Shale Gas:Sviluppo di specifiche tecnologieinnovative nel campo della esplorazionee produzione

Fabio BrambillaSr. Geoscientist

Baker Hughes, Continental Europe

Fabio.brambilla@bakerhughes.com

TOPICS

•Reserves vs Resources

•The shale gas unconventional reservoir and itsexploitation

•Understand shale gas reservoir

– Collect data

– Analyze data

•Put shale gas reservoir in production

– Well design

– Drill the well

– Completion

2

3

Reserves vs Resources

I D E N T I F I E D

U N D I S C O V E R E D

Economic

Subeconomic

Petrophy.Well Eng.

Gas market

GeologicalGeophysicalKnowledge

4

Innovation increases Reserves

Economic

Subeconomic

I D E N T I F I E D

Petrophy.Well Eng.

Gas market

U N D I S C O V E R E D

The Shale Gas Reservoir• Unconventional natural gas reservoir composed of fine-grained

sedimentary rocks, dominated by shale containing clay and otherminerals like quartz, calcite

• No trap - gas sourced and remains in same rock

• Total Organic Carbon (TOC) , Thermal Maturity, Mineralogy,and Natural Fractures are Key- Micro-Porosity & micro/nanoDarcy-Permeability, secondary permeability

• Gas stored in three ways:1. Free Gas

a. In rock matrix microporosity

b. In natural fractures

2. Sorbed Gasa. Adsorbed on organic and mineral surfaces w/in nat Fracturesb. Absorbed on organic and mineral surfaces w/in matrix

3. Dissolved - In HC liquids present (bitumen)

Total Gas (GIP) = Free + Sorbed + Dissolved

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Developing Shale Gas

•Two Key Elements of economic shale gas development:1. Horizontal Wells2. Multi-Stage Fracturing Shales must be fracture stimulated to produce commercially

(These two keys maximize reservoir volume connected to the well)

• All Shale Gas Reservoirs are not the same

• Vertical wells to define play, collect reservoir data

• Analyze data and design and plan development

• Horizontal wells to develop

– Laterals 3,000 - 6,000 ft (900 - 1800 m)

– Well spacing avg. 80 acres (0.323 Km2)

• Effectiveness of hydraulic fracturing determines:- Production rates- Drainage area- Recovery

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•Collect reservoir data

– Logging while drilling(LWD)

– Wireline logging (WL)

– Coring

• necessary for

– Identify formations todrill horizontal

– Identify optimal fractureintervals

– Identify potentialbarriers for fracturecontainment

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Baker HughesShale Gas Reservoir Evaluation Suite

BHI Shale Gas Evaluation Suite – An IntegratedPetrophysical approach to characterize highlycomplex shale gas reservoirs

GeochemistryMineralogy

Total Organic ContentLithofacies classification

Total PorositySiliceous Brittleness Index

FLeX / RockViewSpectralogMineralogy

StructuralSedimentary analyses

Stress regime

STAR / EI /CBIL/StarTrak/

Image logs

PorosityPermeabilityFluid typing

Total Organic Content

Resistivity / Density / Neutron

Fracturecharacterization

Illustration: Marcellus shale outcrop - Pennsylvania

Core analyses

PowerCORMaxCOR

Rotary core

XMAC-F1Acoustic

FracExplorerMicroseismic

MReXNMR

Dynamic & StaticGeomechanical

PropertiesPressure Gradient

Seismic studies

Basic data

Monitor fracturing

Integrated Approach to Optimizing Shale Gas Recovery

• Model Simulation Data– Image logs

– Acoustic and Geochemical logs

– Seismic data

– Advanced Microseismic data

– Production Data

•Stimulation design andproduction prediction

– 3D Geomechanics

– Geochemistry

– Seismology

– Natural Fractures

3D Geomechanics

StimulatingNatural Fractures

Microseismic

Stimulation Program

Image Data

RockView

Resistivity Cr:n7Voi lty

M2R1

0.2 2000 Neutron Porosity

(OHMM) 30

M2R2 CP.)

0.2 2000 pensity Porosity

(OHMM) 30

M2R3 Cpu) CF21 0.2 2000 Grain Dan Sity

7

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M2RX 0.2 2000

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The mineralogy varies in shale gas reservoirs

BarnettHaynesvilleMontney MarcellusEagle Ford

Well designWell Profile Woodford Shale-Anadarko Basin

450 m

3130 m

3765 m

Drill faster and better

Smoother, more efficient

a century of innovation

Drilling Optimization: Barnett Shale ExampleReducing costs & Reducing footprint

Before 6 wells drilled @ 32 ft/hr

After 8 wells drilled @ 57 ft/hr

80% increase in averageROP, spud to TD

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OPTIMIZATION• Modified PDC Bits• Model Re-design BHA - torque, drag,hydraulics

• Optimized Parameters -WOB, Rotation• Critical Speed Analysis to Reduce Vibration• Result: increase ROP

5+ days saved

1 week

Other Production Drivers:Geomechanics and Hydraulic Fracture Complexity

FracPoint™ Completion System

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• One-trip system – 24 stages

• Rotational capabilities

• Increase reservoir productivity fracturecontrol

• Versatile system

– Primary and re-fracturing applications

– Open or cased hole and vertical orhorizontal

– Modular components – customizablesystem

• Increased reservoir contact

• Reduced CAPEX

• Minimizes surface constraints

• Minimizes footprint

FracHOOK™ Multilateral System

Planning, observation and monitoring offracturing job

Fracture Migration & Microseismic Integration

sh,maxsh,max

sh,maxsh,maxsh,minsh,min

sh,minsh,min

Horizontal Wellbores: Fracture GeometriesHorizontal Wellbores: Fracture Geometries

sh,max

sh,maxsh,min

sh,min

Horizontal Wellbores: Fracture Geometries

Fracturing esecution, monitoring and evaluation

Proppants

• Proper placement creates aconductive pathway from thereservoir to the wellbore

• Proppant is the only materialintended to remain in thereservoir after a hydraulicfracturing treatment completionand cleanup

Innovative solutions to minimize or not usewater in fracturing jobs

•FOAMED AQUASTAR® SYSTEM (US6410489)

– Two surfactant system

•VAPORFRAC® SYSTEM

•POLY CO2 FRAC SYSTEM

– 25 % gelled fluid 40% Methanol

•Aqueous Methanol Based Systems

•Hydrocarbon Based Systems

– SUPER RHEOGEL® FRAC SYSTEM - Gelled Oil

•Non-Aqueous Methanol Based Systems

– METHOFRAC® SYSTEMS

•CO2 Based Systems, Liquid CO2 / N2 Super CO2 Foam

Thank you

Grazie

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