CARCINOMA OVARICO BRCA MUTATO - AIOM · High-Grade Ovarian Carcinoma (ARIEL2 Part 1): Swisher EM,...

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Laura Cortesi SS Genetica Oncologica Dipartimento di Oncologia ed Ematologia Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria Policlinico di Modena CARCINOMA OVARICO BRCA MUTATO Le raccomandazioni 2019 AIOM-SIGU-SIBIOP-SIAPEC-IAP

Transcript of CARCINOMA OVARICO BRCA MUTATO - AIOM · High-Grade Ovarian Carcinoma (ARIEL2 Part 1): Swisher EM,...

Page 1: CARCINOMA OVARICO BRCA MUTATO - AIOM · High-Grade Ovarian Carcinoma (ARIEL2 Part 1): Swisher EM, et al. Lancet Oncol. 2017;18(1):75-87. An International, Multicenter, Open-Label,

Laura Cortesi

SS Genetica Oncologica

Dipartimento di Oncologia ed Ematologia

Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria Policlinico di Modena

CARCINOMA OVARICO BRCA MUTATO Le raccomandazioni 2019

AIOM-SIGU-SIBIOP-SIAPEC-IAP

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5200 new cases in 2018 in Italy

3186 deaths in 2015

78 % III - IV stage

I Numeri del Cancro in Italia, 2018

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High-grade serous

Mucinous

Clear cell

TP53/Rb pathway Chromosomal

instability

63%

5%

12%

15% 5%

KRAS mutations

TP53/Rb pathway

Chromosomal instability

PTEN, ARID1A,

PI3KA

KRAS, PTEN mutations

Romero I et al. Endocrinology 2012; 153: 1593-1602

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Homologous Recombination (HR) Deficiency in High Grade Ovarian Cancer

BRCA1 Germline

8%

BRCA2 Germline

6%

BRCA1 Somatic

3%BRCA2

Somatic3%

BRCA1 Methylation

11%

EMSY Amplification

6%PTEN Loss

5%Other HRD7%

CCNE1 Amplification

15%

MMR Germline

2%

Other 34%

HR deficiency No HR deficiency

Levine, D. The Cancer Genome Atlas, Molecular profiling of serous ovarian cancer. 2011.

BRCA Mutation 31%

(14%germline)

Others HR deficiency

18%

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Germline BRCA test

Alsop K, et al. J Clin Oncol 2012; 30: 2654–63

BRCA mutation frequency in 1001 patients with non mucinous ovarian cancer

14.1% of the overall population 6.3% of clear cell subtype 8.4% of endometrioid subtype 16.6% of serous histotype 17.1% of high grade serous subtype

Germline BRCA mutation detected in:

15.6% <40 yrs old 24.2% 41-50 yrs old 17.1% 51-60 yrs old 8.3% >60 yrs old

44% with no family history of both ovarian and breast cancer

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BRCA mutation testing: why are patients with ovarian cancer being tested for BRCA?

Risk assessment

Prognostic factor

Treatment decisions

Important prognostic factor, other than stage

and extent of surgical debulking

Estimate PFS and OS according to BRCA

status

Identification of patients more sensitive to

subsequent chemotherapy-based treatments

or suitable for targeted therapies (PARPi)

Identification of BRCA mutation carriers to

take preventive action (for them or their

relatives)

9

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Bolton, JAMA 2012

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BRCA2

RAD51

DNA damaging RAD51 forms nucleoprotein filaments

WRN BRIP1

RAD51

RAD51

BLM

BRCA1

ATM is a DNA damaging “sensor”that promote apoptosis by CHK2-TP53 and activates BRCA1 that blocks the transcription by cell cycle arrest at the G1/S, S and G2/M checkpoints and by ubiquitination of FANCD2

otherwise induces the DSB repair by chromatin remodelling

CHK2

ATM ATR

Modified by Cortesi L., Curr Cancer Drug Targets 2018

A

L

F

C

E

G

D2 Ub B

M

I

TP53

CHK1

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Chemosensitivity/resistance

Tassone P. et al.; 2003:88; 1285-1291

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Alsop K, JCO 2012

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Phase II trial of trabectedin in BRCA-mutated and/or BRCAness phenotype recurrent ovarian cancer patients:

the MITO 15 trial

PFS:

OS:

BRCA

Non BRCA

BRCA

Non BRCA

Lorusso D., Ann of Oncol 2016

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Kaye SB, et al. J Clin Oncol 2012

BRCA status and response to chemotherapy

• 42% platinum resistant; 58% partially platinum

sensitive

Monk , et al. Ann Oncol 2015

• OVA-301 phase III study in recurrent ovarian cancer • PLD +/- trabectedin

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Toss and Cortesi. J Canc Sci Therapy 2013; Cortesi L et al. Curr Cancer Drug Targets 2018; Murai J et al. Cancer Res. 2012 ; Livraghi and Garber, BMC Medicine 2015

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Study 19: Phase II trial design, endpoints and

BRCA testing

N=265

• ‘Platinum-sensitive’

recurrent high-grade

serous ovarian cancer

• ≥2 prior regimens of

platinum-based

chemotherapy

• Complete or partial

response to most

recent platinum-based

regimen

Olaparib maintenance

monotherapy

(400 mg bid, capsules)

n=136

n=129

Placebo (bid, capsules)

Double-blind

randomization

1:1

Treatment until progression

BRCA testing:

• Previous local germline BRCA testing (case report forms)

• Retrospective germline BRCA testing or tumour BRCA

testing

BRCAm: n=136

BRCAwt:*

n=118

Primary endpoint:

Progression-free survival (PFS)

by RECIST 1.0

Secondary endpoints included:

Overall survival (OS),

safety and tolerability

Exploratory endpoints:

Time to first subsequent therapy

or death (TFST), time to second

subsequent therapy or death (TSST)

*BRCAwt patients did not have a detected BRCAm or had a BRCAm of unknown significance

bid, twice daily; BRCAwt, BRCA1/2 wild type; RECIST, Response Evaluation Criteria in Solid Tumors

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Study 19: PFS in BRCA mutated pts

BRCAm (n=136)

Olaparib Placebo

Events: total pts (%) 26:74 (35.1) 46:62 (74.2)

Median PFS, months 11.2 4.3

HR=0.18 95% CI: 0.11, 0.31; p<0.00001

0

Time from randomisation (months)

0

1.0

Pro

port

ion o

f p

atients

pro

gre

ssio

n-f

ree

3 6 9 12 15

Olaparib BRCAm

0.9

0.8

0.7

0.6

0.5

0.4

0.3

0.2

0.1

Placebo BRCAm

• 82% reduction in risk of disease progression or death with olaparib

Ledermann J et al. Lancet Oncol 2014

“Ad esclusivo uso del personale della Direzione Medica di AstraZeneca-Riservato-Non

promozionale”

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Study 19: Somatic BRCA

• 165 patients with BRCAm status available from germline and tumour

• 18 patients identified with a BRCAm in the tumour in the absence of a mutation

being identified in the germline

• Data appear consistent with the predicted biology, with fewer patients on

the olaparib arm showing progression events or death events at the

respective data cut offs

No evidence of difference in treatment effect from gBRCA

Study 19 PFS and OS events: somatic tumour BRCA population

PFS (DCO 30 June 2010) OS (DCO 26 Nov 2012)

Olaparib

(n=8)

Placebo

(n=10)

Olaparib

(n=8)

Placebo

(n=10)

Events n (%) 3 (38) 6 (60) 4 (50) 6 (60)

Ledermann et al; Lancet Oncol 2014; 15: 852–61

25

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Study 19: PFS In BRCA Wild Type Pts

FDA Approval EMA Approval

*

* Obligation to conduct post-authorisation measures:

Study OPINION only on BRCA wt will be

presented on June 2021

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Germline BRCA mutant

Niraparib

300 mg once daily Placebo

Nongermline BRCA mutant

Niraparib

300 mg once daily Placebo

2:1 Randomization 2:1 Randomization

Niraparib: Phase III ENGOT-OV16/ NOVA Trial Platinum-sensitive recurrent high-grade serous ovarian cancer

Treatment with 4-6 cycles of platinum-based therapy

Response to platinum treatment

Tested at 100 events to achieve P<.05

Treat until progression of disease Treat until progression of disease

Primary endpoint: PFS by central, blinded review

• HRD-positive population

─ Tested at 100 events to achieve P<.05

─ If test was positive, then

• Test overall nongermline BRCA-mutant cohort (P<.05)

Mirza MR, et al. N Engl J Med. 2016;375(22):2154-2164. Mirza MR, et al. Ann Oncol. 2016;27(Suppl 6): Abstract LBA3_PR.

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ENGOT-OV16/ NOVA Niraparib Significantly

Improved PFS for All Patient Populations

Niraparib

Placebo

Non-gBRCAmut HRDpos

HR=0.38, P<0.0001

Median PFS (months)

Niraparib: 12.9

Placebo: 3.8

Non-gBRCAmut Overall

HR=0.45, P<0.0001

Median PFS (months)

Niraparib: 9.3

Placebo: 3.9

gBRCAmut

HR=0.27, P<0.0001

Median PFS (months)

Niraparib: 21.0

Placebo: 5.5

Mirza MR. ESMO 2016

NEJM 2016

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Rucaparib in Relapsed, Platinum-Sensitive

High-Grade Ovarian Carcinoma (ARIEL2 Part 1):

Swisher EM, et al. Lancet Oncol. 2017;18(1):75-87.

An International, Multicenter, Open-Label, Phase II Trial

Monotherapy, measurable disease, and pretreatment

and archival biopsies LOH, loss of heterozygosity; ORR, objective response rate; PK, pharmacokinetics

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ARIEL2 (Part 1): Progression-Free Survival

<.001

Swisher EM, et al. Lancet Oncol. 2017;18(1):75-87.

.01

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ARIEL3: Study Design

*CR (defined by RECIST v1.1) or PR (defined by RECIST v1.1 and/or a GCIG CA-125 response [CA-125 within normal range]) maintained until entry to ARIEL3 (≤8 weeks of

last dose of chemotherapy). †ATM, ATR, ATRX, BARD1, BLM, BRIP1, CHEK1, CHEK2, FANCA, FANCC, FANCD2, FANCE, FANCF, FANCG, FANCI, FANCL, FANCM,

MRE11A, NBN, PALB2, RAD50, RAD51, RAD51B, RAD51C, RAD51D, RAD52, RAD54L, RPA1. HRR, homologous recombination repair; NGS, next-

generation sequencing.

• HRR status by NGS mutation analysis

─ Mutation in BRCA1, BRCA2, or non-BRCA HRR gene†

─ No mutation in BRCA or HRR gene

• Response to recent platinum

─ CR

─ PR

• Progression-free interval after penultimate platinum

─ 6 to <12 months

─ ≥12 months

Patient eligibility Stratification

• High-grade serous or endometrioid epithelial ovarian cancer, primary peritoneal, or fallopian tube cancers

• ≥2 prior lines of platinum-based treatments

• No prior PARP inhibitors

• Sensitive to penultimate platinum

• Responding to most recent platinum (CR or PR)*

─ Excludes patients without assessable disease following surgery before more recent platinum- based therapy

• ECOG PS ≤1

• CA-125 within normal range

• No restriction on size of residual tumor

Placebo BID

n = 189

Rucaparib 600 mg BID

n = 375

Ra

nd

om

isa

tion

2:1

Coleman RL, et al. Lancet. 2017;390(10106):1949-1961.

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ARIEL3: Investigator-Assessed PFS

HRD

Coleman RL, et al. Lancet. 2017;390(10106):1949-1961.

Median, Months 95% CI

Rucaparib 13.6 10.9-16.2

n = 236

Placebo

5.4

5.1-5.6

n = 118

HR, 0.32;

95% CI, 0.24-0.42;

P<.0001

Rucaparib

n = 375

Placebo

n = 189

HR, 0.36;

95% CI, 0.30-0.45;

P<.0001

At risk (events) Rucaparib 130 (0)

Placebo 66 (0)

93 (23) 63 (46)

24 (37) 6 (53)

35 (58)

3 (55)

15 (64)

1 (56)

3 (67) 0 (67)

0 (56)

Rucaparib, 48% censored Placebo, 15% censored

0 (134) 236 (0) 161 (55) 96 (104) 54 (122) 21 (129) 5 (134)

118 (0) 40 (68) 11 (95) 6 (98) 1 (101) 0 (101)

Rucaparib, 43% censored Placebo, 14% censored

375 (0) 228 (111) 128 (186) 65 (217) 26 (226) 5 (234)

189 (0) 63 (114) 13 (160) 7 (164) 2 (167) 1 (167)

0 (234)

0 (167)

Rucaparib, 38% censored Placebo, 12% censored

BRCA mutant Median,

Months 95% CI

Rucaparib

n = 130

Placebo

n = 66

16.6 13.4-22.9

5.4 3.4-6.7

HR, 0.23;

95% CI, 0.16-0.34;

P<.0001

ITT

Median, Months 95% CI

10.8 8.3-11.4

5.4 5.3-5.5

Visit cutoff date: 15 April 2017

FDA Approval

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FDA Approval

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Expert Review of Anticancer Therapy 2019

In Italia

solo

BRCAm

Rucaparib HGSOC with CR or PR to PBC

Regardless BRCA/HRD status

PARP i approved as

treatment Rucaparib HGSOC

gBRCAm/sBRCAm

Platinum Sensitive

Page 28: CARCINOMA OVARICO BRCA MUTATO - AIOM · High-Grade Ovarian Carcinoma (ARIEL2 Part 1): Swisher EM, et al. Lancet Oncol. 2017;18(1):75-87. An International, Multicenter, Open-Label,

Sulla base di queste evidenze, si ribadisce la raccomandazione di proporre l’invio al test BRCA sin dal momento della prima diagnosi di carcinoma epiteliale ovarico non mucinoso e non borderline, di carcinoma delle tube di Falloppio o di carcinoma peritoneale primitivo. La proposta di esecuzione del test BRCA al momento della diagnosi deve avvenire fornendo una adeguata informazione su tutti gli aspetti collegati ai possibili risultati del test e rispettando i tempi decisionali della paziente.

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Percorso pz. Con carcinoma ovarico

Diagnosi definitiva di C.O. non mucinoso e non borderline

SOSPETTO CA OVARICO

COG pretest effettuata da ginecologi chirurghi e oncologi FORMATI e firma CI per tessuto e

sangue

COG post test Comunicazione del risultato: se gBRCA+ avvio COG familiari

Carbo+Taxolo

e Olaparib di mantenimento

4

settimane

Pz.sottoposta a

chirurgia per

sospetto

ca.ovarico:diagno

si estemporanea

Se analisi

somatica +

per LOH

conferma su

sangue

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L’identificazione di variante patogenetica germinale nei geni BRCA in una paziente con carcinoma ovarico permette di intraprendere un percorso di consulenza oncogenetica nei familiari al fine di identificare i portatori ad alto rischio, cui proporre programmi mirati di diagnosi precoce dei tumori associati alle sindromi a trasmissione eredo-familiare BRCA-relate e strategie finalizzate alla riduzione del rischio. La presa in carico delle donne con tumore ovarico BRCA-relato deve prevedere un approccio bio-psicosociale, che tenga conto dell’impatto della diagnosi e dei trattamenti sulla sfera fisica e psico-emotiva di ciascuna donna affetta da tumore ovarico, così come delle implicazioni psicologiche della problematica eredofamiliare e del coinvolgimento dei familiari sani a rischio nel percorso decisionale.

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Il test BRCA su pazienti con carcinoma ovarico può essere effettuato su sangue periferico oppure su tessuto tumorale. Tuttavia, è preferibile effettuare in prima istanza il test su tessuto tumorale, al fine di poter identificare varianti di natura sia germinale che somatica. Per il test somatico, i preparati istologici devono essere rivalutati da un patologo che individuerà le aree più rappresentative della lesione e con maggiore quantità di cellule tumorali. Il test su tessuto presenta ancora delle problematiche tecniche che lo limitano a selezionati laboratori specializzati. I laboratori devono offrire un test validato e i risultati devono essere disponibili in tempi rapidi. Alle pazienti che hanno in prima istanza effettuato il test germinale con esito non informativo (nessuna variante patogenetica identificata) e che sono candidate ad un trattamento con PARP inibitori, va proposto il test somatico

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Nel referto deve essere indicato il significato clinico della variante genetica BRCA identificata e devono essere elencate le informazioni essenziali utilizzate per la classificazione. Recentemente, sono stati sviluppati dal consorzio ENIGMA criteri specifici per l’interpretazione del significato clinico (accertamento di rischio ereditario) delle varianti costituzionali dei geni BRCA.

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Si richiede ai medici prescrittori del test BRCA di utilizzare

un adeguato protocollo di comunicazione e raccolta

del consenso scritto, attraverso la definizione di appositi

moduli informativi e di consenso informato.

Le informazioni da dare alla paziente dovranno

riguardare i potenziali benefici in termini prognostici e

terapeutici, la possibilità di rilevare per se stessi il

rischio di sviluppare un altro tumore e l’opportunità

per i propri familiari di effettuare test predittivi di

rischio oncologico.

È necessario per gli oncologi ed i ginecologi oncologi che

non hanno una specifica esperienza in genetica

oncologica eseguire un percorso formativo che includa

anche gli aspetti etici del test BRCA.

Andrà individuata un’équipe di genetica clinica

oncologica, cui fare riferimento qualora siano indicati o

richiesti dalla paziente approfondimenti sugli aspetti

genetici.

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Germline Mutation

Information

Somatic Mutation Information

Individual, only for

OC treatment

Family

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Need to make explicit the AGREEMENT

between subject and researcher

in keeping with the principles of

AUTONOMOUS CHOICE

INFORMED

CONSENT

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CONSENSO INFORMATO AL TEST BRCA

Acconsento all’esecuzione sul mio campione biologico del test genetico finalizzato

alla ricerca di mutazioni di BRCA1 e BRCA2, considerate fattori predisponenti ai

tumori della mammella e dell’ovaio e predittivi di risposta a terapie specifiche in

particolare:

test completo BRCA1 e BRCA2 [ ]

test mirato BRCA1 o BRCA2 [ ]

Firma: ………………………………………………….. Data : ………………………….

Firma di chi ha raccolto e illustrato il consenso:

Dott…………………………………………………… Data : ………………………….

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CONSENSO INFORMATO AL TEST BRCA

Consapevole delle finalità e delle limitazioni Dichiaro inoltre di:

[ ] volere [ ] non volere essere informata/o circa i risultati delle analisi

[ ] volere [ ] non volere rendere partecipe la mia famiglia circa la decisione di eseguire tali analisi

[ ] volere [ ] non volere rendere partecipi i miei familiari riguardo i risultati delle analisi

[ ] volere [ ] non volere rendere partecipe dei risultati il mio medico di famiglia Dr:…………….…..

[ ] volere [ ] non volere che il Materiale Biologico estratto venga conservato anche dopo l'esecuzione del test

[ ] volere [ ] non volere che il Materiale Biologico venga usato, sempre con garanzia di massima riservatezza, per

studi o ricerche scientifiche riguardanti la predisposizione genetica ai tumori della

mammella e dell’ovaio e la possibilità di utilizzare un trattamento mirato per la neoplasia

ovarica

[ ] volere [ ] non volere essere informata/o di eventuali nuovi risultati o possibilità diagnostiche derivanti dai

nuovi studi o ricerche future

Di essere a conoscenza della possibilità di REVOCARE il presente consenso in qualsiasi momento

Una copia di questo consenso informato e del foglio informativo restano in mio possesso

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Modello

richiesta

tessuto

somatico

all’anatomia

patologica di

riferimento

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Modello di richiesta

al nostro laboratorio

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5 slides of 10 µm

Promega Maxwell 16

LEV FFPE DNA kit

Ion Torent Chef / Ion Torrent S5

10ng tumor DNA

Ion Reporter Oncomine

pipeline +

CUSTOM BIOINFORMATIC

PIPELINE for sequence alignment and variant calling

>5% allele frequency

C3, C4, C5 variants

NGS Ion Torrent Oncomine

BRCA Assay

SNVs & Indel

confirmation on FFPE Sample

Sanger Sequencing

FISH CNVs

MLPA

confirmation on Genomic DNA

confirmation on both

Tumor & Genomic DNAs

FFPE sample

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>5% allele frequency C3, C4, C5

variants

SNVs & Indel

confirmation on FFPE Sample

Sanger Sequencing

FISH CNVs MLPA

confirmation on Genomic DNA

confirmation on both

Tumor & Genomic DNAs

(pos) NGS on tumor sample DNA (pos) Sanger on Genomic DNA Germline variant

(pos) NGS on tumor sample DNA (neg) Sanger on Genomic DNA

Somatic variant

(pos) NGS on tumor sample DNA (pos) MLPA on Genomic DNA

(pos) NGS on tumor sample DNA (neg) MLPA on Genomic DNA (pos) FISH on FFPE Sample

Germline CNV

Somatic CNV

+

Thermo Minor Variant Finder

Software

MRC-Holland Coffalyser.net Software

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Mafficini A et al,. Oncotarget. 2016 Jan 12;7(2):1076-83

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15%

15%

70%

Germline Mutation (23)

Somatic mutation (22)

NON PATHOGENIC (43)

PROPORTION OF PATHOGENIC VARIANTS

(C4-C5),

NON-PATHOGENIC VARIANTS IN TESTING

SEROUS HIGH GRADE OC

150 OC TESTED FOR SOMATIC BRCA1/2

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