Città Plurali

7/23/2019 Città Plurali

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Percorsidi conoscenza e dialogo interreligioso

nel territoriodella provincia di Roma

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Progetto grafico e impaginazione: Silvio Capponi/Sagp - Stampa: Gmg grafica, Roma - dicembre 2010

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Nicola Zingare!!i %B5C945>D5 45<<1 %B?F9>391 49 '?=1

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Cecilia D%Elia

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4

Città plurali è insieme un fatto, un auspicio e un progetto

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5

Introduzione

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Paola Gabbrielli Piperno %?BD1F?35 45< )1F?<? I>D5BB5<979?C? 49 '?=1

6

7

Sommario

Introduzione 5

Induismo 9

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Ebraismo 15

> G>: 4.000 > > HIG> W ^G>H W HI W " > K>I W B>><G>

Buddhismo 23^>H BJG W >I J W D>JH> J>H W H>^>HHI> ^>I> W B>><G>

Ortodossia 33

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Islam 47

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Protestantesimo 53

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1. IL CONCE##O FONDAMEN#ALE DI DHA!MA

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G J> > H>II >= R > sanatana dharma.

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stenere, mantenere\. D= R JJ J [nor-ma\, J [legge\ IG> HHI> ^G> -H> HJ II>IP. " IG> IG>> R J [G\ IG-HI HS H (> H, IJG, ^J,.) H> > II> H IG>I>. _ > H-<JO =, >II>, > G> HI> H<J GG>I, GIIG>HI> > J GH, > J >, -^J H J , > II>, H. " GJ R > -= GH, JG HJ GH>I, > >G>G HJ -> > HJ >K>I> HH>G." = R H [norma\ HH >I.

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9

Induismo

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<<>G [HO>\ ^=, >R II>IJ>> G-II> H contrari opposti G , G- G> G JHI, <G HGO, G, >HI>>IP. "->> = R JJ J^>H> > G Z >K> IG Z HHI< JIG K>I, >IG>H -IJG HIHH ^J>KGH. EHH, H HHGKI, GHGK ^J- G HGO , G<GHH>KI, -J Liberazione (H, JI>).

2. $NA !ELIGIONE "EN&A INI&IOE "EN&A FINE

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3. LIND$I"MO $NA !ELIGIONE MONO#EI"#A

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10

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4. $NI#' NELLA DI%E!"I#'^>J>H R J G><> HIGI >G, I-

GI J>KGH. CHI J >G> > IG>O>>,JIJG >H> >KGH, J>H >>> > GH - (>G 1 >>G), IIG <G> G>>> > H, G>HI-I G>G >KGH>IP KG>OO GI>G>IP> <> >>K>J.[+ J ><< J, <U*> > @@ ><< =<

=, ==> L < J, >< < <. < >> , < @> > <<< < > @>, > @ =>. A

> =, == L *>. I<<=>> < =>> <<U<, @>> < > << > >> <, < < L >.\ (>< )

5. LE P!INCIPALI #!ADI&IONI "PI!I#$ALID> R G > I G, <> G R

J>. '^>J>H IGK> <> I> > K>H> I<>, J>H I>HI> >U HHJI >H. A" HJ >IG

K> R HI G IJII>, HHJ HJH.G I IG>O>> H>G>IJ> G><>H H>HII>, IHJ HG HG>IIJG HJ^>H HIG>, K H quattro, >U >JH, G>G>I >K>>IP >U -G>. EHH H G>HII>KI: IG>O> H>K, G>G>I > ; J HI, G>G>I G >K>; <IN, G>G>I > G>; J K>HK, G>-G>I > +>. > JT G>GG >IG > JI = (H-<J> =, IG>O> >U GIHH) Z > JG H>GI> > JI Z J>H >J <<>G> IG>-O>> G><>H: IG JIIG O>I

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>U< =<=> IU>> > <=> @>. A > > < => .

> L > @ > >= > @N >> > < >. < < <=, < < >= > < >. > = < .\ (G>H)

6. KA!MAN %$OL DI!E !E"PON"ABILI#'

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I> J>IP G>GO>. HIG H>HIO IIJ R > GJII > [H>\, [>-

GHH>>\ JJI> GI> K>I. D^IG GI Z GHI H>HIO Z I>J> GJGG =>, JJ, > GIGP JIG>G> G>GO>> HS K>.^J> G HJ<<>G ^><G<<> => ,J>>, I>J G>GO>>, H>HI [GJG\

>U IIGKGH ^O> >H>IGHHI <>JHI > G>

> =. << => R JJ GHH<O> I>H, GHH>>IP ^<>G: [>T H> H>H> G<>\. HGO H ^, >R ^><-GO I>H>, HG HIG KG IJG. -<J > = IIGKGH ^<>G >H>IGHHI, ^JHJG > >O>I> J> HIHH <GI> J>HI^J> KG >GIP, J GG> <.[ V > @> > . C= L <

, M L < <>J. C=UL < <>J,M L < >. &< > =@, <<

<J. C= M >. >

11

Induismo

@ > , > @ >.\ (B<K<>I)

7. "AM"A!A, IL CICLO DELLE INCA!NA&IONI

H>I GI H IG I> > J-II ÎG JHH K>I. HG R > G> H>I, GI, G>H>I, JK K>I

> G GI, HS H> >GO> - GI > G>GO>> J>IP ÂHHJI. GJ>O> > H>G> JJI> K>I HHI R H>IHHO> , > HJ II HJG>I, IG> > G>IG > J IG G.

[C= > = => , > @> <>, M @@ IU >= >>, => @ <- , > => < >.\ (B<K<>I)

8. LE "C!I##$!E"0=<1: K+1G +0- E );+74<)<7L

'^>J>H H>HI J G > IHI> HG>, II> +, G>I-JI> ÂJIG>IP; HH> I< CHO K

G>I IGHHH <> I>> K<, > . ,[>T R HII\, HII> IGH>HH> G, >GII> J CHO , > H<J>I, J GI > G HG>I-

I. + H><>> JI [HG HO\ R > JG^>J>H.

"51<1: K+1G +0- E 1+7,)<7LIG > IHI> [K< HII>\ (), K> H >J> [HGK G>\ (=) G>IP, >R J> HK>J <GI>H I -I>J>IP HG HO [J>I\: J K>. '= H >JH> IGIII> GI>K>, >> > <<> >U,

> > GIIG G-<<G>, G> => > ", >I>, <<, <G>

HG> ^ HHO > + > G >U G.#)6<)

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9. P$!$"HA!#HA:

I $A##!O "COPI DELLA %I#A" JGJHGI H > G>>> G< K>I -

^J HJ >K>G: > G H<J>I >G G->OOO> > J^H>HIO > H>H > >H<> -IG>> H>G>IJ> ^J > G> G I>(G) > K>HI H JI>: >GO> (-H). EHH> H:W Kama, > H>G> HHI> JH>H> O> G

G; R J^G>H GJ>O> > >G> HHG>> > > > J> H> >H;W Artha, > HHG, G>OOO> HHG > <-G, > GO> >O>> IG>> > OO>HHG> G IG J J HII > HJI J >-O> H> H>HI;W Dharma, "^ G> I> J>KGH, > G>>> G->OO <> IG> H> ^H>HIO GGHI <<> J>-KGH> <KG IJII > H;W Moksha, >GO> > >GO>> H>K>IU ^<, > GI G>HG J H>-

12

C a n d e l e p e r l a f e s t a d i D i w a l i ( f e s t a d e l l e l u c i ) .

HG HII>: J > D> J D>. F> JI> K>I >I > J J< > KJI>K, R > G>-

H>I Z J> <> HHG K>KI <>J<GP Z G- G> IJG >K> , <>, J> IP R D>.

Franco Di Maria , J1H5>4B1>1D81

10 FE"#I%I#' !ELIGIO"E

' >I "J>H K> H I>HH> HI>K>IP,I > H G> JG ^I> HIG<>>>. <> GGI G><>H G J, H

IG>O> > GIO >K>>IP GI.• Maha Shiva Ratri: R II >I ^GO> > >K. > ><>J, H> I , > I>, K< H<J>I>G>I> O > G > >K.• Ganesha Caturti: H, H>GI > [><G G>JK <> HI>\, > G> HHG >KI G> >>>O>G JH>H> II>K>IP, GGHI GO H<<OOHHG> K>I H>G>IJ: K> HI<<>I JGI

<>G > J > (HIIG-IIG).• Navaratri: R J HI>K>IP >I DK>, G >K>-, JG K <>G>. " > <>G, >N DH>,GGHI K>IIG> HJ , > IG> J HO HJ^HJG>IP ^><GO.• Dipavali: R HI >I H> GG-HI ^G<G ^HJG>IP ><GO <GO> J CHO. H > I> K< GI>

><>> > J> GHI H IJII II.• Guru Purnima: R J GO> H>G>IJ >I NH, G>KIG CHO H>G>IJ, JGJ > JGJ, IG>O> > HIG>.• Ramanavami: HI>K>IP > G H>I > -, H> > J> H> >I I> KO>>, H> G-I >H> IGII> N (J <G> >>), HG>K <HI KGH > .

W Janmastami: HI H>I > $G>H, J >> >GO>> >K> > >HJ HJ IGG.

I #EMPLI IND$I"#I IN I#ALIA

• Tempio di Shri Lalita Tripurasundari> > GI>G >GIO G HJ HIGJIIJG (I>> HJ ">) HJ G> GGHIO> ><G> NIG> (>H<> <IG>> > GIIG H>>). IG >K>>IP G>>>, DK>, G >K>, I IG>K>>IP >>> GIIIG>>, HJ >IG H> IGK: J><, H> > >K, > 1080 $<, G><JGO>> >H, > 'K<G ( JO> > GIO>), G>H>

KIG G>KIG> G> >N (IG>O> H>G>IJ).A^II>K>IP I> > KI JT GI>G > KG> >: GI GI > GI>G> H>>, > I> >GII> K>I HG>OOG; HG> HJ I> (KO>) IIGKGH I>, >I, HK-< GG> GI> HIJ> HG>IIJG.[" >I I > JG HJ D>K> G J>G HG H HI, J> > H I-JI <HI > G GIO> GHG>IP, J> G R^>GO> > J> KI HGG>I R J H>I\ (IIG>).• Tempio di Dattatreya.> >I ><G DIIIGN HG> H>IH> G>JGI>: BG (> CGIG), >HJ (> CHGKIG),>K (> D>HIGJIIG); <> R H>GI > G>KIG IG>O> G> >N.

IG JHI> J I> J>I> K>> K K R J GG >II H>IG > G>KI JG >>J>HI> G>. J< > JI R GI J> JT HHG K>H>II G G> ^> "-J>HI "I> (. 06/37351337).

BIBLIOG!AFIA

Testi sull’Induismo

. FJGHI>, . $, D. FGLN, A> I> << << <J- E. G><&$JG D CH - > - >I>, H>=, E. GO

13

Induismo

14

A> D>J, I > << , E. 'G> OO. K><I, <<UI>, E. JG

B>, > - >, < <<UI> , E. III FG>, UI>=, E. " J>. B>G, UI>= >@< > <J , E. HG G> AG , UI>= >< > << > <>, E.E><. CG> - . >, H>, . G> >I>, > < < A, . AHG>N. $. >, I< = I< = @>, . 'LI

GJN II, G> I< < << , . 'LI. IJIN -#. IJIN, D> <<UI>=, . >>#. >G, I +, >>

Testi ClassiciI >, B G, E.

B G, G>H, E. >> B G I > G, J> E>IG> B= I > G, AHG >NHH, I>> < +, E. >>CG D CH, *@> , . CHH>> IIKG> >, +, E. IIGIJG >KGH GH>>

Poemi e mitologia. > - . >I>, G== <<UI>, E. G>G>. $. 'GN, I< => , B>>I F>. $. 'GN, ", J^FGIN, " <=, E. GOI>A> D>J, " <<UI>, E. #. . F> . A, " <> <<UI>, E. HG G>G>H> >>, => , E. >N

Yoga e Tantra <, A= << , G>G>I >, E><@ << , G>G>. G, <> << H-, G>G>#. $. >>, > << , >>. E>, , G> >O>>

.. II, < ( =), A JG> G>G>G< FJGHI>, I< < < >, 'G> OO

Atti di Convegni Interreligiosi e saggia cui l’Unione Induista Italiana ha collaborato

JG CJ > BGH>, HHHHG CJIJG, F> "<<>> U$> > < , G E>O>> BH JG > E , I< @ < <, C E. F>OOII> F. JG>>, U> >> =>, H C [AIIGKGH\ >JH> IG>I>, D>> @ >< @, AE A. G>IH E>IG>A. <GOO>, < =< = ><< > <> -E>O>>C>>

Riviste"J>H , I DG

< >O > ( 2000)> "J>HI "I>G> >N

< >O > (]92 - ]99)> "J>HI "I>

G J >><G> >U G>I HJIG <> L:.=7.7/+=<=/**7.<

Siti Web.=;.< .=7.7.;<.+7 ..</

15

GLI EB!EI: 4000 ANNI DI "#O!IA

HIG> <> G> H> HK>J ^G > >G JI-IG> >, JGI > J> G O> <<G>R >U KI JII. IG>O> <> G> Z =,R< >> < =S R< ><<U< @\ Z >H A*7, K>HHJI IG > " > """ H .E..1 HHIIH> G > C, -^>G "G, KGH C, <<> "HG. D J <-GO>>, J > I;++7 G+7**, > >> ><> > J-

HI^JI> > JIJG> HI>>I> IG>U > "HG, H> IGHG>-H > E<>II, K G>< >G JIIGI >.^H, " H .E.., GIGP, J G-O HGI > JGI >, J > >G J>>> > GH IGG > C, J> I -J>HI, <J>I G> G7;= > > G=+, G>>GP>G J H>.G ^" > H .E.. R > > G> ^G

G>, > J> >U >GII> HI> JG > GD> "77; GI > JHI^JI> G IGHI>>HI>> > IGG>IG> H> >K>H > J GI>: > G< > "HG 'G J > >J J. " G> J >HIGJII 722.E.. <> AHH>G> > HJ> >II>, GII> >> >> IG>U, JG GII> > IG> IGG>IG> > >O>HH>G; > HIG H> H IJII^<<> HGI >-HO. " G< > >J, >I G=;,J H>II 586 .E.. > B>H>, >HIGJHHG -

> > > GJH ( B -"), JGI >G< > N*=+777;7; <> >II>, GII> IG>U> G= B7, JG GII> > B>>. '

538 > GH> C>G, J>HIIG ^"G >H, G>H <> G> > IGG > "HG; J GI > G >>O>> G>IG, H> GIG G IG I >; 516 R >J-<JGI > JK >. GI <> G> GHI > B>->, K H> HK>JGP > H> HJHH>K> J >GI>HH>IG JIJG G>, G> G >GIO H J >"HG.

' 332 .E.. A;;7 M7 J>HI ^"G G-

H> J>> >J HJ GI HH G>HII > >> > > <>O>> > HII J H>G>> J>>; JGI >O> > JHI> JI>> K> JJ III>K > >OOO> II, J G>HH JG>KI <<>I ><> HGI <> AH>.D K>IIG> J G>HGI > > G HII G-I (HI > CJP): G > 25 > < ^ 165.E.. ' 63 .E.. P77 J>HI >J, HS > ^>>O O> G>: > JHI -G> J> >HI> <> AH> JG GII> - G>>JH> GG GI>.(1) .E.. = I EG <G, >R AKI> CG>HI

Ebraismo

' J< G> K AHHG H> HH>HI GO> > >KGH J>IP G>: > E<>II, >

'G AG>, > AH> >G, >H B> >J "I>. ' 70 E.. GJH K> >>I>K-I >HIGJII, HH > H >; JHII H< ^>>O> >>I>K >HGH> <> G>(>HG), GI > J> JG GII> G><>>G> H>K> >I. C JHI KI HIGJIIJG H>G> JI GI, HJ IG >-<JG M;<7, > G>, H>G KG

I HIJ> IIG> HG>II G, -; I IGHGO> <GI>GP HGKK>KO JIJG^G>H > H> HJHH>K>. >HG JH JJ >JH> <> G> JI> K>HI <<G>: HH> IG III > G- ^G>I ^>I, J G->H>, J >OI>. JG HIO>I> > O >KGH H> <-<G>I G >JO >I> Z > H<JO> H>IJO>> HIGI >KGH>>I Z <> G>

IG I, > " H, B*7,J< > GO> JIJG > JI> >>HIG-I>K; R > G>> > B>>, >J > HI>, H> HK>J >HJHH>> -J>G #=, > IHI I ^G>HG>>. II > >> JHJ, "" H, <>G> JG <GI H>I> >G> > GHHG GG><>, JG K <G J IHH J. '> H>

HJHH>K>, KG> O > >O> JHJ, > GI>G > <, K>I J>IP J GHG K>KO H>I>K." >I GHO <> EG> H> HK>J >>O>I >> >IGG: "I>, <, 'G AG> H G> O > HIO>I. _ H , ^"I>,IG G> HH> >GII > H>, J> G> ->> HHIGH> KGH ÊJG IG-HIIIG>;H HS > <GJ > ( A>, G>),

>>O>I HIO>I G<>> G-IH >,> H> HJHH>K>, > >, > >IJ> > JH-

H>. 'Î > EK H I>O> GI>K <>G> ÊJG G>HI>; ^" H H> G>H >-

I> I>G> C>H G>HI>: JGI G>I G-JI> H > H> > J>IP IG-JG II>II. GHO <> G>, J G IGI, GJJ <<II > IK> GHIG>O>>: <> G> K-K HIIJI <>JG>> > >II>>; <> G> G K>II >

HHG KGG IGG IG II>K>IP HH^G >>, J G > G> > GHI>I >G, II>K>IP G>>HI ^> I, HHH

I > G<>J>O> GHJO>.G > """ > " H >I <> G> FG> ^"<>IGG GK JIG>G> HHII> J->IP G>. <<>G IGHGO> > HIO>IJ JHI >I <> G> < 1492, JH> >: IG > 40% <> G>> EJG, >U > JI>, KII H<>G IG -KGH> G>HI>H> Z KI H G, H > GG> Z > IGHG>I; <<>G GI HH

H O>, G>KGHH> > "I>, > 'G AG>,

16

G e r u s

a l e m m e .

P r e g h i a r e a l “ M u r o o c c

i d e n t a l e ” .

^"G II, > HI>, G><> <GJ- ( , <). ' " H,

H<JO >I> IGG>G>HI> C>H,H> HH>HI, > GI>G > "I>, >HI>IJO> > <II>,O >JH > GH>O II <> G>, > J> GHIGII> G>IGG JGI II; > JHI G> <>G> H HHH > >HHG J H< > G>-H>I GII G >I>>O>. D " """ H H> HH>HI >I> HHIO>> H>IP G> KG> O ÊJG >I. CJ>IP, IGI IG HIIHI GHIG>O>><>P I, GT HHH J G JI> >->HIGI>K, G<>OOI>K, JI > K>HI >IG. K>I R HIGJIIJGI HJ H G IG>O>>G>>, GO>> O> HIG > <II>H G>II ^HHO>, >I HG K>IJI>>. 'ÊJG G>I >U GIIG>HI> R < ,J K><<> III G>, HHH <<II > HHI> -I>H>I>, > @=; > JHI H> HK>JG >KGH>

> > G><>H>IP: J >U G, >HI> HIHJ GKG, GGHII C=, J >U >-IIIJ I HJ HIJ> > IHI> IG>O>>, G-

GHII > ">=. K>I G> > EJG > > """ H ^>O>, H<JO <> >> G>KJO>G>GH>: GH ÎII <> G> K> JH>KJJ HH < << <> IG> >II>>: >

<II> H> G, <> G> H> >HG>H KI > >-KGH> HIIG> K>I O>, HHH GHH>> >- G> >IIIJ> GI> II>KI K> O>> J> K>K, >HG<>I >"I>. L+7 R H>GG > KG >>O> -ÎP G G <> G>: G> > JHI K>I -II>K>IP G> G G>HI HHIO>I >KG>I

G> >K. H<JO ^>O> H-, ^>IG ^G>H, H>I > >KGH> G>I-

I> G><>H>, HHH G><GH> H<J>G IG>O>- G>>, > HG<G ^G [>\, H> >I>>

K> HJ II>K>IP HO HHG>IHHJG > KG> IG>O>> G><>H>. G JI G><JG-

> GGI> > G>, ^>O>H<J J I>> > II<<>I: ^HH>>O> II G>I ^>I>IP, JG JH>, GI G>-IG IG>O> III>K > GG HJO>> >-KGH. *JHI JI> O>, GI>GI >JOI G>HIG > J GJGI I>H>I>H H>IP

G<H > > III, GI J> >IIIJ>, HGI-IJII > G HI-JG, G>IG ^J> KG HJO>- G G> H> O> > J HII >>-

I. ' ;7;7, HS H> > ^H>GO> >I>> J G>IG GJH, KG< > GIP ><>HIGI >KGH IG G (H>>HI, J>HI, G>-<>H, >G>), IJII JJ J>I KIP GI>> G>HI>IJ>G J G O>. " G>> <GHH> K>I H>>HI H> HK< ^JI> > -ÎII; IIGKGH J HG> > HJHH>K HH>> GI ^"<>IGG IG> G> ( KK -

G>III > ^"G II HJHH>K " <JGG >) ^ J, 1948 K> GI^>>O "<<7 I;.JIIK>, HII ^>O> IIIH, <> G> K< > III III> > H> > J> G>H>-; >T R IHI>>I > GJI> II<<>I> I>H->I>, > H D=; > FG>, <G ^HIJG Z JHG ^>>O> ^><GO> G>

AG> Z >>, HJ G >U II IG, 7<<7 ;< > HIG>G IJII> <> G> (). D 1935, <<> I>G> > 'G>-

G<, >U K>O <> > ]41-^45, H> HH>HI <> III>K > HJO> >, > KG>IP G-IGP ^>II II > J J>IP G>ÊJG G>I GI, > > > HIG>>, >H> >>> > G>. " "I> > G<> H>HI, <<>GOO>> 1938 H> >I> I>H>I O>HI:

7.500 > 45.000 G> >I>> G>G > + ;<-7. O> G> JG H >I

17

Ebraismo

; IG > HJGHI>I> J> IG > H> > G><>, <<>G GI ><G KGH AG> > "HG.

<<> K>K >G 13.000.000 > G>, IGI>HGIIJII > "HG (4.500.000), <> ..A. (5.500.000),> EJG > AG> J (2.000.000).

Benede!!o Car"cci Vi!erbi

LEB!AI"MO^G>H, >U I> G > I>HI>, H>

IG>O>I HJ^HHGKO <> >H

HGHH> J, (>H<I) D> I HJ , HJ GGH > H<J>G >K G-H II>K ^<J, (K>). ^G>H, I -^I> HI> R <<> >JH > IJII > GI>-I JG> ^"HG J>IP ;7, G-IH> > H<J>I > > > ><GO> , HHH I>K > GHJO>> HJH>>, GIIG>OOI^>IG HIG> G>. CGIIG>HI> I -^G>H R > 77<;7, > J J> D>, G-

IG ^J>KGH. >K>>IP H> G>K HJ , ^-I> "HG, GH HJ HIG>, G>IIJG HG,

B>>, JI I > JHI G>KO> G-<GHH>K, >IGGII J^O () D>

>HI>IJ>I <> G>." J HH I J, > G>> >J >G> B>>, D> H> G>K< ^J G [ > @-K > >\. " JHI G R G>JH J>GO> ^J R HII GI ><> > D> <> H> K GIG > H<JO IP -

>O HJ <<, GJ> JGI ^H, <>JHI>O> G>IP G>HII >HJ> H>>>, HHGK J> G>>> > G KGH <> IG> IG>HI><J IG , GI> J(<>JHI>O>) KGH > >H< > >JI >Q H>HIIG >GO IG > I > IG .A >HG, >HIGJO> I> > -GJH 70 E.. G>I ^>>OO>, I> IGG GHH, <> G> GG HQ G "+<<= > GII> <J>I> > GHIG>, GH> IG>O> G , IG-

I <GO>> > H<<>, G I >>H-H> HH<<> >K> H>II J, <<HG>II >JI>. H> > G> > G>,H><>> HIG, R G <<> > H><>>I >U HII GJ G>.> IG HG >HGH> ( @),K J K>I O> JI K <>G> G<G GG> H>HIO G >U HJ H

<<> > H> > J> HH> G>H>K, ^>GIO >I HHGKO KHH >>J>G. JHI KK G KG> I>K>, IG > J> > G>> R ; ;-

;+. > G> KK > HHI > HGG, O>> HHG K>I> , H>>I> G KIP ><G J

J>O> G > G I>, <GO> I>I, JO>> G>IGKI , HGG HII> J <>G GI>,KGG G>HIGJ>I > G HII > > > GJH-, KGG G>HI>>I > IG>J> >HI>IJO>> G><>H

<>JG>>. > G> KK G>T HHG GI>, -IGH> II> HGI> > G>>>G > GG>

18

L a M e n o r a h .

I l c a

n d e l a b r o s a c r o , s i m b o l o d e l l ’ e b r a i s m o .

HII HJ GG> IGG JHI GGO> HG HII HH>> H >I HIJ> I>J J

^G K HG G >IG GI G -I>JG >G > I> GIGH> > ->G G HH>.FGJII > JHI >IH II>K>IP > HIJ> > >IGGIO>II HJ G>> R HII IGHG>O>, K-KJI G > > " H E.., <= (HIJ>), J KGH>>, GII ^J B>> ^IG > HI>.^G > G>> H> HGHH G "-, I > >G> G>IIJG. " O > > GJH, > JI G> J GI>I >HG, IG G JG HI>, H><<,J< > HIJ>, > G<>G > G>J> ( -> ).^G HHGKI R IJI G>IG G<>G IG KI <>G, HHG>I H><<. G-<>G IG R J GHH> > , =J(> G> [HI\) G> G D=<777

6:4-9, J H> >K>I ^G G > GG> D>

> < , > = > < , <>H> G>> HGHHI > >H<G ^HHGKO <-<> > GG> ><> G HH>: > > >-> @ < , > > <. DJGI G<>G <> J>> K G>GH> > @@J, > >U KI> GI HIII H< G-IO> >K>; JGI G<>G II> > <>G>G>> H> JH >HHG J I > G<>I >

> HI G H, > << ." HI, , <>G > G>H HHJI <> II>K>IPKGI>K, > G>J> >>G II>K, R >I IIJG J, J G ( @J) G <> HI > - JGI ^ H> II G >IG.> G> H IJI> HHGKG J G >IG>, J> K HHG (II), >R G JHIG<: HH> H> HI< G > > > H>

G>K> > > HJ, H>GI> >JG> (DJIG>,

14:321), IG <> >>, IJII> > JGJ> GJ>I> J<> >GI>I > , J> G> R >I >GH>,

HHG H<OOI> > HHG III> H<J (H> K>I); R >IG G>>I

HJG IGI G II>>>.

LE FE"#EFG HI J> G> G>, IG G>>-

> H J I>I G <-<> > > GJH ( < <= = IG -<G><<>). " <J > HH, GHI > IJII G>G-GO G> H> G IGI: G>K-O> > I> H><>>I>K> HIG> G>, <> K-I> IJG, > HI<>> II>K>IP <G>- I H><>>I>K G H>G>IJ>IP ^G. HJ, % (HH<<>; G>G>I HH<<> ^-<) R HI > G>KG G ^H -

> "HG ^E<>II, H< ^>>O> GI IG- IIGKGH <GO>> J>HI >>K>J H> >GIP. HI > (HII>), GIHII HII> %, G>G > I > J> D>

T HJ J HJ I >>, HII> > -G> > GI, HI > KG >GIP << G J>HII <> G> II>KI. HI > (), G>K <> > IGHGH>

G> HGI G> > <>J<G IGG G-HH, R HH GI ^JIJ, J G>H-H> HJ GG>IP: R >II> GHG>II > G>H>G G H><>G> HII HIGJ>I I> GH, -

HJK> > HI>. ' <G><<> > > HII <>G>HI>K> K>K <<>JI J IIK <>G JK > -HI<<>I> H > M: =>M (IIK >>JHJG). FJG> IGG ^"HG, > H <>G >=>M (> "HG ^J>) R II <>G >= J, [<>> J\ GQ > JHI -H> H> J > > J > IIJG P<<=+7

H> >>O> IIJG JK > <GP ^G G IJII >>O>I.

G> HI G> G> R H>J (^), G>G GO> >>

19

Ebraismo

^>>O> ^JIJ ^GIJG. >>K>J II>K>IPK >GGH> H O>> HGGII >JI

^ IGHGH; JHI <>G >>O> J -G> >IO> > >> <>G>, == >= (<>G> IG-G>>>) J> = @@ , > [<>G ^H>-O>\, <> G> IGHGG G<>G ><>J.A K> HIG> > "HG H >H>GI HI > C>J > %=: G> G K>IIG> >M++* IG AI> " > >G> 165 .E.., IG H G>K K> GGI >G > E;<, H> G><< <> > JÎHG > <>> G>G II>K>IP <> G> > HHG HI> HIG>> K-JI A, > G> H><>G G GH> AHHJG._ J HI <>>H > J> H> JH HGGH>, G K>, G-<G >> > <> >> G J > KG>.

IL CICLO DELLA %I#AAJ> G>I> H>>> GIIG>OO < >

> K>I <> G>. G > H> H> >> <7

++7+;7 [ =<\, G > I, II <>G> H>I, GI II Ô [\,HI>JI D> > >HI> > AG; G >H> H<J > G>I ^>H>O> , II - ( > J ><>). DJGI JHI G>> -HI>K >>G, IG >>GG > >, H> >, JG II IG>G G, -

.

AÎP > IG>> > > G<OO G<<>J< <<>G IPHHJH> =J, (><> GII), ^>-< > HHGKG > GII> J, K> I G <>JI>; HIHH >< HHJ G<OO >> > =J (><> GII). G>> 7, = (HI>>O>), R ->I I GI>GI H G HII>-G > KG I >K> IIG>J>I ^J>- >J<. DJGI G>>, > G>I >>G

<> > HGG HQ, H << > HR ^"HG, K< G>II HII >O>> >I D>,

GIG ^J, ^J> IG>>, ->IP, <>> ^J> ><>; <> HH> K

> K> >, G>K >O> HGI >>G< > > J KJI, > G>G >HIGJO> > > GJH G G ^H>>. G>> IG> > I G>KI <> HH>HJ> J> H> >K HIHH >O> <TA EK, AG G, "H , >, .A JH> > K>I K> H J> G>I> G-I>K> ;7<= =<<7. " JII [< \ JG HII <>G-> JGI > J> > <>JI> H> G KG, H> IGG K< GII> >> GI> H> G-J > GIG G >> GI> HH> -IG HJG HJI> HG >IG IK, G> IGG HJ > J JH> HJ J H<,II > HI> HI >IGG > JII,HH <>G > HI. ^G>H R, JJ, HI-II G>KI KGH > G>HII KG>OOO>

K>I. D HIJG H> <> J JK, H> I>J>IP K>I ^JH>I <> K>H>I >>IG RHJIJ> KGH> >, >Q GI IJII >T

20

U n a “

p a g i n a ” d e l l a T o r a h .

HH HH R H>GI >JG > H> G GGJH G G H><>>G K>I I>J R

J H>GG HG >GII -I G. Anna Coen

BIBLIOG!AFIAPensiero ebraico, feste, riti e tradizioniB>JHH D. <> < => =>. E=, G>,E>J>, 2008D> <> ., G << < <=> , , ,

1996E>HG< #., I>HIO A., I< >< U. D<< > < => <= <<U= < , K,E><, 1998GG> ., I =< , , E>O>> C. 'JK >,2000GG> ., , , E>O>> C. 'JK >,1999J<> E., U= ><< > , F>GO, >JI>, 1994

., U= @ < =, F>GO, >JI>,2003H A.#., I< . I< @@ D <U= > > <<< @<J >=@>, >, GOI>, 2001>I> ., I< ". C= " <> > < B, >, >, 1996LI E., E=. , >, >, >>>,">G>, 1998.I>HIO A., CUL < <= , F>GO, >JI>, 2004BGJII> JOOI> . ., E= , G, G>, 2007H> B., = > =>, <GI GHH, 2008JII HH ., > @<>, , J>, 2006J #., C> < =>. CH GGI, , 2005

StoriaAHG> ., D> CHIG D., ><>J B., H ., I< =@ " =, A>, 2004

A<> < @@< , B<, >>, 1995C F., I<: >U>> , K, G>II>, 1991F A., G< > E@ << @ > <<U=>@>,-BG>, IGO, 1992><>J B., G> ., . I> . I <, < ,

<U, O>, GH>>, 1997> A., < > I<, G>, E>J>, 1992

<>OO F., ><>J B., G< ><< ><< J>=@>, F>GO, 'JK "I>, 1993 (>. CIG > CJIJGEG>)>G ., <==, F>GO, >JI>, 2008>GI ., A<> , F>GO, >>JI>, 2006

ShoahBJ ., ">J $<, B<, " J>, 1992>>II FG<> ., % > >>. G< < >=, >, G>, 1994>>II FG<> , I< < << ==. G< @

<<UI< (1943-1945), >, JGH>, 2002GII> ., "<> > < . C> <<U<><< < < 1938, G>, G>, 1994GII> ., G< ><<UI< , G>, E>J>, 2000>OO>> ., D> '> G "., G< >> , CK ^ >GG>,CJ > CK ^ >GG>, 1996GKGH E. ( JG >), I>> A , G>, BG><>G>,1995HI> JGGOO> A., C> =. I =@< => << ,, CG, 2005>>II ., I UI<. I >> <> < 1943-1945, >. IG>, 2006D BII> ., 16 1943, G>. E>J>, 2005

MusicaFJ>> E., = ><< > , G>, E>J>, 1994"H A.., << = , F>GO, >JI>, 1994 >><G> GHI R > GIIG <G. G <> GH>>>, > GI>G G > KHI IIGIJG, H> >K>I G>K<GH> >>I CIG > CJIJG EG> 06.5897589.

L$OGHI DI INCON#!O E DI C$L#O>, > <<>G J<IKG C> (>),

" E = J<IKG C> (>), . . 0668400661 Z 68400662; >: JH.G>@GG.G<; H>I:LLL.JHG>.G.>IC=>J E = J<IKG C> (>), . .06 6840061; >: >@GG.G<; H>I: LLL.GG>.>IC> C< E > >, 2 . . 347 8679861;>: .JIJGG>G@I>H>.>I.

*>> << C=>J E I<> J<IKG . O> 9,. . 06 45542200; ->: >@J>.>I; H>I: LLL.J>.>I;LLL..>I.

21

Ebraismo

23

LIN"EGNAMEN#O DEL B$DDHAIL B$DDHADHA!MA

" I>I H>I> GH HIG> R HII IIG-KGHI J >I HH > > G><>H>, H HII> <<II> > H> > III IG > >KGH>

> K> >II. G JHI> >> >H<-I B=, > BJG, BJ>H1 R HIIJ^HG>O H>I>, >JHH> G<GHH>KI G-

I>G ^"> > KG> >> JIJG> ^AH> -I > >JOG <> HII> H>>, JIJG> GI>HI>> >IJII G<>> H>I> ^"> J HI H>I>, C> > ^HIG G<<>> I>I.D^>IG ^HG>O H>G>IJ BJ >-KGH HGHH>> H>-JIJG> > H> > J> > HJ >H- R >JH, R I J G><>H G> HH K H GHI>, I J K>H> HI-

<> > >GO> HII > >H>HO> HGO> J> <> HHG> K>K, J HG> > G>I>, G>>, HI, JI>, GIIG>OO K>I JI>> > GI>I> J>HI>.D^"> > J> R HGI, ^>HHII J^>H G > >JH> Z HH>G> >G IJII > Z GI KJJ > HJ HH<-<> > G>HII K>I IJG, II G-><> ><. ' HH J [G><>

>G\, ^G>H ^>H, R G><> > J H > J , ^>J>H H>I>H, > J>H, J^>G>> >IP > HH>>O> > HH>>>IP, H> R III GIP JIJG> >KGH, J+7\.GO> J GHH > >JIJGO> HKIH> > >-G>>I , ^>H R -

IJI HK>JG > I, > C, > G7, G>K> >, G>HII>KI, >H>, GI>, HH>>>IP <<> > >I HI >IG G H>O >HI-<>, H><> >H> J GG>>I G->G.

' > GII >GH> > AH> , > J>H H> R HG HI HJ^IIGII>K^H> GI>, I> HJ >> > J>I > >IG>G, > <HI> HGO, > O>O

> G>HII, > H>G>I >HH>G> <<GHH>K G-<>OOI.

(1). " IG> J>H R J IG> IIIH JI>>OOI G G>KI > FG> ^>>G 1825, > J H > > JK> =.

Buddhismo

B a n d

i e r e d i p r e g h i e r a d e l l a t r a d i z i o n e

t i b e t a n a .

Monastero di Santacittarama di Frasso Sabino (Ri)

%I#A DEL B$DDHA

" B= R, H IG>O>, J GIP

HIG> IG, IIGKGH HIG> ^J>IP> <> K IGKI B= "=, I> AH> J>>JI > , HJ HGHH> HIG> HIG G H>. " BJ, > J> G "-

< G=<, J 566 .C.2 J>>, J K><<> <<> H> IGK G> H, > >> > G>> -IGGI> ^>N, J< G>IGKI J H> OO HJ GI IGHHI> GI ^>GIG >> AH." BJ J JGI > K><<> KK GIG G N, <> > N, > ><JGG>G J, GIG>G > G> ><> H

IG, H > HIJ> I. IG>O>KJ <>K G<<>J<HH > H G-

IG>HH > J HII, II J> >-KIGP > BJ.

J K>I BJ GH I H >G>I IHIG> GI J G> <><G>3.IG>I HH> >G HJ ><>, > G7<, GIK > N > H<J>I <> HIHH K >I -=>, > H<<> > N. F><> > J, J -

> > $>KIIJ <KG IGG>IG>,K>HH ^>O> <>K>OO OO IG, HOJ GJO> III> ^HIG."II>, H>I ><>, G J G HIIII GK>H>> <> HIG<> > GI: > <>K GJ <G HHG, J > KKG J H><G , > J : J IG GOHIG>G> J IG HJ H HIHH> HJ GG> >I-G>G>IP? G K>IG JHI H HH>>>IP, H IG->O>, > <>K J JI > J GIII, H> HHT ';7, J G>>HH HJ G< J><>, !=4 , HS KK > HIJ> H>> -

^"> > J^.I << J <>G GT JHS J HG-K>IG OO >IGT HJHH>KI J I,J K>, J JG J HI. C>I, J> GO G>OO, III HGOJ >H > IGKG G<> > OO G HJGG-. A KI>K > H>T III H IG H>>T GI> HI> G H> > K <, > J I JJK > G>IG> HI>K. G><> >> > J G> HIK IIGKGH JH HH> >>> JH ^ HH>K >GIO J>-H>I HI HGI G>, IK > -

24

(2) IO> R J>: K>I BJ JT HHG GH IG > 623 > 543 .C. IG > 566 > 486 .C. *JHI>HGO > >G >JIHII

> IG IG>O> HJ 'G J R GI>KI >GII > J H ^"> J> I> KI> HIG>> H JHJIII> H> > >GO.

(3) G KG> K>I BJ > I> <><G> G>G> > AHK<H,BJG>I ( <HI BJ), IG.>I>JG>AHHGHH>,A>,>1979(4) "IGHHI R IG > H><>>I R [HI\. *JHI >U <G H J ><> ^GIJII K>KG > G->I<<>!

S r i L a n k a .

G r a n d

e s t a t u a d e l B u d d h a d o r m i e n t e .

IG GHHQ HHJI GGI > HG J>> K HO> J G>G G><>H GH >G

G>IJ>H>.I ><JG > HI> K GK GK HH>>>IP > J GGI >GII ^HG>O G><>H > JIJG BJ H> >HG>H > JHI >, >IGT H-<JS ^>H JGH> HIG>, HIJ>T GI>T IJII I> HI> >H HJ> I>, HHJ H>H >I.A J GI I, >H>JH G><> J>> -HH>KI G G>IJ>HI> GI>HI> HIG GHI <> > J> H<J>I HGO>, >H > GG G J GG> K>, J K> >OO IG ^HIG HI>H J K>I >G> >HH>. II, II > J > H > <<>,>I HII J G Z > H>JI ^G B < GHH B<N5 Z KG II IJII> > H>G> >, >GI II >I G>HK<>.

A GI>G J <>G K >I > BJ, > >HK-<>I: KK IGI>J >. > GT G GI, J-< HG ^"> > GHH> > BGH , G>IGKI> <> I>><> <> G HII> K>>> J GI>K J^H-H> I HIGII, G>T G > HJ >HJH =<<7 N7* <, >> K> G >GGH> HII > HGO H>HIO> GG> ^J, HO> >H< > >IG>G> HGI>, IIGKGH J KGHJ H HIHH>.D J <>G, G JGI>J > G, >>T IJII>, J>> , G >>, GI> I>> K> H<J>G HI HJ^I>, GH> G-I> >II>K, >IGGH GHH>>IP ><

GH. FT J J>IP HI> J> IGG <> J>> HJHH>KI , -I HIGI G>KJO>G> H>IP >> -

^, IG>O>I HI>K JHI J-I> > JH>G IJI IG >GII -

><> IG>G.A^IP > III > 486 .C. GS K=;, -H> J >GI J>IP HI> HHIJI J-GH> GI>I> >>.

DIFF$"IONE DEL B$DDHI"MOA GI BJ O > J <GG>

H> GS > G HJHH> ^G>. 'G HII H>I >>O>> GH>I J>IP>>T HK>JGH> > >I>, G>KGH G G>>H> I>I >>.A^>>O> K J C7=; C7+7 >>I > >H> >GII> BJ H> G>J>G 473 G J7C7+7 <G> G IGHIIG >T KKGH >GIII HIG. " I HHH KGHHI> > HJIG, KKG > >HGH> BJ HS G>G-I> >H J> >U K>>, A, IG IIG>

G< HI> J HHI >, IG>H >GII.C>G I>> > , 363 .C., H> I J ;+77

C7+7 >H>, >IIP > J> > > KK IIII GI> >HJI>>>: JHI> JG HH> -GI > GK>I> IJII ^">, II >-HIG >JH> <>P KKJI, > K >H IJII> > GHI> > GH> J > > GII, > %-=, IJIIG K> H<J>I J>IP HI>.AIG I I HGP > <7 C7+7 >II 245 .C. I>JIG ^>GIG AH JGN, HGP J > G>>> GIIIG> J>H > ">." I >> H> GT > GG G IO H>-HI>, >>K >GO>G ^>H > H> >U IG> G G><> J HJI>: HJ H>II P++77 +77 H->> J G +77 ">.

^>GIG AH, KGI>IH> J>H H> K> HJ HH IG, IG>JS IKI -

25

(5). ^G > GI> ><> > F>JH (>JH G><>-H).

Buddhismo

^HH> IGG>IG> ^>H<I, HIGJ <G-> HH> JI>, HIJ > >, >K>-

> > K H> H>I>>, GH> <> HII> >HI>>.I I> I> G>>> HI>O>> JG IIJ> NG >>, G> , G<>> >-N > G<> <G->HI>> > <> BIG> ->HI A<>HI. >HH> KGH > HJ-HI H>I> H> G>KT GIJG, -IG I GJIIJH J J G> , II M, ><> GI > AH, GQ ^>H, > H-<J>I HJ G>O>, HGH J J>IP > >, KGP > ^>GII >HH> > G><G > C >G HG>II, > KKGGP ^>>G G> IP " H CG>HI." C > ><J >, HI IG GI> HIG> (-

@) KKG J > >HGH> (@), >H>- > HI> (+>@) IIG> >H>( A==@) R G>HI >I<G > <<> R -III HJ J>HI > IJII > HJ-HI H>I>, >IG

R J H > GO> G GI> > H GKJI > HHG>I, HJ >IGOO R I G-JI > H<J>I >KH>> JHJ >HIGJO>> HIG> J>KGH>IP HI> J>HI.D > G< > AH > "> >>O>T <GII J G>-

GH > >GIO G><> IG>O> G> > J>H J <<II > GHJO>>. CI>JT J-J >GH> KGH G-KHI HJ-HI > J> G-HGG JGH HJ. ' " H..C. > H<J>I >-KH>> <> , > > > G><> >G>, H> K-K>T ^ HH> ^>H IG, J>T " H..C. IGO> > C>._ JHI > G> > J> H> GT > "> IG>O> G >, J> K>H> KK >->I G<G <>P H >> > >H>

<<>G I II HJ >GO> >>K>-J, HJ HH>IP > GG G HKOO > IJII>

<> HHG>, >IGG > > > B KKG> J> , JG I, H> HI><J, KI >

GG > IJII> <> IG> HHG> HG- >GI>.

G IG J>H N HGP ^J>KGH>IP > ', GHH ^IIJ BG< >HIGII > I, >"> J I H. GH >IG HQ > G>->> HIG> >H> J>HI> ^, K>I J >GI J>IP > HIJ>H> GT II>KI > >HIGJO>, KKJI 1197." > ^HH> J>HI > "> >>O>T "H >KH>> <> $ J G> HJ-HH>K >KH> JHHJ. A > "" H J>IP G GHI H ^"> G>>, IGKOK > "> "H> > J> IG ^""" > "H KGGP GII > >U <G HH JI

J>HI: BGJJG ^>H > >K. ' GH "" """ H G>G JK I-IG>, HGI ^KJO> =>. G >U -H>JI H > CU> > C>, > H<J>I > > G-GP > > , GIIG>OOI IK >GIO

I >IO>, IG HJ, >, > C> >, >

26

M o n

a c i t h e r a v a d a a F r a s s o S a b i n o

JIG I IG>O> +> +77

< 77 <, G>GH I-

> >II>K G>IJ> I G>> H>>H>HH>. " +> KJI <G HJHH HGIIJII> >I > H> >>IG> > GG>KG > <>, >J> R IJIIG GI>I.D J>H > <<> G> H HJ >>I , IIG> <> AO>> R GHI >H >>H G> , IG HJ N> GHG > >L, CG >-

G>GH K><G > C>. > JT >G J-J > GIIG IGHJIJG ^>HHI HI>IJ>H J J H>G >K>IPG>I> G >H>.A GI>G H HGH ^>HHI ->>I >GH> IG > IGG>IG> H>I>, IGHGII> EJG K><<>IG> >OOIG>. G > GGI[H>I>> [ G > HG, > J>H > GKI H> R IGHGI > J >IGJIG G>K><>I G

^>I I, G>>JI > >>H IG G><>> JG H>G ^HG>O HG. >JH> ^>HI G IJII > H GI GO> > >I > J>IPHI>> > EJG I <<> >G IG >>> > G-I>I>, HGIIJII > H> KJI J GI IG->O> > ^"<>IGG FG>. IG>-O>> <<>GI GHI> H , =-

> > => >. *JHI^JI> IGK - ><JG D> , H>G>IJ >I> I>I> H>>, G> ' G 1989, J >-<JG > <<>G G>>K.

LE BA"I DELLIN"EGNAMEN#OFG > IG> > G><>>, > B= (HG H>

GHH > H>GG IG > J G><> HHJ IG>) J ^J> HIG >>GT >

HHG IG J H> HHG J. > IG> HIG>G J >K>>IP J HJ >GO> >H>GI> HH.

" BJ H G J HHG J: <> > -GI > KG KJI >H>GO> J > J IG

HIG, H>GK IJII HJ G>OOO>> HJ O>> GG> HGO ^>I><O ^J. J H J J JT >KIG J BJ, <> J IG > HQ IO>>IP > >KIG J BJ, H K<> H> ><>.

' > G><>> K> H > I> I>, H J>H, J > JHI> R J >>I J^><> HH> G ^G>I [ " > " <<

< D=\ KKG ^>>O> G>O> BJ." BJ NJ> >II>, KG H<J>I > G>HK-<> HII ^G > GJK, <<> H>JI - B<N HJ > I > ">, IGHGH J G>> J> G > J> H G>G > H>O> K>KG HHI >>O>G >G HJ HG>O ><GH> >J^G >HH>G>. IG>O> >>, HJ G>>HI GHHI > J

>K>>IP H<>JGG > IGHIIG ^>HJIG <> J>> >GGH> HII > HGO >J> K>KK, > BJ, HJ <G HH> H<-<OO, HII HII> > H>O>, HIS. AOIH> J< G>HK<>, H> >GHH GI GHH >IIP H-G > BGH GT > >J I>> >H>, K-K H<J>I IG G >II GI> N<> HJH-H>KI KK I J KK >IG-GII G>I >>.

' G OO >>O>T KI> HH> HJ G>-O> > >HGH I " " << - << , I H> G>G <G KO>> H> HJ HI H>I> GQ H< ^>>O> IG-H>HH> DG6.

27

(6) A ^><G> J>HI JHI KK>I R HII H> G><>> G>GI H>> G <<> H> G>IGK > H> J>HI>

<OO K>I > J I> JI DG G>G- JI > G > #IKI > J> GJI >>O>T <>GG, ^>H<-I >>O>T HHG IGHHH G > > IJII> <> HHG>.

Buddhismo

_ > >HGH > J> K< G G> KI J>I BJ J >>O>> I> HJ >H<-

I H> & >< +JK >G> JG ^HG>O, HI H > IJII IG>O>> J>HI. E J>> ^>GIO > JHI I K> GI > HIG> O>> HJ HIH>I> G>> > G><GO>I G HH> BJ , J I > >, H> R G> > HJ K>I IGHIIG ^>H,J>> , G>> KG> HO J >HI>O>.

Le Quattro Nobili Verità sono:1) D2) =, < 3) #, < > 4) ", < > > << > .

P N7* < ( D-) R <G-I IGII <> HIJ>H> [ #< +J <<

>\ K> >IGGII HH K>I H> J>H R >I IG HGO G. >JHI IGJO> H> JHI >IGGIO> H II>H>HI> JGK>I>. A JH > JHI IGJO> -

GHH>I>K, HJG>> GHIG>II>K HJ >IGGI-O> G>G> I> H HII> GGI >II> -H>GG HH>>HI > J>H." J>H R Q HH>>HI Q II>>HI. R KKG JH, HH R G>HI, GQ J K>H>

G>HI> K>I . JG H <-<II>K>IP ( WW), J HI GG H> K>K > J G>H >JHG>, Q HKI IGI <> HGI > JG ><>G> H>. D> HII-I <<II>KI J H> J R > >IG > HIG K> G GII >GIP,

, IGJ>>IP >>IP. ' K> >IP, O> R J

H>< G>G H>G>IJ KI HJGI -HIG >H>HO> H>HIO>, K> >>I ^HI-I >HI>, > I>J >I J>> HJ -I IGH>IG>IP. AGG>KI J> <> H>< >>IPR HI>I, G HJ HIHH IJG, >HG IGHGGH>> IG. A >, <>JI> ^> GO IJG>IP,H> HI>I> >K>G, >>G> G>G. >>IPH> IGHG > >H>HO>, > HGO." IG> JI>>OOI BJ G >>G HGOR , J HH I > G H-GO >H> I, ^ >H>HO>, > HHGH>HIO>. >>H HGO > G K>I>, J H > >U: R > II G>JH> K-G GG GI > GIIG >G-I HHIO> > J > >> GIP. L < = =;;7 +7<=7. C> G> HI-IIG> JHH, G> HJ G>K HHGKG HO HHG

>II>, > GIP > HIHH> H> HJ HIHH -IJG, K<> GG, GG>G > HJ<< -

28

T a n g

k a t i b e t a n a ( d i p i n t o s u s t o f f a ) r a

f f i g u r a n t e i l B u d d h a , p a r t i c o l a r e .

I>JI. ' HH> KG J, IJII >T -H> > HHG > HJ<< K>, I>J J>G

>I HH> GGHIG. E JHI > G-K J > H>HO> G. JHI R HIG><H>: H> I> > HGO, > BJ GK> >: [ D= < =<- <\. JH R > H>G>, >GP "+7 N7* <, >KGH> GG>G > JH HGP > HIG, >KG GG > JHH H, > KG, > GG. *J-HI II<<>I I IGI HJ > >, >JH K>

R J > GI <<>GI HG>G. _ H K-HH> GH>HIG G<>G J IIGKGH J >.C> HJ<<>GP HG K>. C> II> H, K<> H> I>JI GJHIGI>. _ HH>> KG J IGII<<>I? >KGH > KG H J>> HG>G? G>G BJ H> R G>KI GG> J-HI # N7* < G R HH>> -

>G, G>HK<>GH> J KG GH> GIP J>-

> G HHG , H<J>G >GO>, >HI>O>. >GO> H>HI HG>IG GG>GI KKG > H>G <> >HGH>K, G> >K > HJG>> IIGKGH ^HG>O, <> H R >GI ^R >I > J>KG JG. ' H> IGII > G II> >HGH>, > KGG

G H<J>G J^HG>O G IIGKGH J KG> IGHGO>.

' =< N7* < K> > >>I >U G->H> > > JI>K JT GIG >HK<>._ > N7* O<<=+ "<7 HJ>K>H > IG GI>: Î>,> KG > IO> GH> G. 'H> IGII > >K> >KGH> H<J>G > G<GHH>, G J> G<<>JI > G> H> HH H HS K>, IJII

GI> < > HI>G H I> K- HHG GGH >H>.

EI>, IO> GH> H> HHI< ^JÎG K>: HO J H I> > K>I > JG>>O>

H> JT HGI KGG HJ > HQ I-O> GG GIP G ^H>HII, H

H> KG > G>IP, GH> HGP HJG>> Î> HO G>>, HIHH I GH> H-HI> >G<<> J GII GII J GI> H-H>J. 'HHJ HII GK, ^G> IG > >KGH> -I> R I GQ > > G. ^R J H I> G J> H> I< JG> G , >GII > H>G>, JT HHG> G<GHH IO> ^JO> I HO ^J-O> I, KKG GI> IO>,

H> JT H<J>G GH> G G IGHG ^HG>O > GII GI>I. HIG HGP H J GH> JGI >IIIJ, H HII> IGI, JT IGHGG G-I I, G > KG K HHG KG-I >JI.= = ;<7 ;=++;;7 B=? C G>JHS K>G >>> > GH JG> ^"> H-

<J>G HJ> >H? EG J H>G H>I? <>G J HIG II, J I > II J GIGJI? GH>IP BJ, HS G< >HJ> >HGH> HJIG > GI> HJHH>K>, GIIIG>J>I >GH> ^>H<I. " HJ -<GJ G, G>J> KIG> G>OO IG IJII> HK, GHKGO G>GG G>H-HI > G> H>HIO>> ^J>IP, KK GII >G > GI GI > J G<<> > J> G HIIH><G > KG HG > H<J JH > JHJ >H I, GII KK >I ^>-<>O> < >HJHH J>H >> > IGG IGH>IJO>> >I>, H>> >. HJ K>I IGHGH > HIO G>I -I> > >IO> > >H > > >>.>KK KGI > H>, JKH> > K><<>

> K><<> GHI G H G > IG H> HI<> ><<, J GI> J > >HI>IJO>>OOI G >

29

Buddhismo

> I > G>I>G GI> >IH>K. ' J GT J K>I IJII IGJ>, II> > KG> I>,

J>, IIII> HJ K>I GI J<> D><< <> G>>IG J >IG HH HJHH>KI<> >OOT IG J I JG>. ' GH HJ K>I

<G>T > J< > G< > "> HO GGH> > G > ><J<<> <I. FJ J <G << IIT ^>H >H> > KI > KIKK KI> JI>>OO OO> JI>K> K>I> >-

II>I, >JI>, <> H>.P <=<<, G I>>, >> GHI>IJI, GI>

HGI>, HO >HI>O>, > J H HK>-H> HI >GIS J >HK>H>>, I-I HHH HG > K><<> G IG G IJII>

HH>>>IP > HIG <>GI > KG.E>< 7<;7 >JH J HH H>I>K G>G >GO>, >K HH GII > IJII>, HGT> I HJGJ, I>OO J II>K>IP IK JGG J G<GHH> H>G>IJ.

A +7<;<7 ^G> H> I: H, JG GI HI > >>, T J J>IPG><>H >G>IIJG J>T > G<> HI >K>-K <> J>> > H ><> > H>I HIGT G-I>I J >IK G J<J<>O G-O, HJ G>, J G>G > J>> G><> G>-HII > HJ> HIHH> >>G>. ' H: IIT GH> HJ G>, HH J HIIJH H> > >->O ><> GHHQ HH>JI ^"> I <> J GH> >>> G IIG J>IP HI> H>, GHI> IIG, HJGHJ J >K >U HH, J>IP. >HG-O> G IJII> <> HHG>, HO >HI>O>, H>IP >-> HJ I Z HIG Z K >-HG>>O>> <> H >I GG. HJ H>-GO> R > GG J H>IP G>J> IJII GK>H

II G > IG, > J> GK< IGJ>>IPHJ J>HI HJ H>II; > J> GHJO>> <>

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<, N>.

B$DDHI"#I DI#ALIA

" EJG > BJ DG R J GIP K>K GI> <> > HHI, J > G>> <GJ> HIG>

30

G i a r d i n o g i a p p o n e s e .

J>HI> HGHG IIG > HIG> G>I> >I> ->I> > AH> KK IGKI J JK >H>GO>

H>G>IJ. " "I> > H> R GHII J > >> >U IG> <<>, H> G<>HIG J GHI >IGHH KGH> HH<<> BJ, KGH GI> HJ >H<-I > GGI> HH JT KG JIJG >-I IG K> H>G>IJ>.^G<>H GGHII>K > <G GI > JHI GIP HIG H R ^$7 B=;< I< (B"),I > > 17 G> 1985 9 IG> J>HI> >KGH IG>O>>, HI>K HH>IP > -

HGH>, J>GH> GG, G <>P JI > IG> H> JG> (FG>, G>, AJHIG>, ).^> GGHI HHJ HJ J>HI G-I>G ( >I ^GI. 2 HIIJI), H> G H>HHIG ^>H> K>I J>HI >I> G>HII > IJII IG>O>>. E HS GI > HJ>G> KI^> > K>I." JHI> >, > G J>HI >I> R GII

>I H> R GG>>I > GIP JK. D> K IG>>>O>> GI> ^B" H> R HHI> > JGIJ > <<>, 1991 ^B" G>KJI GH>IP <>JG>> I G><>H 2000, GK ^GI. 8 C-HI>IJO>, H> <KG D^A ^I<; +7

7 "<<7 <7, G>>GI HJHH>KI 2006 > <KG G>, J KI >KII << II,<GI>GP IJIGP > >G>II> > GI>I> H> HH> >II>>>I>> J>HI> GK>I> > H> H>I>> GH>I> HIG H.^B" R HH>I ^$7 B=;< E=7 G>J->H > IG> >I>> > G >>I>, H IG>O>> (J-HI H>I> IG J> H GHI> -J>IP H>I>), "> > (EHIG G>I), "-> +> (>I) > (CG). " IG> H >-HI> GKII CIG-G ( GHO >UJGH > G>, >I, H, E>> -

O>) G< ^>>G 50.000 GI>I>, H<J> G<G II>K>IP G><>H; HH> H> <<>J<

>G 20.000 H>I>OOI>, GJI J>IP > HIJG>. B J>>> > IG> GI> ^B"

H <J>I> >H (>I> >I>>) G>-H>JI> IG>O>> > G><> ^R J >HGI GHO> > G>I> > G><> >I> (>G >-JI) > KG> HIG> , > >, >> J G<GHH>K G>I IG>O> -HIG H.A JHI G>HIG J <<>G >IGHH GI JIJG G><>H G>HII J>H, >HIG GJI GHO > HI> J>HI> HIJ-

>H> >I>> HIG>G> > >KGH> >IG> >IGG><>H>,GO K<>. " "I> R >IG II>K GHH ^"HI>-IJI H< $ > > J G<G > HIJ>

J>HI> ( " %=) HI G GO> >>H >I> J H> GGO> IG>-O>.G KG J JG HH>K GHO J>HI> "I>, <> GI> >I>> H>I>> > IG> B" K

<<>JI> > J>HI> I>K> > H> G>I> IG>O>-I H<J> > JHI G><>; >>> > GIP J-I>>G > JG HGIIJII G J>IP >H, I HHG J GI, GG>H KG >III> IG GIP J>HI." <> H HG >U HHH JHI J>IP H> G>K<^B" JI > G>G>I HHI< G G -HH>IP G><>H > GI> ^>>HIGO> J-

>, H> G GI> H> > K>HI> >>>HIG> > JI G I>K> G><>H> G ^GIJG > JK>I>.IG > J>HI> H> G> HJ IG>O>>, >"I> R GHI J JIG>I <GJ > GI> (>G20.000) ^HH>O> G (AHH>O> G GO> > KG>) > G><> <>H, HGHH>> H > #>, >HII -^ G><>H > JHI, I <> > GI G >

><J> HJHJG HJHH>KI <J>I - >I #H> <<> D>HJ ". > IGII >

31

Buddhismo

J G HH>I>K J>HI I >JH >> GGHI J JI HIGI H>-

<J HH J>HI >IGO> -HIG IGII> II>K>HI>> > GH>I>H HH>JI> >-HGKI> HJ IG>O>>. G > G >>H, GT, J IK >JO > >-I> JIJG >K .

Maria Angela Fal$

BIBLIOG!AFIA >><G> HJ BJ>H R >H, H>I J

> ><J ><H. *J> K< >>I> HII > G>>> IHI> IGII> J>I> > ><J >I>

Traduzioni di testi originali "= #, IGO, BG> (1916) G>HI 1980; D==@, *>, I, >@, ,, > C>> , II, G> 1986;

D# > C>> , II, G> 1986;= #W JG > >O >>, 1998.C>> #@ D==@

I, BI> BG><>G>, >, 2000

<> , >G >,G>, >, 2000

<> < B, I< > < >G>, IG>, >, 2004

Altri testi classiciAGN JG <> << >, >OO>, >, 1991AHK<H, < B, A>, >, 1990

#> < <<, A>, >, 1985 I< < > =, JG > JG, 'G> OO, >O, 1998

I< < <, JG > F.GG, >OO>, >, 2002>, JG > A. >>, >>, , 2001-2003

A>< < = @@>, JG > A. >>, E>J>CHH>>, G>, 2009

Testi generali> 'I , + < B, >>, , 1992A JG > . F>G, B=, IGO, BG> 1986 G>HI 2007. J>, <> < , G>, > 1997><>G<> HJII, I<<=>= <<=>>. >

>< < >>=> < B, DO>, 1997.GKN, I>> < =, IIG, F>GO, 1998

>G . >H - >G . #H, <> ,>>, , 1998.I BIG, I< B= > , 'G> OO, >O, 1998.

<-N, *> @ <, G>, >, 2001. HJII, I< = , BGJ IG>, >, 2003BG> HH, C >>. <<UI<<=>>, G>, >, 2003.. FG>, B= , > J>, B<, 2004. >, I< = > >, " J>, B<, 2009. J, U>>=> < B, G>I, 1984 G>HIFO> >IGN 2011

'JGH> H > IHI> > . > " D> <<> J>I> >>I>, G>G> J>:D> , < B= >, IG>, >, 1996D> , @ < . C= @ <

><< >, IG>, >, 2002D> , D., E=> . <><< =>: , <<>, IG>, >, 2003D> , UA << C=@>, G>< & $JG, >, 2003D> , << , G>< & $JG, >, 2004D> , U << <J < <, G>, >, 2005

D> , C> , HG G>, >, 2009D> , + << >. G< >>=> >=>< < = >, " <<>IG , >, 2009D> , LG C. CJIG, 'A << F<J, HG G> ,>, 2009D> , " < " G>, G>< & $JG E>IG>,>, 2009D> , I==> > . *>' <<, >OO> ,>, 2009D> , #> @ , HG G>, > 2010

Siti web in italiano:.*=;7.< ^J> BJ>HI >I> > J> IGKG > > > H>I> > IG> >>I>.-*-=.7 H>I ^> J>HI JG.<.< H>I O> >IGN > J> H> JT HJIG G>K>HI DAA.<.+7 H>I I>IG > > IG> > IG>O>I>I.+7.< > >I> IGJO> > G>>> IHI>

J>HI><<://7*.;7<7-<.7./</ H>I J>> IHJ EJG

32

#E!MINOLOGIA

" IG> [GIHH>\ G>K <G (GIH + M) J H><>>I> > <J >GIO: [GII IIG>\ [GII <G>>O>\. " H><>>I> H IG> HG> HIHH GIP, > IG G >>H GII G>HI> GJI IIJI IIGKGH HJIIG> HGHH >IJG<>I GO> C>H (<G>>O>).>P > G>> H> C>H, > IG> [GIHH>\

HG>K ^;7 ;;7 >+7 G>-<>G> > HU CG>HI, IGHHH <> HI>, > HI> -G> H>>II GI > >> C>H HOJIO>> JIO>>. " JI > JHI HH<-<>, >H H> >>K GIHH. C HHG >H> ^G>G > >HHH> GIIJG, >HH> >>K GIHH > GI> IG KKI <> HI> GJO>> <-I> > >> J>> > HI> G>. ' H>> G>HI>, > IG> [GIHH>\ >>I >>G J H>> HH> G>HI>, J HIGJI-IJG H> GG>HI H> >>H >H G-IHH.D> H>>G > GIIG > GGIIOO IG>[C; 7<77;;\ G>HII ^I>K > [C; 7-

<77;;\, JHI^JI> R, > II, J IO>, J G-GO> > GIIG >>HIGI>K, IGG>IG> ( O>-

). "II>, ^GIHH> GI, >H> II>H>, >H I>-G>I> (>GG>I II GIHH)

CJ>IP >G (GIHIIH>), <G- ><> G>HI>. >H GIHH R J ; C; A=<77, II

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G>I ^J> C>H CII> GI>G H. HIIJI GI>G C; 7< (

33

Ortodossia

>), J > GII J> C>-H > (II>).

ALC$NI CENNI "#O!ICIJ >>G " H IP H, C>H

G GI>I > IG>GI>, H>II [IG>\, KKG >J H> [HI>\ HIIJI > IG>GI: ,CHII>>, AHHG>, AI>> GJH, J G>H GGI IG > G. " IG>GI > G^J> GI >I ^>G G, IG IG JIIG H> IGKK GI G>I. " IGG>IG>

> IG>GI> GG>HK GKII, HJ->K>H> ^>G > GK>. >I> GK>G H> > IG>GI>, > J> > I>IG> G > K-HK> IG>I>, H >U IG> KK G>KJI > I>-I > IG>G>. D> H>I, JHI HIIJI G HH > G-

GI G> > J HI IG II J>IP. >IG KK G>I ,>IG AI>>, G AHHG> ^E<>II, AG

B>HO> (JIJG >IIP ^>GIG CHII>: CHI-I>>). A GJH K G>H>JI > I>I > -IG>GI G HJ >GIO >I>, HS G > H>-<>>I G><>H [J>\ >IIP KK G IJII G>-HI>>IP (C. 7 > '>).C7;<<77, > JI >IIP ^>GIG, >>I >J<JGI > +7+7 N+ (330), J I HJI> >IIP > B;7, G >K>G > J< ^"G. A B>HO> ^G J J>IP G>HI> IG->O> G>I> I HI^AG, J> K> KK G->I > < > CG>HI. ' " H, >H KIIGIG J <G JHI> IIG>, >>O>I A7,

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>>H J "*77 +7;=;<< F><> > G. " > > '> HI>>H, G G>-

KI, J R GII . HII HHHII >>I > G> C>>G>, G>O> > AG> H>

G<K ^J G>HI>, K>I

G>:J> KHK> KK G>I IIG> GI> >AG>, G HS >H G>, > IGH>O> C>H GIHH (> G >). JHI> H> G-IGHH > C7+7 E+=+7 C7;<<77 (381), >H C>H >>I>K GJ > II [H> '>-CHII>>I\." G> H>H C>H, <G G>H> G>, H>HJT > H> +7+7 E;7 (415), JJ GI > KHK> IG>GI > A<7+ IIT GJ H> HI>IJS > J >H JI, H J>-CIH>I. *JHI >H H>HI IJIIG, > > "G, "G >HG HIIJ>IH IH>I> >. H<JI H>HH> H<JS > +7+7 C+7.

GI > KHK> > IG>GI> > AI>> AHHG>,HH> > >O>I> >I>> (H> IGKK >G<>> ^>G G), IIG GJ-

O>> >>. "II> HH> H>GK J IJG >K> J GH > CG>HI, H> -

34

R o m a n i a .

C a

n t o r i d e l l a c a t t e d r a l e d i B u c a r e s t .

Ortodossia

> J HHJ ÎG > JI > IGIIGH>> [= ;7 <= +< *7 D7\. G JHI

G<> >H IIG > < > C>H II [77;<\ ( <G =>K : J H -IJG): >H H>G-GIHH IG>GI > AI>> >H I IG>GI > AHHG>. " E<>II, >H I >K <<>G>IG>.G JI G><JG >H G, HH K G-I>I C>> > C>, IIT IIG>-.> HIHH> >O>I> >I>> (^>G GH>) G

HS HH IIHH > I>-H >HH>G> I, IGKH> HS > JG> J> >H > C>, >H G>HI> ^>-

G G.L >;7 * "" H IGKG > J IG>GI>> AHHG> > AI>> GII >>I> > <GHH>

G> H>> > H>HH> >IG JH HGIIJII - IGKGH> G>HI<> KK GII J -

I>J IGHI CHII>> J>> >I -J>HI>>. " JHJ> J>HIG IJII> > IGG>IG> >-G>I> GG>>, KKG ^"G >G> > -G, >JH HI>, Ê<>II, >> Â<G>. D"" H, > IG>GI> > AI>>, GJH AH-HG> H> IGKG ^>IG ^>G JHJ JHI GIT ^>>I G K>I>IP, G-<GHH>K >>JO> JG> > > G>HI>>. " GI> -G>> G>JH>K HGKK>KG. " JHJ>K > G>HI>> GHH> GG> , >->I JJ ^HGHH> ^ >I G>KI K>-IK GHI>I >HH>. " H>HI >I>-G><>-H JHJ G>JK H<<O> H> <>JG>> >G>HI>>, GI> H<JO HJ > >: > H>-HI >H G GHI>. *JHI >O> > G<>>IP>HI>IJO>>OOI GII J <G> J>> J >H>OOO> > IGG>IG> > IG IG>GI>,

> > GJ J>IP G>HI> G>H. > IG>GI > CHII>> I HJ

K>I>IP, ^>IG ^>G >OI>. C HHG > H->, HH G>JHS >GG > IG>GI> > IGG>IG> JHJ-

> ><J <G HIGJIIJG JIJ> KKG IG>O> >OI> H< > J> > >GO>O> >H > IG>O> H. >H -IIG C> H> >>GG > ^GIHH>,> J> H> > CHII>> , J> GK ^J> >H GIHH..A H CHII>> GK >H >>-K>H, >K G>K >KGH>>O>> -IJK >HIO JIK > >HHH> KI

H>K > KG GG> IH>>.L +; O<, JG IGKH> >>I JHJ, GGK GI>G, H>JI JHIGG>G> HK>J JIJG, I<> H>G>IJ G>K "+7 I7 !77 J >H>> G-II G>HI>.. _, >IG, > JHI G> >H^G>I (>OI>) HK>J J^>IH II>K>IP >HH>G>,HGIJII KGH > > HK> > J> H> KGI>G G>-

HI>H> IG>O> >OI>. > IGII > H> " , J O >, II > IGG>IG> ÎIJ!7, <>P > G>> H> G>HI>, > G>>I >

35

Ortodossia

K> G>G > G>HI>H> IGG > J-> CHII>>.

L < 7++< +;, > J> IG G H , J^KJO> >KGH. " IG >I>>G> H, ;7<<7 +7 777

**+. > > "I> >, ^J> I> J>IP G>K >H, J >>O>T J GHH > >-I<GO> O>> GG> J>T > <HI H>> > >GO> > CG < (I-I > 'I ^800) HKG "+7 !77 I-

7, > IGH>O> "+7 I7 !77. CG

< II GI >H > <>II>-O> HJ G<, IG >H IIK > G>H>-I HJ JO> G><>H, JIJG H> >H > HJ> >G>II>. K>O>I J GI> ^"-

G, <>P I > CHII>, H> HIGK I<>-HI>: JHI I<>H H>T JG> > J IG> H>-G>IJ> G>HI>>IP.*JHI> >I> GIG J GHH >GGKGH>> >

HIG>O> IG >H ^G>I J ^>I.*JHI> >HH>> IGKG > HJGI IIG> IIG G >GH>> JJI J< > H>:> G> J< JHI> [79=\, R J <<>JI G >-HII>>I. IIG> >

G> >>G>> CHII>> (381),, [7 "<7 "<7

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H> J>> > IJII >H ^>I ^" H.*JHI II > J > >KG> I H> R HIGJ>I, >K JIJG, HIG> I<> IG J >H." GHH > IGI H JIG>IP <>HI-G> <>JG>H>O> >H, JO> >>HIG > , G III HIG >H ^G>I > II > III. *JHI

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DO> ^"I> G>> G>I, >HI>> >HH>G> > BJ<G>,

I IG>G FO>." JHI IHI H> HJK > H ;+; 1054, G>G HJ> IG H> > CHII>> . ^KI J K>HHJI J >K>H> >GGKG-H>>, HS I > IIG>I IG J >H. FJJ IG KI IIHIG II >I>>>IP IG > I> J <G: 9=< +7+<. ' 1204,> G>I> KHIG CHII>> >HG J IG>GI> >IIP. D JHI I, G>HI>>IP H> R -

GI >KGH>IP IG J IG>O>> G>HI>> GKII GIIJG H> JIJG H>HII. A JHI H><<>J< > I >JI GI > G<> >I> -^>G >OI> + ;7<<7 <=+ 1453, G-

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>G J ^IG; 1274 (+7+7 L7), 1439 ( F-F). C>HJ J >H G>K-

36

L e c

a r a t t e r i s t i c h e c u p o l e a “ c i p o l l a ” d

e l l e c h i e s e o r t o d o s s e .

Ortodossia

>K G HQ ^GIHH> G>HI> >HJ >G H> >JK > H HIHH, >HJ GIH > HJ-H>K>IP. IG III>K J>>HI, IG III>K > J> C7+7 F (1439) KK, > H> "-, GI >H II>, GO> > >HG>I> II> ( ) > IGG>IG> GIHH>. CHS HI H>II >H II> G>I> [=<\, J> HGKK GG> HIGJIIJG IIG>>, > >IJG<>, II HII > [9=<<7 =< 7<\,IG > J> ^JIG>IP . _ >G I III>K RHII K>HHJI GHI >H GIHH GG>IG>>

(O>>), J> KK >KH> > G IGG>IG>, GGH G <>JG>H>O> > > G >. <<> H> G>-H > J>I, J<> ^ HHG J III>K >J>, J J^ <<GHH> >II> IK G-IG G>HI>>G ^J>IP >H > CG>HI. H > GGI> IG J >H H HH>>-I ><>GI> <GO> K>I J>. I - >GH>> HHI H HII HJGI. <HI

> K>I GII H>> R HII +7<7 < PP77 I P<+ A<7;, 1967, J G>G HJ> H HII G>I>GI J >H H>H >>I KGH > J>.

"#!$##$!A IN#E!NA DELLE CHIE"EO!#ODO""E: A$#OCEFALIA E A$#ONOMIA."INODALI#'

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HIGJIIJG, JH >HG. D 1054 H> R HI>>I JG > > GHH> IGKI>H> > IGG>IG> IG>G> HIIK IG>GI EJ>. JIIK>, HG-IJII HGI AG>, JH > J H-H>> ><GO> > > GIHH>, C>H ^G><> I>JI ^HH>HIO H>G>IJ HIG > GG>> > H> > J> H> H HI>>I>. HIHH H H> > G <> ><GI> ÊJG >I.

L C; O<77;; =<7+ ;77 13; K > HH - > G< > IG>GI, J>> HII> Î>-

37

Ortodossia

>IP ^>GIO. A <+ C; =<7+ ;

=77 =, J> ^JI> J G>I -IG>GI > H, J G>H>JI IG>GI >CHII>>: C; O<77;; ++7;7>++, C; O<77;; A+. O ;;<77 +9= C-

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7;; F C; A7;<7+ O<77;;

E;<7 (>I> IG>GI > CHII>>), C; O<77;; G7 C; O<77;;

C (>I> IG>GI > H).L C; O<77;; =<7+: P<+<7 C7;<-

<77 ( <>JG>H>O> > JG>, J >H Ê<, GI G>, GI >HG G> JG- ), P<+<7 A;; ( <>JG>H>O> > E<>II IJII ÂG>), P<+<7 A<7+ ( <>JG>H>O>> >G>, >, "G >HG), P<+<7 G=;-

( <>JG>H>O> > HI>, "HG, >G>

>HG), P<+< M7;+ ( <>JG>H>O> > F-GO> JHH, B>GJHH>, G>, H> BI>>, . AHH>

CIG, . K> >HG), P<+<7 "*7 (<>JG>H>O> > BH>-EGO<K>, K>, CGO>, G-

>, > >HG), P<+<7 !7 (<>JG>H>O> > >, BHHG> >HG), P<-

+<7 B=7 ( <>JG>H>O> > BJ<G> >HG), P-

<+<7 G7 ( <>JG>H>O> > G<> >-HG), C; O<77;; C7 ( <>JG>H>O> > C>-

G),C; O<77;; G+ ( <>JG>H>O> > G->), C; O<77;; P77 ( <>JG>H>O> > -> >HG), C; O<77;; A* ( <>JG>-H>O> > A> >HG), C; O<77;; C+7-

;7>++ ( <>JG>H>O> > B> K> >-HG), C; O<77;; A+ ( <>JG>H>O><> II> >I> >HG).C; O<77;; =<77: C; O<77;; M7-

< " ( <>JG>H>O> I >>), C; O<7-

7;; E;<7 ( <>JG>H>O> > EHI>), C; O-

<77;; F( <>JG>H>O> > F>>), C-

; O<77;; G7 ( <>JG>H>O> > >-

), C; O<77;; C ( <>JG>H>O> > C>).GLI O!#ODO""I NEL MONDO

" CG>HI>H> GIHH R IG> G>> H>IP ÊJG G>I HJ-HI. <<> IG > 700>>> > JG>, >U > 209 >>> G>G>I IG>O> GIHH, > J> H> IGG <<>J<G 25>>> IG G , JG >>GH> GIHH>, -

GI< >I JIJG ^GIHH>. A KI >

G>KJO>> 1989, R >>> H>G <> GIHH> > H> GII> G M-J>HI, GG> GQ >H>HI >I> J> H JH>I> KK GII KI> G > J HHIJI >I> > HG>OOO> H->IP JIJG. " J> H>, C>H H HII J-GI GH<J>II. C IJII >T, H>IP > JHI> H>H> IGK <<> KG IIG > KG> G> G IG G G >I>IP JHI> > G>IGK GG>

C>H GIHH. G JHI G<>, Q>IH >I> JIJG> G J GJG IG>O>> JIJG>

38

I c o n e o r t o d o s s e .

Ortodossia

I> HJ J> H G ^>I>IP H>IP H>K G>HI>IJ. CGG JHI >I>IP HIG> C>HGIHH R KI<<>H GQ JHI IG>O> RK>K G> >IG. _ G JHI IG>O> GIHH IG KG J GJ >GII>II>I J> H>IP IIGKGH EHH, H>IPIGK > HJ <>JHI I HO> G><>H, J-IJG <>I> ÊJG > <<>. J GI ^G-IHH> H> G>H IJII> <> II> JIJG JG,ÎG I HII>G HJ H>>>IP GGIGH> >I. G< J> > K>K >II>I HJ G-

GI IG CG>HI>>IP KG> >G> J> H> KGP >IG-KG > JIJG G H>IP HIGJ>G > -H> ÊJG G>I, > G>G>I JHI, H> KG- G<G > GGI> IG C>H, HII H>IP >K>.I ; 7<77;; << $7 E=7 ;77

G+, B= !7. '^>H> O> JG, > >II>> GI-I> ^GIHH> H > 33%. GIJ H

30%, H JG H> HIIG > 15% O> > H> GII> ^M-> HK>I> H> >>GI. > JT IGHS >G C>H GIHH R >I[JG\ IG C>H JG J <> IG 700 >->> > > >II>, 209 >>> H GIHH>. C>T H><>> J GIJ H>HII >I CJ>IP EJG."IG, G>HII II <> GIHH> , 226,5>>>, > EJG ^R <<>G GI 209 >>>, K >G > 92% II.I ; =7 <7 7<77;; ;77: !=;;,$+, B7=;;, !=**+ M7>, B=-

, !7, "*, M+7, G7,

G+ C7. JHH> R > H GIHH >U >- GII JI > K>HI JG>: > >G 123 >>>> GJHH>, 107 >>> H> >>G GIHH>. A GH> <<>J< J> GII> >I>I > H> M-HK>I>>, G>G>I <>JG>H>O> IG>GI

> H. CHS H <> GIHH> > G>, B>GJHH>K> GI O> > H> BI>>. F

O> > > GII> C>H GIHH > EHI->, H > J> IG>GI EJ> J

GI <> GIHH> K>, GI< <>JG>H>O> IG>GI > >. <JI O> > > G<>, > G GG>IG>GI.A< 7 <+7 +<7 7<77;;7 ;77 9=

M7 O<, K H> IGK H> > IG>GI> >AHHG>, AI>> GJH. " JG > >> JHI G<>>, IGKIH> HII > >> JHJ, H>JI J I>J GHI> > GG>KG <<>

HII 970 > G>HI>>. ÎG GHI> >>JO>H> R KKGI>I >1922, J G> JG> -G H> > >II>> 1,4 >>> > > GIHH>ÂI>, H> IGKK S HG, JG HIGII> ><GG > G>. <<> CHII>>, "HIJ K>K- > 3.000 GIHH>.> GIHH> H <<> GHI> > H> > J> EHH( C>H GIHH) J^ I> IG>O>: ÊJ-

G >I, AG> > AJHIG>. P + += E=7 O++<, [>HG GIHH\H> G IGI HGIIJII > FG>, K H ><GI

G >U Q>IH GJHH G>KJO> HK>.ÎG ><GIG> H> R KKGI>I H <JG-G >, J > H> HI-JG> H> H >HII> >G<>> J>HI>, >U HH>> ><GO> H> R -HJI JI J>H ÊJG ^HI,>>II HH>>>IP > >G >GO>

GH. C7;, ;7 O<77;; ;=<7 7;<<<> G B<, I<, " +

G, B7 O; >> ><GIG> RG > GH H>JGI >>GP > G-

GI> IG HH>> > H> >I>. >><GO>GI >I > GGI> IG G><>> <> G-IHH>. ' G> IP MM H, <> >><GI> GI-HH> G > <<>GO GJHH, <G HG. A^>>O>

> JHI H, H IKI GH>JI J>IPG H > H > H>I J>IP -

39

^M-#J<HK>, BJ<G> K>._ H><>>I>K J IG GHI HGIIJII > "-<>IGG, > B<>, FG> G> G>-<JG 7<77;; 7 7<;<< +<<7+. "G BGI<, JHI> GGHI > 50% O>- GIHH H, IG J J>IP > GIHH> H>IGK > AG> >, G G >HH>> GIHH> O. *JHI> GIHH> H> >HI><J >HG >JI K G GHO ^><GO> KGH> HH KJI, HS ÎI>K>IP >HH>G> HK>-JI HGIIJII C>H JHH J -

IG>GI > AHHG>. *JHI> > GK< -IG C>H CG>HI> ^"H, HS IG G><>>. C>H GIHH JHH IIJI, GI>G II-I, J^> G >HH>G> IG O>> IG>> >G>, GG>K > ÎII > > C> >. CHS H I C>H GIHH > C> >>, J> < GI IG>GI > H HII > C>H JI. A > IG>GI > AH-

HG> HK>JI GI>G IP HJ^> II>K>IP >HH>G> > AG>. HGI HS >GII> +7=< 7<77;; + > $N,<, O> IG> H> ÂG> >I, G J II > >G 350.000 >.

DO##!INA !ELIGIO"A IIG> C>H GIHH R >I> J

C>H CII>, > JI I HJ> HII C>>

EJ>>, GII> C>H >>K>H. KG> C>HGIHH O>> >>G > GIG ^J> C>-H GIHH GG> G J> > , >IJG<> >, JJ, GHH IJII > C>HGIHH I HJ G G>IIJG HJ G>O>,JHI^JI> HGHH HH>> > , > C>>EJ>> <> HG>II> > G> C>H. FI>

G ^HGHH> > C>H H > HII C-

>> EJ>>, IJI> > HGIIJII > G>I IG > 325 ('>1) 787 ('> "").

I = C7+ E+=+, > '> CHII>>, GJI > < "". #< HGHH CG-

'>-CHII>>I J IJII C>H CG>-HI>. I ;=++;;> 9=<<7 C7+ (EH, C> CHII>> "" """) HI>>I > G>HI>HJ 7 +;<77+7 IGI HJ^>GO> G HJ >HIG >K> J>IP > CG>HI. I-IG> GJI JHI> C>>, CG>HI R D> KG KG, J J> GH H>HI J IJG, >K> J, H> HG> J H>> KIP, HO J H> JI ÎG. "K > ;<<7 C7+7 E+=-

+7, IJIH> CHII>> 787 H> R JI G>->I +7, > KGO> > R J II > <G H>G>IJ>IP I G>O> C>H H> HJ >HIG ^>G-O>."II> JHI C>> G>HK J <GK G>H> G><JGK HII KGO> HG >-<>>, HS J HH > JHI>>, ^>IGGIO>GIHH > <> > GI> >>, > GGI> IG

C>H II., D G, > GGI IG C>H > IGIG H> >>H > IG>> > H>>, GQ H>

40

I n t e r n o d i u n a

c h i e s a r u s s a o r t o d o s s a .

Ortodossia

C>H II H> J HIHH > D>;H> ^J ÎG K G>OOG H> ^G ^><>,

G G >GII < > C>>, >GO C>H, J >HI>IJO> >K>-J, R IG GIGP >I ^G> ÎG>IP G>OOO> < > D>. L ><<7 ;=+77+;7 (IHIO> >, > JI H>GI > IG>> > >IG>) K>- GI <> G> > *JGH>-, R H>GI D> ^GIHH>. C>H GIHH > ;<< "+<, H II> G>-IJ> > >HI>IJO> >K>> IIGKGH > J> D> G,

GO> >G>I I, GO> ^J. C-GH> IG>O> I> C>H CG>HI>, C>H GIHH >>HIG > J H GO> > IGGI> B<<;7, C; C7=7 (>>O>-O> G>HI>). "IG, H>G > GI> G-

GHI J >>I IG G, G GHI R > BII-H> G HIG <> IG>. DJJ, H>HI >-

I>>>IP, G H>, IG > GI ^G> > H-

GI IG>>. G JHI G<> > HGI> G-IHH> HH HHG ;7;<. C C>H CI-I>, C>H GIHH H>G > HGI M<77 =+7 ;;7=*. C IJII >T, GII GIP HGO> (>KGO>) J > -^G IG > >J<> IG, > IG>> > >IO, H- IGO OO, J> H HGI, HS, > G>IJ, G<>G > >O> GIIG >-IO>, G>IGJ > J> > >-

HIG> ..G JI G><JG > 7 <<7 G ^J> D> > IG GH (J IJG >K> > IG >-HIH>), IG>O> I<> >I R HII GH IJG >U ^J>IP > 'IJG > D>, H> H>> > IG GH >K>, K>HI [GO>>\ H> >->H G>GI ^J> 'IJG >K>..L <7 7< >K, Î GI

<< P;7 >, I-JI J IJG >K> H > G>G GO>

HS HIGII HHG J H D>. _ >G IG>>-IG> R HIHH: G> H IJIIK> H> IJ IJGJ, H H >H> GH G>->IP.N <7 7++<, HKOO ^J R K>HI >GO> I, JJ HGG KG JG> K. *J G>I, >K, JI HGI-IJII HJ G>J>HI J> D> GH IG>I >

I , > >U, G>GII >K> HJG>G> GO> >G>I I IIGKGH ^G HK>> > CG>HI. ^G->, > JHI H, R >II H>I>K J>>,

>>IP H> >I HKOO >K>>OOO> ^J,>R HH>>>IP G GI ^J > K>KG J K>I

> > J> D>-G>>IP IIGKGH ^G H-K>> > CG>HI, <>J< > <GO> >G>II. *JHI GI>O> K>I >K> H> G>OO I-IGKGH G<> >K> >GI, J> H IG 'IJG >K>, > JI H<G< HH, H> - HH >KI GI>>> ^J. AI-

IGKGH HH, D> G H> > JG> > Q. *J> HG<J >GO > GI> I<> II>, J G > J GO> GI. >K>>OOO> ^JHG> > > HIHH G K>I G>HI> H> HK>JIG>I GI>O> > GI>, G<>G,

GI> K>GIU ^G K<>>. >H>HG>O> >HI> HI>IJ>H J GIIG I I<> GIHH. " > I<> R JGG ^J- G J^HG>O GH > D>, > J> > H<<II

H> H>I, J > ^>>K>J>H, >II [ > K>I H>\, GIIG>OOI -^G G D> G > GI>. A JHI H> <<>J< >-H> JI<> GG> I<> H>-G>IJ>IP GIHH, II > K>O > GJ IGHKI GH Ô> >G>I I, H> - K>I >IG>G H. G>>IP, H> HK>J > HKOO HIG> K>I H>< GI.

"<7 "<7 >GG > GI> C>H. > G GI>> K>I >K> IG>I G<> >GI -

41

GI> > HGI>: R CJ> G HH>> ^J >HJGG > >>I> GIJG> G G<<>J<G ^J> D>. JI > >GO IIG> C>H CII> R> [ F<\. C>H, HG, HHI HGHH C7 +7-+7;<<77<7 >-G>I I G G, > G R ^J> HGK>>IP. ' HHI H, ^G> >H> CG>HI>-H>, H> R KKGI>I > >H< > G>HG >O>>G>, J <<>G >GIO >K>>IP F>-<>, G>T, H> R GI J^<<>JI CG >--HII>>I, GH> >G>I I G

J<JI G F><> (I> F<). *JHIGJ <GI HG> IH>> IG J C>H HK-I > GJ > I>KO> I<> G <>JHI>>G ;+;

1054.JG HH >IGI HJGI, > >< J> GHH > >HH>> H> H> >G>I IG-><>, GH> IG <> GIHH> G GHH> >G>I I G > >K -

I<>, > II>> G GHH> >G>I >>K > >HH> (KKG H> > G, > F><>

>G>I I).>U >I R > G H><> 7>7 -

C;. > GIHH> H>G C>H GI>G C>H [\, H> HG> ^HH JG>HI>GI >IG KHK. JII> > KHK> H J<J> IG >G. >HI>IJO>> >U I, > IG>I> > IG>G>H, > II, KHK>, JO>> >>HIGI>K >U -

>, HH> J IG <>JG>H>O> G>G>HJ<> IG> KHK>.L C; C<<7+, >K, GI>G H >> GGOI HJ G<>OOO> > HH IG>OOI,

J> GG>HHI HK>J > J K>H> I<> >>HIG , > J >>HIG KJI D> G <GI>G HG>G HIGJIIJGI ^J>IP C>H[>KGH\, >IH J>IP > , > <>JG>H>O> >>H>>." >U, > C7+7 <+7 I GI > G>I <>JG>-H>O> HJ IJII C>H HJ >>>>IP MIIG, GH, HJ JHI>> > > G.L C-

; O<77;; 7 ; +77;+ 9=;<++;77 7++<< <7 <7, HGHH > JHI> IG>>. ^G-IHH> K > G>I H J G>I^G IG > IG>G> >HIO > > H >>II> IG J C>H > ^G>IGI G G>H-KG >HJI. IG HII I<> C>H GIHH -H R > G P=<77, >IH > J< >

JG>>O> > HI>< IG, > J> HIG

IG G > I>. C>H GIHH , IJIIK>,J K>H> JI H>>, HH > J> IG GI ><>J>O> J>KGH H>HI J HO> IG > G<GHH> G H> H HKI> I>J G -J> D> > G , K I> <GK>,

HH, IIGKGH G<>G C>H, HHG GHKI>. > II, JJ, J GO>I G-I, JHI R J J< J HO>, >JIIHI J [HI-

IJH\. IG>O> GIHH, >IG, I >-H> <>JG>>: > G<GHH GI (> <>J-

42

U c r

a i n a .

C a t t e d r a l e d i S .

S o f i a a K i e v

.

Ortodossia

>O> J>KGH) KJ >G HI>< H>O>, GQIG>I> K> HG HI G > G. IG HII GI>G I<> GIHH R HJ;7 7<+. Î>H H> G>G>H ^>>>-

>>IP, ^>HH>>>IP, IGHO >HIG >K>-. D> R >HH>>, >HG>K>>, >I>, G>T<> IIG>JI >K> IIJI R >HJ>>I HG>-G > >HIG >K> HIHH. >> D> R J,R HI, R G, >> , R H JHI. G>T,H> HI > >H< > HG>G IIG>JI> D> > IG->> K>, > HH > O: D> R J, R -

>P > <> IP; D> R HI, >P > <>HI>IP, . *JHI H> > =7 <7+7. J>> D> H> H> HG>G ><J<<> J,> > H GH> G HG>O, H> IIJ>OOH>I G>>I K>I >IJG<>.D J>, G>K ^>GIO <G I GO>>IJG<>, > JI >>OOI HO > D>. D>K> >IJG<> R ><> > >IJG<> HI

J HG GI>> ^>. >IJG<> C>H R > >IJG<> HI > JI KGIG GI>> <> J>> J> D>, J- HGP > >>I>K > C>. ' >IJG<> EJG>HI><>P > GI H> J>H ^>GI, > > K> H IG-HGI> >G>I I G H<J > CG>HI, > > , <GO> ^G >K>>OOI HIHH >G>I,H GH> GI>> K>I IG>>IG>. A KGO> > H> >HG>H > JHI IHI > GO>,

GI>O> > >HIG>: J<> ^ HHG H <-<II> GI>HI>> JO>> <<> KO>>, > > CG>HI, G > D>, > I> G >J IIJ G>> > GI> HJ >H>G>IJ GHO > G K> H G><JGI>. G JHI, G >><G > R HJ>>I ^>>IP G-I>HI>, GG HI>IP K>I, ^>< K>IH>G>IJ: H > I D>, JT HG>G >-

IG J J. C>H GIHH H> R ><I, R KG IIGKGH

C>H O>> HG > J>IG> (J G<>H IG G> > IJII C>H)- >< J> C>H CII> C>HGIHII>, > K>HI > J ><>G HO K>KO

>>, GHII>K > G>HI>>G J>IP C>H> CG>HI. "II, I<> GIHH H> >HI, <>JI>> >, HIO GI>K > IG G>G G>HHI GI JK H> H>>, JIJG> ->I> ÊJG G>I II > GI C>H G-IHH.

GLI O!#ODO""I IN I#ALIA> GIHH> H HII> HG GHI> HJ IGG>IG>>I>. F> " H H>HIK > "I> <GHHJ>IP >I-<G > >>>, CG>, J<> HJ HIG>I > K O>. AGIK <>J-G>H>O> IG>GI > CHII>>, H>-H 1054 JHI J>IP H HII HHG>I > >III> I> ^<<> IG >I> G.

' *JIIGI, J>HI > CHII>>(1453), H GH JK J>IP <G JH -^>><GO> GK>I> Ê>G, H, CGI, C>G, > ÂH> >G. " G-J<> H> H GI> < DJ >>>, DJI> H, J> O> > IG >IIP -G>G G>HI, A K. " IG>GI > C-HII>> KK J> J GGHII IG>G, H K O>.NO<<7+<7, H> G<>HIG J >>JO> <G> >HG <G GIHH, H> G ^HH>>O> G>III> I>, H> G ^><GO> > IG O JG^>IGHH, : AJHIG>, <G>, K>, GH>K->, G>, G> JHH>."=*<7 77 ;+7 = 7, H> HII J^>-KGH> > IO: GG>K > "I> GIHH>, > H>B>> JHH>, G>J<>I> >I>>, HIGII>

H>G > GG> H JH > G<>> J>HI>. D JI > G<>> II>IG>, H> KKGI J GI >GI

43

^ ><GO> G I>K> >> KGH ^"I> G-K>I ÊJG CIG G>I.>HII H>IJO> H HGH, ;<=7 <-

<= GHI K>IP. > GIHH> GK< > IG-G>IG> GII> >I KG> IG>GI> JI> H> <<>J< > <G>-GIHH> <>P H>HII>. " >U H> -HII J GHO HH>> > GIHH> G> GK>I> >, >G> HI>. DÎG I, G-HO > GIHH> GII> KG> IG>GI>, H><

GI > JHI> JI>> J JG HIG GG>, G-O> > HIGJIIJG H>HI> H>>.

GHO > J>IP GIHH H>HII> >JH HJIJII > IGG>IG> O> >I> HI>IJ>H, JJ, JK>IP HIG> H> R HIGIII -<GIG> G > GH. >K <> GIHH> H>IGK HGIIJII G>> HJ HI G>-I, <<> H J GHO >JH, H> G<>>^"I> HIIIG>. GIIJII ^JI> >,<> GIHH> > H>IP >I> J^ IIO> G-I>G GG> G G GHO HJ > >KGH>IP. _ KG <> KI> <>I>> J>IP JHJ HI ÎIO> HJ JHI^J-I>; >H< GG > H>GO> G-HO GIHH G J HJ <<>G >I<GO> H>,JIJG, >I> HH>, G >H > >G>II> -I> GH J G IG HI>>G > JG <>JHI IG>JI GHH>>IP > <J >GI> > J H>IP JI>I> JI>JIJG.

"H> GH>I O> GIHH > "I>,H> HI HK>J ^G<>OOO> C>H G-IHH. 'GI, <> C>H O> JG GG>J>IP >HG." IG>GI > CHII>> GII > "I>, > 5 K-

G 1991, Â+7+; +7-7<77;; I<, I > JGI GG> R HJ>K>H > IG I>. H IG> R , Î> CIIG

> [ >G<> > G>\. > IGII, >II>, G>II>KO>^ G>>H> <G-GIHH, G HGKK>HHJI >

III. G>>H> <G-GIHH >H <>J-G>H>O> HJ IJII> > > GIHH> GHI> > "I> < G>K><> > HHG G>H>JI <>JG>>I II >I>.I <> G<>OOI, H HI>IJ>I GII,R C; O<77;; !7. EHH H> IGK HII <>J-G>H>O> IG> GIHH G ÊJG>I G>>, H G><>. J IGG>IG>>I> R G<>OOI D>H>, HJ>K>H > >> -I>, I >U > 104 GG>. H D>H> R . AJ > JHI GG>

GI< > > GIHH> GK>I> J>> K>. A >GO GG> <G-GIHH,JGH, HHH JG H><J > >, GG-> G H I H J< IG <-<GK >GII G >HG G. DI HIIGH>I G<GHH>K HI>>OOO> GHO G- > "I>, ^G<>OOO> C>H R HH HIHH >HH>, GHII>K > >KIG <>JG>H>O>

GIHH >U >GII, JI H>HIO JG> >>.

44

R u s s i a .

I c o n o s t a s i d e l l a c a t t e d r a l e d i A s t r a k h a n .

Ortodossia

G 7<77;; =;; HH> J^ G<>OOO> GI>I > "I>, K J <>JG>H>O>> >KGH: >J

GG> GI DI ^"I> D>H>ÊJG >I IG>GI > H (H IG>I: G><>), IG IG GG> GI -ÊHGI JHH ÊJG >I >I IG>GI > CHII>> (H IG>I: G><>).EH>HI J GG> IG>GI GIHH G, G>-HI, J > GG> C>H GIHH > >, A<G, J GG> IG>GI GIHH BJ-<G, , > H > G<>OOO>. A>P > J> <GJ-

> GIHH> ->>, > "I> R GOO> GHO> GI> GIHH> >> > IG>O> >OI>, IG>J>H GG>>G JIJGI G><>HI H>IP >I>, G JK> G>OOI> H> >J> C>H, H> JK> GGI> IG>O>>JIJG> ÊJG G>I, > J I HIG> H>< HIGJO> ^> EJG.

Padre A"g"!in Gheorghi"

BIBLIOG!AFIA A<>G>I, '>>, G> > CG>I, F<< , IG.>I., 4K., G>J>, >, 1982; A<>G>I, '>>, G> > CG>I, A><> >, IG.>G., 4 K., >, , 1999;BGO J><>, CHH>H AG, C> U$> > %=>, GII "I>, G>, 1999;BJ<K G<, UA><< D, IG.>I, C>IIP 'JK, , 1990;BJ<K G<, I< %<, EDB, B<, 1987;

BJ<K G<, @ <<UA><<, IG.>I., EDB, B<, 1991;CRI, >K>G, C $, IG.>I. *JG>>, BGH>,1989;C >G, U< D. <> > > B< ,, C>IIP 'JK, 1998;EK>K K, U$, IG.>I., EDB, B<, 1981;F >G<>, C $>, 3 K., # B, >,1984-1994;FN $G CG>HI>, < >=@> , IG.>I.,*JG>>, BGH>, 1999;

"IGK>< HH> , E><@ << <> > I< , CE',. E>>, J (G>), 2001

HH> >>G, < = << C $>, IG.>I.,EDB, B<, 1985;NG #, < >>. <@@ =

><, IG.>I., G>GG>, CH GGI (AHHG>), 1984;NG #, > G %<= < = ,IG.>I., G>J>, >, 1997;G>> EG>, C $, E>O>> IJ> D>,B<, 1996;GOO GI, C $, >O>> IJ>J, 1997;>> AG, C=>J > ><<U<= . <

, E>O>> FO> >K> A<>, G>, 1996;>> AG, C $, >IG> E>>, G>, 2000;JG J, G> D> << <>. D<< @ >, . >, CH GGI, 2000; H>IG>H, NA''>H, I<> GIHH -<G, EDB, B<, 1992;>IG>H >H, < @ ><< > ><, EDB,B<, 2000;>IG>H >H, > @> <J (IG>O> CG>HI>H> G>I), EDB, B<, 1993;>IG>H >H, H, <U@>, >, , 1996.

PATRIARCATO DI ROMANIA

D7+; O<77;; !7 I<

HK: .E. HK >J (A') > AGI>, 1741, :06-7197343; >: >I.>H>.>I>>@>IG>.JC; O<77;; !7 " P<7 (P<7),

7< <=<=7 (!7 J O>;<)

G AJ<JHI> G<>J, G <> H> > > > AJG>, V62, 00165, >: +39 320 715 79 02; >:H.<G<>J@<>.C; O<77;; !7 E>7 "< C7+ (!7)

G '>J >, Z I 1 > AHHG >K>>24, >: +39 328 459 50 39; >: >J@I>H>.>IC; O<77;; !7 N;+< M D7 (!7)

G CHII> BJ > >, 162, 00185, >: +39 349224 64 81; >: J@>IGG.>IC; O<77;; !7 "<A A7;<77 (L;7)

G J> B>GOJ > AJG>, 37 ( O>), >H> I/M:+39 06 97242354; : 348 567 34 76; >: J>>[email protected]; O<77;; !7 " B;7 P7 M== (L=>7)

G I 'J K> >K> """ 2, JK> >: +39 320 48554 79 >: GIMJK>@N.

45



Islam

LI; 7 =7 77<;7. " JI^J> ">. ><G > >, CGIG > - IGG, EIG, >II CJ> HHJ JT >GH> G>. "H H> HIG>I JH> >>I>K >KO> HH<<> > D> <> J>>. " -I>H IGK > AG ^>>O>IG J > IJII IG HGHH>> I>H: EG>H, CG>HI>H> "H. "H H> GHI JJ I > GI-IJG, > I>J>IP ^HG>O G>I>. ' H> G-HI J JK G><>, IGO >-KO>> ">, J >>>I O >HG>G->, IGHHH ^J>IP >IG, IIGKGH > J> GI> >K>I>. ^"H >II> G>H KG IJII> > GI> "K>I> GII > HH<<> ^"> J>. IO> > HJ +7 A7, G-> N7, A*7, I;, I;++7, G+7**, G7**, M7-

;, A7, D>, "77, E, G7, G7> B<-

<;< G;H. "H R O> H G><> G>HI> IIG G;H H> > M;;. JG G>H >K>>IP, > JHJ> G>H H> H>I>GH > HU, IIGKGH O> >I >HJ G, G>. >KO> >>I>K > D> ^J, G HH<<> IG > > IJII >T R HII G>K-I, K >I P7< M= IIGKGH ÂG-

< G>.L 7 I; G>K J G> KG G>J

> HQ ^> > >K> ( <=) IGG ( <=). C "H>>> JJ HII > >>O> >IG>G H>-G>IJ ^J J>H>H IIGKGH ^>GH> D>, -II >I K>I J KIP. " G> IG> >> > JHJ, KKG =<=, R J -

<+7 <<>7, G JIG>G GJ >I -H>I II>K ^J ^>GH> D>.I =;= ;77 7 H = 7 7, ^"HG>, GI G>J>H > J J -O>> >KGH G ><J, JIJG, I>, O>>IP, GK->O <<G>, F>>> J > HI^ AII>, HI H>G> H> ÂG>

HJHG>. "77 18% ++ =;= ; 77 *7, +7=< H =7; ; <7>7 -

I7; ;=*+7<< 7. HI O I>I H>I> <G GI ÂG> H >II

O>> > G><> >H>. 'JGH >GO G>-H> ^M > K>I>, > C>, J AG>- >I>>, IJGI, > >>> > JHJ-> K>K > EJG. G IJII> JHI> J>> ,

>G J JGI O> >, "H KJ>G H>I H> J , H>

47

Islam

T u r

c h i a .

I n t e r n o d e l l a M o s c h e a d e l S

u l t a n o A h m e t , l a M o s c h e a b l u , a

I s t a n b u l .

J HI> > K>I, J GGH > GO> >>O>I> H> J H>HI GG>G IG G- J>KGH H>G>IJ.I C77 L*7 "+7 I;. EHH K II >-HG > IGG, IIGKGH !>7 II GI M=, ^G > 23 >. G > JHJ-> > CG R >GII G > D>, HO J >IG->O> J. >KO> K>K > KI > KIIGHHH ^AG< G> GI, JHI^J-I> K>K G>II > HJ> <> ( ). A H IHI K> H > KGHII> (J ) G KI K G-

G > 114 >I> (H><. ) > J> H> > GCG. <> JHJ HH> KGO> G >G CG, K>HI > >G (<-J) G O. HJ J>G>IP, G HJ >GH IJG,HI KG HJ>I GH > IJII> JHI> H> HHJ>I HHJ IGO>, I > HJ IG- GIIG > G>KO> >K> > ><J G >G.I C77 R, IJGI, 7< HJ J> <<> <>HII ^H>HIO ^"H > JHJ>. FI J-IGK >GII, > HHJ H JT HHG -GH> >K> G CG-, R J > GK> <> , KKG IG->O>>, O>>, G, > H>G>, > H>O>, H> G>H>G GI ^"H. GI ><> >I K HI>IJ>G J R >I J GI.G < 7< +7 =;=7 HH

G>HHJGH> > J >GII> KGHII> >G G -^"H, > G>H CG:[ @J >> > >< < < , >M < @J L << >

D, >< G> < G, >< A><, >< , > %, J , @ = D, @> < > @ >> =>> @ @>, =@ < @ @ <U<-

=>, =>> < @= > < , > <, ><< J ><< L @>. &-

> >, = D \[ I< " D > N < L << > M > > > >

D > A><, > , > ".T#> = >> <>, @>, "-

D >U. E >: TA= =: @>, >! CK >-=! \CHS > G>>> G JHJ H >G>-I G>HHJI> > JHI> KGHII> G CG, H >K 7 P7< I;, M=, H><G>

><>G J> H> I HJ J> G<<^"H > JHJ>: [ UI<= @ > @<:< =>> >> UL < >J I "== L < " D, < =@=> <<

@ <, < => << , < @<<><< C < > >< = =>\."77 9=;< 7; +9= P;< I;, H> ->OOG J> > GK.

P7 P;<7: P7;;7 F ( Shahada).

R > II >K ^"H > HJ G>.E G: [ A >> UL < >J

48

L a

g r a n d e M o s c h e a d i R o m a

Islam

I "== L < " D\. _JHI ^GO> ^HHJI I>H, ^J>>IP> D> (M ), IGII >HI>I>K >H>. G-

HH> > F > II > <JG> IG <> H ^J IG IIG HI > D>, G>OO,

IG <> IG H K >G. _ "> I> IJII > GI, J> H HII HIG GO>.A HIHH I, IIGKGH H GI GH-H> > F, > JHJ> G>H GO> >H-H> > J, >I GIG ^JI>>KO> >K>, >J >>I>KI > >

>KO>, IGHHH > GI> GI>. GG> G JHI J GI> GHH> > F H HIGII-I HH ^J ^IG >>HHJ>>. "> RHII GI H> >G, JT HHG H>JI ^JIIGKGH HJ J>IP, IG>O> >HH > 99. ">R HGIIJII CI >HG>G>H, R ">> >JHI>O>. >HG>G> >JHI>O> G >H>.

"+77 P;<7: P ( Sala! )

" H >HIG ^"H H>HI >G G-<>G G>IJ ( < ) >J KI <>G, > >J I>

>>I>: ^ ( ), > OOS ( , I <>G- > J> > H R OI>), > G><<> (] ), > IGI(=), ^>>O> II (]J), JHI^JI> IJG > II JG II. G<G H><>> HHGH>I> > D> HI>G HH>IP > J>G J>,

G > JHJ>, JG I G<>G HIHH II>-

IJ>, H> G> > JIG>G> KG> H><>>I>, HH HI>IJ>H>II> J G>I, H> > G>H> <HI> G, H> -

> > J IG>I I, GHJ J H>I >-IO>. G<>G >>K>J, HI, >>IHHJ >II> J IG , UJ, K> IGII K-O>I > >I> > IG> ] @\, GG> G >-HI><JG <J . *JHI^JI>, >IG, JT HHG HG>II >JI JI>>OO ><J G, HG ><J

>KO>, IG UJ JT HHG GJ>I >JH>H> ><J. " I G<>G R H>I -

^>, >I G<>G, >JI >J KI <>G JOO>. *J > JHJ H> >< -

>G <J , H> >< IGG > J HII > HG>IP.

GG> G JHI R HHG> G> G J J-G>>O> G>IJ, IIJI >I ^JO>. CHS > GI K JG>>GH>, HJG>> HJ J> H> G<,G>KI> KGH , >IIP HI ^"H, K HHG J->I. G JHI G> > IGG > H > H> K HG, G JHI > H>I G<>G K> >JI HJ > J I-

I, HI>I HJH>KI JHI JH. H> G-G>> >G G<>G > J H, J JHJ

JT G<G JH> KJJ: H, KG, HJ. G-<>G OO<>G H> > > KGS R II < <-=U, KKG G<>G <G<O>, > GI> -H> HH>>>IP, H IJI> >G JHI

G<>G II>KI.

#7 P;<7: E7; ( Zak$! ).

G>IP R J >H> J <> JII> H-G>O G><>H. ^"H O>, O>, GJGH> HHG <G H>I GI >U H>IP >K> G > GI H J KG G>-<>H, J KG GG> II > JI. " IG> , H> IGJ KO>I H> <, G->J > HQ ^> > JG>>O>. C> H> JG>> J

GI GG> G>OO > KG> > >H<H>. RKG <> K>I J R HG GI> D>, HHK HHG >JII >H. D> R > HIIIG ^-

>IP, IIGKGH ^>HI>IJO> ^>H> > G-I> R >I GG KG JHI G, GKK >G HHIIG > GI> HG >U >. ">G ^H> > G GG> K IG >H> H><>>I IG>, G G>G > HH >UI >K>H>. " GI J >K - <>G > GG> GI J HGG>H G J II> G>IP. E GQ <> J >HI: [ E > @> >>

@ ><<?\ > GI G>HH: [ D < >< @@ =>, > @@ @ < <

49

> > J\. " C<> <> >HG G: [ E >> @N <?\, >HH > GI: [ D @ >\ > C<> >HG -G: [ E >> @N >==> ?\, >HH G >GI: [ D @> < < >\. D>HHG >C<>: [ E = > ?\. D>HH > J-I> > GI: [ D <=> > < =@

=>. A> > N L J\. K> KGHI, JG>> HS > HIG> KG>, KG-H > 2,5% > <J<> ^. > K>IIJI HII I I ^O G>HII

J JI > G>I G>HHI. DJGIG J GI -HIG G>OO >> > KG> R IG J >-I: > I<> HI J JK GH>I. *JHI >HIG -^"H J I J GI GIIG GH, K>HI R > H>< GI IP, , > KGHG^H> <, HGP >II> HJ H>O HIGGH > HJ JG H> J>I III G. D^IG IH> G> > J GI KO H>> >K H-

>, H H> > G KGHI K> GI G > G<>OOO>> <KGI>K, IG >GI-

II II, K> > HI>I HJH>KI G H> >> ^>IGHH J>IP, H-

> HH>HIG > KG>, > G>J<>I>, K>II> > IHIG> IJ-

G>, JG >, >HIGJO>.

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HI > >G J JIG>G HGO G K>I > GI>,J HGO >KHI ^HII >H> IG>, I- II HIH> Z ^ IGI Z >, K, , HGIIJII, J HGO H>G>IJ. -H> >O> > > HG, H> K HHG >> HG><>G IJII GG> >IP > G, G>

J KIP > GI> > IJII > GI. " JHJ>II <>> > H > , >>I [7;<

<7 *<<7\, H HKII>, >II> >U > HH > I> > GI>>O> G, GK< HHO>> > H>HO> G JI>> K>IIG> HJ

GG> OO. " HI H> G HJ>I > IG-I (J ), HS <> IG> I> > K>K>>IP > H>K I> <>G H< J I G G>HG > <> II>K> > .D =7 ;77 ;<< , <, -

+=, 7 ;<<7 <;;<, =. " K><-

<>IG> H JIG>OOI> >IGGG > ><>J, KGP > HHG GJGI HH>>. C> R >H>I>HH>>>II ><>JG K HG J KG J >-H<H G J JG > <>G> J>KI J> G>>HI>> ><>J. II R H > I G G>HIGG > >H>, R J >GII I > G<>G. D>II> JGI> K< >JI H>> G<>G HG> >-

I < <-, JGI JHI G<>G K> G>II>I<GI ^>IG G CG, G>GI>I > IGI GI>,

50

S p a g n a .

L a g r a

n d e M o s c h e a d i C o r d o v a ( n o n p i ù a t t i v a ) .

Islam

J G <> II H. > H > ><>J RHI<<>I > G> <>G H HJHH>K, < , A <-F , F;< !7<<= D=7.

=<7 P;<7: P7 M++ ( Hajj ).

<> JHJ, H> >H>I >O>G>I> <G, ^>< > >G, J KI K>I, > <G><<> >IIP HI > , K HG< >

'> IJG>, H>I HJ >IG KGIK*,>>I [ B A<<\, H > D>." <G><<>, J< G> >-

H> H G> >H>, II T<-, HI>-IJ>H HJG HG>O H>G>IJ K>I > <> G-I. G> > >G > KG> G>I>, > <G> IG > JHII >H> H>G>IJ > HG>OOO>, II >G, H>-<<>I ^> KHI >, G <> J>> G-K J H> I> >> HO J>IJG. " G> G>I H> IIJ> HII <>G> > HH I>GG> IIG $^.D JHI >GJO>>, II J , H> > > ,KKG HIIJ> GH G > J >> G>>K> > G-L. *JHI G>IJ G >HGI G>G ^JII A, ;7; P7< A*7, G >HHIG > G><> "H. A<G GH HII KI HJ <>U JHI IJG,> J, H IG>O> >H>, H<G<T I > ==, J> J G <<> <> <G>

K KO>. IIK <>G H, > <G>> H>IGHG>H M, J >IG , KIGHGG II. " <>G , > >>> > <G>> H>

G 7< A<, II > I >HG>-G>, K > GI J GJ>T J II >-HGH JGI > HJ JI> <G><<>, I > [P-

7 A7\. *J> I>IJ> > > II > G<>G >IO>, HG>O HHH K>HI J K-O> >J>O> >KGH. A > <>G > HHI AGI, > <G>> H> GII KGH JO>, K G-< IGG > HHH>> K> IGHGG II. " <>G

H<JI G>IG >P, K > IG <>G> HJHH>K>> > G>I H><<> >O> >,

G>G III>K > JHI^JI> > >HHJG AG >G > HG>>> > "H. AG GH>HIII IIO> > I "> KG HH GK G-

>T J> > HG>>G J I HI HJ ><>. > > HH> G>I> <G><<> R H>>.

P!INCIPI E#ICI. > CG ^HHG J J GHI D> G HHG J K>G> > IGG.. GG> G JHI G<> IJII>> JHJ> HI GHH>>IP >Q H> HI>>I>

KJJ <>JHI> H> G>I> H>>. EHHG JHJ>H><>> G>G <>JHI>O> ^O > <><>G J, H > G>>> GHH>>IP, H-HGK HGJHI G I II > G>HIH> >HH>O> GI>G ^G> GI, H> >HH>O> IG>J>G H>IP.

' H J > G>>> I> J> <> JHJ- R IJI GGH> R J > G > G>>G > . <> O> K> HH>>I, H HJ HII, > ><IG>, GI, JIG, G>G-KK, K>II. D IJII JHI H> K> ^>GIO ^"H H> IIG>J>H ^>IO>, >, ^KG JG> G>GGH> > D> G>IIG HJ H H> HI G G. " GI> >H< O>> K< IG G G >-IO>>. _ >IG GIG ^"H > <<>G

I R , ^HH>G D> J JH>H> IG I>IP H. C H> R II > GO, ^H> ^"H

>KHI HII > GGI IG > GI D>, H>><JG J HI> > K>I I IOO,G>OO IG> H>G>I, H>< >>K>J H>IP.

'^"H > GGI IG D> J R III >GII, > H >IG>G> JJ > H HGI>. >HH>O>> > >U H>I> G > JHJ> IGII CG GJH <> G H> > >T R I U: JHI G R JI

IGII [ ;+, H JHI >>O> G > H><>>I HII, Q I, IG>. D>-

51

II>, H U H> J> , H>, > G-JG <>JG>> >G>II , HH G>H > GIP > <J> G J KHI < > IG O>>,

H> > IG>> IGHO>> G>>. " HHG><> IIG IG> U R [ >\ JG [

;<7\ ( <J> ). EHH R G> > -I> >>>, >JIIHI > >> <>HI>K> ->I>. *J > H>I IGJ> > >I> >IG> > [<<7 ;+7\, > G , HI>IJ>H >K> >HG>I, > GHH > >IGGIO> G U, H > J<> .

Gabriele Tecchia!o

BIBLIOG!AFIA I< C>, >>, > ==> JG > AHHGBJH>, >, >OO>, 2006

I< C>, JG > G> $, G>, ..E.., 2006 D> < C>, JG > A>G-OO> .A >> G> ".,>, G>, 2007

I< C> < >@>, C>> ., -BG>,IGO, 2008

' , U<= < C> , >, A. G>, 1988G> AGII> B., I< C>. *> < , , CG>, 2009> ., *><J < C>, >, # B, 2007

I<=, JG > II> ., G>, E>J>, 2009, . 295-316 K. """ >F>G . ( JG >), <> < => =>-'LL>, I< G> D , JG > A. G, G>HI, "",1990-BJG>, D < % <<UI<=, JG > . , .

', . G, G>, II, 1982EGHH ., I>> << < => =<=> , O>,GH>>, 1996>JH ", << J I<=, 3 K., G>, E>J>,1993-1995G> ., I> < "> "<=>, G>, E>J>, 2006CGJO GO ., < @> >< => <=, BGH>,>>, 3 K., 1999

In inglese. . N, "== , AG> GJHI J>I>H, 1976ELG . >, C> I<=, >I< BH, 1997

*JHI G >IN, "<= C> , 2002

52

AJ > >, I<= #< , JH> EJI> &>IGGN GK>H, , 1989

Alcuni siti web in italiano:

LLL.IG>H>JIJG.>I - LLL.>H->.>I - LLL.HJ>.>ILLL.<>K>JHJ>.>I - LLL.>H-J>>.>I - LLL.>GI>.>II ;:

LLL.H..J - LLL.>H>>IN.

U n

’ a r t i s t i c a s t a m p a d e l l e p r i m a S u r a ( c a p i t o l o ) d e l C o r a n o .

Protestantesimo

I P!INCIPI DELLA FEDEFG G G><>H HIG I > GIHIIH>- R G>I >U K>> G>HI>H> II> GG> G JHI R >U >>> HG. FGH -, G HIHH G<>, R J HJH>I >G J-G>H>IP. JII>, > , G>I< > HG. R HS. '^> HIIG > GHI > G>HI>-H> G HIG I, G II>H>, H>G>IJ>IPG>I GIHH IJH>H IHI, > GIHI-IH> >H HIG>, H K>H>>, G J ;< ;7*< K> GI >-IG H><O ^J G HIG, >J >I G>J>G H>G G>I> GO> G>IP, JG >I >JGH> >HIG - H IGHH <> G>OOI> G>I> G-O>>IP. " IJII JHI > GIHIIH> KJ HHG G- GI, G>K><> ^HHG ^G>G, HII>

GKI O>> ^>>I.D> H<JO, > J I G>K><> K>H>>>IP >K>GIJ > HIGJ>I, > GIHIIH> G>H> > GHIGG<>I, J GIP JG> I. D> J> -HH>IP > GG ^>IO> G><>G> HJH>HIO IIJ.GG G>T G>> GIHIIH>, HJ >IO> G, KKG > G>>> HJ -; HJ I>IP HJ O>>; > IGII> H->I> HJ HIG>.

LIN#EN&IONE: $N C!I"#IANE"IMO!IPO!#A#O ALLE "$E O!IGINI

I 7<;<<;7 ;+ C9=+<7 G > -J>G > J K>I>: G>HGI ^I>>IP HH> G>HI>, J H>G>IJ>IP K>HHJI KO> GH-, > IGHI H>O>> >H >HI>IJ>I, G G>I> JI >>HG>I IG>O>> GI XI > OOY, >K. D> J> > GI G>>JI> J G><> IGI HJ HIG>G>IP > G>I>, J> H> <-<>J<K ^I> > H>I GIHI GH > KG>G>HI>> IG > IG >I> > JHH >H.

> II KGI JK, K>I G-IHII J G>KJO> H>G>IJ, J HGI ;+7<

;;7 7 =+7 +;< J> <GO> GK>I, JH> >GGH>HI>> IGKJ D> <>J>, > <> J>, R HII I>J HHG K>> > HU CG>HI, G>>HH G>HJH>II <J> II>K HIG>. HGI R HGH-H ^GO> IG GIHIIH>, ^J- R G>>>I, R > D>, G HJ HHGK-O, G >, >O ^JIG>IP >H, J-

53

Protestantesimo

> > > >

GI HII G <GO> > D>, J , JHGI > J >H> JK K>I IGHGG>I. GO>> HIGIII I<>, HIO -I HH>>>IP HIG I ( G JHI HHHG>IH) G GH, >K>H >IIJI C>JI.P7<7;< !7 GIHII JG J>HI>,II> >G>>, >, J>> > G >IP G>-HI>, G>>> G > K>I> G>. ">-O> HS J G>HI>H> > JK I>, I HIHH IG-

>O> >KIG." GIHIIH> J IIJI HO JGI>G > HJ G> G>G HI>HI H>HI> >I>, J>KI II >I> I G >G, >HII> HII> O>> HI>, JHS > GO>-I K>>IG. A GOO IJIIK> > > >K>GÊJG > J, JÊJG II> J GIHII. K> HJ G> G><>> H HIO I: HIG> M< L=<7, HJ >J>IJ> H>-G>IJ, HJ HGI B>> I G> > KG>IP

> >H>GO>, HJ HGI X > @ , => < > < @ << Y, HJIG>O> ^>G GI> HIG >-

J<O, > HJ GH> G>HI> IH, >HJ IGKGH> >KI > >II> >I>> H>> HJI. J JHI K> R > >><G>, > >I>. I R > KHI ;=<7 77 JHI G>

GIHI, H > G> K IIG> > IG>- J>G HJ HJHH. [HGGH\ J > HH H>>HIT > IJII ÊJG IIG GHI > G>G >H, GI Q>IH >IIIJ>, > J GI >-

GII G HH G>. " K>I G-IHII GS > II> HI<> <G> G>KJO>> J-G. GI J J< GI> >K>H> G IGG>IG>[II>>\ IGG>IG> [GIHII>\, H> R GIGII > H, I HIHH IG>J>I, > H>I>K > K, G > G>>> +< 7 ;<<7, HJJ> H> G<< <<> ^J>IP JG. DÎ< "-

+<7, <> G GIHII JIJG >I> I>II>, GO>> GIHII> HJ <-KG H>IP HJ >GIP H>G HHG HJI>I JG HGIIJII > F+ III, JGI> G G>> G><>H, IIG G><> -H>G >G, > GI> ÎII.

I P!INCIPI FONDAN#I JIIG, GHI> > IJII G HIG> GI-HIIH>.

"77 C;<7 ;7 G ( HKOO > R HII I JKI G IJII <GO> HG>>> > CG>HI HJ CG). HKOO JT HHG G<>I >H. " G>HI> R>G > G KIP > D>, R >GI I, R >-GI J >H ><.H ( R G>HHI G>HI> Ô> HK>>> D>). D I D> H> G>K HII G OO> HU CG>HI, D7 [>+7\, > >GO> HKOO [7<7\ > K>I ( <GO>), ^HHG J GHI G>KG G>HO I . *JHI R -

54

' > I >

Protestantesimo

: H H GG. ' K> H JJ IG K> G G<<>J<G, GHIO>> J (G > KO>, <G><<>, H>), Q >O>> HGI>, Q J

GI>G H>G>IJ>IP. HHO> H> HK< IJII HJ > GH, G D> J, > J GGI GH >-GII. G> >HJI>> >HJHH IIG> G-HI>O> JT HHG >IH J^HIGO> GO>- G>>> I <>JHI>>O> G <GO>>I ."77 B**. D> GI J KI G IJII HIG>Î> "HG > HU CG>HI, HJ G R HG-

KI G>IIJG ÂI> 'JK HII, B>>. EHH R J> I G>IG> JI> G -HO > D> G K>I > G>HI>>: R J > >IIG> GII>, >IG IIG, > J< (>H J<) > J> D> H> HG. D> J> HH>IP ><<G >IGGIG B>> > <> <GO> > G>-

GI>G HH G G>G>G GHI, J> IJII> <> IG> GI> HHI GHI: R > H>IIXG>>> GIHIIY > GK>H> HII G > J >H R HG G>GG, XH> HG GG-

Y.L*< ;7;*<. JII> > IIOOI> >H<J ><>IP GHH>>IP. JII> H [HGI>\. JII>

H >I> G>OOG ^G > HU CG>HI G <> J>>, >HJ, H HJ H>O >J>-I B>> > >< J>IP > GI>,H> JKGP >GIP > HH > GHH>>IP > >H , >K . : X L @=, = >> L <Y. D> J> > G>>JI > GIHII> > JÎ> G >>II>K, II > G< GII> > KG > JÎ> H-HIO> HI HJ^>< > IIG > II > G>HII

^G G > GHH>.L <>7 +;, >R J >H [\. >H, G > GIHII> R ^HH > GI>, > GG>J>GH> G G D>, G>IIG <>G >H>. EHH R G-II G<>OOI, HJ HIGJIIJG J KG GI>K,R X>GII >>Y JT JIG I, IHI H>IP J > J> K>K, > G >KGH: J >-H GIHII> H HIGJIIJGI > HHG, IG HJ

H H>-GGHII>K, IG >H>. D> J> [- OO\ >HI>IJO> >I> >H GIHII>, HH > GHH G G >GIP.

MEN#ALI#' E A&IONEI>G> J>>HI> >H>HI HJ > HHG I>-

> > GIHII>, G I> KG, <G> GJGOO > GIIG: R IG GHI ^<+ 7-

<;<< H> HJ J HIGII KG HHG, HJ >-

> >GIP-GHH>>IP. *JHI HII> > HH KG GG> H>O ( HIIHH HHJH G > D>) GHH>>IP KGH HHIHH>, > GHH>, ><>, H>IP, >I>. !>-

=<7 <77 IG > >I >HGI> H<JI> > > I > HHHJ>IP, > G-IHIIH> IG>J>I G J <<>G G>H>-I H> . > G>> H> GIHI-IH>, JG > J H>IP IG>G, > JK G>-HII G > HJ GJ H> H>K G>>-

55

U n

p a s t o r e B a t t i s t a d u r a n t e i l c u l t o .

I ^>I ><> J > J H < HI I> > GI > >> I>> HIG I

I >I ><> J > J H->IP G>HI>, <>P ÎII K>HI ^G<G > J><>IP >U HJG>I ^J. D> J>

^<= ;<7 ;<7 7 (> "I>, J II H> H 1962 H-H G >>HIG HIG).

'Q JT HHG HIIHG>II IG > G>JO> I> GIHII JÎ> KG > H HIHH, GJO> > > <J<, H J, HJ H>> M@ > M@ &*, > GIHIIH> HIG> H> >-I>> > +<;7. > IGII > J H>>O> I>>

JIJG >I>, G>HIG > IG> H>. K>H>, GHI > J> HIIG> ^>G>IG> II-IH GIHII, G I > J GIHIIH> I J GI IG>JI HGK>O> GHH>, -H>II 7 ;7+ K>I CG>HI>H>H>, Q G HGIIJII I II G > GI-HII > G G>OO H JJ GIP HHII,I HU, IG HII IG. IG>I> GIHIIH> R HII >U I>>I>HI >I>HI,

>U K>> > >>> > KG> HHI< IG. A- GQ OO, >I>, HJ >H >G<<>I H>GGH> GI IG. *JHIIO R K>I P K > GIHII> H >H >

, IG G >U >G >H K<>GG> H HIGJIIJGI >G>IG>, > JI

HI HJ >G H> > H><> > J H>IP K HGO> >H HII R HHJI.

A JHI H> JT <<>J<G > GIHII H> HI -IJ>IP >U ><IG> (GJO JI >) GI>G> HHGKO >K>I>, -K >G > <> >GHIO H HJ H>O>J>I HO B>> HJIO>- GIG. H>G ÎG GI ^H>HIO IHI>->O >H GHH>>IP GG>, G J>

GI> <GIJ>II <KG >H IG>J>H GHI G<GI HJ HH.D>H J<JI JHI <+ ;7;*-

<, HI I> > GI > >> I>> HIG I- . " GH>I >HJI HH > >H > H> >HJHH>> H>>, K< GJ <> G>>

<>G J GJ G>II>K GHG>II>K. CHSHJ < <+ ^HHHJ>IP, ^>IGGJO> > <GK>-O, >H>O> GI>>>, > K>I, H>HI >H K<> H>O>> >KGH > >< IG G; H>HI J <>HIG >H >< JHI J>, HI K< G>I H>O H>< > >< <> IG> GI> (^H>) J^HI G B>>.

LA FO!MA&IONE DELLE DI%E!"EFAMIGLIE P!O#E"#AN#I

'> >JI > HJ HIG>, > GIHIIH>H> R GI>I > >KGH >H [>O>>\ H> R -IGI >JH > IJII> > H> . *JHIH HJ X><>Y G>>>.I =< >H >GIII ÎI>K>IP > GI>L=<7 (1483-1546). >JH> > G>, > H>

H>K>, <> A > I> H> MIGJG>. J HIGJIIJG H>HI> >H. 'III >HI>I>^G><> > G>GI>, K> H> H G>KK>>I> > G-I >G G, IG >H K<>, HIG> [CG> > JG<\ (1973). GHI> > "I>(O>) " H.I 7< ( GH>IG>>, <G<O>>HI>, K>>-HI>), H H GII GIHIIH>.

'I> " H HJ > (JG><) > C->7 (>KG) H GHI> > I> H> JG>: K>OOG,H> BHH>, O>, <G>, FG> <> II> >I>. "G>GI> HI>IJ>G ^G >U I II>K G-IHIIH>. A JHI ><> GI< > >;, G->I> > "I> 1200. EHH> G G><> J K>I> GIHI JG>HI> >K J>I > >G-. " KH>, H<J> > P<7 7, GG >U -I> J>IP G>HI> II>.I *<<;< >H ^ G G> >-

56

>>>HI >H I>HI R J > G> >U K>I>

Protestantesimo

G GIHII, H> >HIT G>KI > I>>,

(H M<) GJII GGHH HJHH>KIIGHGIH> > K>I >>HI. G GH>HIG

GHJO>> > II>> > GIHII>, GHI J GIGI K<> IGG> <> >I>>OOO> G>HI>. D J GK< J >H ->>HI IG>O>> (7< ;) J JI>IP >>H >G J>>. G K>O>> I> HJ: >H R J GIP , H> G G >G

H> > GI> (IIH> > GI>) H> G<< H, >>II <> G<>OOO> H>HI> IG HII. " "I> > II>HI> H GHI> 1863 H J>I> $7 +;< >+ *<<;<

< (CEB").I <7;<. GI> ^"<>IGG III JG J -K>I > [G>HK<>\, KKG > G>IG J G>HI>K>HHJI, >>O>I HIG <> >K> &; (1703-1791), J GI ><JG G>HI>, H> G>KH HHHIG>I [HG>OOI\ > J GIP <> HI

>>>HI. >H I>HI R J > G> >U K>I> GIHIIH>. " I>HI> G>G J , >U KI G>- GH, [G>HK<> H>G>IJ\, HGIIJII > "<>IGG <>

II> >I>. GHI> > "I> 1859. JIIG >H I, >H> Ê;+<7 "-

> J IG, H J>I F7 +-

; >+ I<.

> H < +; 7<< H HH>I FGO> >H.> IGII > G> J< >H II >+,

[>+\ , <>, 7<;<<->+.J H> I>H, > <G GI HH KJI G>-<> Ô<<7+<7 ; 7+7, [-K>I> > G>HK<>\, GI> > > G>HI>> >>

GQ G>JGHHG J JII> > HU CG>HI, G, O> GO I>. *J> K>I> H> >-<G II IG H>K>IU >< H>>^, GHI>IJO>, JG>H. D JHI>G>HK<> G>GGI> JG >H [>O>>\,

JG >>I >GG>I [HII\. FJ J GI-HIIH> G, KI Z HG Z IIG>HI^>IGGIO> B>>, KI > G KI> H>O> >H [HIG>\, <>>, JI-G>, G>GI>. R H J >GO > JHI> K<>> JT HHG II [7<;<\.L +; >><;<. FG I >H >O>> HGIÎII <> II> J>I> > K>I KKI>HI >U

HIII [C>H G>HI> KKI>HI II> <>G\R J >H K<> >JH > IJII > , IIJ-I H> H>IJ H GI >G GIHII,

GI>G IIO> J>IP G H>G>I J GI IIO> HJI. G <> KKI>HI> > <>G G>H R > HI, > >O I >>.I <+7;< H I> ^>>O> 'KI -K>I > GI> >GIII >H>GI> >G>I HI. IIJI > G G>HI>H> H> >> IJII > <<>G G>>IP. " IHI> H

57

G i n e v r a .

I l m u r o d e l l a R i f o r m

a .

G > "I> 1908 H > <GJ G- C=<7

G > "I> 1908 H > <GJ GIHII-K<> >U JGH. EHH> H G<<GJI> >>KGH >H HH>O>> > >H, G J>, > "I>,

FGO> >H IHI> AHH > D>. G><> J G>H>I G><>H >>O>I <> II>>I> 1901.

GLO""A!IO "IN#E#ICO DEI #E!MINICHE HANNO $N "IGNIFICA#O PA!#ICOLA!E!I"PE##O ALLE AL#!E CHIE"E C!I"#IANE(CA##OLICI ED O!#ODO""I)

B<<;7"H> C ><G, JGHI> R J > J H>HGI> HI>IJI>K> G>HI> G>H>JI>

GIHIIH>. C IJII> > G>HI>> > GIHII> G-I> > IIH> J >GO G>HII > II>> <> GIHH>: IG JHI >H >>HIG HG >

IIH> > >>, > I >H K<> H I-IOOI> > GI> JI> HJ H G >G HI.B** ( G <G I >>, > >G>)

CG 66 >G> >K>H> > J <GJ>: AI> HII(39 >G>), 'JK HII (27 >G>). G > GIHII> B>> R ^J> I KG>IP G>HI>. >JH> B>> KG> ><J O>> R HII GHH 16V H GG> > K>I> K<>> GIHII>.C;

C>H R J>IP > GI>. G <> K<>> H> G > >H J J <GJ > GI> H> G>J>H

><G.C77

_ G>> J H> >KI G> >HG>GI. D> II H> [G\ > IIH> G>KJI

>> HI > K>KG > J J>IP K-<>. ' >H GI> > IIH> <> JI>, GO> K> HHI>IJ>I IIH> G >G-H>. GO> ( > IIH>) HG> J HI> G > G<OO> KK> >G 16-18 > IG> I>H.

C=<7

" JI R > I > J> J>IP H> G<> G , G<>G G ^HI G > D>. B>-

> HJ G>O> H IG JI GIHII. HI , I > >K>H> G> H-G>>> > HU CG>HI, GI JI.E=+;< (I C) JGHI> ( I C ><G) R J > J HG-I> G>H>JI> > GIHII>. >G ^JI> , - J HU HOOI > >HIG>J>I > K>. *JHI[G>G\, GT, R, G > G>K, HI -

GO> > JH HJHH 2000 > , H-KOO ^IIJ>IP ^G > D> ^J> GI G>HJGGO> > CG>HI. ' IG>O> JIG,

58

^JGHI>, [G \ > > K> >KI > G "<

Protestantesimo

, > H<J > HU CG>HI.L*<

_ J G > GIHII> JH HHH: > GI R JJ >G GQ CG>HI >GI I -^<>H. *JHI >GIP GHI>IJ>I <> J>>R, G <> K<>>, > I G><> G>HI>." > JHI >GIP > GI R >I K>KG GHH>>IP HJ K>I. >H K<> H> >GI> GHH>>IP HI > >I> K>I

GH.

P;<7 / P;<7 HS >I> > >>HIG> K<>>. A IG GKO> R G>O> G > D>. D HG GIHIIH> > HIG> HH HHGH> GG J><>. D 1962 > "I> ( G> > IG> H> JG>) HH HHG HGI HIG.P7<;<<

G><> IG> H> G>P K> H D>I"G> > >G 12 G> 1529. FJ JI > J-

^H> H> G>>> JIIG>> GGHII> >IGIII >IIP >G>> [GIHIG\, >R JG IHI>-> KG > JIG H> HGHHG IG >H>>

GH >I > GH (1521) > J> JIG J -I G GH>.!7

_ > K>I H>G>IJ >I> GIIG>OOI >C>JI JG K> HH>IP > [G>GG\

>H G>HI> G>II IG > HU CG>HI > GGI >GII > <> GI D> HO >-O> J G HGI. ">O>IG GI-K G>G GIHII > G> J > <-HI>> GI> JIG (1483-1543)."+77 =>; +<

JII> > GI> >H <J ><>IP GH-H>>IP, HO >HI>O> G >> HIG>. IHI>>O ^>< H J KG G <>G>HI>.

G HI B>> >> J GH GI> D>. G JHI <> HI>, HG>K > GI> > >

[> HI>\. *J H> > G J> > HI> H> > >H R J J> > GI>, >R > GH GI< D>. G <> K<>> > H HI> J>G>K<G G<>G H> >K H HU CG>HI"77

_ ^ G< HJG G IJII J G><JG K>I >H, , IIG>. _ GI >>, II> -J>IP G<>H> >, > HIG>.

Gianna Uri#io

BIBLIOG!AFIA H >IG> J> <<>G GI > >G> > JIG> HJ I>

GIHII> R CJ> > G> (LLL.J>. >I)

Per un primo orientamento>G<> >GGI, %> < : < >, [ ><\,CJ>, G> 2003.J AGQ, %>=. I > @>@, G>,CJ>, 2000.

G EG, HI< G<> JG >G<>, << =. , <, @, E>O>>, 2001."IGK>< HH>, I @>, >K>, E>>, 1998.

Punti di fede e dottrinaFGGG> FJK>, I< C, [C>JI<>\, G>, CJ>, 1998FGGG> FJK>, =>? , [C>JI<>\, G>, CJ>,2002>>> FG, *> > @@, [ ><\, G>,CJ>, 2003

La BibbiaCGH> BGJ, C= >@ > <, [> G\,G>, CJ>,>GGI >G<>, B, [C>JI<>\, G>, CJ>,2001.

Dizionario biblico, Torino, Claudiana, 1992.C; >+ I<

BJG >G<>, C ==> >< < >=@,G>, CJ>, 1992

JG >G<>, I <. >< > > @@<-,

59

G>, CJ>, 1999. JIG GI>, I< % > @ =@< < .

JG >G<>, I <: >J , G>, CJ>, 2003.CGGG> >K>, I< == , [C>JI<>\, G>, CJ>,2000.D 'GGI, =>J <> > I< , ['HIG I\,G>, CJ>, 2002.IGII> EJ<>, I< "=> @><. A=< D >

I<, G>, CJ>, 1998

Protestantesimo e attualità>> >G<>, => @>, G>, CJ>, 1998.>> >G<>, I< << @>, G> CJ>, 2002.BJG >G<>, D "> > ,[C>JI<>\, G>, CJ>, 1996JG >G<>, I<> @>=. *> >> =@<? ,G>, CJ> 1997.

'H , C= > J << <<>, > @> < ==> @ < >< *, G>, CJ>, 2008

'H ( JG >) I< > < , I< @> <U<J "> > , G>, J>, 2007G E>OI, < ==>, [C>JI<>\, G>,CJ>, 1998.

Ecumenismo

U=>= < < >< , JG C>HH>HJI>K G GO>> J> K, [C>JI<>\,G> CJ>, 1998.CGO E>H "I> - C>H EK<> H (> C>H H> I>HI), I ==> < < = > I<, G>->K>, . CJ>-E>>, 2001.+<, " %>< > < [C>JI<>\,G>, CJ>, 2002. EO IGII> EJ<>, I< @<<= << : >==> <, G>, CJ>, 2003.

STORIA - Testi classici HG IIJ> ( > >>> IIJG) > CI>H>JIG GI>, I< %< C= - I< G> C=(1529), JG > FGGG> FJK>, G>, CJ>, 1997.CK> >K>, I< = G> < 1537 , G>,CJ>, 1983.

Le opere di Lutero e dei Riformatori

JIG GI>, <J < > (1521), CJ>, G>2003.

CK> >K>, I< P%< << . C>Q >< =>< << = , JG > . JG, G>, CJ>,1987L><> G>, @<, JG > E. G F. FGGG>,G>, CJ>, 1996.L><> G>, < @<, JG > E. G, G>,CJ>, 1985.> JG >G<>, 95 , G>, CJ>,1998.

Riforma protestanteJG >G<>, I @>, *> <> I: D<< > C<> (1517-1564), G>, CJ>, 1993.

GI A>HIG, >K> CK>. I< = < ><> << < ><, G>, CJ>, 1991.GI A>HIG, I< @> << =. *>U>>, G>,CJ>, 2000.# E<+ A<<=<:

B> > E, > < ?, G>, CJ>,2005B> > E, B<, I>> > ><< J=<<< , G>, CJ> 2001B<> DG ( JG >), U> < > << - <<, G>, CJ> 2005

Siti web ufficiali delle principalichiese evangeliche presenti in Italiae nella provincia di RomaFGO> C>H K<> > "I> Z LLL.K<>.>IC>H KH Z LLL.>HKH.G<> C>H BII>HI > "I> - II://LLL.J>.>I/

C>H JIG > "I> - II://LLL.>HJIG.>I/>I/EHG>I HKOO > "I> - II://LLL.HG>IHKOO.G</C>H G>HI> AKKI>HI II> <>G - II://KKI>HI>.>I/H>I/FGO> C>H IHI> > "I> - II://LLL.>I>.G</C>H K<> - II://LLL.GK<>.>I/

>I> > >GO> O>>:>G Z HII> >H II>HI I>HI KH> > "I> Z LLL.G>G.>IE>IG> CJ> Z LLL.J>.>ICIG JIJG KH Z LLL.O>KH.G<

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