unda damzaddes saWiro raodenobis sur-

saTi da furaJi;

3. gzebis sistemis wesrigSi moyvana, rac naCvenebia war-

modgenil moxsenebaSi, rkinigzis uzrunvelyofa navTis saWi-

ro raodenobiT, agreTve rkinigzis xazis gayvana marSrutze

wnoris wyali-lagodexi;

4. satelegrafo xazebis gayvana moxsenebis Sesabami-

sad;

5. saomar moqmedebaTa Teatrebze jarebisaTvis saTav-

soebis aSeneba;

6. teqnikuri jarebis uzrunvelyofa benziniTa da re-

ziniT;

7. dabolos, aeroplan-bombdamSenebis SeZena;

yvela am zomis gatarebas vTvli gadaudeblad, rom

darwmunebulni viyoT momavali gardauvali omis SemTxveva-

Si, omis CvenTvis dadebiTi SedegebiT dasrulebaSi. yoveli-

ve amis dagvianeba uaxloes momavalSi Cagvagdebs uaRre-

sad mZime mdgomareobaSi (bolo winadadeba avtoris mier

xazgasmulia — a. C.).

originaluri xelmowerebi: generali odiSeliZe;

genStabis ufrosi, generali zaqariaZe1;

1 aleqsandre zaqariaZe (1884-1957) — qarTveli oficeri da samxedro

moRvawe, mefis armiis polkovniki da qarTuli armiis generali.

ruseT-iaponiisa da I msoflio omebis monawile. giorgis jvris ka-

valeri. 1917 wels kazakTa diviziis Stabis ufrosi, Semdeg — qvei-

243

sworia: i. odiSeliZe~ [19].

maSin, 1920 wlis bolos da 1921 wlis dasawyisSi, saqar-

Tvelos demokratiuli respublikis samTavrobo-politi-

kurma elitam adeqvaturad ver imoqmeda. man kidev erTxel

ar daugdo yuri simarTlis xmas. misma udidebulesoba isto-

riam ki, sul sxvanairad gansaja...

bolSevikTa SeiaraRebuli intervenciis dawyebisa da

pirveli qarTuli respublikis dasrulebamde TiTze CamosaT-

vleli dReebi iyo darCenili. general odiSeliZis mier Tav-

dacvis sabWosa da saqarTvelos mTavrobisadmi wayenebuli es

kategoriuli moTxovnebi ki, samwuxarod darCa `xmad mRaRa-

deblisa udabnosa Sina~... Tumca es ukve sul sxva istoriaa...

da dResac, 2014 wlisaTvis, general ilia odiSeliZis

mier 1920 wlis bolos da 1921 wlis dasawyisSi araerTxel

gaJRerebuli zariviT sagangaSo fraza — `Cven momakvdine-

beli safrTxis winaSe vdgavarT~, isev rekavs...

Temas ki isev im winadadebiT davasrulebT, riTac da-

viwyeT — istoria winaparTa da gardasul movlenaTa Sesaxeb

ara mxolod paTetikuri toniT aRwerili heroikuli traq-

tatebis krebuli, aramed pirvel rigSi, realiebis zusti aR-

wera da analizia, an ukidures SemTxvevaSi, maqsimalurad da-

zustebuli da kritikulad gaazrebuli faqtebisa da msje-

lobebis dialeqtikuri erTianoba...

Ti brigadis meTauri. generaluri Stabis polkovniki. 1917 wlis

bolodan saqarTveloSia. 1918 wlis dasawyisidan qarTuli saar-

mio korpusis Stabis ufrosi. 1918 wels saqarTvelos samxedro sa-

ministros generaluri Stabis ganyofilebis saerTo, Semdeg ki,

operatiuli seqciis ufrosi. 1919 wlidan — qarTuli armiis gene-

rali. 1919-1921 wlebSi saqarTvelos SeiaraRebuli Zalebis gene-

raluri Stabis ufrosis moadgile, Semdeg — genStabis ufrosi.

1920 wlidan respublikis samxedro sabWos wevri, Tavdacvis sab-

Wos miwveuli wevri. saqarTvelos demokratiuli respublikis

bolSevikuri okupaciis Semdeg, 1921 wlis martidan, emigraciaSia.

jer konstantinopolSia, Semdeg ki, msaxurobs poloneTis armia-

Si. 1926 wlidan poloneTis qarTuli komitetis wevri. mopovebu-

li aqvs poloneTis armiis brigadis meTaurisa da diviziis meTau-

ris samxedro wodebebi. 1939 wlis germania-poloneTis omis aqti-

uri monawile. dajildoebulia poloneTis umaRlesi samxedro

jildoebiT. gardaicvala 1957 wels.

244


1. arCil CaCxiani. ruseT-saqarTvelos samxedro-politikuri

urTierTobebi da sabrZolo moqmedebebi afxazeTis regi-

onsa da SavizRvispireTSi. (1918-1920 wlebi), saqarTvelos

SeiaraRebuli Zalebis generaluri Stabis lojistikis

sardlobis topografiuli sammarTvelos stamba, ISBN 978-9941-0-5988-9, Tbilisi. 2014.

2. Клаузевиц. О., войне. Государственное Военное Издательство Наркомата Обороны Союза ССР, Москва, 1937.

3. B. H. Liddell-Hart. Why Don't We Learn from History? Hawthorn Books, New York, 1971.

4. И. С. Минц. Победа советской власти в Закавказье, Москва, 1929. 5. saqarTvelos istoriis narkvevebi, tomi VI, Tbilisi, 1973.

6. А. Б. Кадишев, Интервенция и гражданская война в Закавказье, Военное издательство министерства обороны союза ССР, Москва, 1960.

7. Г. Уратадзе, Общественное движение в Грузии в 1821-1921 гг., Париж, 1939.

8. vaxtang guruli. saqarTvelo-ruseTis moskovis xelSekru-

leba (1920 wlis 7 maisi).

9. saqarTvelos centraluri saxelmwifo saistorio arqivi

(SemdgomSi scssa), fondi 1969, anaweri 2, saqme 27, furceli

149.

10. v. TevzaZe, qarTveli oficris Canawerebi, Tbilisi, 1990.

11. Jurnali `kavkasioni~, XV, Kavkasioni. Recueil littéraire et histori-

que (in Georgien), parizi, 1971 weli.

12. scssa. fondi 1969, anaweri 4, saqme 14, furceli 1.






18. scssa. fondi 1969, anaweri 4, saqme 14, furceli (23-24).



245

Archil Chachkhiani

Doctor of History, Colonel, Senior Instructor on the Course of the War History and Military Art, Defense and Security, the Theory and Na-ture of War, at the CGSC of the David Agmash-enebeli Georgian National Defense Academy

The Fateful Lessons of the History – `We are Facing the Deadly Threat~

Summary

The issue we mention here is from the sphere of the Modern and the

most recent History of Georgia. In particular, the represented work concerns some moments from the political and military realities of the Democratic Republic of Georgia at the end of the year 1920. The most important is the issue, whether Georgia had obtained the information about the Bolshevik Russia’s preparations for intrusion, or not? Was Georgia preparing for the approaching war?

The beginning of the political and diplomatic relations between Georgia and Russia was as follows: resulting from the complex international situation, Georgia began worrying about settling the political relations with Soviet Russia from the very moment the Transcaucasian Federation disintegrated and the national independence of Georgia was restored. It is the historical fact that the young Republic of Georgia immediately claimed its readiness to settle political and diplomatic relations with Soviet Russia. The first diplomatic mission of the Democratic Republic of Georgia was sent to Moscow from the very first days of independence but this did not bring any results.

After the `October Upheaval~, in a short while as the Bolsheviks assumed the power, Lenin and his like-minded comrades ended with the democratic prelude. They moved to the aggressive military actions and started the bloodstained process of establishing the proletarian neo-colonialistic rule all over the former Russian Empire. At the same time, they ignited the `World Proletarian Revolution~ fire in the Eastern Europe.

In the represented article we consider the measures planned by the Georgian Defence Council towards preventing the armed aggression and

246

intervention from the side of the Bolshevik Russia. The archival documentation, namely, the records of the sessions of the Defence Council, and the detailed analysis of the military-strategic speech of General Ilia Odishelidze, the Deputy Military Minister of the first Republic of Georgia and the Commander-in-chief of the Georgian Armed Forces, are provided.

247

mariam gabunia


versitetis doqtoranti

nikifore irbaxi da ori iberiis naTesaobis sakiTxi qarTul-espanur diplomatiur

molaparakebebSi (1626-1627 ww.)

Cveni kvlevis miznidan gamomdinare, aRniSnuli sakiT-

xis Seswavla aqtualuri da mniSvnelovania, radgan saqarTve-

lo-espaneTis urTierTobebis istoria xsenebuli problemis

TvalsazrisiT gansakuTrebuli xasiaTisaa. obieqturoba mo-

iTxovs iTqvas, rom XV-XVII saukuneebSi orive saxelmwifos

religiuri da diplomatiuri urTierTobebis istoria

srulyofilad dRemde ar aris sagangebod gamokvleuli da

araerTi sakiTxi saTanado Seswavlas da gaanalizebas moiT-

xovs. aRniSnuli saukuneebis saqarTvelo-espaneTis urTier-

Tobebis istoriis Seswavlisas, qarTul istoriul wyaroeb-

Tan erTad, didi mniSvneloba eniWeba ucxoel avtorTa Sro-

mebSi dacul im dokumentur masalasac, romelic metad sayu-

radRebo, Zvirfas cnobebs Seicavs saqarTvelo-espaneTs So-

ris arsebul urTierTobaTa mecnierulad SeswavlisaTvis.

am mxriv, Zalze mniSvnelovania is werilobiTi dokumentebi,

romelTac espaneTis qalaq valiadolis maxloblad mdebare

simankas generalur saistorio arqivSi miakvlia cnobilma

espanelma mecnierma luis xil fernandesma. mis mier aRmoCe-

nili 81 axali saarqivo dokumenti, romelTa didi nawili es-

panur, mcire nawili ki qarTul, berZnul laTinur, kastili-

ur da somxur enebzea dawerili, uaRresad sayuradRebo Se-

naZenia ara marto qarTuli istoriografiisaTvis, aramed

dasavleT evropis kaTolikuri istoriis Sesaswavladac. xse-

nebuli wyaroebi naTel warmoadgenas gviqmnian saqarTvelo-

espaneTis XV-XVII saukuneebSi arsebul religiur, politi-

248

kur da diplomatiur urTierTobebze. aRniSnuli dokumen-

tebis originalebi da qarTul da espanur enebze Targmnili

wyaroebi luis xil fernandesma da profesorma ilia tabaRu-

am 1993 wels calke wignad gamosces madridSi Semdegi saxel-

wodebiT: `dokumentebi saqarTvelos istoriisaTvis espane-

Tis arqivebsa da biblioTekebSi (XV-XVII ss.)~1.

wyaroebis gacnobisas, Cveni gansakuTrebuli interesi

gamoiwvia 1627 wliT daTariRebulma #63 dokumentma, sadac

Tavmoyrilia saintereso cnobebi iberiaze, iberebsa da qar-

Tvelebze, maT sazRvrebze, qristianobaSi maT moqcevaze,

wes-Cveulebebze, samxedro Zalebze, maT ganzraxvebze da sxv.

am dokumentis SeswavliTa da gaanalizebiT SevecdebiT, SeZ-

lebisdagvarad vaCvenoT, Tu ra principebi edo safuZvlad

ori iberiis naTesaobis sakiTxis wamowevas qarTul-espanuri

diplomatiuri molaparakebebis dros, aseve, gavaanalizoT

espaneT-saqarTvelos antiosmaluri gegmebi.

#63 dokumentSi aRniSnulia, rom iberiisa da iberebis

Sesaxeb mogviTxroben antikuri periodis berZeni da laTine-

li avtorebi: herodote, aristotele, dioniso de situ or-

bis, polibiusi, apiane, straboni, ptolemaiosi, plutarqe,

pliniusi da sxva [1, 424]. maTi Txzulebebis Tanaxmad, iyo ori

iberia, erTi — aRmosavleTSi, meore — dasavleTSi. am ukanas-

knels uwodebdnen espaneTis iberias. `cnobebis~ Semdgenlebi

ar iziarebdnen dionisio de situ orbis da prisianes infor-

maciebs, romlis Tanaxmad, `dasavlelma iberebma... igive saxe-

li misces aRmosavlel iberebs...~ aristoteles da plutar-

qes Tanaxmad, ar arsebobda araviTari werilobiTi cnoba im

periodSi, espanelebis mxridan romelime Soreul zRvaosno-

baze.

strabonis Tanaxmad, dasavleTis iberebs romaelTa

SeWramde sxvadasxva xalxebTan misvla-mosvla da urTierTo-

ba ar hqondaT da sakuTaris garda sxva wes-Cveulebebi ar

icodnen [1, 426]. pliniusis cnobis Tanaxmad, md. ebros saxe-

lis mixedviT, berZnebma mTel espaneTs iberia uwodes. es

versia arasworad miaCniaT `cnobebis~ SemdgenelT. maTi az-

1 aRniSnuli naSromis gacnobisa da Seswavlis saSualeba momca pro-

fesorma murman papaSvilma, risTvis mas vwirav uRrmes madlobas.

249

riT, ìber~-is Tavdapirveli mniSvneloba ueWvelad modis

zmnidan èiber~, rac gronobio bekanas Tanaxmad, niSnavs `da-

malva~-s, `dafarva~-s, ramdenadac aRmosavleli iberebi ari-

an damaluli, Semofaruli da Semofargluli mravali da ma-

Rali mTebiT, amitom maT ufro mouxdebaT uwodon TavianT

Tavs iberebi, xolo maT qveyanas — iberia [1, 426].

misive azriT, ~...pirveli iberia da pirveli iberebi aR-

mosavlelebi iyvnen, romlebmac SemdgomSi TavianT Tavs uwo-

des da dRemde uwodeben `qarTvelebs~ (`georgianelebs~), im

Tayvaniscemis gamo, romelic maT hqondaT da aqvT wm. gior-

gisadmi. xuan botero benesis naSromis Tanaxmad, es adamiane-

bi (qarTvelebi) yovelTvis iyenebdnen iaraRs da did dros

atarebdnen cxenebze Semjdarni, maT sabednierod miiRes

mfarvelad wm. giorgi. miuxedavad amisa, berZnebi da sxva

cnobili aRmosavleli xalxebi, maT qarTvelebs ki ar uwo-

debdnen, aramed iberebs, vinaidan es aris uZvelesi saxelwo-

deba, romelsac isini atareben [1, 426]. avtori dasZens, rom

àmis Semdeg espaneTs uwodes iberia, xolo espanelebs — ibe-

rebi. ara imitom, rom iberebi movidnen espaneTSi da Seqmnes

iq TavianTi kolonia, aramed imitom, rom berZnebs hqondaT

cnobebi aRmosavleT iberiis Sesaxeb, sadac, strabonis in-

formaciiT, iyo bevri mdinare da nakaduli, romelTac oq-

ros qviSa mohqondaT da adgilobrivi mcxovrebni oqros moi-

povebdnen... berZnebma, romlebic SemdgomSi Cavidnen espa-

neTSi, ixiles mdinareebSi oqros mopovebis igive saSualeba

da qveyanas meore iberia daarqves [1, 427]. is, rom espaneTs

uwodes iberia `cnobebis~ Tanaxmad, dasawyiss iRebs iazonisa

da argonavtebis droidan. straboni da ptolemaiosi mogviT-

xroben aRmosavleT iberebis teritoriisa da sazRvrebis Se-

saxeb. MmaTi informaciis Tanaxmad, iberebs dasavleTiT esaz-

Rvreba kolxeTis olqi da miwa... CrdiloeTiT momTabare

skviTebi, anu sarmatebi... aRmosavleTis mxridan iberebs

esazRvreba Aalbania, aseve, esazRvreba kaspiis zRva... samxre-

Tis mxridan iberias esazRvreba didi somxeTi... ptolemaiosi

adgens aRmosavleT iberebis, anu qarTvelTa sazRvrebs.

straboni aqebs am qveynis mdebareobas da rbil klimats, mog-

viTxrobs qveynis mTebis, noyieri dablobebis, mdinareebis

Sesaxeb. aristoteles da plutarqes TxzulebebSi aRniSnu-

250

lia qarTvelTa simamacis, gambedaobis Sesaxeb. plutarqes

informaciiT ìberebi verasodes ver daimorCiles verc

sparselebma, verc midielebma~ [1, 428]. maT aicdines aleqsan-

dre didis batonoba da dRemde morCilebis gareSe arian,

(isini) arasodes yofilan sparselTa da TurqTa morCilebis

qveS. strabonis Tanaxmad, iberebs aqvT àrqiteqtura, Zalian

kargad agebuli moednebi da sazogadoebrivi Senobebi.~stra-

boni mniSvnelovan cnobebs gvawvdis iberTa saxelmwifoebri-

vi mowyobisa da sazogadoebrivi wyobis Sesaxeb.

qarTlis gaqristianebis Sesaxeb `cnobebSi~ moyvanili

informacia ar ukavSirdeba sarwmuno wyaroebs. Zveli isto-

riuli wyaroebi (rufiniesi, sokrate, sozomeno da sxvaTa ek-

lesiis istoriebi) da Tanamedrove istoriografia pirvel

qristianul misias ukavSirebs ara wm. filipes da wm. simons,

aramed wm. andreas (I saukune) dasavleT saqarTveloSi da wm.

ninos (IV saukune) aRmosavleT saqarTveloSi, `cnobebSi~ da-

culia informaciebi keTrisagan sarwmunoebrivi gankurne-

bis, wyalSi monaTvlis, mirian mefis sarwmunoebiT gatacebis,

bizantiis imperator konstantines mier antioqiis patriar-

qis qarTlSi gagzavnis Sesaxeb da sxv...

`cnobebSi~ saubaria sinas mTaze mdebare qarTuli mo-

nastris, aseve ierusalimSi, siriaSi, konstantinopolsa da

bizantiis imperiis sxva mxareSi mdebare monastrebis Sesaxeb.

konstantine sofia, savaraudod, nikifore irbaxisagan

miRebuli informaciis safuZvelze miuTuTebs eqvTime (964-

1028) da giorgi mTawmndelebze (1014-1066), romlebic xel-

mZRvanelobdnen mTargmnelTa skolas iverTa monasterSi

aTosis mTaze. am dokumentSi moxseniebulia aTanasio adar-

masi (?), romelic, wyaros Tanaxmad, daviTis gvaris STamomav-

lad aris miCneuli [1, 431].

komentarebSi aRniSnulia, rom, savaraudod, igi... ìyo

daviT III kuropalati... [3. 234], romelsac emorCileboda ioa-

ne—eqvTimes mama, iverTa monastris damaarsebeli. konstan-

tine sofias mtkicebiT, qarTvelebs konstantines epoqidan

hyavdaT TavianTi patriarqi (rac araswori informaciaa).

pirvel xanebSi qarTuli eklesiis saTaveSi myofi damokide-

buli iyo antioqiis patriarqze, romelic iyo arqiepiskopo-

si. `cnobebSi~ daculi informaciis Tanaxmad, `bizantiis im-

251

peratorma herakliusma (herakle) iberebis qarTvelTa mxar-

daWeriT, gailaSqra sparseTis mefis (Sahi) xosrovis (xos-

ros) winaaRmdeg wm. jvris dabrunebisTvis... triumfiT dab-

runda iberiaSi da brZana aegoT aq mravali eklesia da monas-

teri, maT Soris, gansakuTrebiT gamoirCeva erTi, mas stau-

rosi hqvia (berZn. `jvars~ niSnavs)...[1, 43]. `komentarebis~ Ta-

naxmad, Cven ar viciT is wyaro, saidanac SesaZlebelia am in-

formaciis sizustis dadgena...

wyaro mogviTxrobs iberiis anu qarTvelTa mefis Tei-

muraz I-is (1605-1648) samxedro Zalebis Sesaxeb. dokumentSi

aRniSnulia, rom mefis uxvad SeiaraRebuli kavaleria 60 aTa-

si kacisagan Sedgeboda, xolo fexosani da msubuqi kavaleria

40 aTas kacs iTvlda. yovelive es, saWiroebis SemTxvevaSi,

100 aTasiani jaris saomrad gamoyvanis SesaZleblobas iZle-

oda. dokumentSi aRniSnulia, rom mefe dakavSirebuli iyo

amboxebul ambasa faSasTan, romelic warmoSobiT qarTveli

(kolxi) yofila [4, 175, 251]. oriode sityviT davaxasiaToT

igi. ambasa (abaza) muhamed faSa erzrumis gubernatori 1622

wels ajanyda sulTan Mmustafa I-is (1622-1623) da didi vezi-

ris husein faSas winaaRmdeg. ambasa faSam SeZlo uunaro

sulTnis mustafa I-is gadayeneba da sulTnis taxtze aiyvana

axalgazrda murad IV (1623-1640). ambasa faSam gamoiyena is uk-

mayofileba, rac gamowveuli iyo 1624 wlis 12 ianvars Sah-aba-

sis mier baRdadis aRebiT da Sahis xelSi erayis gadasvliTYda

kvlav saTaveSi Caudga ajanyebas, magram damarcxda. sulTan-

ma mas apatia da erzrumis gubernatorad aRadgina. 1626 wels

baRdadis aRebis kidev erTi mcdeloba isev marcxiT dasrul-

da, magram sulTanma is kvlav samsaxurSi aiyvana [1, 162-163].

ambasa faSa Teimuraz mefisagan cdilobda Tanxmobis miRe-

bas, raTa orives erTiani ZaliT SeetiaT konstantinopoli-

saTvis. Tavis mxriv, faSa acnobebda Teimuraz I-s, rom misi

fexosani laSqari Sedgeboda 80 aTasi kacisagan da Teimuraz

I-sagan Tanxmobis SemTxvevaSi mzad iyo damorCileboda mis

brZanebebs da yvelgan Tan gahyoloda mas [1, 432]. dokumentis

Tanaxmad, qarTvelTa mefis SesaniSnavi Zalebi saTanadod Se-

afasa osmalTa sulTanma da qarTvelTa mefes gaugzavna el-

Cebi, megobroba sTxova da mzadyofna gamoTqva daebrunebina

misTvis mis mier adre dapyrobili yvela miwa da provincia,

252

aseve, eCuqebina qalaqi sesarea kapadokiaSi. `cnobebSi~ dacu-

li informacia imis Sesaxeb, rom sulTani murad IV Teimuraz

I-s megobrobis miRebis mizniT `miwebisa da provinciebis~

dabrunebis garda, sTavazobs misi samefodan did manZilze

daSorebuli kapadokiis cezareas mmarTvelobas, did eWvs iw-

vevs. Teimuraz mefe elCebs arafers dapirda, mxolod keTi-

li sityvebiT gamoistumra. man espaneTSi gagzavna Tavisi su-

lieri mama, metad sando pirovneba don nikifore irbaxi, ra-

Ta mas ecnobebina espaneTis mefis felipe IV-saTvis, rom espa-

neli xalxis simamaciT aRfrTovanebuli qarTvelTa mefe mis

udidebulesobas miiCnevda wminda sarwmunoebis sayrdenad

da yvela qristianis damcvelad da Tvlida, rom swored igi

unda Cadgomoda saTaveSi `Cvens saerTo saqmes, im aucileb-

lobis gamo, romelic italiisa da espaneTis saxelmwifoebs

akisriaT [1, 432]. Teimuraz I gamoTqvamda Rrma rwmenas, rom

savsebiT SesaZleblad miaCnda TurqTa konstantinopolidan

gandevna da imperiis damxoba, romlis Semdeg, ar iqneboda

Zneli gamarjveba Turqebze afrikaSi berberebis winaaRmdeg

[1, 432]. wyaroSi aRniSnulia, rom yvela qristianma da mTelma

qristianulma samyarom unda gamoiyenos xelsayreli viTare-

ba, raTa gaTavisufldnen saSiSi mtrisa da tiraniisagan da

rom ar SeiZleba RvTis mier qristian mefeTaTvis boZebuli

aseTi didi SemTxvevis xelidan gaSveba [1, 432]. wyaros mixed-

viT, iberTa mefe (Teimuraz I) mouwodebda qristianul samya-

ros wminda wamowyebisaken da miaCnda, rom mZime mdgomareo-

baSi myofi Turqebi ver SeZlebdnen winaaRmdegobis gawevas.

dokumentis mixedviT Cans, rom iberTa mefes gadawyvetili

hqonda ganexorcielebina laSqroba konstantinopolze, Ta-

vad Cadgomoda saerTo mtris winaaRmdeg laSqrobas da Tavi-

si ukanaskneli Zalebi miemarTa wminda kaTolikuri sarwmu-

noebisa da mTeli qristianobis sasargeblod, raTa ganedev-

naT dapyrobili miwebidan tirani da mTeli qristianobis

mteri [1, 432-433]. dokumentSi aRniSnulia, rom Teimuraz me-

fe Tavis sulier mamas (igulisxmeba nikifore irbaxi - m.g.) ag-

zavnis mis udidebulesoba espaneTis mefesTan, romelic mi-

iCneva msoflioSi yvelaze ufro Zlier monarqad, raTa misma

elCma acnobos espaneTis monarqs iberTa mefis ganzraxva.

qarTvelTa mefe imedovnebda, rom RmrTisa da kaTolikuri

253

sarwmunoebis Tavgamodebuli msaxuri dauWerda mas mxars

xsenebul wamowyebaSi, uxelmZRvanelebda mas, gascemda saWi-

ro gankargulebebs, xolo iberTa mefe Tavis xalxTan erTad

Cadgeboda misi udidebulesobis samsaxurSi. qarTvelTa me-

fis gegmis mixedviT, elCis droulad dabrunebis da espane-

Tis mefis Tanxmobis SemTxvevaSi, laSqrobebis dawyeba SesaZ-

lebeli iqneboda 1628 wlis gazafxulze. gegmis mixedviT, Te-

imurazi fiqrobda gadaeWra Tavisi laSqriT erzrumis gu-

bernatoris kontrolis qveS arsebuli teritoria da iqidan,

imis nacvlad, rom wasuliyo sanapiroTi, SeWriliyo aRmosav-

leT anatoliaSi — kapadokiaSi, miaxloveboda marmarilos

zRvas, prusaSi (bursaSi) da am adgilebSi zamTari gaetarebi-

na im imediT, rom aq movidodnen espaneTis mefis gemebi, rom-

lebic gaivlidnen dardanelis srutes, gadaiyvandnen Semdeg

Teimurazis xalxs skutariSi (uskudar) da bolos — bosfo-

ris evropul napirze. yovelive es Seicavda moulodnelobis

faqtors, riTac qarTvelTa gegma warmatebiT unda damTav-

rebuliyo [1, 163]. iberTa mefe imedovnebda, rom maT gzad Se-

mouerTdebodnen, rogorc qristianebi, ise kerpTayvanis-

mcemlebi, romelTac survili hqondaT gaerTianebuliyvnen

romelime qristiani mefis droSis qveS. wyaros dasasrul,

Teimuraz mefe gamoTqvamda mzadyofnas mieRo kaTolikuri

udidebulesobis rCeva da azri da misi Tanxmobis gareSe ar

gadaedga arc erT nabiji [1. 434].

zemoganxiluli dokumentis gaanalizebis safuZvelze,

SegviZlia davaskvnaT, rom:

• `cnobebi iberiaze~, savaraudod, Seadgines Teolo-

giis doqtorma konstantine sofiam (romis papis klementi

VIII-is warmomadgeneli) da nikifore irbaxma (Teimuraz I-is

elCi), maT diplomatiur molaparakebebSi am cnobebis CarTva

gamiznuli iyo espaneT-saqarTvelos mxridan antiosmaluri

koaliciis Sesaqmnelad, riTac orive zemoaRniSnuli qveyana

iyo dainteresebuli.

• berZeni da laTineli avtorebis TxzulebebSi iberi-

is da iberTa Sesaxeb daculi cnobebis moSveliebiT, doku-

mentis Semdgenlebi cdilobdnen daesabuTebinaT, rom ibere-

bi antikuri xanidan mamaci da guladi mebrZolebi iyvnen, maT

254

`aicdines aleqsandre didis batonoba~, maTi morCileba „ver

SeZles verc sparselebma, verc midielebma~ da `verc Tur-

qebma~. diplomatiuri molaparakebebis warmatebiT dasru-

lebis mizniT, wyaro xazgasmiT cdilobs warmoaCinos qar-

TvelTa sabrZolo Tvisebebi antikuri xanidan moyolebuli

— XVII saukunis 30-ian wlebamde;

• wyaros Semdgenlebi gansakuTrebiT amaxvilebdnen

yuradRebas aRmosavleT iberiis kulturul memkvidreoba-

ze, samxedro Zlierebaze, qristianobisadmi iberTa Tavdade-

basa da muslimebisadmi, kerZod, Turqebisadmi, maT Seuri-

geblobaze. yovelive es ki, msoflio kaTolikuri imperiis

Seqmnis moTave imdroindel espanel mesveurTaTvis rodi iyo

ucxo;

• diplomatiuri molaparakebis dros, ori iberiis na-

Tesaobis sakiTxis wamoweva, miznad isaxavda imis xazgasmas,

rom bizantiis imperiis arsebobis drosac ki qarTvelebi

swored `saRvTo romis~ imperatorTan arCevdnen megobroba-

sa da erTgulebas. ori iberiis naTesaobis problemis dayene-

ba dokumentis SemdgenelT sWirdebodaT imisTvis, rom anti-

osmaluri koaliciis Seqmnis umTavres miznad saerTo qris-

tianuli problema daesaxaT, rac karlos I didis qristian

mmarTvel memkvidreTaTvis espaneTSi upirveles movaleobas

warmoadgenda;

•diplomatiuri molaparakebis dros ori iberiis naTe-

saobis problemis win wamoweva miznad isaxavda qarTvelebSi

meti simtkicis gamoCenas kaTolikobisadmi da espaneTze ur-

yevi orientaciis aRebas;

•espaneT-saqarTvelos antiosmaluri gegmebis Seswav-

la-gaanalizebam gviCvena, rom dasavleTSi — espaneTi, xolo

aRmosavleTSi — saqarTvelo yvelaze naTlad xedavdnen da

sworad afasebdnen osmalur safrTxes qristianobisaTvis;

• qarTl-kaxeTis mefis Teimuraz I-is warmomadgenlis

nikifore irbaxis madridSi elCoba (1626-1627 wlebSi) naTlad

miuTiTebs imaze, rom espaneTis samefo kars antiosmaluri

problemis gadawyvetaSi yvelaze saimedo mokavSired anti-

osmalurad ganwyobili saqarTvelo miaCnda;

255

• espaneTi, rogorc XVI-XVII saukuneebis saerTaSoriso

wesrigis warmomadgeneli kaTolikuri saxelmwifo, aRmosav-

leTSi swored saqarTvelos miiCnevda ZiriTad religiur

sayrdenad msoflio kaTolikuri samyaros SeqmnaSi;

• antiosmaluri interesebis Tanxvedram saqarTvelo

da espaneTi Tanamoazre qveynebad aqcia da ganapiroba osma-

luri agresiisadmi saerTo ZalebiT Setevis ideis Camoyali-

bebaze diplomatiuri molaparakebebis gamarTva. amis rea-

lobad qcevas emsaxureboda ori iberiis naTesaobis sakiTxis

CarTva mimdinare diplomatiur saqmianobaSi.


1. luis xili fernandesi, ilia tabaRua, dokumentebi

saqarTvelos istoriisaTvis espaneTis arqivebsa da biblio-

TekebSi (XV-XVII ss.), madridi, 1993.

2. luis xili fernandesi da xose manuel floristani

(madridi), qarTveli mefeebis werilebi: simon I-is qarTlidan

filipe II-s da Teimuraz I-is kaxeTidan filipe IV-s (Targmani

espanuridan), ix.: krebuli: „saqarTvelos urTierToba evro-

pisa da amerikis qveynebTan, II, Tbilisi, 1995.

3. mixeil TamaraTi, istoria kaTolikobisa qarTvelTa

Soris, tfilisi, 1902; vaxtang goilaZe, qarTuli eklesiis sa-

TaveebTan, Tbilisi, 2011.

4. ilia tabaRua, saqarTvelos evropis arqivebsa da

wignsacavebSi, II, Tbilisi, 1986.

5. murman papaSvili, rodis daiwera Teimuraz I-is weri-

lebi espaneTis mefe filipe IV-sa da romis pap urban VIII-sad-

mi 1625 Tu 1626 wels. krebulSi: saistorio vertikalebi,

2007.

256

Mariam Gabunia

Doctoral Student of The Geor-gian Technical University

Niceforo Irbachi and the Issue of Kindship of Both Iberian

in the Georgian-Spanish Diplomatic Discussions (1626-1627)

Summary The issue –relations of the two Iberia, brought up during the diplo-

matic negotiations aimed at emphasizing the fact that in times of Byzantium

Empire Georgian People chose friendship and devotion to the very Holy

Roman Emperor. The compilers of the mentioned documents needed to raise

the problem regarding relations of the two Iberia for the purpose to set common Christian problem as a main goal of creating anti-ottoman coali-tion.

257

lela miqiaSvili

istoriis doqtori, ivane javaxiSvilis

saxelobis Tbilisis saxelmwifo uni-

versiteti, ivane javaxiSvilis istori-

isa da eTnologiis institutis axali

da uaxlesi istoriis ganyofilebis

ufrosi mecnier-TanamSromeli

masalebi afxazeTis ukanaskneli mTavris —

mixeil ServaSiZis pirovnuli da sazogadoebriv-politikuri portretisaTvis

mixeil ServaSiZem (1823-1864), afxazeTis ukanasknelma

mTavarma, mniSvnelovani kvali datova am kuTxis istoriaSi*.

es iyo metad gamWriaxi gonebis, saWiroebis SemTxvevaSi

— xelqveiTebis mimarT mkacri, mowinaaRmdegesTan — sastiki

da daundobeli, amave dros gonieri mmarTveli da cbieri

politikosi. niSandoblivia, rom TviT p. gorCakovis daxasia-

TebiT, jer kidev ymawvili mixeil ServaSiZe flobda yvela im

Rirsebas, rac kavkasiis mTielebSi didad fasobda: iyo bune-

biT mamaci pirovneba, saukeTeso mxedari, amasTanave — sakma-

od gonieri mmarTveli.

mixeil ServaSiZis xangrZlivi mmarTvelobis periodSi

afxazeTSi ganviTarebuli politikuri movlenebi saTanado

sisruliT aris ganxiluli samecniero literaturaSi [1, 219-

226; 2, 210-223], amitom Cven maTze aRar SevCerdebiT da Seve-

xebiT mxolod konkretul TemasTan dakavSirebul sakiT-

xebs.

TanamedroveTa mier mixeil ServaSiZis pirovnuli da-

xasiaTebisas urTierTsawinaaRmdego mosazrebebsac vxvde-

* mixeil SarvaSiZe-CaCba, igive xamuT-bei (1806-1866 ww.) — safar-bei

(giorgi II) SarvaSiZisa da kacia dadianis (1757-1788 ww) asulis —

Tamar dadianis meore vaJi iyo.

258

biT: mis mimarT arcTu keTilganwyobili n. diaCkov-tarasovi

(romelic afxazeTSi gaizarda da webeldaSi mamulebsac

flobda) Tavis naSromSi mas ironiulad, brWyalebSi moixse-

niebs, rogorc`e. w. general-leitenants~, Tumca gverds ver

uvlis imasac, rom axalgazrda mTavari ubixTa belad haji

berzek dagumoyvasTan (Дагумоко) izrdeboda da SesaniSnavad

hqonda SeTvisebuli mTielTaTvis damaxasiaTebeli samxed-

ro Cvevebi, amave dros TbilisSi cxovrebisas mas SesaZleb-

loba hqonda mieRo kargi ganaTleba, uzadod Seeswavla ru-

suli ena da a. S. iqve aRniSnavs rom mixeili “был коварен и хитер: не любил действовать открыто, а по-восточному, лукаво, подкупом и наемным кинжалом. Храбростью он не отличался. Знание природы родного племени и умение ладить с русскими дали ему возможность править страною в течение 44 лет, полных опасности умереть от пули из-за куста, от кинжала или яда~ [4, 157-158].

mixeil ServaSiZes arcTu ise saxarbielo STabeWdileba

mouxdenia frederik diubua de monperezec:

`mTavari mixeili tanmaRali da mSvenieri aRnagobisa

iyo. mas grZeli qarTuli cxviri da Savi Tma hqonda. Tumca

ver vityvi, rom Wkvianuri gamometyvelebiT gamoirCeoda.

Cveni miRebisas mas qarTuli tansacmeli ecva, TbilisSi ki

preobraJenskis gvardiis polkovnikis formas atarebda.

miuxedavad imisa, rom igi qristiania, sindisi sulac ar

awuxebs, rom ramdenime coli iyolios da Tan erTimeoris mi-

yolebiT gaeyaros maT, rogorc ki Tavs moabezreben. mTavari

Zunw pirovnebad iTvleba da garda amisa, mas bevr iseT Tvise-

basac miaweren, rac mis Rirsebas Crdils ayenebs. igi xSirad

stumrobs xolme cixesimagres, aq Wams, svams da dros atarebs

xan erTTan da xan meoresTan; am dros ki masTan misul stu-

mars erT Wiqa wyalsac ki ar SesTavazebs, maT Soris imasac ki,

visac misTvis didi samsaxuri gauwevia; amaSi Tavadve dav-

rwmundi.

SeiZleba iTqvas, rom es vasalebi ruseTs did dabrko-

lebas uqmnian kavkasiis dasavleTSi warmatebis misaRwevad.

Zalauflebisadmi ltolva, gamwvavebuli vasalisa da suze-

renis konfliqtiT, bunebrivia, mtrulad ganawyobda mixeil-

beis rusebisadmi, romelTac mis qveyanaSi surdaT damkvid-

reba. mas eSinoda rusebis, SesaZloa kidec sZulda isini da

259

yvelafers gaakeTebda, rom qveyanaSi maTi warmatebuli svla

Seeferxebina, an savsebiT aRekveTa; Tumca igi rusebis iq

yofnas itanda imdenad, ramdenadac amas misive piradi usaf-

rTxoeba moiTxovda. mas kargad esmoda, rom ruseTis gareSe

mTavris tituls ver SeinarCunebda da darwmunebuli iyo,

rom sakmarisia, rusebs misTvis zurgi SeeqciaT, rom qveyana-

Si kvlav uwindeli savalalo anarqia gamefdeboda; vin dai-

cavda mas Cerqezebisagan, an pativmoyvare biZis intrigebisa-

gan (igulisxmeba hasan-bei — l. m.), an urCi vasalebisagan?!

amitomac igi iZulebuli iyo, moTminebiT aetana mfarveli da

mbrZanebeli. amave dros, igi arafriT ar gaakeTebs imaze

mets, rac aucileblad evaleba da yovelTvis gamoZebnis

aTasnair gamamarTlebel mizezs, raTa Tavidan aicilos da-

narCeni moTxovnebis Sesruleba. mTavrisaTvis sarisko rom

ar yofiliyo, igi pirveli Seecdeboda rusebis gandevnas af-

xazeTidan…: mas afxazuri guli ucems, es guli ki ver egueba

lagamis amodebas. rusebi mas mxolod imisaTvis sWirdeba,

rom Tavis qveyanaSi Tavisuflad akeTos yvelaferi, rac moe-

surveba.

amrigad, ruseTs aq sakmaod rTuli amocana aqvs Sesas-

rulebeli; mas surs sikeTe moutanos am qveyanas, magram, cxa-

dia, aseT viTarebaSi misi Zalaufleba mxolod sityvieria.

mas surs zomierebis farglebSi darCes da amitom ver axer-

xebs gavlenis mopovebas. miuxedavad Txovnisa da muqarisa,

ruseTma verc daiyolia da verc aiZula adgilobrivi Tava-

debi da TviT mixeil-beic, uari eTqvaT yaCaRobaze, moxetia-

le da muqTaxora cxovrebaze, rac afxazi xalxisaTvis mudam

iyo damaxasiaTebeli da rac keTilSobiluri Tvisebebis

TvalsazrisiT maT Cerqezebze gacilebiT dabla ayenebs. mi-

xeil-beisa da mis vasalebs savsebiT akmayofilebT aseTi

cxovreba: yvelas Taviseburi warmodgena aqvs bednierebaze~

[8].

diubuasagan gansxvavebiT, mTavris SedarebiT ufro

obieqtur daxasiaTebas vxvdebiT s. esaZisa daK k. borozdinis

naSromebSi [3, 132-133; 5, 220-221]. es ukanaskneli piradad ic-

nobda afxazeTis mTavars da Tavis naSromSi Zalze saintere-

sod gadmoscems rogorc am ukanasknelis pirovnul por-

trets, aseve im mizezebs, romlebmac afxazeTis mTavrisa da

260

ruseTis xelisuflebas Soris urTierTobebis radikaluri

cvlilebebi ganapirobes da etapobrivad win uZRodnen afxa-

zeTis samTavros gauqmebas: `…С Михаилом лично был знаком и пользовался его любезным к себе расположением. Он был личностью крупною. Молодость свою провел в Тифлисе, так же как и Давид Дадиан, получил по-тогдашнему довольно хорошее образование, говорил по-русски без малейшаго акцента и еще совсем молодым человеком, после смерти старшаго своего брата Димитрия, сделался владетелем…

У себя в Абхазии он был безграничным деспотом и живым типом из серии исторических личностей, подобных Людовику ХI и Ивану Грозному; художник мог даже воспользоваться и его наружностью для воспроизведения этого рода типа. Высокаго роста, стройный, с правильными чертами лица, с орлиным профилем, с черными проницательными глазами, он держал себя с необыкновенным достоинством, каждый жест его проявлял привычку властвовать~ [5, 220].

mixeil ServaSiZis mmarTvelobis sawyis etapze ruseTis

xelisufleba yovelnairad cdilobda axalgazrda mTavris

poziciebis ganmtkicebas, Tavis mxriv es ukanasknelic saTa-

nado erTgulebiT pasuxobda mis mimarT gamoCenil mxarda-

Weras; Tumca, droTa ganmavlobaSi alRo auRo ruseTis WeS-

marit mizans — xelsayrel momentSi (rogorc ki ruseTi kav-

kasiaSi saTanadod momZlavrdeboda) afxazeTis, iseve ro-

gorc sxva danarCeni samTavroebis damoukideblobis gauqme-

bas. saamisod ruseTs sakmaod mZlavri berketebi gaaCnda ro-

gorc TviT ServaSiZeTa sagvareulos sxvadasxva warmomad-

genelTa saxiT (hasan-bei, aslan-bei da a. S.), ise afxazeTisa

da samegrelos mTavrebis erTmaneTTan dapirispirebis gziT;

rogorc cnobilia, samegrelos mTavrebi, sakuTari poziciis

wyalobiT, ruseTis xelisuflebis gansakuTrebuli keTil-

ganwyobiT sargeblobdnen, rasac arcTu iSviaTad sruliad

usamarTlo qmedebebis dasakanonebladac iyenebdnen. afxa-

zeTTan mimarTebaSi samegrelos mTavarTa mudmivi samizne

iyo samurzayano; swored am ZiriTad momentebze amaxvilebs

yuradRebas Tavis naSromSi k. borozdini:

`Первые годы его деятельности отличались беззаветною преданностью интересам русскаго правительства; его не сумели

261

оценить и не только поощрили, но окончательно оттолкнули от себя совершенно ложной политикой; правительство следовало в Абхазии избитому принципу divide et impera и вследствие того, поддерживая Гассан-бея – дядю и заклятого врага Михаила, создало себе в лице владетеля самаго коварнаго и вреднаго агента. Крайне честолюбивый, он был глубоко оскорблен этой тактикой и всю деятельность свою направил на интригу. Имея большое влияние в горах Западнаго Кавказа, среди непокорных нам джигетов, шапсугов, убыхов и абадзехов, он был чрезвычайно нам нужен своими услугами и вместо того повел там самую двусмысленную игру с правительствами русским и турецким одновременно, эксплуатируя их обоих.

Спохватились уже поздно и стали ласкать, осыпать его чинами и орденами, которые тогда уже потеряли в глазах его всякое значение. Будучи под конец генерал-адъютантом и александровским кавалером, он нехотя надевал на себя мундир и регалии, лишь в тех случаях, когда выезжал из своих резиденций для свидания с властями~ [5, 220].

samurzayanos problema, romelic erTgvar `ganxeTqi-

lebis vaSls~ warmoadgenda afxazeTsa da samegrelos sam-

Tavroebs Soris, SesaZlebelia ruseTis xelisuflebis mier

mizanmimarTulad warmoebuli separatistuli politikis ni-

muSad CaiTvalos, razec savsebiT samarTlianad miuTiTebs k.

borozdinic: `Перипетии вражды двух владетелей Михаила Шервашидзе и Давида Дадиана, людей замечательно искусных и упорных в отстаивании своих интересов, могли бы составить богатую тему для характеристическаго очерка. Борьба велась из-за провинции Самурзакани; на принадлежность ея оба они простирали свое домагательство, и больше всего страдала от того сама эта провинция, тревожимая всячески насильственными действиями владетелей, направленными друг против друга. Князь В. О. Бебутов, по поручению князя Воронцова, привел это дело к концу, склонив ссорившихся к получению за Самурзакань денежнаго вознаграждения от Правительства и, отобрав ее у них, ввел туда русское управление. Сделано было это с таким умением и тактом, что обе враждующия стороны не успели опомниться и поняли развязку дела, для обоих невыгодную, когда уже все было покончено безповоротно. Самурзакань поступила в казну, получить ее оттуда исчезла всякая надежда и владетели еще более сделались врагами, сваливая друг

262

на друга вину такого неблагоприятнаго для них обоих результата. [5, 219].

sayovelTaod cnobilia, rom samurzayanoze dadianis

uflebebi swored ruseTis mTavrobis aSkara xelSewyobiT

ganmtkicda: 1813 w. manuCar ServaSiZis gardacvalebis Semdeg

levan dadianis mier sakuTari diswulebis — samurzayanos

memkvidre mflobelebis mimarT gamoCenil sisastikis miuxe-

davad, ruseTis xelisuflebis warmomadgenlebi aSkara mfar-

velobiT ekidebodnen samegrelos mTavars [3, 106-107], Tumca

afxazeTis mTavrebi, maT Soris mixeil ServaSiZec, bolomde

ibrZodnen am gadawyvetilebis winaaRmdeg. sabolood, ruse-

Tis mTavrobam Tavis sasargeblod gamoiyena samurzayanos

gamo or samTavros Soris gamwvavebuli urTierToba da 1840

wels igi dadiansac CamoarTva da iq rusuli mmarTveloba Se-

moiRo, dadians ki sanacvlod kompensaciis saxiT 23 aTasi ma-

neTi gadauxada, ramac mixeil ServaSiZis samarTliani gulis-

wyroma gamoiwvia. amas mohyva 1847 w. gudauTis, oCamCirisa da

kelasuris navsadgurebis gadacema ruseTis sabaJo uwyebi-

saTvis da sxva ramdenime faqti, ris Semdegac, protestis niS-

nad, mixeil ServaSiZem samTavro uflebebze uaris gancxade-

bis Sesaxeb oficialurad mimarTa mefisnacval voroncovs.

manamde mas saubari hqonia Savi zRvis sanapiros xazis gene-

ral budbergTan, romlisTvisac ganucxadebia: `Звание владетеля теперь слишком унижено; можно быть владетелем только не при русском правительстве~[3, 134].

imisaTvis, rom srulyofili warmodgena Segveqmnas mi-

xeil ServaSiZis am nabijze, mizanSewonilad miviCnieT saar-

qivo fondebSi daculi oficialuri mimoweris amsaxveli do-

kumentebis SeZlebisdagvarad sruli saxiT warmodgena; aqve

unda SevniSnoT, rom rogorc mixeil ServaSiZis pirovnuli

Tvisebebidan, ise saarqivo masalebidan gamomdinare, savse-

biT SesaZlebelia vivaraudoT, rom afxazeTis mTavari aseT

riskze gauazreblad ar wasula: savaraudod, im droisaTvis

misTvis sruliad naTeli iyo ruseTis saboloo gegmebi qar-

Tul samTavroebTan dakavSirebiT, magram man isic ganWvrita,

rom am gegmis ganxorcielebis vadebi damokidebuli iyo zo-

gadad kavkasiis regionSi ruseTis mdgomareobaze, romelic

im etapze sakmaod aramyari iyo. swored amiT unda aixsnas kav-

263

kasiis umaRlesi xelisuflebis `gulwrfeli SeSfoTeba~ `mi-

si uganaTlebulesobis~ gadawyvetilebis gamo; amis Tvalsa-

Cino nimuSia qvemoT moyvanili dokumentebi (imis gamo, rom

statiis dadgenili formati SezRudulia, iZulebulni varT,

dokumenturi masala mxolod dedniseuli enaze warmovadgi-

noT, risTvisac mkiTxvels bodiSs vuxdiT):

ServaSiZis mier afxazeTis mpyrobelobaze uaris

Tqmis Sesaxeb:

Главнокомандующему Отдельным Кавказским Корпусом Наместнику Кавказскому Господину генерал-адьютанту, генерал-от-инфантерии князю и кавалеру – Воронцову [scsa, f. 4, saqm. 3633,

f. 4].

Дело Штаба отдельного Кавказского Корпуса по генеральному штабу 3-го отделения

О желании владетеля Абхазии генерал-лейтенанта князя Шервашидзе отказаться от звания Владетеля

Докладная записка

Владетеля Абхазии генерал-лейтенанта князя Шервашидзе № 83 10 ноября 1847-го года местечко Очемчиры Оставшись по смерти отца моего Сафер-бея совершенно

малолетним, я при покровительстве и внимании благодетельнаго правительства, будучи 10-ти лет от роду, утвержден был законным наследником и владетелем Абхазии; и вот уже 30 лет, неся великое бремя управления краем, соединенное с неутомимыми трудами и заботами, которые в настоящее время почти совершенно разстроили мое здоровье и лишили возможности далее управлять владением, что и заставляет меня безпокоить особу Вашего сиятельства почтительнейшею моею прозьбою об увольнении меня от правления Абхазиею, а взамен же уступаемого мною в казну владения не оставьте вашим ходатайством об отводе мне в Имеретии тысячи пятисот дворов крестьян, где бы я мог на покое и прилично своему званию провести остаток жизни (aq da qvemoT

264

xazgasma Cvenia — l.m.). И ежели с всемилостивейшаго внимания ко мне Государя-Императора, в вознаграждение к долговременной службы моей, последует о том решение, то неоставьте распоряжением об устранении с означенных крестьян всех податей и налогов со стороны правительства.

Управляя в настоящее время владением, я получаю от щедраго Всемилостивейшаго Монарха по десяти тысяч пятисот рублей серебром каждогодно содержания, при оставлении же мною владения, как означенныя деньги, так равно и все доходы с владения должны поступать в казну, то представляя это на благоусмотрение Вашего сиятельства, смею надеяться на получение вместе того единовременнаго мне на переезд вознаграждения…~

pasuxad voroncovi pirvel rigSi gamoTqvams `did mwu-

xarebas~ da sinanuls mixeil ServaSiZis gadawyvetilebis mi-

marT, Semdeg ki SeparviT `uxsnis~ Tu ra Sedegebi SeiZleba

mohyves mTavris am nabijs:

`Милостивый государь князь Михаил Георгиевич! … Дело на которое Вы хотите решиться, так важно, что считаю

долгом моим обратить внимание Ваше на все последствия, для Вас невыгодныя, которая должны от этого неминуемо произойти. Не могу я смотреть на подобное отречение владетеля, как на простое увольнение должностнаго лица. Вы желаете отвергнуть права, власть и обязанность, дарованныя или возложенныя на Вас богом, освященныя временем, знаменитостью происхождения, доблестями предков, собственными заслугами и признательностью народа. Вы тяготитесь этими правами и обязанностями, сопряженными конечно с заботами и трудами, но и с первенством в обществе, с важными преимуществами и выгодами лично для Вас и для семейства Вашего. Подумайте, какое впечатление произведут на подвластное Вам и соседнее с оным население такое отречение от сана, который Вы получили и должны передать по наследству. Подумайте, что потомство Ваше не будет разделять Вашего мнения, не станут обременяться этим высоким званием и что память Ваша будет ненавистна потомкам, которых вы лишите достояния их…

265

am `guliTadi Segonebis~ Semdeg ki voroncovi uSua-

lod saqmeze gadadis da gadadgomis sanacvlod afxazeTis

mTavars raime saxis anazRaurebaze uars ucxadebs:

Прошу Вашу светлость обратить также внимание на положение, в котором Вы сами будете находиться: отдавая Абхазию правительству, Вы требуете вознаграждения за это пожертвование; но Вам известно, что в настоящем состоянии этого края нельзя думать о введении там правильной администрации и гражданственности и что это поведет правительство также к пожертвованиям, а не к приобретению каких-либо доходов. Для управления этою страною нужно будет избрать в преемники Вам другаго владетеля, в семействе вашем или вне онаго, который бы личным влиянием обуздывал народ, охранял край от внутренних и внешних смятений. Возложив на него эту обязанность, должно будет предоставить ему и все выгоды, доселе Вами извлекаемые … и Государь Император вероятно не признает нужным предоставлять Вам новыя преимущества, когда Вы сами добровольно отказались от тех, которыми ныне пользуйтесь~ [scsa, f. 4, saqm. 3633, f. 6].

aRniSnul viTarebasTan dakavSirebiT Tavis droze s.

janaSiam savsebiT marTebulad SeniSna: `didi dro ar iyo sa-

Wiro imisTvis, rom rusis mTavrobas daviwyeboda afxazeTis

mTavris xelisuflebis arsebobis yvela es sapatio motivi,

mWermetyvelebiT aRwerili Tav. voroncovis mier...… mar-

Tlac, pirvelad sakiTxi afxazeTis avtonomiis gauqmebis Se-

saxeb mTavarmarTebelma gen. muraviovma aRZra 1856 wels. mi-

si azriT, mixeili gadayenebuli unda yofiliyo mmarTvelo-

bidan da gagzavnili romelsame Soreul guberniaSi. sababad

wardgenili iyo mixeilis `Ralati~ ruseT-osmaleTis omis

dros 1853-1856 ww. oficialuri dokumentebidanac ki Cans,

rom es `Ralati~ SeTxzuli ambavia: piriqiT, am omis dros mi-

xeilma didi daxmareba gauwia rusis sardlobas… arsebiTad,

mTavris erTguleba-orgulobas, ra Tqma unda, araviTari

mniSvneloba ar hqonda samTavros arsebobis sakiTxisaTvis.

dadianebma, Tumca maT yvela oficialuri dokumentis mixed-

viT, arasodes araviTari araloialuri aqti ruseTis mimarT

ar CaudeniaT, Tavisi uflebebi faqtiurad ServaSiZeebze 7

wliT adre dakarges ~[6, 9-10];

266

amasTan dakavSirebiT, sagulisxmoa kidev erTi garemo-

eba: cnobilia, rom mixeil ServaSiZis, iseve rogorc sxva Ser-

vaSiZeTa oficialuri Tu araoficialuri mimowera, episto-

laruli memkvidreoba da misive kancelariidan gamosuli

sxva saxis dokumentacia mxolod qarTul enaze iwarmoeboda.

aRsaniSnavia isc, rom amas adastureben TviT kavkasiis rusu-

li administraciis maRalCinosnebi; kerZod, mixeil ServaSi-

Zis karze myofi rusi generlis — kocebus gancxadebiT `mTa-

var SarvaSiZeTa ojaxSi damwerlobisaTvis qarTuli ena ga-

moiyeneba~ [11, 47]. es sruliad kanonzomieri unda yofiliyo

imdenad, ramdenadac aRniSnuli tradicia mixeil ServaSiZis

winamorbedTagan modioda; magaliTisaTvis, ServaSiZeTa sam-

Tavro saxlis saerTo-qarTuli saxelmwifoebrivi da kul-

turul-politikuri mentalitetis yvelaze mkafio gamovli-

nebad unda CaiTvalos giorgi (safar-bei) ServaSiZis mier

qarTul enaze Sedgenili oficialuri dokumenti, e. w. `saT-

xovari punqtebi~, romliTac igi ruseTis imperiis proteq-

toratSi afxazeTis Sesvlas iTxovda. istoriografiaSi mar-

Tebulad aris aRniSnuli, rom am dokumentis momzadebisa da

wardgenis proceduraSi* udavod iyo Cadebuli garkveuli

politikuri azri: am dokumentis sworedac rom qarTul ena-

ze gaformebiT afxazeTis mTavari rusul (da ara marto) mxa-

res mkafiod mianiSnebda, Tu romel erovnul-saxelmwifoeb-

riv da kulturul samyaros warmoadgenda afxazeTis samTav-

ro XIX s-is damdegs [10].

rogorc Cans, mixeil ServaSiZem kargad uwyoda, droTa

ganmavlobaSi viTarebis SecvlasTan erTad ruseTis xeli-

suflebis loialuri ganwyobac rom Seicvleboda da 1863

wlidan ukve gansxvavebuli taqtikiT moqmedebs: amjerad igi

samTavrobo taxtidan gadadgomis mizezad mxolod sakuTar

avadmyofobas asaxelebs da daJinebiT iTxovs Tavisi vaJis —

giorgis ganTavisuflebas samxedro samsaxuridan, raTa am

ukanasknels Caabaros afxazeTis mmarTveloba. im droisaT-

* `saTxovari punqtebis~ teqsti Tavdapirvelad SeudgeniaT

ruseTis sagareo saministroSi, Semdeg igi qarTulad uTargmniaT

da rogorc originali, giorgi SarvaSiZis xelmoweriTa da beWdiT,

aseve — sxva afxaz TavadTa xelmowerebiT damowmebuli, rusul

teqsTtan erTad warudgeniaT ruseTis xelisuflebisaTvis [22, 217].

267

vis giorgi ServaSiZe mefisnacvlis adiutantis movaleobas

asrulebda.

qvemoT moyvanili saarqivo dokumentebi naTlad met-

yveleben droTa ganmavlobaSi, kavkasiaSi ruseTis poziciis

gamyarebis kvaldakval, rogor icvleba imperiis xelisuf-

lebis warmomadgenelTa damokidebuleba mixeil ServaSiZis

mimarT: afxazeTis samTavros gauqmebis sakiTxi ukve sabolo-

od gadawyvetilia, Sesabamisad, moqmedebaSia moyvanili biu-

rokratiuli meqanizmi, romlis meSveobiTac am faqts “kano-

nieri da samarTliani~ xasiaTi unda mieces. miuxedavad imisa,

rom ruseTis samsaxurSi myofi agentebi afxazeTis mTavris

yovel nabijs mudmivad akontroleben, rogorc Cans, am uka-

nasknels rusi xelisufalni jer kidev sakmaod Zlier mowi-

naaRmdeged Tvlian da masTan mimowerisas ormag sifrTxiles

iCenen; amis magaliTad SeiZleba davasaxeloT kavkasiis armi-

is mTavari Stabis ufrosis — karcovis korespondencia, ker-

Zod, 1823 w. 23 agvistos mis mier gagzavnili ori werili — qu-

Taisis general-gubernator sviatopolk-mirskisa da mixeil

ServaSiZisadmi. orive werili Seexeba giorgi ServaSiZis af-

xazeTSi dabrunebis sakiTxs; ra Tqma unda, ruseTis xelisuf-

leba aRar apirebda samTavros taxtze giorgi ServaSiZis

damtkicebas, magram rogorc Cans, jer-jerobiT amis Sesaxeb

pirdapir gancxadebas erideba, savaraudod, afxazeTis mo-

saxleobaSi mixeil ServaSiZis avtoritetis gamo:

(karcovis werili sviatopolk-mirskis 1863 w. 23 agvisto

scssa, f. 5, saqm. 7506, furc. 26).

Милостивый Государь князь Димитрий Иванович Владетель Абхазии по болезни уехал в Рачу, а для

возстановления порядка в Абхазии полагал послать туда своего сына Георгия; для чего он вызвал Георгия из Кубанской области даже не испросив на это предварительнаго разрешения Великаго князя. В письме ко мне Владетель просит исходатайствовать с этой целью отпуск его сыну. Его Высочество приказал мне сообщить свое неудовольствие за это самовольное его распоряжение, сына его удержал при себе и затем полагает, или отправить его обратно в Кубанскую область, или уступить желанию Владетеля. Для решения,

268

какое дать направление этому делу, Великий князь желает знать Ваше мнение. Его Высочество полагает, что по молодости едва ли князь Георгий может принести пользу в Абхазии…

karcovis werili mixeil ServaSiZisadmi (1863 wlis 23

agvisto, scssa, f. 5, saqme 7506, f. 24-25)

Милостивый государь, князь Михаил Георгиевич! Его Императорское Величество, Командующий армией душевно

сожалеет, что здоровье Ваше снова разстроилось и что Ваша светлость не имеет возможности прибыть теперь в Абхазию для прекращения возникших там безпорядков, столь вредных и для населения Абхазии и для видов нашего правительства. Великий князь надеется, что состояние здоровья Вашего не замедлит поправиться и что прибытие Ваше в Абхазию положит предел всем волнениям, которые там возникли.

Его высочество очень был удивлен неожиданным отъездом князя Георгия из отряда, куда он был послан лично Его Высочеством – как Адъютант его, он не должен был уезжать, не получив на то приказания. По случаю приезда в здешний край Наследника Цесаревича, ожидаемого в Тифлисе в последних числах нынешняго месяца, Его Высочество удержал князя Георгия при себе, чтобы представить его Государю Наследнику.

rogorc Semdgomi mimoweridan Cans, mixeil ServaSiZe

SesaniSnavad erkveva Seqmnil viTarebaSi da moTminebiT da

amave dros — daJinebiT iTxovs Tavis vaJis afxazeTSi dabru-

nebas, saamisod ki ZiriTad argumentad kvlav SeuZlod yof-

nas imizezebs da evedreba, daaCqaron gadawyvetilebis miRe-

ba:

(mixeil ServaSiZis werili karcovisadmi, 1863 w. 8 dekem-

beri, scssa, f. 5, s. 7506, f. 27-28)

“Милостивый государь Александр Петрович

Письмо Ваше от 23 августа я имел удовольствие получить; и к сожалению здоровье мое не поправляется, а все более разстраивается, иак что выехав из Кутаиса 8-го сентября, едва мог прибыть в Абхазию

269

16-го октября, проводив все время в постели… Если бы хоть немного силы позволяли мне, то я никак не упустил бы благоприятного случая, лично встретить и представить Его Императорскому Высочеству, наместнику Кавказскому, мой народ во время посещения Его Высочеством нашего края…

Относительно князя Георгия, навлекшаго неудовольствие Великого Князя своим неявлением, я должен передать Вашему Превосходительству, как это было: Находясь в тяжело больном состоянии, я просил письмом г-на Евдокимова, прислать ко мне сына, мое чаяние в выздоровлении вызвало эту крайность. Князь Георгий прибывший ко мне,почти постоянно болел лихорадкою. Вы сами семьянин, следовательно, родительския чувства Вам известны. Выезжая из Кисловодска больным, отправить опять в отряд юношу, своего сына, и там бросить одного, без надзора, было выше сил моих; поэтому, я решился послать его в Тифлис, опираясь единственно на чувства отцовския.

… Если бы не крайняя надобность в нем, как наследнике Владения, то я никогда не решился бы в такия молодыя лета, отвлекать его от Милостивого внимания Его Высочества; я уверен, что если-бы князь Георгий был в Абхазии, то народ мой не остался бы непредставленным Великому Князю, и я не был бы до крайности огорчен. Теперь болезнь моя заставляет почти не разставаться с постелью, при чем я не могу приняться ни за какия дела, а поэтому обращаюсь вновь к Вашему Превосходительству, доложить Его Императорскому Высочеству, наместнику, об увольнении князя Георгия, которому я должен поручить управление Владением, пока еще под надзором и руководством моим, и приучить его быть полезным своему народу и Правительству…

27 октября 1863 года Местечко Очемчиры~. pasuxi karcovisagan (1863 w. 10 dekemberi, scssa, f. 5,

saqm. 7506. furc. 29-30)

`Милостивый Государь, князь Михаил Георгиевич … Письмо Вашей Светлости, по важности его содержания, я

счел долгом прочитать Его Императорскому Высочеству, Командующему Кавказской армии. Болезненное состояние Ваше

270

огорчает Великого князя вдвойне – и в отношении Вас лично, и в отношении края, составляющего Ваше владение…

Сына Вашей Светлости, князя Георгия, Великий кннязь приказал теперь-же вызвать из Кубанской области, с тем чтобы потом уволить в отпуск до апреля месяца, для свидания с вами. Что же касается выраженных Вами предположений – поручить ему управление Абхазией, то Его Высочество изволил отозваться, что допущение его к управлению народом превышает права наместника и требует Высочайшаго разрешения и что, сверх того, князь Георгий, по молодости лет своих, по малому знакомству его с теми требованиями, которым должен удовлетворить правитель народа – едва ли может в настоящее время исполнить обязанности эти с пользой для края.

Сообщая Вашей Светлости, по приказанию Великого князя, этот отзыв Его Высочества, прошу Вас верить чувствам глубокаго моего к Вам уважения …

sabolood, viTareba iZabeba da mixeil ServaSiZis mi-

marT ruseTis xelisuflebis toni sagrZnoblad gamkacrebu-

lia, axlovdeba afxazeTis samTavros gauqmebis momenti, ra-

zec mowmobs mimowera, romelic amjerad ukve xelisuflebis

umaRlesi Stos warmomadgenlebs Soris mimdinareobs: mefis-

nacvlis, didi mTavris — mixeil nikolozis Zisa da dimitri

miliutins Soris mimoweraSi sruliad aSkarad ikveTeba agre-

siuli damokidebulleba afxazeTis mTavrisadmi:

mefisnacvlis — didi mTavris, mixeil nikolozis Zis we-

rili miliutins (1863 weli, scssa, fondi 5, saqme 7506, furc.

37-40)

`Дмитрий Алексеевич В апреле месяце прошлаго года я в первый раз принял Владетеля

Абхазии в Кутаисе. Уважая его лета, звания и отличия, которыми он удостоен от Г. И. я старался при этом первом свидании сколько возможно более обласкать его и поручил Кутаисскому генерал-губернатору оказать ему все должные почести, снисходительно смотреть на некоторые его слабости и вообще стараться поддерживать с ним самыя дружевкия сношения.

271

Генерал-лейтенант кн. Святополк-Мирский исполнил мое указание с буквальною точностию и с отличающим его искусством и тактом.

Я надеялся, что Владетель, окончательно успокоенный и моим приемем и дружескими отношениями с новым генерал-губернатором, употребит свою власть для того, чтобы водворить порядок в подвластном ему крае и будет искренно содействовать нашим видам в отношении соседних горских племен. К сожалению, я ошибся в своих предположениях…~

amas mosdevs afxazeTSi momxdari yaCaRobisa da mkvle-

lobis SemTxvevebis CamonaTvali mixeil ServaSiZis piati-

gorskSi yofnisas, rodesac man samTavro Tavis Zmas — aleq-

sandres Caabara, misma favoritma marRaniam ki daarbia gri-

gol ServaSiZis mamuli: amis sapasuxod ki, mixeilis miTiTe-

biT, dasjis nacvlad marRania grigol ServaSiZis magivrad

dainiSna olqis ufrosis Tanamdebobaze.

“Осенью, при посещении мною Сухума, ни сам Владетель, никто из подвластных его не явился туда, тогда как все почетные жители Цебельды и даже Псхувцы Мне представились там. Сам князь Михаил оправдывался в этом болезненностию своею и просил письмом начальника Главнаго Штаба, исходатайствовать мое разрешение на то, чтобы в помощь ему, в виде соправителя, прислан был сын его – адъютант мой, прапорщик кн. Георгий Шервашидзе.~

aq, Cveulebisamebr, didi mTavari imizezebs, rom umaR-

lesi (anu imperatoris) brZanebis gareSe am gadawyvetilebis

miReba ar SeuZlia, amasTanave, acxadebs, rom giorgi mixeilis

Ze arc asakiT da arc gamocdilebiT jer kidev “ar aris saTa-

nadod momzadebuli~ imisaTvis, rom samTavro Caibaros. si-

namdvileSi, rogorc es misi Semdgomi “msjelobidan~ Cans,

igi niadags amzadebs afxazeTis mTavris xelisuflebis gasa-

uqmeblad da amis dasabuTebis paralelurad, rCeva-darige-

bis saxiT d. miliutins saTanado instruqciebsac aZlevs:

“…В конце осени Владетель поселился в Бзыбском округе, в имении своем Соук-Су и вошел в самыя тесныя сношения с убыхами. Старшины их, наиболее нам враждебные, постоянно посещают его и гостят у него месяцами; главный руководитель их, Гаджи Керендук Берзеков, живет постоянно в его доме.

272

Князь Михаил, вопреки недавняго предупреждения со стороны генерал-губернатора, не только дозволяет абхазцам снабжать продовольствием доведенных нами до голода убыхов, но допускает вымен на кукурузу невольников и даже учредил в пользу убыхов особый налог (по 5-ти кошелок с дыму), который взыскается с жителей с крайнею строгостью. Командующий войсками в Абхазии доносит, что и теперь еще Владетель старается поддержать между убыхами надежду на Европейскую войну и всячески ободряет их к сопротивлению, что даже предположенный нами сбор войск и флота в Сухуме он выставляет как меру, принимаемую нами для прикрытия отступления из Абхазии.

В настоящее время князь Михаил Шервашидзе обратился к Кутаисскому генерал-губернатору с письмом, в котором под предлогом болезни просит ходатайства об увольнении его от действительной службы (werilis asls urTavs da ganagrZobs); Ваше Превосходительство, усмотрите всю двусмысленность его содержания: трудно понять, что разумеет Владетель под именем действительной службы, - ибо звание генерал-адъютанта и чин не налагают на него обязанностей, требующих какого-либо напряжения сил; неискренность князя Шервашидзе в этом случае доказывается еще и тем, что здоровье его находится в весьма хорошем положении. Чтобы иметь время разъяснить эту загадочную просьбу, я приказал дать Владетелю ответ также неопределенный (aqve mohyavs am pa-

suxis aslic). Вообще Абхазия и по причине личнаго характера и образа

действий настоящего ея Владетеля, и по внутреннему своему состоянию, мне кажется не должна и не может оставаться в настоящем положении.

В прилагаемой при сем записке изложен вкратце взгляд мой на положение этого края и мнение мое относительно будущего устройства его.

Прошу Ваше Превосходительство повергнуть все это на воззрение Государя Императора и испросить указания Его Величества, дабы при предстоящих решительных действиях в земле Убыхов и в неизбежном затем решении многих вопросов, касающихся устройства всего Черноморского прибрежья, я мог руководствоваться Высочайшею волею по предмету будущаго устройства Абхазии.

273

Считаю при этом небезполезным для соображений Вашего Превосходительства, приложить копию с докладной записки князя Шервашидзе, представленной им князю Воронцову в 1847 году. Уже в то время князь Михаил, искренне или нет, сознавал свою неспособность управлять Абхазиею, но тогда по обстоятельствам просьба его была отклонена. Я полагаю, что заявление, сделанное им 17 лет тому назад, может быть принято во внимание и в настоящем случае…~

didi mTavris — mixeil nikolozis Zis werili d. Mmiliu-

tins (1864 w. 27 marti, fondi 5, saqme #7506, f. 41-47)

“В виду близкаго осуществления Высочайше одобренных

предположений о заселении казачьими станицами Восточнаго берега Чернаго моря от устья Кубани до р. Бзыби, представляется необходимость решить вопрос о будущем положении Владетеля Абхазского: должна ли Абхазия оставаться в настоящем ея положении, т. е. под безотчетным управлением князя Михаила Шервашидзе, или же в ней должно быть введено управление, устроенное на других началах?

Шестьдесят лет прошло с тех пор, как Абхазия признала верховную власть Российского государя и отец князя Михаила Шервашидзе был наследственным ея Владетелем. Страна эта, тогда еще полудикая, раздираемая междоусобиями различных княжеских фамилий, постоянно подвергавшаяся насилиям турок и хищничества горцев, со времени присоединения к России получила от русскаго правительства внешнюю защиту.

Занятое упорною войною на всем пространстве от Каспийскаго до Чернаго моря правительство Русское не могло в то время отделить достаточных средств для того, чтобы взять ту страну в полное подчинение, а для водворения в ней внутренняго порядка ограничивалось только поддержкой власти Владетеля (!), в надежде, что власть эта не упустит употребить сообщенную ей силу для блага народа и будет с благодарностию относиться к России, как к источнику своего сущечствования…~

~…Предоставлены были Владетелю безотчетные суд и расправа во всем крае, Правительство наше осыпало его Щедрыми подарками,

274

награждало всех, кого он желал, без суда отправляло в ссылку тех, кто казался ему вредным…

Благодаря этой поддержке власть князя Шервашидзе, прежде весьма шаткая и неопределенная, сделалась вполне неограниченною; но, к сожалению, не привела Абхазии к тому, на что вправе было рассчитывать русское правительство…~ (amas mosdevs Zalze

mkacri sayvedurebi da TiTqmis salanZRavi sityvebic ki mixe-

il ServaSiZis misamarTiT).

~…Юридически нельзя обвинить князя Шервашидзе ни в одном из тех тяжких преступлений, в которых обвиняет его общее мнение, потому что поступки его, как Владетеля, никогда не подвергались и не могли подвергаться законному расследованию. Во всяком случае, нельзя не обратить внимания на многие очевидные факты его продолжительной деятельности.

Нельзя не спросить, что заставляло его отклонять абхазцев от службы в наших войсках и в собственном конвое Его Величества, почему он запрещал им отдавать детей своих на воспитание в русския учебныя заведения; с каким намерением удалил от берега все христианское население и поселил в прибрежных деревнях исключительно мусульман и преимущественно турок? Не без его же ведома даже близкие родственники его переходят в магометанство: мусульманская пропаганда беспрерывно усиливается во всех частях Абхазии.

Облагая простолюдинов за малые проступки огромными штрафами в пользу своей казны, он оставляет всегда безнаказанными сильных хищников и убийц и далее покровительствует им: от этого-то хищничества, грабежи и убийства делались в Абхазии явлениями постоянными. Народ страдает, но не может ничего делать вопреки власти, поддерживаемой Русскою силою; от этого-то он ненавидит и своего Властителя и русских и вымещает свою злобу на солдат всякий раз, как представится случай. (aq kargad Cans cbieri mcdeloba,

rom ruseTis winaaRmdeg ajanyebebSi afxazTa monawileobis

namdvili mizezebi da miznebi miCqmalos da am yvelafers Ta-

visTvis sasurveli axsna misces; aseTive poziciaa dafiqsire-

buli n. diaCkov-tarasovis zemoTmoyvanil naSromSic, 4, 176-

178; 185-186).

При таком положении края выгодно-ли для России и согласно ли с чувством справедливости и человеколюбия, оставлять его под

275

властию теперь им управляемою? В отношении политическом это было бы положительно вредно. Оставаясь в настоящем положении, Абхазия всегда будет представлять готовый плацдарм и готовое основание для действия неприятеля против Закавказскаго края со стороны моря… С окончанием войны против горцев она будет составлять единственный угол, в котором необходимо двигаться колоннами… против которого нужен будет вооруженный кордон; она будет составлять клин, которым казачье прибрежное население наше будет отрезано от вернаго и преданнаго нам христианскаго населения Мингрелии.

Уничтожение такой власти, которая, умышленно или неумышленно, сделала столько зла… составляет обязанность нашего правительства…

Если изложенные причины будут признаны достаточными, чтобы решить Абхазский вопрос в пользу Росси и абхазскаго народа, т. е. уничтожить безотчетную власть Влдадетеля, то предста-вится необходимость обсудить, каким образом и когда это испол-нить: постепенно ли ограничивать власть Владетеля учреждением при нем административнаго совета, или сразу заставить его отка-заться от власти.

Первый способ действий, как и всякая полумера, едва-ли приведет к добрым результатам. Владетель никогда не уживется ни с каким учреждением, его ограничивающим. Начнется борьба, Абхазия будет страдать более, чем когда-либо, а дело кончится тем, с чего можно начать его, т. е. уничтожением Владетельских прав. (aq maga-

liTad mohyavs 1859 w. saxanoebSi SemoRebuli ormagi xeli-

suflebianoba, Tumca iqve dasZens, rom sagareo urTierTo-

bebis TvalsazrisiT Crdilo kavkasiuri saxanoebi aranair

safrTxes ar warmoadgendnen sxva saxelmwifosagan ruseTis

winaaRmdeg daxmarebis Ziebis mxriv, afxazeTis SemTxvevaSi ki

amgvari safrTxe TurqeTis saxiT aris warmodgenili). amito-

mac didi mTavari ukve daufaravad acxadebs Tavis pozicias:

sagulisxmoa, rom igi gamoTqvams SeSfoTebas mixeil ServaSi-

Zis sazRvargareT samkurnalod gaSvebis Taobaze, rasac ka-

tegoriul winaaRmdegobas uwevs Semdegi motivaciiT:

`Если не кончить с ним (saubaria mixeil ServaSiZeze—l.m.)

одним решительным ударом, он не уступит без борьбы; он способен даже искать покровительства враждебных нам иностранных

276

держав, и хотя не имеет на это никакого права, но при настоящих политических отношениях наших к Европе, западным державам нужно не право, а только предлог и благоприятные обстоятельства.

Если подобный поступок со стороны Владетеля и не вызовет вмешательства Правительств, то во всяком случае, он возбудит газетные толки, а через них – и общественное мнение Западной Европы. Можно безошибочно сказать, что Владетель просит теперь сложить с него почетное звание генерал-адъютанта единственно с той целью, чтобы не стесняться заграницею в своих словах и действиях против России.

По всем изложенным причинам, всякие переходные меры для преобразования управления Абхазии в настоящее время должны считаться вредными и вопрос этот всего выгоднее решить тотчас-же по окончательном покорении горцев и очищении Восточного прибрежья.

Главными основаниями при решении принять следующее: 1) Владетеля и наследника его склонить отказаться от права

владения. 2) Назначить Владетелю и наследникам его содержание их

обезпечивающее. 3) Из Абхазии образовать военный округ, который вместе с

Цебельдой подчинить особому Военному Начальнику на правах Начальника отделов в областях, с подчинением Кутаисскому генерал-губернатору.

4) Если количество свободных земель дозволит, то водворить вдоль берега до устья Ингура казачьи поселения, которыя вместе с поселениями по р. Бзыби, могли бы составить Абхазское казачье войско под управлением начальника Абхазскаго Военного отдела.

Границею между Кубанским и Абхазским войском назначить хребет, замыкающий Гагринскую теснину и отделяющий теперь Абхазию от земли Джигетов~.

d. miliutini — kavkasiis mefisnacvals, did mTavar mi-

xeil nikolozis Zes

( 1864 w. 20 maisi, scssa, f. 5, saqme # 7506, furc. 47-49)

`Ваше Императорское Высочество!

277

Государь Император. по всеподданнейшему докладу

почтеннейшаго отзыва Вашего от 27-го марта №3, о положении дел в Абхазии и образе действий генерал-адъютанта кн. Шервашидзе, изволил призвать, согласно с мнением и Вашего Высочества, что страна эта не может далее оставаться в настоящем положении, что наступило время ввести в ней правильную Русскую администрацию, освободив от управления князя Михаила Шервашидзе с его потомством.

Как заявленное им самим, в письме к генерал-лейтенанту князю Мирскому, желание удалиться от дел, так и последующия его личные обяснения с Вашим Императорским Высочеством, при проезде Вашем чрез Сухум, доставляют прямой повод к приведению ныне же в исполнение означенной меры. Государь Император предоставляет Вашему Высочеству, объявить князю Михаилу Шервашидзе о Высочайшем соизволении на увольнение его, с потомством, от управления навсегда Абхазией, с оставлением его в звании генерал-адъютанта и с предоставлением ему, выбрать свое местопребывание в Петербурге или Москве. Абхазия должна на вечныя времена поступить в непосредственное управление пост(уп)ленных от нашего Правительства властей;

Что касается до устройства положении самого князя Михаила Шервашидзе, его сына и других членов этой фамилии, то по Высочайшему повелению, статс-секретарь Бутков будет иметь честь сообщить Вашему Императорскому Высочеству особую записку, которая может быть не лишнею для соображения Вашего и для ближайшаго обсуждения вопроса об обезпечении вознаграждений князей Шервашидзе за оставленныя ими владения. Государь Император изволит ожидать представления Вашего Высочества, как по этому предмету, так и относительно устройства в Абхазии новаго управления~.

polkovnik karcovis werili mixeil ServaSiZisadmi,

1864 w. 24 maisi (scssa, f. 5, s. 7506, furc. 69)

saubaria mixeil ServaSiZis Txovnaze quTaisis gene-

ral-gubernatoris mimarT, raTa avadmyofobis gamo gaeTavi-

suflebinaT moqmedi samsaxuridan da CamoerTmiaT samxedro

278

wodeba (general-adiutantis Cini) da amis Sesaxeb moexsenebi-

naT xelmwife imperatorisaTvis:

`Получив в настоящее время курьером в ответ на представление положительныя Высочайшия повеления особой важности, Его Императорское Высочество не считает возможным, объявить их Вашей Светлости чрез посредство какого бы ни было лица и потому просит Вас прибыть в Кутаис к 3-му числу настоящего Июня с тем, чтобы лично сообщить Вам Высочайшую волю~.

aqve dasZens, rom Tqvenive keTildReobisaTvis mis

umaRlesobas mozanSewonilad miaCnia, rom gadaudeblad Se-

asruloT es miTiTeba da saswrafod gamoemgzavroTo, xolo

mgzavrobis Sesamsubuqeblad ruseTis xelisuflebis warmo-

madgenlebma ukve `izrunes~ — 28 maisidan afxazeTis mTavri-

saTvis sagangebod iyo gamoyofili gemebi soxumsa da foTSi,

xolo ekipaJi — orpirSi.

mixeil ServaSiZis pasuxi karcovis zemoTaRniSnul

werilze (1864 w. maisi [ricxvi dazianebulia], tyvarCeli. scssa,f.

5, s. 7506, furc. 70)

afxazeTis mTavari kvlav Tavis avadmyofobas imize-

zebs, wers rom amJamad imyofeba tyvarCelSi, samkurnalo

wylebze, rom gamocdili eqimebic ki mis daavadebas verafers

Svelian da a. S. :

`Что же касается желания моего об увольнении от действительной службы, то я просил по разстройству здоровья, чтобы сын мой – князь Георгий был мне помощником в управление, а я по слабости своей имел бы больше свободы от занятий, во всяком случае, я считаю при разстроенном здоровье, присутствие его постоянно необходимым при мне…~

aq aRniSnavs, rom konstantinopolidan sagangebod mow-

veuli hyavs gamocdili eqimi da Tuki es ukanaskneli uaxlo-

es droSi ar Camova da avadmyofobis simZimes odnav mainc ar

Seumsubuqebs, aseT SemTxvevaSi igi gadaadgilebas veRar SeZ-

lebs; amasTan dakavSirebiT mTavari iTxovs sazRvargareT

samkurnalod wasvlis nebarTvas:

`Так как мне разрешена была поездка заграницу в 1861 году, которою я, по обстоятельствам, не воспользовался до сего времени;

279

поэтому прошу Ваше Превосходительство выслать мне заграничный паспорт на один год в Германию и Францию. Паспорт этот будет у меня под рукою на тот случай, если приглашенный мною медик или не прибудет ко мне, или найдет более полезным для меня поездку заграницу. При этом я нахожу необходимым, чтобы сын мой кн. Георгий на всякий неожиданный случай сопутствовал мне, и потому прошу исходатайствовать отпуск князю Георгию и выслать для него заграничный паспорт, так как присмотр его за мною и имуществом считаю необходимым. Присовокупляю, что относительно личной пользы моей и семейства, я поручил себя и малолетних детей моих благосклонному вниманию Его Высочества и вполне полагаюсь на милости Государя Императора и Его Августейшего брата – наместеика Кавказскаго…~

afxazeTis mTavris Txovna Tavis vaJiSvilis TanxlebiT

sazRvargareT samkurnalod wasvlis Taobaze ruseTis xeli-

suflebis umaRles wreebSi gansakuTrebuli SeSfoTebis sa-

gani gaxldaT, razec mowmobs zemoT moyvanili didi mTavris

werili d. miliutinisadmi (ix. aqve, scssa, f.5, s. #7506, f. 41-

47). rogorc Cans, saimperatoro kari garkveulwilad mainc

ufrTxildeboda sakuTar avtoritets evropis qveynebSi da

kargad esmoda, rom afxazeTis samTavrosTan mimarTebaSi mis

mier gatarebuli politika sxva araferi iyo, Tu ara aSkara

aneqsia.

dabolos, am marTlac xangrZlivi dapirispirebis da-

sasrulad unda CaiTvalos didi mTavris qvemoT moyvanili

reskripti, sadac igi amjerad ukve sruliad Riad afiqsirebs

Tavis pozicias:

Рескрипт Военному министру от Его Высочества №531, 5 апреля 1865 года Бывший владетель Абхазии князь Михаил Шервашидзе

обратился ко мне с письмом, в котором он усиливался доказать свою невинность. В то же время мне стало известным, что он и теперь не покидает еще надежд и замыслов своих относительно Абхазии и получает из здешняго края письма, поддерживающие его надежды.

280

Желая раз навсегда положить конец его домогательствам, я приказал начальнику Главнаго штаба отвечать ему самым положительным образом, что ввиду последних его поступков он не должен вовсе рассчитывать ни на какое ходатайство с моей стороны...~

rogorc cnobilia, 1864 wlis noemberSi moxucebuli da

avadmyofi mixeil ServaSiZe samxedro gemiT gadayvanil iqna

ruseTSi; 1866 wels igi gardaicvala voroneJSi, saidanac Ca-

moasvenes da dakrZales moqvis taZarSi. rusuli mmarTvelobis damyarebas afxazeTSi umsxver-

plod mainc ar Cauvlia: mixeilis Zaladobrivi gadayenebidan

erTnaxevari wlis Semdeg (1866 wlis ivlisSi) afxazeTSi daiw-

yo ajanyeba, romelic biWvinTidan mTel bzifis olqSi gav-

rcelda; socialuri moTxovnebis garda ajanyebulebma wamo-

ayenes sakiTxi afxazeTSi mTavris xelisuflebis aRdgenisa

da giorgi ServaSiZis damtkicebis Sesaxeb. male es ukanaskne-

li mTavradac gamoacxades da erTguleba Sehfices. Tumca

mokle xanSi amboxeba CaaxSves, mosaxleoba ganaiaraRes, ajan-

yebis meTaurebi xalxis Tvalwin daxvrites, giorgi ServaSiZe

ki ruseTSi gadaasaxles [6, 15-16].

giorgi ServaSiZe, rogorc uaRresad didi Rirsebis

mqone, metad ganaTlebuli da suliT xorcamde patrioti pi-

rovneba, samomavlod sagangebo yuradRebas imsaxurebs. am-

jerad ki mis Sesaxeb garkveuli warmodgenis Sesaqmnelad mi-

sive Tanamedrovis — niko TavdgiriZis gamosaTxovari sit-

yvidan amonarids moviyvanT:

`gabedulad SeiZleba iTqvas, rom Sen erTaderTi gamo-

naklisi, magaliTi iyavi mTel Cven sakmaod mravalricxovan

mTavrebis memkvidreTa da umaRles aristokratiis wevrTa

Soris, romelmac qedi ar moixare, mcireodenadac ar daimci-

re Rirseba Seni eris mCagvrel, Sens xalxzed ZaliT gabato-

nebul Zlier saxelmwifoebriv mmarTvelobis winaSe; danam-

dvilebiT SeiZleba iTqvas, rom yvela Seni drois da Seni wris

ojaxoba did bednierebad da saocnebo netarebad sTvlida im

jildo-warCinebas, romelsac Sen zizRiT uar-hyofdi. vin ar

icis, Tu ramdeni msxverpli da tanjva-wvalebiT miiswrafod-

nen yvela Cveni aristokratiis wevrni sasaxlis yuradReba-

wyalobis damsaxurebisaken, Sen ki ymawvilobidan gezizRebo-

da yovelive is sikeTe, romelic ruseTis taxtidan momdina-

281

reobda. didi xani ar aris mas Semdeg, rac Cveni xalxis umrav-

lesobis SegnebaSi xelmwifis yuradReba-wyaloba raRac mud-

miv sanatrel sagans Seadgenda, SenTvis ki.. es bedi advili mi-

sawvdomi iyo, magram Sen im dros Cveni xalxisaTvis gaugeba-

ri, dRes ki yvelasaTvis cxadi mizezis gamo medidurad da am-

partavnad uarshyofdi yvela im sikeTes, romlis mopovebi-

saTvis sxvebi msxverplad swiravdnen TavianT adamianur Rir-

sebas...~ [7, #10-11].

dabolos, yvelaze mniSvnelovani argumenti imisa, rom

afxazeTis samTavro saxli sruliad garkveviT miiCnevda

Tavs saerTo-qarTuli qaristianul-marTlmadidebluri sam-

yaros ganuyofel nawilad, aris is, rom afxazeTis ukanaskne-

li mTavaric da misi vaJic — giorgi SarvaSiZe moqvis taZarSi

arian dakrZalulni da maT saflavebze epitafia qarTuli

asomTavruliT aris amokveTili. aRsaniSnavia isic, rom ru-

seTis imperiuli xelisuflebis mier afxazeTis samTavros

gauqmebis (1864 w.) Semdgomac SarvaSiZeTa sagvareulos war-

momadgenlebi sagangebod usvamdnen xazs im garemoebas, rom

isini qarTveli თavadebi iyvnen [10].

amrigad, 1810 w. 17 Tebervals imperatorma aleqsandre I-

ma afxazeTi oficialurad miiRo ruseTis “mfarvelobaSi~,

1864 w. ki afxazeTis samTavro sabolood iqna gauqmebuli da iq

rusuli mmarTveloba damyarda. XIX s. meore naxevridan afxa-

zeTi rusuli kolonizaciis obieqtad iqca. am droidan moyo-

lebuli, ruseTis imperia afxazeTSi mizanmimarTulad nergav-

da da atarebda separatistul politikas, romlis Sedegebic

TvalsaCinod aris asaxuli saqarTvelos uaxles istoriaSi.


1. narkvevebi saqarTvelos istoriidan — afxazeTi, Tbili-

si, 2007. 2. m. dumbaZe, dasavleT saqarTvelo XIX s. pirvel naxevarSi,

Tbilisi, 1957. 3. С. Эсадзе, Историческая записка об управлении Кавказом, т. 1,

Тифлис, 1907. 4. Дьячков-Тарасов, Абхазия и Сухум в XIX столетии, Тифлис, 1910.

282

5. К. А. Бороздин, Закавказския воспоминания: Мингрелия и Сванетия с 1854 по 1861 гг.

6. s. janaSia, giorgi ServaSiZe, Sromebi, VI, Tbilisi` 1988. 7. JurnalSi Teatri da cxovreba, 1918, #10-11.

8. amonaridi frederik diubuas `mogzaurobis...~ I tomidan

(qarTuli Targmani, gamouqveynebelia).

9. Пайчадзе Г., Абхазия в составе Российской империи 1810-1917 гг., Разыскания по истории Абхазии, Тбилиси, 1999.

10. z. papasqiri, SarvaSiZeTa samTavro saxlis erovnul-sa-

xelmwifoebrivi da kulturul-politikuri iersaxis Se-

saxeb, `spekali~, #1, (Tsu samecniero-eleqtronuli Jur-

nali).

11. S. Cxetia, afxazeTis samTavros istoriisaTvis (1853-1855

ww.), saistorio moambe, #15-16, 1963.

Lela Mikiashvili

Doctor of History, Ivane Javakhishvili Tbilisi State University, Senior-scientist researcher of the Ivane Javakhishvili In-stitute of History and Ethnology

Materials for the Personal and Socio-political Portrait of Michael Shervashidze – the Last Ruler of Abkhazia

Summary

Michael Shervashidze (1823-1864), the last ruler of Abkhazia, left a

sagnificant mark on the history of this region. Political developments in Abkhazia during his long reign are prop-

erly reviewed in the scientific literature; however, the sources to describe him as a person and a manager, are not thoroughly studied yet.

The proposed article presents archival documents and excerpts from the works of contemporary authors, which make possible to fully represent personal dignity and negative traits of Michael Shervashidze.

283

oTar gogoliSvili

baTumis SoTa rusTavelis saxel-

mwifo universitetis istoriis,

arqeologiis da eTnologiis de-

partamentis sruli profesori

gamoCenili pirovneba da sazogado

moRvawe grigol gurieli

gamoCenili pirovneba, sazogado moRvawe da Tavisi

qveynis didi patrioti grigol gurieli daibada 1812 wels

ozurgeTSi, guriis mTavarTa ojaxSi. 1818 wlamde, jer kidev

osmalTa batonobis dros, qobuleTis mazris kintriSis xeo-

baSi izrdeboda axlo naTesav jaSis ojaxSi: `aq izrdeboda es

Zvirfasi kaci~-werda gazeTi `iveria~ da amitomac gamoyva

mas am mxaris da misi mosaxleobis didi siyvaruli [1, 3].

1818 wlidan, ruseTTan guriis SeerTebis Semdeg, Wabu-

ki grigoli ozurgeTSi daabrunes, ojaxSi Seiswavla wera-

kiTxva da ruseTis armiis samsaxurSi Sevida. 60-ian wlebSi

polkovniki grigol gurieli guriis miliciis ufrosi, ru-

seT-osmaleTis sasazRvro, e. w. sakordono jarebis ufrosia.

am Tanamdebobaze iyo, rodesac 1874 wels igi zemo aWaraSi

Tavis naTesav da megobar Serif ximSiaSvilTan specialuri

davalebiT gaigzavna. mis amalaSi samoqalaqo formiT iyo

ruseTis armiis generaluri Stabis polkovniki giorgi yaz-

begi, romelsac geografiuli da sxvadasxva saxis samxedro

mniSvnelobis sadazvervo cnobebi unda Seekriba samxreT sa-

qarTveloze.

cnobilia, rom mogzauroba warmatebiT damTavrda 1874

wlis 24 ivliss. giorgi yazbegi ruseTis samxedro ministrs

swerda, rom davalebis warmatebiT Sesruleba man SeZlo

polkovnik grigol gurielisa da baTumSi myof ruseTis kon-

sulis jiudiCis daxmarebiT: `Tavadi gr. gurieli metad

cnobilia guriis mosazRvre mTel mxareSi da SeiZleba iT-

qvas, am popularobis Sedegad yvelgan aRtacebiT xvdebod-

nen. misma naTesaurma kavSirma aWaris, livanisa da SavSeTis

gavlenian begebTan, ise rogorc oficris piradma, maRalma

Tvisebebma CemTvis xelmisawvdomi gaxada iseTi cnobebi, ro-

284

melTa misi daxmarebis gareSe SeuZlebeli iyo aseTi warmate-

biT Segvesrulebina Cvenze dakisrebuli movaleoba~ [2, 45].

1877-1878 wlebis ruseT-osmaleTis omis Semdeg deda-

samSoblosTan aWaris dabrunebis sakiTxis mniSvneloba sayo-

velTaod cnobilia. TviT brZolebSi aqtiuri monawileobisa

da damsaxurebisaTvis grigol gurielma ori ordeni daimsa-

xura. omis Semdeg samxreT saqarTvelos teritoriaze Seiqm-

na baTumis olqi. igi iyofoda aWaris, arTvinisa da baTumis

okrugebad. baTumis okrugis ufrosad dainiSna polkivniki

grigol gurieli, romelic male general-maioris CinSi aa-

maRles. igi Cveuli patiosnebiT, gamocdilebiT da mosaxle-

obisadmi keTili ganwyobiT Seudga sapatio da pasuxsagebi

movaleobis Sesrulebas, es maSin, roca mxareSi metad rTuli

da daZabuli viTareba sufevda. sabrZolo operaciebisa da

mousavlianobis Sedegad qveyanaSi iyo SimSiloba.

es is droa, rodesac aseve mTeli sisruliT mZvinvareb-

da muhajiroba. baTumis olqidan miedineboda TurqeTisaken

mosaxleoba. grigol gurieli win aRudga qarTvelebisaTvis

am damRupvel moqmedebas. muhajirobis masStabebis gazrdiT

erTnairad iyo dainteresebuli rogorc ruseTis, aseve os-

maleTis xelisufleba. gr. gurieli Tavad dadioda baTumis

olqis soflebSi da mosaxleobas Txovda, rom ar moesminaT

matyuarebisaTvis da ar mietovebinaT TavianTi saxl-kari.

1879 wlis 18 marts igi sofel feriaSi Sexvda mosaxleobas,

sadac man xalxs auxsna Tu ra saSiSroebasTan iyo dakavSire-

buli TavianTi samSoblodan ucxo qveyanaSi wasvla. aqve is

sastikad daupirispirda Turq emisars vinme maxmud oRlis,

romelic xalxs eubneboda, rom `samoTxeSi~ moxvdebodnen

Tu TurqeTSi wavidodnen. grigol gurielma am maxmud oR-

lis matyuara da provokatori uwoda da xalxs uTxra, rom

yuri ar daegdo am naZiralasaTvis. aseTi Sexvedrebi da da-

pirispirebebi grigols bevri hqonda. amis gamo igi xSirad

xdeboda kritikis obieqti TviT ruseTis xelisuflebis

mxridanac ki. ase magaliTad, 1879 wlis 27 oqtombers, mas Sex-

vda baTumis olqis pirveli general-gubernatori komarovi

da Txova, rom mas (grigol guriels) mTeli yuradReba daeT-

mo baTumis okrugis mowesrigebisaTvis, omisagan dazaraleb-uli mxaris axleburad mowyobisaTvis, xolo rac Seexeba mu-

285

hajirobas, es adgilobrivi mosaxleobis survili iyo da ama-

Si ar SeiZleboda maTTvis xelis SeSla. grigol gurieli ar

daeTanxma am mosazrebas da aRniSna: `rom ruseTis xelisuf-

lebam xeli ki ar unda Seuwyos, aramed SeaCeros es saSineli

moqmedebao~. grigoli xvdeboda, rom ruseTi yovelmxriv

xels uwyobda muhajirobis gazrdas. misi azriT, amas ruseTi

imitom akeTebda, rom adgilobrivi mosaxleobisagan daclil

teritorias dapatroneboda da iq Camoesaxlebina ruseTis

Sida guberniebidan xalxi. amas igi xmamaRla ambobda.

misi daxmarebiT asobiT ojaxi gadaurCa gadasaxlebas.

xSiri iyo SemTxveva, rodesac osmaleTSi wasasvlelad ba-

TumSi Tavmoyril ramdenime jgufs gurielma saTanado dax-

mareba aRmouCina, transportiT uzrunvelyo da mSobliur

keras daubruna [3].

ruseTis xelisuflebisaTvis grigol gurieli miuRe-

beli pirovneba iyo, magram imdenad didi iyo misi avtorite-

ti adgilobriv mahmadian mosaxleobaSi, rom Sovinistebi

ver bedavdnen mis winaaRmdeg aSkara galaSqrebas.

mTeli qarTveli inteligencia dairazma, raTa aWaris

mosaxleobas daxmareboda. gansakuTrebiT didi iyo am saqme-

Si grigol gurielis roli. gazeT `golosis~ specialuri ko-

respondentis, kapitan a. frenkelis gadmocemiT: `okrugis

ufrosis sacxovrebeli saxli mudam savse iyo aWaris sxva-

dasxva soflidan Camosuli pirebiT. yoveli maTgani saTana-

do daxmarebas an rCeva-darigebas Rebulobda misgan. erTi

sityviT, Tavadi gurielidan aravin gamovidoda materialu-

ri an moraluri daxmarebis gareSe. xalxi mas Sehyurebda ro-

gorc mamas, misi sjerodaT da swamdaT. am popularuli da

adgilobrivi mahmadiani mosaxleobisaTvis sayvareli adami-

anis damsaxureba didia xalxisaTvis mdgomareobis Semsubu-

qebis saqmeSi~ [4, 36].

amitom iyo, rom gurielma mTeli qarTveli xalxis siy-

varuli da pativiscema daimsaxura. mas didad afasebda ilia

WavWavaZe. igi mas patiosans da eris gulSematkivars uwodeb-

da.

baTumis okrugis ufrosad grigol gurieli darCa 1880

wlis 13 aprilamde. madlierma xalxma mas gamosamSvidobebe-

li sadili gaumarTa. sityvebsa da sadRegrZeloebSi mas qeba-

286

didebas asxamdnen aWaris mosaxleobisadmi esoden didi ama-

gisaTvis.

grigol gurielis baTumidan wasvlasTan dakavSirebiT

gazeT `droebis~ korespondenti kariWaSvili _ `krazanas~

fsevdonimiT cnobili — werda: `grigol gurieli bevrs Sro-

mobda Cveni mxaris xalxisaTvis da didi danaklisia misi aqe-

dan wasvla. magram meti aRar moiTxoveba misgan. droa, rom

misi xangrZlivi Sroma, axla, am moxucebulobaSi dasvenebiT

daagvirgvinos. rodesac grigoli baTumidan midioda, Tan

mistirodnen mahmadiani qarTvelebi~ [5, 2].

mxareze Seyvarebuli gurieli wamosvlis Semdeg uyu-

radRebod ar tovebda mas: `qarTvelebi arian, codoni arian,

rom ase upatronod gvyavs mitovebuli~ — werda igi. gurieli

moiTxovda, rom maTTvis gaexsnaT skolebi da swavla-ganaT-

leba SeetanaT mxareSi.

grigol gurieli gardaicvala 1893 wels ozurgeTSi,

misi neSti wminda mariamis eklesias miabares.

zaqaria WiWinaZe aRniSnavs: `1879 wels grigol guriel-

ma erT dRes damSeulT aTi aTasi maneTi Tavisi fuli dauri-

ga da masTan ramdeni kidev sxva aseTebi uqmnia am Zvirfas

kacs, amas Tvla ara aqvs. didi SesaniSnavi kaci iyo es grigol

gurieli, metad Tavgamodebuli mosarCle qarTvel mahmadi-

anTa Rarib-Ratak xalxisa~ [6,15].


1. gazeTi `iveria~, # 16, 1880.

2. g. yazbegi, sami Tve TurqeTis saqarTveloSi, baTumi, 1997.

3. saqarTvelos centraluri saxelmwifo istoriuli arqivi,

f. 457, aRw. 1, saq. 231.

4. А. Френкель, Очерк Батуми и Чурук-су, Батуми, 1885. 5. gazeTi `droeba~, #39, 1881.

6. z. WiWinaZe, istoria osmaleTis yofil musliman qarTvel-

Ta saqarTveloSi, baTumi, 1911.

287

Otar Gogolishvili

Doctor of Historical Science, Shota Rustaveli Batumi State Uni-versity, Full Professor

Grigol Gurieli — the Famous Person and Public Figure

Summary

Grigol Gurieli, a well-known person in the Georgian history, took a

very active part in a Russian-Turkey war of 1877-1878. After the was Gri-gol Gurieli was appointed as a governor of the District of Batumi. He played a great part in the movement ageist the deportation of the local Mus-lim population in Turkey. Grigol Gurieli’ s activity resulted in the fact that a lot of people were not deported in Turkey. As a result, the local population expressed a great respect to Grigol Gurieli. When he resided on 13 April, 1880, the local population organized a very warm farewell.

288

niko javaxiSvili

istoriis mecnierebaTa doqtori, iva-

ne javaxiSvilis saxelobis Tbilisis

saxelmwifo universitetis profeso-

ri, ivane javaxiSvilis istoriisa da

eTnologiis institutis axali da uax-

lesi istoriis ganyofilebis mTavari

mecnier-TanamSromeli

ucnobi stalini

(dakvirvebani mis warmomavlobaze,

garegnobasa da pirovnul xasiaTze)

samoci wlis winaT, sabWoTa socialisturi respublike-

bis kavSiris dedaqalaq moskovSi, 74 wlis asakSi gardaicvala

am uzarmazari qveynis uzenaesi mesveuri, generalisimusi io-

seb stalini (1879-1953).

goreli mewaRis — besarion ivanes Ze juRaSvilisa (1854-

1909) da mrecxav ekaterine giorgis asul gelaZis (1860-1937)

qoxSi dabadebulma da aRzrdilma vaJma — ioseb besarionis Ze

juRaSvilma — udidesi cxovrebiseuli gza gaiara da uamravi

dabrkoleba gadalaxa, sanam msoflios erT meeqvsed nawils —

beladad, xolo danarCen nawils — uZlieresi saxelmwifos

uaRresad angariSgasawev liderad moevlineboda.

msgavsi masStabis sxva moRvaweTa msgavsad, ioseb sta-

linic friad rTuli pirovneba gaxldaT. da mainc, rogorc

ar unda Seafason misi moRvaweoba, mas Tavisi kuTvnili adgi-

li ukavia XX saukunis 20-50-iani wlebis msoflio istoriaSi.

winamdebare statiaSi warmovadgenT Cvens Tvalsazriss

ioseb stalinis warmomavlobis, garegnobisa da pirovnuli

xasiaTis zogierT TaviseburebasTan dakavSirebiT [27, 12-19].

* * *

versia, romlis Tanaxmadac ioseb juRaSvili ar iyo Ta-

visi oficialuri mamis, besarion juRaSvilis genetikuri

STamomavali, jer kidev XX saukunis ocian wlebSi farTod

289

gavrcelda. am versiis Tanaxmad, ioseb stalinis biologiuri

mama iyo goreli iakob giorgis Ze egnataSvili.

sainteresoa, ra safuZveli gaaCnda am versias da ra kav-

Siri hqonda iakob egnataSvils juRaSvilebis ojaxTan? an sa-

erTod, vin iyvnen egnataSvilebi?

egnataSvilebi A— Sida qarTleli aznaurebi iyvnen.

1696 wliT daTariRebuli erT-erTi sabuTis damwerad

da mowmed ixsenieba aznauri iese egnataSvili. 1715 wliT da-

TariRebul ruisis samwysos davTarSi ixseniebian sofel

dirbSi mcxovrebi aznaurebi: iase (mRvdeli), demetre da za-

za egnataSvilebi. ufro mogvianebiT gacemul TamasuqSi go-

ga egnataSvili ixsenieba bagrationTa erT-erTi sagvareulo

ganStoebis, Sida qarTlSi mcxovreb Tavad daviTiSvilTa az-

naurad. sxva sabuTebSi ixseniebian Tavad ciciSvilTa yma-

glexi egnataSvilebi [6, 115].

qarTlis mefem vaxtang VI-m (1675-1737) aznauri beri eg-

nataSvili saTaveSi Cauyena swavlul kacTa komisias, romel-

sac daevala gadaemuSavebina `qarTlis cxovreba~ da daewera

am Txzulebis gagrZeleba.

`axali qarTlis cxovrebis~ xelnaweris aSiaze gakeTe-

buli ori minaweri mowmobs, rom am Txzulebis erT-erTi av-

tori — beri egnataSvili iyo. misi avtorobis kvali aRniSnu-

li Txzulebis teqstidanac Cans [1, 539].

1724 wlis ivlisSi, rodesac saqarTveloSi Seqmnili ur-

Tulesi politikuri viTarebis gamo, mefe vaxtang VI iZule-

buli gaxda, rom Tavisi col-Svilisa da samefo amalis Tan-

xlebiT, ruseTSi gadaxvewiliyo, am mravalricxovani amalis

SemadgenlobaSi aznauri egnataSvilebic erivnen.

qarTlis mefis gardacvalebis (1737) Semdeg, misi amalis

wevrebs malorosiaSi (amJamad — ukraina) yma-mamuli dauri-

ges. 1739 wlis oqtomberSi aznaur giorgi egnataSvils gadas-

ces daba axal sanJarovoSi mdebare mamuli 10 komli yma-gle-

xiTurT [19, 49].

XVIII saukunis 60-70-ian wlebSi, rodesac vaxtang VI-is

STamomavlebma qarTlis samefo taxtis dabruneba scades,

maT miemxro qarTlel feodalTa mniSvnelovani nawili, ro-

melTa Sorisac egnataSvilebic iyvnen. maT Soris gamoirCeo-

dnen zemoxsenebuli beri egnataSvili (romelic 60-ian wle-

290

bis dasawyisSi gardaicvala) [1, 539] da misi naTesavi simon ia-

goris Ze egnataSvili.

vaxtang VI-is samefo amalis wevris STamomavali — azna-

uri simon iagoris Ze egnataSvili — ruseTSi cxovrobda da

ignatievad iwereboda. igi iyo moskovsa da peterburgSi ar-

sebuli qarTuli koloniis erT-erTi TvalsaCino warmomad-

geneli, mwignobari da mTargmneli. Tarjimnis rangSi monawi-

leobda ruseT-saqarTvelos diplomatiuri misiebis saqmia-

nobaSi. 1773 wels sankt-peterburgSi gamoqveynda mis mier

qarTulidan rusulad Targmnili `baramgulandamiani.~es

aris Tavisufali Targmani, romelSic teqsti gavrcobilia

literaturuli da xalxuri zepirsityvierebis masaliT. man-

ve Targmna imperatrica ekaterine II-isadmi miZRvnili stili-

zebuli xalxuri leqsi `brma memusikis simRera~ da Seadgina

qarTul-rusuli leqsikoni [4, 539-540].

garda zemoTqmulisa, simon ignatievi iyo ruseTis impe-

riis sagareo saqmeTa kolegiis TanamSromeli, asesoris wo-

debiT, romelic qarTulenovan sabuTebs rusul enaze Tar-

gmnida [22, 147].

1779 wels sankt-peterburgSi, rusul enaze gamoica

aleqsandre amilaxvris wigni `georgianuli istoria~ [28],

romelic qarTulidan Targmna zemoxsenebulma simon ignati-

evma. am wignSi dagmobilia mefe erekle II, romelic miCneulia

qarTlis samefo taxtis mimtaceblad (uzurpatorad).

yovelive zemoTqmulis gamo, erekle II-m saqarTveloSi

darCenili egnataSvilebi dasaja da aznauroba CamoarTva.

swored amitomac, es gvari ar gvxvdeba arc ruseTis imperias

da qarTl-kaxeTis samefos Soris dadebul mfarvelobiT

traqtats (1783 weli) darTul qarTvel TavadaznaurTa nus-

xaSi [3, 57-64] da arc ufliswul ioane bagrationis (1768-1830)

istoriul-genealogiur naSromSi [2, 140-150].

aznaur egnataSvilTa STamomavali, gorSi mcxovrebi ia-

kob egnataSvili iyo mejvare stalinis mSoblebisa — besari-

on juRaSvilisa da ekaterine gelaZisa. manve monaTla sta-

linis ufrosi Zmebi — giorgi da mixeili, romlebic Cvilobis

asakSi gardaicvalnen.

iakobi koloritul pirovnebad, saxelganTqmul Tama-

dad da daumarcxebel mokrived iTvleboda. mas hqonda vena-

291

xebi da sakuTari RviniT vaWrobda, ris gamoc SeZlebulad

cxovrobda. rodesac saqarTveloSi Camosuli ruseTis impe-

ratori aleqsandre III gorSi, Tavad amilaxvrebs estumra,

Tamadobis pativi iakob egnataSvils daakisres [27, 13]. aqve

davsZenT, rom am stumrobis aRsaniSnavad amilaxvrebis sax-

lSi gamoakres memorialuri dafa warweriT: `Сей дом осчастливен посещением Государя Императора Александра III~ [25, 123].

gamoCenilma mweralma, poetma da sazogado moRvawem

giorgi leoniZem (1897-1966) stalins miuZRvna didi mxatvru-

li ostatobiT dawerili poema `bavSvoba da yrmoba~, sadac

iakob egnataSvilis Sesaxeb or sxvadasxva adgilas vkiTxu-

lobT:

1) `mxardamxar kldekaci uzis,

iakob egnataSvili,

falavania iako,

mklavi aqvs RoniT gaSlili.

mis axovnebas natrulobs

falavnebidan yoveli,

misi sarmis da kisrulis

mowmea kviracxoveli~ [10, 51].

2) `egnataanT iakoba,

modis, rogorc gemi zRvaSi,

mis muSts unda gana mkoba?

venacvale biWs ulvaSSi!

mas ra Zala daakavebs? —

uTxlaSunebs mZime mklavebs!~ [10, 141].

saqarTvelos Sinagan saqmeTa saministros arqivSi da-

culia ioseb stalinis dedis — ekaterine (keke) gelaZis mo-

gonebebi, romelic wignad gamoica [16].

ekaterine gelaZe igonebda: `Cveni mejvareebi — iakof

egnataSvili da mixa cixiTaTriSvili — yaraCoRelebi iyvnen

da didi eSxic Seitanes Cven qorwilSi... iakof egnataSvilma,

rogorc ufrosma mejvarem, didi amagi dagvdo jvrisweraze

292

da Semdegac. yovelTvis scdilobda, rom xeli Seewyo Cven-

Tvis...

biWi SegveZina. beso kinaRam gadairia sixaruliT. didi

naTloba gaaCaRa. iakof egnataSvili datrialda, rogorc

naTlia, magram sixaruli mwuxarebiT Segvecvala, radganac

bavSvi ori Tvisa gardaicvala. besom dardisagan sma daiwyo...

meore wlis Tavze meore biWi SegveZina. esec iakofma

mogvinaTla. magram arc am bavSvs ewera dRegrZeloba... beso

kinaRam SeiSala...

mesame biWic meyola. besom Tqva: `iakofis xeli ver dav-

cade, axla meore mejvaris xeli unda vcadoo~. egnataSvils

es ar swyenia... ai, es ambebi gadagvxvda Cemi sosos SeZenamde...

magram ramdenadac bednieri Seviqeni Svilis dRegrZelobiT,

imdenad ubeduri viyavi im mxriv, rom Cemma besom smas umata.

bevrs uSlida Cveni ojaxis keTilismyofeli iakofi, nu sva-

mo, magram beso ar iSlida... waxda meojaxe kaci... ojaxi iakof

egnataSvilis wyalobiT ar dagveRupa. is daxmarebas ar gvak-

lebda... beso isev qalaqs daubrunda, iq vimuSavebo. wavida,

magram ukve naxevari kaci iyo. Tavmomwone Zveli beso Rvinis

msxverpli Seiqna~ [16, 53-69].

ase, rom iosebi (momavali beladi) monaTla besarion da

ekaterine juRaSvilebis meore mejvarem — mixeil cixiTaT-

riSvilma.

ekaterine gelaZe miuTiTebda, rom erideboda iakob eg-

nataSvilisagan daxmarebis sistematurad miReba, ris gamoc

mkeravoba daiwyo. mis mogonebaSi vkiTxulobT: “jer Cveni

naTliis ojaxSi iakobis meuRles davuliandage sabnebi. niWi

gamomaCnda. gorSi saxeli gamivarda, rogorc sabnebis sauc-

xovo damliandagebels... Cemi garjilobiT bavSvis guli ar

damiCagria da yvelaferi Tavis droze mimicia, rom umamoba

ar edardna~ [16, 70-71].

dedis mogonebidan Cans, rom mis vaJs, romelsac mofe-

rebiT `soselos~ eZaxdnen, bavSvobidanve principuloba axa-

siaTebda. rodesac deda-Svili TbilisSi matarebliT gaem-

gzavra, bavSvs uTqvams:

— `dedilo, qalaqSi rom mivalT, mama momnaxavs, momita-

cebs da meCeqmeobas momindomebs. me ki swavla minda. Tu ase

momeqceva, Tavs moviklav da meCeqmeobas ar vindomeb!~ [16, 85].

293

cnobili filosofosi, akademikosi Salva xidaSeli

(1911-1994) igonebda: `egnataSvilebs Soris, romlebsac xalxi

stalinis Zmebad Tvlida, farTod gavrcelebuli xmebis gamo

— `stalini goreli vaWris iakob egnataSvilis ukanono Svi-

liao~, ufrosma, saSam stalins yvelaze adre miakiTxa. res-

tornis `nad kuroi~ (romelic mdebareobda yofili voron-

covis moedanze, mtkvris piras. n. j.) mflobels didi begara

Seaweres. adgilobriv xelisuflebaze gulmosuli moskovSi

stalinTan wavida.

stalinma miiRo da iseT Tanamdebobaze gagzavna (yirim-

Si, saxelmwifo meurneobis mmarTvelad), rom sakuTari res-

torani daaviwyda. Semdeg moskovSi gadaiyvana da `sakuTar

samsaxurSi~ Caayena.

meore Zmam, vasom, yofilma federalistma... ufro gvian

moZebna `Zma~. moskovidan dabrunebis Semdeg miiRo saqarTve-

los `cakis~ mdivnis Tanamdeboba~ [24, 157].

zemoxsenebuli aleqsandre (saSa) iakobis Ze egnataSvi-

li (1887-1948) msaxurobda ssr kavSiris Sinagan saqmeTa sa-

xelmwifo komisariatSi, sadac ekava ganyofilebis da sammar-

Tvelos ufrosis Tanamdebobani. msaxurobda yirimSi arsebu-

li Sinagan saqmeTa saxelmwifo komisariatis specobieqtebis

(samTavrobo dasasvenebeli saxlebis) sammarTvelos ufro-

sad (1945-1947), kremlis komendantad, ssrk-is samTavrobo

dacvis mTavari sammarTvelos ufrosis nikolai vlasikis mo-

adgiled. 1942 wels mas mieniWa saxelmwifo uSiSroebis mesame

rangis komisris wodeba, romelic Seesabameboda general-ma-

ioris wodebas, xolo 1945 wels — general-leitenantis wo-

deba. monawileobda Teiranisa (1943) da ialtis (1945) konfe-

renciebis momzadebasa da CatarebaSi. 1944 wlidan xelmZRva-

nelobda yirimis Zveli sasaxleebisa da arqiteqturuli an-

samblebis aRdgenas [5, 539].

misi umcrosi Zma — vasil iakobis Ze egnataSvili (1888-

1956) iyo ssr kavSiris mesame mowvevis umaRlesi sabWos depu-

tati, saqarTvelos ssr-is centraluri aRmasrulebeli ko-

mitetis mdivani 1938 wlidan.

aleqsandre egnataSvilis vaJi, cnobili moWidave gior-

gi egnataSvili (1910-2000) iyo ssrk-is profkavSirebis Tav-

mjdomaris nikolai Svernikis piradi dacvis ufrosi, pol-

294

kovniki. moskovSi daibadnen giorgis asulebi: naTela/svet-

lana (dabadebuli 1939 wels), eliso (dabadebuli 1944 wels)

da aleqsandra (dabadebuli 1949 wels). naTela samecniero

saqmianobas eweoda TbilisSi, araorganuli qimiisa da eleqt-

roqimiis institutSi, eliso — inJineria, xolo aleqsandra —

sociologia.

naTela egnataSvilis mogonebaSi vkiTxulobT: `stali-

nis deda Cemi didi papis ojaxSi modioda: recxavda, keravda,

purs acxobda... patara soso am ojaxis xSiri stumari gax-

ldaT. iakobi Turme dasvamda xolme mas magidasTan da yazbe-

gisa da ilia WavWavaZis wignebs ukiTxavda. orives gansakuT-

rebiT moswonda yazbegis `mamis mkvleli~, sadac mTavari gmi-

ri — rainduli sulis koba TavganwirviT ibrZvis simarTli-

saTvis. albaT, amitomac, saxeli `koba~ stalinis pirveli

fsevdonimi gaxda~ [35].

vfiqrobT, rom stalinis egnataSvilobis Sesaxeb arse-

buli versia gamonagoni ar iyo da mas realuri safuZveli ga-

aCnda. Cveni varaudiT, amis mtkicebis SesaZleblobas gvaZ-

levs Semdegi faqtebi (Tumca, saboloo daskvnis gamotana,

albaT, dnm-is analizis Catarebis Semdeg gaxdeba SesaZlebe-

li):

1) 1907 wels ioseb juRaSvils da mis pirvel meuRles

ekaterine svimonis asul svaniZes (1885-1907) SeeZinaT pirve-

li da erTaderTi vaJi. saqarTveloSi da msoflios mraval

qveyanaSi arsebuli tradiciis Tanaxmad, pirvel vaJs Tavisi-

ve papis (mamis mamis) saxels arqmeven. aqedan gamomdinare, io-

seb juRaSvils Tavisi pirmSosaTvis besarioni unda daer-

qmia. arada, man Tavis pirvel vaJs daarqva iakobi, anu saxeli

kacisa, romelsac stalinis biologiur mamad miiCnevdnen. ia-

kob iosebis Ze juRaSvili (1907-1943) — 36 wlis asakSi, zaqsen-

hauzenis sakoncentracio banakSi daiRupa;

2) 1921 wels ioseb juRaSvils da mis meore meuRles na-

deJda sergeis asul aliluevas (1901-1932) SeeZinaT vaJi. ze-

moxsenebuli tradiciis Tanaxmad, stalins Tavisi oficia-

luri mamis saxeli meore vaJisaTvis mainc unda daerqmia, mag-

ram ase ar moxda. man Tavis meore vaJs daarqva vasili, anu sa-

xeli kacisa, romelsac stalinis Zmad miiCnevdnen. vasil io-

sebis Ze (1921-1962), romelic mamis gardacvalebamde gvarad

295

stalins atarebda, 41 wlis asakSi, yazanSi gardaicvala. sagu-

lisxmoa, rom vasil egnataSvilma Tavis vaJs stalinis parti-

uli metsaxeli — `koba~ daarqva. koba vasilis Ze egnataSvili

(1939-1999) iyo cnobili eqimi-otoloringologi, medicinis

doqtori. aseve sagulisxmoa, rom giorgi aleqsandres Ze eg-

nataSvilma Tavis ufros asuls daarqva svetlana (igive na-

Tela), romelic stalinis qaliSvils erqva;

3) ioseb stalins arasdros gamouCenia Tavi Tavisi ofi-

cialuri mamis naTesavebisa da mogvareebis — juRaSvilebis

patronobiT (yoveli SemTxvevisaTvis, amis Taobaze CvenTvis

cnobili ar aris), rodesac, rogorc zemoT aRvniSne, wyalo-

ba ar dauSurebia aleqsandre da vasil iakobis Ze egnataSvi-

lebis, anu gavrcelebuli xmebis Tanaxmad, sakuTari Zmebis

mimarT [27].

stalinis gansakuTrebul siaxloveze iakob egnataSvi-

lis SvilebTan adasturebs naTela egnataSvilis mogonebaSi

daculi Semdegi faqtic: `1939 wels, sabWoTa kavSir-germani-

as Soris Tavdausxmelobis paqtis xelmowerasTan da stali-

nis 60 wlis iubilesTan dakavSirebiT adolf hitlerma sab-

WoeTis meTaurs saCuqrad germanuli msubuqi manqana

`horhi~ gamougzavna. metad lamazi da moxerxebuli manqa-

na gaxldaT, magram stalini ar Cajda da saSa papas gadmou-

loca...

manqanas gansakuTrebuli signalis xma hqonda. roca

manqana Cven saxls uaxlovdeboda, mZRoli gvatyobinebda

signaliT, Tu ra xasiaTze brundeboda papa... Semdeg moskovis

kinostudiam Seisyida. am avtomobiliT, meore msoflio omis

amsaxvel filmebSi germaneli oficrebi sargebloben. sxvaTa

Soris, cnobil film `gazafxulis Cvidmet gaelvebaSi~ es

manqana Stirlicis sakuTrebaa~ [35].

ioseb stalins mWidro urTierToba akavSirebda ro-

gorc zemoxsenebul aleqsandre egnataSvilTan, aseve mis um-

cros ZmasTan — vasil egnataSvilTanac.

kandid Carkvianma (1906-1994), romelic 1938-1952 wlebSi

saqarTvelos kompartiis centraluri komitetis pirvel

mdivnad msaxurobda, Tavis memuarebSi friad sayuradRebo

cnoba Semogvinaxa stalinisa da vasil egnataSvilis gamorCe-

uli siaxlovis Sesaxeb. am mogonebidan irkveva, rom 1938

296

wels, saqarTvelos ssr-is centraluri aRmasrulebeli ko-

mitetis mdivanma vasil egnataSvilma gadaarCina k. Carkviani

saqarTvelos kompartiis imdroindeli xelmZRvanelis lav-

renti berias risxvas. kerZod, 1938 wlis dasawyisSi, moskov-

Si, stalinTan Sexvedrisas, vasil egnataSvilma kargad daaxa-

siaTa kandid Carkviani, rasac am ukanasknelis swrafi dawina-

ureba mohyva. imave wlis zafxulSi kandid Carkviani saqar-

Tvelos komunisturi partiis centraluri komitetis pir-

vel mdivnad airCies.

k. Carkviani igonebda: `1938 wlis ianvarSi ssrk I mowve-

vis umaRlesi sabWos I sesia gaimarTa. berias sesiidan dabru-

nebisTanave SevamCnie, rom misi damokidebuleba Cem mimarT

Seicvala: araviTari uxeSoba, xSirad saxeliTa da mamis saxe-

liT mommarTavs, darekvisTanave mRebulobs. gakvirvebuli

viyavi, magram mizezs xom ver vkiTxavdi.

male CemTvis yvelaferi gairkva. sesiaze vaso egnataS-

vilic iyo. moskovSi yoveli Casvlisas is i. stalins usaTuod

inaxulebda. roca dabrunda, vaso CemTan movida da miTxra: —

`iciT, stalinTan rom viyavi, Tqven gikiTxaT — goreli Cark-

vianebidan xom ar ariso...~

gasagebi mizeziT, me aRar CaveZie imas, Tu kidev ra iT-

qva stalinTan Cem Sesaxeb, magram darwmunebuli var, vaso

mxolod kargad damaxasiaTebda: maSindeli Cveni urTierTo-

ba iseTi iyo, rom gadaaWarbebda kidevac Cem qebaSi...

1938 wlis 31 agvistos... sakavSiro kp (b) ck politbiu-

ros rekomendaciiT, saqarTvelos kp (b) ck plenumma centra-

luri komitetis pirvel mdivnad amirCia~ [21, 110-111].

goreli pavle mixeilis Ze rusiSvili, romlis Catanil

Rvinosac TviT ioseb stalini svamda, amtkicebda, rom ssr

kavSiris beladis realuri mama iyo iakob egnataSvili. igi

igonebda: `Как только приезжал в Москву Васо Эгнаташвили, — сын Якова Георгиевича, брат Александра Яковлевича, Сталин бросал все дела, И они собирались втроем где-нибудь посидеть. Васо Яковлевич никогда не уезжал от нас, не встретившись со Сталиным~.

kiTxvaze — `А может, это дань уважения семье Эгнаташвили? Ведь Сталин вырос с ними?~ — pavle rusiSvilma ase upasuxa: `Да братья они!... Ну скажите, почему из одной семьи один стал генералом, заместителем Власика, а другой сначала редактором республиканской

297

газеты, а затем секретарем Президиума Верховного Совета Грузинской ССР? Неужели здесь все обошлось без влияния Сталина?~ [36].

4) ioseb stalins Zalian uyvarda Tavisi deda, Tumca,

imavdroulad, sZulda oficialuri mama — besarion juRaSvi-

li da amas arc faravda.

1932 wels, berlinSi gamoica ioseb stalinis bavSvobis

megobris ioseb giorgis Ze iremaSvilis (1879-1944) wigni —

`stalini da saqarTvelos tragedia~, romelSic ssr kavSiris

imdroindeli beladis Sesaxeb sayuradRebo cnobebs vxvde-

biT. masSi vkiTxulobT, rom ekaterine (keke) gelaZe warmoad-

genda erTaderT adamians, visac ymawvili soso juRaSvili

`aRiarebda da Tayvans scemda... kekes SviliviT Worfliani

saxe hqonda... yvela qarTveli qalis msgavsad, Rrmadmorwmu-

ne iyo. mewaRis Sromismoyvare, keTil da RvTismoSiS cols

gorelebi didad afasebdnen... is qarTul erovnul tansac-

mels atarebda... tipuri qarTveli qali iyo. Svilis daundo-

beli xasiaTi mas Zalze awuxebda. is umweod Sehyurebda, Tu

rogor Tesavda mama Svilis gulSi RvarZlsa da borotebas.

mamisagan sosom adamianebisadmi zizRi iswavla. igi adreul

asakSi momwifda da damoukidebel azrovnebas mieCvia. yvela-

ze metad sosos sakuTari mama sZulda. mas dedis iZulebiT

monur SromaSi adanaSaulebda. mamamisis daumsaxurebelma da

sastikma cemam soso masaviT uxeSi da ugulo gaxada. adamia-

nebi, romlebic sxvebze asakis an Zalis upiratesobis gamo ba-

tonobdnen, mamamiss agonebdnen da SurisZiebis grZnobas

aRuZravdnen. adreuli asakidanve SurisZiebis wyurvili ar

asvenebda da umaRles miznad eqca... soso mamamiss yovelTvis

gaurboda. mis naadrev sikvdils bavSvze araviTari STabeWdi-

leba ar mouxdenia~ [7, 18-22].

k. Carkviani igonebda: `mSoblebze, bavSvobaze, mowafeo-

baze laparaki stalins maincadamainc ar uyvarda. esec aris,

rom moskovSi saqmiani Sexvedrebisas amis dro da sababic ar

hqonda. sxva viTareba iyo zRvis sanapiroze dasvenebis

dros... metwilad mec im xanebSi Svebulebas gagraSi vatareb-

di da TiTqmis yovel meore dRes stalinis stumari viyavi...

`mamaCemi da mezoblad mcxovrebi mRvdeli Carkviani

uaxloesi megobrebi iyvnen, — miambo stalinma, — erTad sma da

drostareba yvelafers erCivnaT... beso juRaSvili mRvdel-

298

Tan da sxva meinaxebTan xangrZlivma Tanamesufreobam gaalo-

Ta da bolos namdvil alkoholikad aqcia... ojaxSi ukve ara-

feri Semohqonda. piriqiT, moiTxovda, rom dedaCems, mrec-

xavs, mZime SromiT naSovni oriode groSi misTvis enawilebi-

na. deda Zlieri nebisyofis qali iyo. bevrs ecada gamoeswo-

rebina gzasacdenili qmari, magram roca mizans ver miaRwia,

is saxlidan daiTxova... mamaCems gaego, rom seminariis sti-

pendiasTan erTad, sionis qoros mgaloblis gasamrjelosac

vRebulobdi... erTxel, pansionis darajma gadmomca, mama gew-

viaTo. gavedi, vxedav, marTlac is aris. Cemi ambavi arc ukiT-

xavs, ise pirdapir momaxala:

— `vaJbatono, mama sul daiviwye ara? cota fuli mome-

ci, sxvagan samuSaod wasvlas vapireb~.

— `me imdeni fuli sada maqvs, rom Sen dagexmaro?~ — vu-

pasuxe.

— `bevrs nu laparakob, sami maneTi mainc gamomitane, nu

xar dedaSeniviT Zunwi da qvawvia~, — auwia xmas mamaCemma.

— `nu yviri, aq pansionia, Tu axlave ar gaeclebi aqaure-

bas, darajs davuZaxeb da ZaliT gagiyvanen-meTqi, — vuTxari.

muqaram gaWra. mama buzRuniT quCaSi gavida~ [21, 469-

470].

5) mamamisis Zagebis paralelurad, ioseb stalini dau-

faravi simpaTiiT ixseniebda iakob egnataSvilis ojaxs da si-

cocxlis bolomde megobrobda mis SvilebTan — aleqsandre

da vasil egnataSvilebTan, rasac k. Carkvianic adasturebda.

k. Carkvianis mogonebebSi vkiTxulobT: `iakobi ruisi-

dan yofila. gorSi samikitno hqonia. masTan erTad samikit-

noSi saqmianobda misi ori Zma — simoni da kika... stalins bev-

ri ram damaxsovrebia maTi cxovrebidan.

iakobi da misi Zmebi mTel qarTlSi ganTqmul falavne-

bad iTvlebodnen. pirveli da yvelaze Zlieri falavani iako-

bi yofila. is Turme araTu mxars ar udebda, xSirad kidevac

amarcxebda cnobil moWidaveebs — xizambarels, kula glda-

nels da sxvebs. mas RoniTa da Widaobis xelovnebiT saSualo

Zma simoni mosdevda, umcross — kikas, am mxrivac mesame adgi-

li ekava...

stalinma iakob egnataSvilis ojaxisadmi keTili gan-

wyobileba bolomde SeinarCuna. is yuradRebiT epyroboda

299

vaso egnataSvils... kidev ufro daiaxlova stalinma vaso eg-

nataSvilis ufrosi Zma — aleqsandre (saSa) egnataSvili~ [21,

471-473].

6) ioseb stalini fizikurad srulebiT ar hgavda Tavis

oficialur mamas — besarions. tanmaRali besarionisagan

gansxvavebiT, momavali beladi tanmorCili iyo, kerZod, misi

simaRle sul 162 santimetrs Seadgenda. imavdroulad, igi

Zlieri aRnagobisa iyo da TanatolTa wreSi uZlevel falav-

nad iTvleboda. amiT is hgavda iakob egnataSvilsa da mis STa-

momavlebs, romlebic saukeTeso moWidaveni da mokriveni iy-

vnen. patara soso gamoirCeoda sijiutiTa da mizandasaxu-

lobiT.

ioseb iremaSvili igonebda: `soso juRaSvili... Cven

gvgavda da qarTulsac CvensaviT laparakobda. misma Tavxe-

durma gamometyvelebam da saubris Zunwma, yvelafris uar-

myofelma maneram Tavidanve antipaTiurad gangvawyo misda-

mi. fizikurad yvelas gvjobnida. Tavidan gveSinoda misi da

veridebodiT kidec... sosos mogrZo, Worflian saxeze bevri

naiarevi emCneoda. gamxdari iyo, magram Zlieri aRnagobisa.

sicocxliT savse muq Taflisfer TvalebSi Seudrekel xasi-

aTs amoikiTxavdiT. es Tvalebi mnaxvels ndobas ar uRviZeb-

da. moZraobebi naklebad bavSvuri hqonda. siarulisas gam-

xdar, arwiviviT gaSlil mklavebs iqnevda da ucnaur STabeW-

dilebas stovebda... soso skolis bavSvebSi gamoirCeoda. jer

kidev maSin imgvari azrebi ebadeboda, rac Cveni bavSvuri uz-

runvelobisagan Zalian Sors idga. Tuki is raime mizans dai-

saxavda, an kidev raimes gakeTebas moisurvebda, maSin igi

usazRvrod jiut, Jinian bunebas avlenda... mtirali soso

arasodes minaxavs. gamarjveba da sxvisi daSineba mas trium-

falur sixaruls ganacdevinebda... Tuki mis mbrZaneblur, Za-

lauflebismoyvare nebas daemorCilebodiT, maSin igi sauke-

Teso megobari xdeboda... saukeTeso, magram uweso mowafed

iTvleboda. is Cveni SurisZiebis wamqezebeli da moTave iyo~

[7, 16-19].

i. iremaSvilis memuarebSi stalinis oficialuri mamis

Sesaxeb vkiTxulobT: `beso, besarioni — Savi, xSiri warbebi-

Ta da muqi, uxeSi wveriT, didi tanis, warmosadegi kaci

iyo. is qarTul Coxasa da CeqmebSi Catanebul ganier, lurj

300

Sarvals atarebda... Tavze rusuli qudi exura... mZime, mouq-

neli bunebisa iyo~ [7, 22].

k. Carkviani aRniSnavda: `beso juRaSvilis fotoc ar Se-

monaxula. ukve omis Semdeg leninis muzeumis Tbilisis fi-

lialis muSakebma Seagroves Tbilisel da gorel xelosanTa

jgufuri da individualuri fotosuraTebi da maTgan Sear-

Cies ramdenime foto, romelzedac gamosaxuli iyo zogierTi

niSniT stalinTan mimgvanebuli piri. me es fotoebi gamosac-

nobad i. stalins civi wyaros agarakze Cavutane. man isini

guldasmiT daaTvaliera, magram vercerT maTganze mamis saxe

ver aRmoaCina~ [21, 471].

swored amitomac varaudoben, rom besarion juRaSvi-

lis erTaderTi cnobili foto xelovnurad Seqmnes ioseb

stalinis fotoze dayrdnobiT, rodesac oficialuri mama

xelovnurad daamsgavses Tavis vaJs.

ssr kavSiris mosaxleobis udides umravlesobas ioseb

stalinze warmodgena ZiriTadad mxatvruli filmebidan Se-

eqmna.

stalinis roli araerT filmSi Seasrula gamoCenilma

qarTvelma msaxiobma, ssr kavSiris saxalxo artistma mixeil

giorgis Ze gelovanma (1890-1956), ris gamoc sayovelTao aRi-

areba moipova. maT Soris iyo filmebi: `diadi ganTiadi~

(1938), `caricinis dacva~ (1942), `fici~ (1946) da `berlinis da-

cema~ (1949). TiToeul maTganSi brwyinvaled Sesrulebuli

rolisaTvis m. gelovans stalinuri premia mieniWa da igi am

maRali jildos oTxgzis laureati gaxda.

spaTagoreli Tavadis giorgi Tomas Ze gelovanis vaJi —

mixeil gelovani dajildoebuli iyo moxdenili garegnobiT,

gardasaxvis unariT, xaverdovani xmiT, Cinebuli diqciiT,

simRerisa da iumoris niWiT. bunebrivia, rom mis mier Sesru-

lebuli beladis rolebi mnaxvelze dauviwyar STabeWdile-

bas axdenda. rogorc misi vaJi, giorgi mixeilis Ze gelovani

aRniSnavda,Kmamamisma faqtobrivad ganasaxiera Tavisi ocneba

“xalxTa diad beladze~ [29, 25].

filmis `diadi ganTiadi~ naxvis Semdeg, TviT ioseb sta-

lins, kmayofils uTqvams: `me ar vicodi, Tu aseTi momxiblavi

viyavi!~ [30, 34].

301

vfiqrobT, interesmoklebuli ar unda iyos, Tu rogor

gamoiyureboda realuri ioseb stalini?

cnobilma qarTvelma partiulma da saxelmwifo moRva-

wemDdevi giorgis Ze sturuam (1930-2001), romelic 1946 wels,

soxumSi mdebare sastumro sinopSi, Tavis mamasTan, Zvel

bolSevik giorgi sturuasTan erTad Sexvda stalins, aseTi

mogoneba Semogvinaxa: `mas proporciuli agebuleba hqonda

da roca Tanamosaubres Camoscildeboda, dabali tanisa ar

Canda. vadastureb: araviTari grZeli xelebi, araviTari

msxvili TiTebi, araviTari xorciani cxviri, araviTari Cac-

venili mkerdi da CamoSvebuli mxrebi. es iyo kargad Sekru-

li qarTleli glexi, romelic raRac manqanebiT gardasa-

xuliyo stalinad... yvela im garegnuli xinjis gareSe, rac

mas miaweres istorikosebis, mwerlebis, publicistebis, me-

muaristebis mTelma legionebma.

xarbad vagrZeleb stalinis `fotografirebas~ mzeriT:

gamarTul mxrebze yinCad mjdari swori formis Tavi. Tma

TiTqmis mTlad gaWaRaravebuli, aseve WaRara ulvaSebi, tu-

CebTan axlos gaJRalebuli, rogorc Cans, xSiri mowevis Se-

degi... warbebi TmebTan SedarebiT ufro muqi, xolo warbeb-

qveS — es me kargad damamaxsovrda — saocrad axalgazrda, Sa-

vi an muqi wablisferi Tvalebi, odnav nuSisebri... araviTari

Tvalebis siyviTle da glaukomiT gamowveuli simRvrive...

roca stalini gagania mzeze dgomisas Tavis odnav nuSisebur

Tvalebs Wutavda, isini raRaciT focxverisas Camogavdnen.

roca is Tanamosaubres ubrundeboda, amas akeTebda mTeli

sxeuliT, rac misi saerTo ieris erT-erTi Tavisebureba gax-

ldaT~ [17, 16-18].

7) cnobilma rusma mweralma, akademikosma aleqsei niko-

lozis Ze tolstoim (1882-1945) Tavis roman-epopeaSi `petre

I~ gadawyvita daewera simarTle ruseTis pirveli imperato-

ris warmomavlobis Sesaxeb. rusuli saistorio wyaroebi

srul safuZvels aZlevda mwerals, raTa petre didis biolo-

giur mamad mieCnia qarTl-kaxeTis mefis Teimuraz I-is Svi-

liSvili, ufliswuli erekle daviTis Ze, momavalSi — erekle

I (gardaicvala 1709 wels), romelic mefobda 1688-1703 wlebSi

— qarTlSi, xolo 1703-1709 wlebSi — kaxeTSi.

302

ufliswuli erekle 1654-1660 da 1666-1672 wlebSi cxov-

robda ruseTis samefo karze, rogorc mefis piradi, sapatio

stumari da cnobili iyo ufliswul nikoloz daviTis Zis sa-

xeliT. igi miwveul iqna `tisiackis~ (mefis mejvaris) statu-

siT aleqsi mixeilis Ze romanovisa (mefobda 1645-1676 wleb-

Si) da natalia kirilis asul nariSkinas (1651-1694) qorwilSi,

romelic 1671 wlis 22 ianvars Sedga. tisiacki ganagebda sa-

qorwino mayrions da qorwilis mTels ceremonials. 1672

wlis 30 maiss daibada ruseTis momavali imperatori petre I,

romelic garegnulad srulebiT ar hgavda Tavis oficialur

mamas da da-Zmas. imave dRes, ruseTis mefe aleqsi mixeilis Ze

Tavis axlobleblebTan da maT Soris ufliswul nikoloz

daviTis ZesTan erTad wavida moskovis RvTismSoblis miZine-

bis taZarSi saparakliso galobis mosasmenad. galobis das-

rulebis Semdeg, mefes miuloces vaJiSvilis SeZena. mimloc-

velTa Soris iyo xsenebuli qarTveli ufliswulic, romel-

mac milocvis nacvlad vrceli sityva warmoTqva [18, 156-158].

zemoT aRniSnulis Sesaxeb cnobili iyo rus inteleq-

tualTa wreSi. gamoCenili qimikosis aleqsandre Ddianinis va-

Ji — sergei dianini Tavis wignSi `borodini~ pirdapir werda:

“Петр I cчитал себя наследником карталинских царей и весьма небла-гоприятно отнесся к желанию последнего карталиского царя продолжать свой род путем брака своей дочери Дареджаны~ [31, 154 ].

ratom Tvlida petre I Tavs qarTlel mefeTa memkvid-

red? rasakvirvelia imitom, rom is iyo Svili mefe erekle I-

isa, romelic, rogorc zemoT ukve aRvniSneT, 1688-1703 wleb-

Si qarTlSi mefobda!

zemoT moyvanil rusul teqstSi moxseniebul `qar-

Tlel mefeSi~ igulisxmeba darejan batoniSvilis mama, bag-

rationTa qarTlis Stos warmomadgeneli mefe arCil II, rom-

lis vaJic, ufliswuli aleqsandre arCilis Ze bagration-

imeretinski (1674-1711) ruseTis artileriis pirveli gene-

ral-feldcexmaisteri iyo da 37 wlis asakSi uZeod gardaic-

vala.

miuxedavad zemoTqmulisa, ioseb stalinma kategoriu-

lad aukrZala a. tolstois, raTa mas daewera petre didis

qarTuli warmomavlobis, kerZod, bagrationTa samefo di-

nastiidan misi momdinareobis Taobaze.

303

vfiqrobT, rom am SemTxvevaSi ioseb stalinma dainaxa

msgavseba sakuTar da petre I-is warmomavlobas Soris — ori-

ve maTgani iyo Svili ara TavianTi oficialuri mamebisa, ara-

med mSoblebis mejvareebisa.

6) ioseb stalinisaTvis ara mxolod uxerxuli iyo em-

tkicebina Tavisi egnataSviloba (yvelasaTvis gasagebi mize-

zis gamo), aramed politikurad Zalian wamgebianic. muSur-

glexuri saxelmwifos, ssr kavSiris lideri — aseve muSur-

glexuri warmomavlobisa unda yofiliyo. amitom, stalini-

saTvis gacilebiT momgebiani iyo mewaRe besarion juRaSvi-

lis Svilobis mtkiceba, vidre qarTvel feodalTa, aznaur

egnataSvilTa genetikuri STamomavlobis aRiareba.

ssr kavSiris lideri yovelTvis garkveviT miuTiTebda,

rom is iyo erovnebiT qarTveli da qarTveli mSoblebis Svi-

li.

1948 wels ssr kavSiris komunisturi partiis centra-

lur komitetTan arsebulma marqsis, engelsisa da leninis

institutma 3-milioniani tiraJiT gamosca wigni: “Иосиф Виссарионович Сталин. Краткая биография~ [32].

am wignis mexuTe gverdze vkiTxulobT: `Сталин (Джугашвили), Иосиф Виссарионович, родился 21 декабря 1879 года в городе Гори, Тифлисской губернии. Отец его – Виссарион Иванович, по национальности грузин, происходил из крестян села Диди-Лило, Тифлисской губернии, по профессии сапожник, впоследствии рабочий обувной фабрики Адельханова в Тифлисе. Мать – Екатерина Георгиевна – из семьи крепостного крестьянина Геладзе села Гамбареули~ [32, 5].

ioseb stalinis xasiaTis Taviseburebebze, kerZod, mis

principulobaze, siZliereze (rasac misi Seurigebeli mtre-

bic ki aRiarebdnen), politikur SorsmWvretelobasa da moq-

nilobaze SesaniSnavad metyvelebs qvemoT moyvanili xuTi,

friad sagulisxmo faqti.

1) XX saukunis ociani wlebSi, rodesac gadawyda Seqmni-

liyo rusuli emigrantuli samxedro organizacia “rusuli

saerTo-sajariso kavSiri~ (РОВС), misi xelmZRvaneloba Se-

sTavazes emigrant general anton ivanes Ze denikins (1872-

1947), romelic 1917-1923 wlebSi ruseTSi gaSlili “TeTri

moZraobis~ erT-erTi TvalsaCino lideri iyo.

304

qarTuli emigraciis cnobili warmomadgeneli, genera-

li Salva maRlakeliZe (1894-1976), eqvs rus generalTan er-

Tad, zemoxsenebuli winadadebiT ewvia anton denikins, rome-

lic imxanad parizSi, bulonis tyesTan cxovrobda. aqve dav-

sZenT, rom saqarTvelos demokratiuli respublikis arsebo-

bis (1918-1921) bolo periodSi S. maRlakeliZe iyo Tbilisis

general-gubernatori, xolo II msoflio omis periodSi igi

saTaveSi edga germanuli armiis mxardamxar mebrZol qarTul

samxedro SenaerTs — `qarTul legions.~

S. maRlakeliZis mogonebebSi vkiTxulobT: `rodesac

dadga sabWoTa qveynis saqmeSi Carevis sakiTxi, Seiqmna orga-

nizacia òbSovoiskovoi soiuz.~U unda moinaxos xelmZRvane-

li, avtoriteti, vinc gauZRveba am saqmes. Stabi unda daar-

sdes. gazeTebSi daiwera, rom myardeba òbSovoiskovoi soi-

uz~, misi Stabi iqneba parizSi. me vicnobdi am wreebs, rus ge-

nerlebs. miTxres — iqneb Senc miiRo monawileoba am saqmeSio.

gadavwyviteT vewvioT denikins, vTxovoT, rom uxelmZRvane-

los am did aqcias... wavediT eqvsi generali da meSvide me var.

mivadeqiT vilas, orsarTuliani patara saxlia. SevediT WiS-

karSi... gzaSi SevTanxmdiT, rom me unda mivmarTo. qarTveli

rom mimarTavs, esiamovnebao, e. i. didi masStabis moZraoba

iwyebao da daTanxmdebao... mivmarTe me, rogorc molaparake-

bulni viyaviT, Tu ra Txovna gvqonda masTan...

meubneba me denikini:

— `po aqcentu momentalno uznaiu azerbaidJanca, es-

tonca i drugix, ia srazu dagadalsia, Cto vi gruzin. vi ska-

zali `tolko~, miagki znak isCez~.

gavicineT yvelam.

amis Semdeg gveubneba:

— `ne vaS li zemliak sidit v kremle — stalin. ia ne

poet, no neskolko stroCek skaJu: òn ne armianin, on ne

grek, on vostoCni Celovek!~ eto v stixax, s menia bolSe ne

trebuetsia, no etogo malo. u nego malo xotrosti, malo

podlosti armianskoi, on sintez, on olicetvorenie vos-

toCnogo fanatika. paka on sidit v kremle, ia ne mogu prim-

knuc k vaSemu dviJeniu. paka on Jiv, vsiakaia borba bespo-

lezno. i vam etogo ne rekomenduiu. kogda ia podoSol k

niJnemu novgorodu i vse beJali, adin stalin astalsia v

305

kremle. ia eto znaiu Cerez moix lazutCikov~ (xazgasma

Cvenia. n. j).

madloba gadavuxadeT da wamovediT ukan. amis Semdeg

iyo, rom sabWoelebma moitaces da mokles generali kutepo-

vi da mere mileri (baltieli), — `obSovoiskovoi soiuzis~

xelmZRvanelebi. e. i. marTali iyo denikini~ [11, 181-182].

ai, ase afasebda generali anton denikini Tavis ideo-

logiur mters, — ioseb stalins, rac udavod RirsSesaniSnavi

faqtia.

2) cnobili qarTveli mwerali grigol robaqiZe (1880-

1962), romelic bolSevizmisa da piradad ioseb stalinis Seu-

rigebeli mowinaaRmdege iyo, 1931 wels Cavida germaniaSi da

sacxovreblad iqve darCa.

1933 wels, qalaq ienaSi gamoica grigol robaqiZis cno-

bili romani `Cakluli suli~ [33], romlis erT-erT TavSic —

`stalinis horoskopi~ avtorma ssr kavSiris beladis vrceli

da uaRresad sayuradRebo daxasiaTeba mogvca.

g. robaqiZe werda: `leninma gansakuTrebuli saxeli

uwoda stalins — `legendaruli qarTveli. `legendaruli

Warbad iyo stalinSi... preistoriuli xvlikis gaqvavebuli

Tavi — ase daaxasiaTa igi erTma yofilma TanamSromelma...

stalinis xerxemali moazrovnesaviT magaric iyo da amasTa-

nave, mas reptiliis mgrZnobeloba hqonda. bavSvobaSi yvavi-

li moexada da am sneulebis Zlivs SesamCnevi kvali kidev uf-

ro amkveTrebda preitoriulobas Tavisas; aseve Worfli,

romelic misi saxis fers cicars amsgavsebda. ulvaSebSi iro-

nia, dacinva Camaluliyo, TiTqos surda eTqva: — `me vxvdebi,

risi dafarvac ginda~. am mdumare gancxadebas maRla aweuli

marcxena warbi aZlierebda. saocaria: leninTan marjvena

warbi iyo. mowkuruli, patara, gaumWvirvale Tvalebi Casaf-

rebulis daJinebiT imzirebodnen. mTels mis arsebaSi ubedu-

rebis momtanis civi sisxli igrZnoboda, romelic mzakvro-

biT yvelas ajobebs. misi mzeris winaSe yoveli neba ukan ixev-

da.

stalini nabijebs katasaviT nela, rbilad adgamda,

TiTqos surda raRacas damalvoda, an vinmes SeumCnevlad

Tavs dasxmoda... mxolod aralegaluri cxovrebis gamo rodi

atarebda stalini amden fsevdonims... gamudmebiT icvlida

306

saxelebs, amitom mudam mouxelTebeli da gamoucnobi rCebo-

da. xolo Tu daapatimrebdnen, marjved usxlteboda Sem-

pyrobT... stalini gveliviT icvlida kans da amiT xelSeuxeb-

lad inaxavda Sinagan arsebas... mas hqonda kargi mexsiereba...

Zlieri, civi logika... yvelgan mtrebi elandeboda. mtris da-

saZlevad ori ram aris saWiro: TavdaWera da ironia. stali-

nis TavdaWera iogebisas hgavda, xolo misi ironia ubadlo

iyo... misTvis gamarjvebas Tavbru arasodes dauxvevia da

brZolis velze arasodes manam ar miutovebia damarcxebuli

mteri, sanam mTlad ar moaTavebda. sxdomebze sityvaZunwi

iyo stalini. dumda — WeSmariti saqmis kaci.

stalinis stiqia masa iyo: ai, sad iyo naRdi... is ecnobo-

da muSaTa jer kidev mTvlemare fsiqikas, sinjavda masebis ma-

jas da maT proletarul instiqts aRviZebda. is arkvevda maT

survils da foladiviT awrTobda maT mebrZol nebas...

leninze pirveli SexvedrisTanave moaxdina gansakuT-

rebuli STabeWdileba... stalini Tavidanve leninis natexi

iyo: masSic gaerTanebuli iyo racio da instiqti, oRond im

gansxvavebiT, rom meore elementi ufro mZlavrad hqonda

ganviTarebuli. es stalins leninTan SedarebiT upirateso-

basac ki aniWebda... sisxlis Caqcevis Semdeg lenins, romel-

sac ukve CaesunTqa sikvdilis haeri, instiqti gaumZafrda.

mocelili martorqa axla ukve xedavda Tavisi patara, dabin-

duli TvalebiT, rom uCumari da uCinari kata — stalini —

vefxvSi gadaizarda. SakuTar Tavs sayvedurobda, rom aqamde

es ver SeamCnia. scada welSi gamarTuliyo da Ronieri SeZaxi-

liT kvlav katis sxeulSi gamoemwyvdia xaxadaRebuli vefxvi,

magram gvianRa iyo. es albaT leninis yvelaze mware gawbile-

ba iyo...

mokvda Tu ara lenini, stalinma samudamod moaSTo

trocki. ori demonis brZolaSi, rogorc yovelTvis, ahriman-

ma — siZulvilis naSierma — daamarcxa luciferi. sxva diado-

xebis damarcxeba advili saqme iyo. stalinma leninis adgili

daikava. gadioda dReebi, kvirebi, Tveebi, wlebi. Oopoziciuri

partiebi marjvnidan da marcxnidan Tavs esxmodnen stalins.

stalini, mravalmxriv gamocdili, mudam imarjvebda. damar-

cxebulni qeds ixridnen mis winaSe, iCoqebdnen da codvebs

inaniebdnen. `legendaruli qarTvelis~ gamarjvebebi yvelas

307

ukvirda da leninis mier Serqmeul am metsaxels axla yvela

yuradRebiT akvirdeboda. UkvirdaT da ver gaegoT: rogor?

saidan aseTi Zala am velur, uxeS kavkasielSi? maT ver gae-

goT, rom stalinis bolSevikur fsiqikaSi dauSreteli in-

stiqtebi kvebavdnen racios. swored es iyo gadamwyveti ga-

marjvebisaTvis. gamarjveba gamarjvebas mosdevda, stalini

dRiTidRe izrdeboda da veraviTari Zala veRar ajobebda

mas. yofil ruseTis imperiaSi umiTo epoqas erTbaSad arna-

xuli totemuri Zalis mqone kaci moevlina.

revoluciis bedi — lenini, kuboSi iwva balzamirebuli

— miTi axali faraonisa. revoluciis mebrZoli — trocki,

gagdebuli, bosforis napirebze memuarebs werda. revolu-

ciis saWe xelT epyra stalins. is ijda kremlSi, rogorc ada-

mianadqceuli radiomimRebi: sabWoTa qveynis kidiT kididan

uTvalav talRebs iRebda. is am talRebis mxolod mimiRebi ki

ar iyo, aramed maTi Semoqmedi da ganmsjeli... zogierTebi mas

Cingiz-xansa da Temur-lengs adarebdnen. Sedareba mcdari

gaxldaT: mongol dampyroblebs hqondaT cecxli, gaqaneba

da siSmage. stalins ar hqonia cecxli, is civsisxliani iyo. es

erTgvarad aormagebda kidec mis Zalas...

stalins ar SeeZlo Suriani yofiliyo. marTalia, sxvisi

gamorCeuloba autaneli iyo misTvis, magram imitom ki ara,

TiTqos surda TviTon yofiliyo gamorCeuli: igi rCeulo-

bas saerTod ver itanda, verc sakuTars da verc sxvisas. sa-

kuTari Tavis rCeulad grZnoba Trobis niWia: stalinSi ki

dionisos gadataniTi mniSvnelobiTac arasodes ucxovria.

sxvaTa Soris, es Tviseba iyo javSani Zalauflebis SenarCune-

bisaTvis. igi ar icnobda gamarjvebis bangs.

yvelas akvirvebda stalinis asketizmi, yvela aRtace-

buli iyo imiT, rom mas ar izidavda miwieri siamovnebani...

arasodes daviwynia Tavi~ [14, 565-576].

vfiqrobT, zemoT moyvanili vrceli amonarididan na-

Teli xdeba, Tu rogor Rrmad hyavda Seswavlili grigol ro-

baqiZes Tavisi ideologiuri mteri. sxvaTa Soris, man Sem-

TxveviT rodi Seadara ioseb stalini katas, romelic Tanda-

Tan vefxvad gadaiqca. am cota xnis winaT, saarqivo monacemis

safuZvelze, dadginda, rom ssr kavSiris momavali beladi

daibada ara 1879 wlis 21 dekembers, rogorc aqamde iTvlebo-

308

da, aramed erTi wliT adre, kerZod, 1878 wlis 6 dekembers. es

weli ki Cinuri horoskopis Tanaxmad, miCneulia vefxvis

wlad. amdenad, astrologiuri TvalsazrisiT, stalini —

vefxvi-mSvildosani iyo.

ssr kavSiris sagareo saqmeTa yofil saxalxo komisarma

viaCeslav mixeilis Ze molotovma (1890-1986), Tavis qarTvel

megobars guram kaxiZes 1980 wels aseTi istoria mouyva: `ro-

ca germania farulad Seudga mzadebas Cvenze Tavdasasxme-

lad, Tqveni Tanamemamule, emigranti mwerali grigol roba-

qiZe... misula gebelsTan da ukiTxavs:

— `rogorc yuri movkari, Tqven oms iwyebT ruseTis wi-

naaRmdeg~.

gebelsi axlo urTierTobaSi yofila robaqiZesTan da

amitomac gamotexilad uTqvams:

— `diax, Cven vemzadebiT ruseTTan saomrad!~

— ès Zalze cudia!~ — uTqvams maSin robaqiZes.

— `diax, Zalian cudi iqneba ruseTisaTvis!~

— àra!~ — Seuwyvetinebia misTvis robaqiZes, — “ruseTi-

saTvis ki ar iqneba cudi, aramed TqvenTvis, germaniisaTvis!~

— ès rogor?~ — gaukvirda gebelss, — “Cveni SeiaraRe-

buli Zalebi xom uZlieresia msoflioSi?~

— `SeiZleba, Tqven ase migaCndeT, magram... me TqvenTvis

sikeTe msurs da amitom gafrTxilebT: gadaeciT Tqven fiu-

rers, rom ar dauSvas gamousworebeli Secdoma — omi ar da-

iwyos ruseTTan, Torem aucileblad waagebs am oms~.

amis sapasuxod gebelss iqednurad gascinebia da uT-

qvams:

— `me, cxadia, Cvens fiurers movaxseneb yvelafers, mag-

ram es ubralod absurdia da meti araferi~.

gebelss Seusrulebia Tavisi sityva da hitlerisaTvis

robaqiZis naTqvami mouxsenebia. rogorc Cans, hitleric da-

interesebula, ratomRac TavisTan daubarebia robaqiZe da

mis mier gebelsTan naTqvamis ganmarteba mouTxovia misTvis:

— `Tqven CemTvis SemogiTvliaT, ruseTTan omi ar daiw-

yoso. ratom ganacxadeT ase?~

— `batono fiurero! me rom es ganvacxade, maqvs amis mi-

zezi~.

— `mainc ra mizezia aseTi?~ — dainteresda hitleri.

309

— `axlave mogaxsenebT: odiTganve saqarTvelo mterTan

brZolaSi imitom marcxdeboda, rom ar hyofnida cocxali

Zala — mebrZolebi, jariskacebi, Torem mxedarTmTavrebi

bevrze-bevri hyolia da mere rogori! sul erTmaneTze uke-

Tesebi... ruseTs, saqarTvelosgan gansxvavebiT, piriqiT

sWirda — cocxali Zala, jariskaci Tavze sayrelad hyavda,

mxedarTmTavrebi ki Zalian cota. isic uvargisebi. dRes ru-

seTs uzarmazari samxedro Zala gaaCnia da plius amas, am

Zalas qarTveli xelmZRvanelobs, uniWieresi sardali da

msoflio rangis didi politikosi (xazgasma Cvenia. n. j).

ar ifiqroT, rom me qarTveli var da qarTvels vicavde,

misi mxare meWiros. araviTar SemTxvevaSi! piriqiT, me misi da-

uZinebeli mteri var da misi kargi ar msurs. magram ar SemiZ-

lia obieqturi ar viyo da obieqturad ar Sevafaso stalinis

dadebiTi mxareebi, imisi SesaZleblobani, niWi da SorsmWvre-

teloba. stalini yovelgvar SesaZleblobas gamoiyenebs da

Tqvens armias gaacamtverebs~! [8, 197-198].

3) 1943 wlis 28 noembers TeiranSi daiwyo mokavSire sa-

xelmwifoebis liderTa konferencia, romelic 1 dekembram-

de gagrZelda.

im periodSi iranis SahinSahi iyo 24 wlis mohamad reza

fahlavi (1919-1980), romelsac Tavisi axalgazrduli asakisa

da aramyari mdgomareobis gamo, seriozul figurad ar miiC-

nevdnen.

TeiranSi Casvlis pirvel dReebSive stalinma gadawyvi-

ta moenaxulebina am qveynis meTauri. stalins uTxres, rom

SahinSahi TviTon eaxla aSS-is prezident ruzvelts da maTma

saubarma xuTiode wuTs gastana, xolo CerCilma igi misaReb-

Si ayuryuta, Semdeg ki audiencia sam wuTSi daamTavra... bune-

brivia, rom aseTi miRebiT friad ukmayofilo darCa rogorc

TviT monarqi, aseve iranis elitac...

TeiranSi Casuli ssrk delegaciis dacvis erT-erTi

xelmZRvaneli, generali kapiton naWyebia igonebda: “stali-

nma miTxra — `Sahs unda vewvioT, vinaidan stumris valia,

eaxlos maspinZels, vis miwa-wyalzec imyofebao~ (xazgasma

Cvenia. n. j).

Sahs winaswar SevatyobineT mosalodneli viziti, mag-

ram zusti dro ar gviTqvams... sasaxleSi SegviZRvnen. Sahi ise

310

daibna, rom muxlebze daemxo da stalins mxsneli uwoda. sta-

linma fexze aayena. gaimarTa sakmaod xangrZlivi saubari.

ilaparakes iranis teritoriaze bazebis ganlagebisa da sab-

WoTa kavSiris sazRvrebisaken tvirTis transportirebis Se-

saxeb.

ukan rom vbrundebodiT, stalini qarTulad gagvesaub-

ra: `afsus, netav, axla, giorgi saakaZe aayena da muxlmodre-

kili sparseTis Sahi daanaxao~ [13].

SahinSahTan stumrobis iniciativis gamoCeniTa da

stumrobiT stalinma umal moigo imdroindeli iranis sazo-

gadoebis guli, romelic ruzveltisa da gansakuTrebiT Cer-

Cilis saqcielis gamo, Tavs didad Seuracxyofilad grZnob-

da. amiT man daamtkica, rom aSS-isa da didi britaneTis xsene-

bul liderebze SorsmWvreteli da lavirebis unaris mqone

politikosi iyo.

vfiqrobT, SemTxveviTi sulac ar iyo is faqti, rom im

istoriul Sexvedraze stalinma Tan iaxla mxolod qarTve-

lebi: ssrk Sinagan saqmeTa saxalxo komisari lavrenti beria

(1899-1953), piradi dacvis ufrosi, generali Salva wereTe-

li (1894-1955), saqarTvelos ssr Sinagan saqmeTa saxalxo ko-

misari, generali grigol karanaZe (1902-1970) da saqarTve-

los ssr miliciis mTavari sammarTvelos ufrosi, zemoxsene-

buli generali kapiton naWyebia (1902-1973) [26, 129].

4) iranis SahinSahi ar yofila erTaderTi saxelmwifos

meTauri, romelmac stalinis winaSe daiCoqa. meore aseTi

faqti moxda 1949 wlis miwuruls, moskovSi, rodesac didi

zeimiT aRiniSna ssr kavSiris beladis dabadebis 70 wlisTavi.

moskovSi Casul sapatio ucxoel stumarTa Soris imyofebo-

da CineTis imdroindeli lideri mao Zeduni (1893-1976).

aRniSnuli faqtis TviTmxilveli, gamoCenili kinoreJi-

soriM mixeil Wiaureli (1894-1974) igonebda: `kremlis uzarma-

zar sadResaswaulo darbazSi Camwkrivebuli politbiuros

wevrebis win dgas stalini da stumrebs xvdeba. iReba darba-

zis uzarmazari kari da Semodis CineTis delegacia, romel-

sac mao Zeduni mouZRvis. igi uaxlovdeba stalins, uecrad

muxlebze ecema da fexebze exveva. swored im momentSi, iq Seg-

rovil uamrav stumarsa da da kinooperators Soris, stalin-

ma me momZebna da, namdvilad ar momCvenebia, TvalnaTliv da-

311

vinaxe, rom Tvali Camikra. im wuTSi mas namdvili Tbiliseli

kintos gamometyveleba hqonda~ [23].

ioseb stalinis asuli — svetlana (1926-2011) Tavis qar-

Tvel megobarTan guram kaxiZesTan saubarSi igonebda: `Cine-

li xalxis beladi gamoeyo delegacias, swrafi nabijiT wamo-

vida mamasaken. rom miuaxlovda, uceb daiCoqa da Ceqmebze da-

uwyo kocna. mamam mxrebSi Caavlo xeli, wamoayena, moexvia da

gadakocna... es didze didi pativi iyo, radganac mamam saer-

Tod ar icoda kocna da ar maxsovs, vinmesTvis ekocnos odes-

me~ [8, 631-632].

vfiqrobT, rom rac stalinma SeZlo (vgulisxmobT mis

winaSe CineTis lideris daCoqebas), amas momavalSi vercerTi

qveynis lideri veRar moaxerxebs.

5) ioseb stalini sami aTeuli wlis ganmavlobaSi saTa-

veSi edga uzarmazar saxelmwifos — ssr kavSirs, romlis mo-

saxleobis ZiriTad nawilsac rusebi warmoadgendnen. aseTi

qveynis beladi, rasakvirvelia, valdebuli iyo, rom xsenebu-

li eris mimarT, gansakuTrebuli yuradReba gamoeCina. amis

erT-erT TvalsaCino gamoxatulebad iqca 1945 wlis 24 maiss,

omSi gamarjvebuli wiTeli armiis jarebis sardalTa pativ-

sacemad kremlSi gamarTul banketze stalinis mier warmoT-

qmuli Semdegi sadRegrZelo:

`Товарищи, разрешите мне поднять еще один, последний тост. Я, как представитель нашего Советского Правительства, хотел

бы поднять тост за здоровье нашего Советского народа, и, прежде всего, русского народа (Бурные, продолжительные аплодисменты, крики `ура~).

Я пью, прежде всего, за здоровье русского народа потому, что он является наиболее выдающейся нацией из всех наций, входящих в состав Советского Союза. Я поднимаю тост за здоровье русского народа потому, что он заслужил в этой войне и раньше заслужил звание, если хотите, руководящей силы нашего Советского Союза среди всех народов нашей страны.

Я поднимаю тост за здоровье русского народа не только потому, что он – руководящий народ, но и потому что у него имеется здравый смысл, общеполитичесий здравый смысл и терпение.

У нашего правительства было не мало ошибок, были у нас моменты отчаянного положения в 1941-1942 гг., когда наша армия

312

отступала, покидала родные нам села и города Украины, Белоруссии, Молдавии, Ленинградской области, Карело-Финской республики, покидала, потому что не было другого выхода. Какой-нибудь другой народ мог бы сказать: вы не оправдали наших надежд, мы поставим другое правительство, которое заклучит мир с Германией и обеспечит нам покой. Это могло случиться, имейте в виду.

Но русский народ на это не пошел, русский народ не пошел на компромисс, он оказал безграничное доверие нашему правительству. Повторяю, у нас были ошибки, первые два года наша армия вынуждена была отступать, выходило так, что не овладели событиями, не совладали с создавшимся положением. Однако, русский народ верил, терпел, выжидал и надеялся, что мы все-таки с событиями справимся.

Вот за это доверие нашему Правительству, которое русский народ нам оказал, спасибо ему великое!

За здоровье русского народа! (Бурные, долго несмолкающие аплодисменты)~

[34, 338-339].

akad. Salva xidaSelma Semogvinaxa sayuradRebo cnoba,

Tu rogori STabeWdileba moaxdina stalinis mier warmoT-

qmulma sadRegrZelom rus meomrebze. imxanad S. xidaSeli

sabWoTa armiis oficris rangSi imyofeboda baltiispireTSi,

sadac sabrZolo moqmedebebi berlinis dacemis Semdegac ki

grZeldeboda.

mogonebaSi vkiTxulobT: `stalinis sityvas... erTad

vismenT... meTaurTa umaRlesi Semadgenloba, samxedro sab-

Wos wevri, Stabis samarTveloTa ufrosebi... yvela didi in-

teresiT ismens sityvas, xolo rodesac radioreproduq-

torSi rusi xalxisadmi madlobis sityvebi gaisma, samxedro

sabWos wevrma, generalma garSinma Tavi veRar Seikava da Tva-

lebidan cremlebi wamoafrqvia~ [24, 279-280].

am sityvebiT ioseb stalinma dauviwyari STabeWdileba

moaxdina rus xalxze, romelmac II msoflio omSi marTlac

kolosaluri msxverpli da titanuri energia gaiRo. msgavsi

reveransebis gareSe rusi xalxis keTilganwyobis SenarCune-

bas ioseb stalini ver SeZlebda.

zemoTmoyvanili faqtebi udavod metyvelebs ioseb

stalinis, rogorc msoflio rangis politikuri da saxel-

mwifo moRvawis gonierebasa da SorsmWvretelobaze.

313

vfiqrobT, interesmoklebuli ar unda iyos, isic gavar-

kvioT, Tu ramdenad axsovda ssr kavSiris belads Tavisi qar-

Tuli fesvebi. sagulisxmoa, rom masSi drodadro mainc

`ifeTqebda~ xolme qarTveloba. qvemoT moviyvanT amis dama-

dasturebel ramdenime faqts.

1) grigol robaqiZe Taviseburad xsnida misi saZulveli

ssr kavSiris beladis xasiaTis qarTul gamovlinebebs. igi

SeniSnavda: `saqmeebSi Cafluli stalini kremlSi ijda. Zala-

uflebis patroni, magram ara xelmwife, arseba da ara adamia-

ni, revoluciuri Zalebis eleqtrogayvaniloba gamafrTxi-

lebeli warweriT `momakvdinebelia.~masTan telefoniT sau-

baric ki yvelas Trgunavda. misi saSiSi zemoqmedebisagan ara-

vin iyo dazRveuli. sisastikiT aRsavse Zlevamosilad aRmar-

Tuliyo, rogorc sabWoeTis, da SesaZloa, mTeli msoflios

civi da brma bediswera. roca xandaxan idumali kontaqti ga-

dairTveboda, roca is, Seudrekeli, droebiT denis qselidan

gamobobRdeboda daretianebuli da gaucxoebuli, roca Se-

Sinebuli grZnobda, rogor ecleboda Rone, ai, maSin stalini

mxolod soso juRaSvili iyo, ubralo qarTveli. maSin axsen-

deboda Soreuli saqarTvelo, romlisganac esRa Semoenaxa:

sacivisa da kaxuri Rvinis gemo, mravalJamieris hangi da qar-

Tuli gineba: — “magaTi deda ki vatire!~ [14, 575-576].

2) kandid Carkviani, romelic saqarTvelos kompartiis

lideris rangSi 1938-1952 wlebSi sistematurad xvdeboda io-

seb stalins, ssr kavSiris beladis xasiaTis `qarTul gamov-

linebebs~ ase igonebda: `Tu orni viyaviT, rogorc wesi, qar-

Tulad laparakobda, rac mis naambobs bavSvobisa da axal-

gazrdobis wlebis Sesaxeb gansakuTrebul kolorits aZlev-

da... roca i. stalini qarTvel glexebs gaixsenebda, saxe Rimi-

liT gaunaTdeboda. etyoboda, is bavSvobidanve moxiblula

maTi ubraloebiT, javariani sityviT, pirdapirobiT, usaz-

Rvro amtanobiT... iumoriT iyo gamTbari misi monaTxrobi

qarTuli soflis yofiT detalebze... `qarTleli glexi gam-

Zle da uborotoa~ [21, 469-473], — ganucxadebia stalins.

cnobilia, rom ioseb stalins farTo interesebi hqonda

da bevrs kiTxulobda. is sakmaod kargad erkveoda mecniere-

bis calkeuli dargebis, maT Soris istoriis sakvanZo sakiT-

xebSi. II msoflio omis dasrulebis Semdeg, man mouwoda gamo-

314

Cenil qarTvel mecnierebs, akademikosebs simon janaSiasa da

niko berZeniSvils, raTa maT momavalSi ufro vrclad gaeSu-

qebinaT saqarTvelos Zveli istoriis ZiriTadi problemebi

da maT Soris, qarTuli anbanis warmoSobis sakiTxic.

k. Carkviani igonebda: `stalini iyo didi, bunebrivi ni-

WiT dajildoebuli adamiani... yvelafers Tavisi xeliT wer-

da. araviTari mdivani, araviTari TanaSemwe mas arafers

uwerda. TviT notebi, Cveni sagareo saqmeTa saministrodan

rom uSvebdnen, sanaxevrod stalinis dawerili iyo... dajil-

doebuli iyo mwerlis, publicistis niWiT... uaRresad ganaT-

lebuli kaci iyo, gansakuTrebiT humanitarul dargebSi... ga-

mudmebiT kiTxulobda... fenomenaluri mexsiereba hqonda....

me masTan Caviyvane Cveni istorikosebi, janaSia da ber-

ZeniSvili. adre stalins gavugzavne saqarTvelos istoriis

maketi... iwereboda ivane javaxiSvilis, janaSias da berZeniS-

vilis mier...

1945 wels damireka... — `soWSi var. Tqveni maketi wavi-

kiTxe, maqvs erTi SeniSvna da xom ar SegiZliaT avtorebi Ca-

moiyvanoT CemTano?~

CavediT diliT stalinTan, Segvxvda RimiliT da migvi-

patiJa agarakze. yvelas Tavisi oTaxebi gamouyves. Semdeg ga-

imarTa sadili. sadilze daiwyo stalinma saubari. erTi Se-

niSvna hqonda — Tu ratom ar iyo qarTuli anbanis sakiTxi da

warmoSoba ufro kargad aRwerili.

— `amboben, rom qarTuli anbani Seqmna vinme somexma

moRvawe mesropmao. amis Sesaxeb TqvenTan araferia naTqvami.

Tu ar eTanxmebiT am azrs, unda iyos naTqvami da Tu ar eTan-

xmebiT, esec unda iyos wignSi~...

janaSiam es sakiTxi ase ganmarta:

— `Cven es faqti ar movitaneT wignSi imitom, rom es mo-

sazreba ar migvaCnia sworad. Cveni anbani ufro Zvelia, vidre

mesropis mier Seqmnili anbani... Cven amaze unda gveTqva, mag-

ram angariSi gavuwieT Cveni mezobeli respublikis mecnie-

rebs, romlebic am ambavs Zalian mwvaved ganicdian~.

es stalins Zalian gaukvirda:

— `mecniereba imitom aris mecniereba, rom ar unda

uwevdes angariSs zogierT aramecnierul Sexedulebas. Tqven

315

es unda geTqvaT... simarTle ar unda daifaros. ase rom,

Tqven mogixdebaT amis gasworeba wignSi~.

Semdeg daiwyo laparaki msoflio istoriis sakiTxebze,

gansakuTrebiT axlo aRmosavleTis istoriaze... stalinisa-

gan rom gamovediT, berZeniSvilma miTxra: — `zRva codna hqo-

niao~. isini gancvifrebulni darCnen stalinis erudiciiT.

es pirveli Sexvedrisas da Semdegi Sexvedrebisas kidev ufro

gaZlierda maTSi es Sexeduleba~ [20, 72-76].

aseve sayuradRebod migvaCnia kandid Carkvianis Semde-

gi mogoneba: `stalini Tavisi cxovrebis did nawils oficia-

lur viTarebaSi atarebda... drodadro ganmuxtva esaWiroe-

boda. Cemi dakvirvebiT, i. stalini amis saSualebas mSobliur

samyarosTan SexebaSi eZebda. es unda iyos mizezi misi Seune-

lebeli interesisa qarTuli literaturisadmi. Cven mas yve-

la mniSvnelovan gamocemas vugzavnidiT... aRaras vityvi qar-

Tul simRerebze. agarakze iyo qarTuli gramfirfitebis di-

di koleqcia, romelic uqmad ar inaxeboda. Cveni stumrobi-

sas i. stalini CarTavda radiolas da qarTul melodiebs sia-

movnebiT ismenda. mas saqarTvelos yvela kuTxis simRerebi

moswonda, TiToeul maTganSi raRac gansakuTrebul Rirse-

bas poulobda. kidev ufro met siamovnebas aniWebda i. sta-

lins saqarTvelodan CamosulebTan Sexvedra... ar iviwyebda

Tavis skolisdroindel da seminariel amxanagebs. zogierT

maTganTan, ramdenadac dro saSualebas aZlevda, kidevac me-

gobrobda... stalinisaTvis ucxo iyo adamianebisadmi seqtan-

turi damokidebuleba. cxovrebas is farTod uyurebda. mTa-

vari iyo, ras warmoadgenda TviTon pirovneba...

1948 wlis oqtomberSi... civ wyaroze... saubari qluxo-

ris raionze Camovarda. es raioni saqarTvelosTvis ori wlis

gadmocemuli iyo.

— `ai, sakavSiro mTavrobam teritoriac mogimataT~, —

Tqva i. stalinma da kabinetidan ssr kavSiris ruka moatani-

na...

yaraCaelTa olqis, CeCen-inguSTa da balyarTa terito-

riis nawilis saqarTvelosaTvis gadmocema imTaviTve ar ma-

xarebda... magram ra unda gveqna, aseTi iyo stalinis neba da

Cvenc unda davmorCilebodiT. saqarTvelos xelmZRvanelo-

bas es miwebi ar uTxovia... amave dros, ZvelisZveli qarTuli

316

provinciis — hereTis teritoria qarTuli istoriuli Zeg-

lebiTa da, rac mTavaria, qarTul enaze molaparake qristia-

ni da gamahmadianebuli qarTuli mosaxleobiT, azerbaijanis

farglebSi rCeboda. Cems araerTgzis Txovnaze — ganexila

centralur komitets saingilos saqarTvelosaTvis gadmo-

cemis sakiTxi, i. stalini sxvadasxva motiviT uaryofiT pa-

suxs iZleoda... 1945 wels... iranis azerbaijanSi farTo mas-

Stabi miiRo moZraobam sabWoTa azerbaijanTan SeerTebisaT-

vis.

— vnaxoT, saqme rogor damTavrdeba, — Tqva stalinma, —

Tu samxreTi azerbaijani SemogvierTda, saingilos sakiTxic

mogvardebao...

unda SevCerde qarTuli kulturisaTvis erT, metad

mniSvnelovan momentze, romelic stalinis saxelTan aris

dakavSirebuli. saqme exeba menSevikuri mTavrobis mier gata-

nili qarTuli istoriuli ganZis gamoxsnas da saqarTveloSi

dabrunebas... aq pirveli da gadamwyveti i. stalinis sityva

iyo... Tu ra did mniSvnelobas aZlevda stalini am operacias,

es iqidanac Cans, rom is piradad esaubra petre Sarias pariz-

Si gamgzavrebis win... ganZeulis dabruneba mTeli Cveni kul-

turis zeimi iyo~ [21, 495-508].

vfiqrobT, sayuradReboa kandid Carkvianis mogonebeb-

Si daculi cnobebi imis Taobaze, Tu ramdenad moiazrebdnen

beladis naSierebi Tavs qarTvelebad da agreTve isic, Tu

rogori iyo maTdami mamis damokidebuleba.

k. Carkviani igonebda: `iakobs ar Sevxvedrivar. vasili

omis Semdeg gavicani. maSin is ukve generali da sabWoTa armi-

is saaviacio jarebis sardali iyo. saxlSi mimipatiJa. krem-

lTan, borovicis WiSkris axlo mdebare calke saxlSi cxov-

robda... binaSi SesvlisTanave kabinetisaken gamiZRva, kari Se-

aRo da `es Cemi saqarTveloao~ miTxra. oTaxi marTlac qar-

Tuli aqsesuarebiT moewyo... noxs amkobda zed mimagrebuli

qarTuli iaraRi: xanjlebi, xmlebi, kaJiani dambaCebi, mgoni

Zveleburi Tofic. es sabrZolo simboloebi ojaxis Tavs yo-

veldRiurad agonebdnen mamis Soreul samSoblos, romelic

mas qvecnobierad uTuod uyvarda.

317

stalini vasilis cxovrebis wesiT ukmayofilo iyo. ar

moswonda misi ganqorwinebebi. gansakuTrebiT imas wuxda,

rom vasili ganuwyvetlad svamda.

— `vlasikma da misma TanamSromlebma damiRupes Svili,

smas SeaCvieso~, — miTxra man 1951 wels, borjomSi, vasilis

stumrobisas, — raRa kacia, Wamac ki uWirs, ise gaifuWa ku-

Wio.

ufro xSirad Sevxvedrivar svetlanas. 1939-1940 wlebSi

svetlana jer kidev bavSvi iyo. mikvirda, rom stalini, es bu-

nebiT sruliad arasentimentaluri kaci, Svilis mimarT uC-

veulo sinazes iCenda...

omis Semdeg, svetlanas, ukve meored gaTxovil qals,

ramdenjerme Sevxvdi. nakiTxi da dinji adamiani STabeWdile-

bas tovebda, magram, Cemi dakvirvebiT, mas mamis sijiute dah-

yoloda...

stalini, Cemi dakvirvebiT, revoluciur moZraobaSi

pirveli nabijis gadadgmisTanave darwmunebuli fanatikosi

iyo: socializmis ideis gasamarjveblad araviTar msxverpls

ar moerideboda. aseTi iyo misi kredo revoluciamde, aseTi

darCa igi revoluciis Semdeg. TviT sakuTari ojaxisadmi da-

mokidebulebaSic stalini am Tvalsazrisidan ver gamodio-

da. dediT daoblebuli Svilebis patronobisaTvis is ver ic-

lida. sxvebze da skolaze mindobili bavSvebi, bunebrivia,

normalur aRzrdas ver miiRebdnen. da marTlac, vaJi alko-

holiki gamovida, qali ki jiuti da Tavneba. pirvelma cxov-

reba adre da cudad daamTavra, xolo meorem samSoblo or-

jer miatova da mamasa da mis ojaxs ucxoeTSi gamocemuli pa-

skvilebiT Tavs lafi gadaasxa.

mxolod ufrosma vaJma asaxela juRaSvilebis gvari,

magram is xom 14 wlamde, e. i. im asakSi, roca pirovnebis xasia-

Tis ZiriTadi niSnebi yalibdeba, ekaterine juRaSvilTan da

svaniZeebTan izrdeboda.

rac Seexeba stalinis fanatizms, axla sakmaod cnobi-

lia, rom man Cvens qveyanas bevri ubedureba moutana~ [21, 503-

507].

sagulisxmoa, rom XX saukunis 90-iani wlebis dasawyis-

Si, Tavisi vaJis, gela Carkvianis SekiTxvaze, aRiqvamda Tu

ara stalins qarTvel kacad, ukve Rrmad moxucebulma kandid

318

Carkvianma ase upasuxa: `rasakvirvelia, me mas aRviqvamdi ro-

gorc qarTvels, pirvel rigSi, magram qarTvels, romelic Za-

lian maRal safexurze iyo asuli da ganagebda qveyanas, sa-

dac qarTvelebi gadamwyvet rols ar TamaSobdnen. stalinis

qarTvel kacad aRqmis uflebas maZlevda is, rom igi lapara-

kobda mSvenieri qarTuliT... mSobliuri ena Zalian Rrmad

iyo masSi Canergili... gansakuTrebul mdgomareobaSi saqar-

Tvelo stalinis dros ar yofila, Tumca saqarTveloSi gav-

rcelebuli azri, rom stalinma srulebiT araferi ar gauke-

Ta saqarTvelos, mcdaria. Zalian bevrs fiqrobda Cveni meur-

neobis ganviTarebaze, citrusebis, Cais da mevenaxeobis Sesa-

xeb... marto is, rom pirdapir masTan vayenebdi ama Tu im sa-

kiTxs, esec imis garantias iZleoda, rom es sakiTxebi dadebi-

Tad gadaWriliyo. magaliTad, aviRoT metalurgiuli qar-

xnis aSeneba, eleqtrosadgurebis mSenebloba...

1951 wels... movuyevi, rom Tbilisi aseT mdgomareoba-

Sia, quCaSi gavla Zalian Znelia, qalaqi gaWimulia ormoc ki-

lometrze da sigane ara aqvs. avuxseni, rom metropolitenis

garda, sxva veraferi Segvimsubuqebda muSaobas da cxovre-

bas... rom Tbilisi aris amierkavkasiis sarkinigzo kvanZi da

omis SemTxvevaSi Tbiliss dabombavdnen. araviTari TavSesa-

fari qalaqSi ar iyo da metropoliteni TavSesafari iqnebo-

da. moskovis metropolitenma gviCvena es...

— `kargio, — Tqva, — dawereT werili, rom ganixilon

moskovSi sagegmo komitetSio~...

maSinve vafrine kaci moskovSi... griSa zambaxiZe... sageg-

mo komitetSi rom Sevedio, momaxsena zambaxiZem, romel kabi-

netSic ki ar Sevedi, miTxres: — `cxovrobdiT umetropoli-

tenod, axla metropoliteni mogindaTo?~... mokled, Zalian

ar esiamovnaT, magram stalinis gankargulebas win veravin

daudgeboda. es iyo sakavSiro mSenebloba. saqarTvelo Tavi-

si biujetidan amas ver moaxerxebda~ [20, 25-110].

kandid Carkvianis vaJis, batoni gela Carkvianis cno-

biT, ioseb stalinma Tbilisis metropolitenis aSenebaze

Tanxmoba ganacxada 1951 wlis zafxulSi, rodesac is likanSi

isvenebda.

3) 1963 wlis 1 ivniss Tbiliss ewvivnen ssr kavSiris im-

droindeli mesveuri nikita xruSCovi da kubis lideri fi-

319

del kastro. maTi erT-erTi maspinZeli iyo zemoxsenebuli

devi sturua, romelic igonebda: `saRamos, funikolioris

restoranSi gaimarTa vaxSami maRali stumrebis sapativcemu-

lod. kastro da xruSCovi SesaniSnav xasiaTze gaxldnen, xum-

robdnen, icinodnen...

xruSCovi yovelgvari Canaweris gareSe laparakobda,

rac xels uwyobda misi kolorituli da uSualo arsis gamom-

zeurebas. sxvaTa Soris, miqoiani meubneboda, rom xruSCovs

ar SeuZlia dafaros an didxans Seinaxos raime azri, esa Tu is

Sexeduleba adamianze Tu movlenaze. amitom, masTan mimndobi

saubari yovelTvis safrTxilo iyo. namuss ar Seginaxavda.

gansakuTrebiT saintereso iyo misi sityvis erTi pasa-

Ji: `me viyavi saqarTveloSi ocdaerT wels da axla — samoc-

dasamSi. ra SeiZleba iTqvas? qarTvelebs mzera aSkarad ga-

uTbaT. magram yovelTvis ase rodi iyo. iyo dro, roca qarT-

velebi — Cven, rusebs, mglebiviT gvicqerdnen. ase iyo maga-

liTad, 1921 wels. me maSin pirvelad Semovdgi fexi saqarTve-

loSi XI armiis rigebSi... mogvianebiT me rogorRac vuTxari

amis Sesaxeb stalins da iciT ra mipasuxa man?

— `aba ras elodi? Sen xom rogorc okupanti Sexvedi

saqarTveloSi da rogor unda Sexedo okupants?~ (xazgasma

Cvenia. n. j.).

sainteresoa, rom xruSCovma ar CaTvala saWirod sta-

linis am sityvebis gabaTileba, romlebic saqarTvelos oku-

pacias Seexeboda. Cans, TviTonac Tvlida, rom saqarTvelo

1921 wlis TebervalSi okupirebuli iyo... magram maSin amis

mosmena # 1 komunistisagan, Tanac stalinis damowmebiT, mar-

Tlac rom gansacvifrebeli iyo~ [17, 103-104].

4) ioseb stalins sxvadasxva erovnebis mravali Tayvani-

smcemeli hyavda da dResac hyavs. yvela Tavisi sazomiT afa-

sebs ssr kavSiris belads, romelmac msoflio istoriaSi Ta-

visi kuTvnili adgili daimkvidra. visac rogori azri ar un-

da hqones mis Sesaxeb, dadebiTi Tu uaryofiTi, faqtia, rom

is aris msoflioSi yvelaze cnobili qarTveli.

saRad moazrovne qarTveli patrioti moRvaweni, rom-

elTac cxovreba stalinuri reJimis pirobebSi mouwiaT, SeZ-

lebisdagvarad cdilobdnen, rom ssr kavSiris xelisufle-

bis mwvervalze moqceul yovlisSemZle beladSi gamoeRviZe-

320

binaT qarTveloba da misi energia saqarTvelos interesebis

sasikeTod miemarTaT. maT Soris gamoirCeoda giorgi leoni-

Ze, romelmac ioseb stalins araerTi maRali mxatvruli Rir-

sebis mqone nawarmoebi miuZRvna.

amasTan dakavSirebiT poeti da publicisti silovan na-

rimaniZe (1925-2007) marTebulad SeniSnavda: “saqarTvelos

politikur cxovrebaSi Tavidanve aTvaliswunebuli hyavdaT

ioseb juRaSvili. mas ucxo mxareSi uxdeboda megobrebisa da

Tanamoazreebis Zebna. saqarTvelos inteligenciis orWo-

fulma dRevandelma da istoriulma xasiaTma Tavidanve ar

miiRo igi... isic xom viciT, Tu rogor Sexvda mas Tbilisis va-

gonSemkeTebeli qarxnis koleqtivi. stalini, romelic udi-

desi SurismaZiebeli iyo, gulmosuli wavida saqarTvelodan.

magram rac ar unda iyos, yvelaze Zlieri mainc usamSobloo-

bis gancdaa, rasac, Cemi azriT, Zalian ganicdida stalini.

amasTan dakavSirebiT unda gavixsenoT 30-ian wlebSi Catare-

buli mweralTa sakavSiro yriloba, sadac stalinma odnav

moixeda Cvensken, reabilitacia iyo da Tavis uflebebSi

aRadgina yvela manamde devnili Cveni klasikosi, gansakuT-

rebiT ki rusTaveli da ilia WavWavaZe, sxvebic.

giorgi leoniZem Tavidanve daisaxa miznad stalinis

msoflmxedveloba Semoebrunebina saqarTvelosaken... aq misi

roli fasdaudebelia. is moRvaweni, vinc 1936 wels, moskovSi

Catarebul qarTuli xelovnebis dekadas daeswrnen, hyvebo-

dnen, Tu ra saocreba moxda iq, im dRes, rodesac Tamar WavWa-

vaZem waikiTxa giorgi leoniZis cnobili leqsi `ra qarma

gzarda, ra Rvarma.~

`stalini maSin ise gaognda, Turme adgils ver pou-

lobda. TiTqos igi xelaxla daibada da igrZno udidesi Za-

la, romelic samSoblos mTebidan modioda, siyvaruli,

romelic mSobliuri wiaRidan moedineboda. im gauTave-

bel ovaciebSi ibadeboda axali damokidebuleba, axali

rwmena. arcerT sxva garemoebas stalinze im periodSi ar

mouxdenia aseTi gavlena, rac am leqsma moaxdina... giorgi

leoniZem udidesi roli Seasrula, rom stalini samSoblosa-

ken Semobrunebuliyo da masze efiqra~ [12, 5].

321

aqve unda iTqvas, rom g. leoniZem es leqsi dawera 1933

wels, anu gacilebiT adre, vidre ssr kavSirSi dawyebuli

represiebi masobriv xasiaTs miiRebda.

1961 wels, TbilisSi, axlobel-megobarTa wreSi, giorgi

leoniZem ganacxada: `stalini mimaCnda da axlac mimaCnia

qarTuli energiis udides gamovlinebad; es, upirveles

yovlisa, iqcevda Cems yuradRebas. es iyo CemTvis mTavari,

es da ara sxva rame!~ [9, 105].

dasanania, rom stalinis udidesi energia ar idga damo-

ukidebeli qarTuli saxelmwifos samsaxurSi. amis mizezTa

Soris iyo rogorc Cveni qveynis istoriuli bedukuRmarTo-

ba, aseve TviT qarTvelTa Soris damkvidrebuli samwuxaro

tendencia — aiZulon Tavisi niWieri da unariani Tanamemamu-

le, rom samSoblo miatovos da sxva qveynis samsaxurSi Cad-

ges. magram sxva qveynis samsaxurSi Camdgar yvela adamians

unda axsovdes, rom mas, SesaZloa, mouwios sakuTari eris

erovnuli interesebis saziano nabijebis gadadgmac.

aseTia Cveni dakvirvebani stalinis warmomavlobis, ga-

regnobisa da pirovnuli xasiaTis zogierT Taviseburebas-

Tan dakavSirebiT.


1. gulCina akofaSvili, egnataSvili beri, enciklopedia

`saqarTvelo~, t. II, Tbilisi, 2012.

2. ioane bagrationi, SemoklebiT aRwera saqarTvelosa Sina

mcxovrebTa TavadTa da aznaurTa gvarebisa (masala is-

toriisaTvis), Tbilisi, 1997.

3. georgievskis traqtati, 1783 wlis xelSekruleba ruse-

Tis mfarvelobaSi aRmosavleT saqarTvelos Sesvlis Se-

saxeb, teqsti gamosacemad moamzada, Sesavali da SeniS-

vnebi daurTo giorgi paiWaZem, Tbilisi, 1983.

4. aleqsandre gvaxaria, egnataSvili (ignatievi) simon iago-

ris Ze, enciklopedia `saqarTvelo~, t. II, Tbilisi, 2012.

5. levan doliZe, egnataSvili aleqsandres iakobis Ze, en-

ciklopedia `saqarTvelo~, t. II, Tbilisi, 2012.

322

6. roland TofCiSvili, saqarTvelos Tavad-aznaurTa gva-

rebis istoria, Tbilisi, 2011.

7. ioseb iremaSvili, stalini da saqarTvelos tragedia.

1932 wels berlinSi, germanul enaze gamocemuli wignis

qarTuli Targmani, Targmnes m. badriZem da r. zeqalaS-

vilma, Tbilisi, 2006.

8. kaxiZe guram, ioseb stalini (TanamedroveTa mogonebebi

stalinze), baTumi, 1995.

9. kveselava revaz, sagnebi CvenTvis (Canawerebi), Tbilisi,

2012.

10. giorgi leoniZe, stalini (epopea), wigni I, bavSvoba da yr-

moba, Tbilisi, 1949.

11. Salva maRlakeliZe, mogonebebi, masalebi gamosacemad

moamzada, winasityvaoba da SeniSvnebi daurTo v. rcxila-

Zem, Tbilisi, 2012.

12. silovan narimaniZe, giorgi leoniZe — gaorebuli? gaze-

TSi literaturuli saqarTvelo, 22. IX. 2000.

13. kapiton naWyebia, Teirani, 1943, noemberi (mogoneba), ga-

zeTSi generalisimusi, # 4 (52), Tbilisi, 2004.

14. grigol robaqiZe, nawerebi, wigni I, Seadgina, gamosacemad

moamzada da komentarebi daurTo l. comaiam, Tbilisi`

2012.

15. saqarTvelos Sinagan saqmeTa saministros arqivi, saqar-

Tvelos komunisturi partiis centraluri komitetis

arqivi, fondi 8, aRwera 2, saqme 15.

16. stalinis dedis mogonebebi, saqarTvelos Sinagan saqmeTa

saministros arqividan, Tbilisi, 2012.

17. devi sturua, stalini, xruSCovi, breJnevi, Tbilisi, 1995.

18. vladimer tatiSvili, qarTvelebi moskovSi, meore Sevse-

buli da gadamuSavebuli gamocema, Tbilisi, 1959.

19. solomon yubaneiSvili, daviT guramiSvili husarTa pol-

kSi, Tbilisi, 1955.

20. gela Carkviani, interviu mamasTan, kandid Carkviani sta-

linis, berias da gviandeli stalinuri epoqis saqarTve-

los Sesaxeb, Tbilisi, 2013.

21. kandid Carkviani, gancdili da naazrevi, Tbilisi, 2004.

323

22. iase cincaZe, 1783 wlis mfarvelobiTi traqtati (masale-

bi ruseT-saqarTvelos urTierTobis istoriisaTvis),

Tbilisi, 1960.

23. mixeil Wiaureli, stalinma Tvali Camikra, gazeTSi kvi-

ris palitra, Tbilisi, 2013, # 16 (976).

24. Salva xidaSeli, usaTauro mogonebebi, Tbilisi, 1994.

25. TinaTin javaxiSvili, warsulidan (mogonebebi), Tbilisi,

1976.

26. niko javaxiSvili, fahlavianTa dinastia da qarTvelebi,

JurnalSi axlo aRmosavleTi da saqarTvelo, Tbilisi,

2009, t. VI.

27. niko javaxiSvili, ucnobi stalini (dakvirvebani mis war-

momavlobaze, garegnobasa da pirovnul xasiaTze), Jurna-

lSi istoriani, # 11 (35), Tbilisi, 2013.

28. Амилахвари А., История георгианская о юноше князя Амилахорове, которую рассказывает Усим купец Анатольский, Переведена на русский язык И. С. [Игнатьев/Эгнаташвили Семён], Санкт-петербург, 1779.

29. Бернштейн А., Михаил Геловани, Москва, 1991. 30. Газета `Москвские новости~, Москва, 1998, № 12. 31. Дианин C., Бородин. Жизнеописание, материалы и документы.

Под общей редакцией Н. Ф. Бэлза и В. А. Киселева. Москва, 1955. 32. Иосиф Виссарионович Сталин. Краткая биография. Второе

издание, исправленное и дополненное. Составители: Александров Г. Ф., Галактионов М. Р., Кружков В. С., Митин М. Б., Мочалов В. Д., Поспелов П. Н., Москва, 1948.

33. Robakidse G., Die gemordete Seele, Roman, Eugen Diederichs Verlag, Jena, 1933.

34. Невежин В., Застолья Иосифа Сталина. Книга первая. Большие кремлевские приемы 1930-х – 1940-х, Москва, 2011.

35. www.regions.ge/2&newsid=2137&year=2009&position=news–category 36. www.e-reading.mobi/chapter.php/148847/20/Loginov–-–Teni–Stalina.-

html

324

Niko Javakhishvili

Doctor of historical sciences, Professor of Ivane Javakhishvili Tbilisi State University, Chief sci-entist-researcher of the Modern and Contempo-rary History Department of the Ivane Javakhishv-ili Institute of History and Ethnology

Unknown Stalin

(Observations on his provenance, appearance and personal character)

Summary

The authors presents his point of view on some peculiarities of the

provenance, appearance and personal character of generalissimo Joseph (in georgian – Ioseb) Stalin (1878-1953), head of the USSR. The article re-views a supposition, which was widely disseminated in Georgia already in the 1920s: Ioseb Jughashvili was not a biological son of his official father – Visarion (in georgian – Besarion) Jughashvili, but of Jakob (in georgian – Iakob) Egnatashvili, resident of town Gori (Central part of Georgia), repre-sentative of Georgian gentry and prosperous vintner.

By means of this article the author presents his personal views on this subject and scrutinizes the arguments in favour of the aforesaid supposition.

The author proposes the following facts to prove Stalin’s cognation with Egnatashvili (although we would be able to draw final conclusions only after the DNA-analysis):

1. Ioseb Jughashvili and Ekaterine Svanidze, his first wife gave birth to a son in 1907. According to Georgian tradition, the firstling male is given the name of his paternal grandfather. Therefore, Stalin should have named his firstling Besarion. But he was given the name of Iakob, i.e. the name of the man who was considered Stalin’s biological father;

2. Ioseb Jughashvili and Nadezhda Alillueva, his second wife gave birth to another son in 1921. They named him Vasil, i.e. after the male, who was considered Stalin’s brother. It is also noteworthy that Vasil Egnatashvi-li names his son Koba, i.e. Stalin’s party sobriquet;

3. Ioseb Stalin never support Jughashvilis, the relatives and friends of his official father, whereas he spared no effort to favour Alexandre (1887-

325

1948) and Vasil (1888-1956), sons of Iakob Egnatashvili, i.e. his native brothers, according to the widespread rumours.

Alexandre Egnatashvili became general-leutenant of the USSR state security and served as the head of the department and administration of the State commissariat of the Ministry of Internal Affairs, head of the Administration of the governmental holiday houses in Crimea, commandant of the Kremlin, deputy to Nikolay Vlasik, head of the Chief administration of the governmental protection of the USSR. He was involved in the organization of the Tehran and Yalta conferences as well.

Vasil Egnatashvili was the deputy of the 3rd convocation Supreme council, Secretary of the Central Executive Committee of the Georgian SSR in 1938-1956.

326

Tamar darCia

saqarTvelos teqnikuri universite-

tis biznes-inJineringis fakultetis

socialur mecnierebaTa doqtoranti

Strixebi mixeil gorbaCovis politikuri

biografiidan

mixeil gorbaCovi sabWoTa kavSiris komunisturi par-

tiis generaluri mdivnis Tanamdebobaze 54 wlis asakSi dai-

niSna. mas saSinao politikis sferoSi sakmaod soliduri ga-

mocdileba hqonda dagrovili stavropolSi — sabWoTa kavSi-

ris erT-erT yvelaze mniSvnelovan ekonomikur regionSi, sa-

dac igi zedamxedvelobas uwevda uzarmazar (ZiriTadad ag-

rarul) ekonomikur kompleqss, xelmZRvanelobda partiul

organizacias gansakuTrebulad mgrZnobiare da potenciu-

rad konfliqturi CeCneTis mezoblad (maSindeli ruseTis

sabWoTa federaciul socialisturi respublikis Semadgen-

lobaSi Semaval CeCen-inguSeTis avtonomiur respublikas-

Tan), rac misTvis, sabWouri stilis, Tumca mainc pirveli

diplomatiuri skola gaxldaT. stavropolis mxare erT-erTi yvelaze mimzidveli sa-

kurorto adgilia ruseTSi. aq regularulad isvenebdnen

ssrk-s umaRlesi partiuli xelmZRvanelebi. swored aq gaic-

no gorbaCovma a. n. kosigini da i. b. andropovi. andropovTan

gorbaCovs gansakuTrebulad Tbili urTierTobebi Camouya-

libda, romelmac mogvianebiT mas `stavropolis TviTnabadi

oqro~ Searqva. 1978 wels sabWoTa kavSiris komunisturi partiis cen-

raluri komitetis plenumze gorbaCovi arCeul iqna centra-

luri komitetis mdivnad. amave wels is ojaxTan erTad mos-

kovSi gadavida. Tavdapirvelad igi kurirebda sasoflo-sa-

meurneo sakiTxebs, Tumca sabWoTa nomenklaturis mier dam-

kvidrebuli wesebi garkveulwilad zRudavda centraluri

komitetis mdivnis interesebs misi moRvaweobis seqtoris

doneze.

327

gorbaCovis `diplomatiurma zrdam~ siCqare akrifa

breJnevis gardacvalebis Semdeg, roca mcire xniT, qveynis

saTaveSi iuri andropovi movida. politbiuroSi formalu-

rad gorbaCovs portfeli ar Seucvlia, Tumca igi de faqto

iTvleboda `meore nomrad~. andropovis TanaSemwis arkadi

volskis Tanaxmad, misi xelmZRvanelis sakmaod gaxSirebuli

da xangrZlivi aryofnis dros, rac gamowveuli iyo misi jan-

mrTelobis mdgomareobiT, gorbaCovTan Tavs iyrida polit-

biuros yvela dokumentacia, masTan gadiodnen konsultaci-

ebs mniSvnelovani sakiTxebis irgvliv, regionuli partiuli

mdivnebi uziarebdnen problemebs da cdilobdnen moepove-

binaT misi mxardaWera regionuli interesebisa da saWiroe-

bebis dausrulebeli lobirebis procesSi [1, 44]. andropovis gardacvalebis Semdeg, Cernenkos inicia-

tiviT, gorbaCovma Caibara ideologiuri seqtori, (Tanamde-

boba, romelsac Tavad Cernenko ikavebda generalur mdivnad

daniSvnamde) rac araformalurad niSnavda, rom partiul ie-

rarqiaSi gorbaCovi `nomeri meore~ gaxdeboda. am Tanamdebo-

basTan erTad, gorbaCovma aseve gadaibara skkp saerTaSori-

so kontaqtebi da cota xanSi igi umaRlesi sabWos saerTaSo-

riso urTierTobebis komisiis xelmZRvaneli gaxda. konstantin Cernenkos gardacvalebis Semdeg mixeil

gorbaCovi kompartiis generalur mdivnad dainiSna. leninisa

da stalinis droidan moyolebuli, igi gaxldaT pirveli sab-

WoTa lideri, romelic oqtombris socialisturi revolu-

ciis Semdeg iyo dabadebuli da romelsac universitetSi mi-

Rebuli umaRlesi ganaTleba gaaCnda. amasTan, igi daufara-

vad saubrobda misi qveynis naklovanebebze da marqsistul-

leninuri ideologiis `Cavardnebsac~ gulwrfelad aRiareb-

da. Cernenkos dakrZalvaze Camosul aSS-s delegaciaze,

romelsac vice-prezidenti jorj buSi xelmZRvanelobda,

man sakmaod Tbili da sasiamovno STabeWdileba datova. `sru-

liad gansxvavebuli yvela sabWoTa liderisgan, vinc ki

odesme minaxavs~ — ase axasiaTebda mas saxelmwifo mdivani

jorj Sulci. pirvelad `civi omis~ istoriaSi, sabWoTa kavSirs mar-

Tavda pirovneba, romelsac ar gaaCnda civi da avi gamomet-

328

yveleba, ar iyo uxeSi da sityvaZviri, amasTan erTad siberis-

gan daZabunebuli da saSiSi. gorbaCovi iyo `Wkviani, ganaTle-

buli, dinamiuri da patiosani ideebiTa da miznebiT savse~ —

aRniSnavda misi uaxloesi mrCeveli anatoli Cerniaevi Tavis

pirad CanawerebSi. `miTebi da tabudadebuli Temebi (ideo-

logiuri xasiaTisac ki) arafers niSnavs misTvis, mas Tavi-

suflad SeuZlia daamsxvrios isini~ [2.230]. roca rigiTma sab-

WoTa moqalaqem 1987 wlis dasawyisSi miuloca mas `qvis gamo-

metyvelebiani sfinqsebis~ reJimis warmatebiT Secvla, gor-

baCovma didi siamayiT gamoaqveyna aRniSnuli werili. Tumca riT Secvlida gorbaCovi miTebs, tabu dadebul

Temebsa da sfinqsebs Tavidan sakmaod bundovnad gaxldaT

warmoCenili. marTalia, mas sjeroda, rom sabWoTa kavSirs

imave gziT aRar unda evlo, rogorc adre, magram rogori un-

da yofiliyo axali gza, is bolomde darwmunebuli ar iyo,

gansxvavebiT ioane pavle II, TeTCeris, reiganis, den siaopini-

sa davalensasgan. sabWoTa politikuri elitis rigebSi yofnis pirvel

wlebSi gorbaCovs mtkiced swamda, rom sabWoTa kaSiris Ziri-

Tadi sagareo politikuri orientacia II msoflio omis Sem-

dgom periodSi sworad iyo warmarTuli, gamomdinare saxel-

mwifo uSiSroebidan da msoflio socializmis istoriuli

bedisweris irgvliv zrunvis gamo. ra Tqma unda, rogorc

sabWoTa kavSiris nomenklaturis maRali fenis warmomadge-

neli, gorbaCovi valdebuli iyo sajarod oficialuri pro-

pagandistuli formulebi gaeJRerebina, Tumaca amJamad Zne-

lia imis garkveva, magaliTad, 1985 wels erT-erTi portuga-

liuri gazeTisTvis micemul interviuSi, sadac man ganacxa-

da, rom vaSingtonis interesebisa da strategiis sferos ga-

nekuTvneboda evropaSi moexdina SezRuduli masStabis ato-

muri omi, misi WeSmariti rwmenisa Tu savaldebulo ritori-

kis nawili iyo. igives Tqma SeiZlebamis mier Riad mxardaWe-

rili sabWoTa kavSiris amkrZalavi politikis Sesaxeb, e. w.

`atkaznikebis~ saqmeze, roca sabWoTa ebraelebs ekrZalebo-

daT emigracia israelsa Tu dasavleTis qveynebSi, im moti-

viT, rom isini `saxelmwifo saidumloebebs~ flobdnen. (Tum-

ca, unda aRiniSnos, rom gorbaCovis mmarTvelobis dros da-

329

iwyo emigrantebis gadineba sabWoTa kavSiridan da amasTan

erTad eklesiebisa da sinagogebis gaxsna). aucilebelia iTqvas isic, rom gorbaCovi sistemis

cvlilebis da zogadad progresis momxre iyo. amas metyve-

lebs is faqtic, rom 1983 wels, roca gorbaCovi centraluri

komitetis mdivani gaxldaT da kurirebda agrarul sakiT-

xebs, mas samuSao vizitiT mouwia gamgzavreba kanadaSi. aleq-

sandre iakovlevi (imxanad, misi liberaluri ideebis gamo

breJnevisa da suslovis mier `dasjili~ da otavaSi wargzav-

nili sabWoTa kavSiris elCad) aRwers gorbaCovis sulier

mdgomareobas, roca is, ase vTqvaT `Sepyrobili~ iyo `Sinaga-

ni cvlilebebis aucileblobiT~ [1, 46]. gorbaCovi saubrobda

sabWoTa kavSirSi arsebuli autaneli situaciis Sesaxeb da

SedarebiT nakleb interess avlenda kanadelebis mier momza-

debuli agraruli programis irgvliv. erTaderTi ramac misi

yuradReba miipyro, gaxldaT ori qveynis soflis meurneobis

sferoSi arsebuli aSkara kontrasti. maSin roca kanadasa da

sabWoTa kavSiris umetes regionebSi, maT Soris gorbaCovis

mSobliur stavropolSi, klimati da niadagis Tvisebrivi

mdgomareoba TiTqmis erTnairi iyo, arsebuli TvalSisacemi

gansxvaveba kidev ufro sababs moklebuli Canda. 1986 wels CernobilSi momxdarma katastrofam aseve

Zlieri zegavlena moaxdina gorbaCovze. gamovlinda siste-

mis erT-erTi yvelaze mankieri mxare... yovelgvari cudi am-

bis Tu ubeduri SemTxvevis miCumaTeba, upasuxismgebloba da

uyuradReboba, saqmis ugulod da uxeirod Sesruleba, sayo-

velTaod gavrcelebuli loToba. qveyanam udidesi fiasko

ganicada maSin, roca mecnierebi, specialistebi da ministre-

bi irwmunebodnen, rom usafrTxoebis zomebi daculi iyo.

gaCnda `perestroikisa~ da `glastnostis~ aucilebloba.

gorbaCovi acxadebda, rom Cernobilma is da misi kolegebi

mravali sakiTxis gadaxedvis aucileblobaze daafiqra [2,

231]. rac Seexeba vaSingtonTan mis urTierTobas, ra Tqma

unda, Tavdapirvelad undoblobis xarisxi sakmaod maRali

iyo. Jenevis samitze gorbaCovi Cavida ganwyobiT, rom maSin

roca aSS iyenebda gamalebul SeiaraRebas sabWoTa kavSiris

dasasusteblad, maT SeswevdaT unari mtkiced gamklavebod-

330

nen yovelgvar gamowvevas, Tundac yvelaze moulodnels. re-

igani, Tavis mxriv, acxadebda, rom igi momxre iyo molapara-

kebis dawyebis atomuri iaraRis ganadgurebis da Sesabamisad

omis saSiSroebis Tavidan acilebis Taobaze. mas Rrmad swam-

da, rom strategiuli Tavdacvis iniciativis programa (SDI) saukeTeso gamosavali iyo aRniSnul situaciaSi, aSS mzad

iyo imisTvisac, rom aRniSnuli programis teqnologia sab-

WoTa kavSirisTvis gaeziarebina, Tumca gorbaCovisTvis SDI mxolod `erTi adamianis ocneba~ iyo, meti araferi [2, 230].

miuxedavad yvelafrisa, reigans sjeroda sakuTari Za-

lebis. is rac man ver SeZlo breJnevTan, andropovTan da Cer-

nenkosTan, romlebic, rogorc TviTon ambobda, mas `xelSi

akvdebodnen~, [4, 268] viTareba gorbaCovTan mimarTebaSi sak-

maod optimisturad eCveneboda. Jenevis samitidan ori Tvis Semdeg, gorbaCovma saja-

rod SesTavaza aSS-s, rom 2000 wlisTvis msoflio atomuri

iaraRisgan gaeTavisuflebinaT. cinikosebi miiCnevdnen, rom

es namdvili gamocda iyo reiganis gulwrfelobisa, Tumca

anatoli Cerniaevma (gorbaCovis mTavari mrCeveli sagareo

politikis mimarTulebiT) SesZlo miegno ufro Rrma moti-

visTvis. misi azriT, `gorbaCovma namdvilad gadawyvita gama-

lebuli SeiaraRebis SeCereba miuxedavad yvelafrisa. is mi-

dis am `riskze~, vinaidan mas esmis rom es srulebiTac ar niS-

navs gariskvas — radgan aravin moindomebs Cvenze Setevis mi-

tanas Tu Cven srul ganiaraRebas movaxdenT~ [2, 231]. ori

wliT adre, andropovs Tu SeeZlo efiqra, rom reigans Ses-

wevda unari misTvis `siurprizi~ moewyo, gorbaCovi darwmu-

nebuli iyo, rom aSS arasdros izamda amas. reiginispozicia

ar icvleboda: is yovelTvis TxovniT mimarTavda sabWoTa

liderebs — `mendeT~. reiganTan Sexvedris Semdeg gorbaCov-

ma daiwyo ndobis gamoxatva. reikiavikis samiti swored am ndobis gamocxadebis na-

Teli magaliTi iyo: sabWouri stilis diplomatiis praqti-

kaSi ganxorcielebaze uaris TqmiT, gorbaCovi daeTanxma re-

iganis mier SemoTavazebul `nulovan variants~, rac gulis-

xmobda saSualo manZilis birTvuli raketebis aRebas evro-

pidan. igi agreTve daTanxmda momdevno aTi wlis manZilze

331

yvela balistikuri raketis ganadgurebasac. Tumca amden si-

keTesTan erTad, sadao Temad mainc rCeboda SDI, romlis mi-

marTac gorbaCovi ar malavda gansakuTrebul skepticizms.

mas surda aRniSnuli proeqti SezRuduliyo laboratoriis

doneze, rac, ra Tqma unda, miuRebeli iyo amerikuli mxaris-

Tvis, vinaidan rom ara SDI, isini miiCnevdnen, rom rusebs

verc JenevaSi da verc reikiavikSi ver Caiyvandnen. marTalia,

reiganma didi ukmayofilebiT datova samiti da bevri miiC-

nevs, TiTqos reikiaviki Cavardna iyo, reiganisTvis Zireuli

cvlilebebi swored mainc iq daiwyo. sabWoTa kavSiri da aSS acnobierebdnen, rom maT hqon-

daT saerTo interesi, SesaZloa ara SDI-is irgvliv, magram

mainc, maT mTavar miznad kvlavac atomuri iaraRis Semcire-

ba rCeboda. swored iq, okeanis piras — xelSekrulebas saSua-

lo radiusis moqmedebis raketebis gauqmebis Sesaxeb. es iyo

katastrofis sapirispiro mimarTulebis gza, da rogorc

orive lideri Tvlida — demilitarizaciis xanis dasawyisi.

SeTanxmebis Semdeg, orive qveyanam gaanadgura evropaSi ar-

sebuli saSualo radiusis moqmedebis raketebi. xelSekru-

lebis Tanaxmad, orive qveyanas eZleoda ufleba Seemowmebi-

na, ramdenad zedmiwevniT Seasrula meore mxarem aRebuli

valdebuleba. sazRvargareT vizitebis dros gorbaCovi kargad xe-

davda, rom xalxi sazRvrebs miRma gacilebiT ukeT cxovrob-

da, vidre mis sakuTar qveyanaSi. igi bevrs fiqrobda cxovre-

bis aradamakmayofilebel pirobebze, teqnologiur Camor-

Cenilobaze, Tumca naTeli warmodgena ar gaaCnda Tu ra unda

eRona aRniSnuli problemebis aRmosafxvrelad. mas sakmaod

kargi urTierToba hqonda maSindel aSS-is saxelmwifo mdi-

van jorj SulcTan, romelic yofili ekonomikis profesori

gaxldaT stenfordis universitetSi. sakmaod xSiri saubre-

bis dros, Sulci uxsnida gorbaCovs, rom Caketili sazoga-

doeba SeuZlebelia ganviTardes. Tu ar iqneboda saSualeba

Tavisufali TviTgamoxatvis, mimosvlis, migraciis, mogzau-

robis — yovelgvari saSualeba sargeblis gamoyenebisa, ga-

nuxorcielebeli darCeboda. imisTvis, rom sabWoTa ekonomi-

ka radikalurad Secvliliyo, qveyanas fexi unda aewyo axali

epoqisTvis.

332

sabWoTa kavSirSi vizitebisas, Sulci xSirad xvdeboda

gorbaCovsa da mis mrCevlebs da eknomikuri xasiaTis rCevebs

aZlevda maT. mis mosazrebebs gorbaCovi iziarebda, rac ga-

moaqveyna kidec 1987 wels gamocemul wignSi `perestroika~. 1988 wels reiganis sabWoTa kavSirSi vizitisas, gorba-

Covma SesTavaza mas moskovis saxelmwifo universitetSi

studentebisTvis leqcia waekiTxa. leninis uzarmazari bi-

ustis qveS, reigani saubrobda sabazro kapitalizmis, kompi-

uteruli Cipebis, rok varskvlavebis, filmebis da, ra Tqma

unda, SeiaraRebisgan Tavisufali msoflios Sesaxeb. studen-

tebi fexze damdgari ukravdnen taSs. mogvianebiT TviT

gorbaCovi imeorebda reiganis sityvebs, momdevno amerikis

prezident jorj buSis pirispir: mogvwons Cven Tu ara, Cven

mogviwevs gaumklavdeT gaerTianebul, integrirebul evro-

pul ekonomikas... gvsurs es Cven Tu ara, iaponia msoflio po-

litikis kidev erTi centria... CineTi... [kidev erTi] uzarma-

zari realobaa... yvela es didi movlena damaxasiaTebelia

msoflioSi saxvadasxva Zalebis gadajgufebebis procesebi-

saTvis~ [2, 234]. Tumca misi ganaTqvamebi mainc ritorikul xasiaTs ata-

rebda: gorbaCovi ar miiwevda sabazro ekonomikisken, ro-

gorc es den siaopinma gaakeTa. 1988 wels is politbiuros

kvalavac arwmunebda, rom franklin d. ruzveltma ameriku-

li kapitalizmi gadaarCina `socialisturi ideebis~ saSua-

lebiT, rac iTvaliswinebda dagegmvas, saxelmwifo regula-

ciasa da socialuri samarTlianobis princips. anu SeiZleba

iTqvas, rom gorbaCovi socializmis gadarCenas kapitaliz-

mis daxmarebiT cdilobda, magram rogor — es kvlav gaurkve-

veli rCeboda. yvelafris miuxedavad gorbaCovi mudmivad saubrobda

socialistur Rirebulebebsa da oqtombris diad ideebze,

ris ukanac faqtobrivad araferi idga. misi sami reformis-

tuli programis — perestroikis, glastnostis da demokra-

tizaciis mizans swored, rom komunizmis gadarCena da ara mi-

si dangreva warmoadgenda. perestroikis mizani sakmaod ambi-

ciuri iyo — centraluri dagegmvis dogmaturi sistemis ga-

mococxleba. gorbaCovi dasaxuli miznis miRwevas qveynis

ekonomikuri problemebis socialur da politikur saTave-

333

ebze ieriSis mitaniT imedovnebda — rac niSnavda nomenkla-

turisa da aparatCikebis gavlenis Semcirebas da amavdrou-

lad muSaxelis efeqtiani Sromis zrdas. misda sabediswe-

rod, gorbaCovi albaT Tvals ver usworebda, an ver xvdebo-

da, rom qveyanaSi aucileblobas warmoadgenda radikaluri

cvlilebebis gatareba ekonomikur struqturaSi. Sesabami-

sad perestroikis idea sabolood ufro daemsgavsa mimzid-

vel politikur slogans, vidre Tanmimdevrul ekonomikur

politikas. glastnostis (sajarooba) politikam gaaZliera peres-

troika da sabWoTa media saSualebebze cenzura arnaxulad

Seamcira. garkveuli drois manZilze, aRniSnulma politikam

marTlac gamoiwvia garbaCovis mimarT didi simpatia da wa-

rumatebeli ekonomikuri reformebisgan mosaxleobis yu-

radRebis gadatana SeZlo. glastnosts aseve didi gamoZaxi-

li hqonda sabWoeTis sazRvrebs miRmac; man gorbaCovi msof-

lio presisTvis Zvirfas pirovnebad da dasavleTis bevr qve-

yanaSi popularul figurad aqcia. demokratizacia ki, rogorc minimum, moiazreboda ro-

gorc politikuri sistema, sadac arCevnebi iqneboda neba-

darTuli, Tumca ra doziT — gaurkveveli rCeboda. es xedva

asaxuli iqna 1989 wels mTeli saxelmwifos masStabiT Catare-

bul sakanonmdeblo organos arCevnebSi, romelic amomrCe-

vels uflebas aZlevda xma mieca opoziciisaTvis komunistu-

ri partiis wevrebis winaaRmdeg, rac pirveli SemTxveva iyo

sabWoTa istoriaSi. gorbaCovi marTavda rogorc sabWoTa

prezidenti (arapirdapiri gziT arCeuli Tanamdeboba, rome-

lic man SemoiRo, rogorc misi politikuri reformis nawi-

li) da ara rogorc komunisturi partiis generaluri mdiva-

ni. demokratizaciis Sedegad gamowveuli cvlilebebi mar-

Tlac, rom gansacvifrebeli iyo da ufro metad demokrati-

ul momavalze mianiSnebda: gamoCndnen opoziciis gavleniani

arakomunisturi da antikomunisturi pirovnebebi da partie-

bi, romelTaganac zogierTi centralur sakanonmdeblo or-

ganoSic ki airCies. mniSvnelovnad Sesustda komunisturi

partiis Sida disciplina, rac mis rigebSi azrTa sxvadasxva-

obasa da urTierTqiSps moiazrebda. sabWoTa kavSiris mas-

StabiT komunisturi partiis wevrTa ricxvi sagrZnoblad

334

Semcirda. centraluri xelisuflebis prestiJisa da Zala-

uflebis xarjze gaizarda respublikebis gavlena da Zala-

ufleba. gorbaCovi mTavrobis Sida reformebs atarebda ara

rogorc komunisturi partiis generaluri mdivani, aramed

arCeuli oficialuri piri da prezidenti. Zalauflebis gan-

xorcieleba xdeboda komunisturi partiisgan realurad da-

moukideblad. gorbaCovTan dakavSirebiT rac pirvel rigSi SeiZleba

gagvaxsendes, aris mTavrobaSi mosvlisTanave mis mier gadad-

gmuli pirveli nabiji — anti-alkoholuri kampania. es iyo,

rbilad rom vTqvaT, sakmaod arapopularuli gadawyvetile-

ba da misi pirveli seriozuli Secdoma. maSin bevri miiCnev-

da, rom generalurma mdivanma moRvaweoba `cudi fexi~ daiw-

yo, vinaidan es gaxldaT procesi ramac sabiujeto bazis sa-

boloo CamoSla gamoiwvia. erTi SexedviT es marTlac asea,

Tumca dRevandeli gadmosaxedidan SeiZleba iTqvas, rom

gorbaCovma aRniSnuli kampania memkvidreobiT miiRo misi wi-

namorbedi liderebisgan. andropovis, Cernenkos da breJne-

vis drosac ki, aqtiurad mimdinareobda qveynis mosaxleobis

alkoholisadmi midrekilebis problemis gadaWris gzebis

moZieba. ase, rom gorbaCovic igive mTavrobis warmomadgene-

li gaxldaT. aseve mniSvnelovania aRiniSnos is faqtic, rom

im periodis mediac savse iyo mkveTri moTxovnebiT alkoho-

lizmis problemis gadaWrasTan dakavSirebiT, (ara mxolod

mTavrobis dakveTiT). gamoCenili da pativsacemi mwerlebi

akademikosebi, mecnierebi aRSfoTebas gamoTqvamdnen eris

genetikuri gadaSenebis SesaZlo safrTxis gamo da miiCnev-

dnen, rom saswrafo zomebi iyo misaRebi aRniSnulTan dakav-

SirebiT. sabolood 1985 wlis maisSi akrZalva ZalaSi Sevida,

rac sazogadoebam saRi azris gamarjvebad miiCnia. adgilobrivma biurokratiam zemodan brZanebis Ses-

ruleba daiwyo — Seamcira alkoholuri sasmelebis warmoeba,

daxura maRaziebi da kafe-barebi. Tumca, aSkarad kontrpro-

duqtiuli farsi ar iTvaliswinebda biujetis garRvevis sa-

SiSroebas. presa ki kvlav ganagrZobda wuxils imis Sesaxeb,

rom sakmarisi Zalisxmeva ar iyo mimarTuli alkoholizmis

aRmosafxvrelad.

335

gorbaCovi, romelsac udidesi wvlili miuZRvis civi

omis dasrulebaSi (berlinis kedlis dangreva, avRaneTidan

sabWoTa jaris gamoyvana da a. S.) sabWoTa kavSiris umaRlesi

Zalauflebidan komunisturi partiis CamoSorebaSi, ramac

sabolood sabWoTa imperiis daSla gamoiwvia, dajildovebu-

lia oto hanis mSvidobis medliT, is aseve gaxlavT nobelis

premiis laureati mSvidobis ganmtkicebis sakiTxSi, harvis

premiis laureati, gaxlavT msoflios sxvadasxva universi-

tetis sapatio doqtori da aseve aSS-s kongresis biblioTe-

kis katalogis monacemebis mixedviT, igi moxseniebulia

msoflios as ganswavlul pirovnebaTa Soris.


1. Andrei Grachev, Gorbachev's Gamble: Soviet Foreign Policy and the End of the Cold War On My Country and the World, 2008.

2. John Lewis, The Cold War: A New History; Gaddis, 2005, 3. My Years with Gorbachev and Shevardnadze: The Memoir of a Soviet

Interpreter Pavel Palazchenko, 1997. 4. ronald reigani, amerikuli cxovreba, Tbilisi, 2011. 5. tomas m. magStadti, gavigoT politika, Tbilisi, 2011. 6. http://www.gorby.ru/gorbi–fund/about/

336

Tamar Darchia

Doctoral student of Georgian Techni-cal University, Business-engineering faculty, Social Sciences

Traits of Mikhail Gorbachev’s Political Biography

Summary

This article is about Soviet leader Mickail Gorbachev, who was the

author of an exciting and unpredictable drama, the political `revolution from above.~He, with the help of his followers, initiated truly exceptional politi-cal adventure - Perestroika, Glasnost and Democratizatsiya that lead to the radical transformation of the former Soviet Union and played a crucial role in the course of world history at the end of the XX century.

Here we learn about Gorbachev’s early political years in Stavropol as well as in Moscow, his first serious breakthrough into foreign engage-ments, Reagan- Gorbachev era from Geneva summit toReagan’s successful speech at Moscow State University. Personal warm relations between these two outstanding leaders and also with Reagan’s successor George H.W. Bushhelped them a lot to avoid grave danger of the arms race.

From opposite ends of the ideological spectrum, with often unclear and not very obvious political steps, leaders of the world’s two super pow-ers finally managed to carve a joint legacy in bringing the Cold War to a peaceful end.

337

igor kveselava

saqarTvelos teqnikuri universite-

ti, biznes-inJineringis fakultetis

socialur mecnierebaTa departamen-

tis ufrosi, sruli profesori

saqarTvelo rusul, evropul da amerikul politikur ganzomilebebSi

(meore nawili)

4. evropul-amerikuli da rusuli politikuri vari-

aciebi da saqarTvelos saximetyveleba

Tanamedrove msoflioSi TviT wamyvan saxelmwifoebs

Soris bevri winaaRmdegoba arsebobs. strategiuli partnio-

robis miuxedavad, jer kidev axlo warsulis istoriuli max-

sovroba bevr uTanxmoebas afiqsirebs amerikasa da evropis

calkeul saxelmwifoebs Soris. kerZod, evropulma saxel-

mwifoebma uari Tqves amerikasTan erTad eomaT 1950-1953

wlebis koreis omSi. Tavis mxriv, vaSingtonma uari ganacxada

CarTuliyo suecis krizisis gadawyvetaSi, sadac saomar moq-

medebebs axorcielebdnen didi britaneTi da safrangeTi.

paralelurad evropelebs hqondaT mcdeloba SeeqmnaT

Tavdacvis Tanamegobroba. molaparakebaTa procesis Sede-

gad 1952 wels evropis natos wevrma eqvsma saxelmwifom — sa-

frangeTma, germaniam, italiam, holandiam, belgiam da luq-

semburgma xeli moaweres xelSekrulebas, romelsac unda uz-

runveleyo evropis Tavdacvis Tanamegobrobis Seqmna.

ukve 1970 wlisaTvis imdroindeli kapitalisturi sam-

yaros eqsportSi, evropis wili gacilebiT maRali iyo, vidre

amerikis. amrigad, dasavleT evropis saxiT gamoikveTa kidev

erTi Zlieri ekonomikuri centri, rasac SeiZleba gamoewvia

msoflio ekonomikur bazrebze konkurenciis gamZafreba ev-

ropel da amerikel partniorebs Soris.

338

XX saukunis 60-ian wlebSi safrangeTis prezidenti

Sarl de goli miznad isaxavda dasavleT evropis liderobis

ufro gaZlierebas da aSS-is geopolitikuri gavlenis Sesus-

tebas `beber kontinentze.~am mizniT 1963 wels safrangeTi

da germania SeTanxmdnen safuZveli CaeyaraT evropeizmis po-

litikisaTvis. Tumca es faqti amerikis mxridan uaryofiTad

Sefasda. safrangeTi 1966 wels gamovida natos gaerTianebu-

li samxedro organizaciidan. amave periodSi gaucxovda ur-

TierToba amerikasa da germaniis federaciul respublikas

Soris.

70-ian wlebSi ver moxerxda aSS-is iniciativiT dawye-

buli `axali atlantikuri qartiis~ ganxorcieleba. `civi

omis~ periodSi msoflios 34 qveyanaSi ganTavsebuli iyo

1600-mde amerikuli samxedro baza. maT Soris germaniaSi 200-

mde msxvili samxedro baza da obieqtebi, didi britaneTSi —

19, italiaSi — 10, TurqeTSi — 7, espaneTSi — 6 da saberZneTSi

— 4 samxedro baza.

marTalia, evropul-amerikulma samyarom SeZlo daeSa-

la sabWoTa imperia da erTi periodi garkveuli gavlena mo-

axdina ruseTis politikur da ekonomikur cxovrebaze, mag-

ram XXI saukunidan misma ekonomikurma da politikurma gaZ-

lierebam yvelas mianiSna, rom baltiis zRvidan Sav zRvamde

evropisaTvis sivrcis daxurva ruseTis federaciis saxel-

mwifos strategiuli mimarTuleba gaxda. Sesabamisad, saf-

rTxe daemuqra kavkasiis regions, kerZod saqarTvelos, rom-

lis mosaxleobas jer kidev dekabristebi upirebdnen gasax-

lebas cimbirSi, rom es mxare ruseTis ayvavebul olqad eqci-

aT. sabolood, 2008 wlis agvistoSi ruseTma gamoaCina Tavisi

imperiuli saxe da moaxdina saqarTvelos teritoriebis 20%-

is okupacia. es iyo dasavleTis winaaRmdeg mimarTuli aqciac

maTi kavkasiuri derefniT dainteresebis gamo.

zogadad mcire erebis beds metwilad didi saxelmwi-

foebi gansazRvraven. am mxriv, arc saqarTveloa gamonakli-

si, romelic istoriulad iZulebuli iyo eZebna gareSe Zala,

saimedo mokavSiris, partnioris da metwilad mfarvelis sa-

xiT (irani, bizantia, TurqeTi, ruseTi, germania, inglisi).

1920 wlis aprilSi ruseTis mier baqos dakavebis Semdeg

saqarTvelos mTavrobam ingliselebis zurgsukan 7 maiss ka-

339

baluri xelSekruleba gaaforma sabWoTa ruseTTan, rasac

male qveynis sruli okupacia da aneqsia mohyva.

gavida aTeuli wlebi. ruseTis sabWouri imperiidan

ganTavisuflebis Semdeg saqarTvelos xelisuflebis poli-

tikurma klasma mzera amerikas miapyro. 2005 wels TbilisSi,

Tavisuflebis moedanze Sekrebil xalxs amerikis preziden-

tma buSma ganucxada, rom qarTveli xalxis mier arCeuli gza

ar iyo ioli, magram am gzas saqarTvelo marto ar gaivlida,

Tumca imave vizitis dros, man aRiara, rom Tu xelisufleba

afxazeTisa da samxreT oseTis gamo oms daiwyebda, `aSS-is ka-

valeria horizontze ar gamoCndeboda~.

sadavo ar unda iyos, rom gza, romelic axalgazrda

qarTulma saxelmwifom gaiara, nar-ekliani iyo da qveyana mo-

umzadebeli Sexvda socializmidan kapitalizmze gadasvlis

rTul procesebs. z. bJezinski wers: `es cvlilebebi garkve-

ul gaazrebasac moiTxovda, Tavidan arc raime modeli arse-

bobda, arc zogadi koncefcia, Tu rogor unda ganxorciele-

buliyo yovelive. ekonomikur TeoriebSi deklaraciul do-

neze mainc gakrTeboda xolme debuleba socializmidan kapi-

talizmze gadasvlis aucileblobis Sesaxeb, magram aravis

ganuxilavs Cakiruli sistemis Tavisufali bazris safuZ-

velze damyarebul pluralistur demokratiad gardaqmnis

SesaZleblobebi. sakiTxi, inteleqtualur doneze gauazreb-

lobis garda, politikuradac mZime mosaxelTebeli aRmoC-

nda komunizmis swrafi dezintegraciiT gaognebuli dasav-

luri mentalitetisaTvis~. cnobili politologis es mosaz-

reba saqarTvelosac exeboda.

jer kidev gasuli saukunis 80-iani da 90-iani wlebis

dasawyisSi `vaSingtonis konsesusis~ saxelwodebiT SemuSav-

da ekonomikuri politikis programa, romelmac safuZveli

Cauyara ufro memarjvene ideologias, romelsac neolibera-

lizmi ewoda. is gulisxmobda sabazro urTierTobis upira-

tesobas saxelmwifosTan SedarebiT. es programa gamocxadda

axal realobad — globalizaciad, romelsac ubralod ar ga-

aCnda alternativa.

faqtobrivad es iyo keinsis da misi mimdevrebis mier

SemuSavebuli ekonomikuri koncefciis uaryofa, da moneta-

rizmisa da neoliberalizmis momxreTa mxardaWera. neolibe-

340

raluri ekonomikis da ekonomikaSi `Sokuri Terapiis~ erT-

erTi Semoqmedi iyo profesori, nobelis premiis laureati

milton fridmani, romelic moqmedebda principiT: yvelaf-

ris privatizacia, qveynis ucxouri investiciebisaTvis gax-

sna; kerZo sakuTrebis daubrkolebloba, eqsportis meSveo-

biT ekonomikis zrda. am koncefciis praqtikulad ganxorci-

eleba moxda CileSi, magram, rogorc mogvianebiT aRmoCnda,

es iyo mcdari politika. nobelis premiis mflobelis Jozef

stiglicis azriT, am politikis ganxorcielebis gamo aRmoC-

nda, rom `mdidrebi ufro gamdidrdnen, Raribebi ki — gaRa-

takdnen.~neoliberalizaciam privilegirebulTa wisqvilze

daasxa wyali, romelmac finansuri institutebis keTildRe-

obasa da mosaxleobis keTildReobas Soris arCevani finan-

sur institutebze gaakeTa. ukanasknel periodSi ganviTare-

bulma safinanso-ekonomikurma procesebma axali globalu-

ri midgomis gaCena moiTxova. 2011 wlis aprilSi jorj vaSin-

gtonis universitetSi gamosvlisas saerTaSoriso savaluto

fondis direqtori dominik strosokani aRiarebda, rom axa-

li msoflio makroekonomikuri modeli bazridan saxelmwi-

foze ixreboda, romelsac samarTliani, ufro adamianuri

globalizaciisaTvis unda daeWira mxari. misi azriT, `sar-

gebeli zrdisagan unda iyos farTod gaziarebuli da ara

privilegirebuli umciresobebis mier mitacebuli. miuxe-

davad imisa, rom bazari unda darCes yuradRebis centrSi,

misi uxilavi xeli ar unda gaxdes uxilavi muSti~.

am konteqstSi sainteresoa saqarTvelos pirveli pre-

zidentis z. gamsaxurdias damokidebuleba dasavleTis mier

SemoTavazebuli ekonomikuri modelebisa da saerTaSoriso

daxmarebebisadmi. cnobilia, rom is didi sifrTxiliT ekide-

boda saerTaSoriso safinanso-ekonomikur organizaciebTan

urTierTobisa da qveynis satransporto derefnis ideas. mi-

Tumetes, demokratiuli saxelmwifos mSenebloba SeuZlebe-

li iyo usafrTxoebis, ekonomikuri ganviTarebis, sakanon-

mdeblo CarCos, ganaTlebis uqonlobis da, rac mTavaria,

erovnuli da samoqalaqo konsolidaciis gareSe. cnobilia

isic, rom yoveli politikuri sistema Cveulebriv eyrdnoba

teritoriul gaerTianebas, magram es ar arsebobs eTnikuri

bazis miRma da qveyana erTdroulad unda Sedges, rogorc

341

erovnul, aseve samoqalaqo saxelmwifod. Tumca es urTule-

si amocanaa.

saqarTvelos sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis segmentaciis

procesi jer kidev gasuli saukunis 90-ian wlebSi daiwyo da

dResac grZeldeba. Tumca, erovnuli konsolidaciis miRweva

da eri-saxelmwifos Camoyalibeba, rodesac yvela moqalaqe,

miuxedavad eTnikuri kuTnilebisa erTi erTis warmomadgene-

lia, ver moxerxda.

saqarTveloSi daiwyo erTi erovnuli identobisken

svlis da suverenuli mTavrobis Seqmnis procesi da am mxriv

qarTul sinamdviles magaliTad gamoadgeba safrangeTi, ger-

mania, espaneTi, italia da sxva qveynebi, Tumca, paralelurad

arian iseTi qveynebi, sadac erTdroulad ori dominanti eri

arsebobs (kanada, belgia da a. S.).

sxvaTa Soris, 2008 wlis agvistos ruseT-saqarTvelos

omis mizezebis Semswavleli saerTaSoriso komisia, romel-

sac taliavini xelmZRvanelobda, sakmaod vrclad Seexo qar-

Tuli nacionalizmis problemas da eTnikuri konfliqtebi

daukavSira zviad gamsaxurdias Tezas: `saqarTvelo qarTve-

lebisaTvis.~es Tema mogvianebiT, 2010 wlis noemberSi kvlav

gaxmovanda ruseTis prezidentis mier, romelmac samxreT

oseTisa da afxazeTis aRiareba Seafasa, rogorc qarTuli

agresiisagan dacvis erTaderTi saSualeba, im agresiisagan,

romelic moqmedebda lozungiT — `saqarTvelo qarTvelebi-

saTvis~.

sxvaTaSoris, evropaSi da amerkaSi bevri iviwyebs, rom

Tavis droze prezidentma monrom Tavis doqtrinaSi pirve-

lad gaaxmovana lozungi ~,amerika amerikelebisaTvis~.

amave konteqstSia saintereso Tavis droze saqarTve-

los xelisuflebis mier qveynis ganviTarebis strategiul

gezad — ara eTnikuri, aramed samoqalaqo identifikaciis

aRiareba. aseTi midgomiT qarTvelia saqarTvelos yvela mo-

qalaqe, miuxedavad misi eTnikuri warmomavlobisa.

samwuxarod, Tanamedrove saqarTvelos politikurma

cxovrebam ver moaxerxa sazogadoebisaTvis iseTi ideis Se-

Tavazeba, romelic moaxdenda mis konsolidacias. polito-

logi jambul naWyebia fiqrobs, rom aseTi idea unda yofili-

yo saxelmwifoebrivi damoukidebloba, romelsac 1991 wlis

342

31 marts saqarTvelos mosaxleobis absoluturma umravle-

sobam (98%) misca xma. Tumca, erovnuli erToba ver Sedga, an-

tierovnuli Zalebis moRalaturi moqmedebis gamo, ramac

qarTuli sazogadoebis dapirispirebul banakebad dayofa

gamoiwvia da pirveli prezidentis sicocxlec Seiwira. miu-

xedavad imisa, rom 2003-2004 wlebSi saqarTveloSi Seicvala

antierovnuli xelisufleba, erovnuli Tanxmoba kvlav mi-

uRweveli darCa. amdenad, `sazogadoebis konsolidacia ver

SeZlo verc zviad gamsaxurdias damoukideblobis ideam,

verc eduard SevardnaZis stabilurobisa da simSvidis pro-

eqtma da verc mixeil saakaSvilis modernizaciam, arada, sam

sruliad gansxvavebul proeqtTan da sam absoluturad sxva-

dasxva yaidis politikosTan gvaqvs saqme (jambul naWyebia).

cxadia, saqarTvelos sazogadoebis konsolidaciis

erT-erTi Semaferxebeli faqtori is iyo, rom vercerTi xe-

lisuflebis politikuri organizacia ver iqca organize-

bul, mdgrad Zalad. (`mrgvali magida~, `moqalaqeTa kavSi-

ri~). verc `nacionaluri moZraoba~ miuaxlovda myar mono-

liTurobas. istoriulad qarTvelTa dapirispireba borkav-

da saerTo erovnul da politikur mizans. miTumetes, calke-

uli politikuri liderebi cdilobdnen partia an moZraoba

moergoT TavianTi pirovnuli interesebisaTvis.

sainteresoa, rom nacionaluri moZraobis politikur-

ma klasma konsolidaciis miRwevis gzad antirusuli ganwyo-

bileba airCia, romelic ar iyo moklebuli praqtikul poli-

tikur gaTvlas. saqme imaSi iyo, rom gareSe mtris SiSi xeli-

suflebis konsolidaciis da sazogadoebis TviTSegnebis

ganmtkicebis erT-erT faqtorad iqna miCneuli, Tumca, Sin

da gareT mtris xatis Seqmna ar iyo sakmarisi qveynis ganviTa-

rebisa da erTianobisaTvis.

sazogadoebis erTma nawilma mixeil saakaSvilis `erov-

nul proeqts~ dauWira mxari da isurva yofiliyo dasavlu-

ri, liberaluri demokratiis principebze damyarebuli

erovnuli saxelmwifos moqalaqe. Tumca, gasakviri rCeboda,

Tu rogor apirebda nacionaluri moZraobis lideri da qvey-

nis prezidenti am miznis miRwevas, Sesabamisad, saakaSvilma

ver SeZlo qarTveli eris `momavali cxovrebis~ gegmis dasax-

va.

343

marTalia, saqarTvelom gadadga nabijebi demokratiu-

li, sabazro sistemaze dafuZnebuli, sazogadoebis Camoya-

libebisaken, magram misi ganxorcieleba qveynis damoukide-

beli cxovrebis praqtikaSi amerikuli proeqtiT gadawyda,

rac miuRebeli aRmoCnda sazogadoebis garkveuli nawili-

saTvis. e.w. qarTvelma liberal-demokratebma adreuli kapi-

talizmis matareblis bolo vagoni daikaves da swrafi popu-

listuri meTodebiT da xerxebiT cdilobdnen gzis gakvle-

vas da mxars uWerdnen umravlesobaze umciresobis batono-

bis cnobil ideologias.

nacionaluri moZraobis diqtatiT moqmedma sabazro

ekonomikam ver SeZlo saxelmwifoebrivi azrovnebis ganviTa-

reba, Sedegad miviReT niWieri da Tavisufali eris naxirad

gadaqcevis tendenciebi.

XXI saukunis dasawyisis saqarTvelo, politikuri rea-

lizmis globaluri TvalsazrisiT ver acda ruseTisa da ame-

rikis adgilisa da rolis gacnobierebis problemas. ameri-

kam, mdidarma, axalgarzda da Tavisufalma qveyanam, gadaw-

yivta ecxovra lozungiT, `amerika amerikelebisaTvis~.

jer kidev 1823 wlis dekemberSi prezidentma monrom,

kongresisadmi yovelwliur mimarTvaSi Camoayaliba aSS-is

sagareo politikis ori ZiriTadi principi:

1. aSS-is sagareo politikis damoukidebloba evropu-

li qveynebis poziciisagan;

2. aSS-is mxridan ukuzemoqmedeba, msoflioSi ZalTa ga-

danawilebis nebismier mcdelobaze.

faqtobrivad, es iyo imperiuli politika, romlis mar-

qsistuli gageba bevrisTvis misaRebi aRmoCnda. germanuli

warmoSobis amerikeli politologis hans morgenTaus az-

riT, saerTaSoriso arenaze arsebobda imperialisturi po-

litikis gatarebis mizezebi. pirvel rigSi es iyo, rodesac

saxelmwifo imyofeboda saomar mdgomareobaSi da gadioda

mis damasrulebel stadiaze, rogorc gamarjvebuli, xolo

misi sagareo politika mizanmimarTuli iqneboda omamdeli

saerTaSoriso urTierTobebis cvlilebisaken.

saerTod, imperiuli politikis transformaciis

TvalsaCino magaliTia, germaniis dapyrobiTi omebi 1935-1945

wlebSi, sabWoTa kavSiris mier warmoebuli omebi 1921-1990

344

wlebSi, amerikis mier ganxorcielebuli saxelmwifo gadat-

rialebebi, omebi da sxva sadamsjelo operaciebi 1950 wlidan

dRemde da a. S.

imperialisturi politikis gatarebis wyaroa `carie-

li politikuri sivrceebis arseboba~, rac SesaZleblobas

qmnis warmoiqmnas kolonialuri imperialilzmi. msoflio

icnobs magaliTebs, rodesac imperiuloba ar aris SezRudu-

li sivrceSi da misi damuxruWeba bevr SemTxvevaSi drois

faqtoria. amis magaliTad gamodgeboda makedonelis, Cingiz

xanis, napoleonis, hitleris da stalinis imperiebi. Tumca,

arsebobs SezRuduli anu CarCoSi moqceuli imperiuli xdo-

milebani, romelic kontinentalur xasiaTs iRebs, istoriis

calkeul monakveTebSi aseT imperiebs saTaveSi edgnen frid-

rix didi, petre didi, ekaterine meore, bismarki da a. S.

am konteqstSi ganixileba samxedro da ekonomikuri im-

periulobis gamovlinebebic, rodesac romelime didi impe-

ria kontrols axorcielebs mis mezobel Tu aramezobel sa-

elmwifoebze da am qveynebs ar SeuZliaT gaataron sakuTari

sagareo da saSinao politika, romelic mTlianad damoukide-

beli iqneba didi saxelmwifos poziciisagan. aqac SegveZlo

gamogveyo amerika da ruseTi da maTi e. w. sateliti qveynebi:

israeli, erayi, avRaneTi, somxeTi, belorusi, ukraina da sxv.

mkvlevarebi gamoyofen kulturul imperializmsac da

am mimarTulebiT asaxeleben nacistebis mier mexuTe kolo-

nis Seqmnas avstriaSi. qristianuli ruseTis imperiul kul-

turul politikas, rodesac marTlmadidebloba warmoad-

genda ruseTis sagareo politikis iaraRs.

imperiuli politikis TvalsaCino nimuSia ruseTis da-

mokidebuleba saqarTvelos mimarT, rodesac ruseTis isto-

riis yvela safexurze am mcire qveynis misamarTiT ganxorci-

elebuli saxelmwifoebrivi ideologia aseT saxes Rebulob-

da:

a) adamianebis uflebebis ignorireba;

b) omisa da dapyrobis gza;

g) avtoritaruli marTva.

sabWoTa kavSiris, kerZod, sabWoTa ruseTis daSlis

erT-erTi mizezi is iyo, rom sabWoTa sistema, msoflio bu-

nebrivi ganviTarebis gzis uaryofis Sedegad aRmocenda da

345

romelic safrTxes uqmnida mTel civilizacias. bismarki am-

bobda: `socializmi — kargi ideaa da misi mosinjva Rirs im

qveyanaSi, romelic araa Sesacodi, magaliTad — ruseTSi~.

swored am qveyanaSi SeiZleboda sabWoTa kavSiris sa-

xelmwifos meTaurs — stalins eTqva: `erTi adamianis sik-

vdili ubedurebaa, ramdenime adamianis sikvdili — trage-

dia, milionebis sikvdili — statistika~.

arc mefis ruseTs, arc sabWoTa ruseTs da arc Tanam-

drove ruseTs Zirfesvianad ar ainteresebda qarTuli poli-

tika. saqarTvelos mimarT Sesabamisad, arasworad igegmebo-

da politikuri procesebic.

marTalia, istoriulad saqarTvelos politikuri

klasi ruseTis mfarvelobas iTxovda, magram es ufro saxel-

mwifoebriobis dasacavad da erovnuli identurobis dakar-

gvis Tavidan asacileblad iyo gamiznuli. Tumca, ruseTis

cduneba yovelTvis iyo `mzis~ rolSi yofna, rom mis garSemo

mudmivad etrialaT patara planeta-saxelmwifoebs.

rusuli saxelmwifo ideologiis paradigmuloba cal-

ke samyaroa, gansakuTrebuli strategiiT — dasavleTTan aR-

mosavleTis winaaRmdeg da aRmosavleTTan dasavleTis wina-

aRmdeg, miTumetes mis sivrceSi sxvadasxva civilizaciuri

qristianuli, mahmadianuri da sxva kuTvnilebebia.

ruseTSi mudmivad fiqrobdnen, rom dasavluri Rire-

bulebebi safrTxis Semcvlelia rusuli erovnuli gansakuT-

rebulobisaTvis da is safrTxes uqmnis mis kulturul-sar-

wmunoebriv saxes.

ruseTis politikuri klasi yovelTvis cdilobda mo-

dernizeba-vesternizaciis procesi daekavSirebina avtori-

tarul mmarTvelobasTan da maTi sinTezis gziT moexdina

rusuli modelis warmoCena. SeemuSavebina RirebulebaTa

iseTi sistema (kultura, kanonebi da sxv.), romelic gaaZlie-

rebda mis identurobas da Sesabamisad gansazRvravda saku-

Tar politikur interesebsac.

Tumca, rusi erisaTvis umZimes dilemad darCa demog-

rafiuli problema, miTumetes, 2002 wlis ruseTis mosaxleo-

bis aRweram aCvena, rom am qveyanaSi exla mxolod 104 milioni

rusi cxovrobs. 7 milions miaRwia TaTrebis raodenobam, uk-

rainelia 5 milioni, ruseTSi cxovrobs 2,5 milioni somexi,

346

1,77 CuvaSi. yazaxis, uzbekis, Turqmenis, yirgizis, qarTveli-

sa da moldovelis raodenoba ki mTlianobaSi 3,5 milionia.

Tu 1985 wels ruseTSi cxovrobda 5 aTasi Cineli, 2004

wlisaTvis man 5 milions gadaaWarba. Tumca, gamoiTqmeba va-

raudi, rom 2015 wlisaTvis ruseTSi yoveli meoTxe Cineli iq-

neba.

ruseTis politikuri, samxedro da kulturuli eli-

tis nawili dabejiTebiT cdilobda emtkicebina, rom qarTve-

li eri da qarTuli nacionalizmi ruseTis politikur velze

Camoyalibda, Tanac erma ki ar Seqmna nacionalizmi, aramed

nacionalizmma Seqmna eri.

cxadia, qarTvelma erma urTulesi gza gaiara uZvelesi

droidan dRemde da es zigzagobrivi procesi ukritikod ar

aRqmula qarTul sociumSi, miTumetes, qarTuli istoriuli

sinamdvile Sors ar idga warmarTuli da Semdeg qristianuli

individualizmisagan da Tavisi istoria da kultura Seeqmna

Tumca, erTiani istoriis Zafi xSirad wydeboda da arc epo-

qaTa memkvidreobis xazi iyo erTiani. gamoCenili filosofo-

si da moazrovne sergi danelia SeniSnavda, rom qarTvelebi

metwilad istoriis obieqtebi iyvnen, xolo erTi sazoga-

do miznis armqone adamianebi arc dedamiwas ekuTvnodnen,

arc zecas da sadRac SuaSi ekidnen.

qarTuli politikuri klasisTvis ucxo ar yofila

`Tokis silisagan grexva~, simarTlis saxeliT bevri usamar-

Tlobac Caudenia da sibriyvec gamouCenia. miTumetes, ro-

gorc s. danelia SeniSnavs, `warmarTuli suli saqarTvelo-

Si yovelTvis Zlieri iyo da is arsebiTad iseTive darCa

qristes dabadebidan, oci saukunis Semdeg, rogorc qris-

tes dabadebamde oci saukuniT adre.~

SesaZloa es Sefaseba Zalian mkacria dRevandeli gada-

saxedidan, magram faqtia, rom qarTveli xalxis socialuri

ganviTarebis procesi Seaferxa sxvadasxva dampyrobelTa Se-

mosevebma da damoukideblobisaTvis mimdinare brZola am

procesis mudmivi wyveta iyo. mahmadianuri samyaros da ru-

seTis imperiis omebma erTi didi farTo xazis gareSe da-

tova saqarTvelos istoriuli procesi, Tu ar miviRebT

mxedvelobaSi daviT aRmaSeneblisa da Tamar mefis epo-

347

qebs, romlebsac qarTvel istorikosebTan saubarSi sta-

linma `absolutizmi erTi saaTiT~ uwoda.

marTalia, s. danelia ufro Sors midis kritikaSi da

gvarwmunebs, rom qarTvelebs nasesxebi aqvT sityva `sindi-

si~, sakuTari saqcielis avkargianobis Sinagani Sefasebisa da

zneobrivi pasuxismgeblobis grZnobis gamomxatveli termi-

ni, magram rogorc kulturis istoriis mkvlevari da publi-

cisti roland burWulaZe fiqrobs, sityva `sindisis~ msesxe-

bel qarTvelebs kargad aqvT gacnobierebuli zneobriobisa

da pasuxismgeblobis fenomeni da ar aviwydebaT, rom es Ri-

rebulebebi warmarTobis daSlis periodTan aris dakavSire-

buli. Tumca saqarTveloSi warmarTobis daSlis procesi in-

tensiuri ar iyo da qarTulma enam TviTonve ar Seqmna `sindi-

sis~ Sesatyvisis leqsikuri erTeuli. amitom viTarebaSi, ro-

desac es procesi Tavis droze CvenTan ar igrZnoboda, am

cnebis gamomxatavi berZnuli sityvis qarTulSi gaCena enob-

rivi kontaqtis Sedegi ufro iyo vidre socialuri proce-

sis. miTumetes, miuxedavad imisa, rom qarTvelebi mters

xmalCaugeblad ebrZodnen, ar gvaqvs erTi mizniT mebrZoli,

ramdenime meomris gamaerTianebeli niSnis aRmniSvneli saxe-

li: droSa, alami, bairaRi da sxv.

r. burWulaZis azriT, es asec unda yofiliyo, radga-

nac Tu warmarTuli tradiciebi mZlavrobda, ar iqneboda sa-

erTo mizani da saerTo miznis uqonlad arc erTianobis niSa-

ni da arc misi aRmniSvneli termini iqneboda saWiro.

Cvenma mezoblebma da sxva erebma unda icodnen, rom

qarTvelebi eklesia-monastrebs agebdnen bizantiaSi, ber-

Znul enaze qmnidnen filosofiur traqtatebs, miniaturis

ostatis saxels imkvidrebdnen iranSi, tols ar udebdnen

sparsel mgosnebs, qarTveli qalebi memkvidreebs uzrdidnen

imperatorebs da Sahebs. sefianTa iranis gvardia 10 aTasi

qarTvelisagan Sedgeboda, aTasobiT qarTveli iyo TurqeTis

ianiCarTa korpusSi, egviptis, siriis, erayis mameluqebis

razmebSi. qarTuli sisxlis matareblebi iyvnen Sah-abasi da

petre pirveli. ruseTis udidesi sabWoTa imperiis saTaveSi

ramdenime aTeuli weli idga qarTveli stalini. sxvadasxva

periodebSi sabWoeTis politikuri elitis umaRles safexu-

348

rebs ikavebdnen k. CxeiZe, k. wereTeli, l. beria, s. orjoniki-

Ze, e. SevardnaZe.

rogorc amboben, saqarTvelos agurebiT sxvisi saxel-

mwifoebi Sendeboda da sxvisi istoria iqmneboda. amdenad

qarTveli eri da qarTuli saxelmwifoebrioba saukuneebis

manZilze arsebobda da agrZelebda cxovrebas ruseTisagan

damoukideblad.

rac Seexeba ruseT-saqarTvelos Tanamedrove urTier-

Tobebs, Tu maT etapebad davyofT, aseT suraTs miviRebT:

pirveli — 1990-1993 ww., aRniSnul monakveTSi saqarTve-

lo gaxda damoukidebeli qveyana. daiSala sabWoTa kavSiri,

ganxorcielda ruseT-saqarTvelos omi, moxda saxelmwifo

gadatrialeba, damxobil iqna kanonieri xelisufleba. qvey-

nidan gandevnes xalxis mier arCeuli prezidenti zviad gam-

saxurdia. daiwyo e. SevardnaZis mravalstandartiani poli-

tikuri mmarTveloba, ris Sedegadac dairRva saqarTvelos

teritoriuli mTlianoba (afxazeTi da e.w. samxreT oseTi)

ucxo Zalis gamoyenebiT SevardnaZem SeinarCuna xelisufle-

ba. saqarTvelo gaerTianda yofili sabWoTa respublikebis

kavSirSi (dsT), mokles saqarTvelos kanonieri prezidenti z.

gamsaxurdia.

meore — 1994-2004 ww., es periodi xasiaTdeba or qveya-

nas Soris gardamavali safexurebiT. xdeba urTierTobebis

gaumjobeseba da gauaresebac. e. SevardnaZe agrZelebs mra-

valstandartian sagareo politikas. afxazeTis da e.w. sam-

xreT oseTis sakiTxi saerTaSoriso organizaciebis dainte-

resebis obieqti xdeba. qveyana efloba umZimes ekonomikur

da socialur krizisSi. batondeba korufciuli da klanuri

mmarTveloba. kremlis miTiTebiT xorcieldeba sakadro

cvlilebebi (Tavdacvis da uSiSroebis saministroebi da

sxv.). qveyanaSi mkvidrdeba yvela donis (adgilobirivi, sa-

parlamento, saprezidento) arCevnebis gayalbebis sistema.

faqtobrivad yalibdeba erTpartiuli mmarTveloba (moqa-

laqeTa kavSiri), SevardnaZis saqmianoba miuRebeli xdeba sa-

qarTvelos sazogadoebrivi speqtris didi umravlesobisaT-

vis da ruseTisa da dasavleTis saxelmwifoebisaTvis. mzad-

deba SevardnaZis xelisuflebis mSvidobiani Secvlis gegma

(ruseTi, aSS), xorcieldeba `vardebis revolucia.~

349

mesame — 2004 wlidan dRemde. xelisuflebis saTaveSi

modis revoluciuri triumvirati (m. saakaSvili, n. burjana-

Ze, z. Jvania), saprezidento arCevnebis Sedegad saqarTvelos

prezidenti xdeba mixeil saakaSvili. qveyanaSi iwyeba saxel-

mwifo administraciuli, samxedro, ekonomikuri, ganaTle-

bis, mecnierebisa da kulturis reformebi. marTvis sadave-

ebs eufleba nacionaluri moZraoba. ganxorcielebas iwyebs

axali sagareo-politikuri kursi — dasavluri orientacia.

rTuldeba ruseT-saqarTvelos urTierTobebi. ruseTi

axorcielebs samxedro intervencias saqarTvelos winaaR-

mdeg (2008 wlis agvisto), ris Sedegad diplomatiuri urTi-

erToba wydeba or qveyanas Soris. ruseTi aRiarebs afxaze-

Tis da e.w. samxreT oseTis damoukideblobas.

samwuxarod, ruseT-saqarTvelos urTierTobaSi mom-

xdaris gamosworeba advili ar aris. qarTvelebma da rusebma

erTmaneTs imdeni qva esroles, maTi SegrovebisaTvis dro

aris saWiro, Tumca unda viyoT momTmenebi, bolos da bolos,

maTi raodenoba usasrulo ar aris.

XX saukunis bolos da gansakuTrebiT XXI saukunis pir-

vel aTwleulSi politikuri romantizmiT gatacebuli sa-

qarTvelo ori didi qveynis — ruseTisa da amerikis sajil-

dao qva gaxda. erTsac da meoresac, Tavisi ekonomikuri da

politikuri interesebi aqvT qarTuli saxelmwifos mimarT.

saqarTvelos sazogadoebriv-politikuri azric Sesabamisad

orad aris gaxleCili.

aseT viTarebaSi sainteresod gveCveneba VI saukunis

cnobili kolxi oratoris aietis msjeloba qveynis politi-

kuri orientaciis Sesaxeb: `me visurvebdi, rom saqarTvelos

dabrunebodes Zveli Zliereba da ar dasWirvebodes ucxo

qveynebis daxmareba; da savsebiT damoukidebeli iyos mSvi-

dobisas da omianobis Jamsac... magram raxan droTa mdinare-

biT anda bedis trialiT, egeb orives gamoc, ise davuZlur-

diT, rom sxvebs unda davemorCiloT, me yvelaze gonivrulad

mimaCnia, imis nebas davyveT, vinc ufro zomieria da samar-

Tliani da vinc arasdros Ralatobs Tavisi mokavSireebis me-

gobrobas~.

350

qarTul politikas da diplomatias mouwevs angariSi

gauwios msgavs mosazrebebs da pragmatuli svlebi gaakeTos

politikuri Wadrakis dafaze.


1. stiven koeni, gardaqmna — es axlis saZieblad mogzauro-

baa, gazeTSi: komunisti, ivlisi, 1989.

2. z. bJezinski, didi cvlilebebi, JurnalSi: sazogadoeba

da politika, #1, Tbilisi, 1996.

3. h. morgenTau, qveynebis politika: brZola Zalauflebisa

da mSvidobisaTvis, Tbilisi, 1998.

4. z. bJezinski, strategiuli xedva: amerika da globaluri

Zlieriebis krizisi, aSS, 2012.

5. j. naWyebia, politikuri procesebi transformirebadi

sazogadoebis pirobebSi, sadoqtoro disertacia, Tbili-

si, 2012.

6. J. stiglici, globalizacia da misi Tanmdevi ukmayofi-

leba, Tbilisi, 2012.

7. i. kveselava, istoriis sazrisisaTvis, Jurn.: `saistorio

vertikalebi~, #24, 2012.

8. o. janeliZe, saqarTvelos istoria, XIX saukune, Tbilisi,

2005.

9. s. danelia, vaJa-fSavela da qarTveli eri, Tbilsi, 1998.

10. r. burWulaZe, keisars — keisrisa, Tbilisi, 1998.

351

Igor Kveselava

Head of Department, Business Engi-neering Faculty, Georgian Technical University, Full Professor

Georgia in Russian, European and American Political Dimension

Summary

Georgian social-political movement and public life is more or less

considered to Russian, European and American political dimension. Ac-cording to this the issue of Russian, European and American orientation is actively discussed here.

In Russia's foreign policy imperial ambitions towards Georgia were always parried, what was reflected in the Russia-Georgia wars and state cataclysms.

USA has always had clearly expressed strategy of mastering living recourses. There are several group in the world following this way: Western (American), Eurasian (Russian), Asian (China), Islamic (Muslim countries), European (European states).

In this context we have to consider Russia’s, Europe’s and Amer-ica’s attitude toward Georgia.

E. Shevardnadze and later M. Saakashvili could not manage to set up the aim for `the future life~ of Georgian people, as there were differences among Russian, European and American ways. Therefore in the 21st cen-tury Georgia could not avoid the problem of realizing Russian, European and American role and place.

Finally in the Shevardnadze’s and Saakashvili’s epochs Georgia, plunged into a political romance became the `Apple of Discord~ between two great states – Russia and America. Both of them have its own political and economical aims toward the Georgian state. According to this Georgian social-political opinion is divided in to two parts.

352

avTandil sonRulaSvili

istoriis mecnierebaTa doqtori, iva-

ne javaxiSvilis saxelobis Tbilisis

saxelmwifo universiteti, ivane java-

xiSvilis istoriisa da eTnologiis

intitutis axali da uaxlesi istori-

is ganyifilebis gamge

`civi omis~ anatomia

faSisturi reJimis damarcxebis Semdeg dRis wesrigSi

dadga axali evropis mSeneblobis sakiTxi, romlis mTavari

mimarTulebebi potsdamis konferenciis gadawyvetilebiT

iyo gansazRvruli. magram swored am konferenciis Semdeg

daiwyo procesi, romelmac evropa gavlenis or sferod gayo,

swored moxda is, ris winaaRmdegac ibrZoda ruzvelti [1,

285].

germaniis oTx nawilad dayofam daaCqara or sistemas

Soris dapirispirebis procesi. dasavleTis da aRmosavleTis

saokupacio administraciaTa urTierTobaSi uTanxmoebam Se-

iZleba iTqvas, rom momavali `civi omis~ uvertiurad gaiJRe-

ra da es iyo pirveli Sedegi omis dasrulebis dros uinston

CerCilis mier sinanuliT warmoTqmuli fraza, rom `Cven (e. i.

mokavSireebma — a. s.) evropis gulSi SevuSviT barbarosi~ [2,

121].

ruzveltis moulodneli sikvdili CerCilisaTvis nam-

dvili dartyma iyo. mas axali gamoucdeli prezidentis didi

imedi ar hqonda, rom is ruseTidan momdinare safrTxes adeq-

vaturad Seafasebda. 1945 wlis 12 maiss CerCilma trumens te-

legrama gaugzavna, romelSic Tavis cud winaTgrZnobas uzi-

arebda da rom `maT frontze rkinis farda ixureboda.~es iyo

am frazis gamoyenebis pirveli SemTxveva. meored CerCilma is

fultonSi 1946 wlis martSi gamosvlisas ixmara da yvelam ga-

moTqma `rkinis fardis~ Sesaxeb aqedan icis [3, 231].

dasavleTis politikuri guliveri — uinston CerCili

aSS-Si miiwvies. 1946 wlis ianvridan CerCili StatebSi isve-

nebda. trumenma yofili premieri mSobliur misuris Statis

qalaq fultonSi miipatiJa vestminsteris kolejSi leqciis

353

wasakiTxad. CerCils fultonSi sami leqciis wakiTxva sTxo-

ves. es leqciebi omis Semdgomi periodis erT-erTi yvelaze

sakamaTo da dauviwyari sityvebi gamodga, romelic SeiZleba,

mxolod 1947 wlis ivniss general marSalis mier harvardis

saaqto dReze warmoTqmul sityvas da Tavad CerCilis 1946

wlis Semodgomaze ciurixSi gamosvlas SevadaroT.

1946 wlis 5 martis CerCilis fultonis leqcia, Ziri-

Tadad, evropaSi baltiis Stetinidan adriatikis triestamde

daSvebul `rkinis fardas~ mieZRvna. CerCilis azriT, evropa-

Si mSvidobis da demokratiis SenarCuneba sam did Zalaufle-

baze veRar iqneboda damokidebuli. aRniSna, rom ruseTma

omiT kargad ixeira da Tavisi Zalis da doqtrinebis eqspansi-

as Zalian Cqarobs. omi aravis unda, magram ruseTis gasaCe-

reblad amerika da britaneTi ufro unda daaxlovdneno:

`Tu inglisurenovani xalxebis Tanamegobroba da Seer-

Tebuli Statebi gaerTiandebian da iTanamSromleben ro-

gorc mecnierebasa da industriaSi, ise moralis sferoSi, ma-

Sin msoflioSi saimedo balansi da usafrTxoebis sruli ga-

rantia damyardeba~ [4, 175].

CerCilis gamosvlas imave dReebSi mkacri kritika elo-

da. misuris auditoriam kargad miiRo, magram meore diliT

gamoqveynebul gazeTebze amas ver ityodi. `vol sTriT jer-

nali~ werda: `SeerTebul Statebs aliansi ar surs. saerTod,

aliansismagvaric araferi surs sxva romelime erTan~.

`Cikago sani~ acxadebda, rom CerCilis `daxuruli se-

riis sityvebis erTi kviriT adre SeTavazebul seriul gamo-

cemas auqmebda. londonis `Taimsic~, rogorc mosalodneli

iyo, civad gamoexmaura. gansakuTrebiT mtruli pozicia

`pravdam~ daikava. stalini `pravdaSi~ inrtervius iSviaTad

beWdavda, magram CerCilis inglisurenovani xalxebis gaer-

Tianebis araerTgzis moTxovnas swored `pravdaSi~ gamoqvey-

nebuli interviuTi upasuxa da naTlad gamoavlina, rapira-

sac da xelketsac erTdroulad da kargad rom xmarobda:

`batoni CerCili (hitleris ar iyos) rasobriv Teoria-

ze dafuZnebul axal oms iwyebs. acxadebs, TiTqos mxolod

inglisur enaze molaparake xalxebs aqvT wminda sisxli da

mxolod isini arian mowodebulni, msoflios bed-iRbali ga-

dawyviton. faqtobrivad, batoni CerCili da misi amerikeli

354

da ingliseli megobrebi im xalxebs, romlebic inglisurad

ar saubroben, ultimatums gviyeneben — an unda vaRiaroT ma-

Ti upiratesoba, an omi gardauvali iqneba~ [4, 176].

Sin dabrunebul CerCils Tavis gamosvlasTan dakavSi-

rebiT araerTgvarovani reaqcia daxvda. etlim ganacxada,

rom CerCili fultonSi parlamentis saxeliT ar saubrobda

da ar aris aucilebeli, misi piradi mosazreba moviwonoT an

ar moviwonoTo. leiboristuli partia, CerCilis konserva-

tiuli partiis araerTi wevrisagan gansxvavebiT amerikis vi-

zits dadebiTad afasebda; bevins sagareo politika swored

fultonis mimarTulebiT mihyavda. deputatebis erTma na-

wilma ki winadadeba Seitana, CerCilisaTvis undobloba gamo-

ecxadebina.

yvelaze saeWvoD da damafiqreblad prezidenti trumeni

iqceoda. TeTr saxlSi gamarTul preskonferenciaze prezi-

dentma ganacxada, rom warmodgena ar hqonda, CerCili ful-

tonSi ra Temaze apirebda saubars da rom leqciaze misi das-

wreba Tanamoazreobas sulac ar niSnavda. ufro metic, sa-

xelmwifo mdivnis moadgiles, aCesons aukrZala, erTi kviris

Tavze niu-iorkSi Casul CerCilTan SeerTebuli Statebis

mTavrobis saxeliT esaubra. saboloo jamSi, am ambebs CerCi-

lis da trumenis urTierTobaze ar umoqmedia. CerCilma

trumens, rogorc ruzveltis memkvidres, ufleba misca, ki-

borCxalas nabijebiT evlo didi miznisken [4, 177].

amdenad, 1946 wlis gazafxuli `civi omis~ dawyebis ni-

Sani gaxda. trumeni ki `TamaSs~ ganagrZobda. ufro metic,

ssrk-sa da amerikaSi agorebuli mZlavri antifultonuri Se-

motevebisagan Tavis dacvas Seecada gancxadebiT, rom TiT-

qos winaswar ar gascnobia CerCilis am sityvis teqsts da

mxolod eswreboda mis warmoTqmas. es sicrue iyo. yvelam,

vinc CerCilis gamosvlas eswreboda, dainaxa, mowonebis niS-

nad rogor ukravda taSs trumeni orators.

aseTsave farul taqtikas iyenebda prezidenti momdev-

no TveebSic, kerZod, sagareo saqmeTa moskovis TaTbirze da

parizSi germaniis mokavSire qveynebTan samSvidobo xelSek-

rulebebis dadebis dros. aSS iZulebuli iyo mxari daeWira

sabWoTa kavSiris im winadadebebisaTvis, romlebic Soreul

aRmosavleTsa da evropaSi Seqmnil mdgomareobas exeboda. es

355

moxda amerikeli jariskacebis masebis zegavleniT, romle-

bic aRSfoTebulni iyvnen omisSemdgomi demobilizaciis va-

debis gaWianurebiT. isini Sin dabrunebas moiTxovdnen.

im periodSi sabWoTa kavSiris avtoriteti mTel msof-

lioSi da, cxadia, amerikaSic umaRles doneze iyo. amis ugu-

lebelyofa ar SeiZleboda. amasTan, saWiro iyo ialtis kon-

ferenciis gadawyvetilebebis Sesrulebac, romelTac ruz-

velti awerda xels.

imave periodSi aSS-Si gamoCnda `civi omis~ pirveli niS-

nebi: pirveli publikaciebi prezidentisadmi mimarTuli say-

vedurebiT, rom TiTqos igi ganaxorcielebda sabWoTa kavSi-

ris waxalisebis politikas. rogorc irkveva, es iyo signale-

bi, miTiTebebi, romelsac medias awvdida SeiaraRebas gamo-

devnebuli msxvili kapitali — mxolod am gziT izrdeboda

misi kolosaluri mogeba, demilitarizacia ki did xarjeb-

Tan iyo dakavSirebuli.

Zalian Tu gavamartivebT situacias, SegviZlia vTqvaT,

rom aSS saqmian wreebSi am periodisaTvis Camoyalibda ori

ZiriTadi mimarTuleba: pirveli, sabWoTa kavSirTan mSvido-

biani savaWro-ekonomikuri; meore — mis mimarT konfronta-

ciuli mimdinareoba, romelic saomari dapirispirebisken ix-

reboda. gaimarjva meore tendenciam, nawilobriv imitom,

rom gaCnda atomuri SantaJis SesaZlebloba.

moskovisa da parizis SeTanxmebebis miRebisTanave

trumenis administracia maT sabotirebas Seudga; Semdeg am

pasiur taqtikazec uari Tqva da ssrk-s winaaRmdeg aSkara da-

pirispirebaze gadavida. aSS SeiaraRebuli Zalebis Semcire-

bis kvalze amerikis militarizacia ar Semcirebula, piri-

qiT, axal doneze gadavida, romelsac gansazRvravda sruli-

ad axali, srulyofili samxedro teqnikiT aRWurva amerikis

SeiaraRebuli Zalebis.

amasTan erTad, omis Semdgomi gaRatakebiT welSi gate-

xili bevri evropuli qveyana amerikuli nawarmis gavrcele-

bis SesaniSnav bazad iqca.

`covi omi~ aSS mmarTveli wreebisaTvis, uwinares yov-

lisa, momgebian RonisZiebad, sarfian saqmed, efeqtian bizne-

sad Camoyalibda. xolo iq, sadac laparakia materialur mo-

gebaze, plius sakuTari gavlenis gaZlierebaze, is Zalebi iy-

356

rian Tavs, romlebsac momgebian lukmas piridan ver gaagde-

bineb.

Secdoma iqneboda imis ugulebelyofac, rom rogorc

aSS-Si, aseve evropaSi, jer kidev oqtombris gadatrialebi-

dan da ruseTSi samoqalaqo omidan moyolebuli ideuri an-

tisabWoTa Zalebis sakmao raodenoba arsebobda, romlebic

dainteresebuli iyvnen sabWoebTan konfrontaciiT.

amrigad, CerCilis fultonSi warmoTqmuli sityvis

Semdeg politikur urTierTobaSi mtkiced damkvidrda cneba

`r k i n i s f a r d a .~ Tumca dResac bevri miiCnevs, rom es

`farda~ stalinma dauSva.

sapasuxod stalinma daamkvidra gamoTqma `o m i s

g a m C a R e b l e b i.~ marTlac, sakiTxi idga ara ubralod

socialisturi saxelmwifoebis kapitalisturisagan izola-

ciis Sesaxeb: daiwyo `civi omis~ xangrZlivi era, romelic

dro da dro xan `cxeli~ omis muqarad transformirdeboda,

xan lokalur SeiaraRebul konfliqtebad.

SeiZleba vivaraudoT, rom CerCilis agresiuli sityva

gamowveuli iyo piradi motiviTa da gancdiT. mis pativmoyva-

reobas udidesi dartyma miayena 1945 wels inglisSi gamar-

Tulma arCevnebma, romelSic man, rogorc premier-ministrma

marcxi ganicada. amasTan, britaneTis imperia rRvevis kri-

ziss ganicdida da TandaTan kargavada zesaxelmwifos sta-

tuss. savaraudoa, rom yovelive amaSi igi `moskovis xels~ xe-

davda da Tavis mrisxanebas swored sabWoTa kavSiris winaaR-

mdeg warmarTavda.

sinamdvileSi ki mimdinareobda Zveli kulturisa da

istoriis mqone xalxebis mier damoukideblobisa da saxel-

mwifoebriobis mopovebis obieqturi procesi, romelic de-

kolonizaciis istoriuli etapis saxeliT aris cnobili.

CerCili am process, cxadia ver SeaCerebda, amitom sab-

WoTa kavSirTan misi ukiduresi dapirispireba ufro gulis

mofxanas hgavda. Tumca arc is unda gamovricxoT, rom msof-

lio politikis pirvel planze yofnas SeCveuli didi brita-

neTis yofili premier-ministri kvlav cdilobda imave msof-

lios yuradRebis centrSi dabrunebas [5].

amdenad, fultonSi warmoTqmuli sityvis Semdeg ka-

cobriobis istoriaSi dadga epoqa, — omi omis gareSe, romel-

357

sac `civi omi~ ewoda. terminis arsi sityvasityviT mdgomare-

obda sabWoTa kavSirisadmi mtruli politikis warmoaebaSi.

aRniSnuli termini pirvelad ixmara publicistma, pulitce-

ris premiis samgzis laureatma h e r b e r t s v o u p m a,

romelic zogjer werda warmosaTqmel sityvas moxucebuli

saxelmwifo moRvawis b e r n a r d b a r u x i s a T v i s. 1946

wels, im dros, rodesac CerCili saubrobda `rkinis fardis~

Sesaxeb, svoupma baruxis sityvis proeqtis Sedgenis dros,

romelic exeboda amerika-sabWoTa kavSiris urTierTobas,

gamoiyena termini `civi omi~ (cota xnis win damTavrebuli

`cxeli omis~ sapirispirod). baruxma CaTvala, rom termini

metismetad Zlieri iyo da erTi wlis Semdeg kvlav gamoiyena

samxreT karolinis StatSi — kolumbiaSi gamosvlis dros:

`Tavs nu movityuebT, Cven axla vimyofebiT gaxurebuli `ci-

vi omis~ periodSi.~es iTqva `trumenis doqtrinis~ ZalaSi

Sesvlis zustad erTi Tvis Semdeg — 1947 wlis 13 aprils.

sityva aitaca da misi popularizacia moaxdina ameri-

kuli Jurnalistikis veteranma u. l i p m a n m a statiebis se-

riaSi, romelic `vaSington postSi~ qveyndeboda. Jurnalis-

tma aRniSnuli statiebi imave 1947 wels calke wignad gamoaq-

veyna saTauriT `civi omi: aSS sagareo politikis analizi~ [6,

91].

cnobili amerikeli diplomati C a r l z b o l e n i `ci-

vi omis~ warmoSobasTan dakavSirebiT Tanamemamuleebs Seax-

senebs: `savsebiT bunebrivia vipovoT momenti, rodesac axa-

li era daiwyo. `civi omisaTvis~ aseTi zusti momenti ar ar-

sebobs... amerikuli TvalTaxedviT `trumenis doqtrinisa~

da `marSalis gegmis~ droidan Cvenma kamaTma sabWoTa kavSir-

Tan `civi omis~ forma miiRo. ra aris `civi omis~ mizezi? —

svams kiTxvas diplomati da iqve aRniSnavs — Cemi pasuxi ubra-

loa: `civi omi~ daiwyo 1917 wels ruseTis social-demokra-

tiuli partiis bolSevikuri frTis mier xelisuflebis dap-

yrobis Semdeg... `civi omi~ mimarTuli iqna amerikis winaaR-

mdeg, romelic ganixileba, rogorc omis Semdgomi periodis

msoflio antikomunisturi centri. me mikvirs da seriozu-

lad var SeSfoTebuli rigi istorikosebis mzadyofniT, da-

Tanxmdnen, rom `civi omi~ sinamdvileSi daiwyo Statebma. ar

358

arsebobs sxva ufro meti istoriuli siyalbe, romelsac Se-

uZlia moitanos katastrofuli Sedegebi~ [6, 103].

`civi omis~ sawyis etapzeve aSS-Si daiwyo masobrivi an-

tisabWoTa propaganda. amerikaze sabWoTa kavSiris Tavdas-

xmis molodinma mosaxleobaSi panikuri SiSis saxe miiRo. da

ara marto farTo sazogadoebaSi. SiSis sindromi, aseve gav-

rcelda saxelisuflo eSelonebSi. generlebi bWobdnen

mtris Sesaxeb, romelic ukve aSS teritoriaze iyo Semosuli,

rac WeSmaritebad miiCnia Tavdacvis ministrma jon fores-

tolmac.

dainaxes: gaSeSebuli TvalebiT, rogor mirboda quCaSi

yviriliT: `rusebi modian! rusebi modian! isini aq arian! me

davinaxe rusi jariskacebi! 1949 wlis martSi man ministris

posti dauTmo luis jonsons, TviTon ki vaSingtonis betes-

das samxedro hospitalSi moaTavses. maisis erT dilas fo-

restoli iwerda sofokles strofebs aiaqsis Sesaxeb. yvela

omSi! dado kalami. saavadmyofos xalaTis qamris bolo, gaT-

bobis radiators miaba, xolo meore bolo yelze Semoixvia.

gaaRo fanjara da gadaxta. meTeqvsmete sarTulidan gadmom-

xtari `ministri~ qamarma mxolod wamierad `daiWira~ [6, 106].

`civi omis~ sawyis etapze evropis nevroligiur cen-

trad berlini iqca. mokavSireebi, romlebic erTad zeimob-

dnen sabWoTa jaris mier berlinis aRebas, axla ukve erTma-

neTs edavebodnen imave qalaqs [7, 39].

1948 wlis 11 ivniss aSS kongresma miiRo `civi omis~ po-

litikis erT-erTi mTavari wamomwyebis a. vinderbergis re-

zolucia, romliTac mSvidobian periodSi prezidents uf-

leba eZleoda evropis kapitalistur qveynebTan samxedro

kavSiri daedo.

aSS-sa da dasavleT evropis saxelmwifoebSi garkveul-

ma Zalebma gadawyvites daxuruli samxedro blokis — natos

Seqmna, romelic upirveles yovlisa sabWoTa kavSirisa da

sxva socialisturi qveynebis winaaRmdeg iyo mimarTuli. ag-

resiuli Crdilo-atlantikuri aliansis daarsebas win us-

wrebda dasavleTis xmauriani propagandistuli kampania `ko-

munisturi agresiisa da natos `TavdacviTi xasiaTis Sesaxeb~

[7, 25]. amitom `civi omis~ mTel periodSi ssrk-is erT-erTi

359

strategiuli amocana mowinaaRmdegeTa rigebSi, upirveles

yovlisa natoSi, ganxeTqilebis Setana iyo [7, 103].

saxelmwifoTa kavSiris dros Zlieri wevri, rogorc

wesi, bevrs ìmkis.~Tumca zogjer susti mokavSire (patara

qveyana) garkveuli mizezebis gamo (resursebi, strategiuli

mdebareoba da sxv.) SeiZleba masze Zlieri mokavSirisaTvis

Zalze Rirebuli iyos. amgvari kavSiris magaliTad h. morgen-

Taus miaCnia aSS-sa da islandiis metad mWidro urTierTobe-

bi `civi omis~ periodSi, rodesac islandia amerikis strate-

giuli aviaciisaTvis metad mniSvnelovan àerodromad~ (kef-

lavikis baza) iqca [8, 141-142]. aseve, patara qveyanas SeuZlia

Zlieri mokavSire konfrontaciasa da konfliqtSi CaiTrios.

swored `civi omis~ periodSi amgvari tendencia SeiniSnebo-

da, rogorc aSS-is, ise ssrk-is banakSic. kubis ùrCobam~ ssrk

da aSS kidev ufro daapirispira [8, 146].

`civma omma~ dagvanaxa, rom bipolarul saerTaSoriso

sistemas ufro myari da xangrZlivi kavSirebi axasiaTebs,

multipolarulTan SedarebiT, rom orive dapirispirebuli

bloki asimetriul, homogenur kavSirs warmoadgenda, mom-

cro qveynebi TavianTi blokis liderze Zlier iyvnen daqvem-

debarebulni, an mis uzarmazar dawolas ganicdidnen. `civi

omis~ epoqaSi erTi blokidan meoreSi `gadasvla~ Zalian iSvi-

aTi iyo, samxedro kavSirebi sakmaod myari aRmoCnda [8, 147]...

`civi omis~ erT-erT yvelaze kritikul Jams 1955 wels

Suagul evropaSi mdebare uaRresad mniSvnelovan geostra-

tegiul `derefanSi~ moqceulma avstriam orive dapirispire-

buli banakis mcdelobiT neitraluri statusi moipova da

amiT evropisa da msoflios usafrTxoebisaTvis Zalze mniS-

vnelovani nabiji gadadga [8, 174].

saerTod, `civi omis~ periodSi evropis neitraluri

saxelmwifoebi (Sveicaria, avstria, SvedeTi, fineTi) warmo-

adgendnen buferebs varSavis paqtsa da Crdilo atlantikur

bloks Soris [9, 87]. Tumca unda aRiniSnos, rom buferis efeq-

ti sakmaod susti iyo, vinaidan `civ omSi~ dapirispirebuli

supersaxelmwifoebi mainc axerxebdnen erTmaneTTan Sexebas

evropis teritoriaze, kerZod, orad gayofil germaniaSi [9,

95].

360

stalinis gardacvalebis Semdeg Seiqmna iseTi STabeW-

dileba, rom SeiZleboda or sistemas Soris garkveuli kom-

promisisTvis mieRwiaT. kerZod, imediT Sehyurebda msoflio

1955 wlis ivlisSi aSS-s, didi britaneTis, safrangeTisa da

sabWoTa kavSiris meTaurTa Sexvedras. aq mTavar sakiTxad e.

w. `civi omis~ dasrulebis SesaZlebloba unda ganexilaT [10,

73]. Sexvedras eswrebodnen amerikis 34-e prezidenti duait

eizenhaueri, ssrk-s umaRlesi sabWos Tavmjdomare nikolai

bulganini, edgar fori — safrangeTis premieri da enToni

ideni, didi britaneTis premier ministri [10, 92]. Tumca am

Sexvedras Sedegi ar mohyolia.

`civi omis~ periodSi gansakuTrebiT gamoikveTa asi-

metriuli kavSirebis Taviseburebebi. orive superZala (aSS

da ssrk) miuxedavad imisa, rom TavisTavad msoflios uZlie-

res qveynebs warmoadgendnen da, faqtobrivad samxedro dax-

marebas ar saWiroebdnen, mainc dReniadag mokavSireTa Zieba-

Si iyvnen. amis mizezi gavlenis sferoebis gafarToeba da ide-

ologiuri interesebi iyo. `civma omma~ gviCvena, rom mokavSi-

ris yolas birTvul epoqaSic ki, gansakuTrebuli mniSvnelo-

ba unda mieniWos [8, 145].

`civi omis~ procesSi teritoriis dacva samxedro kav-

Sirebis erT-erTi ZiriTadi mizani iyo. am sababiTa da gav-

rcelebuli praqtikis Sesabamisad xdeboda jarebis ganlage-

ba mokavSire qveynis miwaze. ukanasknel wlebSi ki ucxoeTSi

mudmivad ganlagebuli jaris raodenoba mniSvnelovnad Sem-

cirda. magaliTisaTvis gauqmda aSS-is samxedro bazebi fili-

pinebze, xolo germaniasa da did britaneTSi isini sagrZnob-

lad Semcirda. gauqmda ucxoeTSi ganlagebuli ramdenime

rusuli samxedro bazac, xolo rac darCa, maTi piradi Semad-

genloba da SeiaraReba sagrZnoblad aris `SeTxelebuli~ [8,

156].

cnobili amerikeli politologis, harvardis univer-

sitetis profesoris, amave universitetTan arsebuli stra-

tegiul gamokvlevaTa centris direqtoris s e m u e l

h a n T i n g t o n i s SefasebiT `civi omis~ damTavrebasTan

erTad dasrulda saerTaSoriso politikis ganviTarebis da-

savluri faza. win wamoiwia urTierTobam dasavlur da ara-

dasavlur civlizaciis qveynebSi da erebi ukve aRar gamodi-

361

an istoriis obieqtTa — dasavleTis koloniuri politikis

samizneTa — rolSi, aramed, dasavleTis msgavsad, TviTon

qmnian da warmarTaven TavianT istorias~ [11, 146].

`civi omis~ dasasruli liberaluri demokratiis tri-

umfad ganixileba. Tumca es `triumfi~ seriozul debatebs

iwvevs. ase magaliTad, Tu liberaluri demokratiis sayo-

velTao gamarjveba sagareo safrTxis wyaroebs mospobs, aman

SeiZleba Zalze negatiuri gavlena iqonios qveynebisa da ere-

bis Sida SekavSirebulobaze da saxelmwifo daasustos [8,

154].

zogierTi Teoriis safuZvelze SeiZleba aixsnas ag-

reTve samxedro aliansebis arsebobis fenomeni gansakuTre-

biT maSin, rodesac kavSirs raime safrTxe ar emuqreba (mag.,

`civi omis~ Semdgomi nato). swored, Tavis gadarCenis Zlier-

ma organizaciulma `instiqtma~ Seasrula gadamwyveti roli

`civi omis~ Semdgom natos arsebobaSi [8, 155].

dRes bevrs daoben imaze, Tu rodis dasrulda `civi

omi.~erTi nawili miiCnevs, rom igi damTavrda maltaSi, 1989

wlis bolos gorbaCovisa da buSis Sexvedrisas. meoreni

Tvlian, rom es epoqa germaniis gaerTianebisa da aRmosavleT

evropidan sabWoTa jaris gayvanam daasrula. didi nawilis

azriT ki sabWoTa kavSiris daSlam dausva wertili `civ

oms~... [7, 212].

da bolos, vin darCa gamarjvebuli? istorikosTa `di-

agnoziT~ `civi omis~ dros, `radgan pirdapiri SeiaraRebuli

konfliqti ar yofila demokratiul da komunistur qveynebs

Soris, aramed ibrZodnen maTi warmomadgenlebi sxvadasxva

qveynebSi, gaimarjves umTavresad amerikelebma da waages,

rusebma~ [12, 211].

362


1. n. nanitaSvili, amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis 100 wlis

istoria — XX saukune, Tbilisi, 2002.

2. m. kalandaZe, germaniis istoria, kultura, geografia,

Tbilisi, 2002.

3. e. meZmariaSvili, evropis qveynebisa da amerikis SeerTe-

buli Statebis istoria, Tbilisi, 2008.

4. roi jenkinsi, CerCili, wigni meore, inglisuridan Tar-

gmna da komentarebi daurTo T. WilaZem, Tbilisi, 2011.

5. gazeTi `saqarTvelo da msoflio~, 2012, #36.

6. Н. Н. Яковлев, Силуеты Вашингтона, Москва, 1983. 7. z. abaSiZe, civi omi warsuli Tu dRevandeloba? Tbilisi,

2009.

8. a. rondeli, patara qveyana saerTaSoriso sistemaSi, Tbi-

lisi, 2003.

9. T. TurmaniZe, buferuli saxelmwifoebi, Tbilisi, 2011.

10. ruben pelaio, gabriel garsia markesi, Tbilisi, 2011.

11. kulturologia, Tbilisi, 2003.

12. patrik iurJedniki, evropeana meoce saukunis mokle is-

toria, Cexuridan Targmna g. leJavam, Tbilisi, 2009.

Avtandil Songulashvili

Doctor of History, Ivane Javakishvili Tbilisi state university, Ivane Javakishvili Institute of History and ethnology, The Head of the Department of the New and modern History

Anatomy of the `Cold War~

Summary

Division of Germany into four parts hastened the process of con-

frontation between the two systems. It was an overture of the future `The Cold War.~On March 5, 1946, in Fulton, Churchill used the term `Iron Curtain.~ In response, Stalin established pronunciation `Instigator of War~.

363

At first, term `The Cold War~ was used by American publicist Her-bert Swope. Its using was contributed by the statesman Bernard Baruch and its popularization was made by American journalist U. Lipman. Ameri-can diplomat Charles Bohlen considers revolution of October by the Bol-sheviks as the reason of `The Cold War~.

The end of `The Cold War~ is considered as the triumph of liberal democracy. But, this `triumph~ causes a serious debate. Also, there are various opinions about the date of The Cold War's end.

364

gia gelaSvili

istoriis doqtori, ivane javaxiS-

vilis saxelobis Tbilisis saxel-

mwifo universitetis istoriisa

da eTnologiis institutis uf-

rosi mecnier-TanamSromeli

ramdenime dokumenti britaneTis

nacionaluri arqividan

britaneTi nacionalur arqivSi muSaobisas Cven vnaxeT

uamravi masala, romlebic Seexeboda saqarTvelos istoriis

axal periods; kerZod, 1918-1921 wlebs. maTgan gadaviReT zo-

gierTis asli. amJamad vaqveynebT saqarTveloSi didi brita-

neTis mTavari rwmunebulis polkovnik stouksis 5 werils,

gagzavnils sagareo saqmeTa ministr kurzonisadmi (erTi) da

sagareo saqmeTa saministrosadmi (oTxi). agreTve h.rumbol-

dis 2 werils da makdonelis erT Canawers.

werilebi gagzavnilia 1921 wlis ianvar-TebervalSi.

isini Zalze sayuradRebo informacias Seicaven saqarTvelo-

Si Seqmnili viTarebis Sesaxeb. maTSi ukve Cans is safrTxe,

romelic emuqreboda saqarTvelos bolSevikuri ruseTis-

gan, romlis Tavidan acilebasac cdilobda saqarTvelos

mTavroba didi britaneTis daxmarebiT; Tumca amas faqtiu-

rad imedis gacrueba mohyva.

werilebi iZleva saSualebas dazustdes zogierTi

movlenis TariRic.

365

Fo.371/6268 #1 58

[This Document is the Property of His Britannic Majesty's Government.] -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

No. 8.—ARCHIVES.

EASTERN (Caucasus). [January 25.] CONFIDENTIAL Section 3. [E 1177/55/58 No. 1. Colonel Stokes to Earl Curzon – (Received January 25.) (No. 21.) (Telegraphic.) Tiflis (via Constantinople), January 20, 1921. REFERENCE my telegram No. 19 of 20th January. Military requirements of Georgian Government are as follows: --

Complete uniform and equipment for 75.000 men; 75.000 rifles with

spare parts, short British rifle if possible; small-arm ammunition, 150.000.000 rounds; Lewis guns, 350; either 200 {three groups undecyper-able}s or 120 Maxim guns; machine-gun ammunition, 8.000.000 rounds; mountain guns, 40; shells, 200.000; 3-inch field guns, 20; shells, 100.000; 4.8-inch howitzers, 18; shells, 90.000; 6-inch howitzers, 18; shells, 54.000; harness for teams, spare parts, pack equipment for mountain guns, limbers, 2 per gun or howitzer; shells in proportion of 2 shrapnel to 1 high explosive.

Length of sole of boots should be for 60 per cent., 30 centimetres; for 20 per cent., 29 centimetres; for 20 per cent., 28 centimetres; equipment should be for 60 per cent., medium size; for 20 per cent., large size; and for 20 per cent., small size.

Georgian Government urgently desire to obtain third of above im-mediately, remainder to be kept at Constantinople, ready to be sent when required. Georgian Government is convinced of its power, and they think that I agree. I am convinced that Georgian nation will fight for its independ-ence, and submit that our own interests demand that we should assist it so far as we can.

366

Georgia has large reserve of trained soldiers, and national and anti-Bolshevik feeling is strong. If assistance asked for is forthcoming, moral effect and encouragement will be great.

(Sent to India and Constantinople, No. 20.) --------------------------------------------

[es dokumenti warmoadgens misi britaneli udidebu-

lesobis mTavrobis sakuTrebas]

aRmosavleTi (kavkasia)

konfidencialurad

polkovniki stouksi graf kerzons — (miRebulia 25

ianvars)

(#.21) telegramiT tfilisi (konstantinopolis gav-

liT),1921 w. 20 ianvari

veyrdnobi 20 ianvris #19 Cems telegramas.

saqarTvelos mTavrobis moTxovna samxedro saWiroe-

bebze Semdegia:

sruli uniforma da aRWurviloba 75.000 kacisTvis;

75.000 SaSxana saTadarigo nawilebiT; Tu SesaZlebelia, bri-

tanuli mokle SaSxana. [sasroli iaraRis] 150.000.000 cali

sabrZolo vazna. liuisis 350 qvemexi. 200 (sami jgufi ar iSif-

reba) an 120 `maqsimi~; tyviamfrqvevebis sabrZolo 8.000.000

cali vazna. samTo qvemexi 40; Wurvi 200.000. samdiuimiani save-

le qvemexi — 20; Wurvi 100.000. 4,8 diuimiani haubica 18; Wurvi

90.000; 6 diuimiani haubica—18; Wurvi 54.000. akazmuloba eki-

paJisTvis saTadarigo nawilebiT, zurgCanTa (fuTa) samTo

qvemexis aRWurvilobiT; 2 cali qvemexis an haubicis winare-

bi. Wurvebi Semdegi proporciiT — 2 Srapneli Zlieri feTqe-

bis.

yeliani fexsacmlis Ziris sigrZe unda iyos — 60%-mde

30 santimetri; 20% — 29 santimetri. akazmuloba (formebi)

unda iyos 60% saSualo zomis 20% — didi zomis da 20% — pa-

tara zomis.

saqarTvelos mTavroba dabejiTebiT moiTxovs,zemoCa-

moTvlilis mesamedis saswrafod miRebas, danarCenis kon-

stantinopolSi datovebas, romelsac saWiroebisamebr gag-

zavnian. qarTuli mTavroba darwmunebulia Tavis ZalaSi da

367

fiqroben, rom mec veTanxmebi. me mjera, rom qarTvelin xalxi

ibrZolebs Tavisi damoukideblobisTvis da vadastureb, rom

Cvens interesebSia, ramdenadac SevZlebT, davexmaroT maT.

saqarTvelos hyavs gawvrTnili jariskacebis didi re-

zervi da Zlieria rogorc erovnuli, ise antibolSevikuri

ganwyoba. Tu ganxorcielda naTxovni daxmareba, didi iqneba

moraluri efeqti da gamxnevebis Zala.

(gaigzavna indoeTsa da konstantinopolSi, # 20).

--------------------------------------------------------------------------

# 2

CAUCASUS FO.371/6268 62-63 ---------------------- POLITICAL ---------------

Decypher. Colonel Stokes (Tiflis, via Constantinople). 20th January 1921. R. 2.0 p.m. 26th January 1921.

# 20. ------------------------------ URGENT.

Reference my telegram No. 19 of January 20th. Following are indications which support the view that immediate at-

tack by Bolsheviks is improbable. I have to-day received report of (?discus-sion) at Moscow early in January regarding advisability of attacking Geor-gia. Dzerdzinsky and Bukharin demanded immediate attack on the ground that fall of Georgia would complete politically and strategically the Bol-shevik position in Caucasus, strengthen yhe position in the East, deprive the Entente of base for anti-Bolshevik intrigues, kill the hopes of Trans-Caucasian Mahommedans of gaining independence and deprive Kemalists of possible ally in case of Bolshevik-Kemalist rupture. Lenin opposed the attack on the ground that peace is essential at present, Bolshevik task in the East is tremendous but possibility of (?staunch support) small, attack now would mix up their cards in Europe, spoil negotiations which would alienate sympathisers in Europe, might adversely affect negotiations in (? London. 1 group undecypherable) at moment when Entante is trying to get closer rela-tions with latter. He said that either Bolshevism must start in Georgia her-self or an opportune moment must be awaited. Trotsky and Starin supported Lenin and majority voted against attack.

368

According to agent's reports 4th, 6th, and 8th armies were being moved to Kuban and Stavropol districts. Leading units arrived but about January 6th were hurriedly recalled to north of Rostov. Reason for recall is believed to be trouble in Ukraine and (1 group undecypherable) led by Makhno.

Ninth and tenth armies in all 30.000 are stated to be fully occupated with risings in North Caucasus. Insurgents under Said Shamil recently took Temir Kahn Shura but had to withdraw.

Eleventh army is scattered in Azerbaijan and Armenia part being engaged against Persian incursion into Lenkoran district. Document ob-tained secretly shows that Gekker, Commander of eleventh army (2 groups undecypherable) answered that he reyuired 25.000 bayonets and 3.000 Cos-sacks for an attack on Georgia but could provide only a yuarter of these numbers from his command.

Pogroms against Jews are reported in several parts of Russia. Geor-gian representative at Moscow states that risings have occured but so far are not serious.

Ali Fuad Pasha, Nationalist envoy to Moscow at head of important delegation from Angora is at Tiflis on the way to Moscow. Relations be-tween Georgia and Nationalists appear to be most friendly. In first sentence of my telegram No.587 of December 27th for ~Tiflis~ please read ~Angora.~

Addressed to Foreign Office No. 20. Repeated to Constantinople No.18. Commander-in-Chief Afloat.

----------------------------------------- kavkasia FO.371/6268 62-63 politikuri

gaSifruli. polkovniki stouksi (tfilisi, konstantinopo-

lis gavliT)

20 ianvari 1921.

miRebuli 2 p.m. 26 ianvari 1921.

# 20.

-----------------------------------------------

saswrafo.

Cemi 20 ianvris # 19 telegramis damatebad.

Semdgomi migvaniSnebs da amagrebs azrs, rom bolSevi-

kebis uecari Seteva daujerebelia. dRes me miviRe diskusiis

369

angariSi, romelic Sedga moskovSi adre ianvarSi, rac exebo-

da saqarTveloze Tavdasxmis mizanSewonilobas. ZerJinski da

buxarini moiTxovdnen saswrafo Setevas, im azriT, rom sa-

qarTvelos dacema sabolood gaamyarebda politikurad da

strategiulad bolSevikebis pozicias kavkasiaSi, gaaZlie-

rebda poziciebs aRmosavleTSi, mouSlida antantas anti-

bolSevikuri intrigebis bazas, amierkavkasiel mahmadianebs

Cauklavda damoukideblobis mopovebis imeds da xels SeuS-

lida qemalistebis separatistul SesaZlo kavSirebs bolSe-

vikur-qemalisturi urTierTobis dasarRvevad. lenini See-

winaaRmdega Tavdasxmis survils im motiviT, rom mSvidoba

aucilebelia amJamad.; rom bolSevikebis movaleoba aRmosav-

leTSi Zalze didia, magram SesaZlebloba (mtkice mxardaWe-

ris) mcire; rom Seteva axla aurevs maT kartebs evropaSi, wa-

axdens molaparakebebs, riTic dakargavs momxreebs evropaSi;

aman SesaZloa mtrulad imoqmedos molaparakebebze, maSin

roca antanta cdilobs ufro dauaxlovdes am ukanasknels.

man Tqva, rom bolSevizmi an TviT amoqmeddeba saqarTveloSi,

an unda daucados Sesaferis (droul) moments. trockim da

stalinma mxari dauWires lenins da umravlesobam Setevis sa-

winaaRmdegod misca xma.

agentis cnobiT me-4, me-6 da me-8 armiebi daiZrnen yuba-

nisa da stavropolisken. mowinave nawilebi Cavidnen, magram

daaxloebiT 6 ianvars saswrafod gaiwvies CrdiloeTiT ros-

tovisken. safiqrebelia, rom gawvevis mizezi iyo safrTxe

(areuloba) ukrainaSi, Seqmnili maxnos mier.

me-9 da me-10 armiebi (sul 30.000 kaci) Seqmnilia mxo-

lod meamboxeTa winaaRmdeg Crdilo kavkasiaSi. meamboxeebma

said Samilis meTaurobiT axlaxans daikaves Temir xan Sura,

magram iZulebiT ukan daixies.

me-11 armia gafantulia azerbaijansa da somxeTSi, ra-

Ta erTi mxriv ezrunaT lenqoranis mxareSi sparselTa SeW-

ris winaaRmdeg. dokumentSi warmodgenilia saidumlo Cvene-

ba, romelSic me-11 armiis sardali hekeri pasuxobs, rom mas

sWirdeboda 25.000 xiSti da 3.000 kazaki saqarTveloze Sete-

visTvis, magram SeuZlia mxolod am raodenobis meoTxedis

uzrunvelyofa Tavisi nawilebidan.

370

ruseTis sxvadasxva mxareebidan ityobinebian ebraelTa

darbevebis Sesaxeb. qarTveli warmomadgeneli moskovSi adas-

turebs, rom moxda es amboxebebi, magram ar Tvlis seriozulad.

ali fuad faSa, nacionalistTa elCi moskovSi, angoris

mniSvnelovani delegaciis meTauri, imyofeba tfilisSi gzad

moskovisken. urTierToba saqarTvelosa da nacionalistebs

Soris sakmaod megobruli Cans.

27 dekembris #587 Cems telegramaSi `tfilisis~ magier

waikiTxeT `angora~(?).

gagzavnilia sagareo saqmeTa saministroSi # 20; ganme-

orebiT konstantinopolSi (# 18) sazRvao mTavarsardals.

# 3

CAUCASUS FO.371/6268 78-79 POLITICAL Decypher. Colonel Stokes. (Tiflis via Constantinople). January 27th, 1921 D. (Constantinople) 12.15. p.m. February 6th, 1921. R. 12.15. p.m. February 7th, 1921. No. 24. -------------------------------------- Reference my telegram No. 19 of January 20th.

Chief points in Georgian reply to Bolshevik note are: - 1. Consent to release of all non-Georgian agitators provided that

they leave Georgia immediately but refusal to acknowledge legal existence of Communist party which seeks to destroy independence of Georgia.

3. Refusal to discuss demand for dismissal of Georgian commission at Batoum and denial of right of local sailors' union there to hoist Red flag.

4. Refusal to pay compensation for steamship ~Principe~ which es-caped from Poti.

5. Consent to allow supply trains to run from Azerbaijan to Armenia to prevent Armenia starving but refusal to allow oil trains so long as Geor-gian oil trains are not returned.

6. Consent to treat Bolshevik mission on same footing as other mis-sions provided former behave as do latter and observe accepted interna-tional usages.

7. With reference to demand that Bolshevik representative partake in negotiations for settlement of Georgian-Armenian frontier on equal footing

371

with Georgian and Armenian representatives, Georgia enquires whether Moscow regard Armenia as part of Russian republic or an independent state. If former, Georgia accepts suggestion: if later, Question does not af-fect Russia.

Reference point 1, I understand prisoners will be released only when trains are returned.

Reference point 4. Ship was apparently escorted out of harbour by French destroyer and Georgia pleads force majeure.

Schainmann has returned to Tiflis as Bolshevik representative. There is good reason to believe that he has orders to behave with great moderation. He is discredited here and it is probable that he will shortly be replaced.

Georgian representative at Moscow is on his way to Tiflis. I learn secretly that in private letter to Jordania he advised him not to take Schainmann too seriously as Lenin is determined to preserve peace.

Telegraphic communication with Batoum interrupted since January 24th owing to heavy snowstorms.

Addressed to Foreign Office No. 24. Repeated to Constantinople No. 26, and Commander-in-Chief Afloat No. 9.

kavkasia FO. 371/6268 78-79 politikuri

gaSifruli. polkovniki stouksi. (tfilisidan konstantino-

polis gavliT)

ianvari 27. 1921

konstantinopolSia 12.15 p.m. 6 Tebervali, 1921

miRebulia 1921, 7 Tebervali, 12.15 p.m. # 24.

-------------------------------------------

damateba Cems 20 ianvris # 19 telegramaze.

bolSevikebis notaze qarTuli pasuxis mTavari pun-

qtebi Semdegia:

372

1. Tanxmoba, ganTavisufldes yvela araqarTveli agi-

tatori, Tuki isini maSinve datoveben saqarTvelos; magram

uari — aRiaron legaluri arseboba komunisturi partiisa,

romelic cdilobs saqarTvelos damoukideblobis moSlas.

3. uari, ganxilul iqnas moTxovna qarTuli komisiis

(komitetis) daTxovnisa baTumSi da adgilobriv mezRvaurTa

gaerTianebisTvis uflebis CamorTmeva, aRmarTon iq wiTeli

droSa.

4. uari, gadauxadon kompensacia foTidan gamoqceuli

orTqlis gemis `principi~-sTvis.

5. Tanxmoba — neba daerTos matareblebis momaragebas,

romlebic moZraoben azerbaijanidan somxeTSi, raTa dacul

iqnas somxeTi SimSilobisgan; magram, uari eTqvas navTobis

matareblebs, sanam saqarTvelos ar daubrundeba navTobis

matareblebi.

6. Tanxmoba — iseTive pirobebi Seeqmnas bolSevikur mi-

sias, rogoric adre sxva misiebs hqondaT da daicvan saerTa-

Soriso wesebi.

7. rac Seexeba moTxovnas, rom bolSevikebis warmomad-

genelma qarTvelebisa da somxebis Tanabrad miiRos monawi-

leoba saqarTvelo-somxeTis sazRvrebis Sesaxeb molaparake-

bebSi, saqarTvelo daadgens imis mixedviT — ganixilavs mos-

kovi somxeTs ruseTis respublikis nawilad, Tu damoukide-

bel erTeulad. pirvel SemTxvevaSi saqarTvelo miiRebs ga-

dawyvetilebas; meoreSi — kiTxva ar iqneba ruseTis saziano.

pirveli punqti mesmis Semdegnairad, rom patimrebi

ganTavisufldebian mxolod matareblebis dabrunebis Sem-

deg.

meoTxe punqti — gemi namdvilad iqna eskortirebuli

navsadguridan franguli naRmosnis mier da saqarTvelos

mxare adanaSaulebs am sagangebo SemTxvevis gamo.

Sainmani dabrunda tfilisSi rogorc bolSevikTa war-

momadgeneli. kargi sababi gvaqvs vifiqroT, rom man miiRo

davaleba, imoqmedos Zalze TavSekavebulad. mas aq ar endo-

bian da ueWvelad male Secvlian.

373

qarTveli warmomadgeneli moskovSi amJamad moemarTe-

ba tfilisisken. me saidumlod Sevitye, rom pirad werilSi

Jordaniasadmi, urCeven mas ar miiRos Sainmani seriozulad,

radgan leninma gadawyvita mSvidobis SenarCuneba.

satelegrafo kavSiri baTumTan Sewyvetilia 24 ianvri-

dan Zlieri qarbuqebis gamo.

egzavneba sagareo saqmeTa saministros #24.

ganmeorebiT konstantinopols #26 da flotis mTa-

varsardals #9.

# 4

CAUCASUS FO.371/6268 102-103 POLITICAL Decypher. Colonel Stokes. (Tiflis via Constantinople). February 15th, 1921. D. (Constantinople) February 18th, 1921. 3 p.m. R. February 18th, 1921. 10.45 p.m. No. 50.

---------------------------------------- February 15th. Secret. Very Urgent.

I appreciate situation created by Bolshevik attack on Georgians in nautral zone as follows:

According to reliable information received by me to-day of a meet-ing of Bolshevik authorities at Baku the 11th Army Staff in Azerbaijan (? with whom) have decided to be ready if Turkish Nationalists secure agree-ment with Entente, for conflict with Turks which (? they) consider (? will be) inevitable and at same time for cruashing of (? Georgia). Invasion of neutral zone has been carried out (? only) (? peaceful) interference without open rupture with Bolsheviks. In reply to protest from Shainemann Moscow professed ignorance of invasion and directed him to take necessary steps to stop it and to conclude agreement with Georgia on lines of that of May last. Moscow's profession of ignorance of invasion is possibly sincere and curi-ous fact is that land telegraph lines from Tiflis to Moscow, Baku and Erivan have all been cut outside Georgian territory.

It seems clear that whatever be result of London Conference 11th Army will attack Georgia. All parties in Georgia are united and Georgia

374

will undoubtedly fight to protect her independence. In that event Azerbaijan and North Caucasus will certainly rise against Bolsheviks if Georgian troops advance into their territories. This moment will be most favourable for securing (? expulsion) (? of) Bolsheviks from Caucasus. From point of view of British interests such a result would be (? of) (? great) importance in re-establishing position in Persia and in effect it would have in Turkistan and further East.

In view of present situation (? indignation at) administration and movements of transport for Bolsheviks, it is important that they should be expelled from Caucasus before Volga is open again (? i.e.) (?towards the) (? end of) March.

For expulsion of Bolsheviks from Caucasus to succeed first requisite is that Turkish Nationalists be detched from Bolsheviks by securing agree-ment with Allies. The second requisite is that Georgia be assured of sup-plies of munitions of war and some at least be sent immediately.

Time is of extreme importance as present favourable combination of circumstances, if not to be taken advantage of, may not recur.

Addressed to Foreign Office No. 50. Repeated to Constantinople No. 48 and Commander-in- Chief

Afloat 19. Sent to India, Baghdad and Teheran kavkasia FO.371/6268 102-103 politikuri

gaSifruli. polkovniki stouksi (tfilisidan konstantino-

polze gavliT)

15 Tebervali, 1921.

konstantinopolSi 18 Tebervals, 1921, 3 p.m. miRebuli 18 Tebervals, 1921, 10.45 p.m.

# 50.

15 Tebervali. saidumlo.

Zalze saswrafo.

me vafaseb viTarebas, romelic gamowveulia saqarTve-

loze neitralur zonaSi BbolSevikebis Setevis Sedegad:

sando informaciaze dayrdnobiT, romelic dRes mivi-

Re, bolSeviki xelmZRvanelebi baqoSi Sexvdnen me-11 armiis

Stabs azerbaijanSi, romlebTan erTad gadawyvites mzadyof-

375

na, Tu Turqi nacionalistebi daicavdnen antantasTan SeTan-

xmebas; radgan isini garduvalad miiCneven konfliqts Tur-

qebTan da imave dros saqarTvelos msxvrevasac. neitraluri

zonis okupacia Sesrulda, oRond mSvidobian Carevas ar ga-

mouwvwvia Ria dapirispireba bolSevikebTan. Sainmanis pro-

testze moskovma aRiara Tavdasxmis ucodinaroba (ususuro-

ba) da mouwoda mas gadaedga saWiro nabijebi mis SesaCereb-

lad da SeTanxmeboda saqarTvelos gasuli maisis sazRvreb-

ze. moskovis gancxadeba okupaciis uaryofis (ucodinrobis)

Sesaxeb SesaZlebelia aris patiosnad naTqvami, magram sakvir-

velia, rom qveynis satelegrafo xazebi tfilisidan mosko-

visken, baqosa da erevnisken yvela gadaWrilia saqarTvelos

teritoriis gareT.

naTelia, rom, rogoric ar unda iyos londonis konfe-

renciis Sedegi, me-11 armia Seutevs saqarTvelos. yvela par-

tiebi arian gaerTianebuli saqarTveloSi da saqarTvelo

ueWvelad iomebs Tavisi damoukideblobis dasacavad. aseT

viTarebaSi azerbaijani da Crdilo kavkasia danamdvilebiT

gamovlen bolSevikebis winaaRmdeg, Tu qarTuli nawilebi

Sevlen maT teritoriaze. es momenti iqneba yvelaze Sesafe-

risi, raTa bolSevikebi uxifaTod gayaron kavkasiidan. bri-

tanuli interesebidan gamomdinare, aseT Sedegs didi mniS-

vneloba eqneboda sparseTSi poziciebis xelaxali ganmtki-

cebisTvis da efeqti Turqestansa da Sors aRmosavleTSi.

Tanamedrove viTarebidan gamomdinare, roca aRSfoTe-

ba gamowveulia bolSevikebis gamo transportis mmarTvelo-

biTa da moZraobiT, mniSvnelovania maTi gandevna kavkasii-

dan, sanam volga gaixsneba [sanaosnod], e.i. martis bolomde.

kavkasiidan bolSevikTa gaZevebaSi warmatebisTvis pir-

vel rigSi aucilebelia, rom Turqi nacionalistebi Camo-

Sordnen bolSevikebs antantasTan saimedo SeTanxmebiT. meo-

re pirobaa, rom saqarTYvelo darwmunebuli iyos samxedro

aRWurvilobis miwodebaSi da misi nawili saswrafod gavug-

zavnoT.

dro ukiduresad mniSvnelovania da Tu amJamindel Se-

saferis viTarebaTa kombinaciaSi ar miaRwev upiratesobas,

is albaT aRar gameordeba.

376

egzavneba sagareo saqmeTa saministros, #50.

ganmeorebulia konstantinopolisTvis #48 da flo-

tis mTavarsardals #19.

gaigzavna indoeTSi, baRdadsa da TeiranSi.

----------------------------------------------------------------------------

# 5 FO.371/6268

107 NO DISTRIBUTION

Decypher. Sir H. Rumbold (Constantinople). 19th February 1921. D. 11.55 a.m. 19th February 1921. R. 5. 20 p.m. 19th February 1921. No. 115. Following from Tiflis dated February 18th. from Batoum.

~On Thursday February 17th I am leaving Tiflis for Batoum with British Colony. Rooker will evacuate with Georgian Government if neces-sary but at present he and Court remain in Tiflis~.

FO.371/6268 107 ar gavrceldes

gaSifruli. b-ni h. rumboldi (konstantinopoli). 19 Teber-

vali, 1921.

[gagz.] 11.55 a.m. 19 Tebervali, 1921.

miRebuli 5. 20 p.m. 19 Tebervali, 1921.

#115.

tfilisis gamovliT 18 Tebervals. baTumidan.

`xuTSabaTs, 17 Tebervals me tfilisidan mivemgzavre-

bi baTumSi britanul koloniasTan erTad.

rukeri, Tu aucilebeli iqna, saqarTvelos mTavrobas-

Tan erTad moaxdens evakuacias, magram amJamad is da misia

rCebian tfilisSi.~

---------------------------------------------------------------------

377

# 6

TURKEY FO.371/6268 194-195 POLITICAL

Decypher. Sir H. Rumbold, (Constantinople), 24th February 1921. D. 12.55 p.m. 24th February 1921. R. 11.45. a.m. 26 February 1921.

No. 124. Monsieur Gueguechkori, styling himself Georgian Minister for For-

eign Affairs, called yesterday evening on his way through Constantinople. He stated that he had been informed in London that I had full instructions as to attitude of His Majesty's Government towards Georgia. He enquired whether His Majesty's Government still took an interest in Georgia.

I replied that His Majesty's Government had close sympathy for Georgia (see your telegram No.399 to Tiflis of December 15th) and had recently given proof of this sympathy by according ~de jure~ recognition to that country.

Monsieur Gueguechkori said that there was good prospect of general anti-Bolshevik movement throughout Caucasus which might end in driving Bolsheviks out of that region. Would His Majesty's Government support this movement with material of war and munitions of war.

I pointed out that His Majesty's Government were at this moment negotiating a trade agreement with Soviet Government. Latter had repeat-edly complained that His Majesty's Government had at various times aided and abetted their enemies such as Poles, (? General Denikin), General Wrangel etc. It was therefore quite improbable that His Majesty's Govern-ment would lend colour to these accusations by actively supporting an anti-Bolshevik movement in Caucasus. Monsieur Gueguechkori admitted force of this argument. He then enquired whether His Majesty's Government would help Georgia to defend herself against Bolsheviks by supplying arms etc. Bolsheviks were aggressors in fighting now going on. I replied that lat-est accounts from Tiflis show that situation was developing favourably for Georgians and that I should have to refer his enquiry to Your Lordship.

Monsieur Gueguechkori leaves for Batoum to-day.

378

Addressed to Foreign Office No. 124. Repeated to Tiflis No. 12. --------------------------------------------------------------------

TurqeTi FO.371/6268 194-195 politikuri

gaSifruli. b-ni h. rumboldi, (konstantinopoli), 24 Teber-

vali, 1921.

[gagz.] 12.55 p.m. 24 Tebervali, 1921.

#124 miRebuli 11.45 a.m. 24 Tebervali, 1921.

b-ni gegeWkori, romelic Tavis Tavs warmogvidgens sa-

qarTvelos sagareo saqmeTa ministrad, Semomexmiana guSin

saRamos Tavis gzaze konstantinopolze gavliT. man miTxra,

rom iyo informirebuli londonSi, rom me mqonda sruli in-

struqciebi, Tu rogori pozicia ekava misi udidebulesobis

mTavrobas saqarTvelos mimarT. is cdilobda gaego, misi

udidebulesobis mTavrobas jer kidev Tu ainteresebda sa-

qarTvelo.

me vupasuxe, rom misi udidebulesobis mTavrobas hqon-

da garkveuli simpaTiebi saqarTvelosadmi (ix. Tqveni teleg-

rama 15 dekembris, #399, gagzavnili tfilisSi) da cota xnis

win es Sesabamisad daamtkica `de iured~ am qveynis aRiarebiT.

b-nma gegeWkorma Tqva, rom kargi viTareba iyo mTel

kavkasiaSi sayovelTao antibolSevikuri gamosvlisTvis, rac

dasruldeboda am regionidan bolSevikebis gayriT, Tuki mi-

si udidebulesobis mTavroba am gamosvlas daexmareboda sa-

omari masaliTa da aRWurvilobiT.

me mivuTiTe, rom misi udidebulesobis mTavroba amje-

rad awarmoebda molaparakebebs savaWro SeTanxmebaze sabWo-

Ta ruseTTan. am ukanasknelma ramdenjerme gamoTqva ukmayo-

fileba, rom maTi udidebulesobis mTavroba sxvadasxva

dros daexmara da waaqeza maTi mtrebi, rogorebicaa polone-

lebi, generali denikini, generali vrangeli da sxva. amitom

sakmaod daujerebelia, rom maTi udidebulesobis mTavroba

am braldebebis mere mxars dauWers aqtiur daxmarebas kavka-

siaSi antibolSevikur gamosvlas. batoni gegeWkori xedavs

azrs am argumentSi. Semdeg man moisurva gaego, daexmareboda

Tu ara maTi udidebulesobis mTavroba saqarTvelos saTana-

do iaraRiT da a. S. bolSevikebis winaaRmdeg Tavis dacvisas.

379

bolSevikebi iyvnen agresorebi mimdinare brZolisas. me vupa-

suxe,rom bolo cnobebi tfilisidan gviCveneben, rom situa-

cia viTardeboda qarTvelebisTvis sasikeTod da rom mis

kiTxvebs mivawvdidi Tqvens brwyinvalebas.

b-ni gegeWkori dRes miemgzavreba baTumisken.

egzavneba sagareo saqmeTa saministros #124. ganmeore-

biT tfiliss #12.

--------------------------------------------------------------

# 7

FO.371/6268 148 Minute by Mr. McDonell

February 24th. 1921. I have this morning seen the D.M.I, General Sir Wm. Thwaites on

the subject of supplying arms to Georgia. He stated that he was unable to give any decision without consulting the C.I.G.S. who is at present on his way to the conference at St. James's Palace. He, therefore, thought that the best way would be for Lord Curzon to personally express his views to the C.I.G.S. when they went this morning.

General Thwaites is personally very much against any gift of arms to the Georgian Army which, at the present time, he considers to be in full flight.

The arms could not be collected and distributed in under a fortnight or three weeks and if they ever reached the Georgians would eventually only go to increase the supplus of either the Bolsheviks or Turks.

The arms supplied to the Armenians increased the stocks of the Na-tionalists by nearly 100%, for which Kiazim Kara-Bekir sent a telegram of thanks to the British Military Authorities.

The dumps are of Turkish arms so no Treasury sanction would be required.

[R. McDonell ]

380

FO.371/6268 148 b-n makdonelis Canaweri

24 Tebervali, 1921

am diliT me vnaxe generali ser vm. Tveitsi saqarTve-

los iaraRiT momaragebis saqmeze. man Tqva, rom mas ar SeeZ-

lo gadawyvetilebis miReba Tu ar daeTaTbireboda C.I.G.S.-s,

romelic amJamad midioda wm. jeimsis sasaxleSi konferenci-

aze. amitom is fiqrobda, rom saukeTeso saSualeba lord

kerzonisTvis iqneboda, piradad gaecno Tavisi Sexedulebe-

bi C.I.G.S.-isTvis, roca isini wavidodnen am diliT.

generali Tveitsi piradad Zalze winaaRmdegia qarTu-

li armiisTvis iaraRis Cuqebisa, radgan mas miaCnia, rom amJa-

mad es ukanaskneli sruliad daSlilia.

iaraRi ar SeiZleba Segrovdes da gadaeces or an sam

kviraze adre da Tuki isini CaaRweven, qarTvelebi bolos da

bolos mxolod gazrdian bolSevikebis an Turqebis Seiara-

Rebas.

somxebisTvis gagzavnilma iaraRma nacionalistebis ma-

ragi TiTqmis 100%-iT gazarda, ris gamoc qiazim yara beqirma

britaneTis samxedro xelmZRvanelobas madlobis telegrama

gaugzavna.

Turquli iaraRiT savsea savele sawyobebi; ase rom xa-

zinis sanqcia ar gaicema (ar iqneba saWiro).

r. makdoneli (xelmowera—g.g.)

----------------------------------------------------------------------------

# 8

CAUCASUS FO.371/6268 205-206 POLITICAL

Decypher. Colonel Stokes, (Tiflis via Constantinople), 25th February 1921. D. From Constantinople 9.0..p.m. 26th February 1921.

R. 2. 30 p.m. 27th February 1921. No. 66.

------------------------------------- Batoum February 25th.

381

Just received, from Armenian clerk of Indo-European at Tiflis, tele-gram stating that Bolsheviks have entered Tiflis and are looting town. Georgian Government and Rooker and Court left Tiflis by train about 9.p.m. last night. Rooker informed me at 8.p.m. yesterday evening that he had just received warning to proceed to railway station. Immediately before this Court had information that had occupied height(-s this?) (?morning) and Georgians were attacking and hoped to dislodge them.

Georgia wioll probably defend position about ten miles north-west of Tiflis.

I anticipate that Turks will come into Batoum. Their nearest troops are at Khopa and said to number 2.000. Georgians have troops at Borchka and (? there is no) (? news) as yet of any Turkish movement towards Ba-toum.

Gagri front. So far as is known here Georgians are holding line of River Bzib.

I do not propose at present to evacuate British subjects or mission from Batoum and personally await here the arrival of Rooker and Court.

Loss of Tiflis serious but situation of Georgia is not in my opinion by any means hopeless. There are indications that Bolshevik troops will be (? diverted) to be ready to oppose Turks in case of need.

In case of necessity there are over 100 people to be evacuated in-cluding several small infants. There are as many women as men. Accomo-dation (?for) (? such) (? will be) difficult on one of His Majesty's ships and I therefore recommend immediate despatch of a suitable small steamer.

Addressed to Foreign Office No. 66. Repeated to Constantinople No. 64 and Commander-in-Chief Afloat.

-------------------------------------------- kavkasia FO.371/6268 205-206 politikuri

gaSifruli. polkovniki stouksi, (tfilisidan konstantino-

polis gavliT)

25 Tebervali, 1921.

[gaigz.] konstantinopolidan 9.0 p.m. 26 Tebervali, 1921.

miRebuli 2.30 p.m. 27 Tebervali, 1921.

# 66.

--------------------------------------------------------------------

baTumi, 25 Tebervali.

382

swored axla miviRe telegrama tfiliseli indoevro-

peli somexi klerkisgan, romelic gvatyobinebs, rom bolSe-

vikebi Sevidnen tfilisSi da arbeven qalaqs. qarTulma mTav-

robam da rukerma, aseve misiam matarebliT datova tfilisi

gasul Rames 9 saaTze. guSin saRamos 8 saaTze rukerma Semat-

yobina, rom miiRo gafrTxileba gasuliyo rkinigzis sadgur-

ze. zustad amis win misiam miiRo informacia, rom jgufma (ar

ikiTxeba) aiRo simaRleebi am dilas (ar ikiTxeba) da qar-

TvelTa nawilebma Seuties maTi gandevnis imediT.

saqarTvelo albaT daicavs pozicias tfilisidan 10

milze Crdilo-dasavleTiT.

me vgrZnob, rom Turqebi Semovlen baTumSi. maTi uax-

loesi nawilebi arian xofaSi da iTvlian 2.000 kacs. qarTve-

lebis nawilebi imyofebian borCxasTan; da amjerad sxva cno-

bebi ar gvaqvs baTumisken TurqTa moZraobis Sesaxeb.

gagris fronti. ramdenadac aq cnobilia, qarTvelebs

ukaviaT xazi mdinare bzifze.

amJamad me ar vuSveb britaneTis qveSevrdomebisa Tu

misiis evakuacias baTumidan da piradad vucdi aq rukerisa

da mTavari misiis Camosvlas.

tfilisis dakargva seriozuli ambavia, magram, Cemi az-

riT, saqarTvelos mdgomareoba ar unda iyos uimedo. aris

niSnebi, rom bolSevikuri nawilebi gavlen, raTa iyvnen mzad

saWiroebisas winaaRmdegoba gauwion Turqebs.

iq aris 100 kacze meti patara bavSvebis CaTvliT, ro-

melTa evakuacia moxdeba aucileblobis SemTxvevaSi. maT So-

ris bevria qalic da kacic. maTi moTavseba misi udidebule-

sobis erT-erT gemze gaZneldeba da amitom me girCevT sas-

wrafod gamogzavnoT Sesaferi mcire samgzavro orTqlis ge-

mi.

egzavneba sagareo saqmeTa saministros # 66. ganmeore-

biT konstantinopols #64 da flotis sardals.

--------------------------------------------------

383

Gia Gelashvili

Doctor of History. Ivane Javakhishvili Tbilisi State University, Senior-scientist researcher of the Ivane Javakhishvili Institute of History and Ethnology

Some Documents from the British National Archives

Summary

In the following article there is given 8 English letters (and their

Georgian translation) sent by Colonel Stokes (5), by sir H.Rumbold (2) and by Mr. McDonell (1) to Earl Curzon and to Foreign Office in January-February 1921.

We find in these Letters valuable information about present condi-tions of Georgia, political situation in Caucasus in 1921. These documents show that the Russian Bolsheviks had decided an attack on Georgia before it actually took place and carrying out preparations for this attack.

These letters are registered in the funds of British National Archives (FO.371/6268).

384

vaJa kiknaZe

istoriis mecnierebaTa doqto-

ri, ivane javaxiSvilis saxelo-

bis Tbilisis saxelmwifo uni-

versiteti, ivane javaxiSvilis

istoriisa da eTnologiis in-

stitutis direqtori

dokumentebi saqarTvelos eklesiis istoriisaTvis XIX saukunis pirvel naxevarSi

saqarTvelos mosaxleobis is molodini, rom ruseTis

xelisufleba izrunebda ara marto mis fizikur gadarCenaze,

aramed tradiciuli sarwmunoebis (marTlmadideblobis)

srul Tavisuflebaze, ar gamarTlda. rusulma saxelmwifom

da saeklesio sinodma umZimesi dartymebi miayenes saqarTve-

los saxelmwifos da eklesias.

1801 wels imperator aleqsandre I-is manifestiT, aRmo-

savleT saqarTvelos ruseTis saxelmwifoSi inkorporacia

ganxorcielda. bagratovanTa aTaswlovani dinastia daemxo.

sayuradReboa is cinizmi, romliTac es aqti iqna moyvanili

sisruleSi. imperatorma ganacxada, rom ase imitom moiqca,

rom saqarTvelosTvis ukeT moevlo, da ara imisTvis, rom ru-

seTis isedac udidesi imperia kidev ufro ganevrco. aranak-

leb cinikuria general knoringis umorCilesi moxsenebiTi

baraTi imperatorisadmi, sadac igi asabuTebda, rom ruseTma

yvelaferi Seasrula, rac 1783 wlis traqtatiT ikisra saqar-

Tvelos mimarT. rac Seexeba samefo xelisuflebis gauqmebas

da traqtatis am punqtis Seusruleblobas, knoringi werda,

rom es punqti: `ar SeiZleba aRsrulebuliyo, radgan igi

absoluturad ewinaaRmdegeboda qarTveli xalxis keTil-

dReobas~ [1, 307].

Setevis Semdegi obieqti saqarTvelos marTlmadidebe-

li eklesia gaxda. imperatoris 1811 wlis 30 ivnisis brZane-

biT gauqmda saqarTvelos eklesiis damoukidebloba (avto-

kefalia). saqarTvelos eklesia daemorCila ruseTidan da-

niSnul egzarqoss, romelic pirvelis garda, yvela rusi

erovnebis iyo.

saqarTvelos eklesiis avtokefaliis gauqmebis Semdeg

mas CamoerTva mTeli qoneba, yma-glexebi, eklesia-monastre-

bi, saeklesio aznaurebi da mTeli Semosavali. yvelaferi es

385

ruseTis sinods gadaeca, romelmac samRvdeloebisaTvis

Statebi daawesa da amieridan isini xelfass saxelmwifosgan

miiRebdnen. faqtobrivad, saqarTvelos eklesia, ruseTis

msgavsad, saxelmwifos erT-erT biurokratiul uwyebad ga-

daiqca. realurad, eklesiis saTaveSi imperatori idga, rome-

lic Tavisi nebis Sesabamisad wyvetda sasuliero uwyebis

beds. aseTi sistema jer kidev petre I Seqmna 1721 wels.

pirveli, rac rusulma xelisuflebam saqarTveloSi ga-

akeTa, arsebuli saeklesio eparqiebis raodenobis ukidure-

si Semcireba iyo. es imisTvis moxda, rom ufro advili yofi-

liyo maTi kontroli da eparqiebis rusul mmarTvelobiT

sistemaze gadayvana. kaxeTSi 5 eparqia SeerTda erT, alaver-

dis eparqiad. qarTlSi ki 8 eparqia Tavdapirvelad erT, mcxe-

Tis eparqiad gaerTianda, Semdeg ki mas goris eparqia daema-

ta. 1812 wels imereTis 4 eparqiidan Seqmnes mxolod erTi;

1829 wels samegrelos 3 eparqia aseve gaaerTianes da `sameg-

relos eparqia~ uwodes. 1833 wels guriaSi darCenili erTad-

erTi jumaTis eparqia imereTis eparqias SeuerTes. 1844 wels

jumaTis eparqia kvlav aRadgines, magram samegrelos eparqi-

as SeuerTes. eparqiebis ricxvis Semcirebis aucileblobas

ruseTis wminda sinodi imiT xsnida, rom `13 eparqia, romelic

dRes (saqarTveloSi - v. k.) arsebobs, Tavisi raodenobiT

aWarbebs rogorc saqarTvelos teritoriis zomas, aseve (iq

arsebul - v. k.) eklesiaTa raodenobas~ (!). sinodi aseve dar-

wmunebuli iyo, rom `imisi msgavsi sasuliero sasamarTlo

uwyebaTa ararseboba, rogoric ruseTSi konsistiriebi da

sasuliero mmarTvelobebia, romlebic samRvdeloebaze ze-

damxedvelobas ewevian, iwvevs (aqauri samRvdeloebis) gau-

marTav moqmedebasa da uwesrigobas~ [2, 168]. aseTi absurdu-

li argumentebiT dasabuTda saqarTvelos eklesiis eparqie-

bis Semcirebis aucilebloba.

qvemoT warmodgenili dokumentebi mcire nawilia im

uzarmazari biurokratiuli mimowerisa, romliTac savse iyo

saqarTvelos sinamdvile. marTalia e. w. `aqtebSi~ rusuli sa-

eklesio Tu saero xelisuflebis antiqarTuli qmedebebis

yvela mamxilebeli masala ver moxvda (bunebrivia, isini cen-

zuram gadaarCia), magram isic, rac daibeWda, garkveul war-

modgenas gviqmnis saqarTvelos eklesiis mdgomareobaze XIX

saukunis saqarTveloSi. qvemoT warmogidgenT Cvens mier Ses-

rulebul sayuradRebo dokumentebis nawils, mcire komen-

tarebiT. aRvniSnavT imasac, rom umTavresi maTgani am saxiT

ar gamoqveynebula.

386

ruseTis saero da sasuliero uwyebebi erToblivad,

gegmazomierad moqmedebdnen da TandaTanobiT aviwroveb-

dnen saqarTvelos kaTolikos-patriarq anton II-s (erekle II-

is Zes). Tavisi utifrobiT gansakuTrebiT gamoirCeoda mTa-

varmarTebeli pavle cicianovi. qvemoT motanili sabuTi (aq-

tebi, t. I, gv. 265, saqme 514) kargad aCvenebs im upativcemulo-

bas, romelsac es gadagvarebuli qarTveli Tavadi samefo

gvaris Camomaval anton kaTolikosis mimarT iCenda. realu-

rad, igi anton II-s mZevlis mdgomareobaSi amyofebda da Tbi-

lisidan Tavisuflad gasvlis uflebasac ar aZlevda.

aRsaniSnavia, rom motanili werili yovelgvari Sesav-

lis gareSe, (yovel SemTxvevaSi, asea warmodgenili is aqteb-

Si) kaTolikosze pirdapir SeteviT iwyeba (àr uSvebs Tqvens

uwmindesobas (qalaqis) karSi xalxi~). rogorc sabuTidan

Cans, kaTolikoss Tbilisidan gasvlis nebarTva (`bileTi~)

Tbilisis komendantisgan auRia (am movaleobas maSin qarTu-

li warmoSobis saakaZe asrulebda), magram cicianovis miTi-

TebiT anton II qalaqis karSi gasvlis dros daukavebiaT.

`xalxis~ aq moxmoba ki, Cveuli caristuli da SemdgomSi bol-

Sevikuri demagogiis nawilia. amasTanave, cicianovi usindi-

sod cruobs, rodesac acxadebs, rom TbilisSi Wiris aranai-

ri niSnebi ar dasturdeba. sxva monacemebiT, am dros Savi Wi-

ri marTlac gavrcelebuli iyo. amas TviT p. cicianovis Tbi-

lisis komendantis saakaZisadmi miwerilobac adasturebs.

1803 w. 30 oqtombriT daTariRebul mimarTvaSi igi miTiTebas

aZlevs komendants, qalaqis mcxovreblebma ufro Rrmad da-

marxon micvalebulebi: àmJamindeli avadmyofobisa gamo~ [3, 205]. aseT viTarebaSi, cicianovis adamianuri da Tundac,

umaRlesi moxelis vali iyo, upirvelesad kaTolikosis jan-

mrTelobaze ezruna. is ki, anton II-s faqtobrivad mZevlad

tovebs TbilisSi. cicianovis argumenti imis Sesaxeb, rom ka-

Tolikosis qalaqidan gasvla xalxze cudad imoqmedebs, usa-

fuZvloa. xelisuflebas swored TviTon unda ezruna mosax-

leobis droul evakuaciaze da ar moqceuliyo ise, TiTqos

araferi ar xdeboda (rogorc sabWoTa xelisufleba moiqca

Cernobilis katastrofis dros). swored am `miCumaTebis~ Se-

degi iyo is, rom 1805 wlisTvis `Jami~ (anu `Savi Wiri~) dasav-

leT saqarTveloSi da, kerZod, raWaSic gavrcelebula1 [4,

623].

1 minaweri Semdegi saxisaa: àqa pirvelad, raWas Jami iyo~.

387

Semdeg sabuTSic kvlav igive situacia Cans. pavle cici-

anovi uapelaciod da uceremoniod ubrZanebs anton II-s ar

Seasrulos kaTolikos-patriarqis movaleobani da moiqces

ise, rogorc rusi Cinovnikebi miuTiTeben. is, rom am konkre-

tul SemTxvevaSi wilknisa da samTavros eparqiebis gaerTia-

nebazea saubari, meorexarisxovania; mTavaria is toni da mu-

qara (imperatorTan dabezReba!), riTac werilia gamsWvalu-

li (aqtebi, t. IV, saqme #219).

mesame dokumentidan Cans, rom p. cicianovi mxolod ima-

ze zrunavs, rom axladmierTebul saqarTvelos eklesiebSi

sworad aRevlinos imperatorTa ganmadidebeli locvebi da

aRsruldes Sesabamisi wirvebi. misi mimarTvidan aSkara xde-

ba, rom cicianovs sruliad ar aRelvebs saqarTvelos ekle-

siebSi sasuliero daniSnulebis nivTebisa da wignebis raode-

noba. an TviT eklesiaTa mdgomareoba; misTvis mTavaria mxo-

lod imperatorTa (cocxalTa da gardacvlilTa) gandideba

(aqtebi, t. I, sabuTi #524).

Semdegi dokumentidan Cans, rom ruseTis oficiozi

kargad iyenebda saqarTvelos samRvdeloebaSi arsebul cal-

keuli dapirispirebis SemTxvevebs da cdilobda maT gaRvive-

bas da saTavisod gamoyenebas. amas mowmobs Tbileli mitro-

politis arsenis dasmeniTi xasiaTis werilebi, uSualod im-

perator aleqsandre I-is mimarT. mitropoliti arseni dabe-

jiTebiT axsenebs imperators Tavis monur morCilebasa da

erTgulebas. amave dros, is cils swamebs kaTolikos anton II-

s da srul daumorCileblobas ucxadebs mas. sabuTidan Cans,

rom rusuli xelisuflebis damkvidrebam saqarTveloSi

anarqia da ganukiTxaoba waaxalisa. vinc saqarTvelos da sa-

mefo gvaris erTguli darCa, is moRalated iwoda. xolo vinc

rusul oficiozsa da imperators dauwyo mliqvneloba, sani-

muSo mamuliSvilad iqna aRiarebuli. didi gasaqani mieca

bezRobasa da dasmenas (aqtebi, t. IV, saqme 219).

Semdegi dokumenti maqsime erisTavs Seexeba da igi rusi

generlebis golovinisa da protasovis mimoweras warmoad-

gens. dokumentidan Cans, rom ruseTis umaRlesi saero mmar-

Tvelobis warmomadgenlebi, sasuliero uwyebis moxeleebTan

erTad, msjeloben imaze Tu rogor dasajon ierodiakoni maq-

sime erisTavi. 1819-1820 ww. igi monawileobda dasavleT sa-

qarTvelos saeklesio ajanyebaSi. 1820 wels gadavida osma-

leTSi, sadac 1830 wlamde imyofeboda. Semdeg dabrunda gu-

riaSi. ruseTis xelisuflebis gadawvetilebiT, 1833 wels da-

apatimres da metexis cixeSi moaTavses. rusuli oficiozi

388

mas `ficx da SfoTian~ adamianad moixseniebs. rogorc Cans, es

gamowveuli iyo imiT, rom man ar moinania 1819-1820 ww. ajanye-

baSi monawileoba. 1837 wels igi imperator aleqsandre I-s

sTxovda guriis romelime monasterSi gadayvanas. rogorc

warmodgenili sabuTidan Cans, mas am Txovnaze uari eTqva.

TiTqosda ruseTis mmarTveli wreebis keTili nebis gamosa-

xatavad, mas dauniSnes mizeruli Tviuri anazRaureba 5 mane-

Ti vercxliT da ekaterinoslavSi gadaasaxles (aqtebi, t. IX,

gv. 104).

bolo dokumenti warmoadgens egzarqos evgenis saidum-

lo werilis fragments general golovinisadmi. sabuTis mi-

xedviT aSkara xdeba, rom ruseTis xelisuflebis mimarT se-

riozul ukmayofilebas guriaSi 1839 wels hqonia adgili

(mZlavr antibatonymur ajanyebad igi 1841 wels gadaizarda).

sayuradReboa, rom saidumlo werilSi egzarqosi da rusi ge-

nerali espexo mTel pasuxismgeblobas Seqmnil situaciaze

guriis samRvdeloebas akisreben. amasTan, rusi saero da sa-

suliero moxeleebi yovelnairad amcireben adgilobriv sam-

Rvdeloebas. aSkaraa, rom saxazino miwebTan dakavSirebiT

Sedgenil TiTqos da yalb dokumentebSi, guriis samRvdelo-

eba moiazrebda im saeklesio miwebs, romlebic savaraudod

maT CamoerTvaT egzarqos Teofilaqte rusanovis dros 1819-

1820 ww., ramac mTel dasavleT saqarTveloSi mZlavri mRel-

vareba gamoiwvia (aqtebi, t. XI, sabuTi 141).

dokumentebi:

Акты, т. I, Тифлис, 1866, gv. 265, saqme #514

cicianovis werili kaTolikos antons, 15 ivnisi,

1803, #43.

`ar uSvebs Tqvens uwmindesobas (qalaqis) karSi xalxi,

romelic Tqveni gamgzavrebis gamo, sasowarkveTilebaSi var-

deba. (xalxi) rogorc Cans, fiqrobs, rom Tqven imitom miem-

gzavrebiT, rom qalaqSi aSkarad Savi Wiri gaCnda. am SemTxve-

vaSi ki, Tqven unda iyoT sulieri simtkicis magaliTi am me-

tad malemrwmeni xalxisTvis. xolo Tqvens uwmindesobas (mi-

marTva daqaragmebulia - v. k.) komendantma rom (gamgzavre-

bis) bileTi mogcaT, es moxda Tqveni dausrulebeli da daJi-

nebiTi Txovnis gamo. magram vinaidan, Tveni gamgzavreba xal-

xisTvis cudi magaliTis mimcemia, amitom me ar SemiZlia

Tqvens uwmindesobas neba mivce ramdenime dRiT gaemgzavros

qalaqidan. (amasTan), gTxovT Tqven, nakleb daujeroT deda-

kacebs da Tqveni wodebis Sesabamisad aseTi mciremorwmune

389

ar iyoT, rodesac Wiris aCrdilic ki ar aris aq (RmerTma dag-

vifaros amis gagonebisganac ki!). sxvaTaSoris, Tqveni uwmin-

desobis es nabiji da gamgzavreba, Zalze cudad iqneba aRqmu-

li misi imperatorobiTi umaRlesobis (tituli daqaragmebu-

lia - v. k.) mier: is aRqmuli iqneba rogorc xalxis simSvidis

damrRvevi, risi damamtkicebelic iqneba is, rom Tqven gaga-

CereT ara me, aramed xalxma~.

Акты, т. IV, Тифлис, 1871, gv. 141-143, saqme #219

p. cicianovis werili kaTolikos antons. 1803 w. 2 ap-

rili, #17.

`uaRresad gancvifrebulma gavige (Tumca amis dajere-

ba miWirs), rom Tqvenma uwmindesobam (teqstSi mimarTvis Se-

moklebuli formaa dafiqsirebuli - v. k.) ineba wilkanis ga-

sauqmebeli eparqia gadaabaros arqimandrit dosiTeoss,

Tqveni saxlTuxucesis ZmisSvils (племяннику), im dros ro-

desac am eparqiasTan uaxloesia samTavisis eparqia, romel-

Sic iricxeba mxolod 10 mRvdeli da misi am simcirisa da si-

cotavis gamo, eparqialur arqielis saarsebo (saSualebasac

ki) ver uzrunvelyofs. Tu es (ambavi) marTalia, me imis gafiq-

rebac ki miWirs, rom am SemTxvevaSi, piradad Tqvens mier iqna

miRebuli miukerZoebeli gadawvetileba. da es xdeba im

dros, rodesac, jer kidev Cemi winamorbedis mier, Tqveni uw-

mindesoba gafrTxilebuli iyo, rom arsebobs misi imperato-

robiTi udidebulesobis Seuvali neba, saqarTveloSi ar gam-

ravldes maRali samRvdelo wodebebi, da rodesac, (me pira-

dad) zepiri formiT, Tqvens uwmindesobas ukve vacnobe, rom

gasauqmebeli eparqiebi unda SeuerTdes uaxloes da ufro

zustad ki, uRaribes eparqiebs. eWvi ar mepareba, rom Tqveni

uwmindesoba, (yvelafers gaakeTebs) imisaTvis raTa aRasru-

los misi imperatorobiTi udidebulesobis umaRlesi neba.

(kvlav) gidasturebT, zemoaRniSnul wilknis eparqias miuer-

ToT samTavros (eparqia) da keTilineboT, isini dauqvemdeba-

roT yovladusamRvdeloes gervasis. winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi,

me ar visurvebdi, iZulebuli Seviqne mis imperatorobiT

umaRlesobas, umorCilesi mimarTviT vacnobo aqauri sam-

Rvdeloebis uwesrigoba da gaumarTavi (qmedeba). amis gakeTe-

bisgan me makavebs is uWeSmaritesi Cemi erTguleba da maRali

pativiscema, riTac Tqveni pirovnebisadmi, maqvs pativi, gan-

wyobili viyo...~.

390

Акты, т. I, Тифлис, 1866, gv. 269, sabuTi #524.

p. cicianovis werili mmarTveli sinodis ober-pro-

kurors, Tavad aleqsandre nikolozis Ze golicins. 1804 w.

25 aprili, #792.

`aqauri eklesiebis siRaribe da yvelaze saWiro wignak-

Ta nakleboba _ (kerZod) Cveni (e. i. rusuli - v. k.) eklesiebis

wesebis formularisa da tabelis uqonloba, romlebic cere-

moniebs Seexeba, me pasuxismgeblobas makisrebs mivmarTo

Tqvens brwyinvalebas, yovladsamRvdelo arqiepiskopos var-

lamis (qsnis erisTavebis gvaridan) meSveobiT, romelic mmar-

Tveli sinodis wevri da kavaleria, qarTulad iqnes gadmoRe-

buli (anu Targmnili - v. k.) yvela wigni, romlis (dasaxeleba)

Tan erTvis am specialur momarTvas. unda gamoviTxovoT ma-

Ti beWdvis nebarTva da saxazino fuliT davbeWdoT isini,

Tundac 200 cali, da mivitanoT mozdokamde. misi yovladu-

samRvdeloesis Tavdadeba (igulisxmeba varlam erisTavi - v.

k.) misi mamulisadmi da mis mier rusuli da qarTuli enebis

codna, imis garanti iqneba, rom igi siamovnebiT aiRebs Tavze

rogorc am Sromas, aseve imasac rom Targmani maRal doneze

Seasrulos. qarTuli eklesia, Tqveni brwyinvalebis (mimar-

Tvis forma daqaragmebulia - v. k.) usazRvrod madlobeli iq-

neba, me ki, ganmaTavisuflebT im usiamovnebisagan rom kon-

fliqtSi viyo adgilobriv samRvdeloebasTan da yoveli ce-

remoniis aRsrulebisas, yuradReba mivaqcio imas, rom (same-

fo ojaxis) gandideba, aRvlenil iyos wesebis Sesabamisad.

mimarTva:

(erTvis petitiT awyobili teqsti)

maRalmniSvnelovan dReTa tabeli - 200 egzemplari

eklesiebSi (misi) udidebulesobis, imperatoris ojaxis

wevrTa gandidebis warmoTqmis forma - 200 egzemplari.

samadlobelo wirvis aRsrulebis wignaki - 200

egzemplari.

wirva misi imperatorobiTi udidebulesobis (taxtze)

asvlis dRes - 200 egzemplari.

keTilad micvalebul imperatorTa panaSvidis gadaxdis

reestri - 200 egzemplari.

Акты, т. IV, Тифлис, 1871, gv. 141-143, saqme #219

arsenis, Tbileli mitropolitis umorCilesi Txov-

na (imperators), 1809 w. 20 agvisto (fragmenti).

`...yovladmowyaleo dido xelmwifev! keTilinebeT Se-

iswavloT aqauri sasuliero saqmeebi. dae, davrCe me Cems ek-

391

lesiaSi da ar viqne gadayvanili sxva eparqiaSi, risi survi-

lic me ar maqvs, da arc aris aseTi wesi, rom arqieli, Tavisi

eklesiidan sxvagan gadaiyvanoT. Cems eklesiaSi, Tqveni udi-

debulesobis (teqstSi `В. В.~ - v. k.) zeimia, es ki mtrebis Surs

aRZravs. yovelgvari umsgavsoba iTeseba mRvdel aleqsi pet-

rievis (petriaSvilis - v. k.) mier, romelsac exmareba arqieli

varlami (erisTavi - v. k.) da gubernatori; gTxovT gamoikvli-

oT: 1) var Tu ara me Tqveni udidebulesobis erTguli? 2)

rwmenis uarmyofeli var Tu ara me? 3) eklesiaTa mqurdavi da

mZarcveli var Tu ara me?

RvTis madliTa da daxmarebiT: 1) me Tqveni udidebule-

sobis erTguli var, 2) vaRiareb aRmosavlur, WeSmarit, moci-

qulebriv saeklesio rwmenas, 3) var eklesiaTa mzrunveli da

viRwvi maTi sargeblobisaTvis; ar msurs movidnen muxamedi-

anni (mahmadianebi - v. k.), aramed msurs Tqveni udidebuleso-

bis uZleveli jaris gaZliereba _ es aris Cemi sulis swraf-

va.

mdevnian me Tqveni erTgulebisaTvis da imisaTvis rom

bagrationTa Soris var. aseTi mRelvarebani gamoiwvia arqi-

elma varlamma, romelic aq Camovida; (swored) man, arasworad

acnoba saqarTvelos mTavarmarTebel tormasovs da Semdeg

Tqven warmogidgines, is (Txovna), rom me Cemi eparqiidan mo-

maSoron, mas ki varlami daikavebs. Cemi eparqia tfilisia, aq

me gansakuTrebuli sasamarTlo gamaCnia, xolo kaTalikosis

eparqia - mcxeTaa; amgvarad, mas Tavisi dikasteria swored iq

unda hqondes.

keTilinebeT ikiTxoT qarTlsa Tu kaxeTSi, Tu hqonda

kaTalikoss adre ufleba, vinme arqielad, arqiepiskoposad

an dekanozad ekurTxebina. amisaTvis saqarTveloSi mefe iyo.

igi (saeklesio) krebis dros, kaTolikosis TandaswrebiT,

gascemda aRniSnul Tanamdebobebs. ikiTxeT axla, ra sigiJe

gavrcelda kaTalikosisagan.

SurT ra Tqveni udidebulesobis wyalobani (Cems mi-

marT), kavaleris wodeba, varskvlavi, TeTri bartyula

jvriT, usamarTlod warmoudgines mTavarmarTebels _ ka-

Talikosma, saqarTvelos mmarTvelma Tevdore isaeviC axver-

dovma, arqielma varlamma da mRvdelma aleqsim (romelic Su-

amavali iyo imisa, rom kaTalikosma saqarTvelos mmarTvelis

Svili monaTla) (imis moTxovna), rom me, gadavide sxva, gaCana-

gebul eklesiaSi, raTa (Tqveni) aseTi wyalobani, rac me sazo-

gadoebis winaSe merguna, gaanadguron da damalon. (swored

amitom) usamarTlod warudgines mTavarmarTebels (Txovna),

392

raTa mas (Tavis mxriv) Tqveni imperatorobiTi udidebuleso-

bisaTvis moexsenebina.

aq, saqarTveloSi, Tqveni imperatorobiTi udidebule-

sobis brZaneba iyo, raTa (yoveli) saqmeebi rac ufliswul

daviTis mier iqna wamowyebuli, gauqmebuliyo. (marTlac),

zogierTi maTgani gauqmebulia, magram ara is, romelic fic-

xelaurov dosiTeozs Seexeba. igi ufliswulma daviTma arqi-

mandritad akurTxa. mas ki es wodeba ar CamoarTves. (piri-

qiT), kaTalikosma mas oTxi saarqimandrito da erTi saarqie-

lo eparqia-urbnisisa Caabara, misi (piradi) erTgulebis ga-

mo. dido xelmwifev! keTilinebeT, SeiswavloT amgvari uwes-

rigobani. Cemi erTguleba ki, Cans (Tundac) iqidan, rom me 26

ivliss, mTavarmarTebel tormasovs da misi saSualebiT

Tqvens udidebulesobas warvudgine Cemi, arqielis sami epar-

qiis mamulebi da glexebi: erTi TbilisSi, kargad gamarTuli

da ori manglissa da bolnisis, ukve didi xnis winaT mtris ga-

Canagebul eparqiebSi; (es vqeni) raTa vicxovro umaRlesi pen-

sionis xarjze, da kvlavac imisaTvis, raTa misabaZi magaliTi

mivsce qarTlisa da kaxeTis arqielebs; me ki, (msurs) vicxov-

ro ruseTis arqielTa msgavsad, aqve, sionis eklesiaSi (mag-

ram) umaRlesi pensioniT. ramdenicaa saxazino Semosavali

qarTlidan da kaxeTidan, TiTqmis imdenivea Semosavali arqi-

elis eparqiebidan~.

Акты, т. IX, Тифлис, 1884, gv. 104.

general golovinis werili graf protasovs. 31 ag-

visto 1838 w., #8906.

`ganvixileT ra Tqveni brwyinvalebis (teqstSi es mimar-

Tva daqaragmebulia, `в. с.~ - v. k.) mier gamogzavnili werili,

daTariRebuli [ama wlis] 15 ivlisiT, #1574 (da misi) danarTi,

romelic warmoadgenda saqarTvelos egzarqosis werilis

asls, guriis Tavad maqsime erisTavis Sesaxeb, romelic Tavi-

si saqcielis gamo, daviT-garejis udabnoSi imyofeba; me Cemi

mxriTac, aRvniSnav, rom am Tavadis, mis adrindel sacxovre-

bel adgilze, guriaSi dabruneba (rogorc Cemi winamorbedi

fiqrobda), arqiepiskopos evgenis aRweril garemoebaTa ga-

mo, iqneboda Zalze mavnebeli ara marto guriis samwysosaT-

vis, romelsac igi Tavisi (sasuliero) wodebiT miekuTvneba,

aramed mTlianad im mxarisaTvis. rac Seexeba saqarTvelos

egzarqosis azrs, amoiricxos igi sasuliero wodebidan da

gaegzavnos mTavarmarTebels (Semdgomi) reagirebisaTvis, me

amaze msurs ganvacxado, rom misi am mxareSi datoveba mou-

393

xerxebeli iqneba, da gaWirdeba misTvis adgilis gamonaxva.

amis gamo, saukeTeso (gamosavlad) mimaCnia, erisTavi sacxov-

reblad gadavasaxloT erT-erT samxreT guberniaSi, ise rom

iyos policiis zedamxedvelobis qveS. amasTan, mis Sesanaxad

gamoyofili 5 maneTi vercxliT TveSi, SeunarCundes moma-

valSic, imis gaTvaliswinebiT rom igi aris ukiduresad Ra-

ribi da mxcovani asakis~. erTvis SeniSvna: `Sinagan saqmeTa mi-

nistris 1838 w. 1 dekembris gankargulebiT, maqsime erisTavi

gadasaxlebul iqna q. ekaterinoslavSi, sadac igi mivida 1839

w. 24 ivliss, kavkasiis mxaris mTavarmarTeblis, kancelariis

moxelis koniSenkos TanxlebiT. saarsebod mas daeniSna 5 man.

vercxliT TveSi~.

aqtebi, t. XI, Тифлис, 1881, gv. 104-105, sabuTi #141

fragmenti saqarTvelos egzarqosis evgenis werili-

sa general golovinisadmi. 1839 w. 27 oqtomberi, #2746 (sa-

idumlod).

`amJamad, amave 1839 wlis 2 agvistos saidumlo momar-

TvaSi Cemdami, Tqven kvlav ganmartavT-ra Tqvenamde moRwe-

ul cnobebs guriis da imereTis mosaxleobis uwesrigo (qce-

vis) Sesaxeb, rac gamoixateba maT damokidebulebaSi zneobi-

sadmi (?! v. k.) mekiTxebiT, ra zomebi SeiZleba iqnes miRebuli

(maT mimarT) im uwesrigobaTa aRmosafxvrelad, romelsac

xalxi, qristianobis WeSmariti gzidan gadahyavs da aqedan

gamomdinare ganaTlebis gzisganac; amaze maqvs pativi gipa-

suxoT: generali espexo mwers, rom mRvdlebi guriaSi Sem-

kulni arian yovelgvari codvebiT (da isini) qurdobasac ar

eridebian, (amasTanave) isini adgenen yalb dokumentebs im mi-

webze, romelic xazinas ekuTvnis da maT mier TviTneburad

iqna misakuTrebuli. (samwuxarod), guriis samRvdeloebis am

codvebze da danaSaulobebze sasuliero mmarTvelobas

(cnobebi ar aqvs), radgan imperiis wina mmarTvelobis mier

(amis Sesaxeb) aranairi Setyobineba ar mosvlia~...

394

Vazha Kiknadze Doctor of Historical Sciencies, Ivane Javakhishvili Tbilisi State University, Di-rector of Ivane Javakhishvili Institute of History and Ethnology, Professor

The Documents from the History of Georgian Church

in the 19th century

Summary It is published some important documents from the history of Geor-

gian Church in the 1-st half of the 19th century. The documents are translated from Russian and commented by V.

Kiknadze. The most of them are issued at the first time. The documents enable the researcher to understand better the situa-

tion in Georgia after it was conquered by the Russian Empire. The Inde-pendence of Orthodox Georgian church was abolished and the Russian Holy Synod and Emperor governs it via Russian bureaucratic ecclesiastical and state system.


1. Акты собранные Кавказской археографической коммисией, т.

XI, Тифлис, 1881.

2. Акты собранные, Кавказской археографической коммисией, т. IV,

Тифлис, 1870.

3. Акты собранные кавказской археографической коммисией, т. 1, Тифлис, 1866.

4. kinklosuri qronikaluri minawerebi, ix.: T. Jordania,

qronikebi da sxva masala, t. III, gamosces, komentarebi da

saZieblebi daurTes g. Jordaniam da S. xanTaZem, Tbilisi,

1967.

395

xaTuna qoqraSvili




toriisa da eTnologiis institutis


lebis ufrosi mecnier-TanamSromeli

ramdenime dokumenti erovnuli

moZraobis istoriisTvis

(1802 wlis politikuri gamosvla kaxeTSi)

1802 wlis politikuri gamosvla erT-erTi pirveli sap-

rotesto incindentia, romelic aleqsandre I-is manifestis

gamocxadebis Semdeg kaxeTSi daiwyo. kaxeTis Tavadaznaure-

bis mniSvnelovanma nawilma aRniSnul manifests, qarTl-kaxe-

Tis samefos gauqmebisa da misi ruseTTan mierTebis Sesaxeb,

protestiT upasuxa da ruseTis imperatoris erTgulebis

fici ar miiRo. 1802 wlis ivlisSi qiziySi, qelmenCuris mida-

moebSi kaxeli Tavadaznaurebis iniciativiT ramdenime aTasi

adamianis Sekreba ruseTis winaaRmdeg politikur gamosvla-

Si gadaizarda.

amboxebulTa Soris iyvnen kaxeli Tavadebi: androni-

kaSvilebi, vaCnaZeebi, jandierebi, WavWavaZeebi, qobulaSvi-

lebi da sxvebi. cnobilia, rom am politikur gamosvlaSi mo-

nawileobdnen bagrationTa samefo ojaxis wevrebi: vaxtang

erekles Ze da Teimuraz giorgis Ze. sparseTSi myofi aleq-

sandre batoniSvilisa da darejan dedoflis mier igegmebo-

da, aseve, qarTl-kaxeTSi rusebis samxedro Zalebis winaaR-

mdeg imereTis mefis solomon II-is, ganjis xanis, axalcixis

faSasa da War-belaqneli lekebis erToblivi laSqroba. ga-

marjvebis SemTxvevaSi qarTl-kaxeTis mefed iulon erekles

Ze unda gamoecxadebinaT. qelmenCuris Sekrebis dasaSlelad

gagzavnili rusebis samxedro SenaerTi Tavdapirvelad ambo-

xebulebma moigeries.

statiaSi vaqveynebT ramdenime dokuments: politikuri

gamosvlis monawileebis mier Sedgenil mimarTvis teqsts ru-

seTis imperatorisadmi, rusi generlebis _ lazarevisa da gu-

396

liakovisadmi, aseve, garsevan WavWavaZisadmi da sxva. dokumen-

tebSi Cans amboxebulTa ukmayofileba 1801 wlis 12 seqtembris

manifestis gamo, moTxovnebi qarTl-kaxeTis samefosa da 1783

wlis georgievskis traqtatis pirobebis aRdgenis Sesaxeb. ka-

xeTis Tavadaznauroba ruseTis imperatorisgan qarTl-kaxe-

Tis mefed iulon erekles Zis damtkicebas iTxovda.

Ppolitikuri gamosvlis masStaburobis miuxedavad ru-

seTis xelisuflebam SeZlo misi ganeitraleba da CaxSoba.

imereTSi TavSefarebuli iulon da farnaoz batoniSvilebis

qarTl-kaxeTSi dabrunebis aRsakveTad gaamagres imereTidan

aRmosavleT saqarTveloSi gadasasvlelebi, gaaZlieres tfi-

lisis dacva, xolo kaxeTSi damatebiTi samxedro Zalebi gag-

zavnes. kaxeTis amboxebulma Tavadaznaurobam ver SeZlo wi-

naaRmdegobis gaweva da xalxis daSlis gadawyvetileba mii-

Res. maT ver SeuerTdnen iulon da farnaoz batoniSvilebi,

War-belaqanSi gamagrebulma aleqsandre batoniSvilmac ga-

daifiqra kaxeTSi SeWra. kaxeTis politikuri gamosvlis mo-

nawileebis nawili ruseTis xelisuflebam Seipyro, nawili

gaiqca da mogvianebiT aleqsandre batoniSvils SeuerTda.

Sepyrobil Tavadebs danaSauli apaties da ruseTis impera-

toris erTgulebaze daafices.

1802 wlis politikuri gamosvlis marcxis miuxedavad cxa-

di gaxda, rom qarTveli xalxi saxelmwifoebriobis dakargvas

ver Seurigdeboda da TavisuflebisTvis brZolas ar Sewyvetda.

* * *

kaxeTis Tavadaznaurobis Txovna imperators erTobiT kaxeTsa Sina mcxovrebni samRudeloni da sae-

roni muxl-dadgmiT movaxsenebT yovlad udidebulessa

mfarvelobasa Tqvensa esreT

umowyaleso xelmwifev! rodesac erTgulebasa zeda

Tqvenisa imperatorebisa didebulebisasa dagvafices, myis

gamogvicxadda maniфestiT, rom viTomc Cven mogvexsenebinos

karsa winaSe udidebulesisa xelmwifisa Tqvenisasa, mefe

aRar gvinda da umefod SemovsulvarT mfarvelobasa qveSe.

es franciulT msgavsi respublikaoba iqneboda Cvengan

CuÀns batonebs ra dauSavebiaT Cvenzeda, rom uarvyoT; aTas

ori weli meti aris, rom bagratovanni memkvidreoben da eg-

397

reTve (mravali amaTgani Cvenis gulisaTvis wamebulan) qris-

tesTvis da CvenTvis sisxli dauTxeviaT da CuÀnc amaT win

amovwyvetil-varT mravalni.

ese CuÀni hazri ar aris, - macTurTa kacTagan momxdaria

Cveni vedreba es aris, rom CuÀnzed mraval-gvarad garjilis

da Ruawl-dadebulis mefis iraklis anderZi dagvimtkicoT

da im anderZis wesiT mefe dagvisvaT da Cvenis mefiT Tqvens

mfarvelobas qveSe gvamyofoT, da raoden Cveni SeZleba iyos,

ise gvimsaxuroT.

amas viTxovT Tqvenis didebulebisagan muxl-dadgmiT

da sulTqmiT

Tavadi revaz endronikovi, Tavadi svimon endronikovi,

Tavadi soloman endronikovi, Tavadi dimitri endronikovi,

zaqaria mouravis-Svili Tavadi abel, Tavadi vaCnaZe luar-

sab, Tavadi bebuTovi revaz, Tavadi abaSiZe qeSiqCi-baSi da-

viT, Tavadi adam endronikovi, Tavadi ioseb endronikovi, Ta-

vadi ivane endronikovi, Tavadi ivane erastisSvili, jandie-

ris-Svili daviT, Tavadi giorgi Colayovi, mdabali mitro-

politi nekresisa, Tavadi revaz vaxvaxovi, dimitri Colayo-

vi, Tavadi martyofis mouravi ioane, Tavadi durmiSxan Cola-

yovi, Tavadi daviT qobulovi, Tavadi svimon qobulovi, ivane

WavWavaZe, Tavadi kalauris mouravi jandieris-Svili oman,

Tavadi merab WavWavaZe, Tavadi ioseb WavWavaZe, Tavadi revaz

jandierovi, sulxanovi zaraspis-Ze paata, daviT mayaSvili,

vaCnaZe aslan, Tavadi vaCnaZe aidemur, Tavadi vaCnaZe solo-

mon, Tavadi vaCnaZe svimon, Tavadi vaCnaZe solomon, Tavadi

vaCnaZe ioseb, Tavadi grigolis-Svili ninia, Tavadi abaSiZe

evgenis-Ze paata, kostantiles-Ze ioseb, Tavadi jorjaZe

salTxucesi giorgi, Tavadi jorjaZe grigol, yovlad sam-

Rudelo sarWaSneli arxieri ColayaSvili. misis uwmindeso-

bis saibi da arximandriti, moZRvarT-moZRvari ioakim, mdaba-

li karis winamZRvari, Tavadi jorjaZe zurab, Tavadi jorja-

Ze eniselT mouravi dimitri, luarsab Tarxani, WavWavaZe gi-

orgi, jandieri-Svili farsadan, avalovi kirile, Tavadi jan-

dierovi fridon, Tavadi vaCnaZe zaqaria, Tavadi afxazi ivane.

Акты, собранные Кавказской археографической комиссией, Под редакцией: А.П. Берже, Т. I, Тифлис, 1868, gv. 387.

398

kaxeTis Tavadebis mimarTva general guliakovisad-

mi, 21 ivlisi, qoronikoni 490 (1802) [1]

pirveli CuÀni moxseneba es aris. saqarTvelo erTi mci-

redni qveyana varT, Cven gvebrZoda didi xelmwife aris xon-

Tqari; Cven gvebrZoda yeeni da ymanic imisni viyaviT, Cven

gvebrZoda daRistani, rom isic erTi didi qveyana aris, mag-

ram amaebs arc-erTs Tavi ar daudeviT; Tumca Zalas gvatan-

dnen, zogjer kidec dagviWires, magram Tavi arc erTs ar da-

vudeviT, amisTvis warmarTni iyvnen, rodesac amad dagviWi-

res, verc maSin da verc masukan CvenSi verc moSales mefoba,

verc moSales efiskopozoba, verc moSales Tavadoba verc

moSales glexoba, rom yovels fers TÂT Tqveni Tvali xedavs

am didrovanis urjuloT mterTagan rom mosveneba ara

gvqonda, xmliTac bevri moviSoreT, marTlisa da tyuilis

TqmiTac da micemiTac. daRistans viSorebdiT am SaWirvebaSi

rom viyaviT, Cveni mefeni evedrebodnen yovlad-mowyales

xelmwifes rom qristianobis gulisaTvis mowyaleba moeRo

da ruseTis safarveli gvdeboda, Cvens mefesac pativi da di-

deba momateboda, eklesiebsac da efiskopozTac, TavadTac

da glexTac da uSiSroebaSiac vyofiliyaviT. ineba yovlad-

mowyalem xelmwifem da saqarTvelo ruseTs SeaerTa da mani-

feStebi gviboZa, rom yovels fers mowyalebas TviTveulad

gvibrZana imisTana brZaneba, da madloba movaxseneT da sxva

rac mowyaleba manifeStiT gvibrZana Tqvengan ar aRgvisrul-

da. uSiSroeba gvibrZana, raSi Cans soflebs da soflebs gle-

jen lekni da aras naRvlobT. eklesiebisa da efiskopozT pa-

tivis momateba brZana - Tqven yma da mamuli mTlad Camoar-

TviT. TavadT pativis momateba gvibrZana, Cven romelnic Cve-

nis batonebisgan pativ-cemulni viyaviT da iqidam vrCebodiT

is pativi mogveSala; visac didis RvawliT da sisxl-daTxe-

viT soflebi saxeloT gveWira; is mogviSaleT; glexT Tor-

metTs weliwads mowyaleba ubZana xarjis gamourTmevlobisa;

Cvenis daqceulis qalaqisa gvibrZana, rac Semosavali marTe-

belT jamagirs gadarCes, daqceulis qalaqis aRsaSeneblad

daxarjuliyo _ esec ar moxda amaT xarji eTxovaT, amaT iw-

yines, Torem Cvens xalxzedac gamoacxadebdiT, magram dai-

dumeT. amis garda ojaxis-Svilni Tavadni daiWireT da qizi-

yelni ufrosi kacni da maT yvelam Tavi imarTles da simar-

399

TliT gamocxaddnen rac yovlad-mowyalem xelmwifem gvibZa-

na, fici Tu sxva ram, yoveli feri aRgvisrulebia, rom TviT

Cveni werilebi acxadebs; Tqven am mwuxarebaSi migveciT amas

garda axla vaCnaZebs mouxdnen, daWeras upirobdnen, ar dae-

Werinnen ar viciT, ra danaSauli gvaqvs? Tu xelmwifis brZa-

nebiT gviSvrebiT, gamogvicxadeT ise gardagvxdes; Tu Tqven

TavaT gviSvrebiT erTobiT Tavadni da glexni mogaxsenebT,

amis pasuxi unda mogvceT, rom Cvenc xelmwifis arzi mivar-

ToT da Cveni SeWirveba movaxsenoT xelmwifis ubrZanebliv

TavadT nu daiWerT arc marTebuli aris; romelic Tavadni

gaiqcnen, qalaqSi rom wigni gamoCnda, im xmis SiSma gaaqciva

erTi amisi piri kavalenckisac [2] mivwereT da Senc mogar-

TviT, rom es jari Tqveni kamandisani arian.

Акты, собранные Кавказской археографической комиссией, Под редакцией: А.П. Берже, Т. I, Тифлис, 1868, gv. 388

werili Tavad garsevan WavWavaZes [3]

Cven erTobiT kaxni, Senni Zmani, erT-xmobiT mogaxse-

nebT Cveni ambavi gamocxadebuli geqnebaT da aw amas mogaxse-

nebT gamogvicxades Cvenis saxeloebis CamorTmeva, gamoacxa-

des eklesiebis mamulis CamorTmeva da ese gvesmis, rom oris

wlis xarjsa sTxoven xalxsao da Sen Semecnebuli brZandeba,

Tu ra mwuxareba da Wmunva iqneba Cvens gulSi.

maTis imperatorebis didebulebisaTvis arza mogvir-

Tmevia da Sig gamogvicxadebia sxuas Cvens sruls hazrs WavWa-

vaZe garsevan ganacxadebs Tqvenis didebulebis winaSeo xom

ici, Cveni hazri erTi es aris - romelic mefis iraklisagan

ukanaskneli anderZia, is damtkicdes, romelic Senganac da-

beWdilia da Cvenganac, magaTis mfarvelobiT, da Cvengan rao-

den SesaZlebeli samsaxuri iyos, gvimsaxuros da miirTos.

es Sens nebazed mogvigdia; amjobino, gamoacxade da ar

amjobino, daidume da Cven ki umetesad samjobinrad vracxT

magaTis didebulebisaTvisac da CvenTvisac amis damtkicebas,

amisTvis rom Cveni gareSemo mezobelni ufro magaTis morCi-

lebis uRels moudreken qedsa Tvissa Cveni WeSmariti sityva

es aris, rom is anderZi damtkicdes; maTis didebulebisaTvi-

sac mogvixsenebia, swored Cveni sazogado mwuxareba es aris.

400


KkaxeTis Tavadebis werili general lazarevs, 1802

wlis 26 ivlisi [4]

mere winazedac arzi mogarTviT da arc im arzis pasuxi

gvebrZana Cven rom arzi mogarTviT, imisi piri arzis gula-

kovsac mivarTviT am wignis mitanazed gulakovma Cveni Tava-

debi daiWira da yvelas Tavads dasaWerad devna dauwyes,

aRar daeWerinnen erTad Seyrilni varT, qiziys SeviyareniT,

iulonis mefobazed davificeT Cvenca da qiziyelTac. ro-

gorc mefis erekles anderZi aris da daficebulni varT jer

xelmwifis erTgulebazed davificeT, mere iulonis mefoba-

zed Cvens yovlad-mowyalis xelmwifis erTgulni viyvneT da

iulon mefeT gvijdes; rac xelmwifes Cvengan samsaxuri ene-

bos, Cvens mefes ubrZanos da imisi sityviT, Cvenis SeZlebiT

gvimsaxuros Cvenc xelmwifes arzi mivarToT da amisi mowya-

leba vTxooT am saqmeSi rom viyaviT da arzas vswerdiT, pod-

polkovniki mogvixda jariT da artileriiT, daWeras gvipi-

robda da kinaRam Cvenc xelmwifis orgulobaSi ar Segviyvana

da erTi SfoTi ar gardagvkida; magram RmerTman dagvifara,

ise uSfoTrad gaviyareniT gevedrebiT muxl-dadgmiT, es

SfoTi daawynaroT - an xelmwifis sawyens saqmeSi ar migvceT

da an es xalxi xelmwifes ar daukargoT; xelmwifes arzas mi-

varTmevT, is arza Tqven mogerTmevaT da Tqven xelmwifes mi-

arTviT gevedrebiT, - rac Cveni Zmani arian usamarTloT da-

Werilni, is gveboZos, rom SfoTi dawynardes; imaTs daWera-

zed xalxi diax SemofTxa da neba Tqvenia.


Mmitropolit ioane bodbelis Cveneba, 1802 wlis 31 iv-

lisi kaxeTis Tavadni andronikaSvilebi, vaCnaZebi da jandie-

rilebi Seyriliyvnen da ganezraxaT xelmwifis erTgulobaze

dagvificavs da kidev davificoTo, da ueno varT da erTi

CuÀni batoniSvili gviboZos mefeT; Tu imis didebulebis ne-

ba iqnebodes, arzi vaaxloT.

401

oc da oTxs Cuen davebarebineT da xiziyis moxeleebi,

mivediT da ase ifices jer xelmwifis erTgulebaze da masu-

kan iulon iTxoves _ lakbezed [5] iyo es fici; oc da xuTs

xuTSabaT dRes kelmeCurze [6] gadmovidnen, qiziyis xalxs Se-

atyobines, qiziyis xalxi movida soflidam da daifices jer

xelmwifis erTgulebaze da masukan iulonis memkvidreobaze,

radgan mefis iraklis anderZi ase aris, Tu imis didebuleba

inebebso; amis wigni gaRmac gagzavnes gavaz-yvarelSi, Tqvenc

ase daificeTo da uzeTSiac gaRma paata WavWavaZes gaatanes

da imis piri erTi SigniT kaxeTSi - Tqvenc ase daificeTo iu-

lons wigni misweres Cven Sens Tavs vsTxovT xelmwifesao da

Senc ecadeo, rom xelmwifem wyaloba dagvmarToso, imaTi

ganzraxva da rCeva es iyo. amas gareT arc gaRma lekSi, arc

aleqsandresTan wigni ar miuweriaT da arc vici, RmerTsa

vficam da yovladmowyalis xelmwifis Tavsa da axla Tu mii-

werebian, is ki ar vici, da neba Tqvenis maRal-msvlelobisa

Cemi moxseneba es aris ivlisis la [7]

amas garda misweres vaxtangsac wigni iulonis wignTan

welsa Cyb [8]

mdabali mitropoliti bodbeli ioane


mcire komentarebi:

[1] guliakovi vasil stefanes Ze (1751-1804) _ rusi sam-

xedro moxele, general-maiori. 1773-1774 ww. msaxurobda po-

loneTSi, 1778 wlidan SveciaSi. aqtiurad monawileobda kav-

kasiis omebSi. 1800 wels miiRo general-maioris wodeba. dai-

niSna kavkasiis xazze yabardos qveiTi polkis ufrosad. me-

Taurobda 1800 wlis seqtemberSi qarTl-kaxeTSi Semosul

rusul polks, Semdeg kaxeTSi ganlagebul rusul jars. 1803

wels Gmisi xelmZRvanelobiT rusTa da qarTvelTa erTobliv-

ma samxedro Zalebma daikaves War-belaqani. imave wels ilaS-

qra daRestnelTa winaaRmdeg. 1804 wels zaqaTalas xeobaSi

lekebis kvals dadevnebuli mowinaaRmdegis tyviam imsxver-

pla. daasaflaves bodbes monasterSi.

[2] kovalenski petre ivanes Ze _ 1799-1800 wlebSi ruse-

Tis elCi da ministri qarTl-kaxeTis samefoSi. qarTl-kaxe-

402

Tis samefos gauqmebis Semdeg dainiSna `saqarTvelos mmar-

Tvelad~ da amave dros I ganyofilebis _ aRmasrulebeli eq-

spediciis xelmZRvanelad. am Tanamdebobaze yofnis dros Ca-

denili darRvevebis gamo 1802 wlis seqtemberSi ruseTis

mTavrobam ukan gaiwvia. gardaicvala 1817 wels.

[3] garsevan revazis Ze WavWavaZe (1756-1811) _ qarTl-ka-

xeTis samefos politikuri moRvawe, diplomati, mefis eSika-

RasbaSi (sapolicio-administraciuli aparatis ufrosi) da

yazaxis mouravi. qarTl-kaxeTis samefos sruluflebiani

warmomadgenlis statusiT, aqtiurad monawileobda 1783

wlis georgievskis traqtatis dadebaSi. mxars uWerda traq-

tatis pirobebis Sesabamisad qarTl-kaxeTis samefos aRdge-

nas, ris gamoc 1805 wels ruseTis mTavrobam peterburgSi ga-

daasaxla. dasaflavebulia aleqsandre nevelis lavraSi.

[4] lazarevi ivane petres Ze (1763-1803) _ rusi samxedro

moxele, general-maiori (1798 w-dan). mniSvnelovani roli Se-

asrula kavkasiaSi ruseTis imperiis gavlenis gasaZliereb-

lad. xelmZRvanelobda samxedro legions, romelic 1799 wels

ruseTis xelisuflebam qarTl-kaxeTis samefoSi Semoiyvana.

qarTl-kaxeTis samefos saSinao saqmeebSi aqtiurad ereoda.

giorgi XII-is gardacvalebis Semdeg, 1801 wlis ianvris damle-

vamde, akontrolebda qarTl-kaxeTis samefos mmarTvelobas.

qarTl-kaxeTSi rusuli mmarTvelobis SemoRebis Semdeg ru-

suli jaris xelmZRvaneloba miandes.M1803 w. mokles mariam de-

doflis ruseTSi ZaliT gadasaxlebis mcdelobis incinden-

tis dros. daasaflaves tfilisSi, sionis taZarSi.

[5] lakbe _ mdinare ioris marcxena Senakadi. saTaves

iRebs gomboris qedis samxreT-dasavleT kalTaze, zRvis do-

nidan 935 m simaRleze, sigrZe 32 km. moedineba gurjaanis mu-

nicipalitetis teritoriaze.

[6] kelmeCuri (qelmenCuri) _ 1802 wlis politikuri ga-

mosvlis monawile kaxeTis Tavad-aznaurebis saprotesto

Sekrebis adgili qiziyis teritoriaze, sadac amboxebulebma

SeimuSaves qarTl-kaxeTis samefos aRdgenis da mefed iulon

erekles Zis damtkicebis moTxovna.

[7] ivlisis la _ 21 ivlisi.

[8] welsa Cyb _ 1802 wels.

403

Khatuna Kokrashvili

Doctor of History, Ivane Javakhishvili Tbi-lisi State University, Ivane Javakhishvili Institute of History and Ethnology, Senior scientist-researcher of the Department of Modern and Contemporary History

Some Documents about the National Movement History

(Political Action in Kakheti in 1802)

Summary The political action in 1802 was one of the first protests. This inci-

dent took place in Kakheti after the announcement of the manifest of Alex-ander I. It was a manifest which was abolishing Kartl-Kakheti kingdom and was uniting it with Russia. The substantial majority of Kakheti nobles pro-tested it and refused to swear allegiance to the emperor of Russia. In July, 1082, in Kiziki, in the Kelmenchuri area with the initiative of Kakheti no-bles several thousand people gathered. This gathering turned into a political protest.

We are publishing in the article some documents: the texts of the re-bels' appeal towards Russian emperor, towards the generals of the Russian army in Kartl-Kakheti and etc. The documents obviously show discontent of rebels because of the manifest of September, 12, 1801, demands to re-store Kartl-Kakheti kingdom and the conditions of 1783 treaty of Geor-gievsk. The nobles of Kartl-Kakheti were demanding from the emperor of Russia to appoint as a king of Kartl-Kakheti Iulon Bagrationi, Erekle II’s son. Despite the political action in 1802 was of large-scale the government of Russia was able to neutralize and put it down. But this political action clearly showed that the Georgian people will not tolerate a loss of inde-pendence and never stop the fight for independence.

404

SoTa vadaWkoria



xelmwifo universiteti, ivane javaxiS-

vilis istoriisa da eTnologiis insti-

tutis mTavari mecnier-TanamSromeli

evropuli dapirebebi da sabrZolo vaznebis

gareSe darCenili saqarTvelo (1919— 1921 wlebi)

axali saarqivo dokumentebi

amierkavkasiis garSemo Seqmnili rTuli politikuri

situaciis analizidan gamomdinare, saqarTvelos pirveli

respublikis mTavroba SesaniSnavad acnobierebda im moax-

loebul safrTxes, romelic CrdiloeTidan- sabWoTa ruse-

Tis saxiT emuqreboda Cvens qveyanas. mmarTveli politikuri

partiis liderebs isic kargad hqonda gaTvlili, rom saqar-

Tvelos respublikis teritoriuli mTlianobis aRsadgenad,

sabrZolo moqmedebebis Catarebis aucileblobis SemTxveva-

Si, ra mZime mdgomareobaSi aRmoCndeboda saqarTvelo, Tuki

rusuli warmoebis iaraRze iqneboda damokidebuli. qarTul

istoriografiaSi garkveulia, rom Tbilisis arsenalSi arse-

buli rusuli warmoebis iaraRisTvis (900 tyviamfrqvevi, SaS-

xanebi, samTo qvemexebi) arc erTi Sesatyvisi vazna da yumbara

ar inaxeboda: igi amierkavkasiis frontis sardlobis mier,

saWiroebisamebr 1915-1916 wlebSi aleqsandropolisa da sa-

riyamiSis samxedro sawyobebSi iqna gadatanili. marTalia,

1918 wlis martis Sua ricxvebSi aleqsandropolidan da sari-

yamiSidan 6 vagoni tyviamfrqvevis vaznebi da 24 vagoni zar-

baznis yumbarebi iqna TbilisSi Camotanili, magram misi Sev-

sebiTi procesi SeuZlebeli xdeboda. arsebuli viTareba sa-

xalxo gvardiisa da jaris dauyovnebliv gadaiaraRebas saWi-

roebda; qveynis usafrTxoebis gaTvaliswinebidan gamomdina-

re, saqarTvelos SeiaraRebuli Zalebi sabWoTa ruseTze da-

mokidebuli rom ar yofiliyo, rusuli warmoebis iaraRi ev-

ropuliT unda Canacvlebuliyo. am mizniT, saqarTvelos xe-

lisuflebis pirveli qmediTi nabiji 1919 wlis gazafxulze

405

gadaidga. mxedvelobaSi maqvs inglisisa da safrangeTis war-

momadgenlebTan gaformebuli SeTanxmeba — pirvel msoflio

omSi gamoyenebuli iaraRis saqarTvelosTvis miyidvis Sesa-

xeb. dokumenturad dadasturebulia, rom saqarTvelos

mTavrobis Tavmjdomarem n. Jordaniam 1920 wlis 20 marts

oficialuri gancxadebiT mimarTa inglisis, safrangeTis,

aSS- is da italiis warmomadgenlebs da maTi qveynebis xel-

mZRvanelebis mier saqarTvelosTvis iaraRis miyidvis Sesa-

xeb micemuli pirobis Sesrulebis aucilebloba Seaxsena. sa-

qarTvelos pirveli respublikis xelisufalTa am Txovni-

sadmi evropis saxelmwifos liderebma indiferentuli damo-

kidebuleba gamoiCines. es gasakviri araa, radgan evropis

qveynebis, gansakuTrebiT inglisis xelisuflebis mesveurT,

saqarTvelosgan mesxeT— javaxeTis Camocilebis veraguli

gegma hqonda SemuSavebuli. es danaSaulebrivi faqti noe ra-

miSvilis mier parizSi myofi akaki Cxenkelisa da irakli we-

reTelisadmi 1920 wlis 22 marts gagzavnil werilSia mxile-

buli. iqve xazgasmiTaa miTiTebuli am gegmis xelSemSleli

faqtorebis amoqmedebis aucileblobis Sesaxeb. ramdenadac

saqarTvelosgan samxreT— dasavleTis teritoriis CamoWris

inglisuri gegmis ganxorcieleba ver moxerxda, mxolod amis

Semdeg miiRes realuri gadawyvetileba — 1919 wels Sepire-

buli iaraRis saqarTvelosTvis miyidvis Sesaxeb. mxedvelo-

baSi maqvs am sakiTxTan mimarTebaSi safrangeTis mTavrobis

mier 1921 wlis 14 Tebervlis oficialuri Tanxmoba, romlis

praqtikulad amoqmedeba mxolod 11 dRis Semdeg (25 Teberva-

li) gacemuli brZanebis safuZvelze gaxda SesaZlebeli. xaz-

gasmiT minda aRvniSno, rom is iaraRi, romelic safrangeTis

xelisuflebam saqarTvelosTvis misayidad gaimeta, daJangu-

li da mwyobridan iyo gamosuli. samxedro specialistebis

mier gakeTebuli daskvnidan gamomdinare, im etapze igi sab-

rZolo moqmedebebisaTvis ar gamodgeboda, radgan safuZ-

vlian SekeTebas saWiroebda.

yovelive zemoTqmuli SesaZleblobas iZleva ganvacxa-

do, rom dasavleT evropis saxelmwifoebis meTaurebma, sa-

qarTvelosTvis iaraRis miyidvis Sesaxeb micemuli pirobis

droulad arSesrulebiT, saqarTvelos SeiaraRebuli Zale-

bis gadaiaraRebas maqsimalurad SeuSala xeli. rac Seexeba

406

axali samxedro qvedanayofebis Seqmnas, aseT pirobebSi raime

saxis qmediTi nabijis gadadgma SeuZlebeli iyo. zogierTi

Cemi kolega am realobas, samwuxarod, angariSs ar uwevs. sam-

xedro da politikur moRvaweTa tendenciuri formiT dawe-

ril memuarebze dayrdnobiT, saqarTvelos pirveli respub-

likis mmarTvel Zalas qarTuli armiis axali SenaerTebis

verSeqmnaSi adanaSaulebs. isini yuradRebis miRma toveben

yvelaze mniSvnelovan sakiTxs— romeli qveynis mier damza-

debuli sabrZolo iaraRiT unda momxdariyo qarTuli jaris

aRWurva. arc imas iTvaliswineben, rom saqarTvelos pirveli

respublika im momentSi rusuli warmoebis vaznebis momxma-

reblad darCa da am danaSaulebriv qmedebaSi lomis wili da-

savleT evropis qveynebis liderebis wajeq- ukujeqis (ufro

swori iqneboda— politikurad meZavma) kursma Seasrula.

tyuilze agebuli Sepirebebidan gamomdinare, rusuli war-

moebis SaSxanebiT, tyviamfrqvevebiTa da qvemexebiT aRWur-

vili saqarTvelos SeiaraRebuli Zalebi sabWoTa ruseTis pi-

rispir (1921 wlis Tebervali) rusuli warmoebis vaznebis ga-

reSe aRmoCnda. gagra-soxumis mimarTulebiT qarTuli saja-

riso SenaerTebis mier sabrZolo moqmedebebis Sewyveta ru-

suli vaznebis uqonlobam ganapiroba. rac Seexeba aleqsan-

dropolidan 1918 wels Semotanili vaznebis marags, igi 1921

wlis Tebervlis dasawyisisaTvis amowuruli iyo.

roca sabWoTa ruseTTan damarcxebis mizezebze da axa-

li sajariso SenaerTebis verSeqmnis Sesaxeb vsaubrobT, pir-

vel rigSi evropis saxelmwifoebisgan saqarTvelosTvis sab-

rZolo iaraRis, Tundac rusuli warmoebis vaznebis drou-

lad armiyidvis faqtori unda iqnas gaTvaliswinebuli. wina-

aRmdeg SemTxvevaSi, mimdinare procesebis SefasebaSi isto-

riis falsifikatoris ampluaSi aRmovCndebiT.

407

dokumenti #1

saq. soc. dem. mus. partiis centraluri komiteti

1920 w. 22 marti

amx. k.CxeiZes da ir.wereTels

parizi.

amxanagebo!

cekas davalebiT oriode sityviT msurs aqauri mdgoma-

reoba agiweroT. bolSevikebi moadgnen sazRvars. miRebulia

yovelive zomebi sazRvris dasacavad. Tavdasxmaze ar gvifiq-

ria da arc vfiqrobT. xolo Cveni sazRvrebis dacvas uTuod

SevZlebT. marTalia, sabrZolo masala gvaklia, magram deni-

kinelebs sakmao masala avarTviT sazRvrebSi gadmosvlisas.

evropelni gvpirdebian, magram es dapirebad rCeba. saWiroa

am sagans didi yuradReba miaqcioT.

meore saqme: inglisi, eWvs gareSea, cdilobs amierkav-

kasiis brWyalebiT CaWeras. samxedro wreebi gansakuTrebiT

iltvian daikavon baTumis olqi da Semdeg gaiyvanon rkinigza

baTumidan artaaniT yarsamde da Semdeg sparseTiT indoe-

Tamde. aseTi gegma warmoadgens ganmeorebas im gegmisas, rac

erTxel moxda Zvel saqarTveloSi. samcxe- saaTabagos mow-

yvetiT davkargeT ekonomiuri Zala- gavlena da Semdeg poli-

tikuri suvereniteti. amitom vibrZviT ase energiulad am

gegmis winaaRmdeg. artaani-baTumis xazi savsebiT Cveni unda

Seiqnes. rogorac ar SegviZlia baTumis olqis daTmoba, ag-

reTve ar SegviZlia arc artaanis olqis somxebisaTvis gada-

cema. es srulebiT naTelia amJamaT CvenTvis. somxebi ibrZvi-

an, artaanis olqidan gaikafon viwro gza baTumisaken, gaJli-

ton iq mcxovrebni, rogorc axla Jleten artaanis olqis aR-

mosavleT nawilis muslimanebs artileriiT da qmnian sufTa

teritorias.

aseTia rTuli viTareba baTumis olqis. Tu amas davur-

TavT azerbaijanis intrigebs baTumis olqSi, razedac saga-

reo saqmeTa saministro gacnobebT, suraTi sruli iqneba.

swored amitom, ase erTsulovnaT gamovidnen saqarTvelos

xalxi baTumis sakiTxSi da dagmo umaRlesi sabWos dadgeni-

leba baTumis porto- frankod gamocxadebisa da karikatu-

408

ruli saxelmwifos SeqmniT. saWiroa energiuli zomebi Tqve-

nis mxriv.

Cven vfiqrobT, SeiZleba inglisis xelmZRvanel wreebs

advilad davumtkicoT, rom Zlieri saqarTvelo sworeT maT

interesebSia, maT politikas mTel kavkasiaSi da Sua aziaSi

amtkicebs. amitom saWiroa saqarTvelos interesTa uzrun-

velyofa. imedi maqvs, muSaTa partia inglisisa did daxmare-

bas gagiwevT.

Semdegi, mesame sakiTxi: es aris zaqaTalas olqi. yov-

lad SeuZlebelia am olqis azerbaijanis farglebSi datove-

ba. ekonomiurad is gadajaWvulia TbilisTan. saWiroa am sa-

kiTxebSi miimxroT mokavSireni. es miT ufro SeiZleba, rom

azerbaijanis gaZlierebas saqarTvelos xarjze ar moisurve-

ben. saerTod, droa sazRvrebis sakiTxi pirvel rigSi daaye-

noT.

modis gen. odiSeliZe. man Cveni azri icis da saWiroa

misi erudiciis savsebiT gamoyeneba.

imedi gvaqvs, Tqven SeZlebT am ukanasknel dabrkole-

baTa daZlevas. k.gvarjalaZe da k.sabaxtaraSvili dabrun-

dnen, agreTve gobeCiac...

salams giTvlis noe xomeriki.

albaT noe Jordania calke mogwers.

amxanaguri da megobruli salmiT n. ramiSvili.

scssa, f. 2115, saq.119, furc. 1-2

dokumenti # 2

saqarTvelos sagareo saqmeTa ministris e.gegeWkoris

mier stambolSi saqarTvelos konsulis

i.gogolaSvilisadmi 1921 wlis 29 ianvars

gagzavnili depeSa

Tqveni depeSis sapasuxoT gauwyebT, rom yvela saWiro

cnobebi, Tu ra gvWirdeba exlave, pirveli rigis jaris mosaw-

yobad, ukve gadaveci adgilobriv inglisisa da safrangeTis

warmomadgenelT. amaT es cnobebi daugzavnes TavianT mTav-

robebs. Cven es moviTxoveT da amis dapirebac miviReT. saWi-

409

roa yvela zomebis miReba, rom pirvel rigSi moTxovnili sag-

nebi rac SeiZleba saCqaroT mogvawvdinoT...

sabWoTa ruseTi gvemuqreba. Cven magraT varT. saWiroa

samxedro sagnebis saCqaroT mowodeba.

e. gegeWkori.

scssa, f. 1864, saq. 483, furc. 16

dokumenti # 3

saqarTvelos sagareo saqmeTa ministris moadgilis

k. sabaxtaraSvilis mier saqarTvelos generaluri konsu-

lis — i. gogolaSvilisadmi 1921 wlis 14 Tebervals kon-

stantinopolSi gagzavnili telefonograma

mTavrobis davalebiT moemgzavrebian konstantino-

polSi generali quTaTelaZe da napoleon kaxiani. maT aqvT

specialuri davaleba samxedro masalis Sovnis Sesaxeb. gene-

ral quTaTelaZes moaqvs saTanado baraTi saqarTveloSi

myof safrangeTis warmomadgenel bn. Sevaliesgan safrange-

Tis (general S. v.) pelesTan. am sagnis Sesaxeb sagareo saqme-

Ta ministrs e. gegeWkors aqvs aRZruli sakiTxi. safrangeTis

mTavrobam principialuri Tanxmoba ganacxada, mogvyidos eg-

reTwodebuli vrangelis Tadarigidan (iaraRi S. v.), amisTvis

saWiroa generalma pelem miiRos saTanado gankarguleba sa-

frangeTis mTavrobisgan. b-ma Sevaliem gaugzavna depeSa Ta-

vis mTavrobas, raTa ukanasknelma depeSiTve misces aseTi

gankarguleba general peles. iaraRis gadmocema unda mox-

des rac SeiZleba daklebul fasebSi da saqonlis... windawin-

ve SeTanxmebul pirobebSi.

saWiroa am saqmis daCqarebiT damTavreba. dro ar iT-

mens. Tqven gevalebaT am saqmeSi aqtiuri monawileoba mii-

RoT da saswrafoT SeasruloT es saqme. saqmis msvlelobas

Sifriani depeSiT gacnobebT.

sagareo saqm. ministr. moadgile k. sabaxtaraSvili.

scssa, f. 1864, saq. 483, furc. 16

410

dokumenti # 4

k. sabaxtaraSvilis mier stambolSi saqarTvelos

konsulis i. gogolaSvilisadmi 1921 wlis 28 Tebervals

gamogzavnili depeSa

depeSa pirveli

mdgomareoba kritikulia. gagras didi Zala moawva. Cve-

ni razmi aq sul gawyda. uaxlovdebian soxums. samxedro masa-

lebi Semogvelia. frangebi aq arafers gvaZleven. jari uia-

raRoT ibrZvis. Jordania gTxovT... mdgomareobas ixsnis an-

goris gamosvla rusebis winaaRmdeg da iqonieT gavlena.

28 Tebervali. 1921 w. miRebulia 2 marts. quTaTelaZe.

scssa, f. 1864, saq. 483, furc. 16

dokumenti #5

stambolSi myofi saqarTvelos konsulis i.gogolaSvilis

mier ak. Cxenkelisadmi gamogzavnili depeSa.

1921 wlis 28 Tebervali.

depeSa meore

depeSa samas rva miviRe. stambolSi frangebis aq mxo-

lod TxuTmeti aTasi Tofi da oriaTas samoci pulemioti

daJangulia, exlave brZolisTvis gamousadegaria. arc pat-

ronebi da arc yumbarebia. mdgomareoba kritikulia. jars ma-

sala Semoaklda, saWiroa saCqaroT daxmareba. am saqmezed aq

Camovida generali quTaTelaZe. acnobeT mdgomareoba ber-

lins.

konsuli i. gogolaSvili. 1921 wlis 28 Tebervali. stam-

boli. miRebulia 2 marts 1921 w.

scssa, f. 1864, saq. 483, furc. 16

411

dokumenti #6

e. gegeWkoris mier safrangeTSi myofi saqarTvelos elCis

ak. Cxenkelsadmi 1921 wlis 3 marts gagzavnili depeSa.

Cveni jari exla gamagrebulia suramis uReltexilze.

xalxSi da jarSi sulieri simtkicea. magram Tu saqarTvelo

marto darCa am brZolaSi, maSin mdgomareoba unugeSoa. dau-

yovnebliv unda iqnes miRebuli zomebi, rom angora CvenTan

erTad gamovides. Tu exla es momenti gaSvebuli iqna, Semdeg

Zneli iqneba mdgomareobis gamosworeba. angora marto ver

SeZlebs moskovTan gamklavebas. oficeri specialisti ga-

mogzavnilia. saCqaroT mogvawodeT iaraRi. stambolSi iara-

Ri sakmaod ar aRmoCnda.

miRebulia 1921 w. 7 marts.

scssa, f. 1864, saq. 483, furc. 16

dokumenti #7

stambolSi myofi saqarTvelos konsulis i. gogolaSvi-

lis mier 1921 wlis 6 marts 19 saaTze ak. Cxenkelisadmi pa-

rizSi gamogzavnili depeSa.

gavgzavne Teqvsmeti aTasi Tofi da asormocdarva pu-

limioti. milioni patrona. iaraRi daJangulia, SekeTeba sWi-

ria. gamodgeba sami meoTxedi. saCqaroT saWiroa saTanado na-

wilebi an luiebis pulemiotebisTvis. parizidan nebarTvis

gareSe ar gvaZleven. aq meti araferia. Zlier saWiroa saCqa-

roT rusuli Tofebis patronebi da sam diumiani yumbare-

bi. miiReT zomebi. soxumi aRebulia. sxvagan mdgomareoba uc-

vlelia. moxseneba gegzavnebaT. saWiroa Tu ara quTaTelaZis

Camosvla.

miRebulia 7 marts 1921 w. 9 saaTze.

scssa, f. 1864, saq. 484, furc. 17

412

Shota Vadachkoria

Doctor of historical sciences, Tbilisi Javakhishvili State University, The Ivane Javakhishvili Institute of History and Ethnology, Main researcher scientist of the Department of Modern and Contemporary History

Promises of Europe and Georgia Left Without

Cartridges (1919-1921)

Summary

According to the materials we found in the archives it is stated documentary that the European countries (England, France) fulfilled their promise only in 1921, February, 28. In spring, 1919 the mentioned Euro-pean countries promised the government of Georgia to sell them the weap-ons they used in the World War I. With the help of the same documents it becomes obvious that the mentioned weapons were so damaged that to use them in battles without repairing was impossible. The mentioned fact shows that the European countries somehow helped Soviet Russia in Sovietisation of Georgia.

413

arCil CaCxiani

istoriis doqtori, polkovniki, daviT

aRmaSeneblis saxelobis saqarTvelos

erovnuli Tavdacvis akademiis sameTa-

uro-saStabo kolejis omebisa da sam-

xedro xelovnebis, Tavdacvisa da

usafrTxoebis, omis Teoriisa da bune-

bis kursis ufrosi instruqtori

erTi ucnobi memuari qarTveli iunkrebis Sesaxeb

samecniero krebulis wina nomerSi (2 (13) 2013) daibeWda

Cemi samxedro-istoriuli xasiaTis statia `qarTveli iun-

krebi — etimologia, saswavlo procesi da piradi Semadgen-

loba saarqivo dokumentebSi~,[1, 187-223] sadac saarqivo pir-

velwyaroebze dayrdnobiT warmodgenili iyo qarTul sam-

xedro skolasa da iunkrebTan dakavSirebuli sxvadasxva sa-

intereso sakiTxi.

vagrZelebT qarTvel iunkerTa Sesaxeb kvleviT muSao-

bas da amjerad, Cvenis azriT, kidev erT saintereso memuaru-

li xasiaTis naSroms warmovadgenT, romelsac saqarTvelos

centralur saxelmwifo saistorio arqivSi muSaobis dros

mivakvlieT, saTauriT — `Tbilisis brZola. samxedro skolis

brZolis epizodebi.~misi avtori TbilisSi dabadebuli qar-

Tveli iunkeria, am brZolebis uSualo monawile. misi vinaoba

ucnobia, igi `iunkeris~ fsevdonimiT wers. teqstis sintaq-

suri nawilis analizi imis safuZvels gvaZlevs vivaraudoT,

rom avtori warmoSobiT aRmosavleT saqarTvelodan unda

iyos, magram misi personis sruli identificireba bolomde

mainc ver xerxdeba. A

memuari 1971 wels gamoqveynda parizSi da Tbilisis

brZolebis 50 wlisTavs mieZRvna. masSi mokledaa ganxiluli

qarTuli samxedro skolis Seqmnis istoria, saswavlo proce-

si da rac mTavaria, ruseT-saqarTvelos 1921 wlis omis ko-

jor-tabaxmelas brZolis calkeuli peripetiebi. aRniSnuli

memuari garkveulwilad avsebs samxedro skolis imJaminde-

li ufrosis, polkovnik (SemdgomSi general) aleqsandre Cxe-

414

iZis memuarebs kojori-tabaxmelas brZolebis Sesaxeb [2] [3]

[4], agreTve qarTuli samxedro skolis damaarseblisa da ru-

seT-saqarTvelos omSi saqarTvelos SeiaraRebuli Zalebis

mTavarsardlis, general giorgi kvinitaZis mogonebebs [5].

maS ase, movusminoT ìunkers.~memuaris avtoriseuli

stili daculia:

èris cxovrebaSi xSirad xdeba, rom misi bedis gadam-

wyveti brZolis romelime epizodi da romelime patara er-

Teulis moqmedeba iqceva xolme mTeli am brZolis gansaxie-

rebaT da mTeli eri erT aseT movlenaSi Caaqsovs mTeli Ta-

visi brZolis ideals. magaliTad: vaterloos brZolis mTe-

li simwvave galamazebuli da Caqsovil iqmna napoleonis

gvardiis ufros kambronis vulgarul pasuxSi ingliselebis

mimarTvazed — `dagvnebdiT!~ dRes es pasuxi yvela eris mxed-

robis idealad iqca.

qarTveli eris istoriul mexsierebaSi krwanisis brZo-

lis gansaxierebad iqca samas TuS-xevsuris Tavganwiruli

brZola.

daaxloebiT iseTive magaliTi gaTamaSda saqarTvelo-

ruseTis ukanasknel omSi. qarTveli eris grZnobebSi am omis

gansaxierebad iqca Tbilisis brZola, misi tabaxmelis nakve-

Ti da qarTul samxedro skolis — iunkrebis brZola.

TviT es omi, misi politikuri CarCoebi, misi samxedro

gaTamaSeba da am omis yovelgvari SesaZleblobani, dawvri-

lebiT iqmna Seswavlili da ganxiluli iunkerTa kavSiris or-

gano `mxedris~ furclebzed. saqarTvelos samxedro skolis

istoria iqneba SemuSavebuli da dabeWdili. dRes, am brZo-

lis ormocdaaT wlisTavzed, gvsurs gakvriT aRvniSnoT ra-

modenime epizodi am erTeulis im moqmedebebidan, romli-

Tac man moipova qarTveli eris siyvaruli da mis istoriaSi

daikava udavo adgili.

samxedro skola daarsebul iqmna 1919 wlis seqtember-

Si. TviT saxelis SerCeva, mis damaarsebel pirvel ufrosma

da saqarTvelos SeiaraRebuli Zalebis mTavarsardalma, gan-

svenebul general kvinitaZem, Semdeg gvarad amixsna kerZo

saubarSi: ùmetesobis azri iyo, rom saxeli agveRo rusul

saxelis uSualo Targmnidan da dagverqo `samxedro saswav-

lebeli~, xolo TviT samxedro ganaTleba maqsimalurad yo-

415

filiyo Sekvecili gawvrTnis da Teoriuli swavlebis praq-

tikuli minimumiT.Mme winaukmo azrisa viyavi da, rogorc sko-

lis momaval ufrosma gaviyvane Semdegi azri:

es unda yofiliyo ara saswavlebeli, aramed qarTuli

samxedro azrovnebis samWedlo, qarTul samxedro doqtri-

nis kaTedra; amitom misi namdvili saxeli ufro samxedro

skola iyo, vidre rusulidan naTargmni samxedro saswavle-

beli.

garda amisa, me ar mwamda gawvrTna mxolod iaraRis xma-

rebaSi, me msurda aRzrda qarTuli suliT. amitom iyo, rom

garda farTo samxedro Teoriuli sagnebisa, specialurad

gaviyvane, rom samxedro skolaSi gaswavlidnen iseT arasam-

xedro sagnebs, rogoric qarTuli enis sityviereba da saqar-

Tvelos saerTo istoria iyo. amisaTvis mowveul iqmnen iseTi

saukeTeso profesorebi am sagnebisa, rogorc vaso barnovi

da s. kakabaZe. rasakvirvelia, es droebiTi da gardamavali

zoma iyo, sanam saswavleblebi mogvawodebdnen sruliad qar-

Tulad aRzrdil mowafeebs~.

es Sexeduleba samxedro skolis damaarseblisa da mo-

maval mTavarsardlisa istoriaSi asi procentiT gamarTlda,

rogorc brZolis velzed, ise cxovrebis sxva sarbielze

brZoliT saqrTvelos samxedro skolis mowafeebisa.

samxedro skola ar warmoadgenda taqtikur samxedro

erTeuls da misi organizacia ar iyo gaTvaliswinebuli eseT

daniSnulebisaTvis. misi daniSnuleba iyo moemzadebina um-

crosi oficrebi jaris yoveli mTavar iaraRebisTvis, ro-

gorc: qveiTTa jari, artileria, cxenosani, sainJenero da

oficerTa nacvlebi, rogorc amave iaraRebisaTvis, agreTve

iseT gansakuTrebuli dargebisaTvis, rogorc tyviismfrqve-

velebi da sanapiro (sazRvrebis damcveli) erTeulebisaTvis.

oficerTa skolis mowafeebs saxelad iunkrebi ewodaT.

pirvel kurszed iunkerTa saswavlebeli erT aseulad iqmna

Camoyalibebuli. mowafeebi gadiodnen saerTo saxis sagnebs.

meore wels ufrosi kursi iyofoda dargebis mixedviT, sa-

xeldobr: qveiTTa jaris, artileriis, cxenosani nawilis da

sainJinro dargebzed. umcrosi kursi gadioda saero pirvel-

dawyebiT momzadebas.

416

nacvalTa nawili Seicavda Semdeg aseulebs: qveiTTa

jaris, tyviis mfrqvevelebis, sanapiro samsaxuris, artile-

riis erTeuls batareis zomisa, sainJenero aseuls da cxeno-

san mwyobrs. e.i. marTla mTeli kadrebis momzadebis sakiTxi

samxedro skolis kedlebSi iqmna moTavsebuli. nacvlebis na-

wili ivseboda axal gawveul saTanado rekrutebis ricxvidan

da misi samoswavlo weli iwyeboda rekrutebis gawvevasTan

SefardebiT.

samxedro skolam Zalian male miipyro Tbilisis farTo

sazogadoebis yuradReba da keTilganwyobileba. yvelam Se-

niSna, rom xangrZlivi omis Semdeg gamoCnda raRac erTeuli

mSvidobian drois reguliarul jaris asakSi, namdvili mxed-

ruli gawvrTniT, mkveTri samxedro warmosadegobiT da sru-

li qarTuli gamometyvelebiT. samxedro skolam ar gaamtyu-

na qarTul sazogadoebis es ganwyobileba, es grZnoba izrde-

boda da Zlierdeboda Cqari tempiT. istoriuli movlenebi

mZlavrad amkvidrebdnen qarTul sazogadoebaSi am keTil-

ganwyobilebis grZnobebs.

1920 wlis aprils wiTeli ruseTis SeiaraRebuli Zale-

bi pirvelad moadgnen aRmosavleT sazRvrebs. mowinaaRmdege

darwmunebuli iyo, rom SeuCerebliv gaivlida mTel saqar-

Tvelos. sazRvrebzed daxvda mas saqarTvelos SeiaraRebuli

Zalebi. daiwyo pirveli saqarTvelo-ruseTis oficialuri

da formaluri omi.

komunistur ruseTs surda, rom erovnuli omi saqar-

TvelosTan aecilebina Tavidan yoveli saSualebiT da saqar-

Tvelo deepyro `klasobrivi brZolis~ Sinagani gadatriale-

bis manevriT. wiTel ruseTis es rCeuli Sabloni da misi miz-

nebi dawvrilebiT aris ganxiluli iunkerTa organo `mxeda-

ris~ da `san franciskos qarTvelTa keris rveulebis~ fur-

clebzed, amitom amis garCevas aq ar SevudgebiT.

sazRvrebzed winaaRmdegobis Sexvedris Semdeg, ruseT-

ma scada komunisturi gadatrialebis komediis gaTamaSeba

TbilisSi. am dros SeiaraRebuli Zalebi frontze iyvnen da

TbilisSi mxolod samxedro skola imyofeboda.

pirvel maisis Rames samxedro skolis SenobaSi Sevida

ramdenime pirovneba. rogorc SemdegSi gamoZiebam gamoar-

kvia, es pirni motyuebiT iyvnen darwmunebulni, rom samxed-

417

ro skola rogorc mTeli erTeuli, `gawiTlebulia~ da moq-

medebisaTvis mxolod wiTel xelmZRvanelebs elis.

rasakvirvelia, eseTi moqmedeba SuaRamisas, daZinebul

erTeulisTvis srul moulodnelobas warmoadgenda. astyda

mokle srola. ramodenime Semosuli agenti iqve iqna moklu-

li da danarCeni datusaRebuli. am Setakebam imsxverpla iun-

keri mayaSvili da daiWra iunkeri kikiani. es iyo pirveli sis-

xli gaRebuli samxedro skolis mier samSoblos samsxver-

plod.

es epizodi kidev misTvisaa saintereso, rom es manevri

Zalian moswondaT wiTel dampyroblebs. ramodenime wlis

Semdeg es manevri ruseTma gaimeora estoniaSi da am manevris

Sedegebis molodinSi wiTeli floti gamoCnda qalaq talinis

win. iqac eseTive marcxiT damTavrda ruseTis survili Sina-

gan gadatrialebis komediis gaTamaSebisa.

aweril movlenis Semdeg samxedro skola ganwesebul

iqna frontzed, rogorc samxedro erTeuli. igi mivlinebul

iqmna borCalos raionSi moqmed im damrtymeli jgufis Se-

madgenlobaSi, romelic samxreTidan uvlida ruseTSi im Za-

lebs, romelnic amierkavkasiis rkinis gzis liandagis gas-

wvriv miiwevda Tbilisisaken. am manevris ganxorcielebis

procesSi moskovma moulodnelad SesTavza saqarTvelos za-

vi. es gamowveuli iyo imiT, rom am dReebSi polonur-ukrai-

nulma jarma daipyro kievi da ruseTi am frontzed did

marcxs ganicdida.

amiT damTavrda samxedro skolis pirveli samoswavlo

weli. swavlis Teoriuli nawili Sesrulebul iqna gegmis

sruli sizustiT, xolo praqtikuli mecadineoba gatarebul

iqna, rogorc savele laSqroba warmoebul namdvil omSi. am

dros samxedro skola ukve mTel saqarTvelos favorit er-

Teuls warmoadgenda, rasac Tbilisi gulwrfelad usvavda

xazs yovel samxedro zeimis dros.

1920 wlis seqtemberSi miRebul iqmna axali umcrosi

klasi iunkrebisa. ufrosi kursi danawilebul iqna zemoT aR-

niSnul specialur dargebzed.

nacvalTa kursi damTavrebul iqmna sruliad da nac-

vlebi ganwesebuli iqmnen jaris saTanado erTeulebSi. Ta-

naxmad skolis gegmisa, nacvlebis ganyofileba skolaSi da-

418

xurul iqmna saerTo samxedro begaris rekrutebis gawvevam-

dis. rekrutebis gawveva, politikuri TvalsazrisiT, ram-

denjerme iqmna gadadebuli da bolos gawveul iqmnen Teber-

valSi. amis gamo, nacvalTa saswavlebelSi mxolod 1921 wlis

13-14 Tebervals daiwyo axalwveulTa mosvla, e.i. omis dawye-

bidan mesame-meoTxe dRes. (omi daiwyo 11 Tebervlis Rame

TavdasxmiT).

pirvel marcxebis Semdeg, 16 Tebervals mTavarsar-

dlad daniSnul iqmna generali giorgi kvinitaZe, ramac sam-

xedro wreebSi didi aRfrTovaneba gamoiwvia. misi pirveli

brZanebaTagani iyo samxedro skolis frontzed ganweseba,

rogorc mTliani erTeulisa. 17 Tebervals diliT samxedro

skola gavida brZolis velzed Tbilisis frontzed, marjve-

na frTis tabaxmelas nakveTis dasakaveblad. am dros skolis

SemadgenlobaSi gawvrTnili mxolod iunkerTa nawili iyo

Tavis yvela dargebis ganyofilebebSi. rac Seexeba nacvalTa

nawils, igi Sedgeboda mxolod sul ori-sami dRis win gamoc-

xadebul axalwveulTagan. skolam Zlivs moaswro, rom yovel

maTgans eTxel mainc geesrola Tofi. bevrisTvis es pirveli

Tofis gasrola iyo mis sicocxleSi. miuxedavad amisa, es

sruliad gauwvrTneli erTeuli, brZolis velzed magrad

idga iunkerTa aseulis gverdSi.

frontzed gamgzavrebisas samxedro skolas unda geea-

ra Tbilisis mTavar quCazed. saucxovo suraTs warmoadgen-

da Tbilisi am dRes. xalxi enTuziazmiT iyo aRfrTovanebu-

li da mZlavri yiJiniT egebeboda skolas. olRis quCazed

xalxis mWidro massa gamoarRvia yvelasaTvis Zvirfasma da

pativcemul Cven maswavlebelma, moxuc profesor v. barnov-

ma; gadmodga Sua quCazed da moxdili qudiT gvesalmeboda.

xalxis yiJinaSi ver gvesmoda ras ambobda, magram Tvalebidan

cremli uxvad zdioda.

xalxis aRfrTovanebam umaRles wertils miaRwia, ro-

desac skola parlamentis Senobas dauaxlovda. musikis xma-

zed parlamentis aivani xalxiT aivso. saerTo grgvinvidan

ismoda mxolod gaumarjos da vaSas Zaxili. wyobilebaSi Se-

modiodnen ucnobi pirni. ubeebSi da jibeebSi TuTuns da sxva

rameebs gvidebdnen. xels gvarTmevdnen, Tanac cremlebs ma-

lavdnen da saxes gvaridebdnen.

419

dabadebuli var TbilisSi da aRzrdili Zveli Tbili-

sis tradiciebzed, magram ar megona, rom Tbiliss ese faqi-

zad hqonda Senaxuli Zveli qarTuli suli da ese mZlavraTa

sZgerda misi qarTuli guli. meore msoflio omis dros bev-

ri qveyana vnaxe omis fsixoziT anTebuli patriotul grZno-

bebiT gatacebuli, magram brZolis velzed mdgom Tbilisis

1921 wlis 17 Tebervlis suraTis magvari veRar vixile ver-

sad.

samxedro skolam gauxvia sololakisken da mimarTu-

leba aiRo nariyalis Zvel cixis kedlebisaken. midioda Tbi-

lisis safarzed sabrZolvelad, midioda saqarTvelos dide-

bis tradiciuli gziT, midioda gziT, romliTac gauvlia

qarTvels mxedrobis ara erT da or Taobas, samSoblos bed-

nierebis Tu ubedobis, brZolis velzed pirispir dasaxved-

rad.

Tbilisis frontzed brZola daiwyo 18 Tebervals Ra-

me.

Cvens marcxniv, Savnabadas qveiT, brZola swarmoebs.

mowinaaRmdege darwmunebuli, rom Tbiliss ubrZolvelad

daikavebs, miiwevs pirdapir Tbiliszed da aq frontis cen-

trSi waawyda qarTul erTeulebs. brZola daiwyo soRanlu-

Ris nakveTzed. ismis artileriis da qveiTTa jaris mZlavri

cecxlis xma. es mefe erekles krwanisis veli axalad brgvi-

navs brZolis qarcecxliT da iqneb iqve misi aCrdili dahqris

am brZolis cecxlis landebTan Tavis erTgul TuS-xevsure-

biT.

meore dRes (19 Tebervals) mowinaaRmdegem daiwyo Tbi-

lisis frontis marjvena frTis Zebna. samxedro skola gaS-

lilia tabaxmelis simaRleebzed da zevidan dascqeris ma-

rabdis brZolis vels. mowinaaRmdege gamoCnda diliTve da

ukve sabrZolvelad gaSlili daiZra Setevazed.

cecxli pirvelma miiRo iunkerTa aseulis mesame mwyo-

brma. male aRmoCndnen cecxlis qveS meoTxe da pirveli mwyo-

bric. marjvniv, rekrutebis erT aseuls, mtris artileriam

xSiri cecxli dauSina. es advili gasagebia: ar aqvT savele

gawvrTna, moZraoben, ar ifarebian da mterma yvelazed adre

isini SeniSna, magram ori dRis rekrutebi kargada sdganan

cecxlis qveS.

420

iunkerTa aseulis meore mwyobri jer cecxlSi ar Sesu-

la, ukan zdgas maSvelSi da es iunkrebs raRac uxerxulobis

grZnobas uqmnis. aq, meore mwyobris win, rodesac igi pataks

axsenebda general CxeiZes, ucbaT gadakveTa Soreul tyviam

iunkerTa aseulis ufrosi, maiori a. ananiaSvili. igi usu-

lod daeca gen. CxeiZis cxenis win. es iyo iunkerTa aseulis

pirveli sisxli da pirveli msxverpli omSi.

mteri Tavis xazs farToTa Slis da eZebs Cven marjvena

frTas. amisTvis bevri dro ar dasWirda. kojoris mimarTu-

leba da qoroRlis mTis kalTebi, romelnic zevidan dascqe-

rian Cvens zurgs mama daviTis goramdis, sul carielia.

mterma male miagno am sivrces da mis erTma aTaseulma daiw-

yo asvla am mTazed. Tbilisi am mxridam sruliad Ria da dau-

faravia. ferdobis erTaderT Tavisufal nawilad mxolod

iunkerTa aseulis meore mwyobri aRmoCnda. Tbilisis bedi am

bewvzed deeyrdno.

daaxlovebiT SuadRis wina saaTebSi aq iqmna gagzavnili

meore mwyobri. unda gauZlos mtris upiratesobas Tbilisi-

dan maSvelis mosvlamde. mas daumates sainJenero dargis

iunkerTa jgufi (10 kaci) kapitan ToiZis meTaurobiT da igi

gadavida Setevazed. exmareba mas Cveni artileriis susti

cecxli. brZola grZeldeba saRamomdis. Nmteri ver hbedavs

mTis kalTebidan dabla daSvebas. saRamoTi brZolis vels aR-

weven baTomis gvardiis aTaseuli da meoTxe aTaseulis naxe-

vari aseuli.

19 Tebervals Tbilisi gadarCenil iqna.

iunkerTa aseulis meore mwyobri gaTavda, rogorc sab-

rZolo erTeuli.

20-21 Tebervals mteri ganuwyvetliv utevs tabaxmelis

nakveTs. ieriSebi da kontrieriSebi. yoveli mezobeli nawili

Txoulobs iunkrebis daxmarebas. iunkrebi patar-patara pat-

rulebis saxiT midian mezobel nawilebSi droebiT gamosaCe-

nad, rac am nawilebSi aRfrTovanebas iwvevs. 21-Si marjvena

frTa gadadis saerTo Setevazed. mteri ukugdebulia da 22-

23-Si frontzed sruli siwynarea. Zalebis naklulovnobis

gamo sardlobas ar ZaluZs am gamarjvebis gamoyeneba: aRara

aqvs Zalebi, rom zdevnos damarcxebuli mowinaaRmdege.

421

24 Tebervals mosulierebuli mteri axlad iwyebs Se-

tevas. iunkerTa aseuli warmoadgens Zalian sust erTeuls,

Tavis Semadgenlobis TiTqmis erT mesameds. diliT aseuls

gamoucxades, rom dasasveneblad gadava Rrma maSvelSi. TiT-

qmis jer kidev am gancxadebis dros, gacxovelda artileriis

cecxli. ukve qveiTTa jaris cecxlma daiwyo Cqari daaxlove-

ba da maxlobel serzed gamoCnda mtris xSiri jari. rogorc

SemdegSi gamoirkva, es iyo axlad moyvanil wiTel oficerTa

skolis, kursantebis skolis Semoteva.

mtris jari moiwevs win da eSveba qveiT, Cven batareis

sadgomisaken. ar aris araviTari dro fiqrisaTvis. iunkerTa

nawili avtomatiurad gadadis kontrieriSzed. ori samxedro

skolis Sexvedra xdeba batareis sadgomzed. mokle, magram

mwvave brZolis Semdeg mowinaaRmdege ukugdebulia. kidev

ramodenime ieriSi da kontrieriSi. naSuadRevs mdgomareoba

aRdgenilia mTel nakveTis sivrcezed — qoroRlis mTidan

Savnabadamdis.

es iyo samxedro skolis yvelaze sasaxelo brZola da

aq xvda mas yvelaze didi msxverplis gaReba.

mZimed da sevdianad Ramdeboda 24 Tebervali. iunkerTa

aseuli, rogorc erTeuli, TiTqmis ukve aRar arsebobda.

brZolis msvlelobaSi iunkerTa erTi jgufi (17 kaci) nakve-

Tis marcxena mxares mohyva. Cvens marcxniv, Savnabadis mTa-

zed erTi aTaseuli ibrZvis, ibrZvis kargad. kargad ikavebs

kavSirs CvenTan.

Ramdeba. vaznebi gvakldeba. saRamos burusi sevdianad

gvevleba Tavzed. ganmartovebis civi grZnoba mZimed awveba

guls, am mdgomareobaSi moulodnelad modian samxedro sko-

lis oficrebi, dRes gansvenebuli kapitani d. maWavariani da

kapitani a. alaviZe. eseni ar arian iunkerTa aseulis oficre-

bi. Cveni oficrebidan ori daiRupa brZolis velzed da da-

narCenni Wrilobebis gamo wyobilebidan iqmnen gamoyvanili.

orTave saucxovo oficrebi arian. kap. maWavarianma TiTon

gamoitana cecxlis xazidan daWrili iunkeri x., romelsac

sxvebi ver uaxlovdebodnen da pirvel mosvlisTanave moipo-

va iunkrebis gansakuTrebuli ganwyobileba. amaT mosvliT

Cveni sulieri simartovis grZnoba hqreba da Cveni ganwyobi-

leba maRla iwevs.

422

Ramea. marcxnidan kavSiri Seswyda. marjvnidan didi xa-

nia kavSiri ar arsebobs, zurgidan araviTari cnoba.

SuaRames gadascda. TovlSi ro wvebi, Txeli italiuri

mazaris qveS Tovli dneba, mere ro dgebi mazara iyineba da

ficariseebr magrdeba. yvelani vdgevarT, vmoZraobT ro gav-

TbeT. srola didi xania Seswyda, albaT dasustebuli mteri

gadajgufebas awarmovebs.

kap. maWavariani gzavnis zurgSi Sikrikebs. Sikrikebi

didi xnis Semdeg brundebian mZime cnobiT: `yvelaferi dato-

vebulia, zurgSi aRaravin aRar aris, Cven davaviwydiT.~xan-

grZlivi ryevis Semdeg kap. maWavariani da alaviZe gvaZleven

ukan daxevis brZanebas.

Tbilisi gaviareT gaTenebisas, rogorc ukanasknel

qarTulma nawilma. Tbilisis brZola gaTavda. samxedro sko-

lam Tavisi movaleoba Seasrula ukanasknel wuTamde. win jer

kidev sxva brZolebia.

25 Tebervals mterma ver gabeda brZolis ganaxleba da

TbilisSi ar Sevida, sanam Tbilisidanve ar acnobes mas Tavis

agentebma, rom qalaqi datovebulia.

dRes mowinaaRmdege acxadebs, rom saqarTvelo-ruse-

Tis oms ar hqonia alagi da saqarTveloSi moxda Sinagani ga-

datrialeba. ukve sasikvdilod dakodili moskovis imperia

wyalwaRebuliseebr eWideba am iuridiul uflebis aCrdils.

wiTel ruseTma ver moaxerxa Sinagani gadatrialebis moxdena

verc erTi dapyrobili eris wiaRSi. gadatrialeba moxda mxo-

lod azerbaijanSi da isic moaxdina ara wiTel ruseTma, ara-

med sxva mesame saxelmwifom.

ruseTis xelmeore batonoba, wiTel wyobilebis saxiT,

moaxvies yovel dapyrobil ers, mxolod da mxolod rus ja-

riskacebis xiStebiT da amis aRiareba dResac aSinebs ruseTs.

iunkeri~.[6]


1. arCil CaCxiani. qarTveli iunkrebi — etimologia, saswav-

lo procesi da piradi Semadgenloba saarqivo dokumen-

423

tebSi, krebulSi: axali da uaxlesi istoriis sakiTxebi,

№2 (13), 2013.

2. aleqsandre CxeiZe. `samxedro skola.~Jurnali `mxeda-

ri.~№13. parizi. 1933.

3. aleqsandre CxeiZe. mogonebebi samxedro skolis gaxsnis

15 wlis Tavzed. Jurnali `mxedari.~№17. parizi. 1934.

4. aleqsandre CxeiZe. Cemi mogonebebis dasasruli. Jurnali

`mxedari~, №17, parizi, 1934.

5. giorgi kvinitaZe. mogonebebi, saqarTvelos damoukideb-

lobis wlebi, 1917-1921, nawili II, `lomisi~, Tbilisi, 1998.

6. saqarTvelos centraluri saxelmwifo saistorio arqivi.

fondi 1969, anaweri 4, saqme 15, furceli (19-26).

Archil Chachkhiani

Doctor of History, Colonel, Senior Instructor on the Course of the War History and Military Art, Defense and Security, the Theory and Nature of War, at the CGSC of the David Agmashenebeli Georgian Na-tional Defense Academy

An Unknown Memoir about the Georgian Officer-cadets (Junkers)

Summary

In this article we represent the memoir of an unknown author,

apparently the cadet of the Georgian Military School, published in Paris in 1971, devoted to the 50th anniversary of the Russian-Georgian war of 1921. It briefly describes the history of establishing the Georgian Military School, its learning processes and what is especially significant – the peripetias of the Kojori-Tabakhmela Battle in 1921.

The represented memoir is small but it is an important detail in studying the history of the Georgian officer-cadets’ way of life, their studying, and their heroic struggle.

424

merab kalandaZe



xelmwifo universitetis profesori

profesori kote anTaZe da dasavleT evropis axali istoriis wyaroTmcodneobis sakiTxebi

winamdebare naSromi istoriografiul xasiaTs ata-

rebs da miznad isaxavs gaaSuqos prof. k. anTaZis wvlili da-

savleT evropis axali istoriis wyaroTmcodneobis Seswav-

lis da popularizaciis saqmeSi.

wyaroebis mignebas da maT damuSavebas Zalzed didi

mniSvneloba aqvs. wyaroebis gareSe istorikosi nabijsac ver

gadadgavs, radgan faqtebis da movlenebis dadgena mas SeuZ-

lia mxolod istoriuli wyaroebis saSualebiT. axali isto-

riis mkvlevars unda ZaluZdes uamravi masalidan arsebiTis,

mTavaris danaxva. man keTilsindisierad unda Seiswavlos

wyaro, rac mas istoriuli procesis mecnieruli Seswavlis

saSualebas miscems.

* * *

saqarTveloSi dasavleT evropis axli istoriis wya-

roTmcodneobis Seswavlis da popularizaciis saqmeSi Tavi-

si sityva Tqva prof. k. anTaZem. man yuradReba miapyro axali

istoriis wyaroTmcodneobis sakiTxebs.is universitetSi

kiTxulobda leqciebs axali istoriis wyaroTmcodneobaSi

da daamuSava safrangeTis didi revoluciis wyaroTmcodne-

obis sakiTxebi. is, Tavisi winamorbedebisagan gansxvavebiT,

gakvriT ki ar Seexo safrangeTis didi revoluciis wyar-

Tmcodneobas, aramed am Tematikas sagangebo Sromebi miuZ-

Rvna. es imdroindeli qarTuli istoriografiis fonze win-

gadadgmuli nabijia.

saqarTveloSi safrangeTis didi revoluciis Seswav-

lis garkveuli tradicia arsebobs. mis erT-erT mTavar plu-

sad sakiTxisadmi kompleqsuri midgoma migvaCnia. qarTveli

istorikosebi yuradRebas miapyrobdnen ara marto safrange-

425

Tis didi revoluciis istorias, aramed revoluciis wya-

roTmcodneobis da istoriografiis sakiTxebs. iseTi patara

qveynisaTvis, rogoric saqarTveloa, amgvari Sedegi, vfiq-

robT, urigo ar unda iyos.

am dainteresebis pirvelma simptomma Tavi iCina jer ki-

dev misi mecnieruli saqmianobis gariJraJze, dasawyisSi,

konkretulad ki — aspiranturaSi swavlis periodSi. am Tval-

sazrisiT yuradrebas ipyrobs mis mier wakiTxuli moxseneba

aspirantTa meSvide samecniero konferenciaze 1954 wlis ap-

rilSi. `antuan santeri da fransua muasoni 1792 wlis 10 ag-

vistos Sesaxeb~ [1], romelic Tezisebis saxiT daibeWda. misi

mecnierxelmZRvaneli prof. al. namoraZe iyo. naSromi wya-

roTmcodneobiT xasiaTs atarebda da miznad isaxavda ganexi-

la santerisa da muasonis cnobebi 1792 wlis 10 agvistos ga-

datrialebis Sesaxeb. faqtobrivad, es iyo misi sakandidato

disertaciis erTi fragmenti.

uwinaresad unda aRiniSnos, rom avtors Zalian kargad

aqvs gacnobierebuli maTi mogonebebis mniSvneloba. orive

uSualo TviTmxilvelia am movlenis: santeri iyo qenz-venis

seqciis batalionis meTauri, muasoni ki marselel federat-

Ta batalions edga saTaveSi. orive mogviTxrobs imaze, rac

Tavisi TvaliT naxa. `orive es dokumenti axleburad aSuqebs

sxva wyaroebSi gakvriT, arapirdapir, arasworad daxasiaTe-

bul movlenebs da faqtebs~ [1, 24] avtors antuan santeris da

fransua muasonis mogonebebis mTavar Rirsebad miaCnia ori

ram: 1. maT aqvT mdidari da utyuari informacia imis Taoba-

ze, rom samefo kari da roialisturi wreebi gulxeldakre-

fili ar mjdaran da isini gamalebiT emzadebodnen revolu-

ciis winaaRmdeg gadamwyveti brZolisaTvis. 2. maT damaje-

reblad cxadyves, rom 1792 wlis 10 agvistos gadatrialeba

saxalxo xasiaTs atarebda da dawvrilebiT aRweres xalxis

moqmedeba. [1, 24] es ori wyaro kargad avsebs erTmaneTs, rac

imiT gamoixateba, rom `santeri zustad aRwers samefo karis

aqtiur mzadebas revoluciis CasaxSobad. muasoni ki Tavis

CvenebebSi mTavar yuradRebas aqcevs im insinuaciebisa da ci-

liswamebebis aRweras, riTic monarqistebs surdaT fede-

rat-revolucionerebisaTvis saxeli gaetexaT.~[1, 24] muaso-

nis mogonebis kidev erTi plusi imaSi mdgomareobs, rom `mua-

426

soni dawvrilebiT mogviTxrobs roalistebis im xrikebze,

romelic farTo masebisaTvis naklebad iyo cnobili.~[1, 24].

santeris mogonebebSi xazgasmulia 1792 wlis parizis revo-

luciuri komunis warmoqmnis istoria da misi roli gadatri-

alebis momzadebisa da ganxorcielebis saqmeSi. [1, 25.]. avto-

ri maRal Sefasebas aZlevs santerisa da muasonis mogone-

bebs, rogorc istoriul wyaros da dasZens, rom `isini Suqs

fenen 10 agvistos revoluciis sakvanZo momentebs~ [1, 25.]

dasavleT evropis axali istoriis wyaroTmcodneobaSi

k. anTaZis pirveli nabiji warmatebuli gamodga. aq kargad ga-

momJRavnda misi, rogorc istorikosis erTi Tviseba: es

franguli enis codna iyo. es axalgazrda istorikosis didi

plusia. amis gareSe am ori saintereso wyaros garCeva, faq-

tobrivad, SeuZlebeli iqneboda. is ar Semoifargleba maTi

Sexedulebebis gadmocemiT da cdilobs gaanalizos is da ga-

moitanos saTanado daskvnebi. amgvari midgoma sainteresoa

da mniSvnelovanwilad gansazRvravs misi moxsenebis Rirebu-

lebas.

amave dros unda gamovTqvaT zogierTi mosazreba, ro-

melic, etyoba, avtors da mis mecnier xelmZRvanels wvril-

manad miuCnevia da saTanado yuradReba ar miuqcevia. a. avto-

ri xan 10 agvistos gadatrialebaze saubrobs, xan kidev 10 ag-

vistos revoluciaze. unda viyoT Tanmimdevrulebi. man mka-

fiod unda gaarkvios Tavisi pozicia — 10 agvistos ambebi re-

volucia iyo Tu gadatrialeba. erT romelime formulire-

baze unda SeCerdes. Cveni azriT, es principuli sakiTxia da

wvrilmanad ver miviCnevT. sxvaTa Soris, es meryeoba Zalian

kargad Cans naSromis saTaurSi. `antuan santeri da fransua

muasoni 1792 wlis 10agvistos Sesaxeb“ aq igi Tavs aridebs

1792 wlis 10 agvistos movlenebis kvalifikacias. ar Cans Tu

ratom iyo is RirsSesaniSnavi movlena. orive terminis gamo-

yeneba, an arcerTis gamosavali ar gaxlavT. b. Cveni azriT,

Zalian kargi iqneboda momxsenebels mokled, sul erT Tezis-

Si daexasiaTebinaT mogonebebi, rogorc istoriuli wyaro.

etyoba, es Tema maT mxedvelobidan gamorCaT, rac am Temaze

misi msjelobis aqilevsis quslad migvaCnia. g. es ori doku-

menti im kuTxiTacaa yuradsaRebi, rom abaTilebs monarqis-

tul istoriografiaSi dRemde gavrcelebul mosazrebas,

427

TiTqosda mefe da samefo kari revoluciis umanko

msxverpls warmoadgendnen. sinamdvile gacilebi ufro rTu-

li da mravalwaxnagovania, vfiqrobT, am sakiTxis win wamowe-

va urigo ar iqneboda. Tema aris saintereso da aqtualuri.

meore naSromi, romelic prof. kote anTaZes dasavleT

evropis axali istoriis wyaroTmcodneobaSi aqvs dawerili,

aseve safrangeTis did revolucias Seexeba da pirvelis lo-

gikur gagrZelebas warmoadgens. `istoriuli wyaroebi saf-

rangeTis pirveli respublikis Camoyaliebebis wanamZRvre-

bis Sesaxeb~ [2]. Tu pirveli naSromi dawerilia axalgazrda,

damwyebi istorikosis mier, meore ukve mowifuli istoriko-

sis kalams ekuTvnis. orive es naSromi, faqtobrivad, misi sa-

kandidato disertaciis erT monakveTs warmoadgens. pirve-

li Tema meore naSromSi ufro gaSlili saxiTaa warmoCenili.

rogorc saTauridan Cans, aq avtori cdilobs ganixilos sa-

intereso sakiTxi: rogor aris gaSuqebuli istoriul wyaro-

ebSi safrangeTSi pirveli respublikis warmoSobis wanam-

ZRvrebi. am orive naSromSi k. anTaZe amJRavnebs wyaroebis sa-

fuZvlian codnas, rac misi sakandidato disertaciis `1792

wlis 10 agvistos revolucia safrangeTSi~ [3] warmatebis

erT-erT saimedo garantiad gvevlineba.

prof. k. anTaZis naSromi `istoriuli wyaroebi safran-

geTSi pirveli respublikis Camoyalibebis wanamZRvrebis Se-

saxeb~ miznad isaxavs 1792 wlis 10 agvistos gadatrialebaze

gamoqveynebul istoriuli wyaroebis kompleqsur mimoxil-

vas. avtoris SexedulebiT, igi Sedgeba ori jgufisagan: ofi-

cialuri xasiaTis wyaroebi da memuarul-publicisturi na-

werebi. pirvel jgufs ganekuTvneba sakanonmdeblo krebis,

seqciebis, parizis Zveli da axali komunis oqmebi da oficio-

zi `monitiori.~meore jgufs, misi azriT, Seadgens memua-

rul-publicisturi literatura, romelic 1792 wlis 10 ag-

vistos gadatrialebaze uaRresad mravalferovani da mdi-

daria [2, 285]. naSromi ori nawilisagan Sedgeba. pirvelSi gan-

xilulia oficialuri xasiaTis wyaroebi [2, 285-288], meoreSi

memuarul-Jurnalisturi masalebi [2, 288-306].

sakanonmdeblo krebis oqmebi dabeWdilia `monitior-

Si~, `saparlamento arqivis~ 47 da 48 tomebSi da filip buSes

da pol rus `saparlamento istoriis~ meTeqvsmete da meCvid-

428

mete tomebSi. avtoris azriT, yvelaze ufro sando wyaro un-

da iyos `saparlamento arqivi~, sadac sakanonmdeblo krebis

oqmebi yvelaze vrcladaa gadmocemuli. f. buSes da p.rus

`saparlamento istoriaSi~ Tavmoyrili masala ufro kon-

speqturi xasiaTisaa da arsebiT momentebze amaxvilebs yu-

radRebas. `monitiorSi~ moTavsebuli angariSebi, avtoris

TvalsazrisiT, ufro SekumSulia da xSirad maTSi saqmis nam-

dvili viTareba damaxinjebulia. 10 agvistos movlenebi Se-

darebiT mokledaa gadmocemuli. ufro vrcladaa gaSuqebu-

li is, rac xdeboda tiuliris sasaxleSi gadatrialebis mere

[2, 285-286].

aRniSnuli sakiTxis Seswavlis saqmeSi mniSvnelovan

wyaros warmoadgens parizis Zveli da axali komunis oqmebi,

magram isini garkveuli xarvezebis Semcvelia. Zveli komunis

oqmebi im mizniT, rom axali komunis xelSi ar aRmoCeniliyo

kompromati Zveli komunis wevrebis arapatriotuli da anti-

xalxuri saqmianobis Sesaxeb, ganadgurebuli iqna, xolo pa-

rizis axali komunis oqmebis dedani 1871 wlis xanZarma STan-

Tqa da gaanadgura, magram manam es moxdeboda, oqmebi ramden-

jerme iqna gamoqveynebuli. amave dros am oqmebs iyenebdnen

is istorikosebi — mortime-terno, ameli, romelmac moas-

wres am dokumentebis damuSaveba parizis komunamde [2, 286-

287].

1792 wlis 10 agvistos gadatrialebis SeswavlisTvis

Zvirfas wyaros warmoadgens parizi seqciis oqmebi. es oqmebi

TiTqmis mTlianad iyo Senaxuli, magram 1871 wels parizis

prefeqturis SenobaSi xanZris dros es oqmebi ganadgurda. es

Zvirfasi pirveli wyaro dakarguli aRmoCnda mkvlevarTaT-

vis. am oqmebis fragmentebs vawydebiT mortime-ternos, bu-

Ses da rus naSromebSi. am gziT xerxdeba met-naklebi sizus-

tiT aRvadginoT Semdegi seqciebis oqmebi: tiuliris, fos-

tis, sen-luis kunZulis, puasonieris, mokonseis, fonten-de-

grenelis, gobelenebisa da kenz-venis [2, 286-287].

wyaroebis meore kategorias, memuarul da Jurnalis-

tikur masalas, avtori oTx jgufad yofs da mis kriteriu-

mad iRebs maTi avtorebis politikur Sexedulebebs: revo-

luciur-demokratiuli (iakobinTa), Jirondistebis, feiane-

bis da roialistebis Txzulebebi. [2, 288]. is detalurad ar-

429

Cevs maTi Sexedulebebis avkargianobas. memarjvene-konser-

vatiuli banakis upiratesoba, avtoris azriT, mniSvnelovan-

wilad imiTaa ganpirobebuli, rom 1871 wlis xanZris Sedegad

ganadgurda mTeli dokumentebi, maT Soris revolucionere-

bis memuarebi [2, 308].

amave dros unda aRiniSnos, rom naSroms etyoba im

drois kvali. sakiTxisadmi iakobino-centristuli midgoma,

swored amis logikuri Sedegi unda iyos. sabWoTa periodis

qarTuli istoriografia iakobinocentristuli iyo. sabWo-

Ta, marqsistuli ideologiis, diqtatis pirobebSi es kon-

cefcia Zalad moaxvies Tavs qarTul istoriografias, ro-

melsac mis winaRmdeg xmis amoRebis araviTari saSualeba ar

gaaCnda. uSualod aqedan iRebs saTaves iakobinebis, saxel-

dobr — robespieris naazrevis maRali Sefaseba [2, 293-294].

Aamrigad, es ori naSromi sainteresoa da imJamindeli

qarTuli istoriografiis mniSvnelovan SenaZens warmoad-

gens. man qarTul istoriografiaSi pirvelad sagangebod da-

amuSava safrangeTis didi revoluciis wyaroTmcodneobis

sakiTxebi.Ffaqtobrivad prof. kote anTaZem saZirkveli Cau-

yara saqarTveloSi safrangeTis didi revoluciis wyaroT-

mcodneobis damuSavebas. am sferoSi misi erT-erTi damsaxu-

reba, vfiqrobT, swored amaSi mdgomareobda. Aamitom gansa-

kuTrebiT mtkivneulad migvaCnia is garemoeba, rom Semdgomi

periodis qarTul istoriografiaSi es xazi veRar ganviTar-

da.

* * *

ra Tqma unda, dasavleT evropis axali istoriis wya-

roTmcodneobis sakiTxebiT prof. kote anTaZis dainterese-

ba amiT ar mTavrdeba. Mman kidev araerTi kargi saqme gaakeTa,

romelic uyuradRebod ar unda darCes.

daviwyoT iqidan, rom prof. k. anTaZe wlebis manZilze

Tbilisis saxelmwifo universitetSi kiTxulobda leqciebs

dasavleT evropis axali istoriis wyaroTmcodneobaSi. Ees

iyo erT-erTi saintereso kursi. mis Seswavlas didi mniSvne-

loba eniWeboda axali istoriis axalgazrda specialistTa,

istorikos-studentTa profesiuli daostatebis saqmeSi.

mas sakmaod guldasmiT hqonda damuSavebuli saleq-

cio kursi da dasavleT evropis axali istoriis wyaroT-

430

mcodneobis sakiTxebSi sakmao Caxdulobas amJRavnebda. mas

TiToeuli Tema, leqcia, safuZvlianad hqonda damuSavebu-

li. is cdilobda SeZlebisdagvarad gaeTvaliswinebina am

dargSi misi Tanamedrove evropuli istoriografiis siaxle-

ebi da iTvaliswinebda sabWoTa istoriografiis miRwevebs.

es saSualebas aZlevda mas kursi metad maRal doneze ware-

marTa. faqtobrivad, TiToeuli leqcia warmoadgenda sain-

tereso wyaroTmcodneobiT narkvevs, romelic safuZvliani

analiziT da sakvlevo literaturis Rrma codniT iyo gaje-

rebuli.

is wamoWris da dawvrilebiT ganixilavs dasavleT ev-

ropis axali istoriis wyaroTmcodneobis mTel rig princi-

pul sakiTxebs. is Seexeba istoriuli wyaroebis mecnieruli

kritikis saerTo principebs. Ddid yuradRebas aqcevda isto-

riuli wyaroebis axali saxeobebis gamovlinebas. uwinaresad,

mas aseTad esaxeboda kino-fono- foto dokumentebi. Ees wya-

roTmcodneobis sferoSi marTlac mniSvnelovani siaxle

iyo. gansakuTrebiT Rirebuli gaxldaT is uaxlesi itoriis

Seswavlis dros. saleqcio kursSi didi yuradReba eqceoda

istoriuli wyaroebis saxeobis gamovlinebas da k. anTaZe Ta-

namimdevrobiT alagebda da ganixilavda.

faqtobrivad, es saintereso saleqcio kursi, romlis

kvals mis pirad arqivSi gadavawydiT, warmoadgenda sainte-

reso saxelmZRvanelos dasavleT evropis axali istoriis

wyaroTmcodneobaSi. is savsebiT akmayofilebda im periodis

istoriuli mecnierebis saerTo moTxovnebs da imdroindeli

qarTuli istoriografiis fonze wingadadgmul nabijs war-

moadgenda. albaT, sxva politikur viTarebaSi b-n. kote mas

gamoscemda rogorc saxelmZRvanelos. es gauadvilebda stu-

dentebs am Teoriuli sagnis Seswavlas. mas sakmaod kargad

hqonda gacnobierebuli studentebisaTvis saxelmZRvanelos

mniSvneloba. Ees mas sagnis Seswavlis winapirobad miaCnda. es

iyo savsebiT swori pozicia. daewera ise, rogorc misgan iT-

xovdnen mas ar surda, xolo daewera ise, rogorc mas undoda

— amis uflebas, icoda, rom aravin miscemda. safiqrelia, rom

swored amitom Sekiava Tavi man saxelmZRvanelos gamocemisa-

gan [4].

431

prof. kote anTaZis pedagogiuri saqmianobis logikur

gagrZelebad gvevlineba misi saintereso naSromi `wyaroT-

mcodneobis swavlebis gamocdilebidan~, romelic avtori-

tetul istoriul JurnalSi `novaia i noveiSaia istoria~ da-

ibeWda [5, 133-134]. TavisTavad aseT solidur mecnierul

JurnalSi naSromis gamoqveyneba sakmaod presitiJuli gax-

ldaT da dasavleT evropis axali istoriis wyaroTmcodneo-

baSi qarTuli istoriografiis mokrZalebuli wvlilis ma-

Sindeli gadsaxedidan sakavSiro, xolo dRevandelidan — sa-

erTaSoriso aRiarebad migvaCnia. Ppirdapir unda iTqvas, rom

es am sferoSi qarTuli istoriografiis warmateba iyo.

rogorc Cans, 60-iani wlebis dasawyisSi Jurnal `novaia

i noveiSaia istoriis~ furclebze gaiSala diskusia dasav-

leT evropis axali istoriis wyaroTmcodneobis swavlebis

gaumjobesebis Sesaxeb. masSi monawileoba miiRes am dargis

cnobilma specialistebma. maT Soris iyo qarTveli istori-

kosi kote anTaZe. Tavis naSromSi is cdilobs ganazogados is

gamocdileba, romelic wlebis ganmavlobaSi am sagnis swav-

lis Sedegad daugrovda. sxvaTa Soris, es Zalian kargad Cans

naSromis saTauridan — `wyaroTmcodneobis swavlebis gamoc-

dilebidan.~

naSromi didi araa. Bb-n kote Zalian kargad exerxeboda

rTuli mecnieruli problemebis sadad, martivad, mokled,

lakonurad gadmocema. misi Txrobis manera, stili, ubraloa.

Ees am Teoriuli naSromis erT-erTi mTavari Rirsebaa.

wyaroTmcodneobis kurss, ra Tqma unda, safuZvlad

udevs istoriuli wyaroebis analizi. gansakuTrebiT didi

yuradReba eTmoba istoriuli wyaroebis mecnieruli kriti-

kis zogad principebs, istoriuli wyaroebis axali saxeobe-

bis gamovlenas. pirvel rigSi, aseTia kino-fono-foto doku-

mentebi, romelsac didi mniSvneloba aqvs uaxlesi istoriis

Seswavlis dros. is CamoTvlis istoriuli wyaroebis saxeo-

bebs da miuTiTebs im Tanamimdevrobas, romlis mixedviTac

isini SeiZleba davalagoT: sakanonmdeblo aqtebi, saerTaSo-

riso urTierTobaTa dokumentebi, statistikur-ekonomiku-

ri masala, saparlamento debatebis Canawerebi, administra-

ciuli da sasamarTlo-sagamomZieblo organoebis dokumen-

tebi. Ppolitikuri literatura, presa, proklamaciebi, memua-

432

rebi, dRiurebi, kerZo mimowera, mxatvruli literatura [5,

133].

avtors mizanSeuwonlad esaxeba, saleqcio kursSi

calke Temad iqnas gamoyofili samxedro-saswavlo da sam-

xedro-operatiuli dokumetebi. Ees imiTaa argumentirebuli,

rom am saxis masala specifiur xasiaTs atarebs da saWiroebs

wyaroTmcodneobiTi analizis Tavisebur xerxebs [5, 134].

wyaroebis ZiriTadi jgufis ganxilvas is asrulebs

friad saintereso da aqtualuri TemiT: samecniero da mxat-

vruli literatura, rogorc itoriuli wyaro [5, 134].

da bolos, unda davZinoT, rom mas gansakuTrebiT

mtkivneulad miaCnia, rom studentebi ar floben ise kargad

ucxo enas, rac xels uSlis ucxo enaze arsebuli wyaroebis

gacnobas da damuSavebas [5, 134]

dasavleT evropis axali istoriis wyaroTmcodneobis

sakiTxebiT dainteresebis logikuri gagrZeleba iyo misi

CarTuloba axali istoriis qrestomaTiis pirvel nawilSi.

Mman, nino namoraZesTan erTad, Seadgina erTi mozrdili mo-

nakveTi: safrangeTi-1648-1789 wlebSi [6, 77-132]. aq igi wyaro-

ebis publikaciiTaa dakavebuli. gansakuTrebiT aRniSvnis

Rirsia misi TanamSromloba nino namoraZesTan. pirvel rigSi

aq kargad mJRavndeba misi adamianuri Tvisebebi da man kidev

erTxel miago pativi Tavis maswavlebels, prof. aleqsandre

namoraZes.

prof. Kkote anTaZis iniciativiT lali fircxalavam

qarTul istoriografiaSi pirvelad dawera saxelmZRvanelo

“istoriuli mecnierebis Sesavali~ [7]. am saxelmZRvanelos

redaqtori, cxadia, prof. kote anTaZe gaxldaT. Ees saxel-

mZRvanelo XX saukunis muwurulis qarTuli istoriografi-

is mniSvnelovani SenaZenia da sainteresod mogviTxrobs dam-

xmare istoriul disciplinebze. Aam saxelmZRvanelos monog-

rafiad miCneva, rogorc amas satitulo furcelze xazs us-

vams pativcemuli avtori, ambiciurad JRers da pretenziu-

lad migvaCnia. Ees am sferoSi prof. kote anTaZis kidev erTi

damsaxureba iyo, ara rogorc mkvlevari istorikosis, ara-

med rogorc istoriuli mecnierebis energiuli organiza-

toris. Kk. anTaZis, rogorc mkvlevar-istorikosis da mecnie-

rebis organizatoris saqmianoba, erTmaneTs ar unda movwyvi-

433

toT da mWidro urTierTkavSirSia. amis gaTvaliswineba am

sferoSi misi moRvaweobis ufro adekvatur suraTs gvixa-

tavs.

* * *

amrigad, prof. k. anTaZe tradiciulad seriozul mec-

nierul problemas miapyro yuradReba da es Tema marqsistu-

li poziciebidan daamuSava. ra Tqma unda, es ar iyo saukeTe-

so gamosavali: unda agerCia uaressa da cuds Soris. arCevani

am ukanasknelze gakeTda. es iyo swori nabiji. amis gamo misi

mkacrad gansja swori ar iqneboda da am kompromisis gareSe

dasavleT evropis axali istoriis wyaroTmcodneobis sfe-

roSi mSobliur enaze is mwiri literaturac ar gveqneboda,

rac dRes gagvaCnia. imxanad am xarvezis sxvagvarad Sevseba

warmoudgeneli gaxldaT.

dasavleT evropis axali istoriis wyaroTmcodneobis

Seswavlis saqmeSi man ori kargi saqme gaakeTa: 1. man Tavisi

sityva Tqva saqarTveloSi dasavleT evropis axali istoriis

wyaroTmcodneobis saerTo sakiTxebis Seswavlis da popula-

rizaciis saqmeSi. 2. Mman qarTul istoriografiaSi pirvelad

sagangebod Seiswavla safrangeTis didi revoluciis wya-

roTmcodneobis sakiTxebi. Ees Sromebi savsebiT Seesatyvise-

boda im periodis istoriuli mecnierebis ganviTarebis saer-

To dones da imdroindeli qarTuli istoriografiis fonze

wingadadgmul nabijs warmoadgens. k. anTaZis es Sromebi im-

droindeli qarTuli istoriografiis mniSvnelovani SenaZe-

nia da mas aRniSnuli problemis verc erTi qarTveli mkvle-

vari gulgrilad ver auvlis gverds. Kk. anTaZe saqarTveloSi

dasavleT evropis axali istoriis wyaroTmcodneobis erT-

erTi saukeTeso specialosti iyo.

prof. k. anTaZem Tavisi wvlili Seitana dasavleT ev-

ropis axali istoriis wyaroTmcodneobis Seswavlis da po-

pularizaciis saqmeSi. Mmisi am Sromebis mniSvneloba, swored,

amaSi mdgomareobda. es qarTuli istoriografiis winaSe misi

kidev erTi damsaxureba iyo.

L

434


1. k. anTaZe, antuan santeri da fransua muasoni 1792 wlis 10

agvistos Sesaxeb-aspirantTa meSvide samecniero konfe-

rencia. Tbilisi, 1954.

2. k. anTaZe, istoriuli wyaroebi safrangeTSi pirveli res-

publikis Camoyalibebis wanamZRvrebis Sesaxeb-Tbilisis

universitetis Sromebi, t. 184 (istoriis seria, Tbilisi,

1977. 3. К. Антадзе, Революция 10 августа 1792 года во Франции,

Автореферат диссертации на соискание ученой степени кандидата

исторических наук, Тбилиси, 1956. 4. prof. k. anTaZis piradi arqivi. 5. К. Антадзе, из опыта препадавания источниковедения - `Новая и

новеишая история~, 2, 1963. 6. k. anTaZe, n. namoraZe, safrangeTi XVII saukunis Sua xanebi-

dan didi revoluciis dawyebamde wignSi. qrestomaTia

axal istoriaSi, nawili 1, Tbilisi,1979.

7. l. fircxalava, istoriuli mecnierebis Sesavali, Tbilisi,

1994.

Merab Kalandadze Doctor of History, Professor of the Ivane Javakhishvili Tbilisi State University

Professor Kote Antadze and Issues of Source Study of the

New History of the Western Europe

Summary This piece of work aims at showing contribution of Prof. K. Antadze

in studying and popularizing source study of the new history of the Western Europe.

He has devoted a number of interesting works to the issues of source study of the new history of the Western Europe. This is of course very little

435

in terms of quantity, but very high in terms of scientific quality. Quality is what counts, not quantity. The significance of these works was exactly this.

It can be said that he did two good deeds in the area of source study of new history of the Western Europe. He drew attention to issues of source study of the Great French Revolution, which had not been studied by Geor-gian historiography and over many years was reading a course of lectures about source study of new historyat the university. His little but meaningful work, `experience of source study~ was an attempt to share this experience. Taking into account the Georgian historiography of that period, when there was almost nothing in this field, this work by K. Antadze was a step for-ward and substantially helped in filling in the gap existing in the Georgian historiography. This was one of his contributions to historical science.

436


istoriis doqtori, profesori, Tela-

vis iakob gogebaSvilis saxelobis sa-

xelmwifo universitetis reqtori

Rvinis istoria _ realoba da miTologia

ar gauvlia qarTul miwaze ucxoel mogzaurs, rom qar-

Tuli Rvinis sikeTiT gancvifrebuls qebiTa da didebiT ar

moexsenebinos igi. es gancvifreba imiTaa gamowveuli, rom

Cveni vazi uZvelesia msoflioSi. vazma da Rvinom gansakuT-

rebuli mniSvneloba SeiZina qarTveli erisaTvis da misi

kulturis ganuyofeli nawili gaxda.

sad unda veZioT vazisa da Rvinis samSoblo?

Cvens mezoblebs rkinisebri argumenti aqvT: kulturu-

li mevenaxeoba, istoria Rvinisa iwyeba bibliuri patriarqis,

noes mier araratis mTis kalTebze gaSenebuli venaxisTana-

ve...

saistorio wyaroebi, ZiriTadad arqeologiuri, vazis

samSoblod saqarTvelos warmoaCenen.

amierkavkasia uZvelesi samSobloa vazisa da Rvinisa.

mkvlevarebi fiqroben, rom es swored is adgilia, sadac pir-

velad daiwura yurZeni da daayenes Rvino. kulturuli vazis

winapari veluri vazi ekuTvnis xviara merqnian mcenareTa

ojaxs. igi erT-erTi uZvelesi mcenarea dedamiwaze da mili-

onobiT wlebs iTvlis. is dResac gvxvdeba tyeSi, mdinaris na-

pirze. saqarTvelos klimati xels uwyobda veluri vazis gan-

viTarebas. qarTuli tomebi uZvelesi droidan icnobdnen ve-

lur vazs da iyenebdnen, rogorc nayofs, aseve merqans.

saqarTveloSi gavrcelebulia veluri vazis jiSi _

„vitis vinitera“ — „Rvinis momcemi“. mxolod am jiSs aqvs ga-

moimuSaos bevri Saqari Tavis nayofSi da SesaniSnavi gemos

mqone wveni.

saqarTvelos teritoriaze arqeologiuri gaTxrebis

Sedegad aRmoCenili iqna kulturuli vazis uZvelesi wipwe-

bis uZvelesi nimuSebi, romlebic mowmoben, rom saqarTvelo-

Si mevenaxeoba jer kidev neoliTis xanaSi Caisaxa. saqarTve-

los istoriis muzeumSi inaxeba kulturuli vazis wipwis

437

unikaluri koleqcia. am koleqciis uZvelesi nimuSi Cv. w -

mde VI aTaswleuls ganekuTvneba da igi qvemo qarTlSi, sof.

SulaverSi iqna aRmoCenili istorikosebma am gora-namosax-

larebs Sulaver Somu-Tefes kultura uwodes. aq gakultu-

rebuli vazis _ „vinis vinisfera satovas“ wipwebis garda na-

povnia kulturuli xorblis da parkosnebis naSTi. sameur-

neo iaraRebi da Tixis WurWeli, riTac mtkicdeba, rom neo-

loTis xanaSi aq dasaxelebuli adamiani ukve ganviTarebul

sameurneo saqmianobas, maT Soris mevenaxeobas da memarcvle-

obas eweoda. rac niSnavs, rom vazis domestikacia saqarTve-

los teritoriaze adamianma kidev ufro adrindeli perio-

didan daiwyo.

qarTveli mecnierebis azrebs iziareben ucxoeli mec-

nierebic. pensilvaniis universitetis profesori, bioqimi-

kosi da da Rvinis istorikosi _ patrik makgoverni Tavis

wignSi _ „Zveli Rvinoebi _ Zveli Rvinoebis warmoSobis Zie-

ba“ wers: „arqeologiuri nimuSebi, aRmoCenebi gviCvenebs,

rom vazis moSenebas adgili hqonda samxreT kavkasiaSi _ Sav

zRvasa da kaspiis zRvas Soris, gakulturebuli vazi Semdeg

gavrcelda iordaniis velze, SuamdinareTSi, egvipteSi,

iranSi, finikiaSi, balkanTSi, saberZneTSi vazis saRvine jiSe-

bidan umetesi saqarTvelodanaa Semosuli.

Sulaver Somu _ Tefes periodis faqtebidan yvelaze

didi yuradRebas xramis didgoraze napovni qvevris tipis

WurWeli iwvevs, romelsac mecnierebi qvevris winaprad miiC-

neven. igi amJamad saqarTvelos muzeumSia eqsponirebuli da

msoflioSi uZveles Rvinis WurWlad iTvleba. is Zveli

welTaRricxviT VI—V aTaswleulebs miekuTvneba anu 8000

wlis winandelia. zedapirTan igi Semkulia yurZnis mtevnis

stilizebuli gamosaxulebiT, rac mianiSnebs, rom WurWeli

mevenaxeoba-meRvineobas ukavSirdeba.

TrialeTis erT-erT samarxSi aRmoCenilia Cv. w-mde III

aTaswleuliT daTariRebuli vercxlis budeebSi Casmuli va-

zis patara Reroebi. rogorc irkveva, mas dakrZalvis ritua-

lis dros iyenebdnen da atandnen saflavSi micvalebuls, ra-

Ta is, im qveyanaSic damtkbariyo vazis xelaxali gaxarebiT.

saqarTveloSi arqeologiuri gaTxrebisas mravlad

aris aRmoCenili uZvelesi marnis naSTebi, miwaSi Cayrili

qvevrebiT, romlis ZiriTadi daniSnuleba masSi Rvinis daye-

neba da Senaxva iyo. saqarTveloSi napovni uZvelesi qvevrebi

adgilobrivi warmoSobisaa da gansxvavdebian sxva qveynebSi

napovni msgavsi WurWlisagan.

438

Cv. w-mde II aTaswleulis Sua xanebSi napovnia e. w. Tria-

leTis oqros Tasi, romelic oqromWedlobis Sedevradaa miC-

neuli. amave periods ganekuTvneba vercxlis saRvine Tasi,

romlis reliefur frizze gamosaxulia ritualuri proce-

sia: niRbosan adamianebs xelSi uWiravT welSi gamoyvanili

Rvinis sasmisebi. analogiuri periodisaa welSi gamoyvanili

Tixis Tasi.

meRvineobis institutis muzeumSi daculia Cv. w-mde II-I

aTaswleulebis venaxis dasamuSavebeli brinjaos iaraRebi _

namgliseburi dana vazis sasxlavad. aqvea samTavroSi aRmoCe-

nili VII—VI saukuneebis brinjaos qamris fragmenti, masze ga-

mosaxulia nadirobis scena da ori adamiani, romlebic Rvi-

nis sasmisebs erTmaneTs uWaxuneben.

mevenaxeobis dargSi qarTveli eris Semoqmedebis diapa-

zoni unikaluria, msoflioSi gavrcelebuli 2000 vazis jiSi-

dan saqarTveloSi dadasturebulia 521 jiSi, romlis umrav-

lesoba endemuria da mxolod saqarTveloSi gvxvdeba. vazis

es mravalferovneba kidev erTi dasturia, rom saqarTvelo

aris kulturuli vazis samSoblo.

Zvelad vazi saqarTveloSi aRwevda saocar simsxos da

simaRles, rac misi didi asakis maCvenebeli iyo. aseTi vazis-

gan ficrebsac ki amzadebdnen. XI saukunis osingales eklesi-

is karebi damzadebulia vazis erTiani ficrisgan.

vazis warmoSobis uZvelesi bibliuri cnobebi dakavSi-

rebulia bibliur noesTan. msoflio warRvnis Semdgom noes

kidobani miadga araratis mTas. noem daiwyo miwis damuSaveba,

gazarda vazi, misi nayofis wveni dalia da daTvra (es bibliu-

ri Tqmuleba gaxda dasabami Cveni somexi mecnierebisa, rom

vazis da Rvinis Semomqmedebad somxebi daesaxelebinaT).

apolon rodoselis „argonavtikaSi“ moTxrobilia mefe

aietis oTxi maradiuli Sadrevnis Sesaxeb: I _ rZis, II _

wylis, III _ surnelovani zeTis, IV _ Rvinis.

homerosis odiseaSi kolxTa mefis asuli odisevs sur-

nelovani RviniT gaumaspinZlda.

Rvino Zveli iberiis mkvidrTa sakulto sasmelic yofi-

la. vaxuSti batoniSvili gadmogvcems, rom mcxeTis umTavre-

si kerpis _ armazis sadResaswaulo ceremonials ritualu-

ri seroba gaasrulebda: „Semdgomad Tayvaniscemisa hyvian na-

dimni da gancxromani didiTa WamiTa da Rvinis smiTa....“

sainteresoa, rom cnobili poetis da mecnieris omar xa-

iamis naSromSi „navruz nameSi“ gamoyenebulia Zvel iranelTa

miTi, Tu saidan Semovida vazi: am miTis mixedviT ufliswul-

439

ma badaamma sikvdils gadarCina faskunji, ris gamoc madli-

erma frinvelma CrdiloeTidan yurZnis wipwebi miutana. ba-

daamma daTesa wipwebi, amovida vazi, moisxa yurZeni, dawures,

dadga sasmeli, romelic iranSi aRiares sitkboebis momniWe-

bel wyarod. cnobilia, rom iranisaTvis CrdiloeTi kavkasi-

aa.

Tu gavaanalizebT ebraul da iranul wyaroebs, anu se-

mitur da indoevropuli samyarodan momdinareobs; semituri

- kulturuli vazis samSoblod gamoricxavs siria - palesti-

nas, xolo indoevropuli - sparseTs. orive vazis kulturis

warmoSobas samxreT kavkasias ukavSirebs da gamoricxavs se-

miturisa da indoevropuli Camomavlobis mosaxleobis pio-

nerobas meurneobis am dargis warmoSobis sakiTxSi.

saqarTveloSi Rvinis arsebobaze werilobiTi cnobebi

daculia berZnul, sparsul da qarTul wyaroebSi. qsenofon-

te (Zv. w. IV s.) wers, rom kolxebis Rvino „surnelovani da saa-

mo~ iyo. strabonis (Zv.w. I s.) cnobiT, iberiaSi yurZeni far-

Tod gavrcelebuli yofila da vazis iseTi mosavali modio-

da, mosaxleobas misi sruliad moxmareba ar SeeZlo. prokofi

kesarieli (VI) gviambobs: „mesxebi Sromis moyvareni arian, maT

bevri venaxi aqvT da TavianTi Rvino miaqvT sxvadasxva qvey-

nebSi gasayidad".

saqarTveloSi meRvineobis kidev bevri arqauli kvalia

SemorCenili da am nakvalevTan erTad, kidev is amyarebs sa-

qarTvelos, rogorc Rvinis samSoblos poziciebs, rom Cvens

qveyanaSi vazTan da RvinosTan urTierTobaSi wyveta ar mom-

xdara, gansxvavebiT mcire aziisa Tu kavkasiis sxva regione-

bisagan, sadac saukuneebis manZilze ar awarmoebdnen Rvinos.

qristianobis gavrcelebasTan erTad, rodesac Rvino

macxovris sisxls daukavSirda, venaxma da Rvinom saqarTve-

loSi kidev ufro didi mniSvneloba SeiZina. qarTuli mar-

Tlmadidebluri eklesiis istoriaSi gansakuTrebuli adgi-

li ukavia wm. ninos, romelic saqarTvelos vazis lerwebisgan

Sekruli jvriT moevlina. am safuZvelze damyarebuli qveya-

na cxadia mudam iqmneboda RviniT uzrunvelyofili. monas-

trebSi yovelTvis didi raodenobiT Rvino dgeboda da dRe-

sac aris bevr monsaterSi SemorCenili Zveli marnebi. es yve-

laferi ki imaze metyvelebs, rom qarTvli xalxi Rvinos wmin-

da sasmelad Tvlidnen da xSirad wmindanebsac wiravdnen.

wmindanisTvis da eklesiisTvis Sewirul Rvinos _ zedaSes

uwodebdnen.

440

rac Seexeba Teorias, rom msoflioSi sityva Rvino gav-

rcelda qarTuli sityvisagan, amis damdasturebeli faqte-

bic mravlad mogvepoveba. Rvinis aRmniSvnel sityvebs TiT-

qmis yvela enaSi erTi Ziri aqvs. sityva „Rvino~ (Rჳnoჲ)

gvxvdeba uZveles qarTul werilobiT ZeglebSi da dastur-

deba yvela qarTvelur enaSi, sadac igi gamoiTqmis ase: Rvino

(qarT.), Rvin—i (zan.), Rvin—al (svan.). indo-evropul da semi-

tur enebSi „Rvino~ Semdegnairad gamoiTqmis: xeTurad: `wi-

yan(a)~, luviurad: `wa/i-ya-na~, Zvel berZnulad: `Οíνος~, la-

Tinurad: `vinum~, somxurad: `gini~, germanulad: `Wein~, in-

glisurad: `Wine~, rusulad da zogadad slavurad: `вино~, uelsurad: `gwîn~, frangulad: `vin~, espanurad: `vino~, itali-

urad: `vino~, arabulad: `wainun~, ebraulad: `yayin~, asiriu-

lad: `înu". am sityvebs aerTianebT erTi Ziri, erTi warmomavloba

da im qveynidan unda iyos yvela sxva enaSi Sesuli da damkvid-

rebuli, sadac es sityva pirvelad gaCnda. rogorc enaTmec-

nierebis didi nawili aRniSnavs, sityva „Rvinis~ semantikuri

mniSvneloba mxolod qarTul enaSi dasturdeba da igi sava-

raudod zmna „Rvivilidan~ aris miRebuli. am sityvis fuZe -

„Rv~ - wminda qarTulia da mraval qarTul sityvaSi gvxvdeba.

RvinosTan dakavSirebiT, misi sawyisi forma unda iyos „Rvi-

vili~, anu is, rac duRs, amodis, Rvivdeba. Sesabamisad — du-

Rilis, ufro Rvivilis Sedegad miiReba. garda amisa erTi

enidan meore enaSi gadasvlisas, ama Tu im sityvas bgerebi,

rogorc wesi, akldeba. amitomac „vain~ da „vino~ SeuZlebe-

lia, iqces „Rvinod". piriqiT ki savsebiT SesaZlebelia.

ramdenime cnoba werilobiTi wyaroebidanaca gvaqvs Su-

asaukuneebis qarTuli mevenaxeoba-meRvineobis detalebis

Sesaxeb. grigol xanZTelis cxovrebaSi da giorgi mTawminde-

lis `ioane da eqvTimes cxovrebaSi” (X-XI s.) im sirTuleebzea

saubari, romelic venaxis movlasTanaa dakavSirebuli. XII-XIII

saukuneebis poetTan, ioane SavTelTan ki vxvdebiT cnebas

`keTilgansxluli venaxi”, rac imaze metyvelebs, rom maSin

venaxis gasxvlis fasi kargad icodnen da Sesabamisi wesebic

ki arsebobda.

XVII saukunis meore naxevarSi saqarTveloSi Jan Sardeni

iyo Camosuli. man kargad aRwera saqarTvelo. misi stumroba

omebis periods daemTxva. aRmosavleT saqarTvelo sparse-

Tis SemadgenlobaSi Sedioda, dasavleT saqarTvelo `damou-

kidebeli” iyo. imereTSi im droisaTvis yvelaze cudi perio-

441

di gaxldaT. dasavleTis Rvinis gasinjvisas aRniSna: dayeneba

rom icodnen, kargi Rvino eqnebodaTo. aq Cans, rom mouvle-

li Rvino daalevines. magram im dRes, rodesac is samegrelo-

Si Cavida, omi iyo guriasa da samegrelos Soris. aRmosavleT

saqarTveloSi, qarTl-kaxeTSi rom gadmovida, maSin ki cno-

bili fraza warmoTqva: `darwmunebiT SeiZleba iTqvas: msof-

lios arcerT qveyanaSi, wlis arcerT dros ar SeiZleba amaze

ukeTesad Wamos da svas adamianma. dabejiTebiT SeiZleba iT-

qvas isic, rom ar arsebobs qveyana, sadac imdens da iseT karg

Rvinos svamdnen, rogorc aq (saqarTveloSi). iseve, rogorc

kolxeTSi, aqac vazebi xeebzea gaSenebuli. mefeTa sasmelad

Tbilisidan Rvino didi raodenobiT gaaqvT somxeTSi, midia-

sa da isfahans“.

eTnografiuli masalis mixedviT, erT_erT uZveles

naturalur samkunalo saSualebad saqarTveloSi yurZnis

Rvino iTvleboda. cnobilia, rom mravalsaukunovani isto-

riis manZilze qarTvelma xalxma Seqmna mevenaxeoba_meRvi-

neobis originaluri kultura. mevenaxeobas imdenad didi

mniSvneloba hqonda miniWebuli, rom qveynis mTad da barad

dayofa misi gavrcelebis arealze iyo orientirebuli (va-

xuSti bagrationi). vazi iyo saqarTvelos ekonomikuri siZ-

lieris wyaro, amitom Semoseuli mteri pirvel rigSi vazs Ce-

xavda qveynis dasauZlureblad. vazis kultTan, Wuris Tav-

Tan da maranTanaa dakavSirebuli sakraluri xis miTologiu-

ri saxe saqarTveloSi. SemTxveviTi arc is unda iyos, rom

wminda nino vazisjvriT xelSi uqadagebda qarTvelebs qris-

tes rjuls, xolo erTi qarTuli legendis mixedviT, Rmer-

Tma adamiani, vazis cremlebiT mozelili miwisagan Seqmna ve-

naxis mosavlelad.

miTologia

saqarTvelo legendebis qveyanaa da albaT arsad ise ar

uyvarT Zveli, mexsierebaSi mimqrali ambebi, rogorc Cvens

qveyanaSi. Zalian iSviaTia qarTuli legenda, romelic Rvi-

nos, sufrasa da zogadad baxusis trfialebas ar ukavSirde-

bodes. sxvadasxva istoriul wyaroebSi, umetesad ki zepir

gadmocemebSi, RvinosTan dakavSirebuli legendadqceuli

ambebi uxvad gvxvdeba. am masalis saerTo analiziT da saTa-

nado kvleviTac advilad mivdivarT daskvnamde, rom saqar-

Tvelo marTlac Rvinis samSobloa.

bulbuli, lomi da Rori

gansakuTrebiT sainteresoa, rom legendebis did na-

wilSi Rvinis Seqmnas qarTvelebi swored mama RmerTs ukavSi-

442

reben. magaliTisTvis movixmoT erT-erTi yvelaze Zveli da

saintereso qarTuli legenda: RmerTi dedamiwaze daeZebda

iseT adgils, sadac vazi unda gaeSenebina. mravali adgili Se-

arCia, magram sabolood arCevani iseT adgilze gaakeTa, sa-

dac damarxuli iyo bulbulis, lomisa da Roris Zvlebi. ase-

Ti adgili saqarTvelo aRmoCnda (arqeologiuri kvlevebiT

dasturdeba, rom evraziis afrikasTan materikulad erTia-

nobis periodSi saqarTvelos teritoriaze lomebi marTlac

saxlobdnen). rodesac RmerTma am miwaze vazi dargo, Semdeg

mosavali moiwia, dawura da Rvino gaakeTa, Rvinos im sami

suldgmulis Tvisebebi gamohyva, romelTa Zvlebzec vazma

ixara. rodesac adamiani cota Rvinos svams, misi saubari xSi-

rad bulbulis galobasaviT saamo mosasmenia. rodesac zoma-

ze cota mets svams, loms emsgavseba da yovelgvari winaaR-

mdegobis daZlevis iluzia eqmneba. ukiduresad gadaTrobis

SemTxvevaSi ki, adamiani emsgavseba Rors, Tu ratom, amis mix-

vedra Zneli ar unda iyos.

amrigad, warmodgenili masalebiT - rogorc arqeolo-

giuri da werilobiTi wyaroebiT, aseve qarTul miTologiasa

da istoriul mexsierebaSi daleqili monacemebiT dastur-

deba, rom saqarTvelo WeSmaritad warmoadgens vazisa da

Rvinis samSoblos.


1. vaxuSti batoniSvili, aRwera samefosa saqarTvelosa,

wignSi: ` qarTlis cxovreba“, t. IV, Tbilisi, 1973.

2. javaxiSvili i., qarTveli eris istoria, Tbilisi, 1965.

3. ramiSvili r., qarTuli vazis da Rvinis istoria, Tbilisi,

1988.

4. Sardeni J., mogzauroba saqarTveloSi, Tbilisi, 1935.

5. www. Saunje.ge 6. www. Ambioni.ge 7. www.nwa.ge

443

Avtandil Gelagutashvili

Doctor of History, Professor, Rector of Ja-kob Gogebashvili Telavi State University

Vine History – Reality and Mythology

Summary

Georgian vine is the oldest in the world. Vine has a great importance

for Georgian nation and become an integral part of Georgian culture. Georgia is known as a motherland of vine according to Historical

chronicles on the basis of archeology. The oldest patterns of grape seeds which were discovered in Georgia show that viticulture in Georgian was conceived early than Neolithic Era BC VI millennium.

In the result of archeological excavations in Georgia were discovered remains of ancient wine cellar with Kvevris in the ground. They produced and kept wine in them.

There is 2000 variety of vine species in the world. Out of which 521 are of Georgia origin.

Georgia is the country of legends and biggest amount of them are connected with wine.

444

mzia maisuraZe

iakob gogebaSvilis saxelobis Telavis

saxelmwifo universiteti, humanitarul

mecnierebaTa fakultetis saqarTvelos

istoriis kaTedris doqtoranti

saqvelmoqmedo dawesebulebebi da qvelmoqmedTa kulturul-saganmanaTleblo saqmianoba carizmis

periodis kaxeTSi

XIX saukunis II naxevridan saqarTveloSi skolebis qse-

li gaizarda. saxelmwifo saswavleblebTan erTad arsebobda

sasuliero da kerZo skolebi, romelTa `mzrunvelad~ xSi-

rad qvelmoqmedi adamianebi, SeZlebulebi — Tavadebi an va-

War-mrewvelebi iniSnebodnen. amas pirdapir iTxovda sazoga-

doeba, radganac skolebis arseboba xSirad mxolod amgvar

adamianebze, saswavleblis mzrunvelebze iyo damokidebuli

[1, 232].

kaxeTis kulturuli dawesebulebebisa da skolebisad-

mi gansakuTrebuli qvelmoqmedebiT gamoirCeoda kaxeli Ta-

vadi da mrewveli zaqaria jorjaZe. misi SewirulebiT Caeyara

safuZveli Telavis saqalaqo biblioTekas. wignebTan erTad

man fulic Seswira am dawesebulebas. Telavis biblioTeka

1884 wels daarsda. aq imarTeboda literaturuli da musika-

luri saRamoebi, saubrebi tardeboda sxvadasxva sazogado-

ebriv problemaze. gazeT `droebis~ korespondenti ganixi-

lavda biblioTekis muSaobas, aRwerda aq Catarebul saRamo-

koncerts da exeboda zaqaria jorjaZis damsaxurebas aseTi

dawesebulebis SeqmnaSi. is sayvedurobda Telavis sazogado-

ebas jorjaZis daufaseblobisaTvis: `Telavis biblioTeka

daarsebulia da amas sazogadoeba ise aRtacebiT ar Sexved-

ria. Tavad jorjaZes fuli da wignebi Seuwiravs, ratom? mar-

445

Tla bevri fuli aqvs da imitom, Tu sasargeblo romaa, amis

gamo?...~ [2,19].

zaqaria jorjaZis saqvelmoqmedo saqmianobazea sauba-

ri 1885 wlis `droebis~ #23-Si. marTalia, es werili exeboda

jorjaZis saqmianobas TbilisSi, magram aqac mas wamoyvanili

hyavda kaxeli axalgazrdebi, romelTac muSebad qiraobda,

amasTanave aZlevda rogorc profesiul, aseve zogad ganaT-

lebas.

jorjaZe ZiriTadad Rvinis damzadebas xelmZRvane-

lobda. mas hqonda rogorc Rvinis qarxnebi, aseve maRaziebi

da sardafebi Tbilissa da kaxeTSi. TbilisSic amuSavebda ka-

xeTidan wamoyvanil axalgazrdebs, maT aZlevda did jama-

girs, aseve iRebda xarjs maTi ganaTlebisaTvis. muSebis Ta-

visufali drois sasargeblod aTvisebisaTvis man daaarsa

qarTuli wignebis biblioTeka, gamoiwera qarTuli Jurnal-

gazeTebi, yovelkvireuli pedagogiuri Jurnali `nobaTi~ da

sxva. samuSaos Semdeg, naSuadRevis xuTi saaTidan, misi muSe-

bi saTiTaod kiTxulobdnen wignebsa da presis organoebs, es

grZeldeboda aT saaTamde. amasTanave swavlobdnen Rvinis

dayenebis teqnologias, iTvisebdnen elementarul sameur-

neo codnas. jorjaZem amisTvis specialurad daiqirava Rvi-

nis teqnologiis specialisti (gazeTi `droeba~ mas fsevdo-

nimiT — g. d. i-SviliT ixseniebs). amasTanave, muSebi swav-

lobdnen rusul wera-kiTxvasa da angariSsac.

statiis avtori fsevdonimiT — `romanozi~ dawvrile-

biT aRwers muSebis mier mxatvruli literaturis kiTxvisas

gancdil emociebs, kaxeli biWebi cremliani TvalebiT kiT-

xulobdnen `kako yaCaRis~ ambavs da gatacebiT igonebdnen

alaznis velze naxul suraTebso [3, 23].

korespondenti qvelmoqmedis amgvar saqmianobas axal-

sa da qarTveli xalxisTvis sasargeblo mimarTulebas uwo-

debs da wers: `aq swavla-ganaTlebis saWiroebasa da sargeb-

lobazed laparaks ara vTvli saWirod, radganac yvela Cven-

gani yovels nabijze vxedavT swavlis SeZenis mosurnes, gone-

bis ganaTlebis maZebars, mxolod vityvi, rom es ambavi axali

movlenaa CvenSi da rogorc pirvelad gagonils, jer, ueWve-

lia, Cveni yuri ar SesCvevia. amisaTvis saWiroa am azris xan-

grZlivi da Zalumi moqmedeba, rom Cveni goneba SeeTvisos mas

446

da Cvens xorcsa da sisxlad gadavaqcioT igi. da rogorc

mTels cxovel arsebas unda mecadineoba Tavisi sxeulisa da

gonebis agebulobis gaumjobesebisaTvis, ise Cven gvinda aqe-

danve mxne, gonivruli moqmedeba, rom gavumarToT Tvali

imas, rasac moaqvs qveynis da xalxis warmateba~.

statiis avtori Txovda gazeT `droebis~ redaqcias,

popularizacia gaewia qvelmoqmed jorjaZis saqmianobisaT-

vis, raTa yvelas, visac kerZo saqme hqonda, miebaZa misTvis.

gazeTi `droeba~ qvelmoqmedTa Soris asaxelebda Te-

lavel vaWars — baRdoevs. mas Telavis skoebisaTvis Seuwi-

ravs Tanxebi 1885 wlisaTvis, rasac qalaqis bednierebad miiC-

nevda avtori. korespondenti CamoTvlida baRdoevis Senawi-

ri Tanxebis odenobas: `baRdoevma wminda ninos saqalebo sas-

wavlebels 80 maneTi Seswira, rostomaSvilis saqalebo sko-

las — 30 maneTi, samoqalaqo saswavlebels — 45 maneTi, da

mgoni sxva saswavleblebsac. ~ misi azriT, baRdoevi imaSi

Secda, rom rostomaSvilis skolas mxolod 45 maneTi Seswi-

ra, radgan is iyo yvelaze gaWirvebuli da amasTanave, warma-

tebuli saswavlebeli. amis mizezad gazeTi qvelmoqmedis pi-

rad damokidebulebas asaxelebs, ambobs, rom baRdoevs ros-

tomaSvilTan ar hqonda kargi damokidebuleba, pirovnulisa

da sazogadoebrivis aRrevas ki is uaryofiT movlenad miiC-

nevs.

rostomaSvilTan da Telavel qvelmoqmedebTan dakav-

SirebiT gazeTi `droeba~ bevrjer werda.

Telaveli qvelmoqmedebi mudmivad exmarebodnen kaxe-

Tis regionis skolebsa da kulturul dawesebulebebs. gaze-

Ti `droeba ~ werda, rom 1884 wlisaTvis Telavidan w. k. g. sa-

zogadoebas 222 maneTi da 35 kapiki gadasces. es fuli Sekre-

bili iqna sazogadoebisTvis gamarTuli balidan, romlis ga-

marTvis organizeba ekuTvnoda kneina ColoyaSvilisas. amave

dros, Telavelma vaWrebma — simonovebma — sazogadoebas ga-

dasces sami Tamarisdroindeli moneta [4, 86].

wera-kiTxvis gamavrcelebel sazogadoebas siRnaRis

mazris szogadoebac exmareboda. siRnaRis mazraSi mcxov-

rebma bevrma Tavadma Tu glexma gaiRo fuli sazogadoebis

fondisaTvis. es Sewirvebi yovelwliurad xdeboda. 1894

wels qvelmoqmedTa sia ase gamoiyureboda: kniaz elene abxa-

447

zisa — 2 maneTi; levan abxazi — 3 maneTi; kniaz nino androni-

kovisa — 1 m.; qeTevan ColoyaSvilisam — 1 m.; kn. daria vaCnaZi-

sam — 1 m.; kn. ana vaCnaZisam — 1 m.; Tavadma ivane revazis Ze vaC-

naZem — 1 m. da 40 kap.; Tavadma niko vaCnaZem — 1 m.; Tavadma kon-

stantine vaCnaZem — 1 m.; Tavadma daviT ColoyaSvilma 1 m.; kn.

aneta andronikovisam — 1 m.; nino nacvalovisam — 2 m.; abram na-

siZem — 2m.; solomon stefanes Ze mesediSvilma — 3 m.; deka-

nozma begievma — 1 m.; ekaterine asaTianisam — 1m.; aladaSvilma

—1 m.; babo nacvalovisam — 1 m.; Tadeoz nacvalovma — 1 m.; vano

nacvalovma — 1 m.; Saqro nacvalovma — 1 m.; niko onanovma — 1

m.; nino gomelaurisam — 40 kap.; vano vaCnaZem — 1 m.; natalia na-

siZisam — 50 kap.; makrine nasiZisam — 40 kap.; aneta nasiZisam —

40 kap.; Tamara gedevanovisam — 20 kap.; elisabed reznikovisam

— 20 kap.; eka nasiZisam — 50 kap.; niko zaldastanovma — 60 kap.;

mixeil benaSvilma — 20 kap.; vaso WrelaSvilma — 50 kap.; zali-

ko mWedliSvilma — 15 kap.; solomon nasiZem — 45 kap.; aneta na-

siZisam — 40 kap.; daro nasiZisam — 40 kap.; sandro gomelaurma

— 40 kap.; elisabed nasiZisam — 20 kap.; qeTevan mestievisam — 20

kap.; daria vagrievisam — 40 kap.; saSa vaCnaZisam — 40 kap.; maqsi-

me kaxiZem — 40 kap.; sul Segrovda — 39 maneTi, romelic nino

andronikaSvilma gadasca w.k. gamavrcelebel sazogadoebas

[5, 22].

mas Semdeg, rac TelavSi daarsda wera-kiTxvis gamav-

rcelebeli sazogadoebis ganyofileba, yovelwliuri Sesa-

tani Tanxebis odenoba gaizarda. masSi Sevida kerZo qvelmoq-

medTa Sewirulebanic: sastipendio Tanxebi, saskolo nagebo-

bebisa da sxvadasxva saiubileo RonisZiebebisaTvis gankuT-

vnili Tanxebi. sazogadoebas wiravdnen kerZo koleqciebs,

arqeologiur, numizmatur da eTografiul masalebs, wig-

nebs, Zvel xelnawerebs. sailustraciod movitanT sazogado-

ebis angariSs 1914-1915 wlebSi. Telavis ganyofilebas 1914

wels Semosavali hqonda 1899 maneTi. gasavali — 1793 maneTi

12 kapiki, naSTi 100 maneTi, 47 kapiki. 1915 wels Semovida 2628

maneti da 15 kap., gasavali iyo 2135 man., naSTi — 492 an. 46 kap.

am fulidan ganyofilebisaa 51 man, 46 k.

ilias mamulidan Semosavali iyo — 441 man.

sofio vaxvaxiSvilis Sewiruli sastipendio Tanxa 200

maneTi, vasil da natalia glurjiZeebis saqvelmoqmedo Tan-

448

xa — 250 maneTi. sazogadoebas hqonda wignis maRazia, saida-

nac gayiduli wignebis Tanxa Sedioda: 1914 wels gaiyida 6614

maneTisa da 44 kapikis wigni. sxva saqonelTan erTad, Semosu-

li Tanxa Seadgenda 9976 maneTs. aqedan wminda mogeba iyo 1000

maneTi, rac sazogadoebam saganmanaTleblo saqmeSi gamoiye-

na.

ilias mamuli yvarelSi SeiZina wera-kiTxvis sazogado-

ebam da Telavis sazogadoebas gadasca. Telavis sazogadoe-

bam TavadaznaurTa sazogadoebas mamulis mosawyobad moT-

xova 6000 maneTi. magram jer kaxeTis rkinigzis aqciebis SeZe-

nam da Semdeg omma xeli SeuSala am Tanxis miRebas. samagie-

rod, Telavis w. k. gamavrcelebel sazogadoebas 400 maneTi

gadasca ilias dam, elisabed saginaSvilma, amdenive gadasca

axalma klubma, es 800 maneTi moxmarda ilias saxlis koSkis

aRdgenas.

saqarTvelos w. k. gamavrcelebeli sazogadoebis Tela-

vis ganyofilebis gamge iyo aleqsandre vaxvaxiSvili, wevre-

bi: n. maminaSvili, v. paataSvili, T. abaSiZe, g. iordaniSvili,

e. paataSvili da q. rusiSvili [6, 542].

1906 wels daarsda qarTuli saqvelmoqmedo sazogado-

eba, romlis filiali gaixsna TelavSic. TelavSi qarTuli

saqvelmoqmedo sazogadoebis gaxsnas didi mniSvneloba hqon-

da kaxeTis regionisTvis. rogorc v. paataSvili werda gazeT

`saxalxo furcelSi~ (#550, 1916 w.), uamravi gaWirvebuli

adamiani miawyda am sazogadoebas daxmarebis saTxovnelad.

sazogadoebas dasawyisSi ar hqonda fuli. man 200 maneTi mii-

Ro mTavari sazogadoebidan jariskacTa im Svilebis dasaxma-

reblad, romlebic skolebSi swavlobdnen. gamgeobam Tavisi

mcire saxsrebic daamata da saCaie gaxsna TelavSi. sakuTari

saxli 7 dRiT ufasod dauTmo g. xaxanaSvilma, xolo oTaxebi

moawyo mxatvarma vladimer sidamon-erisTavma. aRdgomas ga-

ixsna saCaie, gaxsnas daeswro episkoposi pirosi, gadaixada

paraklisi, akurTxa sufra da sityviT mimarTa Sekrebilebs.

zafxulSi saCaiem nadikvarze gadainacvla. Telavis sazoga-

doebam didi interesi gamoiCina, saCaies bevri xalxi estum-

ra, raTa Tavisi qvelmoqmedebiT wvlili Seetana im keTil

saqmeSi, risTvisac iyo ganwyobili [7,550].

449

qvelmoqmedebs Soris gamoirCeoda ana erisTavi-WavWa-

vaZe, rafiel erisTavisa da barbare jorjaZis da.D

ana mokrZalebiT iyo gamorCeuli da-ZmebSi, da imiTac,

rom is amdrois rCeuli mamakacis — mTeli imperiis masStabiT

saxelganTqmuli generlis, — niko WavWavaZis ( `didi nikos~)

meuRle iyo [8,96-104].

niko WavWavaZe didi qvelmoqmedi iyo. gansakuTrebiT

exmareboda kaxeTis regionis skolebs, Teatralur dasebs.

rodesac qmari CeCen-daRestnelebs ebrZoda, misi me-

uRle — ana erisTavi-WavWavaZisa saqvelmoqmedo saqmianobiT

iyo dakavebuli. col-qmari uSvilo iyo, rac maT tkivils

warmoadgenda, Tumca am danakliss isini dauRalavi sazoga-

doebrivi moRvaweobiT inazRaurebdnen. Ooriveni did daxma-

rebas uwevdnen xelmokle niWier axalgazrdebs, uxdidnen

yvarlel moswavleebs swavlis qiras, qarTvel axalgazrdebs

agzavnidnen ruseTisa da evropis universitetebsa da sxva-

dasxva institutebSi swavlis gasagrZeleblad. Ggeneral niko

WavWavaZes sakmao xelfasi da pensia hqonda, riTac mudam ex-

mareboda mSobliur kuTxes, gahyavda sarwyavi arxebi, gzebi,

Semweobas iCenda upovarTa mimarT. `did nikos~ saqarTvelo-

Si gamorCeuli piradi biblioTeka hqonda, romelic sicoc-

xleSive gadasca `wera-kiTxvis gamavrcelebel sazogadoe-

bas.~is ar arCevda adamianebs wodebis mixedviT, arc erovnu-

li niSniT. mTeli Segnebuli cxovreba, rogorc carizmis mo-

xelem, Crdilo kavkasiaSi gaatara. Tu aqaurTa damokidebu-

lebas gavixsenebT amgvar moxeleTa mimarT, Mmas Suri da

mtroba unda mieRo am xalxisagan, magram piriqiT moxda: udi-

desi siyvaruli da pativiscema daimsaxura. rodesac garda-

icvala,1897 wlis 9 marts, CeCnebma sololakidan, sadac gene-

rali cxovrobda, qaSveTamde misi kubo aravis daanebes, mad-

lierma Tanamemamuleebma ki yvarlamde xeliT waasvenes maT-

Tvis sayvareli adamiani[8,103].

1885 wlis gazeTi `droeba~ werda: `gaimarTa qarTvel-

Ta Soris wera-kiTxvis gamavrcelebeli sazogadoebis sasar-

geblod da Tavad niko zurabis Ze WavWavaZis TaosnobiT `ba-

Ri-bufetiT.~ daeswro winaswar mazris ufrosis mier mowveu-

li xalxi Telavis mimdebare soflebidan. orasamde bileTi

gaiyida da kargi Semosavali miiRes~ [9,53].

450

niko WavWavaZis qvelmoqmedebis amsaxveli amgvari cno-

bebi bevria amdroindel presaSi. erT-erTi, 1893 wels gamoq-

veynda ìveriaSi.~statia iuwyeboda, rom kviracxovlobas, 4

aprils, yvarelSi, alaverdis episkoposma besarionma, mraval

samRvdeloTa TandaswrebiT, akurTxa niko WavWavaZis Semweo-

biT agebuli naTlismcemlis eklesia. eswreboda Telavis

mazris soflebidan mosuli didZali xalxi. wirvaze gamovida

ori gundi, calke diakvnebisa da calke Segird-maswavleble-

bisa. iqadaga meufem, bolos xalxi Seikriba niko WavWavaZis

ezoSi, sadac maspinZelma Sekrebilebs mSvenieri sadili gau-

marTa [10,74].

saqvelmoqmedo saRamoebi tardeboda siRnaRis mazra-

Si. sofeli kardenaxi am mxriv gansakuTrebuli iyo.

kaxeTi XIX saukunis bolos ebrZoda qoleras da yva-

vils. prevenciisaTvis saWiro wamlebi da pirobebi bavSvebs

ar hqondaT. saamisod saswavleblebi saqvelmoqmedo koncer-

tebsa da Teatralur warmodgenebs marTavdnen. kardenaxSic

1893 wels gaimarTa 2 erTmoqmedebiani piesa: òinbazoba~ da

òrcecxlSua.~warmodgenebidan Semosavali mTlianad saSiSi

infeqciebis prevenciisTvis gadaido. speqtakli ormag samsa-

xurs uwevda sazogadoebas: esTetikur-aRmzrdelobiTsa da

saqvelmoqmedos. speqtaklSi adgilobrivma msaxiobebma iTa-

maSes. eseni iyvnen: TaTarovi (TaTaraSvili), samadaSvili da

lomiZe [11,39].

TelavSi adgilobrivi ZalebiT xSirad imarTeboda

speqtaklebi. 1893 wlis 25 aprils gaimarTa qarTul-somxuri

warmodgena — `Tamar cbieri.~presa gamoyofda ilia zurabiS-

vilis naTamaSeb rols. axalgazrda, garegnobiT da niWiT ga-

morCeul zurabiSvils gazeTis korespondenti profesiul

dasSi gadasvlas urCevda [12,90].

kaxeTSi iyo didebuli ojaxebi, sadac erovnuli ganZis

saukeTeso nimuSebi inaxeboda. ìveria~ 1893 wlis aprilSi

werda, rom sofel iyalToSi, podpolkovnik zaqaria ramazis

Ze mayaSvilis saxlSi, inaxeboda uZvelesi xanis sigel-gujre-

bi, romelic TbilisSi Camoutania general-maior dimitri

solomonis Ze mayaSvils, Seudgenia xelnawerTa nusxa. daax-

loebiT 66 erTeuli xelnaweri Sesrulebuli iyo rogorc

qarTul, aseve sparsul da arabul enebze. istoriuli sabu-

451

Tebi mayaSvils warudgenia ilia WavWavaZisTvis `gadasasin-

jad~[13,84].

saqvelmoqmedo RonisZiebebs awyobdnen skolebi da

scenismoyvareTa jgufebi. xSirad es RonisZiebebi eZRvnebo-

da Tavad skolebis problemebis mogvarebas, zogjer sofel-

Si momxdari tragediis gamosworebas, an sxva saqvelmoqmedo

sazogadoebis fondSi Sesatani Tanxis mogrovebas. gaWirve-

buli adamianebi ar izogavdnen Tavs da eweodnen, mcire Tan-

xiT mainc, dazaralebulebs. magaliTad: gurjaanSi 1884 wlis

11 marts Catarebula saqvelmoqmedo warmodgena erTi dam-

wvari ojaxis sasargeblod [14, 66].

amave gazeTis informaciiT, 1884 wlis 14 marts siRnaR-

Si gamarTula scenismoyvareTa speqtakli — rafiel erisTa-

vis `vodevilebi.~speqtakli eZRvneboda wera-kiTxvis gamav-

rcelebeli sazogadoebis sasargeblod Tanxebis Segrovebas.

speqtaklma mayurebelze kargi STabeWdileba datova, magram

Segrovili Tanxa (55 maneTi), rogorc informatori danane-

biT ambobda, ar iyo dasaxuli miznisTvis sakmarisi [15, 90].

rogorc viciT, TelavSi 1884 wels daarsda biblioTe-

ka. mas bevri qvelmoqmedi Seewia da wignebi Seswira, magram

biblioTekas kidev metad esaWiroeboda gazrda-gafarToeba.

am mizniT Telavis klubSi gaimarTa saliteraturo saRamo.

imRera Telavis klubis gundma. sityva warmoTqva pedagogma

ivane rostomaSvilma. man isaubra Telavis biblioTekis

rolsa da mniSvnelobaze qalaqisa da mTlianad kaxeTis kul-

turul-saganmanaTleblo cxovrebaSi, xalxs auxsna misi sa-

Wiroebani. amis Semdeg rostomaSvilma waikiTxa leqcia vax-

tang gorgasalsa da mis politikaze. leqciam, `droebis~ ko-

respondentis azriT, didi mowoneba daimsaxura.

literaturul saRamoze sakuTari leqsebi waikiTxa

poetma barbare jorjaZem. didi ovacia daumsaxurebia S. s.

maWavarians, romelsac akakis leqsebi waukiTxavs. ~ batoni

maWavariani, — vkiTxulobT `droebaSi~, — rogorc akakisTan

gazrdili, Zlier hbaZavs mas da amasTanave leqsebic kargi

iyo SinaarsiT.~werilis avtori aqebs zaqaria CxikvaZes, rom-

lis momzadebuli iyo qalTa gundi. mTel kaxeTSi marto am

axalgazrda lotbarma icis ukve daviwyebuli — `yurSa~, `di-

ambegi~ da sxva Zveli simRerebio [16,19].

452

qvelmoqmed d. yifianis SewevniT, 1902 wels Zvel gavaz-

Si skola daarsda, gaixsna biblioTeka-samkiTxveloc. ro-

gorc amdroindeli presa aRniSnavda, SesaSuri iyo am moxuci

adamianis `Tavgamodebuli mxneoba am friad saWiro da sasar-

geblo saqmis ganxorcielebaSi~[20, 178].

Telavs ar hqonda Teatris Senoba. sazogado sakrebu-

los mamasaxlisTa sabWom klubisTvis daiqirava Senoba Sua

bazarSi — es iyo n. aruTinovis saxli. sakrebulos mier daqi-

ravebuli saxli Teatris movaleobasac asrulebda. samwuxa-

rod, aruTinovis saxlSi patara darbazi iyo, Tumca es xels

ar uSlida speqtaklebis warmodgenasa da literaturul-mu-

sikaluri saRamoebis Catarebas. sakrebulom ubnebad dayo

qalaqi, raTa lataria-alegri moewyo da miRebuli TanxebiT

gaWirvebul adamianebs daxmareboda [17, 595].

1916 wels TelavSi gaixsna saqvelmoqmedo sazogadoe-

ba. misi Tavmjdomare gaxda elisabed WavWavaZisa, xazinadari

— v. paataSvili. sazogadoebas gaxsnis dResve pirveli Tanxa

gadasca qvelmoqmedma giorgi avaliSvilma, es Tanxa Seadgen-

da — 37 maneTsa da 50 kapiks [18,768].

saqvelmoqmedo sazogadoebam daxmareba gauwia mraval

gaWirvebul ojaxs, gansakuTrebiT omis periodSi. 1916 wels

mosulma didma setyvam gansakuTrebiT daaziana soflebi Saq-

riani da saniore. saqvelmoqmedo sazogadoebis instruqto-

ri anton yazaxaSvili da mdivani n. cicqiSvili Casulan so-

felSi, aRuricxavT zarali da TavianTi TanxiT xorbali Seu-

ZeniaT mosaxleobisaTvis [19,584].

kaxeTis mosaxleobis kulturul-saganmanaTleblo

problemebs gansakuTrebiT emsaxureboda es ori saqvelmoq-

medo sazogadoeba: w. k. gamavrcelebeli da saqvelmoqmedo

sazogadoebebi. isini aarsebdnen axal skolebs, exmarebodnen

gaWirvebulebs. orive sazogadoebas TelavSi ganyofileba

hqonda. 1917 wels, urTules politikur viTarebaSi, maT aR-

Zres Tbilisis guberniis saxalxo skolebis inspeqtoris wi-

naSe sofel SildaSi skolis gaxsnis sakiTxi. SildaSi iyo er-

Ti saministro skola, magram is imdenad ar hyofnida xalxs,

rom am skolis mowafeni Sinaur skolebs marTavdnen da bevr

Segirdsac agrovebdnen. skolis Senaxva Tavis Tavze aiRo

Sildis inteligenciam da wvrili kreditis sazogadoebam,

453

romelmac skolisaTvis 300 maneTi gadado. saqvelmoqmedo

sazogadoebam moiTxova omSi gawveulTa da daRupulTa Svi-

lebisaTvis specialuri mosamzadebeli klasis gaxsna Telav-

Si. mizezi is iyo, rom amgvari ojaxebidan bevri ver emzade-

boda da skolis gareSe rCeboda. specialur klasebSi maT uf-

ro kargad moamzadebdnen, ris Semdegac advilad Sevidodnen

sxvadasxva skolebSi [21, 772].

w.k. gamavrcelebeli sazogadoebis Telavis ganyofi-

lebas baqodan 100 maneTi gamougzavna arCil iaqaSvilma, ra-

sac sazogadoeba qvelmoqmedebisaTvis iyenebda.

qvelmoqmedebis saocar magaliTs aCvenebdnen qarTve-

li studentebi. isini, Tavad gaWirvebulni, ruseTidan exma-

rebodnen stiqiiT dazaralebul kaxelebs. `iveriis~ saredaq-

cio werilis avtori — `mevele~ aqebs kaxelTa moTminebas, aR-

wers maT mdgomareobas da ambobs, rom SimSilis pirad misuli

arc erTi kaxeli ar daZrula adgilidan, ar SeSinebia da gaq-

cevia gasaWirs. `erTi wlis winaT, amnairive SimSilobis gamo,

mTeli saqarTvelo avsebuli iyo ruseTidan gadmosul dam-

Seulis xalxiTa, qarTveli eri sibraluliT da siyvaruliT

eqceoda am sacodavTa. qveyanam ar ikmara, rom mxolod mo-

sulT miSveleboda, erma gaiRo Sesawiravi da miawvdina dam-

SeulT TviT ruseTSi. puri ise Zviri, rogorc axla kaxeTSia,

maSinac ar yofila ruseTSi. axla, am gaWirvebis Jams mxolod

peterburgSi moswavle qarTvelma axalgazrdebma, romelTac

Tavadac uWirT, gamogzavnes daxmarebao~, — werda `mevele~

[22, 88].

amrigad, qvelmoqmedebas didi adgili eWira carizmis

periodis kaxeTis regionis kulturul-saganmanaTleblo

cxovrebaSi. am sferoSi Cabmuli iyo yvela socialuri fena,

sazogadoebis umetesi nawili. skolebi, Teatraluri da mu-

sikaluri dasebi kerZo da sazogado SemowirulebiT arse-

bobdnen, es ki xels uwyobda qveynis sulieri da sazogadoeb-

riv-politikuri cnobierebis amaRlebas, mis winsvlas.

G

454


1. gazeTi `droeba~, 232, 1883 weli.




5. gazeTi iveria~, 22, 1894 weli.

6. gazeTi `saxalxo furceli~, 542, 1916 weli.


8. dodo WumburiZe, istoriuli portretebi, werilebi,

Tbilisi, 2012.

9. gazeTi `iveria~, 53, 1885 weli.






15. gazeTi `droeba~, 90, 1884 weligazeTi `droeba~,19, 1885

weligazeTi `saxalxo furceli~, 595, 1916 weli.



18. gazeTi `cnobis furceli~, 178, 1902 weli.


20. gazeTi `iveria~, #88, 1893 weli.

455

Mzia Maisuradze

Doctoral Student of Telavi Iakob Gogebash-vili State university, The Departament of the History of Georgia, Fakulty of Humanities

Philanthropy and Charity Agencies, Cultural - educational

Activities in the Kakheti Region of the Tsarist Period

Summary Charity Had a great place for the cultural - educational life of the

Kakheti region, in the Tsarist period. Charities participated in all social strata, most of the general public. Schools, theater groups and guests musical perfomances existed by

private and public donations, wich contributed to the spiritual life and political awareness of society, in the country's progress.

Between the philanthropists a prominent was noble Zakaria Jorjadze. With his help, opened the library in Telavi in 1884, he donated the books to the library. He was a wine maker and had wine shops in Telavi and Tbilisi, where poor people work. He helped his workers to obtain an education.

456

salome pirveli


versitetis biznes-inJinerin-

gis fakultetis doqtoranti

saqarTveloSi miwis sakuTrebis

daregistrirebis problemebi

saqarTvelos momavali, normalur samarTlebriv sa-

xelmwifod Camoyalibeba da stabilurad ganviTareba warmo-

udgenlad migvaCnia sakuTrebis uflebebis dacvisa da gansa-

kuTrebiT, miwis sakuTrebis gamWvirvale sistemis Seqmnis ga-

reSe. sakamaTo ar aris, rom miwis sakuTrebasTan dakavSire-

buli samarTlebrivi sakiTxebis dauregulirebloba didad

sariskoa qveynisTvis, misi mdgradobisa da usafrTxoebisaT-

vis. 2005 w. miRebulma saqarTvelos kanonma `uZrav nivTeb-

ze uflebaTa registraciis Sesaxeb saqarTveloSi~ [1] gaag-

rZela sasoflo-sameurneo miwaze sakuTrebis aRiarebis

formalizaciis procesi, rac yofili miwis marTvis saxel-

mwifo departramentis axlad Seqmnil sajaro reestrTan

SerwymaSi aisaxa. gauqmda yofili teqnikuri biuroebi. 2005-2009 wlebSi sajaro reestrma gaagrZela sakuTrebis damadas-

turebeli mowmobebis gacemis procesi adgilebze arsebul

rukebze dayrdnobiT, Tumca, am dros erTiani, integrirebu-

li sakadastro sistema jer kidev ar arsebobda. miwis sakuT-

rebaze formaluri uflebis aRiarebis gzaze erT-erT winga-

dadgmul nabijad 2007 w. `qonebis legalizaciis Sesaxeb~ [2] da `fizikuri da kerZo samarTlis iuridiuli pirebis mflo-

belobaSi (sargeblobaSi) arsebul miwis nakveTebze sakuTre-

bis uflebis aRiarebis Sesaxeb~ miRebuli saqarTvelos kano-

nebi unda miviCnioT. am kanonebiT SesaZlebeli gaxda mar-

Tlzomier da aramarTlzomier mflobelobaSi myofi nakve-

457

Tebis iuridiuli statusis dadgena da sakuTrebis formali-

zaciis uflebis mosapoveblad saWiro procedurebis dawese-

ba. maT praqtikul realizacias xeli Seuwyo saqarTvelos

prezidentis 2007 w. № 525 brZanebulebam `fizikuri da kerZo

samarTlis iuridiuli pirebis mflobelobaSi (sargebloba-

Si) arsebul miwis nakveTebze sakuTrebis uflebis aRiarebis

wesisa da sakuTrebis uflebis mowmobis formis damtkicebis

Sesaxeb~ [3]. sasoflo-sameurneo miwis bazris Camoyalibebis for-

maluri procesis dagvirgvinebad erTiani sakadastro siste-

mis Camoyalibebis dawyeba unda miviCnioT, romelic sajaro

reestrSi germaniis saerTaSoriso ganviTarebis bankis meSve-

obiT 2008 w. daiwyo. donorma organizaciam sajaro reestri

Sesabamisi programuli paketiT uzrunvelyo. ukve mkafiod

Camoyalibda registraciisaTvis aucilebeli procedurebis

nusxa. sakuTrebis formaluri uflebis maZieblebs SeeZloT

kanonmdeblobiT gansazRvruli dokumentaciisa da sakadas-

tro naxazis wardgenis Semdeg mieRoT srulfasovani amona-

weri sajaro reestridan, romelzedac miTiTebuli iqneboda

mesakuTris rekvizitebi da miwis nakveTis mkafiod gansaz-

Rvruli koordinatebi. amave dros, mesakuTres da yvela da-

interesebul pirs eZleoda SesaZlebloba, sajaro reestris

monacemTa bazaSi onlain reJimSi moeZia Sesabamisi informa-

cia. 2011 w. saxelmwifom SeaCera grZelvadiani ijariT gace-

muli miwis nakveTebiT mosargebleebTan dadebuli ijaris

xelSekrulebebi. mflobelebs miecaT SesaZlebloba, esar-

geblaT Sesyidvis upiratesi uflebiT da gamoesyidaT maT

sargeblobaSi arsebuli miwebi. Sesyidvis upiratesi ufle-

bis gamoyenebaze uaris Tqmis SemTxvevaSi saxelmwifo ukan

ibrunebda miwas, romlis Sesyidva auqcionis wesiT axla ukve

yvela msurvels SeeZlo. amgvarad, 2012 wlisaTvis saxelmwi-

fos xelSi sasoflo-sameurneo miwis fondis praqtikulad

umniSvnelo nawili unda darCeniliyo. saqarTveloSi jer kidev rTulia imis garkveva, Tu ra

moculobis miwa ekuTvnis kerZo seqtors, ramdenia am nakve-

458

Tebis jamuri farTobi da raodenoba. dainteresebuli piri-

saTvis metismetad gaZnelebulia informaciis mopoveba imis

Sesaxeb, Tu sad mdebareobs esa Tu is nakveTi, romelic SesaZ-

loa ekonomikuri TvalsazrisiT saintereso iyos. ufro me-

tic, Tavad saxelmwifo organoebsac ki uWirT informaciis

mopoveba imis Sesaxeb, Tu sasoflo-sameurneo miwis ra far-

Tobi rCeba mis sakuTrebaSi. garda amisa, savaraudoa, rom ar-

sebobs miwis nakveTebis mniSvnelovani farTobebi egreTwo-

debul `rux zonaSi.~ es miwis im fonds exeba, romelic SesaZ-

loa arc saxelmwifos da arc kerZo seqtoris mflobelobaSi

iyos, an iyos sadao kerZo seqtorsa da saxelmwifos Soris. eqspertuli SefasebebiT SesaZlebelia imis varaudi,

rom dReisaTvis reformiT gadacemuli mTeli sasoflo-sa-

meurneo miwis fondis daaxloebiT 20-30% [4; 5] Tua srulfa-

sovnad registrirebuli. amave dros, mosaxleobis xelT ar-

sebuli saregistracio mowmobebi, miuxedavad maTze arsebu-

li maRali legitimaciis mqone piris, prezidentis xelmowe-

risa, Tanamedrove kanonmdeblobiT sakuTrebis srulfaso-

van mowmobad ar miiCneva. maZiebel pirs — Tavidan uwevs saTa-

nado procedurebis gavla, azomviTi naxazis Sedgena da mxo-

lod amis Semdeg SeuZlia sajaro reestris amonaweris miRe-

ba. sakuTrebis mowmobebze ar SeiniSneba mkafio sazRvrebi da

koordinatebi, aseve, nakveTis siaxloves mdebare nagebobebi

da infrastruqtura. xSir SemTxvevebSi mowmobebi fizikuri

piris nacvlad ojaxebzea gacemuli, rac garkveul gaugeb-

robas qmnis iuridiuli TvalsazrisiT. unda iTqvas isic, rom

mosaxleobis mniSvnelovan nawils es dokumentacia an sakuT-

rebis uflebis srulfasovan marwmunebel sabuTad miaCnia,

an saerTod araviTari sabuTi ar gaaCnia. aRsaniSnavia, rom Sesabamisi saaRricxvo baraTis war-

dgenis SemTxvevaSi da azomviTi naxazis wardgenis Semdeg nak-

veTis registracia uproblemod mimdinareobs. aseve, saqar-

Tvelos dRevandeli kanonmdebloba adgens im dokumentebis

nusxas, romelic saSualebas aZlevs maZiebels Seagrovos sa-

Tanado sabuTebi da nakveTis marTlzomieri floba daadas-

turos, rac azomviTi naxazis wardgenis SemTxvevaSi srul-

459

fasovani registraciis miRebis saSualebas aZlevs mas. Tum-

ca, mosaxleobis xelT arsebuli dokumentebis arasrulfa-

sovnebas adasturebs saqarTvelos samoqalaqo kodeqsi [5.

34], romelic sakuTrebis aRiarebis momentad mis registra-

cias miiCnevs. registraciis formaluri procesis dasasru-

leblad ki dainteresebul individs 2011 w. arsebuli kanon-

mdeblobiTa da Sesabamisi SefasebebiTerT ha-ze daaxloebiT 250-300 laris gadaxda uwevs. amgvarad, maZiebel pirebs dama-

tebiTi xarjebis gaReba uwevT sakuTrebis uflebis mosapo-

veblad. Sedegad, iqmneba paradoqsuli situacia, roca miwis

mflobels an mosargebles (upiratesad-wvril mflobels an

mosargebles) ar surs an ar SeuZlia formaluri registra-

ciis procesis dasruleba, vinaidan sakuTrebis uflebas

srulfasovnad miiCnevs, an ar surs miwis gayidva. amave dros, miwis yidvis msurvels, Tuki igi potenciur gamyidvelTan

mWidrod dakavSirebuli araa da ar flobs insaiderul in-

formacias ama Tu im teritoriaze arsebuli situaciis Sesa-

xeb, ar SeuZlia droisa da energiis damatebiTi xarjvis gare-

Se moiZios sasurveli miwis nakveTi. marTalia, saqarTveloSi met-naklebad kargad mimdina-

reobs fermeruli meurneobebis Camoyalibebis procesi, gan-

sakuTrebiT - ucxoeli da qarTveli investorebis (Tumca,

SedarebiT umniSvnelo raodenobiT) mier miwebis Sesyidvis-

gziT, miwis sakuTrebis daculobis xarisxi sasurvelze ma-

inc gacilebiT dabalia. es zrdis ekonomikur saqmianobasTan

dakavSirebul gaurkvevlobis xarisxs da qmnis eqspropria-

ciis risks, Tundac amJamad es riski ukiduresad dabali

iyos. garda amisa, keTilsindisieri myidvelisa Tu investo-

ris saqmianobas saSiSroeba eqmneba iseT geografiul areal-

Si, sadac momijnave miwis nakveTebis didi umravlesoba dau-

registrirebelia. amasTan, samoqalaqo kodeqsSi arsebuli

Canaweri potenciurad saxelmwifosac uqmnis cdunebas dai-

sakuTros miwis is nakveTebi, romlebic mis xelT arsebuli

informaciiT, daregistrirebuli ar aris, an ubralod moax-

dinos nakveTebis eqspropriacia garkveuli ekonomikuri sa-

WiroebebisaTvis Sesabamisi kompensaciis gaucemlad da an sa-

460

Tanado dasabuTebis wardgenis gareSe. aseTi SemTxvevebi da-

fiqsirebulia arasamTavrobo organizaciebis angariSebSi

[6] (mestiis, gonios, samegrelos SemTxvevebi). garda amisa, miwis sakuTrebis uflebis daculobis xa-

risxTan dakavSirebuli arsebuli qaosuri garemo praqtiku-

lad SeuZlebels xdis insaideruli informaciis armqone pa-

suxismgeblobis mqone adgilobrivi Tu ucxouri investoris

Tavisufal saqmianobas. miwis nakveTebis, rogorc aqtivTa

klasis gamWvirvaled daregistrirebis Semdeg da Sesabamisi

informaciis yvela dainteresebuli pirisTvis Tanabrad uz-

runvelyofis SemTxvevaSi aseTi saxis garTulebebis albaTo-

ba TiTqmis nulamde mcirdeba. miwis registraciis procesi kerZo seqtorisaTvis av-

tomaturad niSnavs Tavad saxelmwifos xelSi darCenili an

dasarCeni farTobebisa Tu infrastruqturis registracias. is faqti, rom 2012 w. saqarTveloSi pirvelad dafiqsirda xe-

lisuflebis mSvidobiani, demokratiuli gziT gadacemis

precedenti, miwaTmflobelobis problemis mogvarebis uni-

kalur Sanss qmnis. arsebul xelisuflebas aqvs legitimacii-

sa da kompetenciis saTanado xarisxi, aseve, imis fiskaluri

SesaZleblobebi, rom procesi swrafad da efeqtianad, sabaz-

ro ekonomikis principebis gamoyenebiTa da samoqalaqo seq-

toris maqsimaluri CarTulobiT ganxorcieldes. sadReisod saqarTveloSi miwis sakuTrebasTan dakav-

Sirebul problemas eqspertuli sazogadoebis didi umrav-

lesoba aRiarebs, Tumca, arsebobs mosazrebebi imis Sesaxeb, rom am etapze miwis programuli registracia gaumarTlebe-

lia an gadaudebel saWiroebas ar warmoadgens. SemdgomSi mo-

cemulia sasoflo-sameurneo miwaze sakuTrebiTi uflebebis

daregulirebis argumentacia. jer erTi, SegviZlia vifiqroT, rom sasoflo-sameur-

neo miwis registraciis procesi sabazro ekonomikis meqaniz-

mebiT Tavad gadaiWreba. es TandaTanobiT moxdeba roca miwa, rogorc produqtiuli aqtivi, sasargeblo gaxdeba dainte-

resebuli pirisaTvis, maSinve moxdeba misi saTanado regis-

tracia da im piris xelSi gadasvla-SenarCuneba, romelic mis

461

ufro efeqtianad gamoyenebas SeZlebs. amis sawinaaRmdegod

unda iTqvas, rom misi erTgvari logikuri gamarTulobis mi-

uxedavad, procesebis Tavis dinebaze miSveba veraviTar Sem-

TxvevaSi ver dasruldeba ise swrafad, rogorc erTiani

programuli registraciis SemTxvevaSi. sxvanairad rogor

unda aixsnas is garemoeba, rom saqarTveloSi wlidan wlamde,

sul mcire, ar izrdeboda damuSavebuli miwis farTobebi, ma-

Sin, roca fasebi sasoflo-sameurneo produqciaze gamudme-

biT izrdeba. Zneli dasajerebelia, rom es miwebi imdenad da-

balproduqtiulia, rom maTSi kapitalis dabandebaze moT-

xovna ar arsebobs. amgvarad, unda davuSvaT, rom saqarTve-

loSi miwaze latenturi (ararealizebuli) moTxovna-moT-

xovnileba arsebobs. misi realizaciisaTvis aucilebelia da-

mabrkolebeli faqtorebis, maT Soris - sakuTrebis uflebis

xelSeuxeblobis garantiebis Seqmnisa da registraciis

problemis moxsna. mxolod amis Semdeg da saxelmwifos Sesa-

bamisi xelSemwyobi politikis gatarebiT moxdeba sasoflo-sameurneo miwidan maqsimaluri sargeblis miReba qveynisaT-

vis. miuxedavad imisa, rom miwaze msoflioSi fasebi ukanas-

knel periodSi Zalian swrafad izrdeba, saqarTveloSi miwiT, rogorc aqtivTa klasiT daintereseba Zalian dabalia ro-

gorc adgilobrivi, iseve ucxouri formaluri kapitalis

mxridan. meorec, naklebad savaraudoa, rom seriozuli inves-

tori an saSualo zomis potenciuri fermeri Tavis Tavze ai-

Rebs dauregistrirebeli miwis nakveTebis yidvasTan dakav-

Sirebul risks, miT umetes, rom seriozuli warmoebis gamar-

TvisaTvis mas am procesis ramdenjerme gameoreba mouwevs (nakveTebis gabneulobasTan da mesakuTris vinaobis gaur-

kvevlobasTan dakavSirebuli problemebis gamo). mesame, maSinac ki, Tuki dainteresebuli piri amas moa-

xerxebs, mosazRvre meurneobebi, romelTa iuridiuli sta-

tusi kvlavac gaurkvevelia, mas aucileblad Seuqmnian da-

ucvelobis SegrZnebasa da damatebiT riskebs yoveldRiur

saqmianobaSi. am mosazrebis Semowmeba advilad SeiZleba sa-

462

qarTvelos TiTqmis yvela regionSi Sesabamisi magaliTebis

moZiebiT. meoTxe, mezobeli nakveTebis SedarebiT dabali iuri-

diuli statusi erTi-orad zrdis sasoflo - sameurneo saq-

mianobis ekonomikur risks da zRudavs sargeblis miRebis sa-

Sualebas im SemTxvevaSi, roca erTiani ZalisxmeviT es SesaZ-

lebelia (pozitiuri da negatiuri ekonomikuri eqsternali-

ebis problema). mexuTe, im drois ganmavlobaSi, rac miwis nakveTebis

bunebrivad daregistrirebasa da konsolidacias dasWirde-

ba, sul ufro da ufro gauaresdeba rogorc daumuSavebeli

miwebis xarisxi, iseve im miwebis xarisxic, romlebic ar mu-

Savdeba mogebis maqsimizaciis miRebis principis gaTvaliswi-

nebiT (es exeba tradiciuli meurneobebis mniSvnelovan na-

wils), rac momavalSi kidev ufro gaaZnelebs soflis meurne-

obaSi produqtiuli investiciebis ganxorcielebas.


1. `uZrav nivTebze uflebaTa registraciis Sesaxeb.~saqar-

Tvelos kanoni, ssm, 5, 20/01/2006; №2635. http://www.useug.com-

/1791.pdf 2. `qonebis legalizaciis Sesaxeb.~saqarTvelos kanoni 2007

w. 22 ivnisi. №5014 — I s. http://codex.ge/2688 3. fizikuri da kerZo samarTlis iuridiuli pirebis mflo-

belobaSi (sargeblobaSi) arsebul miwis nakveTebze sakuT-

rebis uflebis aRiarebis wesisa da sakuTrebis uflebis

mowmobis formis damtkicebis Sesaxeb.~ saqarTvelos pre-

zidentis brZanebuleba №525. ssm, 131, 20/09/2007. 4. Economic Prosperity Initiative. Agriculture Sector Policy Environment

Assessment Report. 2011. 5. saqarTvelos samoqalaqo kodeqsi, saqarTvelos parlamen-

ti №786 parlamentis uwyebani, 31, 24/07/1997. 6. sakuTrebis daucveli ufleba saqarTveloSi, marti 2012.

http://www.osgf.ge

463

Salome Pirveli

Doctoral Student of The Techni-cal University of Georgia, Fac-ulty of business Engineering

Registration of Land Ownership In Georgia

Summary

The article is about the problems of `Land ownership registration in

Georgia~ in which further development of Georgia and legal state formation

and stability guarantees are discussed. The article article also deals with the law of `Public Registry~ which

continued formalization of agricultural land recognition process. That had

been reflected in the former Strate Departament of Land management merger with recently founded public registry.

Formal recognition of the right of way - one step forward in the arti-cle and also recognized the legalization of physical and legal entities owned

by the recognition of the right of land ownership laws.

464

madona bedinaSvili

soxumis saxelmwifo uni-

versitetis doqtoranti

mwerlis teqstis ideologiisa da gmiris xasiaTis polifoniurobisaTvis

Tanamedrove mecnierebaSi arsebobs avtoritetuli mo-

sazrebebi, romelTa mixedviT teqsti aris niSanTa sistema,

romelic Seiswavlis sityvas da sityvaTa SeTanxmebas, poe-

tur skolaTa enas, maT materialur mxares, rac semantikis

sferoa. Cveulebrivi sametyvelo enisaTvis sityvis semanti-

kuri mniSvneloba aris sabaziso monacemi poeturi metyvele-

bisaTvis, romelic gacilebiT ufro rTuli movlenaa da

mTel niSanTa sistemas moicavs [1].

r. bartis azriT, teqsti aris substanti (intancia), rom-

lis donezec sazogadoebis ideologia da morali mkafiod da

gansakuTrebuli simkveTriT gamoxatavs Tavis Tavs [2, 261].

araerTi mecnieri, roca sityvis daniSnulebasa da fun-

qcias ikvlevs, mianiSnebs, rom: `sityvas Tan axlavs ideolo-

gia. igi SeiZleba maT procesad aRviqvaT mxatvrobaSi, musi-

kalur xelovnebasa Tu saqcielSi, rac Seicavs Sinagan mniS-

vnelobas, romlis gareSec ver formirdeba Cveni cnobiere-

ba~, anu enis filosofia mTlianad sityvebs emyareba, rac Ta-

vis mxriv, aris myari niSani, simbolo an formula, romelic

normad yalibdeba [3].

polifonia mxatvrul teqstSi aris mxatvruli dialo-

gi, roca personaJi avtorisagan damoukidebel azrovnebas

iZens da sxva pozicias afiqsirebs. teqstSi avtoris parale-

lurad arsebobs dialoguri Txroba, personaJs aqvs gansxva-

vebuli elferi — emijneba mTxrobels anu avtors. es qmnis

mravalxmianobas anu polifonias romanSi.

polifoniuri romani Seicavs mkveTrad dapirispire-

bul modelebs, romlebic `maradiul~ Temebs gamoxataven.

465

esenia: sikvdili da sicocxle, yofiereba da cnobiereba, si-

keTe da boroteba, mSveniereba da simaxinje, WeSmariteba da

cdomileba.... romanis idea ki ar aris erTgvarovani. baxtins

miaCnda, rom polifoniuri romanis avtori bolo sityvas ar

ambobs, igi ar aris kategoriuli da mkiTxvels Tavad uto-

vebs saazrovno sivrces, rom man Tavad gamoitanos saTanado

daskvna [4].

Cveni dakvirvebiT, e. hemingueis romanebSi polifoniu-

roba SesaniSnavad aris gamoxatuli.mwerlis teqstis Sesac-

nobad didi mniSvneloba eniWeba gmiris xasiaTis gaxsnas, ti-

pis, prototipisa da portretis mxatvrulad warmoCenas. am

mxriv e. hemingueis teqstebisA gmirebi sainteresod arian

warmodgenili.

gmiris funqciebis gamijvna-gamorCeva sxva personaJe-

bisagan sami elementiT aris SesaZlebeli:1. gmiri danarCeni

personaJebisagan gamoirCeva imiT, rom siuJetis ganviTare-

baSi wamyvani roli akisria.2. gmiri danarCeni personaJebisa-

gan gamoirCeva, rogorc molaparake subieqti.3. gmiri aqtiu-

robiT, iniciativiT da winaaRmdegobis gadalaxvis unariTac

gamoirCeva danarCeni personaJebisagan.

ernest hemingueim Seqmna mebrZoli da mizanswrafuli

adamianis srulyofili xasiaTi moxuci santiagos saxiT. misi

`moxuci da zRva~ swored personaJis individualizmiT gamo-

irCeva [5]. santiagos qcevaSi, mis saubarSi Cans daumorCile-

beli da udreki pirovneba, romelic arasodes nebdeba. igi

bunebis Zalebs — okeanes, zvigenebs dauRalavad ebrZvis da

cdilobs, ibrZolos saocnebo monapovrisTvis. miuxedavad

imisa, rom santiago ver aRwevs sawadels, is mainc qeduxrel

fsiqologiur tipaJad rCeba — radgan xasiaTi Seiqmna, perso-

naJic dauviwyari gaxda [5].

avtoris pozicia nawarmoebSi kargad aris asaxuli. arc

erT avtors ar SeuZlia damalos sakuTari damokidebuleba

garemomcveli samyarosadmi; igi mxatvrul saxeebad aqcevs

sakuTar dakvirvebebs, ganazogadebs arsebul situaciebs da

aqvs samyaros esTetikuri Sefasebis kriteriumebi. mas mos-

wons an ar moswons cxovreba, misi garemocva da amis mixedviT

afiqsirebs sakuTar pozicias. mag., ernest hemingueis, ro-

gorc avtoris, pozicia Zalian kargad Cans romanSi `mSvido-

466

biT, iaraRo!~, sadac igi Tavdajerebul pacifistad gvevli-

neba. heminguei detalurad aRwers italiaSi omis dros arse-

buli situaciis damqancvel manevrebs, sikvdilianobas, ker-

Zod, uazro sikvdils, adamianebis SiSsa da dards. hospitlis

cxovreba naTlad gviCvenebs, rogori uazroa omi da rogori

sacodavebi da Sesabralisni arian adamianebi.... avtori na-

warmoebSi TandaTanobiT midis im ideamde, rom mTavaria si-

cocxlis SeanarCuneba da ara misi daTrgunva an xelyofa-

warTmeva. umaRlesi faseuloba amqveynad aris mxolod si-

cocxle.

mwerlis mxatvruli samyaro mraval mxares moicavs:

mwerlis Canafiqri da misi ganxorcieleba, idea da Tematika,

teqstis arqiteqtonika, mxatvruli detalebi da enobrivi

qsovili saerTo teqstis aRqmas emsaxureba.

mkvlevari J. dumaniSeva naSromSi `modaloba, rogorc

teqstis kategoria~, ganixilavs hemingueis romans `visTvis

reks zari~ da aRniSnavs, rom verbaluri gamoxatvis saSuale-

bebi hemingueis am romanSi moicavs metaforebs, epiTetebs,

gapirovnebebs, Sedarebebs [6].Cveni dakvirvebac `mSvidobiT,

iaraRo~-ze aseve cxadyofs, rom yvela es mxatvruli xerxi am

romanSic saTanadod aris gamoyenebuli [7]. Cans, heminguei,

miuxedavad misi minimalizmisa, gamoxatvis saSualebebs

yvelgan saTanado funqciiTa aRWuravs.

romanSi mniSvnelovania monakveTi, sadac omis asaxva me-

taforuli xasiaTisaa da masSi kargad vxedavT mwerlisa da

personaJis sulier siaxloves. magaliTad,

“No~ “What’s to stop it?~ “It will crack somewhere.~ “We’ll crack. We’ll crack in France.~ G[7, 44]. `gabzarva~ metaforulad pirovnebis damorCilebas, mis

daTrgunvas asaxavs. hemingueis romanis personaJebi araadek-

vatur garemoSi didxans arian da mwerali dialogSi maT sa-

sowarkveTas warmogvidgens. semantikurad `cooked~ — `qan-

cgawyvetac~ da `crack~– `gabzarvac~ omis mdgomareobas See-

sabameba. orive sityva naxmaria ara marto teqstis ideolo-

giis gadmosacemad, aramed mxatvruli efeqtis misaRwevadac.

rogorc vxedavT, ganmeoreba aris stilistikuri niSani, ra-

467

sac heminguei did mniSvnelobas aniWebs. semantikurad “gab-

zarva~ zustad Seesabameba “qancgawyvetis~ garkveul dones.

ganwyoba da aqedan gamomdinare fizikuri mdgomareoba qmnis

pacifizmisken nabijs,rac gmiris namdvilobas, mis realuro-

bas gamokveTs.

enobrivi mxare mxatvruli nawarmoebis mTavari in-

strumentia. enisa da stilis gareSe nebismieri mxatvruli

teqsti xom yovlad warmoudgenelia. qarTul sinamdvileSi

yovelTvis pirvel adgilze idga ideis, azris enobrivi ga-

formebis sakiTxi; udidesi yuradReba eqceva frazeologiz-

mebsa da frazul gamonaTqvamebs, frTian gamoTqmebs.

mxatvruli teqsti aris iseTi movlena, romelic sazo-

gadoebas aZlevs saSualebas, gaamaxvilos yuradReba enis fe-

nomenis gagebaze. komunikaciis xelovneba literaturul

teqstTan mWidro urTierTobaSia. sityvas aqvs sintaqsuri,

semantikuri da pragmatuli mniSvnelobebi. `sityvis~ (an

`sityvebis~) aRqma individualuria da mas individualuri

daniSnuleba aqvs. araerTi mecnieri, roca sityvis daniSnu-

lebasa da funqcias ikvlevs, mianiSnebs, rom: `sityvas Tan ax-

lavs ideologia. igi SeiZleba maT procesad aRviqvaT mxat-

vrobaSi, musikalur xelovnebasa Tu saqcielSi, rac Seicavs

Sinagan mniSvnelobas, romlis gareSec ver formirdeba Cveni

cnobiereba~, anu enis filosofia mTlianad sityvebs emyare-

ba, rac, Tavis mxriv, aris myari niSani, simbolo an formula,

romelic normad yalibdeba [3].

Jargoni da uwmawuri gamonaTqvamebi (skabrezi) hemingu-

eis gmirTa leqsikaSi xSirad gxvdeba. miuxedavad amisa, misi

gmirebis qceva da leqsika ar aris gadatvirTuli skabreziT.

`mSvidobiT, iaraRo~-ze dakvirvebiT, skabrezuli gamo-

naTqvamebi mamakacTa sazogadoebisTvisaa damaxasiaTebeli.

dialogebSi, yofiT scenebSi, saomar bataliebsa da situaci-

ebSi romanis personaJebi erTgvari gantvirTvis mizniT iye-

neben maT. magaliTad:

1. `It’s a silly front,~ she said. `But it’s very beautiful.~ [7, 43]; `—es suleluri fronti, — Tqva man, —ise, lamazi kia aqa-

uroba~ [7, 21];

2. `Oh, hell, I thought~ [7,149];

468

`jandabas~, gavifiqre gunebaSi~ [7,131];

3. `To hell with you,~ Rinaldi said. `They try to get rid of me.~ [7,

162]; `— jandabamdis gza gqoniaT, —SesZaxa rinaldim, — Tavi-

dan miSoreben~ [7, 143];

4. `The son of a bitch,~ he said. You see me shoot him?~ [7, 185];

~ — ZaRliSvili, — Tqva man, xom naxeT rogor davaxale~

[7, 167];

5. `The dirty scum,~ Piani said. [7, 185];

`naZirala~.

namusgarecxili!— Cailaparaka pianim~ [7, 167];

6. `He’s a nut~ said Edgar Saunders. `All he knows how to say is throw benches~ [7, 119];

`— CerCeti ar aris? — Tqva edgar saundersma, — skamebis

daSenis meti veRaraferi mougonia~ [7, 100];

inglisurSi `Nat~ Jargonia, niSnavs `kakals~ da

`tips.~gaigeba, rogorc `kerketi kakali~, `ucnauri tipi.~he-

mingueim am monakveTSi xelmocaruli da uniWo momRerlis

epiTetad gamoiyena. am sityvas ormagi datvirTva aqvs. igi

aris Jargonic da imavdroulad mxatvruli epiTetis gamom-

xatveli.

SeiZleba davaskvnaT: e. hemingueis romanebSi polifo-

niuroba SesaniSnavad aris gamoxatuli. mwerlis teqstis Se-

sacnobad didi mniSvneloba eniWeba gmiris xasiaTis gaxsnas,

tipis, prototipisa da portretis mxatvrulad warmoCenas.

e. hemingueim Seqmna mebrZoli da mizanswrafuli adamia-

nis srulyofili xasiaTi moxuci santiagos saxiT.

ernest hemingueis, rogorc avtoris, pozicia Zalian

kargad Cans romanSi `mSvidobiT, iaraRo!~, sadac igi Tavda-

jerebul pacifistad gvevlineba.


1. В. Иванов, Семиотика, т. 6, СПб., 2011. 2. Р. Барт, Нулевая степень Письма, Москва, 2008.

3. В. Волошинов, Марксизм и философия языка, Москва, 1929.

4. М. Бахтин, Проблемы творчества Достоевского, Киев, 1994.

469

5. e. heminguei, moxuci da zRva, inglisuridan Targmna a. ra-

tianma. Tbilisi, 1957. 6. Ж. Думанишева,www. Referun/ com/n/ yazykovye – sredstva-

reprezentatsii-subektivnoy-modalnosti-v-romane-ernesta-hemingueya-po-kom-zvonit-kolokol.

7. e. heminguei, mSvidobiT, iaraRo! aRmoxdebis mze (fiesta),

qona Tu arqona, inglisuridan Targmna v. WeliZem, Tbili-

si` 1976; aseve: Farewell to Arms by Ernest Hemingway, Progress publishers Moscow, 1976.

Madona Bedinashvili Doctoral Student of the Sokhumi State University, Teacher of Sukhi-shvili Teaching University

For the Writer’s Text Ideology and the

Character's Polyphony of Nature

Summary

Polyphony in literary text is an artistic dialogue, when a character as-sumes independent thinking from the author and makes different position. There is the author's narrative along with the author of the text. The charac-ter has different nuance- diverges from the narrator or the author. This cre-ates polyphony.

In the novels of E. Hemingway polyphony is perfectly expressed. In order to understand the text of the writer, it’s important to open the nature of the hero and artistically portray ones type, prototype and likeness.

470

badri cxadaZe

filologiis mecnierebaTa doq-

tori, saqarTvelos teqnikuri

universitetis profesori

politikuri orqelexianoba saqarTveloSi

miuxedavad lingvistur-etimologiur ZiebebSi gawa-

fulobisa, sityva `qelexi~-s Tavdapirveli mniSvneloba mok-

le xanSi ver davadgine. magram winaswari eqskursiT, Cans, igi

warmoSobiT qarTuli sityva da movlena ar unda iyos. dasav-

leT saqarTveloSi es sityva Tumca bevrs smenia da misi mniS-

vnelobac icis, magram mas cocxal metyvelebaSi aravin am-

bobs. qelexi, TiTqos osur-azerbaijanul sityvad warmoCin-

deba, rasac uSualod mxars uWers qelex sityvisgan nawarmo-

ebi gvarsaxelebi qelexsaevi da qelexsaSvili. am gvarsaxe-

lebis warmoeba erTnairia, Tumca pirvelSi -ev gvaris sawar-

moebeli rusuli sufiqsuri daboloeba gvaqvs,am gvarsaxel-

Ta fuZe ki qelexsa //<— *qelexisa qarTuli metsaxelisagan

unda momdinareobdes. qarTuli enis ganmartebiTi leqsikoni

(rvatomeuli) `qelex~-s ase ganmartavs:

qelex-i (qelexisa) eTn. micvalebulis mosaxseneblad ga-

marTuli puris Wama damarxvis dRes, ormocze an wlisTav-

ze,— aRapi. Cveni kolio, wandili, qelexi, mkvdris sulisaT-

vis saklavis dakvla sxva ara aris-ra — garda imisa, rom naS-

Tia im rwmenisa, viTomc suli micvalebulisa ar mogviSivde-

so da sazrdo mivawodoTo (ilia). ◊ qelexia, qelexs eweva

(swevs) gadat. muqTi qeifia, muqTad, ufasod Wams da svams. || figur. Tu zafxulia, koRoebi sweven qelexs am sacodavis

mgzavris sisxlze (e. ninoS.) [1, 268].

qelexs — sulxan saba orbelianis `sityvis kona~ ar ic-

nobs [2], d. CubinaSvils es leqsema leqsikonSi aseTi ganmar-

tebiT Seutania: aRapi, поминование [3, 1332]. n. CubinaSvili-

471

saTvis ki sruliad ucxoa [4]. qarTuli enis dialeqturi leq-

sikonebidan mxolod `qiziyur leqsikonSi~ gvxvdeba aseTi

ganmartebiT: qelexi — micvalebulis Tavze, e. i. damarxvis

dRes gaweuli sufroba [5, 194].

SeniSvna: rogorc zemoT vaxseneT, qelex (an qelexa) ar

gvxvdeba qarTvelur sakuTar saxelad [6], Tumca i. gagulaS-

vili qelexiZe da qelexser gvarsaxelebsac imowmebs wyaro-

ebis miTiTebis gareSe [7, 78].

rogorc davrwmundiT, qelexi— aRapi anu sulis mosax-

senebeli sufraa. dRemde azerbaijanSi wesad aqvT sasaflao-

dan Sin dabrunebis Semdgom qelexis anu saqelexo sufris ga-

marTva. rogorc aRniSnaven, naTesavebisa da Tanasoflele-

bis Semowirulobebisagan me-3, me-7, me-40 dRes imarTeboda

qelexi. glova 40 dRe grZeldeboda, wlisTavze imarTeboda

samgloviaro sufra [8, 77]. saqarTveloSi mcxovrebi azerbai-

janelebi ki dakrZalvidan 3, 7, 40, 52 dRis Semdeg, yovel oT-

xSabaTs, ikribebodnen da yurans kiTxulobdnen. ikribebod-

nen naTesavebi [9, 138]; Tanamedrove, XXI saukunis pirvel de-

kadaSi, safiqrebelia, azerbaijanelebiT dasaxlebul zog

regionSi (gardabani, marneuli....) es wesebi met-naklebad sa-

xecvlili iyos. magaliTad, mkvlevarma n. RambaSiZem qvemo

qarTlSi, kerZod, dmanisis raionis mcxovrebTa magaliT-

ze,qarTul-azerbaijanul religiur urTierTobebSi ramde-

nime cvlileba SeniSna. misi masalebis mixedviT, qarTvelebis

moTxovniT, micvalebulis pativiscemis mizniT, cxedari sa-

saxliTac daukrZalavT xolme, qelexSi qarTvelebs RviniT

Sendobac uTqvamT. rogorc wesi, dResac kacebi midian sa-

saflaoze, magram mTxroblis informaciiT, Tu qalma iZala,

SeiZleba isic waiyvanon. dmaniseli azerbaijanelis TqmiT,

maT adre qelexi ar icodnen — ikvleboda saklavi, romelsac

mezoblebSi anawilebdnen. faqtobrivad oficialuri islami

krZalavs qelexs da saklavis dakvlas, rogorc saxlSi, aseve

sasaflaoze, samgloviaro Tavyrilobebs gardacvalebis

dros, gardacvalebidan 3, 7, 40, 52 dRes Tu wlisTavze. SesaZ-

loa amgvari wesebi sxvadasxva qveynis mahmadianTa religiur

praqtikaSi arsebobdes, magram isini oficialuri islamis

TvalTaxedviT eretikulia. maT safuZveli ar aqvT arc yu-

472

ranSi, arc sunaSi, arc winaswarmetyvelebTan da arc adreul

mahmadianobaSi [9, 259-260].

ase rom, qelexi sadauri Cveulebaa, sad aqvs mas upir-

velesi fesvebi gadgmuli, jerjerobiT mainc ucnobia, me-

tic: igi monografiulad Sesaswavli Tema gaxlavT. vfiq-

robT, qelexi azerbaijanuli enidan an, sxvagvarad rom

vTqvaT, saqarTveloSi mcxovrebi azerbaijanuli mosaxleo-

bis Semonatani da damkvidrebuli unda iyos aRmosavleT sa-

qarTveloSi — saliteraturo qarTul enasa da mis aRmosav-

lur dialeqtebSi.

zemoTqmuls Tu SevajamebT, aSkaraa, istoriulad uc-

xouri aRmosavluri enebis gavleniT, `qelex-i~Cvens qarTve-

lur eTnoyofaSi axlad damkvidrebuli(daaxloebiT oriode

saukunis) terminia. es rom asea, amas qarTuli enis kaxuri di-

aleqtic aTvalsaCinoebs. kaxelebi ityvian: `Roris qelexSi

viyavio~ — es ki imas niSnavs, rom viRacam (mezobelma da a. S.)

Rori dakla da dampatiJao (aq xom Wiris sufra gamoricxu-

lia!). Tu ase gavigebT, maSin qelexi samgloviaro sufris

mniSvnelobas scildeba da sxva Sinaarss iZens. yovelive es ki

ori sxvadasxva eTnikuri tradiciisa da ori sxvadasxva ara-

monaTesave enis gverdigverd Tanaarsebobisa da Tanacxovre-

bis — interferenciis Sedegia.

radgan qelex sityvis warmomavlobaze odnavi warmod-

gena mainc SeviqmeniT, axla am statiis daweris mizezic av-

xsnaT da mis saTaursac SevexoT — ras unda niSnavdes poli-

tikuri orqelexianoba?

cxadia, me politikosi ar var (arc politikosobas va-

pireb), magram, rogorc rigiT moqalaqesa da mecniers, mafiq-

rebs da guls mtkens is samgloviaro situacia, rac qveyanaSi

sufevs. mimixvdiT, albaT, saqme 2012 wlis 1 oqtombris sapar-

lamento arCevnebsa da miT gamowveul viTarebas exeba — ga-

mosavlis Ziebaa saWiro (Tumca sxvadasxvagvari diagnozi uk-

ve dasmulia). marTalia, Cven arc mkurnali varT da arc wi-

naswarmetyveli, magram, rogorc mkvlevari, erTs mainc vit-

yviT: gamarjvebuli ar hgavs gamarjvebuls, arc damarcxebu-

li — damarcxebuls. msgavsi ram `ocnebis~ xelisuflebaSi

mosvlis Semdeg (oriode Tvis mere) batonma levan berZeniS-

vilmac brZana (satelevizio gamosvlisas) — gamarjvebuli

473

(koalicia `qarTuli ocneba~) ar moeloda gamarjvebas, da-

marcxebuli (`nacionaluri moZraoba~) — wagebaso. magram

Tveebi ise gailia, rom Sedegi, rasac mosaxleobas surda, ar

Cans. sanam Cems saboloo Sefasebas vityode, manam winasaar-

Cevno da arCevnebis Semdgom anu oqtombramdel da oqtom-

brisdroindel bolo qarTuli saparlamento arCevnebis òr

saqelexo~ faqtze mogiTxrobT:

faqti 1: arCevnebis dRemde ramdenime dRe rCeboda,

roca saRamo xans, Sebindebisas,samsaxuridan Sin mivedi. erT-

erTi TeqvsmetsarTuliani saxlis mimdebare garaJebis rome-

liRac avtofarexidan xmaur-xorxoci momesma. transporti-

dan Camosvlisa da ezoSi fexis SedgmisTanave mezobeli mama-

kacebi erT-erT garaJTan Sekrebiliyvnen — `korpuseli naci-

onalebi~ raRacas aRniSavdnen. yvelaferi cxadi iyo: isini

1saoqtombro gamarjvebas winaswar zeimobdnen (aseTi ram ad-

rec yofila da ar gamkvirvebia). `nacpartiuli da muqTa~

Rvinis, xorceulis, mwvadebis suni haerSi trialebda. erT-

erTi mezoblis Svili, romelic axlac patrulSi muSaobs,

xmamaRla epatiJeboda gamvlel-gamomvlel momxre-Tavisi-

ans.

es ambavi meore Tu mesame dRes Cems megobars, kolega

òcnebels~ da am koaliciis aqtiur mxardamWers vuambe — me-

zobelma nacionalebma winaswar qeifiT aRniSnes gamarjveba-

meTqi. man, òcnebis~ gamarjvebaSi darwmunebulma, sarkazmu-

lad Caicina — `qelexi gadauxdiaTo~.

1 oqtombers koalicia `qarTulma ocnebam~ gaimarjva.

marTalia, bevri xma dakarges, kargad ver imuSaves, magram sa-

magierod xalxma moindoma da xma maT ki ara, baton biZina iva-

niSvils misces — mokrZalebuli gamarjveba xom mainc gamar-

jvebaa. 3 Tu 4 oqtombers zemonaxsenebma Cemma kolegam gar-

dabnis erT-erTi qarTuli soflidan sruliad moulodne-

lad, SuadRisas, damireka, iqneb Tbilisidan sofelSi gamox-

vide — òcnebis~ gamarjvebas aRvniSnavTo. wasvla damezara,

magram Cemi mxridan wausvlelobac ar iqneboda. misvlisas sa-

ocari situacia damxvda. mTeli sofeli Sekrebiliyo `qar-

Tuli ocnebis~ mier daqiravebul saarCevno transparante-

biT morTul orsarTulian saxlSi: vin saxlSi gaSlil suf-

rasTan qeifobda meore sarTulze, vin — pirvelze da vin —

474

ezoSi moTuxTuxe qvabebTan. sufrasTan viRac adgilobrivi

`gamarjvebuli~ wamoayenes, adgili daaTmobines, mis adgilas

me damsves (sofels wyali saerTod ar hqonda da sxvisi TefSi

da Cangali TviTon...RviniT gavrecxe). `meocnebeebi~ da maTi

mxardamWerebi karga SemTvraliyvnen. viRacam bodiSic ki mo-

mixada sazeimo sufrasTan lamis mTeli soflis yvela mamaka-

cis mosvlis gamo — amden xalxs Cvenc ar movelodiTo. naxev-

rad mocarielebul sufraze erTi-ori sadRegrZelo vTqvi,

iq moqeife mRvdelic Sevaqe (aqtiurobis gamo), mere iqidan

ise gamovedi, rom verc veravin gaigo da Cems avlabrel kole-

gasTan erTad SeumCnevlad gamovediT, mikroavtobusSi

vdurTeT Tavi da iq, masTan, avlabarSi aRvniSneT òcnebis~

gamarjveba.

faqti 2: arCevnebis Semdeg gavida erTi kvira, ori, sami,

oTxi, erTi Tve, ori Tve, sami Tve.... Cemi korpuseli naciona-

li mezoblebi òcnebis~ gamarjvebis gamo mwuxareni, gulSe-

Ronebulni, saxeCamomtiralni, yurebCamoyrilni, cxvirCa-

moSvebulni, usasood, uimedod dRemde dalaslaseben (gan-

kiTxvis SiSiT, ra Tqma unda).gardabnel kolegas Sevexmiane,

rogora xar, ras Svrebi, mand ra xdeba-meTqi (Tumca televi-

ziiT gardabnelTa samwuxaro èsemesebs~ àqubardias saoja-

xo telearxi~ yovel saRamos mainc moZravi striqonebis sa-

SualebiT mayureblebs atyobinebda: `gviSveleT, xalxoo,

xalxi ara xaarT, sofel gamarjvebas 1 oqtombridan arc wya-

li, arc deni arc gazi ar miewodebao!). Cvenma kolegam — aq-

tivistma `meocnebem~ simwris siciliT mobilur telefonSi

CamZaxa:òcnebam~ `kardakaris~ fulic ar mogvca, gaxsovs, ma-

Sin rom giTxari, Senma mezobelma nacionalebma qelexi winas-

war gadaixades-meTqi, axla Cven dagvidga qelexis dReebio —

ocneba ocnebad darCa, Cvenma maJoritarma deputatma ver ga-

imarjva, aq nacionalebi daparpaSeben:uares dReSi varT — 1

oqtombris mere denic gagviTiSes, wyali xom isedac ar

gvqonda, gazic Segviwyvites da varT am yiameTSio.

politikuri orqelexianoba ki dRemde ara da ardam-

Tavrda. me, CemdaTavad,sxvebTan erTad Cemi Tavic mecodeba

— èrTjeradi xelsaxociviT~ naxmar-gamoyenebuli da ocne-

bisagan motyuebeuli naocnebari gamrje qarTveli òcnebe-

475

lebic~ da Cemi korpuseli da karis mezobeli `nacionalebic~

(aqamde isini mainc iyvnen `gaxarebulni~).

maT — orive mxares rom vuyureb, yoveldRiuri Sexved-

risas, qelexSi ki ara, panaSvidze mgonia Tavi.

axali, 2013 wlis dadgomisTanave damdegi wlis sad-

RegrZeloSi orqelexianobis argamarjvebac Cavatie, cxadia,

erT WiqaSi!

ra dros qeifia, moukvda patroni!...

(SeniSvna: daiwera 2013 wlis 10 ianvars).

minaweri 1: gavida erTi weli politikuri orqelexia-

nobisa, romelic ucxouri terminiT kohabitaciiT monaT-

les. koalicia `ocnebis~ saprezidento kandidati amomrCev-

lebisa Tu mTeli mosaxleobis gasagonad dabejiTebiT RaRa-

debda: xma momeciT, arCevnebze modiT. 27 oqtombers kohabi-

tacia damTavrdebao. vinc daujera — daujera, vinc arada...

minaweri 2: dadga 2014 wlis 1 ianvari. nirwamxdarma

wina welma Cailulis wyali dalia. 2014 weli axal-axali Sina

da gare politikuri da ekonomikuri gamowvevebis, qarTuli

erovnuli valutis — laris dakninebis fonze Cafiqrebuli

da Seqeifebuli SemobrZanda asiaTasobiT Cinuri maSxalis

TanxlebiT. Tbilisis caze iseTi Sedluxi iyo gamarTuli mo-

zeime Tavqeifa qarTvelebisa, rom xumroba iqiT iyos da..., Aase

rom Cvenebs 2008-Si cxinvalTan ebrZolaT, mteri cxra mTas

iqiT iqneboda gadarekili, magram moxda piriqiT — iqidan ga-

moqceuli jaris nafleTebi did diRomTan gamagrdnen maSin-

deli Sinagan saqmeTaA ministris moadgile qalbatonis `narna-

ra~ SeZaxilis fonze: — `nu geSiniaT, Tbiliselobo, mSvidad

daiZineT, rusis tankebma orWosanSi gadauxvieso~.

mas aqeT... sul ase gadaxveulni varT — orWosans iqiT

da orWosans aqeT...

mas mere...Tbiliss marTlac `mSvidad~ Zinavs — qveSa-

geblad orqelexianoba aqvs (ise rogorc mTel saqarTvelos),

qarTuli kohabitacia — zewrad, xolo xalxis ocneba kvlav

Cailulis wyals svams. aba, ra qnas xalxma, kohabitaciur ev-

ropul marils Zalze mowyureba scodnia da....

`ra giTxraT, riT gagaxaroTo~... gviTxra axalma 2014

welma didi ilias sityvebiT da Tavi Caqindra.

476

— emand, jo, eg Tavis qindvra ZilquSSi ar gadagezar-

doso, SeuZaxes erTxmad `Cailulis wylis dasalevad~ ganwi-

rulma `meocnebe~ da àrameocnebe~kaxelma mezoblebma — wya-

loba wyalaforeTelma da mixo kondolizelma `RmerTo, Se-

miwyales~ xmaze da TavTavianT qarTul ocnebebSi CaiZirnen.

yvelam viciT, CaZirulis amoyvana Znelia — kacisac da ge-

misac, Tumca gemi `dalandi~ da kacoba, sxvagvarad, figuru-

lad, `sityvis patronoba~ rom hqvia, dRes `zeviT~ aRaravis ax-

sovs. ras izam! mexsiereba zogjer moklecaa, namgaliviT...

sityva namgalma am axal wels qarTuli xalxuri simRe-

ra gamaxsena: `namgalo, Cemo rkinaooo~ — netav skolis mos-

wavleebs Tu aswavlian am leqs-simReras?!

rom aswavlon ra, mere? namgali rom TvaliT ar unaxavT?

samagierod evrokavSiris `begraund sikeTeebs~ veziarebiT.

viciT neologizmebi, politikuri da Jargonuli gamonaTqva-

mebi da socionimebi: kohabitacia (zogi Jurnalisti, e. w. èq-

sperti~da parlamentari SecdomiT koabitacas rom wers da

ambobs), `samiti~, `nacmoZi~, `qocebi~, `nacebi~, qocnaci an nac-

qoci (yofili `nacionali~ òcnebaSi~ gadasuli), `Tineijeri-

zacia~, `vardebis revolucia~, èTnikuri umciresoba~, `seq-

sualuri umciresoba~ da isic, rom saqarTvelos istoria 2003

wlidan iwyeba (nacmoZraobis lozungi) da axla isic, rom Tur-

me 2014 wels, `vincxa imisi ar iyos~, `sabWouri azrovneba~ das-

ruldeba (koalicia `qarTuli ocneba~).

lamis erTazrovan qarTul politikur sivrceSi ybaax-

veuli da piramokerili samarTali dRemde purisWamas elis.

da Tu uaxloes momavalSi mainc `samarTlianobis arasaidum-

lo seroba Sedgeba~, araa gamoricxuli, igi 1500 wlis winan-

del SuSanik dedoflisa da varsqen pitiaxSis purisWamis va-

riacia gamodges. am senis gamonayari (muwukebi) politikur

orqelxianobis tanze ukve moWarbebulad aqvs, romelic`mwi-

fobisTveSi~ TavisiT gaskdeba.

ai, maSin iqneba qelexi Tu iqneba.

damuwukebis gveSinodes! politikuri damuwukebisa!

manamde ki... samarTlianobis aRsrulebis molodinSi

skdeba da skdeba qarTul caSi neokohabitaciuri jojoxeTis

maSxalebi!

477

damowmebuli wyaroebi da literatura :

1. qarTuli enis ganmartebiTi leqsikoni (rvatomeuli), akad.

arn. Ciqobavas saerTo redaqciiT, Tbilisi, t. 7. 1962.

2. orbeliani sulxan-saba, qarTuli leqsikoni, Txzulebani,

t. IV, avtografuli nusxebis mixedviT gamosacemad moamza-

da i. abulaZem, Tbilisi, 1965.

3. Русско-грузинский словарь, новосоставленный по новейшим русс-ким словарям Д. Чубиновым, СПб., 1886.

4. CubinaSvili n., qarTuli leqsikoni rusuli Targmani-

TurT, al. Rlontis redaqciiTa da gamokvleviT, Tbilisi,

1961.

5. menTeSaSvili st., qiziyuri leqsikoni, v. Tofurias redaq-

ciiT, Tbilisi, 1943.

6. Rlonti al., qarTveluri sakuTari saxelebi (anTroponim-

Ta leqikoni), meore Sevsebuli gamocema, Tbilisi, 1986.

7. gagulaSvili i., qarTuli gvarebi (ZiriTadi leqsikuri

fondi); sakuTari saxelebi (ebraul sakuTar saxelTa mci-

re leqsikoni), quTaisi, 1993.

7. xuciSvili q., kavkasiis xalxTa eTnografia, gamomcemloba

kavkasiuri saxli, Tbilisi, 2006.

8. socialuri usafrTxoebis eTnikuri aspeqtebi polieTni-

kur sazogadoebaSi, l. meliqiSvilis saerTo redaqciiT,

Tbilisi, 2011.

9. RambaSiZe n., qarTul-azerbaijanuli religiuri urTier-

Tobebi qvemo qarTlSi dmanisis raionis magaliTze, kre-

bulSi: `axali da uaxlesi istoriis sakiTxebi~, 1 (11), Tbi-

lisi, 2012.

478

Badri Tskhadadze

Professor of the Georgian Technical University

Political Dual Funeral Repast in Georgia

Summary

In the article in the format of political pamphlet political processes

taking place in Georgia, the harmful results of ~ Georgian ~ cohabitation and its subsequent period, the deflated hopes of deceived voters awaiting the triumph of justice and law, the polarized picture of political-sociological behavior-coexistence of government and society, and such unusual situation are being considered when the voter feels beaten whereas the winner does not exist.

So the political dual funeral repast is a political crisis inspired, imposed upon Georgian nation from outside, grief aroused by breaking-disappointing the voters’ hopes due to the inactivity of two major political forces in government.

479

guram yoranaSvili

filosofiis mecniereba-

Ta doqtori, profesori

erazm roterdamelis `qeba sisulelisas~ gamocemis Sesaxeb

gamoCenili niderlandeli moazrovnis erazm roter-

damelis (1469-1536 ww.) yvelaze faseuli wignis — `qeba sisu-

lelisas~ uTargmneloba da gamoucemloba qarTuli kultu-

risaTvis udavod TvalSi sacem xarvezs warmoadgenda. sabed-

nierod, igi (es xarvezi) Seavso filologosma lali koWlama-

zaSvilma, romlis Targmanic Tsu-is gamomcemlobam dastamba

2002 wels. rogorc Cvens sakmaod mdidar mTargmnelobiT

tradicias Seefereboda, es moxda uSualod originalis (la-

Tinuri) enidan. gamocemas Tan axlavs farTo winasityva da

vrceli komentarebi, Sesrulebuli TviTon mTargmnelis mi-

er. mogaxsenebT imasac, rom erazm roterdamelis `mSvidobis

Civilis~ istorikos, medievist guram kutalaZiseuli qar-

Tuli Targmani (cxadia, aseve uSeualod laTinuridan) dai-

beWda 1993 wels. xuTi wlis Semdgom, 2007 wels, dasaxelebuli Txzuleba

`Sesxma sisulelisas~ saTauriT gamosca gamomcemloba `bak-

mma~, romlis mTargmneli gaxldaT Jurnalisti guram gogi-

aSvili. rasakvirvelia, erTi SexedviT, msgavsi ram misasalme-

belia. arada, am TargmanisaTvis, anu rogorc guram gogiaSvi-

li ityvis da wers xolme, `gadmoenebisaTvis~ Cvens sazoga-

doebriobas yuradReba ar gamouCenia. Tumca, ki Rirda, uTu-

od Rirda amis gakeTeba, radgan Taviseburad igi gafrTxile-

ba aris imisa, Tu rogor ar unda daibeWdos wigni. daviwyoT im garemoebiT, rom mTargmneli anu `gadmo-

emnebeli~ vireSmakurad iqceva: rogorc yovelTvis, amjera-

dac ise aCvenebs, rom Targmani Sesrulebulia uSualod ori-

480

ginalis enidan, anu laTinuridan. magram ase rodia. es `wig-

nic~, iseve rogorc guram gogiaSvilis sxva Targmanebi, ru-

suli enidan aris gadmoRebuli. kiTxva ismis: maS ra gauWirda mTargmnelobiTi tradi-

ciis TvalsazrisiT sakmaod mdidar Cvens qveyanas iseTi, rom

didebuli nawarmoebis originalis enidan uSualod Targmna

(`gadmoeneba~) amjerad ver moxerxda? miT umetes, rom manam-

de, xuTi wliT adre, xom adgili hqonda `sisulelis qebis~

uSualod laTinuri enidan qarTulad gamoRebas? vawydebiT mTargmnelis (`gadmoemneblis~) teqstze ar-

naxul TviTnebobas. nawarmoebi iwyeba erazm roterdamelis

SexedulebiT namdvil mefesa da kanonebze, rac originalSi

gamoricxulia. amasTanave, TiToeuli TavisaTvis TandarTu-

lia dasaTaurebani, rac aseve mTargmnel-`gadmoemneblis~

TviTnebobaa, Tumca VIII, XII, XXV, XXXIII, XXXVI, XXXVII, XLI, XVV da LXIII Tavebi saTaurebis gareSea warmodgenili. sakma-

od vrceli XLIV Tavi ki ukomentarod aris datovebuli.

gvxvdeba bolonasityvic, rac `gadmoemneblis~ `TviTSemoq-

medebas~ warmoadgens. cnobilia, rom erazm roterdamelis `qeba sisulelisa~

rTuli nawarmoebia da Sesabamisi istoriuli, socialuri da

ideuri konteqstis uCveneblad mkiTxvelebs Zalze gauWir-

debaT misi seriozuli gageba-gaazreba. magram, etyoba, `gad-

moemnebelsac~ da wignis redaqtorsac (gamomcemeli bondo

macaberiZe) es garemoebac naklebad adardebdaT. davuSvaT,

maT ar xelewifebodaT nawarmoebis winasityvis dawera, mag-

ram nuTu saqarTveloSi erTi medievistic ki ver monaxes, vi-

sac ase Tu ise SeeZlo amis aRsruleba? amis sanacvlod vxe-

davT, rom g. gogiaSviliseul qarTul TargmanSi rusulad

1983 wels Targmnili `qeba sisulelisaze~ (p. guberis mier)

TandarTuli filologosisa da istorikosis leonid pinskis

winasityvis mxolod ori dasawyisi abzaci figurirebs, Tanac

sul bolos. aRniSnul xarvezs sruliadac ver avsebs Stefan

cvaigis wignidan (rusulad naTargmnidan) `triumfi da tra-

gedia erazm roterdamelisa~ motanili ramdenime amonaridi. erazmis am qarTul gamocemas darTuli aqvs `SeniSvne-

bi da ganmartebani.~ise Cans, rom es aRusrulebia TviTon vi-

reSmaka `gadmoemnebels.~magram msgavsi ramis Sesruleba mas

481

iseve ar SeZlo, rogorc teqstis originalis (laTinur ena-

ze) wakiTxva. aSkaraa, rom g. gogiaSvils SeniSvnebi da ganmar-

tebani daurTavs ZiriTadad rusuli, 1983 wlis gamocemis mi-

xedviT, rac Sesabamisad gakeTebuli hqonda leonid pinskis.

aqa-iq gamouyenebia Sesabamisi monacemebic `qarTuli sabWo-

Ta enciklopediidan~ (sxva Soris, gamotovebulia 44-e Tavis

komentarebi). yovelive zemoaRniSnuls davumatebT mZime enas, gadav-

sebuls umetes SemTxvevaSi usafuZvlo enobrivi novaciebiTa

da iSviaTi qarTuli sityvebiT, romelTa gasagebadac qarTu-

li enis leqsikonebia saWiro. amdenad, ar gadavaWarbebT Tu

vityviT (anda davwerT), rom msgavsi saxis gamocemis rekomen-

direba studentebisaTvis sawakiTxad an saseminaro samuSao-

saTvis swored maTs dasjas niSnavs. Sedegad movida Taviseburi `domxali~, savse `gadmoe-

neblis~ umecreba-sisuleleebiT, razedac specialurad Sev-

CerdebiT. maS daviwyoT. g. gogiaSvilis — `TvalsaCino~ sabWoTa

ideologosis, Jurnal `partiuli cxovrebis~ redaqtoris

`erudicia-ganswavlulobis~ CvenebiT. antikuri epoqis cnobili berZeni folosofosi demok-

rite Turme daaxloebiT 470-380 wlebSi cxovrobda (gv. 185).

sainteresoa, ra Sroma-ruduneba gaswia `gadmoemnebelma~ am

TariRebis amgvarad warmosadgenad. dRemde ki vicodiT, rom

am movlenas adgili hqonda daaxl. 460-370 wlebSi. magram rac

ufro metad gamaognebelia, g. gogiaSvilis `filosofiuri

ganswavlulobis~ Tanaxmad, demokrite yofila... filosofi-

uri materializmis fuZemdebeli (aqve). magram xom arafilo-

sofiuri fakultetebis studentebmac ki kargad uwyian, rom

msgavsi ramis Tqma (an dawera) didi uazrobaa. demokrites mi-

marT unda aRiniSnos — atomistikis fuZemdebeli. raki sityvam moitana, aRvniSnavT aseT absurdsac:

`qristianul RvTismetyvelebaSi sibrZne ganyenebuli cneba

ki ar iyo, raRac mistikur arsebas ganasaxierebda, romelic

marTavda sofel-qveyanas~ (gv. 188). aseve gaugebaria enTime-

mis guram gogiaSviliseuli ganmarteba: `gamonaTqvami, ro-

melsac 2 an 3 sxvadasxva azri aqvs~ (gv. 198).

482

lukiane TiTqos cxovrobda daaxl. 125-165 wlebSi (gv.

185), rac aSkarad mcdaria da unda iyos: daaxl. 120-180 wlis

Semdeg. Tanac Turme ukanaskneli dabadebula kunZul samos-

ze, maSin rodesac es moxda siriis qalaq samosataSi. gvianan-

tikuri xanis cnobili moazrovnis, uniWieresi satirikosis

mTavari damsaxureba yofila `Tavisi drois xalxuri religi-

is ganqiqeba~ (kritika). magram lukiane xom aseve udgeboda

saerTod religias — kerZod, warmarTobasa da adreul qris-

tianobas? klasikur filologiaSi `didad ganswavlulma~ guram

gogiaSvilma berZnuli Txzuleba `batraxomiomaxia~ `daaTa-

riRa~ Zv.w. IV saukuniT (gv. 185). misgan gansxvavebiT ki varau-

doben Zv.w. VI saukunis bolos, anda V s-is dasawyiss. amasTa-

nave sakiTxavia, igi warmoadgens parodias `iliadisa~ Tu sa-

erTod homerosis eposisas? raki TargmanSi dasaxelebuli

vergilius maroni unda figurirebdes sruli saxeliT — ver-

gilius publius maroni, arasworia misi laTin poetad ga-

mocxadeba, unda iyos `romaeli poeti.~cxadia, mas `eneidas~

garda sxva nawarmoebebic hqonda dawerili. iuvenalisis cxovrebis wlebad miTiTebulia 56-132 (gv.

187). unda iyos: daaxl. 60 — daaxl. 127 wlebi. apuleius luci-

sis adgilas unda iyos luciusi. araa aRniSnuli misi cxovre-

bis wlebi — unda iyos daaxl. 124 — daaxl. 180 wlebi. arc daba-

deba-gardacvalebis adgilebia naCvenebi, rac cnobili gax-

lavT. publius ovidius nazonis cxovrebis wlebad miTiTe-

bulia 42-17, unda iyos Zv.w. 43—ax.w. 17 wlebi. plutarqos

(plutarqosis!) cxovrebis wlebi (daaxl. 46-125) (gv. 186) naC-

venebia arazustad, rac, cxadia, ar unda uCvenebdes `gadmo-

emneblis~ originalur mignebas. sofist glavkes swori saxe-

li gaxlavT glavkusi. guram gogiaSvils isokrates cxovrebis periodi `di-

dad Seumoklebia~ 436-388, e.i. sul raRac 48 wlis ganmavloba-

Si (gv. 186). misda sabednierod, man icocxla 98 weli, cxov-

robda 436-338 wlebSi. cxovrebis xangrZlivobis Semoklebas-

Tan erTad `gadmoemnebels~ isokratesTvis Rirseba-mniSvne-

lobac dauklia: TiTqos igi oden mWevrmetyvelebis maswav-

483

lebeli yofila aTenSi. es maSin, roca ukanaskneli upirve-

les yovlisa cnobilia rogorc gamoCenili publicisti. aRniSnul faqtTan dakavSirebiT, Tu guram gogiaSvils

davujerebT, egviptes erT dros marTavda tirani busirisi

(gv. 186). magram sayovelTaod aris cnobili, rom am qveyanaSi

mmarTvelobis aseTi forma gamoiricxeboda, arsebobda des-

potia. sofistebidan cnobilia polikrate da ara polikarte

(iqve). did berZen filosofos platons Turme dauweria dia-

logi `respublika.~xom didi `mignebaa~ platonis mier laTi-

nuri, romauli terminis gamoyeneba? cxadia, unda iyos `sa-

xelmwifo.~g. gogiaSvilis Tanaxmad, TargmanSi figurirebs

`favorinus arleteli~ (gv. 186), unda iyos arelateli anda

arleli. amave gverdidan `tersiteze~, sinamdvileSi Tersiteze,

vtyobilobT viTarca berZen jariskacze, maSin rodesac

amasTanave igi cnobilia, rogorc gansaxiereba rigi konkre-

tuli ukeTuri naSan-Tvisebebisa (fizikuri simaxinje, utif-

roba-Tavxedoba) gamoCenili romaeli filosofosi seneka TiTqos cxov-

robda ax.w. I saukuneSi. Cans, g. gogiaSvils amis dasadgenad

specialuri Sroma-ruduneba gauwevia, magram amaod damSvra-

la. cnobilia, rom seneka daibada Zv.w. 4 wels, xolo gardaic-

vala (tragikulad daiRupa) ax. w. 65 wels (gv. 187). netar hie-

ronimes cxovrebis wlebad miTiTebulia 330-411, unda iyos

daaxl. 340-420 ww. frigiis mefe midasi, guram gogiaSvilis amjerad isto-

riaSi `friadi ganswavlulobis~ miuxedavad, sulac ar yofi-

la miTuri pirovneba (gv. 187) da specialistebi mas swored

realur istoriul pirovnebad Tvlian. aseve cnobili berZeni kanonmdebeli da politikosi

solonic rodi yofila `galegendarebuli~, romelic cxov-

robdao Zv.w. VII saukunis meore naxevarsa da VI saukunis da-

sawyisSi (gv. 187—88). gvaqvs ufro konkretuli codna — rea-

luri istoriuli pirovneba, romelic cxovrobda Zv.w.

640/635 — daaxloebiT 559 wlebSi.

484

sofistebi TiTqos mxolod Zv.w. V saukuneSi cxovrob-

dnen, magram xom arsebobdnen isini Zv.w. IV saukuneSic. aq

kulturis istoriaSi raRac axal aRmoCenas vxvdebiT: es mi-

marTuleba Turme aRorZinebula ax.w. II saukuneSi. amis ko-

mentireba ki zedmetia. orkusi dasaxelebulia romaelTa sikvdilis RmerTad

(gv. 188). guram gogiaSvilis mixedviT, mas adamianTa aCrdile-

bi (da ara sulebi!) mihyavs miwisqveSa samyaroSi. magram vi-

ciT, rom igi iyo miwisqveSeTisa da wyvdiadis RvTaeba. òr-

kusi~ aseve aRniSnavda miwisqveSeTsac, hadess, gardacvlil

sulTa samyofels. zemoT ukve vaCveneT, Tu rogori filosofiuri ganaT-

leba hqonia guram gogiaSvils da rogor warmogvidgina man

demokrite. 188—e gverdze ki igi gvamcnobs — Talesi `berZnu-

li metafizikuri filosofiis~ mamamTavari yofila. ra ko-

mentarebi unda gakeTdes amgvar sisuleleze?! hesiode TiTqos cxovrobda Zv.w. VIII saukuneSi, sinam-

dvileSi ki am faqts adgili hqonda VII saukuneSi. aristofa-

ne ki TiTqos V-IV saukuneebSi cxovrobda, magram cnobili

gaxlavT Sesabamisi, ufro konkretuli xasiaTis daTariReba

— daaxl. 445—338 wlebi. Tu `gadmoemnebel~ guram gogiaSvils

verwmunebiT, piTagora Zv.w. VI saukuneSi cxovrobda. aseve

gvaqvs ufro konkretuli TariRi — daaxl. 570 — daaxl. 500

wlebi. mTlad gamaognebelia iseTi ram, rac swored rom `qeba

sisulelisas~ mTavar moqmed pirs — sisulelis qalRvTaebas

(sxvaTa Soris, berZnebs igi ar hyoliaT da igi erazm roter-

damelis azria) rom Seefereba — lukrecius karusis cxovre-

bis wlebi (Zv.w. 95-90) (gv. 189). gamodis, rom mas xuTi wlis

asakSi mouswria gamoCenil filosofosad gamxdariyo. seri-

ozulad rom aRvniSnoT, unda iyos daaxl. 95—55 wlebi. guram gogiaSvili Tavis versias gvTavazobs sofokles

cxovrebis Sesaxebac — Zv.w. 475-405 wlebi. unda iyos daaxl.

497-406 wlebi. amasTan dakavSirebiT miseuli tragedia àiaq-

sis~ nacvlad unda figurirebdes àianti.~plavtusis cxov-

rebis wlebis (254-184) sanacvlod unda iyos: daaxl. Zv.w. 250 —

daaxl. 184 wlebi.

485

geografiaSic aseve, rogorc istoriaSi, `ganswavlul~

guram gogiaSvilis sawinaaRdegod, nestori mefe iyo ara `mi-

seniis pilosSi~, aramed meseniis qalaq pilosSi. `gadmoemnebels~, amasTanave komentators, hermes//mer-

kurisaTvis sauflod mWevrmetyvelebac boZebia (gv. 191), rac

arasworia. berZnebis dacinva—gakilvis RmerTi aRniSnulia

saxeliT `mome~ (aqve), momosis magier (Cans, Tavi iCina guram

gogiaSvilis qvecnobierma sferom!). Turme `sqolastikuri

logikac~ arsebula (gv. 192). gana imxnad sxvanairi, formalu-

ri logikis garda, logikac arsebobda? ZvelberZen poet arqiloqeze komentarSi (gv. 193) aras-

worad aris naCvenebi cxovrebis xana, misi Sefaseba, rogorc

oden satirikosi poetisa da brZolis faqtisa (TiTqos fasi-

tebTan, unda iyos Tasoselebi). Turme didi sokrate `brZenis~ titulis garda (Tumca

berZnebs igi Svid brZenSi ar SeuyvaniaT) Tavis didebas unda

umadlodes platonsa da qsenofontes, vinaidan TviTon sa-

erTod ar werda (gv. 193). nuTu mizezi mxolod am garemoebaSi

(platonsa da qsenofonteSi) aris mosaZebni? Tu asea, maSin

guram gogiaSvils vurCevT, gamoZebnos erTi an ori Tavisnai-

ri donis piri, romlebic kerZod mis ubadruk Jurnalistur

`Semoqmedebas~ ukvdavyofen. miT umetes, rom es saqme maT ga-

uadvildebaT — sokratesagan gansxvavebiT xom guram gogiaS-

vils aqvs nawerebi da `gadmoenebani~? Teofrastes cxovrebis TariRebad guram gogiaSvils

naCvenebi aqvs 371—286 wlebi (gv. 193). unda iyos daaxl. 372 —

daaxl. 287 wlebi. `wignSi~ friad dakninebulia Zmebi graqxusebis Rvaw-

lic — Turme isini cdilobdnen e. w. agraruli kanonebis ga-

tarebas (gv. 194). ra SuaSia aq e. w.? garda amisa, nuTu maT ar

gautarebiaT sxva demokratiuli kanonebi? amasTanave, vxvde-

biT maTi moRvaweobis sxva faqtebsac. romaeli imperatorisa da filosofosis, markus avre-

liusis gvar-saxelSi antoniusi ki ar unda figurirebdes,

aramed — antoninusi. amgvari Secdomis daSvebisas studente-

bi — momavali istorikosebi gakicxvas imsaxureben. aRniSnu-

li pirovnebis mTavari nawarmoebis saxelwodeba ki `gadmoem-

486

nebels~ ase gadmoucia: `sakuTar Tavs~. magram misgan gansxva-

vebiT, rogorc viciT, qarTulSi damkvidrebulia `fiqrebi~.

komodusic markus avreliusis Svilobilad aris qceuli, e.i.

eWvia Setanili mis markus avreliusiseul SvilobaSi. ase

rom, markus avreliusi da komodusi, anda maTi STamomavlebi

rom amJamad cocxlebi iyvnen, Cveni `Zvirfasi~ guram gogiaS-

vili did sasamarTlo davidarabas gadaeyreboda. `gaistorikosebuli~ guram gogiaSvilis mixedviT, li-

kurge cxovrobda Zv.w. XI saukunis dasasrulsa da X saukunis

dasawyisSi (gv. 196). unda vifiqroT, rom am mcire drois gan-

mavlobaSi likurges mainc mouswria spartaSi did sakanon-

mdeblo, reformatoruli muSaobis Catareba. ise, saintere-

soa, Tu rogor moaxerxa kretis mefe minosma (savaraudod

cxovrobda Zv.w. XVII-XVI ss.) `spartis msgavsi dawesebulebe-

bis Seqmna~ (iqve)? 196-197-e gverdebidan vtyobilobT, rom deciusebis

sagvareulos sami Taobis warmomadgenlebs (Zv.w. IV-III ss.) Ta-

vi SeuwiravT romis respublikisaTvis. magram romSi xom res-

publika arsebobda Zv.w. 510 Tu 509 wlidan moyolebuli Zv.w. I saukunis TiTqmis bolo mesamedamde. maS ras gulisxmobs

`brZeni da gaistorikosebuli~ guram gogiaSvili? 197-e gverdze guldajerebiTaa moTxrobili legenda

markus kuriciusis Sesaxeb, maSin rodesac titus liviusi

amaze ufro frTxilad, realisturad hyveboda (`romis is-

toria qalaqis daarsebidan~, wigni VII, 6 (1). Turme qsenokrate qalkedoneli yofila saxelis mim-

cemi akademiad wodebuli filosofiuri skolisa (gv. 198).

kvlavac gavimeorebT: platoni rom gacocxldes, msgavsi sa-

avtoro uflebis uxeSi darRvevisaTvis Cveni grafomani sasa-

marTlo wesiT mkacrad daisjeboda. `gadmoemneblis~ mixedviT, Turme qaldevelTa (qalde-

elTa) periodis babilonSi (!) pirvelad gaCenila mecniereba

varskvlavebis Sesaxeb (!) (gv. 198). e.i. es momxdara Zv.w. VII sau-

kuneSi. Cans, bolSevik-komunistebis TvalsaCino (namdvi-

lad!) ideologoss erTmaneTisagan ver gaurCevia astrolo-

gia (varskvlavTmisnoba) da astronomia, romelic, ra Tqma

unda, qaldeelebamde arsebobda.

487

evripides gardacvalebis TariRad `wignSi~ Zv.w. 406

wlis magier 401 welia miTiTebuli (gv. 199). misi erT-erTi

tragediis saxelwodebaa ara `bakqeli qalebi~ (aqve), aramed —

`bakqi qalebi~ (gv. 199). amave gverdze klasikur filologia-

Sic `friad ganswavluli~ guram gogiaSvili `laTin~ (roma-

el) poet `propercius seqstuss~ (seqstus properciuss) mi-

iCnevs Cvens welTaRricxvamdel (?!) poetad. Tumca Cveuleb-

rivi mokvdavi filologosebis Tanaxmad, poetis cxovrebis

xanad Zv.w. I saukunis daaxl. 50 — daaxl. Zv. 15 wlebia miCneu-

li. meorase gverdze miTiTebulia bernard (bernar!) klev-

roselis gardacvalebis TariRi — 1153 weli. maS ratom araa

naCvenebi dabadebis weli — 1090? wminda erazmi siriis (mTeli) episkoposi rogor iqne-

boda (gv. 200)? aseTi Tanamdeboba mas ekava Sesabamisi qveynis

erT—erT qalaqSi. kalimaqe aleqsandriis wignTsacavis mxolod da mxo-

lod erT-erTi gadamnaxveli yofila (gv. 203). magram, hoi sa-

ocrebav! — am friad mokrZalebuli Tanamdebobis mqone pi-

rovnebas mainc mouxerxebia istoriaSi Sesuliyo da guram

gogiaSvilis sakomentaro gamxdariyo! amave gverdze `stenele~ ki ar unda iyos, aramed sTene-

le (`iliadis~ gmiri). amasTanave diomede mefe ki ara, troas

omis monawile erT-erTi gmiri gaxldaT. scipion ufrosi hanibalis wamqcevi yofila (gv. 203).

ra, kaspeli qalbatonisa ar iyos, maT Serkineba tatamze

hqondaT? (ise, vixalisoT: guram gogiaSvilis gulTan da go-

nebasTan erTob axlobeli ioseb stalini yofila hitleris

wamqcevi!). qarTveli komunistebis erT-erTi mTavari ideologo-

sis `filosofiuri ganaTlebulobis~ Taobaze garkveuli

warmodgena xom ukve Segveqmna? davamatoT esec: substancia

oden Zvel filosofosTa erT-erTi umniSvnelovanesi kate-

goria yofila (gv. 205)! amdenad, guram gogiaSvils am mxrivac

didi davidaraba Seeqmneboda Semdgomi xanis filosofosTa

mxrivac.

488

amave gverdze amgvar ganmartebas gvxvdebiT: àbrasaq-

sebi — qristianuli gnostikuri seqta, Seiqmna imperator ad-

riane basilidis (!?) xanaSi. es imperatori 365 cis arsebobas

qadagebda. `sasamarTlos gamarTvis SemTxvevaSi adriane

uTuod gamarTldeboda, xolo msgavsi aRmoCenis avtoroba

ki basilids mieniWeboda. guram gogiaSvils, 208-e gverdis mixedviT, markus an-

toniusisaTvis ver gaumetebia mxedarTmTavroba da igi oden

iulius keisris `Tanameofled~ moixsenieba. sxvaTa Soris, me-

ore triumviratis Seqmnis dros erT-erTi wevri oqtaviusis

saxels ki ara, aramed òqtavianes~ atarebda. guram gogiaSvili kvintilianis (kvintilianes!) cxov-

rebis periodis Taobaze daWeSmaritebiT, kategoriulad aR-

niSnavs 35-95 wlebs. specialistebi ki varaudoben daaxl. 35 —

daaaxl. 96 wlebs. igi yofila ritorikuli skolis xelmZRva-

neli romSi. magram kvintilianes Rirseba ufro meti iyo —

igi gaxldaT Zvelromauli oratoruli xelovnebis Teore-

tikosi. ras gulisxmobs gadmoenebeli `sqolastikosTa bar-

barosul enaSi~ (gv. 204)? 306-e gverdis mixedviT, erazm roterdamelis wignSi

TiTqos wminda anton (antonius!) didi — meudabnoe-berobis

fuZemdebeli igulisxmeba. naCvenebi aqvs misi gardacvalebis

weli — 356. magram daviwyebulia dabadebis TariRi — daaxl.

250 w. magram specialistebis azriT, SesaZloa aq igulisxme-

bodes wminda anton padueli, saxelganTqmuli Tavisi mWev-

rmetyvelebiT. amave gverdze naxsenebia `kartezenelni~ kar-

tezianelebis magier. amave gverdze mTlad gamaognebel sisuleles vawyde-

biT: TiTqos feakebi Zveli saberZneTis erT-erTi tomi iyo.

sad, rodis cxovrobdnen? msgavsi kiTxvebi zedmetia, rameTu

miTur xalxTan gvaqvs saqme. magram gogiaSvils rom òdisea~

waekiTxa, amas albaT Seiytobda. 207-e gverdis mixedviT, èklesiaste~ Targmnilia mqa-

dageblad. unda iyos: SesakrebelSi, sakrebuloSi mqadagebe-

li. `qristianobis pirveli drois~ nacvlad (gv. 208) saisto-

rio mecnierebaSi damkvidrebulia àdrindeli qristianoba~.

489

aRniSnul gverdzeve naxsenebi arian qrisipe (qrisipo-

si!), didime (didimosi!). magram mkiTxvelTaTvis gaugebari

rCeba Tu vin iyvnen, sad da rodis cxovrobdnen isini. 208-e gverdze aRniSnulia mqadagebelTa ordeni da mi-

si damaarsebeli vincenti. unda figurirebdes: `dominika-

nelTa~, `bikentiusi~. etyoba, guram gogiaSvils, misda saubedurod, postko-

munistur xanaSi cxovrebisas, yuri moukravs `saRvTo weri-

lis~ Sesaxeb da 209-e gverdze miuTiTebs — fsalmuni, XXIV, 7,

rac gaugebrobas iwvevs — unda iyos fsalmunni anda fsal-

munTa wigni. ra Tqma unda, msgavsi Secdomebis raodenoba kvlavac

SegveZlo gagvegrZelebina, magram, vfiqrobT, CamonaTvalic

naTlad warmoaCens guram gogiaSvilis ubadruk erudicias,

vireSmakul xasiaTs. Tavs ise gvaCvenebs, TiTqos ar dasjer-

da rusi da qarTveli komentatorebis ganmartebebs da Seeca-

da isini sakuTari `TviTSemoqmedebiT~ daezustebina, an Seev-

so. Sesabamisi `ganaTlebis~ gamoisobiT ki, rogorc davina-

xeT, uamravma sisulelem iCina Tavi.1 miseuli aseTi `ganswav-

luloba~, unda vifiqroT, komunisturi weswyobilebis piro-

bebSi savsebiT sakmarisi iqneboda Sesabamisi Jurnalis an ga-

zeTis redaqtorobisaTvis, magram uaxloes droSi misi re-

daqtoroba an erT-erTi pasuxismgebeli redaqtorTaganoba

`saqarTvelos respublikisa~, TiTqos, arakanonzomieri unda

iyos! dabolos, rac Seexeba `gadmoemneblis~ enas (qarTuls),

Tumca igi garkveul wreSi kargad iTvleba, magram, vfiq-

robT, am SemTxvevaSic ufro CvenTvis, Tanamedrove qar-

TvelTaTvis Cveul erT-erT miTTan, legendasTan unda

gvqondes saqme. `gadmoenebaze~ (Targmanze) ukve mogaxseneb-

diT (aqedan gamomdinare, unda davuSvaT `gadaeneba~ (erTi

enidan meoreze). gviCndeba enobrivi xasiaTis sxva Tavsate-

xic: vixmaroT gadmoenebul-gadaenebul da gadmoemnebel-ga-

1 am mxriv, SecdomaTagan ufro dazRveulia fransua rables `gar-

gantua da pantagruelis“ guram gogiaSviliseuli Targmani (cxadia,

rusulidan). SeniSvnebi rusuli Targmanidan aris gadmoRebuli,

Tumca, aqac ise aCvenebs, TiTqos es mas gaekeTebinos.

490

daemnebeli? sxvaTa Soris, TviTon guram gogiaSvili `wignis~

dasawyisSi swored `mTargmnels~ xmarobs. aseve gvxvdeba

`mTrgmanebelic~ (gv. 158). gvaqvs mSvenieri sityva `samyaro~, lamis berZnuli

`kosmosis~ sadari (niWier filosofos Tamaz buaCiZis mix-

vedra), maS ratom unda SevcvaloT igi `sofel-qveyniT~?

`kveris xuro~ ki ar unda vixmaroT, aramed `kveriT-xuro~

(Sesabamisad, kiriT-xuro, xiT-xuro, qviT-xuro). hefesto

Cuxi (koWli) ki ar iyo, aramed Cauxa. `swavleba~ aSkarad ru-

sulidan gadmoRebuli kalkaa, am SemTxvevisaTvis mSobliur,

qarTul enaze gvaqvs mamapapuri `moZRvreba.~igive iTqmis

àrgivelze~, argoselis nacvlad, àtikur glexobaze~ atike-

lis magier. `mimyolis~ nacvlad, cxadia, sjobs mimdevari.

aseve iTqmis sexnia/sexnaze `novatoruli~ `saxelmodgamis~

nacvlad. vimeorebT, `gamarjvebulis~ `damamarcxeblis~ ma-

gier udavod uxeirod JRers `wamqcevi.~`ber-monazvnoba~ ra-

tom unda SevcvaloT `monazon-berobad~, Tundac berobad?

`Tvalxmiereba~ (Tvalxmieroba!) ratom unda vamjobinoT

TvalgamWriaxobas? ìmperatorul epoqas~ uTuod sjobia

`saimperatoro~ anda ìmperatorTa~ epoqa. CvenSi damkvidre-

buli ùmcrosis~ nacvlad ratom unda ixmarebodes ùmrwe-

mesi~? (sxvaTa Soris, TviTon guram gogiaSvili evripides mi-

marT ùmcross~ (sam did tragikoss Soris) xmarobs (gv. 199).

189-e gverdze gvxvdeba `stoelni~, 194-eze ki — `stoikosebi~,

`stoikuri~. ara gvgonia perspeqtiuli iyos èpistoles~ us-

tariT Canacvleba, anda `zenaarsebiT~ — RmerTebisa; ìsto-

riis sarkis~ nacvlad ìstoriis miWvritana~; adamianis gva-

mis (etyoba, guram gogiaSvili gvamsa da sxeuls (cocxals)

saTanadod ver arCevs), aso-nasxamnis xmareba — organoebis,

nawilebis nacvlad. sityva `pwkals~ qeglis VI tomSi Sesaba-

misi mniSvneloba ara aqvs. mxolod gurul dialeqtSi gvxvde-

ba `pwkala~, da a. S. pleonazmia da uxerxulobas hbadebs erazm roterda-

melis mimarTva tomas morisadmi — viTarca `saniazos da nug-

bars~. igives vityodiT ìliadis~ gmir stentoris Sesaxeb ko-

mentarze — `mefis macne, mauwyebeli, Sulta, gziri, gamyiva-

ri, didi xmiT gamoirCeoda~ (gv. 204).

491

yovelive aRniSnulis gamoisobiT mkiTxvelebs xSirad

uxdebaT Tavis mtvreva mravali guram gogiaSvilis mier nax-

mari qarTuli sityvis gasagebad. ase rom, maT leqsikonebis

xmareba mouwevT. teqstic, rasakvirvelia, Znelad aRiqmeba. da sul bolos davsZenT: miuxedavad TviTon guram go-

giaSvilis — `gadmoemneblis~ gancxadebisa, rom `miT umetes

nurc mTargmnels (!) nu daabralebT daudevrobasa da ugu-

lisyurobas~, igi aramc da aramc ar imsaxurebs indulgenci-

as daudevrobis, ugulisyurobis, metic, uvicoba-ucodina-

robis, Tavxedoba utifrobis gasamarTleblad. mas ver uSve-

lis didi erazm roterdamelis Segonebac: `sisulelisa sa-

kazm-sanelebeli yovelgan saWiroa~ (XVI Tavidan). `gadmoemnebel~ guram gogiaSvils rom odnavi Rirseba-

patiosnebisa da Tavmdablobis grZnoba hqonoda, xeli ar un-

da moekida didad faseuli wignis uxeirod `gadmoenebisa~ da

gamocemisaTvis. Tumca, vimeorebT, mis mcdelobas erTi po-

zitivi mainc gaaCnia: samomavlod mavanni, misnairi grafoma-

nebi, unda gafrTxildnen da moeridon amgvar wamowyebas.

Guram Koranashvili

Doctor of Philosophical Science, Professor

About the Georgian Translation of “Prise to stupidity” (published in 1993)

Summary

The author’s attitude to the translation is extremely critical. First, it

is not done from the original (latin), but from Russian. Second, contain wrong, superficial comments which disorient readers.

In a word, the translation is the very example how the translation should not be done.

492

uCa oqropiriZe

istoriis doqtori, baTumis SoTa

rusTavelis saxelmwifo universite-

ti, niko berZeniSvilis institutis

istoriisa da arqeologiis ganyofi-

lebis mTavari mecnier-TanamSromeli

mniSvnelovani naSromi Tanamedrove qarTuli erovnul-ganmaTavisuflebeli

moZraobis Sesaxeb

XX saukunis 80-ian wlebis bolosa da 90-iani wlebis da-

sawyisSi msoflio istoriis umniSvnelovanes movlenas war-

moadgenda erovnul-ganmaTavisuflebeli moZraobis aRmav-

loba sabWoTa kavSirsa da mis satelit, e. w. socialisturi

banakis qveynebSi da misi Seuqcevadi rRveva. aRniSnuli isto-

riuli movlenis Tanamdevi procesebi Zalze mtkivneulad da,

xSir SemTxvevaSi, tragikulad aisaxa Cveni samSoblos isto-

riazec. masze mecnierulad gamarTuli, Tanamedrove isto-

riuli xedvis Camoyalibeba qarTuli istoriuli mecniere-

bis erT-erTi ZiriTadi amocana da misi aucilebeli valia,

miT umetes, rom aRniSnul problemas, zogierT SemTxvevaSi,

sabWoTa istoriografiul skolagamovlil mecnierTa nawi-

li, maTTvis Sinaganad da Sinaarseulad axlobeli, moZvele-

buli stereotipebis mixedviT ganixlaven, rac sruliad ar

uwyobs xels aRniSnul problemaze marTebuli, istoriuli

WeSmaritebis Semcveli Tvalsazrisis Camoyalibebas.

Zalze mniSvnelovani da misasalmebelia, rom bolo pe-

riodSi aRniSnuli problemis kvlevaze gamaxvilda diser-

tantTa yuradReba da isini cdiloben zemoT Cvens mier aR-

niSnuli qarTuli erovnul-ganmaTavisuflebeli brZolis

istoriis xarvezis Sevsebas. erT-erTi aseTi nabijia swored

istoriis doqtoris akademiuri xarisxis mosapoveblad no-

dar latibaSvilis mier wardgenili naSromi: erovnul-ganma-

Tavisuflebeli moZraoba saqarTveloSi XX saukunis 70-80-

ian wlebSi (1975-1992 wlebi).

aRniSnul naSromSi mkvlevari cdilobs Tanamedrove

istoriuli kvlevis meTodebis gamoyenebiT Seqmnas qarTuli

erovnul-ganmaTavisuflebeli moZraobis mocemuli etapis

ara marto piruTvneli istoria, aramed misi siRrmiseuli

analizis Sedegad gaakeTos Sesabamisi daskvnebic. rogorc

493

naSromidan Cans, avtors kargad esmis sakuTari pasuxismgeb-

lobis xarisxi aRniSnuli istoriuli movlenebis kvlevisas

da misi mcdeloba, daicvas obieqturoba da Tan yuradRebis

miRma ar darCes am sakiTxis mecnierul kvleva-ZiebaSi miRwe-

uli umniSvnelovanesi uaxlesi Sedegebi, namdvilad yurad-

Rebis Rirsi da misabaZia (dimitri SveliZe, igor kveselava

da sxvebi).

naSromSi mecnieri akeTebs qarTuli erovnul-ganmaTa-

visuflebeli moZraobis misTvis saintereso monakveTis pe-

riodizacias, romelSic, Cveni azriT, sworadaa gamoyofili

misi calkeuli etapebi, magram rodesac mis meore, 1985-1988

wlebis periodze saubrobs [1, 5], Cven vfiqrobT, am etapis da-

mamTavrebel fazad 1989 wlis 9 aprilis miCneva ufro upria-

ni iqneboda.

ganixilavs ra sakiTxis irgvliv arsebul viTarebas, av-

tori marTebulad miuTiTebs zogierT mkvlevarTa tenden-

ciurobaze da aRniSnavs kidec, rom isini valdebuli iyvnen

“erovnuli xelisuflebis Secdomebisa da araswori politi-

kis gverdiT Tanabrad daenaxaT misi oponentebis Secdoma-

danaSaulic~ [1, 8].

naSromis avtori saTanadod afasebs istoriis mecnie-

rebaTa doqtor, profesor i. kveselavas mier qarTuli erov-

nuli moZraobis istoriis Sesaswavlad gaweul did Sromas,

miuTiTebs mis gansakuTrebul obieqturobaze 80-ian wlebSi

saqarTveloSi disidenturi da erovnuli moZraobis saqmia-

nobis Sefasebisas, amasTan aRniSnavs, rom “avtori ar malavs

xelisuflebis mier daSvebul Secdomebs, magram zogadad

mas, erovnuli saxelmwifoebriobis interesebidan gamomdi-

nare, dadebiTad afasebs~.

mkvlevar dimitri SveliZis naSromis `politikuri da-

pirispireba da erovnuli xelisuflebis damxoba saqarTve-

loSi (1987-1992)~ Sesaxeb marTebulad aRniSnavs, rom “igi

warmoadgens mecnieruli siRrmiT movlenebis kvlevis maga-

liTs, masSi TiTqmis sizustiT aris Seswavlili da Sefasebu-

li 1987-1992 wlebis movlenebi. subieqturi faqtori aq TiT-

qmis minimumamdea dayvanili da saqarTvelos istoriis uax-

lesi movlenebi... wignSi mecnieruli zneobiTa da pirdapiro-

biT aris warmodgenili…~ [1, 9], amitomac srulebiTac ar aris

gasakviri, rom disertantis mosazrebani da saboloo das-

kvnebis umravlesoba, zustad am naSromTa gaTvaliswinebiT

aris disertaciaSi ganxiluli da warmodgenili, Tumca mas

aqvs Tavisi originaluri xazi da mignebebic.

494

kvlevaSi gamoyenebulia a. bendianiSvilis, g. SaraZis,

ak. da p. surgulaZeebis, S. vadaWkorias, m. vaCnaZis, a. sonRu-

laSvilisa da sxvaTa naSromebic. aqve miTiTebulia gr. Jvani-

as, g. wiqariSvilis, u. bluaSvilis da sxvaTa naSromebis ten-

denciurobasa da calmxrivobaze [1, 10].

iqve moTxrobilia Tbilissa da saqarTvelos zogierT

kuTxeSi II msoflio omis wlebSi Seqmnili aralegaluri anti-

sabWoTa jgufebis saqmianobis Sesaxeb [1, 12] ganxilulia 1956

wlis martis ambebi da aRniSnulia, rom 9 martis tragediam

biZgi misca qarTuli erovnuli cnobierebis gamofxizlebas

da sabWoTa reJimis mimarT qarTveli xalxis kritikuli

TvalTaxedvis gamaxvilebas. [1, 15] miTiTebulia qarTuli di-

sidenturi moZraobis im Taviseburebaze, rac misi calkeuli

warmomadgenlis individualur moqmedebaSi gamoixateboda;

agreTve aRniSnulia sabWoTa disidenturi wreebis mtruli

damokidebuleba qarTuli erovnul-ganmaTavisuflebeli

moZraobis mimarT da axsnilia amis mizezic, rac am sakiTxeb-

Si disertantis Rrmad Caxedulobaze miuTiTebs [1, 15-19].

avtori sakmaod obieqturad aRwers 1978 wlis aprilis

qarTuli enis saxelmwifo statusis SenarCunebisaTvis brZo-

lis dramatizmiT aRsavse movlenebs da metad mniSvnelova-

nia, rom mis mier mravali dokumentisa da istoriuli masa-

lis analizis safuZvelze damajereblad aqarwylebs yovel-

gvar miTs saqarTvelos komunisturi partiisa da eduard Se-

vardnaZis mier am saqmeSi Sesrulebuli raime dadebiTi ro-

lis Sesaxeb da, bolos, akeTebs saTanado daskvnasac [1, 24-26].

disertaciis II TavSi — erovnul-ganmaTavisuflebeli

moZraoba XX saukunis 80-ian wlebSi (4 paragrafi), Tanmimdev-

ruladaa moTxrobili partiuli da politikuri gaerTiane-

bebis, mravalpartiuli sistemis Camoyalibebis Sesaxeb 1987-

1989 wlebSi, aRniSnulia aSS senatis 1989 wlis 19 aprilis

dadgenilebis udidesi mniSvnelobis Sesaxeb, qarTuli erov-

nuli moZraobisaTvis [1, 29]. naTqvamia, rom saqarTveloSi Ca-

moyalibda, rogorc memarcxene, ise centristuli da memar-

jvene mimarTulebis organizaciebi da aliansebi. miTiTebu-

lia, rom 1991 wels Seqmnilma `saqarTvelos demokratiulma

kavSirma~ aqtiuri monawileoba miiRo kanonieri xelisufle-

bis damxobasa da e. SevardnaZis saqarTveloSi CamoyvanaSi [1,

32], xolo iqve, roca mkvlevari saubrobs v. advaZis Tavmjdo-

mareobiT dafuZnebul `saqarTvelos erovnuli Tanxmobisa

da aRorZinebis kavSirze~, romelSic, disertantis azriT, av-

toritetuli pirovnebebi iyvnen gaerTianebuli, `gonivru-

495

li TanmimdevrobiT xalxis konsolidaciisa da qveynis damo-

ukideblobis aRsadgenad, sruli politikuri, ekonomikuri

da kulturuli suverenitetis misaRwevad~,—es Cven Secdo-

mad migvaCnia, am prokomunisturi `troas cxenis~ marionetu-

li bunebis gamo. amasTan yvelasTvis cnobilia kanonieri xe-

lisuflebis damxobis saqmeSi am kavSris wevrTa `gonivruli

Tanmimdevrobis~ Sesaxeb. sinamdvileSi es iyo erovnuli Za-

lisxmevis gasaneitraleblad Sekowiwebuli e. w. àvtorite-

tul~ pirovnebaTa prokomunisturi aliansi, romelTa wev-

rebmac TavianTi àvtoriteti~ bolomde amsaxures udReuri

sabWoTa iluziebis ganxorcielebis cdas. igive mizans emsa-

xureboda `SoTa rusTavelis sazogadoebis~ Seqmnac. aqve di-

sertanti axsenebs zviad gamsaxurdias e. w. àRsarebis~ Tamar

CxeiZiseul Sefasebas, ris Sesaxebac vityodi, rom swored

Tamar CxeiZem icoda yvelaze ukeT sabWoTa `suk~-isa da no-

menklaturuli mmarTvelobis sruli TviTnebobis pirobebSi

amgvari àRsarebis~ namdvili fasi da misi dapirispireba zvi-

ad gamsaxurdiasTan ufro pirovnuli xasiaTisa iyo, vidre

amgvari àRsarebiT~ gamowveuli [1, 33-37]. xolo, rac Seexeba

misive wamoyenebul `damoukideblobisaTvis brZolis zomier

strategias da erovnuli moZraobisaTvis politikuri rea-

lizmisaken mowodebas~ [1, 41], is marTlac Seicavda gonivru-

lad gasaazrebel miniSnebebs.

mkvlevari obieqturad afasebs agreTve e. w. gardaqmnis

periodSi qarTuli erovnul-ganmaTavisuflebeli moZrao-

bis mier Catarebul saqmianobas, ramac igi didi da gadamwyve-

ti brZolebisaTvis moamzada [1, 44] CvenTvis Zalian mniSvne-

lovania, rom aqve moixseniebs 1988 wlis 21 oqtombris baTu-

mis aqciasac, Tumca Zalian cotas ambobs regionis istorii-

saTvis umniSvnelovanes, baTumis 20 noembris miting-manifes-

taciaze [1, 49-50]; xolo, saubrobs ra baTumSi 1988 wlis 10

dekembers datrialebul movlenebze, ambobs: ~...arastumar-

Tmoyvared daxvdnen araformalebs 10 dekembers baTum-

Si...presa ityobineboda, gonivruli rCeviTa da saubriT rom

veraferi gaagebines, mosaxleoba iZulebuli gaxda, isini aWa-

ridan gaeZevebina~, rac am movlenis aWaris maSindeli xeli-

suflebis Sefasebidan momdinare versiaa. sinamdvileSi ki es

iyo amave xelisuflebis mier, upirveles yovlisa, swored

aWaris mosaxleobis winaaRmdeg mimarTuli provokacia, ra-

sac saTanado pasuxi gaeca 1988 wlis 12 dekembris aWaris assr

SromiTi koleqtivebis e. w. aqtivis krebaze, sadac daigmo

aWaris xelisufalTa provokaciuli qmedebani, Semdeg ki

496

swored amas Seewira misi xelmZRvanelic; rac Seexeba aWaris

mosaxleobas, igi am SemTxvevaSi aRniSnuli provokaciuli

politikis msxverpls warmoadgenda da aq bevri ram keTdebo-

da, raTa sxva drosac ar gamoeyenebinaT is msgavsi provoka-

ciebis mosawyobad, ris aRniSvnasac, rogorc am movlenebis

erT-erTi monawile Cvens movaleobad vTvliT.

exeba ra 1989 wlis 9 aprilis movlenebs, mecnieri miu-

TiTebs am sakiTxSi qarTul sazogadoebaSi arsebul Sefase-

baTa sxvadasxvaobaze da ambobs: `zogierTebi Tvlian,...mov-

lenebis TandaTanobiT ganviTarebasa da umsxverplod ga-

darCenas mainc mohyveboda igive Sedegebi da sazogadoeba

naklebad dazaraldeboda~...da iqve amis Sesaxeb mohyavs akaki

baqraZis azri: `qarTuli erovnul-ganmaTavisuflebeli moZ-

roba rom evoluciis, TandaTanobiTobis gzas dasdgomoda

igi ZmaTa sisxliT ar SeiRebeboda, bunebrivi ganviTarebis

gzas gahyveboda. Tavisufleba, romelic RmerTma

gviboZa,

ucremlod da usisxlod damkvidrdeboda saqarTveloSi,

magram sulwasulobis gamo...~ da a. S. da a. S. pirvel rigSi aR-

vniSnav, RmerTs rodesac axseneb, isic unda gwamdes, rom misi

nebis gareSe araferi xdeba, da meorec, albaT, ra `sulwasu-

lebi~ yofilan farnavaz mefe, vaxtang gorgasali, daviT aR-

maSenebeli, giorgi saakaZe da sxvebi, rom TavianTi qveynis

Tavisuflebisa da gadarCenisaTvis ubrZoliaT; da, albaT,

Sah-abasic odesme mokvdeboda da mokvda kidec....

procesebis bunebrivad ganviTarebaze aq saubri sasaci-

loa, roca saqme cocxal istoriul process, miT umetes —

erovnul-ganmaTavisuflebel brZolas exeba. Cveni momavali

Taoba amgvari kolaboracionistuli SegonebebiT qveynis

gulSematkivar mamuliSvilad ver Camoyalibdeba, Cven Tu mas

istoriuli procesebis `bunebrivi ganviTarebisaTvis~ mine-

beba vuqadageT. kacobriobas ase rom efiqra, igi dRemde Ca-

nasaxovan mdgomareobaSi darCeboda da aRarc aRaravis das-

Wirdeboda misi istoria, radgan istoriuli ganviTareba ub-

ralod Sewydeboda, aRar iqneboda. da mgonia, qarTvelebs

arc imis daviwyeba gvmarTebs, rom `moZraoba da mxolod moZ-

raobaa qveynis Zalisa da sicocxlis momcemi~...xolo ra ma-

haTma gandebi iyvnen es e. w. procesebis bunebrivi gziT ganvi-

Tarebis sasargeblod `moqadageni~, yvelam kargad vnaxeT

1991-1992 wlebis tragikuli movlenebisa da mis Semdgom pe-

riodSic.

disertanti Rrmad da saqmis codniT exeba 1989 wlis 9

aprilis tragediasTan dakavSirebul movlenebs. aqve metad

497

mniSvnelovania mis mier yuradRebis gamaxvileba aSS-s maSin-

deli prezidentis jorj buSis (ufrosi) kievSi warmoTqmul

sityvaze, rom `me kongresSi bevri mTxovs arCevanis gakeTe-

bas—gorbaCovis mxardaWerasa da damoukideblobisaTvis meb-

rZol respublikebs Soris. magram me mimaCnia, rom es iqneba

yalbi arCevani [1, 61]

diax, aSS-is prezidentis mier aseTi arCevanis gakeTeba

sworedac yalbi iqneboda, radgan mas gorbaCovi da sabWoTa

kavSiric sWirdeboda da respublikebis damoukideblobis-

Tvis brZolac. pirveli, im uzarmazari sivrcis gasakontro-

leblad, sabWoTa kavSiri rom erqva, meore ki, amave sabWoTa

kavSiris dasasusteblad da advilad dasayolieblad, amave

sivrceSi sakuTari politikuri miznebis ganxorcielebisaT-

vis. xolo fexze mdgari da sakuTari azris mqone, arc erTi

aZlevda mas xels da arc meore.

Zalze sainteresoa avtoris mier 1991 wlis moskovis

putCidan 20 wlis Semdeg Jurnal `Spigel~-is mier moZiebuli,

aqamde ucnobi dokumentebis gamoyenebac, romelic fardas

xdis m. gorbaCovis mzakvrul rols Tbilisis 9 aprilis tra-

gediis momzadebaSi [1, 61-62]; aqve ganxilulia komunisturi

presisa da informaciis saSualebebis mier am tragediis yal-

bi, demagogiur-danaSaulebrivi Sefasebani, rac imis dastu-

ria, rom qarTveli eris udidesma tragediamac ki ver moaxer-

xa maTSi sindisis ZarRvis Setokeba...da dRes ra gasakviria,

qarTul istoriografias SemorCenili maTi memkvidreni mi-

iCnevdnen, rom `gaRebuli msxverpli ar iyo saWiro, radgan

movlenebi erovnuli moZraobis sasargeblod isedac ganvi-

Tardeboda~ [1, 64]. amis Sesaxeb, ukve zemoT mogaxseneT, aq ki

erTsac davamatebdi: am Tavisi nebiT gonebagaxeibrebulebs

rom hkiTxo, erovnuli Tavisuflebisa da damoukideblobi-

saTvis brZola, Turme, ar SeiZleba da qarTvelma xalxma ua-

ri unda Tqvas Tavisi istoriis am saxelovan furcelze, xo-

lo `gmirTa~ pedestali unda darCes movlenebis `bunebrivi

ganviTarebis sasargeblod moqadaged~, raTa maTi umoqmedo-

ba da araraobrivi arseboba gaamarTlon. maTi gmirebi yo-

velTvis iyvnen da iqnebian eris interesebis iseTi gamyidve-

li kolaboracionistebi, rogorebic qarTveli bolSevikebi,

an kidev, iase falavandiSvilebi, sergo orjonikiZeebi, edu-

ard SevardnaZeebi da sxvadasxva juris Sadimanebi iyvnen. da

avtoric sruliad samarTlianad eTanxmeba profesor dimit-

ri SveliZis mier erovnul moZraobisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli

am rTuli momentis obieqtur axsnas, rodesac naSromSi afiq-

498

sirebs miseul daskvnas: `saqme imaSi iyo, rom lali javaxiSvi-

li, merab mamardaSvili, givi TumaniSvili, rezo CxeiZe, el-

dar Sengelaia da sxvani, unda vaRiaroT, imxanad, imjerad, im

dros, 1989 wlis zafxulis periodisaTvis — damoukideblo-

bisaTvis mebrZolebi ar iyvnen. maTi nawili, zogi SesaniSnavi

profesionalebi iyvnen, zogni kargi sazogado moRvaweni,

zogni brwyinvale reJisorebi, mwerlebi, musikosebi, mecnie-

rebi, gulwrfeli patriotebi da ase Semdeg, magram ara meb-

rZolebi, ara iseTebi, visac SeeZlo ideisaTvis sakuTari in-

teresis ganwirva, Tavis gawirva, fizikuri safrTxis winaSe

dadgoma, dapatimrebis, gadasaxlebis fasad damoukideblo-

bis ideis samsaxuri~ ([2, 60] [1, 70] da am marTebul pozicias

unda dasjerdnen misi adresatebic...

naSromSi damajereblad aris warmodgenili qarTuli

erovnuli moZraobis brZola mravalpartiuli arCevnebisaT-

vis; ganxilulia erovnuli forumis Seqmnisa da misi saqmia-

nobis sakvanZo momentebi, agreTve misi gaxleCis mizezebi.

yuradReba gamaxvilebulia am saqmeSi SeiaraRebuli formi-

rebebis dapirispirebis mier Sesrulebul rolze da a. S.

aseve specialuri paragrafi eZRvneba naSromSi `mrgva-

li magida—Tavisufali saqarTvelos~ Camoyalibebasa da misi

erovnul kongresTan dapirispirebis mizezebis kvlevas. aR-

niSnulia, rom mrgvali magidis koncefcia iwunebda kongre-

sis erovnuli daumorCileblobis ideas da mas ararealurad

Tvlida, TviTon ki saqarTvelos mosaxleobas sTavazobda

droebiTi umaRlesi xelisuflebis arCevnebs da moiTxovda

im samarTlebrivi dokumentis dadgenas, romelic Semdgomi

samarTlebrivi aqtebis safuZveli da momavali procesebis

kanonier farglebSi momqcevi aqti gaxdeboda.~Semdeg ki iT-

valiswinebda amisaTvis aucilebeli samarTlebrivi berkete-

bis mTel sistemas da am saqmeSi saWirod cnobda litvuri ga-

mocdilebis gamoyenebas [1, 79-80]. aRwers ra mrgvali magidis

mier Tavisi miznebis misaRwevad kargad gaTvlil strategias

da samarTlebriv qmedebaTa meqanizms, disertanti obieqtu-

rad askvnis, rom `mrgvali magidis koncefcia, romelic miu-

Reblad miaCnda mis opozicias, namdvilad iyo realisturi~

[1, 82]; unda avRniSnoT, rom naSromSi moyvanili yvela argu-

menti am koncefciis sasargeblod metyvelebs da avtors mi-

si amgvari, TiTqmis srulyofili gaazreba, kidev erTi dade-

biTi kuTxiT warmoaCens, radganac cnobilia, rom mrgvali

magidis aRniSnuli koncefciis marTebuli aRqma verafriT

moaxerxes misma, didi pretenziebis mqone, oponentebma.

499

iqve avtori miuTiTebs, rom `kongresis idea mainc aR-

moCnda...radikalebisa da elitaruli inteligenciisaTvis

mTavari Zala, romelic maT momaval politikur brZolebSi

gaaerTianebda da gaamarjvebinebda~ [1, 83] (aq frazas `moma-

val politikur brZolebSi~ Sevcvlidi sityvebiT `zviad gam-

saxurdias winaaRmdeg brZolebSi~—u. o.) da srulebiT araa

moulodneli, rom Tu giorgi Wanturia adre `inteligencias

akritikebda, kongresma igi gaaerTiana~ [1, 83], radganac maT

hqondaT erTi saerTo mizani — yvela saSualebiT brZola

erovnuli moZraobisa da zviad gamsaxurdias winaaRmdeg. ami-

tomac uwodebda zviad gamsaxurdia `sabWoTa inteleqtua-

lebs~ wiTel inteligencias. amiT is maT WeSmarit, Sinagan Si-

naarss usvamda xazs. amitomac iyo maTi qmedebani aseTi sin-

qronuli da maTi am WeSmariti Sinaarsis adeqvaturi. amito-

mac sruliad samarTliania mkvlevaris mier am sakiTxze pro-

fesor dimitri SveliZis umarTebulesi daskvnis gaziarebac.

aqedanve iRebs saTaves qarTuli erovnuli moZraobis udide-

si sircxvili, praRis e. w. #24 rezolucia da giorgi Wantu-

rias mier imis dafiqsireba, rom `Tu Cven kompromisze wa-

valT, unda davuTmoT mters, rac ar moxdeba~... Wanturias-

Tvis mteri, am SemTxvevaSi, zviad gamsaxurdia iyo,—zustad

mianiSnebs disertantic [1, 85].

dokumentur masalaze dayrdnobiT naSromSi dadastu-

rebulia, rom `kongresis arCevnebi falsificirebuli iyo~

[1, 86] Semdeg disertanti saubrobs mravalpartiul arCevneb-

Si erovnuli Zalebis gamarjvebasa da saqarTvelos saxelmwi-

foebrivi damoukideblobis gamocxadebis Sesaxeb [disert:

87-94]. IV TavSi ki CamoTvlili da zedmiwevniT ganmartebulia

yvela is RonisZieba da qmedebani, romlebic saqarTvelos

erovnulma xelisuflebam dasaxa aRniSnuli miznis misaRwe-

vad [disert: 94-100]. iqve ganxilulia erovnuli xelisufle-

basTan kongresisa da samxedro jgufebis dapirispirebis

ideologiur-politikuri safuZvlebi [1, 100-115], romelSic

aRniSnulia, rom saxelmwifoebrivi aRmSeneblobis sawyis et-

apze warmatebebis mqone erovnuli xelisuflebas kongresis

garda, daupirispirda sxva Zalebic, romelTac daiwyes sam-

xedro ZaliT gadatrialebis mzadeba; zedmiwevniT aris gan-

xiluli T. sumbaTaSvilis e. w. proeqti saqarTvelos erovnu-

li kongresis saqmianobis umTavresi principebis Sesaxeb,

romlis kidev erTxel gacnoba yvela gonier adamians kidev

erTxel daafiqrebs zogierTTa fantaziis ukideganobaze.

Tu igi, garkveuli mizezebis gamo, dasavleTisaTvis gaugeba-

500

ri darCeboda, maSin saqarTveloSi permanentuli erovnuli

daumorCilebloba usasrulod unda gagrZelebuliyo da

amas, marTlac, SeiZleboda emsxverpla ara marto qarTveli

eri, aramed misi Tavisuflebisa da damoukideblobis miRwe-

vis idea da, ra Tqma unda, misi Rirsebac... da disertantis

daskvnac adeqvaturia: `kongresis mier miRebuli dokumenti

ganuxorcielebeli da ararealuri samarTlebrivi roman-

tizmi gaxldaT. mas uamravi uzustoba, utopiuri warmodge-

nebi, maSindeli geopolitikuri da saerTaSoriso viTarebis

absoluturi Seufasebloba, gulubryvilo sqemebi edo sa-

fuZvlad~ [1, 106]—ambobs igi. aseTive usafuZvlo da uxerxem-

lo iyo am e. w. opoziciis sxva pretenziebic da samxedro Sei-

araRebuli bandebis ganiaraRebis Semdeg maT mier dakavebu-

li poziciac, rodesac isini am bandaTa ukritiko damcvele-

bad warmoCndnen. amgvari `simarTlis damcvelebi~ msoflio-

sac awuxebdnen da sTxovdnen daxmarebas ~...marionetuli

diqtaturis~ winaaRmdeg brZolaSi [1, 112-113].

Semdeg disertaciaSi ganxilulia saqarTvelos uzenae-

si sabWos erovnuli platforma damoukidebeli saqarTve-

los saSinao mowyobisa da sagareo politikis Sesaxeb, ro-

melSic mniSvnelovani adgili ukavia 1991 wlis 31 martis re-

ferendumisa da mis safuZvelze 9 aprils saqarTvelos sa-

xelmwifoebrivi damoukideblobis aRdgenis gamocxadebas,

imave wlis 26 maisis saprezidento arCevnebs; magram iqve xaz-

sgasmulia saqarTvelos kongresis partiaTa nawilis daJine-

buli gancxadeba, rom `rom Cveni partia mudam iqneba erovnu-

li daumorCileblobis gziT saqarTvelos sruli saxelmwi-

foebriobis aRdgenisaTvis brZolis avangardSi~ [disert:

118]. samwuxarod, maT isic ver gaiges, rom TviT 31 martis re-

ferendumi da mis safuZvelze gamocxadebuli 9 aprilis sa-

qarTvelos damoukideblobis aRdgena iyo erovnuli dau-

morCileblobis ganxorcielebuli aqti da ironiulad acxa-

debdnen, rom ~...batonma zviadma irwmuna 9 aprils mogonili

sakuTari tyuili saqarTvelos damoukideblobis Taobaze~

[1, 118].

albaT, Znelia warmoidgino sakuTari xalxis nebis am-

gvari gabiabrueba da misi sasicocxlo interesebis gaugeb-

robisa, Tu aSkara mtrobis Sinaarsobrivi siRrme...amitom sa-

ubars Segnebulad aRar vagrZeleb maT mier Cadenili msgavsi

Sinaarsis, disertantis mier naSromSi TvalsaCinod warmoCe-

nil, qmedebebze, ramac axalgazrda qarTuli erovnuli sa-

xelmwifo tragikul bolomde miiyvana; magram aRvniSnav, rom

501

qarTul erovnul moZraobas Sexiznuli es yvelafris mkad-

rebeli sibaritebi warmoadgendnen maTi Tanamedrove msof-

lios `demokratiis~ saxesac da mis sircxvilsac...

Cven viziarebT mecnieris daskvnas, rom `1991-1992 wleb-

Si momxdari saxelmwifo gadatrialeba ar iyo araviTari sa-

xalxo an demokratiuli revolucia, radgan, jer erTi, ar

arsebobda misi masobrivi mxardamWeri mosaxleoba da meo-

rec, — ar arsebobda revoluciis gamomwvevi realuri safuZ-

veli, gamomwvevi mizezi — diqtatura. saqarTveloSi arse-

bobda obieqturi kanonzomierebiT — krizisuli viTarebiT

gamowveuli e. w. legitimuri avtoritaruli demokratia, ro-

melsac urigdeboda mosaxleobis umravlesoba, magram ver

urigdeboda umciresoba~ [disert: 169]. Cven davamatebdiT:

revanSistulad ganwyobili yofili komunisturi nomenkla-

tura da misi msaxuri da monamorCili privilegirebuli wi-

Teli inteligencia, aRarafers vambob maTTan moTanamSrom-

le e. w. opoziciaze.

da bolos, rodesac pativcemuli mecnieri cdilobs

warmoaCinos saqarTvelos sazogadoebriv-politikur bana-

kebs Soris politikuri dapirispirebis mizezebi, rac 1991-

1992 wlebis saxelmwifo gadatrialebiT dasrulda, ZiriTa-

dad sworad axdens mis gansazRvra-kvalifikacias, magram me-

10 punqtSi asaxelebs `qarTuli eTnofsiqologiis, erovnuli

xasiaTisa da mentalobis damaxasiaTebel negatiur Tvise-

bebs~, rac, Cveni azriT, ar asaxavs sinamdviles, radgan aq saq-

me gvaqvs swored xangrZlivi periodis manZilze Camoyalibe-

buli qarTveli `homo sovetikusis~ fsiqologiis, ara erov-

nuli xasiaTisa da mentalobis damaxasiTebel negatiur Tvi-

sebebTan, da aqve unda aRvniSno, rom qarTuli, namdvilad er-

ovnuli eTnofsiqologiis Camoyalibeba iwyeba qarTuli sa-

xelmwifos aRdgenis da misi realurad ganxorcielebis kva-

lobaze.

miuxedavad Cvens mier zemoT gamoTqmuli zogierTi

gansxvavebuli mosazrebisa, mTeli disertaciis gacnobisas

ar mtovebda imis gancda, rom vsaubrobdi TanamoazresTan,

romelsac didi xania vicnob. amitomac aqvs Cvens recenzias

Taviseburi dialogis forma. amasTan Cems sasiamovno mova-

leobad mimaCnia aRvniSno, rom disertantma moaxerxa sakvle-

vi Temis irgvliv arsebuli siZneleebis warmatebiT daZleva

da sazogadoebis winaSe warsdga, rogorc kargad momzadebu-

li, zrdasruli mecnieri.

502

misi naSromi marTlac mniSvnelovani SenaZenia Tanamed-

rove qarTuli erovnul-gamaTavisuflebeli moZraobis is-

toriisaTvis, risTvisac mas sakiTxiT daintere-sebuli far-

To sazogadoebisagan madlobis meti araferi ekuTvnis.


1. nodar latibaSvili, erovnul-ganmaTavisuflebeli mo-

Zraoba saqarTveloSi XX saukunis 70-80-ian wlebSi (1977-

1992), sadisertacio naSromi, 2013.

2. dimitri SveliZe, politikuri dapirispireba da erovnu-

li xelisuflebis damxoba saqarTveloSi (1987-1992),

Tbilisi, 2008.

Ucha Okropiridze

Doctor of History, Shota Rustaveli Batumi State University, Chief Scientist-researcher of the Niko Berdzenishvili Institute

Important Works about Contemporary Georgian National-liberation Movement

Summary

A review refers to the research of Nodar Latibashvili "national - lib-

eration movement in Georgia in the 20th century’ s 70-80 - years (1975-1992)." The author mostly positively evaluated the provisions of the scien-tific findings.

503

dodo WumburiZe


javaxiSvilis saxelobis Tbilisis saxel-

mwifo universiteti, ivane javaxiSvilis

istoriisa da eTnologiis institutis ax-

ali da uaxlesi istoriis ganyofilebis

mTavari mecnier-TanamSromeli

saistoriografio siaxleni

oTar janeliZe, narkvevebi saqarTvelo-ruseTis urTierTobebis

istoriidan, goris saxelmwifo saswavlo universitetis

gamomcemloba `saari~, 2014 weli, 398 gverdi.

am sakmaod didi formatiT gamocemul krebulSi Sesu-

lia oTar janeliZis mravalwliani Sromis Sedegad Seqmnili

da sxvadasxva samecniero gamocemebSi dabeWdili statiebi,

romelTa mTavari Tema saqarTvelo-ruseTis urTierTobis

sakiTxebia XIX saukunis dasawyisidan dRemde. avtori maRali

profesionalizmiTa da dokumenturi masalebis damowmebis

saSualebiT axerxebs damajerebeli pasuxi gasces bevr iseT

kiTxvas, rac dResac awuxebs qarTul sazogadoebas. Tavidan-

ve vityvi, rom sadavo sakiTxebze avtoris msjeloba da gamo-

tanili daskvnebi obieqturad aris definicirebuli, rac

naSromis maRal samecniero Rirebulebas gansazRvravs.

erT-erTi aseTi problemaa qarTvelTa erTobis sakiTxi

qarTul-rusuli urTierTobis konteqstSi. Cvens istoriog-

rafiaSi sakmaod damajerebelia mtkiceba imisa, rom, marTa-

lia, ruseTma daipyro saqarTvelo, magram daqsaqsuli qveya-

na sabolood gaaerTiana, mas SemouerTa osmaleTis imperiis

mier mitacebuli teritoriebic, rac dadebiT konteqstSi

ganixileba. mkvlevari Zireulad aanalizebs qarTuli erTo-

bis sakiTxs XVIII saukuneSi da samarTlianad askvnis, `rom am

saqmeSi mniSvnelovani roli Seasrula TviTon qarTvelobam,

qarTulma saxalxo laSqarma, miliciam, mTlianad xalxis Se-

marTebam da Tavdadebam. saqarTvelos sxvadasxva kuTxis te-

ritoriuli Serwyma da politikuri gamTlianeba sulac ar

yofila carizmis keTilSobiluri mizani. da Tu es obieqtur

Sedegad mohyva ruseTis omebs iran-Turqebis winaaRmdeg, am

504

omebs mefis mTavroba imperiis samflobeloTa gafarToebisa

da regionSi gavlenis gasaZliereblad awarmoebda da ara

qarTvelTa saukunovani ocnebis xorcSesasxmelad~ [gv. 22]. am

daskvnis obieqturobas bevri istoriuli faqti amtkicebs,

kerZod, dabrunebuli afxazeTis, aWaris da samcxe-javaxeTis

demografiuli suraTis Camoyalibeba, ruseTis mier am teri-

toriebis kolonizacia araqarTuli mosaxleobiT da aqedan

qarTveli da afxazi mahmadianebis gasaxleba osmaleTSi, mu-

hajirobis sastiki procesi.

aseTive jansaRi poziciaa gamokveTili wignSi iseT sa-

kiTxze, rogoricaa `ori ruseTi.~dResac arsebobs Tvalsaz-

risi, viTomdac zogierTi qarTveli politikosi awarmoeb-

des antirusul da, amavdroulad, antiqarTul politikas,

rac iwvevs ruseTis agresias, ruseTis inteligencia TiTqos

saqarTvelos damoukidebeli saxelmwifoebriobis momxre da

mosurne iyos; Cven rom moveferoT ruseTs, an ar gavaRizia-

noT mainc, is aRar iqneba boroti da saqarTvelos megobrad

iqceva.

avtori msjelobs am sakiTxze, moaqvs cnobil rus libe-

ral-demokratTa damokidebuleba qarTvelTa erovnuli in-

teresebisadmi. is arc imas malavs, rom rusebs qarTuli sa-

xelmwifoebriobis winaaRmdeg brZolaSi qarTveli kolabo-

racionistebi da bolSevik-kosmopolitebic exmarebodnen,

Tumca, mTavari iyo is, rom ruseTSi arc erT partiasa Tu so-

cialur jgufs ar surda saqarTvelos damoukidebloba.

`ori ruseTi saxelmwifoebriv-politikuri TvalsazrisiT

arc arsebula da arc arsebobs, igi mxolod miTi da fantazi-

is nayofia da araferi aqvs saerTo relobasTan~, — aseTia

oTar janeliZis Tvalsazrisi.

werilSi —`saqarTvelo da rusis jari~ — qronologiu-

ri TanmimdevrobiTaa daxasiaTebuli rusuli armiis moqme-

deba saqarTvelosa da kavkasiaSi XV saukunidan XIX s.-is CaT-

vliT. aqac gamokveTilia swori koncefcia rusuli jaris

rolisa da wvlilis Sesaxeb Cveni qveynis usafrTxoebisa da

ganviTarebis sakiTxSi. im dadebiTs, rac am jaris moqmedebas

mohyva (istoriuli teritoriebis dabruneba), avtori samar-

Tlianad xsnis movlenaTa ganviTarebis obieqtur Sedegad da

ara TviTmpyrobelobis keTili nebis gamoxatulebad. amas-

505

Tan, mkveTrad gamoyofs im Sedegebs, ramac ganadgurebis pi-

ras miiyvana qveyana rusuli samxedro mmarTvelobis aRvi-

raxsnili meTodebis wyalobiT, ajanyebaTa veluri xerxebiT

Caqrobisa da ruseTis aRmosavlur omebSi qarTvelebis ga-

moyenebiT.

saqarTvelo-ruseTis urTierTobis obieqturad warmo-

Cenis pirveli gamoxatuleba iyo saqarvelos pirveli res-

publikis dros gamocemuli didi qarTveli istorikosis iva-

ne javaxiSvilis narkvevi — `damokidebuleba ruseTsa da sa-

qarTvelos Soris XVIII saukuneSi.~mkvlevari ganixilavs am

naSroms da aanalizebs im ZiriTad aqcentebs, razec javaxiS-

vilma SeaCera yuradReba. mas miaCnia, rom ivane javaxiSvilis

mier TiTqmis saukunis win gamoTqmuli Sexedulebebi da das-

kvnebi saqarTvelo-ruseTis urTierTobis Sesaxeb dResac

cxovelmyofelia, ruseTi kvlav rCeba agresiul mezoblad,

im geopolitikuri TamaSis avtorad, rac qarTul saxelmwi-

foebriobas ewinaaRmdegeba.

wignSi Setanilia narkvevebi — `dapyroba Tu nebayof-

lobiTi SeerTeba?, `rusuli kolonializmis arsi~, `ra xde-

boda molaparakebis kulisebSi~, “ruseTis wiTeli armiis

Tavdasxma saqarTvelos demokratiul respublikaze 1920

wlis gazafxulze da qarTuli politikuri speqtri~, `1921

wlis bolSevikuri agresia da ruseTis saelCo saqarTvelo-

Si~, `ruseT-saqarTvelos 1921 wlis omi da saqarTvelos so-

cial-demokratiuli mTavroba~, `baTumis sakiTxi ruseT-

TurqeTis 1921 wlis molaparakebebsa da 1921 wlis 16 martis

moskovis xelSekrulebaSi~, `ruseTis samxreTkavkasiuri in-

teresebi~, `ruseTis mesamed mobrunebis mcdeloba saqarTve-

loSi~, `ruseTis agresia saqarTveloSi 2008 wlis agvistoSi~,

`oms Tu omi ar vuwodeT~, `ruseT-saqarTvelos 2008 wlis omi

da CrdiloeT atlantikuri aliansi~, `istoriis aqtualiza-

cia ruseT-saqarTvelos urTierTobis postsabWoTa period-

Si.~yvela narkvevi gamoirCeva aqtualuri TematikiT, isto-

riuli movlenebis swori konceptualuri gaazrebiT. narkve-

vebis didi nawili gamoqveynebulia sxvadasxva gamocemebSi,

kerZod, vrcel koleqtiur monografiaSi `rusuli kolonia-

lizmi saqarTveloSi.~

506

oTar janeliZis axal wignSi ganzogadebulia saqarTve-

loSi ruseTis batonobis 200-wliani periodi, naCvenebia ru-

sul imperiaSi saqarTvelos inkorporirebis Suq-Crdilebi,

gamokveTilia misi rogorc uaryofiTi, aseve obieqturad

dadebiTi Sedegebi. wigni udavod daexmareba dargis specia-

listebs: istorikosebs, politologebs, studentebs, saqar-

Tvelo-ruseTis urTierTobis istoriuli detalebis cod-

niT dainteresebul sazogadoebas.

akademikos mariam lorTqifaniZis dabadebis 90-e

wlisTavisadmi miZRvnili saerTaSoriso konferenciis

`istoriuli reprezentacia, Teoriuli mimarTulebani da

konkretuli kvlevebi~ — masalebi. redaqtori profesori

mariam CxartiSvili, Tsu gamomcemloba, 2014 weli.

`postsabWouri xanis qarTul istoriografiaSi Seiqmna

problema, romelsac SeiZleba konkretuli istoriuli faq-

tebis reprezentaciisa da istoriis Teoretizebas Soris

disbalansis problema ewodos. es problema arsebobs dRem-

de~, — wers SesavalSi `masalebis~ redaqtori, profesori ma-

riam CxartiSvili. swored misi iniciativiTa da TaosnobiT

Catarda akademikos mariam lorTqifaniZis dabadebidan 90-e

wlisadmi miZRvnili samecniero konferencia, romlis mizani

qarTuli istoriografiis konkretul da Teoriul nawilebs

Soris arsebuli Tanafardobis daregulireba iyo. konferen-

ciaze qarTvelma da ucxoelma mecnierebma waikiTxes sainte-

reso moxsenebebi, romelTa umravlesoba Sevida warmodge-

nil krebulSi.

wigni ori ganyofilebisa da danarTisgan Sedgeba. pir-

vel ganyofilebaSi, saiubileo RonisZiebebTan erTad, war-

modgenilia profesor mariam CxartiSvilis gamokvleva, rom-

lis mizania qarTul istoriografiaSi akademikos mariam

lorTqifaniZis Rvawlis warmoCena. aqve qveyndeba saiubi-

leo dReebis amsaxveli mokle sainformacio werili, konfe-

renciis programa da sxvadasxva organizaciisa Tu pirebis

milocvebis teqstebi da fotoebi.

meore ganyofileba warmoadgens konferenciaze wakiT-

xul moxsenebebs, rogorc qarTul, aseve inglisur enebze.

507

wignis danarTSi konferenciis sxdomebis, kulturuli

da socialuri programis amsaxveli fotomasalaa warmodge-

nili.

wignis redaqtori da mariam lorTqifaniZisadmi miZ-

Rvnili werilis avtori, profesori mariam CxartiSvili siR-

rmiseulad warmoCens iubilari mecnieris SemoqmedebaSi is-

toriuli reprezentaciis stilis Taviseburebebs. lorTqi-

faniZis samecniero naRvawis ZiriTad indikatorad werilis

avtori Tvlis umaRlesi rangis profesiul daxelovnebas,

rac gamoixateba mis samecniero SromebSi warmodgenil dis-

kursis mravalplanianobasa Tu socialur siRrmeSi, tradi-

ciisa da inovaciis harmoniul TanaarsebobaSi, masalis raci-

onalur organizebasa da ambis gadmocemis naTel stilSi, Se-

nakadi Temebis ZiriTad TemasTan ostaturad dakavSirebaSi,

droSi daSorebuli movlenebis Sinagan asociaciur bmaSi,

mTavari movlenebis aqcentirebasa da konceptualizebaSi da

a. S.

yvela am aspeqts mkvlevari mariam CxartiSvili dawvri-

lebiT ganixilavs da bevr saintereso dakvirvebas gvawvdis

ara marto mariam lorTqifaniZis istoriografiul naSro-

mebze, aramed, zogadad, qarTuli saistorio mecnierebis nak-

lebad Seswavlil problemebze. misi gamokvlevis ZiriTadi

aqcenti mimarTulia lorTqifaniZis Semoqmedebaze daweril

werilebSi dRemde yuradReba miuqcevel tendenciebze, ri-

Tac misi statia udavod gamorCeul yuradRebas imsaxurebs.

krebulSi Setanilia sxva qarTvel mecnierTa aseve sain-

tereso Ziebani da MmiRebuli daskvnebi, esenia: giuli alasa-

nia, ioseb alimbaraSvili, giorgi gociriZe, guram da lia ga-

buniebi, roland TofCiSvili, eka kvaWantiraZe, joni kvicia-

ni, nugzar mgelaZe, Temur tunaZe, nato sonRulaSvili, gi-

orgi sosiaSvili, nestan sulava, Tea qamuSaZe, maia quTaTe-

laZe, qeTevan quTaTelaZe. maTi gamokvlevebi Tematurad

mralferovani da siaxleTa Semcvelia. ZriTadi Tema warsu-

lis reprezentacia, istoriuli reprezentaciis stilis Ta-

viseburebaTa warmoCenis, erebis Camoyalibebis, maTi TviT-

gansazRvris problemebia.

garda qarTveli mecnierebisa, krebulSi ibeWdeba uc-

xoel mkvlevarTa saintereso naSromebi. kerZod: ivan bili-

508

arskis (sofia, bulgareTi) `sinodikoni da marTlmadideblu-

ri erTianoba~; verner zebtis (vena, avstria) `pakurianTa

ojaxis bizantiuri sabeWdavebi~; andrea kartenis (romi, ita-

lia) `nacionalisturi simbolika adre meoce saukunis un-

greTSi~; riCard kuleSas (varSava, poloneTi) `Zveli sparta.

evropuli miTis istoriidan~; jovano motasa da alesandro

pistecias (romi, italia) `istoria aRdgenili `sxvebis~ mier;

boSebis istoria emikuri perspeqtiviT~; juzepe motas (romi,

italia) `transilvania: ori sxvadasxva erovnuli xedva~; io-

lanta sikorska-kuleSas (varSava, poloneTi) `1863-1864 wlis

ianvris ajanyebis fotografiebi, rogorc saistorio wyaro.

kvleviTi perspeqtiva~; keit hiCinsis (ilinoisis universite-

ti, aSS) `erebis TviTgansazRvra da elitebis roli aRmosav-

leT evropaSi, kavkasiaSi, centralur aziasa da anatoliis

qurTebSi.~

krebuli momzadebulia ivane javaxiSvilis saxelobis

Tbilisis saxelmwifo universitetis humanitarul mecniere-

baTa fakultetis saqarTvelos istoriis institutis mier(

redaqtori — mariam CxartiSvili, eqsperti-rekomendatori —

Salva gloveli, recenzentebi —goneli araxamia, dodo Wum-

buriZe).

`masalebis~ krebuli bevr saintereso siaxles SemogTa-

vazebT Tanamedrove saistorio kvlevebis meTodologiaze,

istoriuli diskursis aRwerilobiT da analitikur formeb-

ze, mecnierebaSi siaxleebis Semotanis Taviseburebebze da

sxv.

ramaz surmaniZe, qristianuli Zeglebis toponimia

da Zveli saeklesio moRvaweni, s. s. `gamomcemloba aWara~,

baTumi, 2013.

wigni eZRvneba saqarTvelos kaTolikos-patriarqis,

mcxeTa-Tbilisis mTavarepiskoposisa da cxum-afxazeTis mi-

tropolitis, uwmindesisa da unetaresis, ilia II-is dabadebi-

dan 80 da aRsaydrebidan 35 wlisTavs,

wignis avtori mravalmxriv ganaTlebuli, nayofieri

mkvlevaria. mis kalams samasamde samecniero statia, narkvevi

da monografia ekuTvnis. dasaxelebuli wigni warmoadgens

saukuneebis manZilze marTlmadideblobas CamoSorebuli

509

mxareebis — tao-klarjeTis, aWaris, SavSeT-imerxevis, niga-

lis, lazeTis qristianul ZeglTa toponimebis dasaxeleba-

daxasiaTebas. masSi Setanilia aseve cnobebi Zveli saeklesio

moRvaweebis Sesaxeb. mkvlevari ar ifargleba amJamad mxo-

lod saqarTvelos teritoriaze moqmedi sxalTisa da baTum-

lazeTis eparqiebiT. misi kvleva vrceldeba mTel istoriul

saqarTveloze, romelic amJamad qveynis gareTaa. avtoris

azriT, `amas udidesi mniSvneloba aqvs, radganac ucxoeTSi

mcxovrebi Cveni Tanamemamuleni didi aRtyinebiT ubrunde-

bian qarTul cnobierebas, ewafebian mSobliuri enisa da dam-

werlobis Seswavlas.~ igi gamoTqvams imeds, rom evropul

struqturebSi gawevrianebisken mimswraf TurqeTSi aRar

moqmedebs kanoni, romliTac ikrZaleboda erovnuli niSniT

gvaris tareba da am qveynis xelisufleba xels aRar SeuSlis

eTnikur qarTvelebs gvarebis aRdgenaSi. amasTanave, batoni

ramaz surmaniZe, darwmunebulia, rom istoriul SavSeT-

imerxevSi, lazeTsa da nigalSi arsebuli qristianuli sa-

kulto Zeglebi, maTi naSTebi, adamianTa cocxal metyveleba-

Si SemorCenili geografiuli saxelebi, TandaTanobiT gaaZ-

lierebs erovnul cnobierebas, gaaRvivebs iqaur qarTvelTa

`swrafvas istoriuli rwmenis dasabruneblad.~ramdenad ma-

le moxdeba es, Cven ver vityviT, magram mkvlevaris mier mo-

tanili erTi paradoqsuli daskvna ki sainteresoa: miuxeda-

vad mezobel muslimanur qveyanaSi Cveni qristianuli Zegle-

bis dRevandeli mZime mdgomareobisa, maTi ngreva-ganadgu-

rebisa saukuneebis manZilze, `Zalian bevri Zeglis naSTi im

donemde darCa, rom misi aRdgena-restavracia advilad SeiZ-

leba. bevri Zegli, gansakuTrebiT isini, sadac meCeTebi gaix-

sna, gadarCa, Zalian bevrs aqvs gumbaTi, saxuravi, uZvelesi

warwerebi da mxatvrobac ki (oTxTa eklesia, iSxani, erTa ek-

lesia, xanZTa, oSki, dolisyana, parxali, eqeqi, noRedi, Sat-

berdi, xaxuli, petruli da sxv.).~ aWarasa da guriaSi ki, sa-

dac Tavis droze 500-600-mde salocavs iTvlidnen, SemorCe-

nilia mxood TiTo-orola monasteri (sxalTa, Semoqmedi,

jumaTi, jixeTi da sxv.), uamravi salocavi Seewira sabWoTa

totalitarul reJims, qristianul avtokefalias mokle-

bulma saqarTvelom veRar SesZlo Tavis salocavTa dacva.

510

mravalricxovani literaturis gacnobiTa da am saqmiT

dainteresebul informatorebTan saubrebis Sedegad, 800-

mde toponimi Segrovda da Sevida wignSi. salocavebisa da

qristianuli toponimebis Sesaxeb Sedgenili siebi dalagebu-

lia eparqiebisa da administraciuli raionebis mixedviT.

istoriuli saqarTvelos sakulto adgilebis siebze

muSaobisas avtori waawyda mravali saeklesio moRvawis,

mwignobris, mwerlis, kaligrafisa da mSenebeli ostatis gva-

rebsac. ramaz surmaniZem es gvarebi Seagrova, moiZia maTi bi-

ografiuli cnobebi da toponimebTan erTad Seitana naSrom-

Si. wignSi aseTi 100-mde biografiuli monacemia.

siebi da biografiebi Sedgenilia dRemde gamocemuli

istoriul-geografiuli literaturis Sejerebis safuZvel-

ze. wigns TandarTuli aqvs informatorebis zepiri gadmoce-

mebi, rac, rogorc naSromis avtori wers, Semdgom Sevsebas

da dazustebas moiTxovs.

vfiqrobT, ramaz surmaniZis naSromi daainteresebT

Zveli qarTuli xelnawerebisa da saqarTvelos marTlmadi-

debeli eklesiis istoriis specialistebs, sazogadoebis

warmomadgenlebs, yvelas, visTvisac Zvirfasia saqarTvelos

sulieri memkvidreoba.

Dodo Chumburidze Doctor of Historical Sciences, Ivane Java-khishvili Institute of History and Ethnology, Ivane Javakhishvili Tbilisi State University, Chief Researcher-scientist of the Depart-ment of Modern and Contemporary History

Historyography Novelties

Summary

A review refers to a recently published three books. These are: "Es-

says of Georgia – Russia’s Relationships History " by Otar Janelidze; 2. “Representing History: Theoretical trend and Case Studies”, proceedings of

511

international conference, dedicated to 90th anniversary of academician Mariam Lortkipanidze birth; 3. "The topography of the Christian monu-ments and ancient church figures", of Ramaz Surmanidze. The author dis-cusses them, allocates the new informations, introduces the readers to the new historical problems that are in Works of well-known Historians, the authors of this three books.

512


Доктор исторических наук, профессор Тби-лисского государственного университета имени Иванэ Джавахишвили, главный научный сотрудник Института истории и этнологии имени Иванэ Джавахишвили, почётный доктор Академии Наук Латвии

МЕЖДУНАРОДНЫЙ МЕДИА ФОРУМ В АСТАНЕ (Личные впечатления грузинского делегата)

В конце апреля 2014 года в столице Республики Казахстан –

Астане собрались делегаты из различных стран мира, в том числе и приехавшие из Грузии. 24-25 апреля в Астане состоялся XII Евразийский медиа форум. Тот факт, что форум состоялся в 12-й раз, сам по себе говорит об успешности данного начинания.

Я удостоился чести быть в числе приглашенных данного форума. Здесь же хочу отметить, что я бывал во многих странах мира, хотя в Центральной Азии до сего времени не был. Поэтому на приглашение посетить Казахстан согласился с большим удо-вольствием.

Прибывших 23 апреля из Тбилиси проездом через Алматы в Астану грузинских делегатов разместили в расположенной центре города гостинице ~Манхеттен Астана Хотел~, где проживали и некоторые представители других стран. Так как форум начинался на второй день, в день приезда у нас появилась возможность осно-вательно осмотреть самый молодой город мира – Астану, строительство которого и сейчас продолжается очень активно.

С архитектурной точки зрения Астана оставляет грандиозное впечатление. Заслуживает внимания проектировка города и построенные помпезные здания. Поразительно, как удалось построить такой блистательный город за столь короткие сроки. Все это еще раз убеждает в силе личности и целеустремленности президента

513

Республики Казахстан Нурсултана Назарбаева. Здесь же стоит отметить, что счастлив казахский народ, который имеет такого мудрого, уравновешенного политического деятеля, смотрящего вперед президента, истинного лидера своей страны.

24 апреля, во дворце независимости начал работу медиа форум. Ведущим конференции был известный во всем мире журналист

Риз Хан. Участников форума ознакомили с вступительным словом

Президента Республики Казахстан Нурсултана Назарбаева, проник-нутым мудростью деятеля этого большого государства. После этого к делегатам обратилась Вице-спикер Парламента (Мажилиса) Республи-ки Казахстан госпожа Дарига Нурсултановна Назарбаева, которая являлась Председателем оргкомитета этого медиа форума.

Следует отметить, что доктор политических наук Дарига Назарбаева не только участвовала в форуме, но и с интересом наблюдала за его работой, откуда следует, что она с большой ответс-твенностью отнеслась к возложенной на нее обязанности. Очевидно, что она умело руководит многими значимыми начинаниями, в том чи-сле фондами, в частности, фондом Первого Президента Республики Казахстан, попечительскими советами гуманитарного фонда ~Дегдар~ и общественного фонда ~Асар-береке.~ Она является вице-президен-том Всемирной ассоциации русскоязычной прессы, вице-президентом Евразийской академии телевидения и радио, сопредседателем ор-гкомитета Евразийского телевизионного форума.

Когда, в ходе одного перерыва, у меня появилась возможность лично познакомиться с ней, я заметил, что упоминание о Грузии у этой очаровательной госпожи вызвало очень положительные эмоции. Было очень приятно узнать, что мы фактически оказались коллегами, так как она свою первую (кандидатскую) диссертацию защитила в области истории. В ходе нескольких дней пребывания в Казахстане я убедился, что в стране очень уважают госпожу Даригу, которая является достойной преемницей своего известного отца, перспективным политиком и имеет огромный политический ~бэграунд~.

На форуме широко были освещены актуальные международные темы, в том числе:

1) ~Новый мировой порядок. Контуры мирового кризиса и его последствия~;

514

2) ~Иранская ядерная программа. Кто победитель и кто – проигравший?~;

3) ~Ближневосточный узел. Каков основной расклад сил в регионе? Конфликт в Сирии. Дальнейший сценарий развития ситуации~;

4) ~Кризис в Украине. Какой путь выберет украинский народ?~; 5) ~Евразийская интеграция. Грядет ли экономическая

~революция~; 6) ~Имидж – все! Сколько стоит ~раскрутить~ страну? Кто

получает выгоду от странового пиара?~; 7) ~Гламурный ~модус вивенди.~Виртуальная жизнь в красивой

обертке. Болезнь или необходимость?~. Среди выступающих на форуме отличились основательным

анализом существующей политической и экономической ситуации в современном мире: бывший спикер палаты представителей Конгресса США – Ньют Гингрич; бывший премьер Израиля, лидер партии ~Ацмаут~ –Эхуд Барак; бывший заместитель генерального секретаря Североатлантического альянса (НАТО) – Алессандро Минуто-Риццо, по происхождению итальянец; директор Центра евроатлантических исследований Сербии – Елена Милич; также представители Казахстана: управляющий директор АО ~Фонда Национального Благосостояния ~Самрук-казына~ – Дархан Калетаев; президент Объе-динения юридических лиц ~Интернет Ассоциация Казахстана~, генеральный директор ТОО ~Kazinter Systems Solutions~ – Шавкат Сабиров; заместитель председателя Правления Национального Агенства по экспорту и инвестициям ~Kaznex Invest~ – Кайрат Кайманов; руководитель проекта `Voxspopuli. Kz~ – Алишеер Эликбаев и другие…

В ходе перерывов, когда у делегатов появлялась возможность пообщаться друг с другом, я познакомился с вышеупомянутым ведущим Риз Ханом, который оказался очень контактным, добро-желательным человеком. Он отметил, что по происхождению является из Индии, в частности из штата Гуджарат. В данном контексте я с юмором сказал ему: ~Оказывается, что мы близкие, вы из Гуджарата, а я же из Гурджистана~, – над чем он от души посмеялся…

515

В одну из очередных ~перемен~ я познакомился с Генеральным директором московского Центра изучения современного Ирана Раджабом Сапаровым, по национальности таджиком. Большая часть нашего разговора была посвящена многовековой истории персидско-грузинских отношений.

Я отметил, что по данной тематике у меня опубликовано несколько статей, в том числе: ~Из истории браков представителей династии Афшаридов со знатными грузинками~ и ~Последняя правящяя династия Ирана – Пахлавиды и грузины~, что заинтересовало господина Раджаба.

У него также вызвала интерес моя информация о том, что на проходящей в Москве в апреле 1941 года декаде таджикского искусства тогдашный лидер СССР – Иосиф Сталин дал весьма высокую оценку таджикской культуре. Это было опубликовано 23 апреля в газете ~Правда~.

Также вспомнил, что в снятой Студей ~Таджикфильм~ кинотрилогии по эпической поэме Фирдоуси ~Шахнаме~ (нацио-нальный эпос иранских народов) роль Шаха Кавуса блистательно исполнил грузинский актер Отар Коберидзе. Господин Раджаб дал высокую оценку данной кинотрилогии…

Среди людей, с которыми познакомился в ходе форума, были и молодые казахские делегаты: советник президента ассоциации ~Ученые евразийского экономического клуба~, медиа-координатор – Зарина Ниязова, личный корреспондент еженедельной газеты ~Мегаполис~ – Тимур Мамашев, также представители различных организаций – Лазат Сариева, Анастасия Ни, Динмухамед Абсеметов и другие. Некоторые из них, уже побывавше в Грузии, не скрывали восторга от нашей страны, ее завораживающей природы и гостеприимного народа…

Приятно загруженный график данного международного форума скрашивали культурные мероприятия, в том числе балет ~Лебединое озеро~, поставленный в Театре оперы и балета ~Астана опера~, и обильные застолья, где гости имели возможность, наряду с брендами мировой кухни, попробовать избранные деликатесы казахской кухни.

25 апреля, на закрытии конференции выступившая с заключительным словом Дарига Назарбаева своим разумным рассуждением еще раз покорила присутствующую публику.

516

Итоговый гала-прием состоялся в концертном зале ~Астана мьюзик холл~, который находится в центре города и выделяется весьма оригинальной архитектурой. В частности, фасад данного здания представлен формой огромной керамической посуды.

Прощальный обед украсили звучавшие на высоком уровне песни на разных языках народов мира в исполнении профессиональ-ных казахских певцов.

Участники форума не скрывали удовольствия от столь высокого уровня проведения мероприятия. Покидая Астану мы взяли с собой тепло гостеприимства, традиционно характерное для казахского народа.

Я глубоко убежден, что блестяще проведенный форум надолго останется в памяти его участников…

В целом, астанинский медиа форум открывает широкие возможности для независимого обмена мнениями между политиками и экспертами из разных стран, что способствует повышению взаимопо-нимания в современном весьма непростом мире.

517


istoriis doqtori, profesori, Te-

lavis iakob gogebaSvilis saxelobis

saxelmwifo universitetis reqtori

aleqsandre batoniSvili da `qarTveli“ Samili

warmodgenili sakiTxiT Cemi daintereseba ganapiroba

Cveni sazogadoebis garkveul nawilSi damkvidrebulma az-

rovnebis stilma Tu kompleqsma, romlis mixedviTac cnobi-

li simReris `rac kargebi varT qarTvelebi varT“ bunebriv

gagrZelebad gvesaxeba cnobili `Teoriebi“ msoflios gamo-

Cenili adamianebis qarTul warmomavlobaze, Cveni sisxliT

da geniT gakeTilSobilebul eTnosebze, mTeli seriozulo-

biT msjeloba da mtkiceba sadam huseinis da toto kutinios

qarTul warmomavlobaze. cxadia, aseTi damokidebuleba

arafriT Camouvardeba Cveni mezobeli `vaimecnierebis“ di-

ad aRmoCenebs.

samwuxaroa, rom Cveni istorikos-mwerlebis zogierTi

warmomadgenelic ver uZlebda cdunebas da msgavs aRmoCe-

nebs uxvad sTavazobda qarTvel mkiTxvels.

sagulisxmoa, rom mkvlevarTa es kategoria Tavisi `aR-

moCenis“ dasadastureblad iSveliebs im sando wyaroebsa da

sxvadasxva sabuTebs, romlebic Semdeg sadRac uCinardebo-

da. am mxriv sainteresoa ruseTis imperator petre I-is qar-

Tvelobis damadasturebeli dokumentebi, romlebic moyva-

rul-mkvlevarTa azriT sruliad SemTxveviT aRmoaCina aka-

demikosma niko berZeniSvilma ruseTis erT-erT arqivSi. saq-

me exeba petre I-is dedis natalia nariSkinas mimoweras bato-

niSvil ereklesTan (SemdegSi _ nazaralixani), sadac nata-

lia yrma petres missa da erekles Svilad moixsenebs (am weri-

lebis asaval-dasavali, ra Tqma unda, ucnobia). an kidev pro-

fesorma napoleon lemonjavam, rogor miagno vladimiris

arqivSi amis damadasturebel sabuTebs, Tumca arc es doku-

mentebi arsebobs dRes. Turme arsebobda kapitaluri naSro-

mi (sadoqtoro) am Temaze, romelsac rodesac stalini gaec-

518

no, misi gamoqveyneba aukrZalavs. mizezi - `ruseTs erTi qar-

Tvelic eyofao“. xolo naSromis avtori maleve daRupula

saeWvo avtokatastrofaSi. msgavsi magaliTebi mravalia. rac

Seexeba petres qarTvelobas, es Zalian popularuli Temaa

istorikosebsa da moyvarul mkvlevarTa Soris. minda ramo-

denime sityviT Sevexo am sakiTxs da SemogTavazoT Cemi mo-

sazreba.

cnobilia, rom mefe aleqsi mixeilis Zes pirveli qorwi-

nebidan 11 Svili hyavda, xolo meore qorwinebidan SeeZina

petre. mefe aleqsi iyo fizikurad Zlieri, gonebrivad ganvi-

Tarebuli, uyvarda nadiroba da piradad monawileobda po-

loneTis winaaRmdeg omebSi. meore qorwinebamde cota xniT

adre janmrTelobam umtyuna da moxucs daemsgavsa (40 wlis

asakSi), swored aqedan iRebs saTaves petres qarTvelobis

Teoria. moskovis samefos karze myofi momxibvleli erekle

batoniSvili Turme didi popularobiT sargeblobda maRali

sazogadoebis qalbatonebSi. maT Soris iyo natalia nariSki-

nac, romelsac Turme Zalian axlo urTierToba hqonda erek-

lesTan da es intimuri urTierToba grZeldeboda natalias

gaTxovebis Semdegac.

am kavSiris Sesaxeb Turme yvelaferi icodnen rusma bo-

iarebma, magram Segnebulad dumdnen, radgan moskovis same-

fo taxtisTvis janmrTeli memkvidre surdaT (gavixsenoT

Zveli spartelebis saocari Cveva - rodesac sixaruliT xvde-

bodnen maTi colebis gamoCenil spartelebTan kavSirs, rad-

ganac spartas Rirseuli genis matarebeli moqalaqe Seemate-

boda. nakleb sarwmunoa, rom rusi boiarebi ase saxelmwifo-

ebrivad azrovnebdnen).

vfiqrob, am Temis win wamoweva ukavSirdeba petres naxe-

vardis - sofio aleqsis asulis bnel zraxvebs: 1689 wlis 7-8

agvistos RamiT moxda gaugonari ambavi, mefis sayrden Zalad

warmodgenili e. w. strelcebi, romelTac mefis dacva eva-

lebodaT da moskovSi iyvnen ganlagebulni, moulodnelad

aiyarnen da gaemarTnen moskovis maxloblad myofi petre I-

is mosaklavad. gasakvirvi iyo strelcebis agresiis mizezi

mefis mimarT, Tumca mogvianebiT gairkva, rom strelcebTan

movida sofio da auwya maT, rom ruseTis taxtze avida ara

mamamisis, mefe aleqsi mixeilis Zis kanonieri Svili, aramed

batoniSvil nikolozis (igive erekle) da natalia nariSkinas

ukanono Svili _ petre. cnobilia, rom sofio taxtisTvis

ibrZoda, magram ver gamefdeboda, sanam vaJi memkvidre anu

petre cocxali iyo. konkurentis gzidan Camosacileblad

519

sofio ar moerida samefo ojaxis prestiJis Selaxvas. ar Se-

iZleba ar gagvaxsendes qarTvel JamTaaRmwerelTan daculi

aranakleb amazrzeni cnoba _ mefe rusudani cdilobs ra

sakuTar vaJs taxtisken gza gaukafos, ar erideba saSinel ci-

liswamebas da mis siZes _ sulTan yias-ad-dins atyobinebs,

sakuTari qaliSvilis da ZmisSvilis daviT laSas Zis viTomda

sayvarlobis Sesaxeb.

da bolos: petre ruseTis imperatori iyo, rusi Tmis

Rerebidan fexis frCxilebamde, ambiciuri da ampartavani.

pirovneba, romelsac lomis wili miuZRvis qarTlis daqceva

aoxrebaSi. ra mniSvneloba aqvs, ra jiSis iyo petre, mTavaria,

rogor azrovnebda. petre ki azrovnebda, rogorc rusi da es

yvelam unda gaviTvaliswinoT. aseTi midgomiT SegviZlia

Sah-bas I-is qarTuli fesvebiTac viamayoT.

rac Seexeba ori didi moRvawis _ ruseTis imperiis wi-

naaRmdeg mebrZolebis, erovnul - ganmaTavisuflebeli moZ-

raobis upirobo liderebisa da medroSeebis, qarTveli al.

batoniSvilisa da daRestneli Samilis mama - Svilobas ara-

naklebi Teoriebi da `mtkicebulebebi“ mogvepoveba. am Teo-

riis erT-erT upirveles naTliad unda CaiTvalos al. fro-

neli. Tavis wignSi `mTis arwivi“ froneli, sxvadasxva mona-

cemebze dayrdnobiT gamoTqvams mosazrebas, rom Samili iyo

aleqsandre batoniSvilis vaJi: `rodesac aleqsandre bato-

niSvili, Ze erekle meorisa, iyo devnili rusTagan, maSin igi

gadaixvewa daRestanSi, avarSi, sofel osokolos, romelic

aris gimris maxloblad. am gandevnilobis JamSi aleqsandrem,

rogorc ucolo asakovanma vaJkacma Seiyvara romelime le-

kis saSualebiT erTi lekis, saxelad dengaus coli, qali la-

mazi da maTi SeerTebiTgan daibada Samili, romelic ganiT-

qva Semdeg daRestnis imamad da Seiqmna Zlier ganTqmuli

rusebis mteri. TviT dengau iyo kaci Zlier laRi da susti

Wkuis. xeloba imisi iyo mxolod wylis zidva sakidriT mdina-

redgan da ara meti xeloba mas ar SeeZlo. rogorc amboben,

ar SesZleboda mas sisustisa gamo Sesruleba col - qmrobis

wesebisa“ (paraleli aleqsi mixeilis ZesTan.).

al. froneli am azrs adasturebs moxuc lekTagan mos-

menili gadmocemebiT. Samilis celqobiT mobezrebuli deda

waayvedrida xolme: `ar dacxrebi Se giauro da gurjis Svi-

lovo“.

al. froneli Samilisa da aleqsandres portretebsac

amsgavsebs da imowmebs vaJa-fSavelas mier Caweril gadmoce-

mas, aleqsandres fSavSi xaxa qistauris ojaxSi qeifis dros

520

uTqvams: `eh, me iqneba amodena tantalSi uZeod movkvde, Tum-

ca ki arc uZeo var, mxolod is menaneba, rom Cemi Tesli da-

RestanSi darCao“.

albaT yovelive amis gamo askvnida al. froneli: `mTis

batoni Samili, es Seudarebeli imami daRestnisa ubralo le-

ki ar iyo, Cven gvjera, rom Samilis ZarRvebSi sCqefda qar-

Tvelis sisxli“.

basil meliqiSvilis novelaSi: „mkerdSebolili mercxa-

li“ igive azria gatarebuli: al. batoniSvili maRla aita-

cebs da gulSi Caikravs patara, magram miminoseburi mzeriT

RobesTan mdgar bavSvs, lekebi erTmaneTs gadaulaparake-

ben: `Samilsa hkocnis, megodris Svilsa. megodris ki ara, misi

Svilia...“

da bolos erTi TuSuri gadmocema, romlis mixedviTac,

erTi TuSi glexi tyved auyvaniaT lekebs da SamilisTvis mi-

ugvriaT, Samils misTvis uTqvams: `ras merCiT qarTvelebo,

Cven xom saerTo mizani gvaqvs _ rusebisgan gaTavisufleba.

me xom aleqsandre batoniSvilis vaJi var da msurs aRvadgino

Cemi winaprebis taxtio“ _ aq komentari zedmetia!

rac Seexeba istoriul simarTles, cnobilia, rom Sami-

li daibada 1798 (zogi wyaros mixedviT _ 1797) wels.

amJamad sruliad naTelia, rom al. batoniSvili 1813

wlamde daRestanSi ar yofila. Samili ki am droisaTvis mini-

mum 14 wlis iqneboda. aqedan gamomdinare naTelia, rom didi

survilis da mcdelobis miuxedavad Samili aleqsandres Svi-

li ver iqneboda. Tumca aleqsandre batoniSvili namdvilad

iyo Samilis sulieri mama, radgan am udidesi qarTveli pat-

riotis mier dawyebuli diadi gamaTavisuflebeli brZola

ruseTis winaaRmdeg Rirseulad gaagrZela mTis arwivma - Sa-

milma.

521

Avtandil Gelagutashvili Doctor of History, Professor, Rector of Ja-kob Gogebashvili Telavi State University

Prince Aleksandre Bagrationi and “Georgian” Shamil

Summary

The following Georgian saying: “The best nations in the world are

Georgians” was established through certain parts of our society. This idea was the natural extension of the well-known portraits of the "theories" about Georgian origin of famous people in the world.

Some of representatives of our historian-writers resist the temptation of using such discoveries and generously offered them to Georgian readers.

In this regard, documents about the Georgian origin of Russian Em-peror Peter I are worth of interest. They were accidentally discovered, but unfortunately are missing for today.

The similar is that Prince Alexandre Bagrationi is Shamil’s father and that is reality.

522


Доктор исторических наук, профессор Тбилисского государственного универ-ситета имени Иванэ Джавахишвили, главный научный сотрудник Институ-та истории и этнологии имени Иванэ Джавахишвили, почётный доктор Ака-демии Наук Латвии

ЛАТВИЯ, ЛАТЫШИ И ИХ ДОБРЫЕ ДРУЗЬЯ ГРУЗИНЫ

В МОЕМ ВИДЕНИИ

11 июня 2014 года в одном из красивейших горных регионов Восточной Грузии – Мтиулети по устоявшейся традиции торжествен-но был отмечен праздник «Ломисоба». Данный праздник обычно от-мечается на седьмое воскресенье со дня Пасхи Христовой в Свято-Гео-ргиевской церкви, расположенной в селе Млета Душетского района.

Моя мама – Мария Георгиевна родом из Мтиулети. Её предки – Огбаидзе были «хевисбери» южной части региона Мтиулети – общины Цхавати, т. е. представителями царской власти, избранными общиной военными и религиозными управителями («гамгебели»). Поэтому у нас в семье праздник «Ломисоба» всегда отмечается с большим торже-ством и приносит нам огромную радость.

На нынешней «Ломисоба» меня ждал очень приятный сюрприз. Председатель департамента гуманитарных и социальных наук Акаде-мии наук Латвийской республики – госпожа Райта Карните написала мне: «Дорогой господин Н. Джавахишвили,

Имею честь известить Вас о том, что вчера, 10 июня, Сенат Ака-демии наук Латвии присвоил вам звание почетного доктора (в области истории).

Поздравляю Вас!». Такая приятная информация, естественно, очень обрадовала ме-

ня. Этим решением научная элита Латвии выразила свое положитель-ное отношение к моей научно-педагогической работе последних пяти лет, которые я посвятил изучению вопросов истории грузино-балтийс-ких, в том числе и грузино-латышских отношений, и популяризацию её итогов публикациями и чтением лекционного курса как в Грузии, так и в Латвии.

Мне вспомнились эпизоды моей жизни, которые связывают ме-ня с этой одной из самых прекрасных стран Европы, представителями благородного латышского народа, грузинскими популяризаторами её

523

культуры, а также теми грузинами, которые оказали мне поддержку в процессе работы над вопросами грузино-латышских отношений.

В представленных ниже очерках я постараюсь последовательно рассказать вам обо всем этом.

Добавим здесь же, что поскольку я намерен продолжить иссле-дование вопросов истории грузино-латышских отношений, естествен-но, что предлагаемый очерк в дальнейшем пополнится новыми знако-мыми мне лично людьми, имеющими отношение к Латвии.

* * *

I. Потомство латышского фармацевта Эдуарда Вольдейта в Грузии

Я родился 12 сентября 1972 года в одном из древнейших горо-

дов Грузии – Телави, в семье доктора филологических наук, профессо-ра Георгия Николаевича Джавахишвили.

Наш дом, в котором по сей день живут мои родители и младший брат – Давид Джавахишвили, находится в исторической части города. Наша улица носит имя выдающейся грузинской художницы Елены Ах-вледиани (1898-1975), которая родилась и выросла в доме, расположе-нном на той же улице. На нашей же улице расположен дом, в котором одно время жила известная украинская писательница, переводчица, культурный деятель Леся Украинка (1871-1913), которой пожить в Те-лави советовали врачи.

Мои родители поселились в нашем доме незадолго до моего ро-ждения. До этого там почти полвека жил врач Николай Вольдейт (1886-1964). Его отцом был фармацевт Эдуард Карлович Вольдейт из Риги, обосновавшийся в Грузии в период русско-турецкой войны 1877-1878 гг.

Во время одной из своих научных командировок в Латвию я по-пытался найти предков Эдуарда Вольдейта, в чём мне помог академик Янис Страдиньш. Он передал мне академический альбом Имераторс-кого Дорпатского (Тарту) университета (“Album Academicum, der Kai-serlichen Universität Dorpat. Bearbeitet von A. Hasselblatt (Dorpat) und Dr. G. Otto (Mitau), Dorpat, Verlag von C. Mattiesen, 1889”), в котором на 194-ой странице приведена биография деда Эдуарда Вольдейта (т. е. отца Карла) – Августа. Его фамилия зафиксирована как Воллейдт (Wolleydt). Как объяснили мне латышские ученые, подобное незначи-

524

тельное изменение фамилии в те времена было не таким уж редким яв-лением.

Из этой книги стало известно, что теолог Август Воллейдт, 1810 года рождения, служил семейным учителем и проповедником в городе Пензе (1846-1858), преподавателем Пензенской гимназии (1858-1875), управляющим проповедником в Подольске и проповедником и препо-давателем местной гимназии в Немирове (с 1859 г.). С 1875 года он по старости выходит на пенсию и селится в городе Венден (ныне Цесис).

В своих воспоминаниях (рукопись хранится у меня) Николай Вольдейт писал: “Отец – Эдуард Карлович Вольдейт... латыш из Риги, попал на Кавказ во время Русско-турецкой войны (1877-1878 гг.) в ка-честве фармацевта. После войны остался служить в Тбилиси, где и же-нился на моей матери, грузинке Наталии Иосифовне Джишкариани, проживающей в Тбилиси”.

Таким образом, Эдуард Вольдейт повенчался с дворянкой Ната-лией Джишкариани. Эта православная латышско-грузинская семья жи-ла сначала в Тбилиси, а затем – в селе Тетри Цкаро. У них было 12 де-тей: Николай, Виктор, Евгений, Александр, Валериан, Анастасия, Ва-лентина, Людмила и еще 4 детей, умерших в младенчестве.

Старший сын, вышеупомянутый Николай Вольдейт, родился в Тбилиси. После окончания Фельдшерской школы при больнице Свято-го Михаила (1904 г.) со званием «медицинский фельдшер II разряда» он более полувека самоотверженно служил делу здравоохранения в Грузии. В разное время он работал в Душетском, Марнеульском, Сага-реджойском, Гурджаанском и Телавском районах. Позже он окончил лечебный факультет Тбилисского государственного медицинского университета, где ему была присвоена квалификация врача.

С 1918 года Н. Вольдейт жил и работал в Телави, где снискал из-вестность как профессиональный лекарь и благородная личность. Он пользовался таким высоким авторитетом среди жителей региона Кахе-тии, что его любя называли – «Экими Коля» (т. е. «доктор Коля») или «Дзиа Коля» (т. е. «дядя Коля»).

Супругой Н. Вольдейта была Екатерина Александровна Хатиаш-вили (1888-1959). В 1940 году их единственного сына – Аполлона Вол-ьдейта (1919-1941), который учился в Тбилиси на химико-технологи-ческом факультете Грузинского индустриального института, призвали на обязательную военную службу. Он служил в Западной Украине, принимал участие во II мировой войне, где пропал без вести.

В начале войны между СССР и Германией Н. Вольдейт работал врачом-ординатором терапевтического отделения Телавской районной больницы. В октябре того же года, сочтя его человеком «немецкого

525

происхождения», а, соответственно, – политически ненадежным, осво-бодили от занимаемой должности и вместе с супругой и родственника-ми (Вольдейтами) выслали в Казахстан. Более двух лет он работал в Лениногорской городской поликлинике. В конце 1943 года Н. Вольде-йт документально доказал, что является не немцем по национальности, а латышом. В январе 1944 года безосновательно репрессированного врача освободили и разрешили вернуться в Грузию. Он вместе со сво-ей супругой вернулся в Телави, где жил и продолжал заниматься про-фессиональной деятельностю вплоть до своей кончины.

В своей автобиографии Н. Вольдейт указывал: «20 октября 1941 года меня по ошибке, как «человека немецкого происхождения», пере-селили в Казахстан, где я работал в Лениногорской городской полик-линике. Свое переселение я обжаловал в высших органах, в результате чего меня вновь вернули в Телави. С 17 января 1944 года я работаю в инфекционном отделении Телавской районной больницы… У меня есть жена – Екатерина, 1888 года рождения, грузинка. У меня был сын, 1919 года рождения, которого в 1940 году призвали в армию, где он пропал без вести. Я – беспартийный. К ответственности не привлекал-ся. Несколько раз награжден благодарностью и денежным вознаграж-дением».

27 августа 1954 года в статье «50 лет на охране здоровья трудя-щихся», опубликованной в выпускаемой в Телави районной газете, бы-ло указано: «50 лет как врач-терапевт Николай Эдуардович Вольдейт оказывает народу медицинскую помощь… Врач, вооруженный глубо-кими теоретическими и практическими знаниями… Работал на различ-ных ответственных медицинских должностях. В настоящее время за-ботливая рука этого почтенного человека трудится в Телавской боль-нице, где он заведует инфекционным отделением.

На протяжении 50 лет медицинской деятельности Н. Вольдейт излечил многих больных или, как говорят бывшие больные, «вернул с того света на этот», тысячам трудящихся он вернул трудоспособнос-ть… Хорошим человеком и лучшим специалистом, «спасителем» на-зывают его и не представляют, что их мог бы излечить «кто-нибудь другой, кроме доктора Коли». 68-летний пожилой врач с молодежной энергией крутится вокруг своих больных. На протяжении своей по-следующей работы он оставит благодарными еще многих трудящих-ся».

Мои пожилые соседи, живущие в Телави, вспоминали, что Ни-колай Вольдейт был духовно чистым, доброжелательным и бескорыст-ным человеком, который всегда гордился своим латышским происхож-дением.

526

Живший напротив нашего дома Ираклий Михайлович Андрони-кашвили (1912-1992) вспоминал: «Когда мы – соседи садились за стол, мы часто выбирали тамадой Н. Вольдейта. Помимо того, что он был старше нас по возрасту, образован, он одновременно был человеком, отличающимся представительной внешностью, который замечательно говорил по-грузински и блестяще проводил застолье. Иногда, когда тамада хмелел, он читал стихи на грузинском и латышском языках. Мне запомнился один из них: «Сауле, сауле, земе, земе, без арая нева-реа».

Как я установил позже, это латышское народное стихотворение, которое переводится так: «Солнце, земля, пахарь».

После смерти супруги Н. Вольдейт женился второй раз. Его вто-рой супругой стала Дарья Абелевна Абелишвили (1895-1976). Здесь же добавим, что Абелишвили были кахетинскими дворянами, проживав-шими в селе Ожио (ныне Ахметский район) и состоявшими в родстве с тамошними Андроникашвили. Между прочим, представителями той ветви этого славного рода были известный адвокат Луарсаб Никола-евич Андроникашвили (1872-1939) и его знаменитые сыновья – Ирак-лий (1908-1990) и Элевтер (1910-1989). Старший из них – Ираклий, ко-торый являлся писателем, литературоведом, замечательным рассказчи-ком, доктором филологических наук, народным артистом СССР, жил в Москве и носил фамилию – «Андроников» а младшый – Элевтер, ко-торый был доктором физических наук, академиком Академии Наук Грузии жил в Тбилиси и носил фамилию своих предков – Андроника-швили.

Заслуженный врач Н. Вольдейт скончался в июле 1964 года в возрасте 78 лет. Он похоронен в Телави, на грузинском кладбище.

Евгений Эдуардович Вольдейт (1888-1968) был врачом-фарма-цевтом и работал по специальности в горных районах Восточной Гру-зии. Он был женат на ассирийке православного вероисповедания, про-живающей в Грузии, Нино Лазаревне Богдановой, по матери Гиунаш-вили. У них было трое сыновей: Анатолий (1912-1975), Борис (1914-1973) и Глеб (1917-1970).

Анатолий Евгеньевич Вольдейт женился на Елене Арджевани-дзе, которая родила ему двух детей: Нино (специалист английского языка) и Евгения (электроинженер). От второго брака у него родился еще один сын – Владимир, который проживает в Смоленске.

Борис Евгеньевич Вольдейт сочетался браком с Венерой Лекви-надзе. У них родились три сына: Эдуард (скончался в юности), Глеб (инженер) и Борис Тбилели (композитор). У обоих есть семьи.

527

Глеб Евгеньевич Вольдейт был инженером-строителем. Он око-нчил Грузинский индустриальный институт по специальности инже-нер-архитектор (1941), принимал активное участие в строительстве города Рустави. 8 августа 1964 года ему было присвоено звание заслу-женного инженера Грузии.

У Глеба Вольдейта с супругой Этери Кванталиани родились две дочери: Лия и Нана Вольдейты. Лия Вольдейт – певица, известная ис-полнительница грузинских и русских романсов, а Нана Вольдейт – ге-офизик, обе замужем за грузинами.

Валериан Эдуардович Вольдейт был женат на немке – Берте, которая родила ему двух сыновей – Игоря и Константина, последний был известным инженером.

Такова вкратце история обосновавшегося в Грузии латышского фармацевта Эдуарда Карловича Вольдейта и его потомства.

Так что Латвия и латыши отпечатались в моей памяти еще с ран-него детства. Это естественно, так как мои детские и юношеские вос-поминания тесно связаны с родительским домом, построенным около сотни лет назад латышским врачом, предки которого происходили из лифляндского города Вендена (ныне Цесис).

II. Профессор Ушанги Сахлтхуцишвили

Профессор Ушанги Сахлтхуцишвили (1939-2005) был моим ста-

ршим другом. Он работал на филологическом факультете Тбилисского государственного университета имени Иванэ Джавахишвили, был пре-красным знатоком и популяризатором латышской литературы и куль-туры в Грузии.

В 1962 году, по рекомендации академика Варлама Топурия (1901-1966), студент филологического факультета У. Сахлтхуцишвили был отправлен на обучение на филологический факультет Латвийского университета, где проучился два года. Впоследствии он систематичес-ки посещал Латвию, где у него было много друзей. Он в совершенстве знал латышский язык и в разное время перевел на грузинский язык сочинения Зигмунда Скуиньша, Жана Гривы, Визмы Белшевицы, Анд-рия Якубансиса и Альберта Бела. Он же издал сборник латышских пи-сателей «У янтарного моря», в который вошли произведения латышс-ких писателей Э. Вилкса, Ж. Гривы, А. Якубана, Э. Лукьянскиса, Э. Кулиса, А. Скайлиса, В. Кайяка, В. Лациса и Т. Вайдарса. Он же соста-вил «Латышско-грузинский разговорник», предназначенный для гру-зинских студентов филологического факультета, желающих изучить латышский язык.

528

У. Сахлтхуцишвили вспоминал: «Было 3 сентября 1962 года… на кафедре новогрузинского языка… нас встретил господин Варлам Топурия. Он поприветствовал нас, принял очень тепло и показал, что мы можем садиться. Он спокойно начал разговор: «Латвийский и наш университет приняли решение об обмене студентами. Это первый по-добный эксперимент во всем Советском союзе. Из Латвии с целью изу-чения грузинского языка и литературы к нам должны прибыть три сту-дента. Мы также должны отобрать трех студентов и отправить их в Ри-гу. Кафедра новогрузинского языка назвала Вас…

В период нашего обучения в Латвии господин Варлам не остав-лял нас без внимания, он писал нам письма и давал советы и наставле-ния… Приведу одно из писем:

«Уважаемые коллеги, Ушанги, Джемал и Бесик! Желаю Вам успеха, а также оправдания надежд нашего универ-

ситета… Латышские студенты, прибывшие по обмену, прилично занима-

ются, научились читать (алфавит), справляются и с письмом, уже мо-гут перенести на бумагу небольшие события и рассказать о них. Могут передать автобиографические сведения и рассказать о своей повседне-вной деятельности пока небогатыми средствами, но понятно. Как бы девушки вас не обошли.

Моя просьба: до января не занимайтесь ничем, кроме изучения латышского языка. Днем и ночью овладевайте языком, учите много слов, предложений, выражений, много читайте и при помощи знако-мых слов описывайте на бумаге события. Написанное, безусловно, до-лжно быть исправлено. До января вы должны справиться с языком. Ра-зговаривайте друг с другом по-латышски. Когда научитесь хорошо го-ворить, дела пойдут вперед. За письмо спасибо.

С уважением, В. Топурия. 10. Х. 1962». Когда нас зачислили в аспирантуру, я и Джемал Силагадзе отп-

равились в Ригу. Господин Варлам передал через нас письмо проректо-ру Латвийского университета, проф. А. Варславану…

Господин Варлам просил руководство университета летом отп-равить нас в такое село, где мы были бы вынуждены говорить только на латышском языке. Сам господин Варлам эту практику уже приме-нил. Для того чтобы латышские студентки Майя Гусаре, Марга Ниедре и Мара Нарука более глубоко и основательно изучили грузинский язык, он отправил их на несколько месяцев в одно из кахетинских сел, и остался очень доволен результатами.

529

Господин Варславан сказал нам, что вскоре найдет для нас такое село… В один прекрасный день мы на «Волге» заведующей кафедрой доцента Алисы Лауа промчались по Видземскому шоссе и приехали в расположенное, приблизительно, в ста километрах от Риги село Нита-уре. Нас разместили в одной хорошей семье по фамилии Абуоле, в ко-торой был сын нашего возраста. Нитауре, действительно, очень краси-вое село с неповторимой природой: с лиственными и хвойными леса-ми, реками и озерами, мирным и вольным народом, красивыми девуш-ками и гордыми юношами… Полтора месяца мы пробыли в этом селе (впоследствии я много раз бывал там, когда возил туда на летнюю практику наших студентов)…

Вернувшись из Нитауре, мы уже хорошо говорили по-латышс-ки… Начиная с этого времени, находясь в Латвии, я уже никогда не го-ворил по-русски… В Нитауре нас каждые выходные навещали наши преподаватели с филологического факультета, они проверяли наше практическое обучение и возили на экскурсии… В самом конце к нам на своей «Победе» приехал декан факультета Юлий Карклин и отвез нас в Ригу. Семье Абуоле за вклад, который они внесли в изучение на-ми разговорного языка, был вручен специальный диплом…

В результате заботы господина Варлама была заложена прочная основа для новой ступени развития грузино-латышских культурных, а в частности – литературных отношений. На грузинский язык непосред-ственно с языка оригинала были переведены произведения известных латышских писателей. Ученицы господина Варлама – Майя Гусаре и Марга Ниедре, перевели на латышский язык произведения А. Казбеги, Г. Леонидзе, М. Джавахишвили, К. Гамсахурдия, Н. Думбадзе... Неус-танным трудом именно этих женщин стало возможным познакомить латышского читателя, переживаниями и болью, борьбой и устремлени-ями грузинских персонажей.

Было очевидно, что этот первый эксперимент оправдал себя. На следующий год студентов отправили уже в другие республики».

У. Сахлтхуцишвили как исследователь топонимики часто при-нимал участие в топонимических экспедициях, проходивших как в Грузии, так и в Латвии. В связи с этим он вспоминал: «Наши коллеги-латыши основательно подходят к этому делу. Они в течение целых пя-ти лет ездили в одни и те же села, рассказывали, объясняли населению, зачем они приехали, какую цель имеет запись топонимического или иного материала. В одной из таких экспедиций принимал участие и я. Это было в 1982 году. В селе Нитауре комплексно описывали ономас-тический, этнографический материал и диалектическую лексику».

530

В личных беседах господин Ушанги так интересно описывал Ла-твию, так тепло отзывался о латышском народе, что слушатели неволь-но пропитывались симпатией к этой стране и народу. Частично это и побудило меня заняться изучением грузино-латышских отношений.

В 1997 году в Тбилисском государственном университете имени Иванэ Джавахишвили я защитил кандидатскую диссертацию на тему: «Грузинская фалеристика (наградоведение)». На защите присутствовал и господин Ушанги.

На следующий год, когда У. Сахлтхуцишвили вернулся в Тбили-си из очередной командировки в Латвию, он передал мне, как наградо-веду, двухтомный труд «В лучах Трёх звезд», который был издан в Ри-ге в 1997-1998 гг. Этот солидный труд рассказывает нам об истории высшей награды Латвийской республики – Ордене Трёх звёзд. Двухто-мник настолько понравился мне, что я посвятил ему рецензию под названием «Во славу достойных сынов отечества», которую я опубли-ковал в ежегоднике «Грузинская дипломатия» (том VI, Тбилиси, 1999, стр. 366-369).

В рецензии я писал: «Воистину достойно подражания то огром-ное уважение, с которым латыши относятся к славным сынам своего отечества. Это в очередной раз отчетливо проявилось в 1997-1998 гг., когда в Риге издательство «Латвиас вестнесис», на высоком полигра-фическом уровне, в двух томах издало труд «В лучах Трёх звезд» (за предоставление этой книги я выражаю благодарность господину Уша-нги Сахлтхуцишвили)…

Мне абсолютно понятна благородная цель авторов и издателей книги «В лучах Трёх звёзд» – свято сохранить для будущих поколений имена тех, кто проявил себя в формировании и строительстве Латвийс-кого государства как в 1918-1940 гг., так и 1990-1998 гг. Именно поэ-тому к этому труду был приложен список лиц, награжденных выше-упомянутым орденом, так трепетно сохраненный в латвийских архи-вах и памяти свободолюбивого латышского народа».

Так что, благодаря господину Ушанги, я еще при его жизни опубликовал свой первый труд об истории Латвии в виде вышеупомя-нутой рецензии.

Жаль, что Ушанги Сахлтхуцишвили уже нет с нами. Царствие ему небесное!

III. Профессор Регина Якобидзе

Я горжусь тем, что профессор Регина Якобидзе является моим старшим другом. Она много лет работала в Тбилисском государствен-

531

ном университете имени Иванэ Джавахишвили, где я с ней и познако-мился 20 лет назад. Здесь же добавлю, что работать в университете я начал в 1994 году.

Госпожа Регина родилась и выросла в Латвии. Её супруг госпо-дин Давид Якобидзе некогда занимал должность министра финансов Грузии и внёс большой вклад в дело введения, а также укрепления ста-бильности курса нашей национальной валюты – «лари».

Несмотря на то, что я знаком со многими иностранцами, обос-новавшимися в Грузии, мне сложно назвать другого человека, который столько бы делал для своей родной страны, популяризации её культу-ры, как это удаётся госпоже Регине. Правда, сложно полностью предс-тавить весь её вклад, однако, мы попытаемся обратить внимание лишь на несколько важных фактов.

В 90-х годах ХХ века латыши, проживавшие в Грузии, приняли решение о создании в Грузии своего землячества.

В 1994 году Министерство юстиции Грузии зарегистрировало Латвийское землячество под названием «Ave Sol». В нём числилось около 50 латышей. Возглавила организацию почётный консул Латвии в Грузии профессор Регина Якобидзе. Двадцать лет она талантливо ру-ководила землячеством, которое очень много сделало для восстановле-ния и углубления грузино-латышских отношений.

В июле 1999 года, по инициативе Латвийского землячества в Грузии и лично консула Р. Якобидзе, а также при поддержке Латвийс-кого архива и Музея прикладного искусства, состоялась международ-ная конференция, посвященная 125-летнему юбилею Юлия Страуме.

На конференции была принята резолюция об открытии на зда-нии, в котором работал Ю. Страуме, мемориальной доски.

Летом 2000 года,во время визита министра иностранных дел Ла-твии в Грузию, вышеупомянутая доска была открыта в торжественной обстановке. Одновременно с этим была открыта и мемориальная доска на здании, расположенном на проспекте царя Давида-Строителя в Тби-лиси, где в 20-х годах ХХ века размещалось Латвийское консульство.

В 2005-2009 гг. Общество «Ave Sol» приняло активное участие в организации визитов в Грузию президентов Латвии – Вайры Вике-Фрейберги и Валдиса Затлерса.

26 мая 2005 года для принятия участия в торжествах, посвящен-ных государственной независимости Грузии, в Тбилиси прибыла пре-зидент Вайра Вике-Фрейберга, где у неё состоялась встреча с руковод-ством общества «Ave Sol». Кроме того, она присутствовала презента-ции книги латышского исследователя Лаймы Клавины «Юлий Страу-ме – мастер прикладного искусства».

532

В Грузии много было сделано и для увековечения памяти изве-стного латышского ученого Роберта Купциса. В это благородное дело свою лепту, вместе с внуком Р. Купциса – Игорем Парастаевым и про-фессором Ревазом Схиладзе, внесло и Латвийское землячество в Гру-зии.

В ноябре 2007 года по инициативе Латвийского землячества в Тбилиси состоялась международная конференция на тему «Вклад Ро-берта Купциса в грузинскую науку», посвященная светлой памяти это-го замечательного ученого. В торжественной церемонии открытия ко-нференции приняли участие Р. Якобидзе и чрезвычайный и полномоч-ный посол Латвии в Грузии – Андрис Вилцанс.

В конференции принимало участие около 100 ученых как из Грузии, так и Латвии. Среди гостей были: вице-президент Академии наук Латвии, декан факультета фармации Медицинской академии, сотрудник Музея фармации, директор Академической библиотеки и др. Для принятия участия в конференции из Санкт-Петербурга прибы-ла и внучка Р. Купциса – Ирина.

На конференции была принята резолюция, согласно которой имя Р. Купциса было присвоено VI Цхалтубскому источнику. Также было принято решение о том, что в Тбилиси на здании, расположенном по улице Шерозия № 10, где размещалась лаборатория и служебная квар-тира ученого, будет установлена мемориальная доска.

27 февраля 2009 года, в день рождения ученого, по вышеуказан-ному адресу состоялось торжественное открытие мемориальной доски.

В Латвийском землячестве, действующем в Тбилиси, объедине-ны не только представители старшего поколения, но и молодые люди. Вопросами их сближения с латышским языком и культурой занимает-ся воскресная школа при Латвийском землячестве. Основной задачей землячества является сохранение идентичности и укрепление связи с родиной предков. С этой целью из Латвии в Тбилиси систематически поступает литература, пресса, видеокассеты, организовываются встре-чи с соотечественниками, прибывающими в Грузию из Латвии. Парал-лельно с этим, латыши, проживающие в Грузии, усердно пытаются ин-тегрироваться в жизнь независимой Грузии, изучают грузинский язык и т. д.

Вклад госпожи Регины Якобидзе на должном уровне оценивают как в Грузии, так и в Латвии. В 2000 году ректор Тбилисского государ-ственного университета имени Иванэ Джавахишвили наградил госпо-жу Регину медалью академика Иванэ Джавахишвили. В 2007 году пра-вительство Латвии наградило её высшей государственной наградой – Крестом признания (благодарности). В наградном документе указано,

533

что Р. Якобидзе была награждена за достойное представление Латвии за рубежом. За вклад, внесенный в дело восстановления дружеских от-ношений между городами Чиатурой и Сигулдой, госпожа Регина была избрана почётной гражданкой города Чиатуры.

Неустанная деятельность профессора Регины Якобидзе на поль-зу своей родины – Латвии, а также наша двадцатилетняя дружба с ней, стали одной из причин моей заинтересованности в изучении истории грузино-латышских отношений.

IV. Профессор Константин Коркелия

После того, как я начал монографическое изучение вопросов ис-

тории грузино-балтийских, а в том числе и грузино-латышских отно-шений, мне необходимо было поехать в Ригу и поискать надлежащие материалы в хранилищах древностей.

В 2008 году чрезвычайным и полномочным послом Грузии в Латвии был назначен профессор юридического факультета Тбилисско-го государственного университета имени Иванэ Джавахишвили, док-тор юридических наук Константин (Котэ) Коркелия.

Котэ – человек моего возраста. Мы знаем друг друга по универ-ситету. Несмотря на свой молодой возраст (он родился в 1974 году), Котэ уже является известным ученым, признанным специалистом меж-дународного права, который с большим успехом действует и на дипло-матическом поприще.

В начале 2009 года я ознакомил К. Коркелия с проектом своей монографии «Очерки из истории грузино-балтийских взаимоотноше-ний», что вызвало его большой интерес. В отношении моей инициати-вы посол проявил поистине государственный подход. Его стараниями я дважды побывал в Латвии в научной командировке – в августе-сен-тябре 2009 года и сентябре 2010 года.

После моего прибытия в Ригу посол познакомил меня с консу-лом Грузии в Латвии госпожой Кетеван Есиашвили, а также сотрудни-ками посольства, молодыми профессиональными дипломатами: Тему-ром Джанджалия (в настоящее время он является чрезвычайным и пол-номочным послом Грузии в Латвии), Георгием Паниашвили (в насто-ящее время он является старшим советником посольства Грузии, акк-редитованного в Литве) и Паатой Габидзашвили. В грузинском посо-льстве также работали: латышский секретарь Синтия Мейере и рижс-кие грузины Тенгиз Стуруа и Марина Насаридзе-Зибергс.

Долгий опыт отношений с этими людьми убедил меня в том, что они представляют собой хорошо организованный коллектив и макси-

534

мально пытаются сделать всё для того, чтобы достойно представлять посольство Грузии в Латвии.

Над своим трудом я работал почти три года. В течение всего этого времени К. Коркелия проявлял большое внимание к моей деятел-ьности. Я никогда не забуду его радость, когда летом 2011 года я выс-лал ему изданную мною монографию.

В официальном письме, напечатанном на бланке посольства Грузии, аккредитованного в Латвии, посол писал:

«Господин Нико, В первую очередь хочу поблагодарить Вас за то, что прислали

мне книгу «Очерки из истории грузино-балтийских взаимоотноше-ний», автором которой Вы являетесь.

Я хочу подчеркнуть большое значение этой книги, в которой со-брано большое количество важнейших фактов из продолжительной истории военно-политических, экономических и научно-культурных отношений Грузии со странами Балтии. Это летопись, отражающая от-ношения Грузии со странами Балтии.

Ваш труд приобретает особое значение, так как грузино-балтий-ские отношения имеют уже более чем 10-вековую историю, хотя в це-лом они по сегодняшний день никогда не становились объектом особо-го монографического исследования…

С уважением, Константин Коркелия Посол». В августе 2013 года я в третий раз отправился в научную коман-

дировку в Латвию. Презентации моей монографии состоялись в Акаде-мической библиотеке Латвийского университета, Институте истории Латвии и Военном музее Министерства обороны Латвии.

В тот период профессора К. Коркелия в Латвии уже не было. Он завершил свою дипломатическую миссию в этой стране в начале 2013 года.

Несмотря на это, он письменно приветствовал меня из Страсбур-га, где по сей день успешно исполняет свои обязанности в ранге чрез-вычайного и полномочного посла Грузии в Европейском совете.

Именно дипломатическая деятельность К. Коркелия в Латвии, наши дружеские отношения с ним и его участие содействовали тому, что я написал монографию об истории грузино-балтийских отноше-ний, в которой уделил особое место истории грузино-латышских отно-шений.

535

V. Академик Янис Страдиньш

Мне выпала большая честь познакомиться и сблизиться с поль-зующимся всемирной известностью латышским ученым, президентом Латвийской Академии наук в 1998-2004 годах, а ныне – председателем Сената ЛАН, академиком Янисом Страдиньшем. Он является иностра-нным членом академий наук многих стран, в том числе первым иност-ранным членом Национальной Академии Наук Грузии.

Сейчас, когда я пишу эти строки, перед о мной воочию возника-ют те незабываемые дни, когда мне довелось видеться и беседовать с ним.

В начале августа 2009 года, по приглашению посла Грузии в Ла-твии профессора Константина Коркелия, я впервые посетил Латвию. Эта была научная командировка с целью сбора исторического матери-ала для моей монографии «Очерки из истории грузино-балтийских вза-имоотношений».

Стоял август и улицы полюбившейся мне Риги купались в сол-нечных лучах. В этот день, а именно 18 августа я впервые встретился с академиком Янисом Страдиньшем. Достойный наследник известного ученого Пауля Страдиньша оказался необычайно теплым и багород-ным человеком. Будучи в Латвии, я убедился, что он пользуется боль-шим авторитетом не только в академических кругах страны, но и сре-ди населения. Латыши не зря называют его – «совестью латвийской нации».

Господин Янис с большой любовью вспоминал Грузию, грузин-ских друзей и коллег, особенно уже ушедших от нас известных ученых – академика Джондо Ивановича Джапаридзе и Николая (Лаша) Симо-новича Джанашиа.

Наша беседа касалась отдельных вопросов истории грузино-бал-тийских взаимоотношений, я познакомил его с проектом моего иссле-дования. Он с вниманием выслушал меня, обещал содействия в моей работе и дал несколько полезных советов. Затем он передал мне свои труды, в которых исследована научная деятельность прямого потомка царя Карталинии (Картли) Иэссея Первого, генерал-губернатора Петра Романовича (Ревазовича) Багратиони (1818-1876).Он служил на этом посту в 1870-1876 годах, проживая в Риге, и оставив там довольно за-метный след.

Со второй научной командировкой я посетил Латвию в сентябре 2010 года. Я представил господину Янису итоги своего двухлетнего исследования и снова был потрясен его великодушием, решимостью, энергичностью и чувством ответственности. Он, как научный редак-

536

тор, несмотря на традиционно перегруженный график, выискал время для детального ознакомления с результатами моего труда.

По окончании встречи он, со свойственной ему теплой улыбкой, сказал: «Итоги вашего исследования не только удовлетворительны, но и приятно неожиданны. Удивительно, как вам удалось собрать так много нового материала в столь короткий срок. Особенно радует тот факт, что истоки грузино-балтийских взаимоотношений восходят не к XVII-XVIII вв., как это считалось до сих пор, а к X веку, что потверж-дено результатами вашего исследования».

Окрыленный подобной оценкой, я с удесятиренной энергией принялся за работу и уже летом 2011 года издательство Тбилисского университета издало мою монографию, которую я сразу же послал мо-ему уважаемому редактору.

В своем письме от 25 ноября того же года академик Янис Стра-диньш писал:

«Дорогой Нико... Это действительно капитальный и основополагающий труд, ко-

торый я получил в августе с. г. oт посла проф. Коркелия и который просмотрел с большим удовольствием. Желаю выхода книги и на анг-лийском или латышском языке. Я понимаю, какую большую задачу Вы уже разрешили, поздравляю Вас!»

С третьей научной командировкой я отправился в Ригу в конце лета 2013 года и оставался там до 9 сентября. Презентации моей книги состоялись в Академической библиотеке Латвийского государственно-го университета, в Институте истории и Военном музее при Министер-стве обороны Латвии.

Следует сказать, что на этот раз я представил господину Янису материалы, разысканные мною уже после выхода книги, которые на-йдут место в новом издании. И на этот раз мой редактор дал мне нес-колько полезных советов, которые непременно будут учтены мною при подготовке нового издания.

5 сентября академик Я. Страдиньш пригласил меня к себе на уж-ин. Признаюсь, что это приглашение меня очень обрадовало и я прин-ял его как наилучший подарок. Я имел возможность познакомиться с супругой господина Яниса необыкновенной госпожой Лаймой – мате-рью славных сыновей – Пауля и Петера Страдиньшей.

Хозяин дома пригласил меня в кабинет, где я осмотрел библио-теку ученого, в которой, кроме прочего, хранится раритет – старейшая книга, изданная на латышском языке.

Перед тем, как приступить к трапезе, господин Янис произнес молитву «Отче наш» на латышском языке, а я – на грузинском. Госпо-

537

жа Лайма оказалась замечательной хозяйкой. Я провел в их семье нес-колько незабываемих часов.

В интересной беседе время пролетело незаметно и когда на ули-цах Риги замерцали фонари, я стал прощаться с любезными хозяевами. Перед тем как уйти, господин Янис оказал мне честь ознакомиться с пространной «книгой записей», которые по обычаю оставляли гости этой семьи, попросив и меня сделать запись. Я максимально старался следить за каллиграфией и, не скрою, мне было очень приятно видеть с каким нескрываемым интересом мои любезные хозяева смотрели на очертания грузинских букв.

Покидая дом Страдиньшей, расположенный на улице Кришьяна Валдемара № 99, я решил пройтись пешком. Медленно идя по краси-вым, теплым улицам Риги, забыть которые невозможно, я думал – как хорошо, что на свете еще существуют такие чудесные семьи...

После завершения моей научной командировки в Латвии, с 9 се-нтября я продолжил командировку в Литве.

В своем письме от 12 сентября сего же года академик Янис Страдиньш писал:

«Дорогой и глубокоуважаемый профессор Нико, Надеюсь, письмо застанет Вас в Тбилиси по возращении до-

мой... Надеюсь, что Ваше пребывание в Литве было столь же плодот-

ворным, как и в Латвии. Это короткое письмо пишу Вам, чтобы от души поздравить Вас

с 41-летием со дня Вашего рождения, которое исполняется сегодня и которое Вы, вероятно, справляете в Литве. Желаю от души доброго здоровья, счастья, новых научных находок. Ваша работа по грузино-прибалтийским связям нуждается в развитии, дополнении – она очень нужна всем нам в виде книги.

Вы – наш «духовный посол» в Грузии, может быт, когда-то бу-дете и дипломатическим послом Грузии в Латвии, дай Бог!

Лайма также передает Вам сердечные поздравления и привет, с удовольствием вспоминаем нашу встречу в Риге.

С дружеским расположением и уважением, Ваш Янис Страдиньш». Это теплое поздравление глубоко тронуло меня. Я еще раз убе-

дился в великодушии и доброжелательности этого необыкновенного человека...

Я бережно храню у себя подаренные мне господином Янисом книги с его автографами и юбилейные монеты Латвии, отличающиеся изысканным, действительно образцовым дизайном. И это не удиви-

538

тельно, поскольку членом комиссии по установлению дизайна этих монет является сам академик Страдиньш, который и это делает на вы-соком профессиональном уровне.

Есть люди, которые олицетворяют всю нацию. Таковым, по мое-му убеждению, является господин Янис Страдиньш, который вот уже более полyвека, не шадя сил, ведет активную научную и обществен-ную деятельность.

10 декабря 2013 года исполнилось 80 лет со дня рождения акаде-мика Яниса Страдиньша. Эту юбилейную дату надлежащим образом отметило научное сообщество Латвии. В юбилейном сборнике было опубликовано и моё поздравительное письмо. Я с удовольствием пов-торю слова, которыми я завершил свое поздравительное письмо:

”Я глубоко убежден, что если бы древним грекам довелось при-сутствовать на юбилее 80-летия академика Яниса Страдиньша, они сказали бы о нем следующее: «Боги уступили его людям. Люди, люби-те и берегите его!»

VI. Профессор Гунтис Земитис

С директором Института истории Латвии, членом-корреспонде-

нтом Академии наук Латвии Гунтисом Земитисом я познакомился во время своей первой командировки в Латвию.

Помимо того, что господин Гунтис является замечательным уче-ным, он в то же время оказался и отзывчивым человеком. С первой же нашей встречи он проявил искреннюю заинтересованность в выбранн-ой мной теме исследования, подчеркнул большое значение научного исследования грузино-балтийских отношений с точки зрения углубле-ния дружественных отношений, традиционно существующих между нашими странами, и пообещал всяческую поддержку. Он же передал мне много интересных книг, изданных в Латвии, которые мне очень пригодились.

Впоследствии, в процессе моей работы над монографией я всег-да ощущал поддержку этого человека. Он нашёл время и посетил мои лекции, которые я, по инициативе декана факультета истории и фило-софии Гвидо Страубе, читал в Латвийском университете.

14 сентября 2010 года я, уже по инициативе господина Гунтиса, прочел в Институте Латвии лекцию о монетах, чеканившихся на тер-ритории Грузии в IX-X вв., в разное время обнаруженных в Прибалти-ке, в том числе и в Латвии. Это подтверждает, что история грузино-ба-лтийских отношений насчитывает более десяти веков.

539

Примечательно, что в этом же институте работает нумизмат Та-тьяна Берга, которая изучила монетные клады, найденные в 1936-1937 годах в неподалеку от Риги местечке Саласпилс-Лаукскола, в которых оказалась одна тбилисская монета – дирхем, отчеканенная в 973/974 году в Тбилисском казначействе, в настоящее время хранящаяся в Му-зее национальной истории Латвии.

2 сентября 2013 года, при участии господина Гунтиса, в Инсти-туте истории Латвии состоялась презентация моей монографии. Дире-ктор института и его заместитель Айнарс Лерхис подчеркнули госуда-рственное значение моей работы.

Я очень горжусь тем фактом, что на звание почетного доктора Академии наук Латвии меня представил именно Институт истории Ла-твии, возглавляемый господином Гунтисом Земитисом.

VII. Профессор Рауль Чилачава

В августе-сентябре 2009 года во время своей первой научной ко-

мандировки в Латвию мне была предоставлена возможность познако-миться с чрезвычайным и полномочным послом Украины в Латвии го-сподином Раулем Чилачава, который занимал эту должность в 2006-2010 гг.

Впервые с господином Раулем я встретился в конце ХХ века, ко-гда, по его инициативе, в Тбилисском государственном университете имени Иванэ Джавахишвили состоялась встреча с современными укра-инскими поэтами.

Заслуженный деятель искусств Украины, доктор филологичес-ких наук профессор Рауль Чилачава – славный сын грузинского наро-да. Он является необыкновенной личностью – благородный, многосто-ронне образованный, истинный патриот своей родины, высоконравст-венный человек с тонким чувством юмора. Для Грузии было бы боль-шой удачей, если бы подобные люди представляли её и в других стра-нах. О его научной и литературной деятельности можно написать стол-ько, что не хватит и довольно увесистой книги. Скажу лишь одно: в новейшей истории он оказался единственным грузином, которому так доверяло чужое государство (в данном случае – Украина), что напра-вило его своим послом за рубежом!

Послы Украины и Грузии в Литве – Р. Чилачава и К. Коркелия дружили, что оказалось очень выгодным для обеих стран. Об этом сви-детельствуют проекты осуществленные ими совместно. В их числе из-дание на латышском и украинском языке бессмертной поэмы Шота Ру-ставели «Витязь в тигровой шкуре», которое на высоком полиграфиче-

540

ском уровне было осуществлено в Риге в 2009 году. Автором идеи и предисловия, составителем и редактором грузинского и украинского текста этого издания является Р. Чилачава.

В Латвии господин Рауль занимался активной общественной и литературной деятельностью. По его инициативе в Риге на украинском и грузинском языках были изданы избранные произведения великого латышского поэта, писателя и общественного деятеля Яниса Райниса (Плиекшанс) и его супруги – поэтессы, драматурга и общественной де-ятельницы Аспазии (Эльза Розенберг). Позже, также в Риге, были из-даны книги Р. Чилачава: «Бессрочная командировка» и «Приближение к Латвии (Откровение посла)», в которые, наряду с его произведения-ми, вошли очерки автобиографического характера.

В Латвии был создан цикл стихов Р. Чилачава «FM-ера (из лат-вийской тетради)», в который вошли стихотворения, связанные с этой страной. По этим стихам отчетливо видно теплое, благодушное отно-шение их автора к стране и её свободолюбивому народу.

Латыши должным образом оценили заслуги Р. Чилачава, в част-ности он был избран почетным доктором Академии наук и членом Со-юза писателей Латвии. Одновременно Союз писателей Латвии награ-дил его литературной премией, а Союз журналистов – премией Маври-ка Вульфсона, формулировка которой такова: «За внедрение идей гу-манизма и укрепление отношений между народами». Всё это является доказательством его признания в этой стране.

Во время своих научных командировок в Латвию я не раз встре-чался с господином Раулем. Эти встречи проходили как в посольстве Украины в Латвии, расположенном в центре Риги, на бульваре Калпа-ка, так и на других мероприятиях.

24 августа господин Рауль пригласил меня на торжественное ме-роприятие, посвященное Дню государственной независимости Украи-ны. Посол Украины, как всегда, был в замечательной форме. Один из приглашенных прошептал: «Рауль Чилачава похож на римского импе-ратора».

Выступление господина Рауля завершилось бурными аплодис-ментами. Мне запомнились громогласно, зычно произнесенные им слова: «Незалэжна, самостийна Украина»…

Вечером 31 августа господин Рауль позвонил мне и сказал, что прочитал опубликованную мной статью о грузино-латышских отноше-ниях. Я был рад услышать его положительную оценку, а особенно сле-дующие слова: «В твоем очерке интересно описана служба Григола Орбелиани в Вендене, т. е. в современном Цесисе. Предлагаю тебе зав-тра вместе посетить этот город».

541

На следующее утро я с господином Раулем отправились в Цесис. Выдающийся грузинский поэт, военный и общественный дея-

тель Григорий (Григол) Орбелиани (1804-1883), служивший одно вре-мя в Лифляндии, писал: «Венден – маленький городок, и издалека он очень прелестен на вид. Обветшавшие, обрушившиеся башни крепости грозно смотрят свысока на красивые, изящные, новые здания города… Каждый вечер я поднимался на одну еще полностью уцелевшую баш-ню, с которой открывался прекрасный вид на округу».

В Цесисе мы пробыли довольно долгое время. По пути мы осмо-трели поселение племени вендов, которое сохранено как музей-запове-дник.

По возвращении в Ригу господин Рауль приготовил для меня еще один сюрприз и презентовал мне все свои книги. Каждую из них он надписал по-разному своим изящным каллиграфическим почерком (еще одно проявление его поэтической природы!). На одной из них та-кая надпись:

«Нико Джавахишвили, который знает, сколько сейчас времени на песочных часах истории! С наилучшими пожеланиями, автор».

Впечатленный поездкой в Цесис по следам Г. Орбелиани Р. Чи-лачава написал прекрасное стихотворение «Григол Орбелиани в Риге пишет стих своей сестре Ефимии», у которого есть посвящение – «Ни-ко Джавахишвили».

30 августа 2013 года во время презентации моей монографии, проходившей в Академической библиотеке Латвийского университета, представитель посольства Украины в Латвии зачитал собравшимся приветственное письмо, присланное господином Раулем Чилачава из Киева, в котором говорится:

“Мысленно представляя себя в зале, где вы сегодня собрались и где в свое время неоднократно имел честь выступать, хочу искренне приветствовать главного виновника торжества – моего талантливого молодого друга, замечательного человека и ученого, профессора Нико-лая (Нико) Джавахишвили.

Книга, представляемая им сегодня латвийской публике, уника-льна по объему собранного и проанализированного документального материала и является совершенно новой страницей в освещении мно-говековых грузинско-балтийских, в частности, грузинско-латышских связей.

Здесь множество малоизвестных, а то и неизвестных фактов, сведений, архивных находок, подтверждающих непрерывные и актив-ные контакты наших предков в разные эпохи.

542

Я был свидетелем зарождения первых фрагментов будущей мо-нографии Нико Джавахишвили и очень рад, что, благодаря свойствен-ному упорному труду и прирожденному исследовательскому таланту, ему удалось по крупицам собрать и восстановить впечатляющую кар-тину политических, экономических и культурных отношений Земли Марии Богородицы с Террой Марианой.

Нет, я не оговорился, это вовсе не тавтология: именно так себя именуют и Грузия, и Латвия, и, возможно, в этом и заключается мо-мент истины, скрываются первопричины взаимного притяжения на-ших народов.

Я обязательно напишу развернутую рецензию на этот замечател-ьный и достойный труд, а сегодня еще раз поздравляю автора с его презентацией в Риге, в любимом моем городе, где я навсегда оставил частицу своего сердца.

Передаю всем собравшимся большой привет и наилучшие поже-лания.

Поклон замечательной и незаменимой Венте Коцере, деловое участие и искренняя поддержка которой давно уже стали важным ком-понентом межнациональных научно-культурных связей Латвии с дру-гими государствами.

Искренне Ваш, Рауль Чилачава”. Без преувеличения могу сказать, что среди важнейших событий,

произошедших со мной во время моей первой научной командировки в Латвию, одно из самых ярких впечатлений на меня произвело знако-мство и встреча с господином Раулем Чилачава.

Я очень рад тому, что и сегодня с господином Раулем нас связы-вают интенсивные отношения и переписка.

VIII. Академик Виктор Калнберз

Академик Янис Страдиньш посоветовал мне познакомиться с

известным латышским хирургом, академиком Виктором Константино-вичем Калнберзом, в профессиональное становление которого боль-шую лепту внёс директор Института травматологии Латвии профессор Арчил Несторович Мачабели (1905-1960).

21 августа 2009 года я приехал на дачу к господину Виктору, ко-торая расположена за городом, в лесопарковой зоне Приедкалне.

Виктор Константинович Калнберз родился в 1928 году, однако для своего возраста он выглядит прекрасно. Это представительный, статный и благородный человек с очень интересной биографией. В

543

частности, он является обладателем нескольких почетных наград, в том числе кавалером высшей государственной награды Латвии – Орде-на Трёх звёзд, Героем социалистического труда СССР, генералом ме-дицинской службы вооруженных сил Афганистана и т. д.

Он предоставил мне много интересных сведений о своём учите-ле и научном руководителе – Арчиле Мачабели, который до самой сво-ей кончины работал в Латвии. В этой стране его по сей день вспомина-ют с особым уважением и любовью.

«Это был истинно грузинский рыцарь» – так характеризуют его латыши.

Академик В. Калнберз оказался очень приятным хозяином и со-беседником. С Грузией его связывает много хороших воспоминаний. Он с большим теплом вспомнил своих грузинских друзей и коллег, особенно выдающегося грузинского хирурга, ныне покойного Отара Гудушаури, а также встречу со Святейшим и Блаженнейшим Католи-косом-патриархом всея Грузии Ильей II, которая состоялась в Тбили-си, и многое другое.

Дом-музей Виктора Константиновича Калнберза украшает мно-го интересных экспонатов, в том числе большое количество фотогра-фий. На самом почётном месте висит огромный портрет его любимого учителя – А. Мачабели…

На прощание академик подарил мне свою книгу со следующей надписью: “Замечательному ученому, борцу за сохранение историчес-кой правды, дорогому Николаю Георгиевичу Джавахишвили с наилуч-шими пожеланиями от Виктора Калнберза. 21. 08. 2009. Латвия, При-едкалне, дом «Калнберзи»...

7 сентября 2013 года на той же даче состоялась моя вторая встреча с академиком Виктором Калнберзом.

Я подарил ему свою книгу, в которой повествуется и о нём. За интересной беседой время пролетело незаметно. Перед моим уходом хозяин подарил мне свою книгу, изданную

на высоком полиграфическом уровне, «Моё время», на которой сделал следующую надпись:

“Замечательному человеку, другу моему, профессору Николаю Георгиевичу Джавахишвили с пожеланиями здоровья, счастья, твор-ческих успехов и удач. От автора книги, Виктор Калнберз. 07. 09. 2013 г. Приедкалне, дом “Калнберзи”.

Помимо огромных заслуг в медицинской сфере, что общеизвест-но, академик Виктор Константинович Калнберз симпатичен мне, в пе-рвую очередь, потому, что он так бережно хранит память о своём гру-зинском учителе...

544

IX. Доктор Вента Коцере

С директором Академической библиотеки Латвийского универ-ситета, доктором Вентой Коцере я познакомился во время своей пер-вой командировки в Латвию.

Кавалер нескольких почётных иностранных наград, госпожа Ве-нта, благородный, любящий Грузию человек. Она всегда с особой теп-лотой вспоминает свои визиты в Грузию, а также своих грузинских друзей, с которыми она поддерживает тесные связи. Госпожа Вента многократно доказывала делом, что является верным другом Грузии. Она оказала мне всемерное содействие в том, чтобы в период своего пребывания в Латвии я смог собрать весь важный исторический мате-риал, использованный затем в моем труде. Поэтому именно ей я пред-ложил быть рецензентом моей книги, на что она с удовольствием дала свое согласие.

В. Коцере приложила все усилия к тому, чтобы познакомить ме-ня с людьми, связанными с выдающимися грузинами, проживающими в Латвии.

3 сентября 2009 года госпожа Вента повела меня в гости в семью заслуженного деятеля искусств Латвии Яниса Глейздса (1924-2010). Поскольку господин Янис плохо себя чувствовал, с нами поговорила его супруга Нелля (Аннеле) Глейзда. Удивительно, но факт, что Янис Глейздс, которому в молодости ампутировали кисти рук (из-за гангре-ны, начавшейся в результате обморожения), позднее приобрел всемир-ную известность как фотохудожник, обладающий оригинальным виде-нием. Его супруга рассказала нам, что во всём этом решающую роль сыграл профессор Арчил Мачабели, который оказывал всестороннее содействие оставшемуся инвалидом, но очень талантливому молодому человеку. Он взял Яниса в штат художника в свой институт и помог ему найти собственное место в жизни.

«Царствие небесное замечательному грузину – Арчилу Мачабе-ли, который, воистину, заменил отца моему мужу», – сказала мне на прощание со слезами на глазах эта седая госпожа…

Госпожа Вента предложила мне провести первую презентацию моего труда в Академической библиотеке Латвийского государствен-ного университета, которая и состоялась 30 августа 2013 года. Впечат-ления, полученные на этой презентации, навсегда останутся в моей памяти…

В Латвии у меня много друзей. Среди них особое место занима-ет госпожа Вента Коцере, отличающаяся удивительной верностью и вниманием ко всем своим друзьям.

545

X. Посол Латвии в Грузии Элита Гавеле

Госпожа Элита уже несколько лет успешно работает в Грузии в качестве чрезвычайного и полномочного посла. По совместительству она же является чрезвычайным и полномочным послом Латвии в Ар-мении.

В течение моей жизни я был знаком со многими государствен-ными деятелями и послами. Многие из них произвели на меня впечат-ление излишне официальных, довольно закрытых людей.

Элита Гавеле относится к той редкой категории дипломатов, ко-торые, помимо того, что профессионально исполняют свои служебные обязанности, еще и умеют достойно оценить деятельность иностран-цев, доброжелательно относящихся к их стране.

Госпожа Элита прилагает максимальные усилия к тому, чтобы на должном уровне представить Латвию в Грузии, в качестве доказа-тельства я могу привести целый ряд примеров. Здесь я вспомню лишь один факт.

29 апреля 2014 года в Национальной научной библиотеке Тби-лисского государственного университета имени Иванэ Джавахишвили проходила выставка коллекции работ и описаний по тематике балтийс-кого региона известного рижского педагога и художника Иоганна Кри-стофа Бротце (1742-1823). Этот драгоценный материал хранится в Ака-демической библиотеке Латвийского государственного университета. Поэтому экспозицию в Тбилиси доставили директор этой библиотеки госпожа В. Коцере и его заместитель, господин Валдис.

Я не раз бывал на подобных выставках, однако такой высокий академический уровень встречал редко.

Госпожа Элита благодаря своему большому организаторскому таланту смогла не только блестяще представить эту важную часть на-ционального богатства Латвии, но и собрать на этой выставке общест-во высокого ранга, значительную часть которого представляли иност-ранные дипломаты, аккредитованные в Грузии.

Деятельность чрезвычайного и полномочного посла Латвии в Грузии госпожи Элиты Гавеле является лучшим примером того, как каждый дипломат должен заботиться о достойном представлении сво-ей страны за рубежом...

23 июня 2014 года,Тбилиси, Грузия,

«Лиго» (Янов день),

древний латышский праздник летнего солнцестояния

546

mamia jijeiSvili

istoriis mecnierebaTa doq-

tori, profesori, mecnierebis

damsaxurebuli moRvawe, saqar-

Tvelos humanitarul mecniereba-

Ta akademiis akademikosi, sapatio

profesori batoni mamia jijeiSvi-

li daibada da aRizarda qarTveli

inteligentis, istoriis mecnie-

rebaTa doqtorisa da profesoris

grigol jijeiSvilis da nadia tu-

RuSis ojaxSi. b-ni grigoli Tbi-

lisis javaxiSvilis saxelobis sa-

xelmwifo universitetis damTav-

rebis Semdeg moRvaweobda baTumis

saxelmwifo universitetSi. mis

saxlSi ikribebodnen baTumis TvalsaCino mecnierebi da sa-

zogado moRvaweebi. am garemom didi gavlena iqonia b-ni mami-

as pirovnebis Camoyalibebasa da profesiis arCevaSi. mas ad-

reul asakSi Camouyalibda momavali istorikosis interesebi

da saSualo skolis damTavrebis Semdeg swavla ganagrZo So-

Ta rusTavelis saxelobis baTumis saxelmwifo pedagogiuri

institutis istoriis fakultetze. saqarTvelos istoriiT

gataceba mTeli sicocxlis manZilze misi cxovrebis wesad

iqca. igi 27 wlis asakSi istoriis mecnierebaTa kandidati

gaxda, xolo 40 wlis asakSi akad. giorgi xaWapuriZis xel-

mZRvanelobiT saqarTvelos mecnierebaTa akademiis ivane ja-

vaxiSvilis saxelobis istoriis, arqeologiisa da eTnogra-

fiis institutis aspiranturis damTavrebis Semdeg, istori-

is erT-erTi yvelaze axalgazrda mecnierebaTa doqtori

respublikaSi.

`Svilma unda icodes, sad gaCerda mama, rom iqidan da-

iwyos cxovrebis uRlis weva~-o — ambobda didi ilia. b-nma ma-

miamac Rirseulad ganagrZo mamamisis fuZenayari gza: aTeu-

li wlebis manZilze igi iyo ivane javaxiSvilis saxelobis is-

547

toriis, arqeologiisa da eTnografiis kvleviTi institutis

saqarTvelos istoriis ganyofilebis wamyvani mecnier-Ta-

namSromeli, Tbilisis ivane javaxiSvilis saxelmwifo uni-

versitetis, saqarTvelos teqnikuri universitetisa da sa-

xelmwifo konservatoriis profesori, XX saukunis 80-iani

wlebidan saukunis bolomde sulxan-saba orbelianis saxe-

lobis saxelmwifo pedagogiuri universitetis kaTedris

gamge, mogvianebiT ki ilias universitetis politologiis

profesori. igi iyo aseve baTumis SoTa rusTavelis saxelo-

bis saxelmwifo universitetisa da baTumis `gaxangrZlivebu-

li universitetis~ profesori da baTumis socialur-poli-

tikuri institutis redaqtori. misi leqciebi yovelTvis ga-

moirCeoda sagnis siRrmiseuli codniT, konceftualurobi-

Ta da erisa da qveynis siyvaruliT. 1953-2006 wlebSi mas ga-

moqveynebuli aqvs 170-mde naSromi: 15 wigni-monografia, 14

broSura, 53 mecnieruli naSromi, 85 saJurnalo da sagazeTo

werili. iyo 10 aspirantis mecnier-xelmZRvaneli, 71 sakandi-

dato da sadoqtoro disertaciebis oficialuri oponenti,

maT Soris samjer — moskovSi.

profesor mamia jijeiSvils miniWebuli aqvs saqarTve-

los mecnierebis damsaxurebuli moRvawis sapatio wodeba,

arCeulia humanitarul mecnierebaTa akademiis akademikosad

da aWaris ganyofilebis swavlul mdivnad. mis Sesaxeb biog-

rafiuli werili gamoqveynebulia qarTuli enciklopediis

XI tomSi.

b-ni mamias karierul winsvlaSi misi saocari Sromis-

moyvareobis, keTilsindisierebisa da niWierebis garda for-

tunamac garkveuli roli iTamaSa, radganac igi Sesabamis

dros Sexvda Sesabamis pirovnebebs... XX s-is 50-iani wlebis

bolos misi karieruli winsvlis dasawyisSi aWaris maRalmTi-

ani raionis kurort beSumis sanatoriums, sadac isvenebda b-

ni mamia, aWaris janmrTelobis dacvis saministros ganyofi-

lebis gamgesTan, damsaxurebul eqim g. tuRuSTan erTad, es-

tumra baTumSi mimavali saqarTvelos kompartiis centra-

luri komitetis pirveli mdivani vasil mJavanaZe. derefanSi

asvlisTanave, bedis gamoisobiT, man daakakuna pirvelive

oTaxis karze, sadac b-ni mamia isvenebda, mis SekiTxvebs pasu-

xi gasca damsaxurebulma eqimma, saubari saaTnaxevars gag-

548

rZelda. da bolos, b-ni vasilis kiTxvaze, — vin aris da ras

akeTebs es axalgazrda? miiRo pasuxi: igi aris Cemi axalgaz-

rda megobari, aWaris warmomadgeneli saqarTvelos mecnie-

rebaTa akademiis istoriis, arqeologiisa da eTnografiis

institutSi. guSin man saqarTvelo-TurqeTis urTierTobis

sakiTxebze iseTi saubari Cagvitara, rom gagviCnda sxva sa-

kiTxebze leqcia-saubrebis survili. TbilisSi dabrunebis-

Tanave b-nma mamiam Seasrula pirveli mdivnis davaleba da igi

partiis centraluri komitetis pirveli mdivnis kabinetSi

moinaxula. iqac, mecnierebaTa akademiis sistemisa da erov-

nuli istoriis problemebze saubari daaxloebiT naxevar sa-

aTs gagrZelebula. amis Semdeg, vasil mJavanaZis rekomenda-

ciiT b-ni mamia daamtkices centraluri komitetis leqto-

rad. am dRidan igi aqtiurad monawileobda uamrav RonisZie-

bebSi, maT Soris: or respublikur Sekrebaze misi politiku-

ri moxsenebis Tema iyo: `saqarTvelos sazogadoebriv-poli-

tikuri ganviTarebis ZiriTadi mimarTulebani.~respublikis

mecnierebaTa akademiis vice-prezidentisa da iv. javaxiSvi-

lis saxelobis istoriis, arqeologiisa da eTnografiis in-

stitutis direqtoris — akademikos niko berZeniSvlis dava-

lebiT WiaTuris saxalxo Teatris SenobaSi wakiTxul iqna ma-

mia jijeiSvilis orsaaTiani moxseneba Temaze: `WiaTuris man-

ganumis mrewvelobis ganviTarebis ZiriTadi mimarTuleba-

ni~, romlis vrceli varianti gamoqveynda mecnierebaTa aka-

demiis Jurnal `moambeSi~, akademikos mamia dumbaZis davale-

biT ki quTaissa da WiaTuraSi b-nma mamiam monawileoba miiRo

`saqarTvelos istoriis kursis programis~ ganxilvaSi.

XX saukunis ukanasknel aTwleulSi profesor mamia

jijeiSvilis mecnieruli interesis sfero kidev ufro ga-

farTovda. is aris saqarTvelos istoriis narkvevebisa (rva-

tomeuli) da aWaris istoriis narkvevebis (III da IV tomebis)

Tanaavtori, aseve mas ekuTvnis saxelmZRvanelo `saqarTve-

los istoria XIX saukunis 90-iani wlebidan dRemde~ da sab-

WoTa xelisuflebisa da gasabWoebamdeli saqarTvelos is-

toriis Sesaxeb aTeulobiT monografia. maTi kvlevis Sem-

dgom igi kvlav miubrunda saqarTvelos istoriis kursis Ta-

namedrove programas. aseve, m. jijeiSvilma Seadgina da sa-

qarTveloSi pirvelad gamoaqveyna `politikuri istoriis~

549

da `politmoZRvrebaTa istoriis~ teqstebi, romlebic moi-

wona da mxari dauWira saxalxo ganaTlebis moRvaweTa Sekre-

bebma. misi warmodgenili programa pasuxobs damoukidebeli

da demokratiuli saqarTvelos warsulisa da awmyos aqtua-

luri problemebs. istoriuli codna ki Zalad iqceva, roca

igi warsulisa da awmyos erovnul interesebs gamoxatavs. am

kuTxiT b-ni mamias naSromi Zalian faseulia.

1995 wlis 11 aprils baTumis saSualo skolebis maswav-

leblebis, umaRlesi saswavleblis saqarTvelos istoriis

kaTedraTa wevrebis, ganaTlebis saministros TanamSromle-

bisa da am Sexvedraze dasmuli problemiT dainteresebuli

mravalricxovani sazogadoebis orsaaTian Sekrebaze ganxi-

lul iqna saqarTvelos istoriis kursis m. jijeiSviliseuli

programis xelnaweri da miRebul iqna gadawyvetileba misi

gamoqveynebisa da saqarTvelos skolebsa da umaRles saswav-

leblebSi gavrcelebis Sesaxeb. analogiuri gadawyvetileba

miiRo agreTve aWaris saxelmwifo muzeumSi Catarebulma sa-

muzeumo gaerTianebaTa samecniero sabWos sxdomam, romel-

mac moismina da ganixila misi vrceli informacia saqarTve-

los istoriis programis Sedgenilobis, siaxleebisa da mniS-

vnelobis Sesaxeb. warmodgenili programis safuZvelze ga-

moqveynda misive werilebis seria: `saqarTvelos istoriis

periodizacia da misi swavlebis gaumjobesebis amocanebi~ —

gaz. àWara~, 1995 wlis 25 agvisto; `zogadsaganmanaTleblo

skola da saqarTvelos istoriis swavleba~ — gaz. `sinaTle~,

1995 wlis #14-15, noemberi, `saqarTvelos istoriis periodi-

zacia da misi swavlebis gaumjobeseba~ — gaz. `ganaTleba~,

1996 wlis 11 maisi `saWiroa siaxleTa gaTvaliswineba~ — gaz.

àxali ganaTleba~, 1998 wlis 5-11 noemberi, 19-25 noemberi;'

`daviT IV zedsaxelis àRmaSeneblis~ Sesaxeb~, — gaz. àWara~,

1996 wlis 10 Tebervali da a. S. saqarTvelosa da msoflio is-

toriis ganviTarebis oTxi cnobili periodisa da sazogado-

ebriv-politikuri formaciebis warmoSobis, xangrZlivobis

da kavSirurTierTobis sakiTxebze miseuli Sefasebebis ram-

denime ZiriTadi mxare ukve gaziarebulia ukanasknel wlebSi

gamocemul axali da uaxlesi istoriis saqarTvelos sasko-

lo saxelmZRvaneloebSi, agreTve, moskovSi 2001 da 2002

550

wlebSi gamoqveynebul `sazRvargareTis qveynebis saxelmwi-

fosa da samarTlis istoriis~ saxelmZRvaneloebSi.

friad sainteresoa misi gamokvlevebi saqarTvelos di-

di mefeebis: daviT aRmaSeneblisa da Tamar mefis biografiis

calkeul sakiTxebze am moRvaweTa istoriuli periodebis

swori gaazrebisaTvis.

2006 wels gamovida b-ni mamias 400-gverdiani naSromi

`sazRvargareTis qveynebis saxelmwifosa da samarTlis is-

toriis saswavlo-meTodikuri cnobari~, romelSic SerCevi-

Taa ganxiluli saxelmwifosa da samarTlis sakiTxebi, rom-

lebic tipobrivia ama Tu im regionis an sazogadoebis gar-

kveuli safexurisaTvis. warmodgenili naSromis formati:

sakiTxebis CamonaTvali, faqtobrivi masala, gansakuTrebiT

im sakiTxebTan dakavSirebiT, romlebic aqtualuria Tana-

medrove pirobebSi an qarTul an ucxour istoriografiaSi,

naklebadaa Seswavlili, maTi mecnieruli analizi, avtorise-

uli interpretacia, sakontrolo kiTxvebi, istoriuli da

iuridiuli ucxo sityvebis ganmartebani da `danarTis~ masa-

lebi iZleva saswavlo sagnis ZiriTadi problemebis sworad

Semecnebis SesaZleblobas da, am TvalsazrisiT, maTi mecnie-

ruli Rirebuleba udavoa.

2009 wels b-n mamiam didi danaklisi ganicada. man da-

karga ukeTilSobilesi da ulamazesi meuRle naTela cqitiS-

vili, romelic xuTi aTeuli wlis ganmavlobaSi inawilebda

masTan erTad sixarulsa da mwuxarebas. miuxedavad didi tki-

vilisa, b-nma mamiam SeZlo Tavis TavSi gamoenaxa Zalebi, rom

gaegrZelebina cxovreba da Sroma, radganac is marto ar iyo.

mas gverdiT misi didi ojaxi edga.

grigol jijeiSvilis istoriis siyvarulis genetikuri

kodi ara marto b-n mamiaze, aramed momdevno Taobazec gada-

vida. b-ni mamias ufrosma qaliSvilma istoriisa da samar-

Tlis fakultetebi daamTavra da politikis doqtori dRes

stu-Si moRvaweobs asocirebuli profesoris Tanamdeboba-

ze. misi ufrosi vaJiSvilic — giorgi CxikviSvili polito-

logiisa da samarTlis fakultetebis kursdamTavrebuli,

saerTaSoriso urTierTobebis magistri da politikis akade-

miuri doqtori — stu-Si muSaobs asistent-profesoris Ta-

namdebobaze. q-ni qeTi meuRlesTan — biologiis mecniereba-

551

Ta doqtorTan, samedicino universitetis profesorTan,

niu-iorkis mecnierebaTa akademiis akademikosTan irakli

CxikviSvilTan erTad zrdis kidev erT vaJiSvils — daviT

CxikviSvils, romelic samedicino universitetis me-5 kursis

studentia da amave dros muSaobs niu-hospitalSi.

b-ni mamias umcrosma qaliSvilma — Tamar jijeiSvilma

biZis — anzor jijeiSvilis tradicia gaagrZela da skolis

medalze damTavrebis Semdeg swavla javaxiSvilis universi-

tetis fizikis fakultetze ganagrZo, romlis wiTel dip-

lomze damTavrebis Semdeg dRemde moRvaweobs `qarTu~-s

jgufSi administratoris Tanamdebobaze. q-ni Tamaris meuR-

le — Temur maCaiZe ganaTlebis saministroSi infrastruqtu-

ris saagentos direqtoris moadgilea. maTi ufrosi vaJi da

rZali — papuna maCaiZe da baia Tolordava javaxiSvilis uni-

versitetis iuridiuli fakultetis kursdamTavrebulebi —

magistraturaSi swavlas warmatebiT uTavseben muSobas. pa-

puna ganaTlebis saministroSi maswavlebelTa gadamzadebis

centris iuristia, baia ki Sinagan saqmeTa saministroSi mi-

nistris moadgilis TanaSemwe. amave dros qveyanas uzrdian

patara marita maCaiZes. q-n Tamaris umcrosi vaJi luka abi-

turentia. amave dros mas seriozuli warmatebebi aqvs spor-

tSi, aris kalaTburTelTa axalgazrduli nakrebis Semadgen-

lobaSi. b-ni mamias didi ojaxis TiToeuli wevri warmatebu-

li da realizebuli adamiania, vinaidan maT hyavT b-ni mamia —

maTi zneobis sarke da kaTarzisi, aqvT cocxali magaliTi,

rogor unda icxovron kacurad, iSromon da Rirseulad ata-

ron profesionalisa da mecnieris didi da sapatio tvirTi.

b-n mamias dResac, 83 wlis asakSi xSirad SexvdebiT sa-

jaro biblioTekasa Tu sajaro TavSeyris adgilebze isev

iseTive akuratuls, mowesrigebuls, halstuxsa da pijakSi

gamowyobils da Zveleburad SemarTebuls. esaa misi cxovre-

bis wesi. mas sxvanairad ar SeuZlia.

konstantine gamsaxurdia ambobda: `Cven unda viswav-

loT siyvaruli Cvens TanamedroveTa mimarTo.~

am statiiT Cven gvinda moveferoT Cvens Tanamedroves,

Rvawlmosil mecniersa da mamuliSvils, mivulocoT mas 83

wlis iubile da vusurvoT didxans yofna Tavisi didi ojaxi-

sa da samecniero sazogadoebis sakeTildReod.

552

Mamia Jijeishvili

Summary The doctor of historical science, professor, Honoured Scientist, the

member of Georgian Humanitarian Academy, Mr. Mamia Jijeishvili turned 83 years. For decades he was working in Scientific-research institute named Ivane Javakhishvili. also was a professor of Tbilisis state University, Geor-gian Technical University and State Conservatory. Hi was a head of social-political University of Batumi.

He is the author of about 170 works: books, Monography, scientific and newpaper articles, also hi is one of the authors essays of Georgian His-tory (8 volume) and `Essays of Adjarian History (III, IV volumes). The article about him is in the XI volume of Georgian Encyclopedia. Scientific Society Congratulates him Anniversary.


Tbilisi, 0179, i. WavWavaZis gamz. 19, �: 2 22 36 09, 5(99) 17 22 30

E-mail: [email protected]

gamomcemloba universali -...

Documents

Transcript of gamomcemloba universali -...