Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine

Volume 44, Issue 1

Abstracts

譯者：

郭俊成 臺北市立動物園獸醫主任

Joe Guo, Chief of Vet, Taipei zoo

王寶榮 臺北市立動物園獸醫師

Isis P.J. Wang, Vet, Taipei zoo

連振曄 臺北市立動物園獸醫師

Chen-Yeh Lien, Vet, Taipei zoo

賴燕雪 臺北市立動物園獸醫師

Yen-Hsueh Sera Lai, Vet, Taipei zoo

黃珮筠 臺北市立動物園獸醫師

Pei-Yun Hwang, Vet, Taipei zoo

陳亭余 臺北市立動物園獸醫師

Tina Chen, Vet, Taipei zoo

張立人 臺北市立動物園獸醫師

Li-Jen Chang, Vet, Taipei zoo

陳儀翎

吳志純

董佳穎

劉人碩

鄧晴安

審稿：

郭俊成 臺北市立動物園獸醫主任

Jun-Cheng Guo, Chief of Vet, Taipei zoo

金仕謙 臺北市立動物園園長、獸醫師

Jason Shih-Chien Chin, Director & Vet, Taipei zoo

Pages 1-7

ENTEROBACTERIAL DETECTION AND ESCHERICHIA COLI ANTIMICROBIAL RESISTANCE IN PARROTS SEIZED FROM THE ILLEGAL WILDLIFE TRADE

Hilari Wanderley Hidasi, M.D., José Hidasi Neto, Dunya Mara Cardoso Moraes, M.D., Guido Fontgallad Coelho Linhares, Ph.D., Valéria de Sá JaymePh.D., and Maria Auxiliadora Andrade, Ph.D.

Abstract: 

Enteric bacteria are considered important potential pathogens in avian clinical medicine, causing either primary or opportunistic infections. The aim of this study was to evaluate the frequency of enterobacteria in the intestinal microbiota of psittacine birds and to determine the antimicrobial susceptibility of the Escherichia coli isolates cultured. Fecal samples were collected from 300 parrots captured from the illegal wildlife trade in Goiás, Brazil and were processed using conventional bacteriological procedures. A total of 508 isolates were obtained from 300 fecal samples: 172 E. coli (33.9% of isolates; 57.3% of individuals); 153 Enterobacter spp. (30.1% of isolates; 51.0% of individuals); 89 Klebsiella spp. (17.7% of isolates; 29.7% of individuals); 59 Citrobacter spp. (11.6% of isolates; 19.7% of individuals), 21 Proteus vulgaris (4.2% of isolates; 7.0% of individuals), 5 Providencia alcalifaciens (0.98% of isolates; 1.67% of individuals), 5 Serratia sp. (0.98% of isolates; 1.67% of individuals), 3 Hafnia aivei (0.59% of isolates; 1.00% of individuals), and 1 Salmonella sp. (0.20% of isolates; 0.33% of individuals). Escherichia coli isolates were subsequently tested for susceptibility to the following antibiotics: amoxicillin (70.93% of the isolates were resistant), ampicillin (75.58%), ciprofloxacin (23.25%), chloramphenicol (33.14%), doxycycline (64.53%), enrofloxacin (41.28%), tetracycline (69.19%), and sulfonamide (71.51%). Multi-resistance to three and four groups of antibiotics occurred in 40 samples (23.25%) and 4 samples (2.32%), respectively. These results demonstrate that illegally traded birds are carriers of potentially pathogenic bacteria, including E. coli strains with antimicrobial resistance.

Keywords: antimicrobials, Escherichia coli, zoonosis, wildlife traffic, wild birds

因野生動物非法交易遭扣押的鸚鵡腸桿菌及大腸桿菌抗生素抗藥性檢測

翻譯：董佳穎

Hilari Wanderley Hidasi , M.D., José Hidasi Neto , Dunya Mara Cardoso Moraes , M.D., Guido Fontgallad Coelho Linhares , Ph.D., Valéria de Sá Jayme Ph.D., and Maria Auxiliadora Andrade , Ph.D.

摘要：在禽類臨床醫學，腸內細菌是很重要的潛在性病原，引起原發性或伺機性感染。本研究目的是評估鸚鵡腸道微生物腸內細菌出現的頻率，並確定大腸桿菌抗微生物敏感性的培養。從巴西Goiás查獲的300隻非法走私鸚鵡，取得糞便樣本，使用常規的細菌學程序進行處理。從300個糞便樣本中，獲得508株菌株: E. coli 172株(佔菌株33.9%，個體57.3%)；Enterobacter spp.153株(佔菌株30.1%，個體51.0%)；Klebsiella spp. 89株(佔菌株17.7%，個體29.7%)；Citrobacter spp. 59株(佔菌株11.6%，個體19.7%)；Proteus vulgaris 21株(佔菌株4.2%，個體7.0%)；Providencia alcalifaciens 5株(佔菌株0.98%，個體1.67%)；Serratia sp.5株(佔菌株0.98%，個體1.67%)；Hafnia aivei 3株(佔菌株0.59%，個體1.00%)；和Salmonella sp.1株(佔菌株0.98%，個體1.67%)。進行大腸桿菌對下列抗生素的敏感性試驗：amoxicillin (70.93%菌株有抗藥性), ampicillin (75.58%), ciprofloxacin (23.25%), chloramphenicol (33.14%), doxycycline (64.53%), enrofloxacin (41.28%), tetracycline (69.19%)和sulfonamide (71.51%)。有40個樣本(23.25%)和4個樣本(2.32%)，分別出現三組和四組抗生素有多重抗藥性。這些結果顯示非法走私的鳥類為潛在性病原菌的帶菌者，包含具抗藥性的大腸桿菌菌株

關鍵字：抗菌劑、大腸桿菌、人畜共通傳染病、野生動物交易、野生鳥類

Pages 8-14 

PREVALENCE OF SALMONELLA ENTERICA SEROVAR ALBANY IN CAPTIVE ZOO WILD ANIMALS IN THE CULIACÁN ZOO IN MEXICO

Gabriela Silva-Hidalgo, D.V.M., M.S., Héctor Samuel López-Moreno, Ph.D., Vianney Francisco Ortiz-Navarrete, M.S., Ph.D., Celia Alpuche-Aranda, M.D., Ph.D., José Guadalupe Rendón-Maldonado, M.S., Ph.D., José Angel López-Valenzuela, M.S., Ph.D., Martin López-Valenzuela, D.V.M., M.S., and Felipe Juárez-Barranco, M.S., Ph.D.

Abstract: 

Salmonellosis is an important zoonotic disease but little is known about the role that free-living animals play as carriers of this pathogen. Moreover, the primary route of infection in the wild needs to be elucidated. The aim of this study was to determine the source and the route of transmission of Salmonella enterica serovar Albany (S. Albany) infection in captive zoo wild animals in the Culiacán Zoo. A total of 267 samples were analyzed including 220 fecal samples from zoo animals, 15 fecal samples from rodents, 5 pooled samples each of two insects (Musca domestica and Periplaneta americana), and 22 samples of animal feed. We detected S. Albany in 28 (10.5%) of the samples analyzed, including in samples from raw chicken meat. Characterization of isolates was performed by serotyping and pulsed-field gel electrophoresis. All isolates shared a single pulsed-field gel electrophoresis profile, indicating a possible common origin. These data suggest that the infected meat consumed by the wild felines was the primary source of infection in this zoo. It is likely that the pathogen was shed in the feces and disseminated by insects and rats to other locations in the zoo.

Keywords: Albany, carriers, feces, insects, Salmonella, wild animals, zoo

墨西哥庫利亞坎動物園內圈養野生動物的奧爾巴尼血清型沙門氏菌發病率

翻譯：董佳穎

Gabriela Silva-Hidalgo , D.V.M., M.S., Héctor Samuel López-Moreno , Ph.D., Vianney Francisco Ortiz-Navarrete , M.S., Ph.D., Celia Alpuche-Aranda , M.D., Ph.D., José Guadalupe Rendón-Maldonado , M.S., Ph.D., José Angel López-Valenzuela , M.S., Ph.D., Martin López-Valenzuela , D.V.M., M.S., and Felipe Juárez-Barranco , M.S., Ph.D.

摘要：沙門氏菌是很重要的人畜共通疾病，野生動物在此病原帶原者扮演什麼樣的腳色，所知甚少。此外野外感染的主要路徑需要釐清。本研究目的是要確認，在庫利阿坎動物園內野生動物奧爾巴尼血清型的感染來源和傳播途徑。共267件樣本進行分析，包括動物園內220件的動物糞便樣本，15件囓齒動物糞便樣本，昆蟲糞便樣本（家蠅和美洲蟑螂）各5件，以及22件動物飼料樣本。在樣本分析中有28件(10.5%)檢測到奧爾巴尼血清型，包含生雞肉的樣本。藉由血清型和脈衝式膠體電泳，依菌株特性進行區隔。所有分離的菌株，共同有單一脈衝式膠體電泳輪廓，顯示可能有共同來源。這些數據顯示，該動物園的野生貓科動物，原始感染來源是食入受感染的肉類。病原似乎是藉由糞便排出，再藉由昆蟲和老鼠傳播到動物園內其他地方。

關鍵字：奧爾巴尼血清型、帶原者、糞便、昆蟲、沙門氏菌、野生動物、動物園

Pages 15-20

MOLECULAR DETECTION OF HISTOPLASMA CAPSULATUM IN THE LUNG OF A FREE-RANGING COMMON NOCTULE (NYC-TALUS NOCTULA) FROM FRANCE USING THE Hcp100 GENE

Antonio Ernesto González-González, M.Sc., José Antonio Ramírez, M.Sc., Cécile Marie Aliouat-Denis, Ph.D., Christine Demanche, Ph.D., El Moukhtar Aliouat, Ph.D., Eduardo Dei-Cas, M.D., Ph.D., Magali Chabé, Ph.D., and Maria Lucia Taylor, Ph.D.

Abstract: 

Histoplasma capsulatum is a dimorphic fungus that is widely distributed in the tropical or subtropical areas of the world and infects several mammalian hosts, mainly bats. Infective propagules grow in bat and bird droppings. A specific molecular marker, a highly sensitive fragment of a co-activator protein-coding gene (Hcp100), was used to detect H. capsulatum in lung samples of wild and captive bats from France using a nested polymerase chain reaction. To determine whether bats in France are potential carriers of H. capsulatum, 83 bats were sampled from two regions in France. Sixty-one specimens belonging to the Pteropus rodricensis (n = 45) and Rousettus aegyptiacus (n = 16) species were collected from a zoologic park (La Palmyre, western France). Twenty-two specimens were recovered from the Natural History Museum (Bourges) including the species Plecotus austriacus (n = 1), Pipistrellus pipistrellus (n = 3), and Nyctalus noctula (n = 18). From the lung DNA samples of 83 dead bats, only one sample of an N. noctula bat from Bourges amplified the H. capsulatum Hcp100 marker. The amplified product was sequenced and revealed a high similarity to the G217B H. capsulatum reference strain sequence that was deposited in the GenBank database. This finding suggests that H. capsulatum is an environmental pathogen in France that may infect bats.

Keywords: Histoplasma capsulatum, bats, France, Hcp100 marker, molecular detection

使用Hcp100基因分子檢測法檢查法國野生常見褐色大蝙蝠肺內莢膜組織包漿菌

翻譯：董佳穎

Antonio Ernesto González-González , M.Sc., José Antonio Ramírez , M.Sc., Cécile Marie Aliouat-Denis , Ph.D., Christine Demanche , Ph.D., El Moukhtar Aliouat , Ph.D., Eduardo Dei-Cas , M.D., Ph.D., Magali Chabé , Ph.D., and Maria Lucia Taylor , Ph.D.

摘要：莢膜組織包漿菌為一種雙態性真菌，廣泛的分布在熱帶及亞熱帶地區，並且感染多種哺乳動物，主要宿主為蝙蝠。有感染性的繁殖體會在蝙蝠及鳥類的糞便中生長。共同活化蛋白編碼基因（Hcp100）為高度敏感性的特定分子標記片段，用於測定來自法國野生或圈養蝙蝠肺臟中莢膜組織包漿菌，以巢式聚合酶連鎖反應檢測。為了確認蝙蝠在法國是否為莢膜組織包漿菌的帶原者，因此，從法國兩個區域採集的83個蝙蝠樣本，從動物學公園收集61個樣本其中包含45個羅島狐蝠和16個Rousettus aegyptiacus蝙蝠。22個樣本從自然歷史博物館內找到，包含1個 Plecotus austriacus 3個Pipistrellus和18個Nyctalus noctula；83隻死亡蝙蝠肺臟的DNA樣本中只有一個源自N. noctula bat的樣本。增幅的產物進行定序，並發現與G217B莢膜組織包漿菌株參考序列具有高相似性，已被儲存在GenBank數據庫。此發現顯示，莢膜組織包漿菌是法國的環境病原體，可能會感染蝙蝠。

關鍵字：莢膜組織包漿菌、蝙蝠、法國、Hcp100標記、分子檢測

Pages 21-26

SALMONELLA, CAMPYLOBACTER, AND CHLAMYDOPHILA IN BALD IBIS (GERONTICUS EREMITA) FECES IN TURKEY

Osman Yaşar Tel, D.V.M., Ph.D.,Faruk Bozkaya, D.V.M., Ph.D., and Oktay Keskin, D.V.M., Ph.D.

Abstract: 

The aim of this study was to investigate the presence of Campylobacter spp., Salmonella spp., and Chlamydophila psittaci in fecal samples of bald ibises (Geronticus eremita) housed in a conservation facility in Turkey. A total of 82 fecal samples were collected from cages and evaluated by bacteriologic methods and a polymerase chain reaction (PCR) technique for Campylobacter spp. and Salmonella spp. and by PCR for C. psittaci. Campylobacter spp. were isolated from 24 of 82 fecal samples (29.2%). Of these 18 (75%), 4 (16.7%) and 2 (8.3%) were Campylobacter jejuni, Campylobacter coli, and other Campylobacter spp., respectively. Salmonella spp. were detected in 8 fecal specimens.(9.7%) by PCR. The presence of C. psittaci was not detected in the bald ibises studied. The results suggested that the bald ibises in this present study might be at a higher risk of infection with Salmonella spp. and Campylobacter spp.

Keywords: Bald ibis, Campylobacter, Chlamydophila psittaci, Geronticus eremita, PCR, Salmonella

土耳其隱䴉糞便內沙門氏菌、彎曲桿菌和披衣菌

翻譯：董佳穎

Osman Yaşar Tel , D.V.M., Ph.D., Faruk Bozkaya , D.V.M., Ph.D., and Oktay Keskin , D.V.M., Ph.D.

摘要：本次研究目的，是要調查在土耳其圈養在各保護區內的土耳其隱䴉，糞便樣本內的彎曲桿菌類、沙門氏菌類及披衣菌類。從籠子內收集82 個糞便樣本，並且藉由細菌學方法和聚合酶連鎖反應技術，進行彎曲桿菌類和沙門氏菌類評估，並透過聚合酶連鎖反應檢測鸚鵡病披衣菌。82個糞便樣本中有24個分離出彎曲桿菌類佔(29.2%)，而24個檢測出的樣本中包含18個Campylobacter jejuni(75%)， 4個Campylobacter coli (16.7%)，2個其他彎曲桿菌類(8.3%)。在8個糞便樣本中，由聚合酶連鎖反應檢測出沙門氏菌類(9.7%)。本次研究的土耳其隱䴉，未檢測到鸚鵡病披衣菌的存在。結果顯示，在本次研究中，顯示土耳其隱䴉在沙門氏菌類和彎曲桿菌類有高感染風險。

關鍵字：隱䴉、彎曲桿菌、鸚鵡病披衣菌、隱䴉學名、聚合酶連鎖反應、沙門氏菌

Pages 27-34

SEROLOGIC, PARASITIC, AND BACTERIOLOGIC ASSESSMENT OF CAPTIVE CRACIDS (AVES: GALLIFORMES: CRACIDAE) IN BRAZIL

Marcus Vinícius Romero Marques, D.V.M., M.Sc.,Francisco Carlos Ferreira Junior, D.V.M., M.Sc.,Danielle de Assis Andery, D.V.M., M.Sc., André Almeida Fernandes, M.Sc.,Alessandra Vitelli de Araújo, D.V.M., M.Sc.,José Sérgio de Resende, D.V.M., Ph.D.,Nelson Rodrigo da Silva Martins, D.V.M., Ph.D.

Abstract: 

Captive cracids (Aves: Galliformes: Cracidae), including endangered species, were studied (n = 130) for the assessment of health status, including Aburria jacutinga (black-fronted piping-guan, n = 42), Crax blumenbachii (red-knobbed curassow, n = 54), Crax fasciolata (bare-faced curassow, n = 28), and Penelope obscura (dusky-legged guan, n = 6). The exposure to Mycoplasma gallisepticum (MG), Mycoplasma synoviae (MS), Salmonella pullorum (SP), Salmonella gallinarum (SG), avian paramyxovirus-1 (APMV-1), and infectious bursal disease virus (IBDV) were determined by serology, and SG and SP also were evaluated by culture. Ectoparasites and endoparasites were identified using light microscopy. Sera were negative by the hemagglutination inhibition (HI) test for antibodies to MG or MS, although serum was reactive to MG (32%, 42/130) by the rapid serum agglutination test (SAT). Although positive reactions (26.9%, 35/130) for SP and SG were detected by SAT, cloacal swab cultures were negative for SP and SG. IBDV antibodies were detected by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay in two dusky-legged guans (1.5%, 2/130). HI antibody titers to APMV-1 were found in 20 (15.3%) cracids, with titers ranging from 16 to 1,024. Fifty percent of birds (65/130) had ectoparasites. Lice (Menacanthus spp.) and mites (Astigmata: Analgesidae, Megninidae; Megninia spp.) were found in red-knobbed curassow; Megninia spp. also were found in bare-faced curassow, black-fronted piping-guan, and dusky-legged guan. Eleven black-fronted piping-guans presented dual parasitism by Megninia spp. and Ornithonyssus spp. Endoparasites were detected in 16.1% (21/130) of birds, and some with multiple parasites. Oocysts of coccidia and eggs of Capillaria spp. (Nematoda: Trichuroidea) were found in the feces of red-knobbed curassow. Eggs of Strongyloides spp. were found in the feces of bare-faced curassow, and eggs of Ascaridia spp., Capillaria spp., and Strongyloides spp. were found in black-fronted piping-guan. Cysts of Blastocystis spp. were found in dusky-legged guan. Antibodies to IBDV and APMV-1 indicate previous exposure. However, considering that birds were clinically normal, immune stimulation might have been from live chicken vaccine strain infections that are widely used in Brazilian poultry. The high parasitism levels indicate that a routine inspection for internal and external parasites is warranted.

Keywords: Cracid, health status, Aburria jacutinga, Crax blumenbachii, Crax fasciolata, Penelope obscura

巴西圈養鳳冠雉科(鳥綱：雞型目：鳳冠雉科)的血清學、寄生蟲學、細菌學評估

翻譯：鄧晴安

Marcus Vinícius Romero Marques , D.V.M., M.Sc., Francisco Carlos Ferreira Junior , D.V.M., M.Sc., Danielle de Assis Andery , D.V.M., M.Sc., André Almeida Fernandes , M.Sc., Alessandra Vitelli de Araújo , D.V.M., M.Sc., José Sérgio de Resende , D.V.M., Ph.D., Nelson Rodrigo da Silva Martins , D.V.M., Ph.D.

摘要：圈養鳳冠雉科(鳥綱：雞型目：鳳冠雉科)，其中包括瀕危物種，對其進行研究(n=130)，進行健康狀況的評估，包含Aburria jacutinga (黑額鳴冠雉，n=42)、Crax blumenbachii (紅嘴鳳冠雉，n=54)、Crax fasciolata (裸臉鳳冠雉，n=28)及Penelope obscura (烏腿冠雉，n=6)。將受試鳥暴露於Mycoplasma gallisepticum (MG)，Mycoplasma synoviae (MS)，Salmonella pullorum (SP)，Salmonella gallinarum (SG)，家禽副黏液病毒-1 (APMV-1)，以及傳染性華氏囊炎病毒(IBDV)，經以血清學的方式評估，SG和SP也以培養做鑑定。體外寄生蟲和體內寄生蟲以光學顯微鏡辨別。雖然血清在快速血清凝集試驗(SAT)中對MG (32%, 42/130)有反應，但以血液凝集抑制試驗檢測血清中對MG或MS抗體，呈現陰性反應。雖然在SAT檢測下SP及SG呈現陽性反應(26.9%，35/130)，但泄殖腔拭子培養對於SP和SG則呈現陰性。在兩隻烏腿冠雉(1.5%, 2/130)體內，以酶聯免疫吸附試驗檢測到IBDV抗體。對應APMV-1的抗體在20隻(15.3%)鳳冠雉科中被發現，效價範圍為16-1024。百分之50的鳥(65/130)有體外寄生蟲。紅嘴鳳冠雉上發現蝨(翎虱屬)和蟎(無氣門亞目: 羽螨科, Megninidae; Megninia spp.)。Megninia spp.也在裸臉鳳冠雉、黑額鳴冠雉以及烏腿冠雉身上被發現。11隻黑額鳴冠雉發現被Megninia spp. 以及禽刺螨屬雙重寄生。在16.1%(21/130)的鳥體內有內寄生蟲，有些是被複數種寄生蟲寄生。球蟲的卵囊和毛細線蟲屬.(線蟲動物門 : 鞭尾總科)的卵在紅嘴鳳冠雉的糞便被發現。Strongyloides spp.的卵在裸臉鳳冠雉的糞便被發現。禽蛔蟲屬、毛細線蟲屬、類圓線蟲屬的卵，則在黑額鳴冠雉的糞便被發現。芽囊原蟲屬的囊胞，在烏腿冠雉的糞便被發現。對抗IBDV和APMV-1的抗體顯示早期暴露。然而，鑒於這些鳥在臨床表現正常，免疫刺激可能從廣泛用於巴西的禽類活雞疫苗株的感染。高寄生水平顯示，例行性檢查內外寄生蟲是必要的。

關鍵字：鳳冠雉科、健康評估、黑額鳴冠雉學名、紅嘴鳳冠雉學名、裸臉鳳冠雉學名、烏腿冠雉

Pages 35-41

BACTERIA ISOLATED FROM DUGONGS (DUGONG DUGON) SUB-MITTED FOR POSTMORTEM EXAMINATION IN QUEENSLAND, AUSTRALIA, 2000–2011

Kristen A. Nielsen, B.A.,Helen C. Owen, B.V.M.S., Ph.D., M.A.C.V.Sc., Paul C. Mills, Ph.D., M.A.C.V.Sc., Mark Flint, B.V.Sc., Ph.D., and Justine S. Gibson, B.V.Sc., Ph.D

Abstract:

Microbial infection may contribute to disease in a significant proportion of marine mammal mortalities, but little is known about infectious bacterial species and their prevalence in dugongs (Dugong dugon). This study represents a survey of the species of bacteria and fungi isolated from dugongs submitted to the University of Queensland's School of Veterinary Science for postmortem examination. Thirty-six dugongs were included in the survey, with 23 species of bacteria and four species of fungus cultured from lesions that were suspected of contributing to local infection, systemic infection, or both. The most abundant bacteria included Aeromonas spp., Clostridium spp., Vibrio spp., Enterococcus faecalis, and Pseudomonas spp. In six cases, the microorganism(s) cultured were considered to have been associated with disease. Mixed infections containing Aeromonas spp. and Vibrio spp.; Morganella morganii, Pasteurella multocida, and Serratia marcescens; and Actinomyces spp. and Peptostreptococcus spp. were associated with pneumonia or pleuritis, and Enterococcus faecalis was associated with a multisystemic infection in a neonate. Clostridium spp. was cultured from two animals with peritonitis and likely septicemia. The significance of many of the other isolates is uncertain because the samples were taken after death, and some of the species isolated may represent postmortem overgrowth. It is also difficult to fulfil Koch's postulates through experimental infection in marine mammals. Regardless, this information will assist clinicians working with dugongs to make treatment decisions and the baseline data on the prevalence of bacterial and fungal species is of value for monitoring coastal water habitat health and risks of zoonotic disease transmission.

Keywords: Australia, dugong, Dugong dugon, marine wildlife, microbiology, Sirenia

從2000到2011間澳洲昆士蘭州病理解剖儒艮的細菌分離

翻譯：鄧晴安

Kristen A. Nielsen , B.A., Helen C. Owen , B.V.M.S., Ph.D., M.A.C.V.Sc., Paul C. Mills , Ph.D., M.A.C.V.Sc., Mark Flint , B.V.Sc., Ph.D., and Justine S. Gibson , B.V.Sc., Ph.D.

摘要：微生物感染可能在海洋哺乳類死亡率中佔一顯著比例，但在儒艮身上感染的細菌種類，以及罹病率鮮為人知。這次研究，對送至昆士蘭大學獸醫學院進行病理解剖的儒艮身上，分離出之細菌和真菌種類進行研究。在這次研究中包含36隻儒艮，有23種細菌和4種真菌，從病灶培養並且懷疑導致局部感染、全身性感染或兩者皆有。親水性產氣單胞菌類、梭狀芽孢桿菌類、弧菌類、糞腸球菌和假單孢菌類數量最多。在6件病例中，經微生物培養後，被認為和疾病有關聯。混合感染包含親水性產氣單胞菌類和弧菌類 ; Morganella morganii、Pasteurella multocida和Serratia marcescens; Actinomyces spp.以及Peptostreptococcus spp.被認為和肺炎或胸膜炎相關，糞腸球菌被認為和新生兒多系統性的感染相關。在兩隻患有腹膜炎，並懷疑有敗血症的動物中培養出梭狀芽孢桿菌類。因為樣本是在死後採集，許多分離株的重要性仍不確定，而且有些分離株，可能表示是死後過度生長。這也難以在海洋哺乳類身上進行實驗性感染來履行柯赫氏法則。無論如何，這些資訊將有助於與儒艮工作的臨床工作者，擬定治療方式；這些細菌和真菌罹病率的基準數據，對於水域沿岸棲息地的健康與人畜共通傳染病散布的風險監控是有價值。關鍵字：澳洲、儒艮、儒艮學名、海洋野生動物類、微生物學、海牛目

Pages 42-54

KINETICS OF VIRAL LOADS AND GENOTYPIC ANALYSIS OF ELEPHANT ENDOTHELIOTROPIC HERPESVIRUS-1 INFECTION IN CAPTIVE ASIAN ELEPHANTS (ELEPHAS MAXIMUS)

Jeffrey J. Stanton, D.V.M., Jian-Chao Zong, Ph.D., Crystal Eng, M.S., Lauren Howard, D.V.M., Joe Flanagan, D.V.M., Martina Stevens, B.S., Dennis Schmitt, D.V.M., Ellen Wiedner, D.V.M., Danielle Graham, D.V.M., Randall E. Junge, D.V.M., Martha A. Weber, D.V.M., Martha Fischer, B.S., Alicia Mejia, B.S., Jie Tan, B.S., Erin Latimer, B.S., Alan Herron, D.V.M., Gary S. Hayward, Ph.D., and Paul D. Ling, Ph.D.

Abstract:

Elephant endotheliotropic herpesviruses (EEHVs) can cause fatal hemorrhagic disease in juvenile Asian elephants (Elephas maximus); however, sporadic shedding of virus in trunk washes collected from healthy elephants also has been detected. Data regarding the relationship of viral loads in blood compared with trunk washes are lacking, and questions about whether elephants can undergo multiple infections with EEHVs have not been addressed previously. Real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction was used to determine the kinetics of EEHV1 loads, and genotypic analysis was performed on EEHV1 DNA detected in various fluid samples obtained from five Asian elephants that survived detectable EEHV1 DNAemia on at least two separate occasions. In three elephants displaying clinical signs of illness, preclinical EEHV1 DNAemia was detectable, and peak whole-blood viral loads occurred 3–8 days after the onset of clinical signs. In two elephants with EEHV1 DNAemia that persisted for 7–21 days, no clinical signs of illness were observed. Detection of EEHV1 DNA in trunk washes peaked approximately 21 days after DNAemia, and viral genotypes detected during DNAemia matched those detected in subsequent trunk washes from the same elephant. In each of the five elephants, two distinct EEHV1 genotypes were identified in whole blood and trunk washes at different time points. In each case, these genotypes represented both an EEHV1A and an EEHV1B subtype. These data suggest that knowledge of viral loads could be useful for the management of elephants before or during clinical illness. Furthermore, sequential infection with both EEHV1 subtypes occurs in Asian elephants, suggesting that they do not elicit cross-protective sterilizing immunity. These data will be useful to individuals involved in the husbandry and clinical care of Asian elephants.

Keywords: Elephant, EEHV, herpesvirus, Proboscivirus, real-time polymerase chain reaction, viral load

象親內皮皰疹病毒1型感染圈養亞洲象的病毒載量動力學與基因型分析

翻譯：連振曄

Jeffrey J. Stanton, D.V.M., Jian-Chao Zong, Ph.D., Crystal Eng, M.S., Lauren Howard, D.V.M., Joe Flanagan, D.V.M., Martina Stevens, B.S., Dennis Schmitt, D.V.M., Ellen Wiedner, D.V.M., Danielle Graham, D.V.M., Randall E. Junge, D.V.M., Martha A. Weber, D.V.M., Martha Fischer, B.S., Alicia Mejia, B.S., Jie Tan, B.S., Erin Latimer, B.S., Alan Herron, D.V.M., Gary S. Hayward, Ph.D., and Paul D. Ling, Ph.D.

摘要：象親內皮皰疹病毒(EEHVs)，可以在年輕的亞洲象導致致命出血性疾病；然而，在健康大象的鼻腔沖洗液收集中，也檢測到有散發性的排毒。血液病毒載量與鼻腔沖洗液，相關的數據較為缺乏，至於大象是否會有EEHV的多重性感染，尚未釐清。以即時性聚合酶鏈結反應，研究EEHV1載量動力學；以基因型分析用來檢測，進行EEHV1 DNA分析，採自5隻仍舊存活的亞洲象的採樣液，至少在二個階段可被檢測出EEHV1 DNA血症。3隻大象在臨床EEHV1DNA血症能夠被檢測出前，即出現疾病的臨床症狀；全血病毒載量的高峰在臨床症狀呈現3-8天後出現。2頭象持續有EEHIV-1 DNA血症7-21天，並無發現臨床症狀。以鼻腔沖洗液檢測EEHV1 DNA，約於DNA血症21天後，達到高峰；在同一頭象，DNA血症期間，持續檢測病毒基因型，結果皆與DNA血症時檢測的結果相符。在這5頭象，於不同的時間點，2種的EEHV1基因型有區別，在全血與鼻腔沖洗液被鑑定。在每一病例，這些基因型表示EEHV1A與EEHV1B的亞型。這些數據推測病毒載量的資訊可能對大象發生前或已出現臨床症狀的處理有幫助。更多的是，連續感染EEHV1兩種亞型的亞洲象不引起交叉保護消除性免疫。這些資料將對畜牧業與臨床護理亞洲象的工作人員有幫助。

關鍵字：象、EEHV、皰疹病毒、長鼻動物病毒屬、即時聚合酶鏈式反應、病毒載量

Pages 55-61

USE OF BUTORPHANOL DURING IMMOBILIZATION OF FREE-RANGING WHITE RHINOCEROS (CERATOTHERIUM SIMUM)

Michele Miller, D.V.M., Ph.D.,Peter Buss, B.V.Sc., M.Med.Vet., Jenny Joubert, B.Tech. (Vet), B.Sc.Hon., Nomkhosi Mathebula, B. Tech. (Vet), Marius Kruger, B.Sc.Hon., M.Sc., Laura Martin, B.S.,Markus Hofmeyr, B.V.Sc., and Francisco Olea-Popelka, D.V.M., Ph.D.

Abstract: 

Forty free-ranging white rhinoceros (Ceratotherium simum) were anesthetized with etorphine, azaperone, and hyaluronidase in Kruger National Park, South Africa, between February and August 2009. Eighteen rhinoceros received butorphanol in the dart combination, and 22 rhinoceros had butorphanol administered intravenously within 15 min of darting. Body position, blood gas values, heart rate, respiratory rate, and temperature were measured at two time points after darting, approximately 10 min apart (sample 1 mean collection time after darting, 9.4 ± 2.7 min; sample 2 mean collection time, 18.6 ± 2.8 min). A significant number of field-captured rhinoceros remained standing at the first sample period when butorphanol was administered in the dart. Higher median values for arterial partial pressure of oxygen (PaO2) in combination with lower arterial partial pressure of carbon dioxide (PaCO2) in standing versus recumbent rhinoceros suggested improved ventilation in this posture (P < 0.05). When the effect of time, body position, and age was controlled, median values for respiratory rate, lactate, and pH were better in rhinoceros that received butorphanol in the dart (P < 0.05). There was also a trend toward higher median values for SO2 and bicarbonate in rhinoceros receiving butorphanol in the dart. Intravenous administration of butorphanol resulted in significantly decreased median PaCO2 and heart rate in recumbent rhinoceros (P < 0.05) without changes in PaO2 between sample periods 1 and 2. However, rhinoceros remained hypoxemic during the short anesthetic procedure despite butorphanol administration. Preliminary results suggest that administration of butorphanol (either in the dart or intravenously) improves some metabolic parameters in free-ranging recumbent white rhinoceros without significantly affecting ventilation. It is hypothesized that this may be due to a lighter state of immobilization. Addition of butorphanol to the dart provides handling and physiologic advantages because the majority of rhinoceros remain standing.

Keywords: blood gas, butorphanol, cardiorespiratory effect, Ceratotherium simum, immobilization, white rhinoceros

保定自由放養白犀牛期間使用布托菲諾

翻譯：鄧晴安

Michele Miller , D.V.M., Ph.D., Peter Buss , B.V.Sc., M.Med.Vet., Jenny Joubert , B.Tech. (Vet), B.Sc.Hon., Nomkhosi Mathebula , B. Tech. (Vet), Marius Kruger , B.Sc.Hon., M.Sc., Laura Martin , B.S., Markus Hofmeyr , B.V.Sc., and Francisco Olea-Popelka , D.V.M., Ph.D.

摘要：2009年2月至8月期間，在位於南非的克魯格國家公園以etorphine、azaperone以及hyaluronidase，麻醉40頭自由放養的白犀牛。18頭犀牛接受布托菲諾飛鏢麻醉，22隻白犀牛在接受飛鏢15分鐘內接受布托菲諾靜脈給藥。體位、血液氣體數值、心跳速率、呼吸速率、體溫皆於實行飛標後，分別的兩個時間點內量測，每次量測約間隔10分鐘(樣本1表示實施飛標後9.4 ± 2.7分鐘量測數據；樣本2表示18.6 ± 2.8分鐘量測數據) 有些以布托菲諾飛標實地捕捉到的犀牛，在第1次收集數據時維持站姿的狀態。站姿較側臥犀牛有較高的動脈氧分壓(PaO2)中間值，與較低動脈二氧化碳分壓(PaCO2)中間值，站立姿勢較倒臥可改善換氣量(P < 0.05)。當作用時間、身體姿勢、年齡皆在控制下，以飛鏢使用布托菲諾的犀牛，有較佳的平均呼吸速率、乳酸以及pH質(P < 0.05)。以飛鏢投予布托菲諾的犀牛，趨向於有較高的二氧化硫和碳酸鹽中間值。靜脈注射布托菲諾，在側臥的犀牛(P < 0.05)，於採樣週期1與2的二氧化碳分壓及心跳速率顯著降低，但氧分壓無變化。然而，即使是短期麻醉，投予布托菲諾的犀牛，在麻醉期間持續出現低血氧症。初步結果顯示布托菲諾給藥(無論飛鏢給藥或是靜脈給藥)，改善自由放養側臥白犀牛代謝參數，但對換氣無明顯影響。根據這樣的情況，推測可能是保定較輕微所致的結果。除了布托菲諾飛鏢對人員操作與生理狀況的優點外，大部分的犀牛仍可處於站姿。

關鍵字：血液氣體、布托菲諾、心肺效應、白犀牛學名、保定、白犀牛

Pages 62-69

TISSUE ENZYME ACTIVITIES IN THE LOGGERHEAD SEA TURTLE (CARETTA CARETTA)

Eric T. Anderson, D.V.M., Victoria L. Socha, B.S., Jennifer Gardner, M.T. (ASCP), Lynne Byrd, B.A., C.V.T., and Charles A. Manire, D.V.M.

Abstract: 

The loggerhead sea turtle, Caretta caretta, one of the seven species of threatened or endangered sea turtles worldwide, is one of the most commonly encountered marine turtles off the eastern coast of the United States and Gulf of Mexico. Although biochemical reference ranges have been evaluated for several species of sea turtles, tissue specificity of the commonly used plasma enzymes is lacking. This study evaluated the tissue specificity of eight enzymes, including amylase, lipase, creatine kinase (CK), gamma-glutamyl transferase (GGT), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), and alanine aminotransferase (ALT), in 30 tissues from five stranded loggerhead sea turtles with no evidence of infectious disease. Amylase and lipase showed the greatest tissue specificity, with activity found only in pancreatic samples. Creatine kinase had high levels present in skeletal and cardiac muscle, and moderate levels in central nervous system and gastrointestinal samples. Gamma-glutamyl transferase was found in kidney samples, but only in very low levels. Creatine kinase, ALP, AST, and LDH were found in all tissues evaluated and ALT was found in most, indicating low tissue specificity for these enzymes in the loggerhead.

Keywords: Amylase, Caretta caretta, loggerhead, sea turtle, biochemistry, tissue enzyme

赤蠵龜的組織酵素活性

翻譯：陳亭余

Eric T. Anderson, D.V.M., Victoria L. Socha, B.S., Jennifer Gardner, M.T. (ASCP), Lynne Byrd, B.A., C.V.T., and Charles A. Manire, D.V.M.

Abstract: 

摘要：赤蠵龜為全世界七種受威脅或瀕危的海龜之一，是美國和墨西哥灣東部海岸最常遇到的海龜。雖然已經有一些文獻探討海龜的生化血液數值之參考範圍，但仍缺乏對應的組織特異性血清生化數值相關的探討。本研究評估了8種酶，包括澱粉酶、脂肪酶、肌酸激酶（CK）、γ-谷氨酰轉移酶（GGT）、鹼性磷酸酶（ALP）、乳酸脫氫酶（LDH）、天冬氨酸氨基轉移酶（AST）和丙氨酸氨基轉移酶（ALT），樣本來自於五隻沒有傳染病疑慮的赤蠵龜的30份組織樣本。澱粉酶和脂肪酶顯示出最大的組織特異性，僅在胰腺樣本中發現活性。肌酸激酶在骨骼和心肌中高程度的存在；在中樞神經系統和胃腸道樣本呈中等程度存在。腎臟樣品中發現γ-谷氨酰轉移酶，但只有非常低的程度。在所有評估的組織中都可以發現CK、ALP、AST和LDH，ALT為其中發現最多的，表示以上這些酶在組織中的組織特異性較低。

關鍵字：澱粉酶、赤蠵龜學名、赤蠵龜、海龜、血液生化、組織酵素

Pages 70-78

DETECTION OF CANINE DISTEMPER VIRUS SERUM NEUTRALIZING ANTIBODIES IN CAPTIVE U.S. PHOCIDS

Meredith M. Clancy, D.V.M., Kathryn C. Gamble, D.V.M., M.S., Dipl. A.C.Z.M, and Dominic A. Travis, D.V.M., M.S.

Abstract: 

Antibodies to morbilliviruses have been documented in free-ranging pinnipeds throughout populations in the Atlantic and Arctic Oceans, but not from the Pacific Ocean. As a symbolic geographic barrier between the exposed Atlantic and naïve Pacific populations, the captive phocid population in North America had undocumented serologic status. In this study, canine distemper virus (CDV) serum neutralization assays were used to assess the prevalence of antibodies in this population with participation of 25 U.S. institutions from grey seals (Halichoerus grypus, n = 6) and harbor seals (Phoca vitulina, n = 108). Historic and environmental risk factors associated with the epidemiology of distemper virus were collected by survey. Based on antibodies to canine distemper virus, the prevalence of exposure in this population was 25.5%, with 28 seals (grey, n = 2; harbor, n = 26) demonstrating antibody titers ≥1:16, and positive titers ranged from 1:4 to 1:1,536. By survey analysis, strong associations with seropositive status were identified for captive origin (P = 0.013) and movement among institutions (P = 0.024). Size of population has positive correlation with likelihood of seropositive seals at an institution (P = 0.020). However, no major husbandry or enclosure-based risk factors were identified in institutions with seropositive seals, and no interaction between individual or institutional risk factors was identified. Previously undocumented prior to this study, CDV antibodies were measured in harbor seals (n = 2) recently stranded from the Pacific coast.

Keywords: Grey seal, Halichoerus grypus, harbor seal, morbillivirus, Phoca vitulina, risk analysis

圈養海豹監測犬瘟熱病毒血清中和抗體

翻譯：賴燕雪

Meredith M. Clancy, D.V.M., Kathryn C. Gamble, D.V.M., M.S., Dipl. A.C.Z.M, and Dominic A. Travis, D.V.M., M.S.

摘要：大西洋以及北冰洋海域的野生鰭腳類族群，對麻疹病毒屬的抗體已經被發表，但太平洋則否。介於大西洋與太平洋的地理屏障象徵的族群，北美圈養海豹族群的血清學狀況尚未被發表。此研究從25個美國機構的灰海豹(n = 6)以及斑點海豹(n = 108)的犬瘟熱病毒(CDV)血清中和試驗，來分析抗體的發生率。調查中收集與犬瘟熱有關的流行病學上歷史性的與環境風險因子。基於對犬瘟熱病毒的抗體，此族群暴露的發生率為25.5%，28隻海豹(灰海豹n = 2; 斑點海豹 n = 26)證實抗體力價≥1:16，陽性力價範圍從1:4到1:1,536。藉由此調查分析，血清陽性強烈關聯性為圈養來源(P = 0.013)以及機構間的移動(P = 0.024)。海豹族群的大小與一個機構中血清陽性可能有正相關。然而，有血清陽性海豹的機構中，沒有找出主要的管理或欄舍設施為基礎的風險因子，也沒有找出個體或機構間的風險因子。在此研究前沒有記錄到，最近從太平洋海岸擱淺的斑點海豹(n = 2)測出犬瘟熱病毒抗體。

關鍵字：灰海豹、灰海豹學名、斑點海豹、麻疹病毒屬、斑點海豹學名、風險分析

Pages 79-86

GASTRIC PNEUMATOSIS WITH ASSOCIATED EOSINOPHILIC GASTRITIS IN FOUR BLACK AND WHITE RUFFED LEMURS (VARECIA VARIEGATA VARIEGATA)

Megan C. Niederwerder, D.V.M., Ilse H. Stalis, D.V.M., Dipl. A.C.V.P., Gregory A. Campbell, D.V.M., Ph.D., Dipl. A.C.V.P., and Kay A. Backues, D.V.M., Dipl. A.C.Z.M.

Abstract: 

Pneumatosis cystoides intestinalis (PCI) with associated eosinophilic inflammation was documented in the gastric tissues of four black and white ruffed lemurs (Varecia variegata variegata). Pneumatosis cystoides intestinalis is an uncommon disease described in humans and characterized by multilocular gas-filled cystic spaces located within the wall of the gastrointestinal tract. These cystic spaces can occur in any location along the gastrointestinal tract as well as within the associated connective and lymphatic tissues. The exact cause of this disease is unknown. The four black and white ruffed lemurs described in this case series were captive born and had been housed in zoological institutions at two separate locations. Three of the four cases were female lemurs, and two of the affected lemurs were directly related. The individual disease presentations spanned a 5-yr time period. Two lemurs presented dead with no premonitory signs, whereas the other two lemurs presented with clinical signs of gastrointestinal disease and nonspecific signs of weakness. Gastric pneumatosis, diagnosed either grossly or histopathologically in each of these four lemurs, is described as a subset of PCI in which cystic spaces are localized to the stomach wall. Significant eosinophilic inflammatory infiltrate was identified on histopathology of gastric tissues and found to be associated with the cystic lesions in each lemur. No classic etiology, such as a fungal infection or a parasitic infection, was identified as the cause of the eosinophilic gastritis. This case series demonstrates that gastric pneumatosis with associated eosinophilic gastritis may be a significant gastrointestinal disease in black and white ruffed lemurs.

Keywords: Black and white ruffed lemur, eosinophil, intussusception, pneumatosis cystoides intestinalis, stomach, Varecia variegata variegata

四隻白頸狐猴胃壁積氣併發嗜伊紅性胃炎

翻譯：王寶榮

Megan C. Niederwerder, D.V.M., Ilse H. Stalis, D.V.M., Dipl. A.C.V.P., Gregory A. Campbell, D.V.M., Ph.D., Dipl. A.C.V.P., and Kay A. Backues, D.V.M., Dipl. A.C.Z.M.

摘要：四隻白頸狐猴出現與胃組織嗜伊紅性球炎症相關的小腸道壁囊狀積氣症狀。小腸道壁囊狀積氣症在人類出現，並不常見的臨床症狀，主要的特徵是在胃腸壁中，出現多處氣體積聚囊狀空間。這種囊狀空間可能發生在胃腸道中，各種相連的組織如結締組織與淋巴組織。這種疾病的原因仍不明瞭。在此案例描述的四隻白頸狐猴，分別飼養在動物園組織中分離的兩個區塊中。4隻中有3隻母的，兩隻個體直接有關連。各個案例分布在5年間陸續發生。兩隻個體在沒有症狀情形下即死亡；另外兩隻僅出現胃腸道臨床症狀，以及非特定的虛弱症狀。胃的積氣囊症在4隻個體，皆有眼觀與組織病理病變，在胃壁中出現小腸道壁囊樣積氣症。嗜伊紅性炎症浸潤的情形，在每一隻狐猴胃的組織病理檢查，皆與囊狀病灶相關聯。非典型的病因，如黴菌感染或寄生蟲感染，被確認為嗜伊紅性胃炎的原因。這些案例的系列監測，胃的氣囊症與嗜伊紅性胃炎，與白頸狐猴顯著的胃腸道疾病。

關鍵字：白頸狐猴、嗜伊紅、腸套疊、小腸道壁囊樣積氣症、胃、白頸狐猴學名

Pages 87-92

FETAL OMPHALOCELE IN A COMMON BOTTLENOSE DOLPHIN (TURSIOPS TRUNCATUS)

Cynthia R. Smith, D.V.M.,Eric D. Jensen, D.V.M.,Brad A.Blankenship, D.V.M., Dipl. A.C.V.P., Mark Greenberg, M.D.,Deborah A. D'Agostini, B.S.,Dolores H. Pretorius, M.D., Dipl. A.C.R., Nicholas C. Saenz, M.D.,Natalie Noll, D.V.M., and Stephanie K. Venn-WatsonD.V.M., M.P.H.

Abstract: 

A routine pregnancy ultrasound examination of a 30-yr-old, multiparous, common bottlenose dolphin, Tursiops truncatus, detected an approximately 16-wk (gestational age) fetus with an omphalocele, an abdominal wall defect at the base of the umbilical cord. Throughout the pregnancy, ultrasound allowed for identification of the omphalocele contents, which included a portion of the liver and intestinal loops. The maximum diameter of the omphalocele was 11.4 cm at an estimated 51-wk gestation. Color Doppler was utilized to study the blood flow within the omphalocele as well as diagnose an associated anomaly of the umbilical cord, which contained three vessels instead of four. Gross necropsy and histopathology confirmed the ultrasound diagnoses. This is the first report of an omphalocele in a T. truncatus fetus, and the first report of a fetal and umbilical cord anomaly diagnosed with ultrasound in a cetacean.

Keywords: Bottlenose dolphin, fetus, omphalocele, Tursiops truncatus, ultrasound

於瓶鼻海豚之胎兒臍膨出

翻譯：陳亭余

Cynthia R. Smith, D.V.M.,Eric D. Jensen, D.V.M.,Brad A.Blankenship, D.V.M., Dipl. A.C.V.P., Mark Greenberg, M.D.,Deborah A. D'Agostini, B.S.,Dolores H. Pretorius, M.D., Dipl. A.C.R., Nicholas C. Saenz, M.D.,Natalie Noll, D.V.M., and Stephanie K. Venn-WatsonD.V.M., M.P.H.

摘要：於一隻30歲經產的普通瓶鼻海豚，進行常規懷孕的超音波檢查，檢測到大約16週胎齡的胎兒，發現有臍膨出，在臍帶的基部腹壁有缺損。在整個懷孕期間，以超音波探查膨出內容物，其中包括一部分肝臟和腸管。在懷孕51週時，臍膨出的最大直徑為11.4厘米。利用彩色都普勒研究臍膨出中的血流，並診斷臍帶相關的異常，其包含三條血管而不是四條血管。肉眼病理解剖和組織病理學證實超音波的診斷。這是第一次在普通瓶鼻海豚的臍膨出報告，也是第一次在鯨豚類，以超音波診斷胎兒和臍帶異常的報告。關鍵字：瓶鼻海豚、胎兒、臍膨出、普通瓶鼻海豚學名、超音波

Pages 93-99 HEMORRHAGIC DIATHESIS IN AVIAN SPECIES FOLLOWING INTRAMUSCULAR ADMINISTRATION OF POLYSULFATED GLYCOSAMINOGLYCAN

Kadie Anderson, D.V.M., Michael M. Garner, D.V.M., Dipl. A.C.V.P., Holly H. Reed, D.V.M, Kimberly Cook, D.V.M., Roberto Aguilar, D.V.M., Susan Horton, D.V.M., Allison L. Case, D.V.M., and Karen N. Wolf, M.S., D.V.M., Dipl. A.C.Z.M.

Abstract: 

Polysulfated glycosaminoglycans (PSGAGs) have been used for decades in a variety of species for the management of osteoarthritic pain. However, reports on the use of PSGAGs in avian species are scarce. In domestic cats and dogs, PSGAG injections have caused prolongation of clotting times but are considered to be an efficacious drug with a wide margin of safety. This publication documents four cases of fatal coagulopathies in different avian species (one coraciiforme, two raptors, and one psittacine) following the intramuscular administration of PSGAG. All affected birds received varying dosages and dosing intervals of PSGAG. Three of the four birds experienced fatal hemorrhage into the pectoral muscle, while the fourth bled continuously from the injection site. Only one bird had chronic, severe pre-existing disease; the remainder were being managed for osteoarthritis. This report highlights the importance of species-specific dosing of PSGAG and warrants further investigation into the etiopathogenesis of this process.

Keywords: Adequan, avian, fatal hemorrhage, polysulfated glycosaminoglycan

鳥類在肌肉注射多硫酸氨基葡聚醣後出現出血徵候

翻譯：羅婉瑄

Kadie Anderson, D.V.M., Michael M. Garner, D.V.M., Dipl. A.C.V.P., Holly H. Reed, D.V.M, Kimberly Cook, D.V.M., Roberto Aguilar, D.V.M., Susan Horton, D.V.M., Allison L. Case, D.V.M., and Karen N. Wolf, M.S., D.V.M., Dipl. A.C.Z.M.

摘要：多硫酸氨基葡聚醣（PSGAGs）在各種物種中已經使用了數十年，用於治療骨關節炎的疼痛。但關於在禽類物種中使用PSGAG的報告很少。雖然PSGAG注射，在家貓和家犬中會引起凝血時間延長，但是安全性較大的有效藥物。本報告紀錄PSGAG肌內注射後，在四種不同禽類物種（一隻佛法僧目，兩隻猛禽和一隻鸚鵡）的致命性凝血病癥。所有受影響的鳥類，接受不同劑量和間隔的PSGAG。四隻鳥中，有三隻發生胸肌致死性出血，另外一隻從注射部位持續的出血。只有一隻鳥患有嚴重且先前就存在的慢性疾病，其餘的是為了控制關節炎。本報告強調了PSGAG的物種劑量特異性，並進一步調查該病在醫源性誘發的過程。

關鍵字：多硫酸氨基葡聚醣注射液商品名、鳥類、致命性出血、多硫酸糖胺聚醣

Pages 100-104

THE OCCURRENCE OF ELEPHANT ENDOTHELIOTROPIC HER-PESVIRUS IN CAPTIVE ASIAN ELEPHANTS (ELEPHAS MAXIMUS): FIRST CASE OF EEHV4 IN ASIA

Supaphen Sripiboon, D.V.M., M.S., Pallop Tankaew, B.S., Grishda Lungka, D.V.M., and Chatchote Thitaram, D.V.M., Ph.D.

Abstract: 

Elephant endotheliotropic herpesvirus (EEHV) is a type of herpesvirus that causes acute hemorrhagic disease in Asian elephants (Elephas maximus) and is often fatal, especially in calves. This study describes the postmortem evaluation of two captive-born Asian elephants (2 and 3 yr of age, respectively) diagnosed with EEHV in Thailand. Both elephants presented only mild depression, lethargy, and anorexia before death within 24 hr of symptom onset. Necropsies were performed, and tissue samples were tested for EEHV viral presence using polymerase chain reaction. Molecular and phylogenetic evidence illustrated two types of EEHV, which were closely related to EEHV1A in Case 1 and EEHV4 in Case 2. Pathologic findings differed between the cases. More specific organ tropism was found in Case 1, where mainly the cardiovascular system was affected. In contrast, in Case 2, hemorrhages were noted in most organs, including in the gastrointestinal, respiratory, and cardiovascular systems. This report is the first to document EEHV4 in Asia and the second case of this strain to be identified in an elephant worldwide.

Keywords: Asian elephant, elephant endotheliotropic herpesvirus, Elephas maximus, pathology

在亞洲圈養亞洲象發生象親內皮性疱疹病毒4型的第一個案例

翻譯：連振曄

Supaphen Sripiboon, D.V.M., M.S., Pallop Tankaew, B.S., Grishda Lungka, D.V.M., and Chatchote Thitaram, D.V.M., Ph.D.

摘要：象親內皮性疱疹病毒(EEHV)是疱疹病毒的一型，在亞洲象會造成急性出血性的疾病，通常會造成死亡，尤其是在小象。本篇研究描述在泰國兩隻圈養下出生的亞洲象(分別為2及3歲)，經屍體解剖後診斷為EEHV感染。兩隻個體在死亡前24小時只出現輕度抑鬱、嗜睡和厭食的症狀。進行屍解後，組織樣本以聚合酶鏈結反應檢測EEHV。分子及演化分類證據分列為兩型的EEHV，第一例與EEHV 1A密切相關；第二例則與EEEV4相關。兩個病例病理上的發現也不同。較特定器官親向性發現在病例一，主要侵犯心血管系統。相較之下，在病例二大部份的器官包括消化系統、呼吸系統及心血管系統，發現出血病灶。這份報告是第一個在亞洲記錄EEHV4的案例，也是第二個在全球大象中鑑定出該型的案例。

關鍵字：亞洲象、象親內皮性疱疹病毒、亞洲象學名、病理學

Pages 105-115

MANAGEMENT OF SEVERE RESPIRATORY TRACT DISEASE CAUSED BY HUMAN RESPIRATORY SYNCYTIAL VIRUS AND STREPTOCOCCUS PNEUMONIAE IN CAPTIVE CHIMPANZEES (PAN TROGLODYTES)

Steve Unwin, B.Sc., B.V.Sc., M.R.C.V.S., James Chatterton, B.V.M. & S., M.SC., Cert. Zoo. Med., M.R.C.V.S., and Julian Chantrey, B.Sc., B.V.M. & S., Ph.D., Dipl. R.C. Path., M.R.C.V.S

Abstract: 

Chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes) are susceptible to many viral and bacterial pathogens of human origin. This case series reports an acute outbreak of respiratory disease due to human respiratory syncytial virus and Streptococcus pneumoniae in a single group of 30 captive chimpanzees. Both pathogens are potentially zoonotic. The diagnosis was made antemortem and enabled a targeted response to the outbreak; but it more importantly, prompted improvements to the disease surveillance, biosecurity for risk mitigation and risk communication protocols within the zoo. A defined zoonotic disease risk communication pathway provides a model for management and compliance requirements for other collections.

Keywords: Chimpanzee, disease management, Pan troglodytes, respiratory syncytial virus, Streptococcus pneumoniae

圈養黑猩猩感染人呼吸道融合病毒與肺炎鏈球菌導致嚴重呼吸道疾病的照護

翻譯：王寶榮

Steve Unwin, B.Sc., B.V.Sc., M.R.C.V.S., James Chatterton, B.V.M. & S., M.SC., Cert. Zoo. Med., M.R.C.V.S., and Julian Chantrey, B.Sc., B.V.M. & S., Ph.D., Dipl. R.C. Path., M.R.C.V.S

摘要：黑猩猩對許多人類的病毒與細菌性病原，有高度易感性。這個病例系列報告了在單一族群的30隻圈養族群，急性爆發與人類呼吸道融合病毒與肺炎鏈球菌有關的呼吸道疾病。兩種病原皆為潛在的人畜共通傳染病。雖然藉由臨死前的處置與爆發後啟動了特定反應，但更重要且需要重點改進的是，對這個疾病的監測、降低生物風險與動物園內風險的溝通流程。一個清晰的人畜共通傳染病風險的聯絡路徑，提供流暢的管理與相關資料蒐集需求模式。

關鍵字：黑猩猩、疾病管理、黑猩猩學名、呼吸道融合病毒、肺炎鏈球菌

Pages 116-123

OCULAR HEALTH ASSESSMENT, TEAR PRODUCTION, AND INTRAOCULAR PRESSURE IN THE ANDROS ISLAND IGUANA (CYCLURA CYCHLURA CYCHLURA)

Kimberlee B. Wojick, D.V.M., Lisa M. Naples, D.V.M., and Charles R. Knapp, Ph.D.

Abstract: 

The purpose of this study was to assess the ocular health of a wild population of Andros Island iguanas (Cyclura cychlura cychlura) and determine reference values for tear production and intraocular pressure (IOP) for this species. Fifty-two iguanas, 20 males and 32 females, ranging in size from 11.1- to 51.0-cm snout-to-vent length (SVL), were included in the sample set, with measurements obtained from each eye. No abnormalities were found on ophthalmic examination, with the exception of mild, focal chemosis in one individual and periocular ticks in 52% of iguanas. Tear production was measured using the phenol red thread test, and IOP was measured using the TonoVet® rebound tonometer set on the P (undefined species) setting. No significant difference was found between males and females for either measurement. No significant difference was found between right and left eyes for intraocular pressure; however, a significant difference was found between eyes for tear production values. The mean (±SD) of IOP in the left and right eyes were 4.77 ± 1.88 mm Hg and 5.12 ± 2.52 mm Hg, respectively, with a range of 1–11 mm Hg. The mean (±SD) of tear production in the left and right eyes were 10.63 ± 6.89 mm/15 sec (range 1–28 mm/15 sec) and 12.44 ± 7.52 mm/15 sec (range 1–23 mm/15 sec), respectively. A positive correlation was found between SVL and all ocular parameters measured. This study provides an assessment of ocular health, as well as baseline values for IOP and tear production, in the Andros Island iguana.

Keywords: Andros Island iguana, Cyclura cychlura, intraocular pressure, ocular, ophthalmic, tear production

安德羅斯島鬣蜥眼睛健康評估、淚液產量及眼壓的測量

翻譯：黃珮筠

Kimberlee B. Wojick, D.V.M., Lisa M. Naples, D.V.M., and Charles R. Knapp, Ph.D.

摘要：本研究的目的是評估安德羅斯島鬣蜥（Cyclura cychlura cychlura）野生族群的眼睛健康，並建立此物種的淚液產量和眼壓（IOP）的參考值。收集的樣本包括52個鬣蜥，20個雄性和32個雌性，大小範圍為11.1至51.0cm的鼻肛長度（SVL），雙側眼睛皆進行測量。在眼科檢查中只有一個個體中有輕微局部的結膜水腫，52％的鬣蜥有的眼周蜱，其餘無明顯異常。使用酚紅試劑來測量淚液產生量，眼壓的測量則使用TonoVet®眼壓測量儀，調整在P（未定義物種）設置上來進行。對於任一測量，在雄性和雌性之間沒有發現顯著差異。右眼和左眼之間沒有發現眼壓的顯著差異；然而，在淚液產生值發現顯著差異。左眼和右眼的眼壓平均值（±SD）分別為4.77±1.88 mm Hg和5.12±2.52 mm Hg，誤差範圍為1-11 mm Hg。左眼和右眼的淚液產生的平均值（±SD）分別為10.63±6.89mm / 15秒（範圍1-28mm / 15秒）和12.44±7.52mm / 15秒（範圍1-23mm / 15秒）。SVL和所有眼部參數的測量之間呈現正相關。這項研究提供眼部健康的評估方法，以及安德羅斯島鬣蜥眼壓和淚液產生量的基礎值。

關鍵字：安德羅斯島鬣蜥、安德羅斯島鬣蜥學名、眼球內的、壓力、眼球的、眼科的、眼淚產出

Pages 124-129

PREPUTIAL DEMODEX SPECIES IN BIG BROWN BATS (EPTESICUS FUSCUS) IN EASTERN TENNESSEE

Julia S. Lankton, D.V.M., Dipl. A.C.V.P., Alycia Chapman, M.S., Edward C. Ramsay, D.V.M., Dipl. A.C.Z.M., Stephen A. Kania, M.S., Ph.D., and Kimberly M. Newkirk, D.V.M., Ph.D, Dipl. A.C.V.P.

Abstract: 

The presence of preputial Demodex species in four captive, wild-caught big brown bats (Eptesicus fuscus) in eastern Tennessee, USA, examined between 2008 and 2010 is reported. In three of four cases, there was associated folliculitis, dermatitis, or preputial adenitis. There were no clinical signs directly attributable to the mites, although penile prolapse was present in one case. Mites were retrieved from preputial skin samples of other archival big brown bats by potassium hydroxide digestion and analyzed by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). DNA sequencing of the 16S rRNA gene revealed 99.6% homology to Demodex canis, although morphologic differences distinguish the two species. Mites of this report differ in anatomic location from Demodex spp. previously reported in bats and represent a species unreported to public databases.

Keywords: Big brown bat, Demodex, prepuce, skin, Tennessee

田納西東部的大棕蝙蝠的包皮毛囊蟲

翻譯：黃珮筠

Julia S. Lankton, D.V.M., Dipl. A.C.V.P., Alycia Chapman, M.S., Edward C. Ramsay, D.V.M., Dipl. A.C.Z.M., Stephen A. Kania, M.S., Ph.D., and Kimberly M. Newkirk, D.V.M., Ph.D, Dipl. A.C.V.P.

摘要：本報告呈現2008年至2010年間，在美國田納西州東部，四個野外捕獲的大棕色蝙蝠的包皮毛囊蟲。在四個病例中的三個，有相關的毛囊炎，皮炎或包皮腺炎。沒有出現因毛囊蟲造成的臨床跡象，雖然有一個病例出現陰莖脫垂。經由對大棕色蝙蝠包皮採集的樣品，經氫氧化鉀消化後，並通過聚合酶鏈結反應分析檢測蟲體。雖然，基因序列的16S rRNA片段，顯示與犬毛囊蟲有99.6％的同源性，但形態學的差異區分成兩個物種。本報告的蟎在解剖學上出現的部位，與之前在蝙蝠報告過的毛囊蟲類有所不同，為一從未在公開過的資料庫報導過的品種。

關鍵字：大棕色蝙蝠、毛囊蟲、包皮、皮膚、田納西州

Pages 130-135

DELAYED POSTPARTUM FETOTOMY IN AN ASIAN ELEPHANT (ELEPHAS MAXIMUS)

Willem Schaftenaar, D.V.M.

Abstract: 

A 37-yr-old Asian elephant (Elephas maximus) started parturition after 640 days of pregnancy but no fetal parts entered the birth canal. Despite veterinary intervention, the calf was not delivered. After 13 mo calving resumed and a full-term dead calf advanced into and lodged within the vagina. With standing xylazine tranquilization, the dam received a vagino-vestibulotomy to permit total fetotomy of the calf, which presented with bilateral carpal arthrogryposis. Severe infection of the caudal vaginal vestibulum complicated wound healing, and over the following year two corrective surgeries were performed, which resolved the fistula 3 mo after the second debridement. The elephant not only survived the procedures but also resumed normal estrous cycles, as demonstrated by blood progesterone concentration monitoring.

Keywords: Arthrogryposis, Asian elephant, dystocia, Elephas maximus, fetotomy, retained fetus

一隻亞洲象進行延遲產後碎胎術

翻譯：連振曄

Willem Schaftenaar, D.V.M.

摘要：一隻37歲的亞洲象，在懷孕640天後開始分娩，但是胎兒並未進入產道。雖然經過獸醫介入處理，但是胎兒並未產出。13個月之後，足月且已經死亡的小象進入產道，並卡在陰道。以xylazine進行鎮靜，讓動物保持站立，在母畜進行陰道前庭切開術，以進行死胎碎胎，死胎呈現雙側腕關節攣縮。陰道根部前庭嚴重感染，使傷口癒合狀況變得複雜。接下來一年進行了兩次矯正手術，在第二次清創後3個月，才解決廔管的問題。這隻大象不僅存活了下來，而且經由血液黃體素濃度監測，證明了重新開始有了正常的發情週期。

關鍵字：關節攣縮、亞洲象、難產、亞洲象學名、碎胎術、胎兒滯留

Pages 136-143

ELEPHANT ENDOTHELIOTROPIC HERPESVIRUS 5, A NEWLY RECOGNIZED ELEPHANT HERPESVIRUS ASSOCIATED WITH CLINICAL AND SUBCLINICAL INFECTIONS IN CAPTIVE ASIAN ELEPHANTS (ELEPHAS MAXIMUS)

Lisa Atkins, B.S.,Jian-Chao Zong, Ph.D.,Jie Tan, B.S.,Alicia Mejia, B.S.,Sarah Y. Heaggans, B.S.,Sally A. Nofs, D.V.M.,Jeffrey J. Stanton, D.V.M.,Joseph P. Flanagan, D.V.M.,Lauren Howard, D.V.M.,Erin Latimer, M.S.,Martina R. Stevens, B.S.,Daryl S. Hoffman, B.S.,Gary S. Hayward, Ph.D., and Paul D. Ling, Ph.D.

Abstract: 

Elephant endotheliotropic herpesviruses (EEHVs) can cause acute hemorrhagic disease with high mortality rates in Asian elephants (Elephas maximus). Recently, a new EEHV type known as EEHV5 has been described, but its prevalence and clinical significance remain unknown. In this report, an outbreak of EEHV5 infection in a herd of captive Asian elephants in a zoo was characterized. In February 2011, a 42-yr-old wild-born female Asian elephant presented with bilaterally swollen temporal glands, oral mucosal hyperemia, vesicles on the tongue, and generalized lethargy. The elephant had a leukopenia and thrombocytopenia. She was treated with flunixin meglumine, famciclovir, and fluids. Clinical signs of illness resolved gradually over 2 wk, and the white blood cell count and platelets rebounded to higher-than-normal values. EEHV5 viremia was detectable starting 1 wk before presentation and peaked at the onset of clinical illness. EEHV5 shedding in trunk secretions peaked after viremia resolved and continued for more than 2 mo. EEHV5 trunk shedding from a female herd mate without any detectable viremia was detected prior to onset of clinical disease in the 42-yr-old elephant, indicating reactivation rather than primary infection in this elephant. Subsequent EEHV5 viremia and trunk shedding was documented in the other five elephants in the herd, who remained asymptomatic, except for 1 day of temporal gland swelling in an otherwise-healthy 1-yr-old calf. Unexpectedly, the two elephants most recently introduced into the herd 40 mo previously shed a distinctive EEHV5 strain from that seen in the other five elephants. This is the first report to document the kinetics of EEHV5 infection in captive Asian elephants and to provide evidence that this virus can cause illness in some animals.

Keywords: Asian elephant, Elephas maximus, elephant endotheliotropic herpesviruses, Proboscivirus, real-time PCR, viremia

象親內皮性疱疹病毒第5型，一種新近鑑別出的象親內皮性疱疹病毒在圈養亞洲象相關的臨床及無臨床症狀的感染

翻譯：連振曄

Lisa Atkins, B.S.,Jian-Chao Zong, Ph.D.,Jie Tan, B.S.,Alicia Mejia, B.S.,Sarah Y. Heaggans, B.S.,Sally A. Nofs, D.V.M.,Jeffrey J. Stanton, D.V.M.,Joseph P. Flanagan, D.V.M.,Lauren Howard, D.V.M.,Erin Latimer, M.S.,Martina R. Stevens, B.S.,Daryl S. Hoffman, B.S.,Gary S. Hayward, Ph.D., and Paul D. Ling, Ph.D.

摘要：在亞洲象，象親內皮性疱疹病毒(EEHV)可以造成急性出血的疾病，死亡率很高。最近一種新的EEHV-EEHV5被發現，但是盛行率及臨床特徵仍未知。本篇報告中，描述一群在動物園中飼養的亞洲象，發生EEHV5感染的特性。在2011年2月一隻42歲，野外出生的雌性亞洲象，出現雙側顳腺腫大、口腔黏膜充血、舌頭出現囊泡及嗜睡的症狀。這隻象出現白血球及血小板減少的現象。使用flunixin meglumine(NSAID消炎止痛藥)、famciclovir(至疱疹病毒藥物)及輸液來治療這母象。生病的症狀在兩周內逐漸消退，白細胞計數和血小板反彈至高於正常值。EEHV5病毒血症在臨床症狀前1周已經可以發現，最高值則出現在臨床症狀出現時。象鼻分泌物中EEHV5病毒排出持續到病毒血症恢復後超過2個月。在這頭42歲母象發病前，這群大象並未監測到象鼻排毒及病毒血症，這表示這頭大象發病不是原發性的感染。隨後在同一群的另外5隻大象病毒血症及象鼻排毒有被記錄到，但都沒有臨床症狀，除了1隻一歲大的小象有出現1天的顳腺腫大。出乎意料的有兩頭40個月前才引進這群體的大象，排出不同於其他5隻大象的EEHV5病毒。本篇報告是第一篇記錄EEHV5感染圈飼亞洲象的動力學，並且提供這種病毒可以造成某些動物生病的證據。

關鍵字：亞洲象、亞洲象學名、象親內皮性泡疹病毒、長鼻動物病毒屬、即時聚合酶鏈結反應、病毒血症

Pages 144-151

DIAGNOSIS AND TREATMENT OF A PHARYNGEAL SQUAMOUS CELL CARCINOMA IN A MADAGASCAR GROUND BOA (BOA MADAGASCARIENSIS)

James C. Steeil, D.V.M.,Juergen Schumacher, Dr. med. vet., Dipl. A.C.Z.M., Dipl. E.C.Z.M. (Herpetology), Silke Hecht, Dr. med. vet., Dipl. A.C.V.R., Katherine Baine, D.V.M.,Edward C. Ramsay, D.V.M., Dipl. A.C.Z.M., Sylvia Ferguson, D.V.M.,Debra Miller, D.V.M., Ph.D., and Nathan D. Lee, D.V.M., Dipl. A.C.V.R.

Abstract: 

A 15-yr-old female Madagascar ground boa (Boa madagascariensis) presented with a history of anorexia, wheezing, and occasional open-mouth breathing. On oral examination, a firm, caseous mass was noted in the right caudoventral pharyngeal region, which was confirmed as a carcinoma on incisional biopsy. Advanced imaging (computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging) was performed to evaluate local tumor invasion and to plan for palliative radiation therapy. However, following the second treatment (10 Gy), the mass had increased in size, and the snake was euthanatized. Radiation-associated vasculitis was noted within the soft tissues surrounding the mass and within muscles and the lung, which was verified on histopathology. The squamous cell carcinoma of the snake in this report was resistant to palliative radiation therapy.

Keywords: Boa madagascariensis, Madagascar ground boa, magnetic resonance imaging, neoplasia, palliative radiation, squamous cell carcinoma

一隻馬達加斯加蟒蛇咽部惡性扁皮上皮細胞瘤的診斷和治療

James C. Steeil, D.V.M.,Juergen Schumacher, Dr. med. vet., Dipl. A.C.Z.M., Dipl. E.C.Z.M. (Herpetology), Silke Hecht, Dr. med. vet., Dipl. A.C.V.R., Katherine Baine, D.V.M.,Edward C. Ramsay, D.V.M., Dipl. A.C.Z.M., Sylvia Ferguson, D.V.M.,Debra Miller, D.V.M., Ph.D., and Nathan D. Lee, D.V.M., Dipl. A.C.V.R.

翻譯：劉人碩

摘要：一隻15歲的雌性馬達加斯加蟒蛇有食慾不振、呼吸急促和偶發的開口呼吸病史。在口腔檢查中，在右側咽部處發現一個堅實的乾酪樣團塊，經生檢結果被確診為腫瘤。進行較高級影像檢查（斷層掃描和核磁共振成像）評估局部腫瘤侵犯性，以計畫放射治療的實施。然而，在第二次治療（10Gy）之後，腫瘤大小增加，最後決定將蛇安樂死。透過組織病理學結果發現，在組織周圍的軟組織、肌肉和肺，觀察到和輻射相關的血管炎。本報告中蛇形鱗狀細胞癌對放射治療具抵抗型。

關鍵字：馬達加斯加蟒蛇學名、馬達加斯加地面蟒蛇、核磁共振成像、腫瘤、安寧雷射、扁平上皮細胞癌

Pages 152-155

SEROLOGIC SURVEY OF INFECTIOUS DISEASES IN POPULATIONS OF MANED WOLF (CHRYSOCYON BRACHYURUS) AND CRAB-EATING FOX (CERDOCYON THOUS) FROM ÁGUAS EMENDADAS ECOLOGICAL STATION, BRAZIL

Laila M. Proença, D.V.M., M.Sc., Ph.D., Jean C. R. Silva, D.V.M., Ph.D., Paula D. Galera, D.V.M., Ph.D., Marília B. Lion, B.Sc., M.Sc., Jader S. Marinho-Filho, B.Sc., Ph.D., Alessandra Mara Alves Ragozo, D.V.M., Ph.D., Solange Maria Gennari, D.V.M., Ph.D., J. P. Dubey, D.V.M., Ph.D., Silvio Arruda Vasconcellos, D.V.M., Ph.D., Gisele Oliveira Souza, José Wilton Pinheiro Júnior, D.V.M., Ph.D., Vânia Lúcia de Assis Santana, D.V.M., Ph.D., Gilvan L. França, and Flávio H. G. Rodrigues, B.Sc., Ph.D.

Abstract: 

Domestic dogs are reservoirs for many infectious diseases and may represent a potential source of infection for wild canid populations. A serologic investigation of antibodies to Toxoplasma gondii, Neospora caninum, Brucella abortus, and Leptospira spp. was conducted on three maned wolves (Chrysocyon brachyurus) and seven crab-eating foxes (Cerdocyon thous), all free-living, at the Águas Emendadas Ecological Station (ESECAE), Federal District, Brazil, between February and October 2006. Out of the 10 samples analyzed, eight (80%) were seropositive for T. gondii: 3/3 (100%) of the maned wolves and 5/7 (71.4%) of the crab-eating foxes. None of the animals presented anti–N. caninum, B. abortus, and Leptospira spp. antibodies. This study demonstrated that the wild canid populations at ESECAE presented high exposure to T. gondii and indicated that there is high environmental contamination at the Station, which can be attributed to its proximity to urban zones, the presence of domestic cats in the study area, or the existence of other wild infected felines.

Keywords: Cerdocyon thous, Chrysocyon brachyurus, crab-eating fox, infectious diseases, maned wolf, serologic survey

巴西ÁGUAS EMENDADAS生態站鬃狼以及食蟹狐族群傳染病血清學調查

翻譯：賴燕雪

Laila M. Proença, D.V.M., M.Sc., Ph.D., Jean C. R. Silva, D.V.M., Ph.D., Paula D. Galera, D.V.M., Ph.D., Marília B. Lion, B.Sc., M.Sc., Jader S. Marinho-Filho, B.Sc., Ph.D., Alessandra Mara Alves Ragozo, D.V.M., Ph.D., Solange Maria Gennari, D.V.M., Ph.D., J. P. Dubey, D.V.M., Ph.D., Silvio Arruda Vasconcellos, D.V.M., Ph.D., Gisele Oliveira Souza, José Wilton Pinheiro Júnior, D.V.M., Ph.D., Vânia Lúcia de Assis Santana, D.V.M., Ph.D., Gilvan L. França, and Flávio H. G. Rodrigues, B.Sc., Ph.D.

摘要：狗是許多傳染病的保毒者，且可能是野生犬科族群感染的來源。在2006年2-10月，在巴西聯邦區 Águas Emendadas Ecological Station (ESECAE)進行野生的3隻鬃狼以及7隻食蟹狐血清學調查弓蟲、犬心包蟲、流產布氏桿菌以及鉤端螺旋體抗體。10個檢體分析，8個(80%)對弓蟲血清陽性：3/3 (100%) 鬃狼以及 5/7 (71.4%)食蟹狐。沒有動物對犬心包蟲、流產布氏桿菌以及鉤端螺旋體有抗體。此研究顯示ESECAE野生犬科族群對弓蟲有高度的暴露，也指出在生態站裡的環境汙染高，可能是由附近市郊研究範圍的家貓或其他感染野生貓科造成的。

關鍵字：食蟹狐學名、鬃狼學名、食蟹狐、傳染病、鬃狼、血清學調查

Pages 156-158

BACTERIAL INFECTION IN AN IRRAWADDY DOLPHIN (ORCAELLA BREVIROSTRIS)

Jin Hai Yu, M.V.M. and Zhao Fei Xia, D.V.M.

Abstract: 

One pregnant captive Irrawaddy dolphin (Orcaella brevirostris), with a body length of 225 cm, was found dead on 8 June 2009. The dolphin was anorexic and circling at the bottom of the pool before death. Laboratory tests revealed an increased leukocyte count and decreased platelet count; increased erythrocyte sedimentation rate; and slightly decreased red blood cell count, hemoglobin, and hematocrit. Alkaline phosphatase, creatinine, and glucose were significantly decreased. Moreover, uric acid and alanine aminotransferase and aspartate aminotransferase levels were elevated. A 57-cm fetus was recovered. The respiratory system, intestinal mucosa, mesentery and mesenteric lymph nodes, and spleen were congested and hemorrhagic. The heart, liver, and kidney appeared normal. Klebsiella spp. and Staphylococcus aureus were identified in the amniotic fluid. This is the first case report of bacterial infection in an Irrawaddy dolphin.

Keywords: Orcaella brevirostris, bacteria infection, amniotic fluid, culture, necropsy

一隻短吻海豚之細菌感染病例

翻譯：陳亭余

Jin Hai Yu, M.V.M. and Zhao Fei Xia, D.V.M.

摘要：於2009年6月8日有一隻圈養的，身長225公分的懷孕短吻海豚被發現死亡。死前海豚在游泳池的底部盤旋，有厭食症狀。實驗室檢查顯示白血球總數增加，血小板減少，紅血球沉降率增加，但紅血球計數﹑血紅素和血容比略有下降。此外，鹼性磷酸酶、肌酸酐、和葡萄糖顯著減少。進而，尿酸和丙氨酸氨基轉移酶和天冬氨酸氨基轉移酶上升。一隻57公分的胎兒被發現。其呼吸系統、腸粘膜、腸系膜和腸系膜淋巴結與脾臟都出現充出血。心臟、肝臟和腎臟則呈現正常。在羊水中鑑定出克雷伯斯菌屬菌與金黃色葡萄球菌。本報告為第一個短吻海豚細菌性感染的病例。

關鍵字：短吻海豚學名、細菌感染、羊水、培養、屍解

Pages 159-162

OCULAR LESIONS ASSOCIATED WITH CHLAMYDIA SUIS IN A WILD BOAR PIGLET (SUS SCROFA) FROM A SEMI-FREE RANGE POPULATION IN SPAIN

David Risco, D.V.M., Alfredo García, Ph.D., Pedro Fernández-Llario, Ph.D., Waldo L. García, D.V.M., José M. Benítez, D.V.M., Pilar Gonçalves, D.V.M., Jesús M. Cuesta, D.V.M., Luis Gómez, Ph.D., Joaquín Rey, Ph.D., and Javier Hermoso de Mendoza, Ph.D.

Abstract: 

The role of the wild boar (Sus scrofa) as a reservoir for a large number of pathogens that can affect both domestic animals and humans has been widely studied in the last few years. However, the impact of some of these pathogens on the health of wild boar populations is still being determined. This article presents a clinical case of severe bilateral keratoconjunctivitis affecting a 2-mo-old piglet from a semi–free range population in Spain. Histopathologic and microbiologic analysis revealed lesions in the cornea, choroid, and optical nerve, and Chlamydia suis was detected in the eyes bilaterally. The visual handicap resulting from this type of lesion greatly affects the survival of this affected piglet.

Keywords: Chlamydia suis, eye, keratoconjunctivitis, Sus scrofa, wild boar

在西班牙半野放的野豬族群小豬眼病變與衣原體相關性

翻譯：黃珮筠

David Risco, D.V.M., Alfredo García, Ph.D., Pedro Fernández-Llario, Ph.D., Waldo L. García, D.V.M., José M. Benítez, D.V.M., Pilar Gonçalves, D.V.M., Jesús M. Cuesta, D.V.M., Luis Gómez, Ph.D., Joaquín Rey, Ph.D., and Javier Hermoso de Mendoza, Ph.D.

摘要：在過去幾年中，野豬扮演許多病原體的保毒者角色，能夠影響家畜和人，已經在過去幾年被廣泛的研究。然而，這些病原體對野豬種群健康的影響，仍在研究中。本研究描述了在西班牙一隻半野放， 2個月大的仔豬，嚴重的雙側角膜結膜炎病例。組織病理學和微生物學分析顯示，在角膜、脈絡膜和視神經皆有病變，並且衣原體在雙側眼中皆可檢測到。而此類型的損傷導致的視覺障礙，嚴重影響該仔豬的存活。

關鍵字：衣原體學名、眼、角膜結膜炎、野豬學名、野豬

Pages 163-166

TRAUMATIC GASTROPERITONITIS (HARDWARE DISEASE) IN AN ALPACA (VICUGNA PACOS)

Jessie Ziegler, D.V.M., Steven Parish, D.V.M., Dipl. A.C.V.I.M.,, Kevin Snekvik, D.V.M., Dipl. A.C.V.P., Ph.D., and George Barrington, D.V.M., Dipl. A.C.V.I.M., Ph.D.

Abstract: 

A 5-yr-old, intact male Suri alpaca (Vicugna pacos) presented with acute onset of anorexia, depression, and reluctance to stand. Exploratory laparotomy revealed diffuse peritonitis resulting from penetration of a 5-cm wire through the second gastric compartment (C2). Due to the severity of the alpaca's condition and its deteriorating nature, euthanasia at the time of surgery was elected. This is the first published case of a condition commonly observed in cattle (traumatic gastroperitonitis, “Hardware disease”) to be reported in an alpaca.

Keywords: Alpaca, hardware disease, traumatic gastroperitonitis, Vicugna pacos

一隻羊駝的創傷性胃腹膜炎（硬件病）

翻譯：郭俊成

Jessie Ziegler, D.V.M., Steven Parish, D.V.M., Dipl. A.C.V.I.M.,, Kevin Snekvik, D.V.M., Dipl. A.C.V.P., Ph.D., and George Barrington, D.V.M., Dipl. A.C.V.I.M., Ph.D.

摘要：一隻五歲雄性的蘇利羊駝出現急性厭食、精神沈鬱及拒絕站立的症狀。剖腹探查發現，有源自第二胃一根5公分的鐵線穿刺，引起的瀰漫性腹膜炎。由於這隻羊駝嚴重的病徵及惡化的情況，在手術同時動物也進行了人道處理。這是在牛常見（創傷性胃腹膜炎、硬件病），但首次發生在羊駝的報告。

關鍵字：羊駝、硬件病、創傷性胃腹膜炎、羊駝學名

Pages 167-168

MYCOBACTERIUM KANSASII ISOLATION FROM CAPTIVE SOUTH AMERICAN COATI (NASUA NASUA)

Vivianne Cambuí M. Rocha, D.V.M., M.Sc., Sandra H. Ramiro Corrêa, D.V.M., Ph.D., Ariela P. Setzer, D.V.M., M.Sc., José L. Catão-Dias, D.V.M., Ph.D., Maria Christina C. Ramos, D.V.M., Ph.D., Wagner Fiori, D.V.M., M.Sc., Cássia Y. Ikuta, D.V.M., M.Sc., and José S. Ferreira Neto, D.V.M., Ph.D.

Abstract: 

Three of six captive South American coatis (Nasua nasua) presented with respiratory distress and died despite treatment. Postmortem examination performed on two of these animals revealed granulomatous pleuropneumonia associated with acid-fast bacilli. Because of the possible diagnosis of mycobacterial infection, the three remaining asymptomatic coatis were anesthetized. Tracheal washes were sampled and submitted for microbiology, and the animals were euthanatized and postmortem examinations performed. One of these asymptomatic adult males had whitish granulomas in multiple organs and tissues. Additionally, the isolate from this male's tracheal wash was identified as Mycobacterium kansasii by molecular analysis. To the authors' knowledge, this is the first report of M. kansasii infection in Nasua nasua.

Keywords: Coati, mycobacteriosis, Mycobacterium kansasii, Nasua nasua, polymerase chain reaction restriction fragment analysis

從圈養的長鼻浣熊分離到的堪薩斯分枝桿菌

翻譯：羅婉瑄

Vivianne Cambuí M. Rocha, D.V.M., M.Sc., Sandra H. Ramiro Corrêa, D.V.M., Ph.D., Ariela P. Setzer, D.V.M., M.Sc., José L. Catão-Dias, D.V.M., Ph.D., Maria Christina C. Ramos, D.V.M., Ph.D., Wagner Fiori, D.V.M., M.Sc., Cássia Y. Ikuta, D.V.M., M.Sc., and José S. Ferreira Neto, D.V.M., Ph.D.

摘要：6隻人工飼養的南美長鼻浣熊，其中三隻有呼吸窘迫的症狀，治療後仍死亡。其中兩隻動物進行剖檢，發現有與抗酸菌相關的肉芽腫性胸膜肺炎。由於可能是分枝桿菌感染，麻醉另外三種無症狀的浣熊。氣管灌洗後進行採樣並送微生物學檢驗，隨後動物被安樂死，並進行死後檢查。這些沒有臨床症狀的成年雄性浣熊中的一隻個體，有多個器官和組織中有白色肉芽腫的特徵。此外，該雄性個體的氣管灌洗物，透過分子分析，鑑定為堪薩斯分枝桿菌感染。 就筆者知識所及，這是長鼻浣熊中堪薩斯分枝桿菌感染第一例。

關鍵字：長鼻浣熊、分枝桿菌症、堪薩斯分枝桿菌、長鼻浣熊學名、聚合酶鏈結反應限制性片段長度多態性分析

Pages 169-172

CHLAMYDOPHILA PSITTACI INFECTIONS IN HYACINTH MACAWS (ANODORHYNCHUS HYACINTHINUS) CONFISCATED IN BRAZIL

Tânia Freitas Raso, D.V.M., Ph.D., Rodrigo Hidalgo Friciello Teixeira, D.V.M., M.S., Adriano Oliveira Torres Carrasco, D.V.M., Ph.D., João Pessoa Araújo Júnior, D.V.M., Ph.D., and Aramis Augusto Pinto, D.V.M., Ph.D.

Abstract: 

The hyacinth macaw (Anodorhynchus hyacinthinus) is the largest species of psittacine birds. It is considered endangered and illegal trade is one of the main factors involved in its decline. In this study, 26 hyacinth macaws maintained under poor husbandry conditions and destined for the illegal trade were confiscated in São Paulo State, Brazil. These birds were evaluated for the presence of antibodies against Chlamydophila psittaci by complement fixation test and C. psittaci DNA by seminested polymerase chain reaction. Results showed that 65.4% of the macaws were positive for at least one test. Birds with subclinical infections can shed chlamydiae intermittently over long periods, contributing to the dissemination of the agent. Global trade is one of the most important drivers of disease emergence. The high percentage of positive samples in this study emphasizes the potential risk that the illegal trade of wild birds represents for both human and animal health.

Keywords: Anodorhynchus hyacinthinus, chlamydiosis, Chlamydophila psittaci, hyacinth macaw, illegal trade

巴西走私查緝的紫藍金剛鸚鵡的鸚鵡熱披衣菌感染

翻譯：羅婉瑄

Tânia Freitas Raso, D.V.M., Ph.D., Rodrigo Hidalgo Friciello Teixeira, D.V.M., M.S., Adriano Oliveira Torres Carrasco, D.V.M., Ph.D., João Pessoa Araújo Júnior, D.V.M., Ph.D., and Aramis Augusto Pinto, D.V.M., Ph.D.

摘要：紫藍金剛鸚鵡是鸚鵡最大的種類。非法貿易是導致瀕臨滅絕的主要因素之一。 在這項研究中，在巴西聖保羅州沒收的26隻，非法貿易且飼養狀況不佳的紫藍金剛鸚鵡。通過補體固定測試，檢驗測是否有對披衣菌的抗體存在，並用半巢式聚合酶鏈結反應，檢測是否有鸚鵡熱披衣菌的DNA。結果顯示，紫藍金剛鸚鵡有65.4％至少有一項測試呈現為陽性。未呈現臨床症狀的鳥，可長期間歇地散佈披衣菌，導致此疾病的傳播。而全球貿易是造成疾病爆發的最重要的原因之一。本研究中陽性樣本比例偏高，顯示野生鳥類非法貿易，對人類和動物健康的潛在風險。

關鍵字：紫藍金剛鸚鵡學名、披衣菌、鸚鵡熱披衣菌學名、紫藍金剛鸚鵡、非法貿易

Pages 173-175

ESCHERICHIA COLI–PRODUCING EXTENDED-SPECTRUM BETA-LACTAMASE CTX-M-15 IN A CAPTIVE SOUTH AMERICAN TAPIR (TAPIRUS TERRESTRIS)

Jiri Klimes, D.V.M., Ph.D., Marketa Machalkova, D.V.M., Monika Dolejska, M.S., Ph.D., Alois Cizek, D.V.M., Ph.D., Dagmar Janoszowska, M. S., Pavel Alexa, D.V.M., Ph.D., Katerina Albrechtova, D.V.M., Jiri Vojtech, and Ivan Literak, D.V.M., Ph.D.

Abstract: 

Only a few reports exist on the occurrence of resistant bacteria in zoo animals. Therefore, an isolation of multiresistant Escherichia coli from the lungs of a captive South American tapir (Tapirus terrestris) lead to its characterization and further investigation of samples from animals inhabiting the same paddock and from the shared environment. The tapir suffered from an intermandibular abscess and pneumonia and was euthanatized after unsuccessful therapy, including administration of antibiotics. The authors performed selective isolation of extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL)–positive E. coli strains and identification of resistance genes using polymerase chain reaction. Seven multiresistant, ESBL-producing E. coli isolates were obtained, all belonging to the B2 phylogenetic group and showing identical profile on pulsed-field gel electrophoresis. These isolates carried several resistance genes, including the gene blaCTX-M-15. This case demonstrates the transmission of related epidemiologically important E. coli isolates whose potential transmission to other animals and zoo staff can be assumed.

Keywords: Antibiotic resistance, Escherichia coli, extended-spectrum beta-lactamase, South American tapir, Tapirus terrestris

在圈養下的南美貘具傳播廣效性Beta-內硫酸分解酵素CTX-M-15的大腸桿菌

翻譯：羅婉瑄

J iri Klimes, D.V.M., Ph.D., Marketa Machalkova, D.V.M., Monika Dolejska, M.S., Ph.D., Alois Cizek, D.V.M., Ph.D., Dagmar Janoszowska, M. S., Pavel Alexa, D.V.M., Ph.D., Katerina Albrechtova, D.V.M., Jiri Vojtech, and Ivan Literak, D.V.M., Ph.D.

摘要：關於動物園動物中有關抗藥性細菌的發生，只有少數報告。在南美貘的肺部，分離到具多種抗藥性的大腸桿菌，因此進一步去調查同一場域，共同飼養的動物。該動物患有頜下膿瘍和肺炎，經使用抗生素等方式治療後沒成功，進行安樂死。作者以選擇性培養分離出擴展型β-內酰胺分解酶（ESBL）陽性的大腸桿菌菌株，並使用聚合酶鏈結反應對抗藥性基因鑑定。分離出7種多重抗藥性的ESBL大腸桿菌分離株，均屬於B2系統演化群，並且凝膠電泳上顯示出相同的特徵。這些分離株攜帶了幾種抗藥性基因，包括基因blaCTX-M-15。這可以顯示大腸桿菌分離物在流行病學中的風險，推論在其他動物和動物園工作人員是潛在的傳播者。

關鍵字：抗生素抗藥性、大腸桿菌、擴展型β-內酰胺酶、南美貘、南美貘學名

Pages 176-180

DETECTION OF MYCOBACTERIUM AVIUM SUBSPECIES PARATUBERCULOSIS BY IS900-BASED PCR ASSAYS FROM AN ALPACA (VICUGNA PACOS) KEPT IN A GERMAN ZOOLOGICAL GARDEN

Pia Münster, Dipl. Agr. Biol., Inger Völkel, Dr. med. vet., Aloys von Buchholz, Dr. med. vet., Claus-Peter Czerny, Prof. Dr. med. vet.

Abstract:

An alpaca (Vicugna pacos) bred and kept in a German zoological garden exhibited clinical signs consistent with paratuberculosis. The presence of Mycobacterium avium ssp. paratuberculosis (MAP) was confirmed in feces and in the ileocecal lymph node (ILN) by IS900-based polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assays and culture. A bacterial burden of 7.6 × 106 MAP/g in feces and 4.4 × 107 MAP/g in lymph node tissue was determined by real-time PCR. For further characterization, a conventional PCR was developed. After sequencing of the 864-bp PCR amplicon covering nucleotide positions 13 to 876 within the IS900, the alpaca isolate shared 100% nucleotide homology with the bovine MAP-K10 IS900 reference sequence (GenBank: AE16958), indicating a cattle strain. This report supports the present occurrence of MAP in German camelid populations and highlights the need to expand routine MAP surveillance to South American camelids held in European zoos.

Keywords: Alpaca, Johne's disease, Vicugna pacos, Mycobacterium avium ssp. paratuberculosis, zoological garden

一隻飼養在德國動物園中的羊駝以IS900-BASED聚合酶鏈結反應偵測鳥分枝桿菌副結核亞種菌

翻譯：郭俊成

Pia Münster, Dipl. Agr. Biol., Inger Völkel, Dr. med. vet., Aloys von Buchholz, Dr. med. vet., Claus-Peter Czerny, Prof. Dr. med. vet.

摘要：一隻圈養在一個德國動物園的羊駝，持續出現副結合病的臨床症狀。從糞便及迴盲淋巴結採樣後，透過IS900-based聚合酶鏈結反應分析及培養後，確診為鳥分枝桿菌副結核亞種。利用即時聚合酶鏈結反應技術，確定在糞便中的負荷菌量是7.6 × 106 MAP/g，在淋巴結組織是4.4 × 107 MAP/g。為了進一步的定性，一個常規的聚合酶鏈結反應技術也被發展採用。經過定序864鹼基的聚合酶連鎖反應分析，在IS900內序列涵蓋了13到876的擴增子，這隻羊駝分離出與牛型MAP-K10 IS900參考序列（GenBank: AE16958）的核酸100%同型性，證實為牛型菌株。這篇報告支持了在德國駱駝科動物族群，存在鳥分枝桿菌副結核亞種菌的情形，也凸顯在歐洲動物園應該擴大例行性檢查中南美駱駝科動物中，鳥分枝桿菌副結核亞種菌的需求。

關鍵字：羊駝、約尼氏病、羊駝學名、鳥型分枝桿菌、副結核病、動物公園

Pages 181-185

SUCCESSFUL MANAGEMENT OF ACUTE-ONSET TORTICOLLIS IN A GIRAFFE (GIRAFFA CAMELOPARDALIS RETICULATA)

Liza I. Dadone, V.M.D., Kevin K. Haussler, D.V.M., D.C., Ph.D., Dipl. A.C.V.S.M.R., Greg Brown, D.V.M., Melanie Marsden, D.V.M., James Gaynor, D.V.M., Dipl. A.C.V.A., Dipl. A.A.P.M, Matthew S. Johnston, V.M.D., Dipl. A.B.V.P. (Avian), DellaGarelle, D.V.M.

Abstract:

A 2-yr-old male reticulated giraffe (Giraffa camelopardalis reticulata) presented with severe midcervical segmental torticollis upon arrival as an incoming shipment. Despite initial medical management, the giraffe developed marked neck sensitivit