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I caduti della Grande guerra (1.0)

Non facile trovare sui libri di storia anche solo delle notizie approssimative sui caduti della Grande guerra. Forse

perch largomento spiacevole, o forse perch laspetto politico, diplomatico, militare finisce per prendere il

sopravvento. Questi dati sono tratti da Wikipedia inglese (il sito italiano lascia alquanto a desiderare). Le note allegate

sono importanti, perch permettono di capire la complessit dei problemi che gli storici devono affrontare quando siapprestano a fare un bilancio del costo umano di una guerra, dovendo fare i conti con fonti discordanti, dati erronei,

quando non con vere e proprie falsificazioni.

A questi dati aggiungo che, tra il marzo 1918 e il giugno del 1920 tutto il mondo fu percorso dalla epidemia nota

come febbre spagnola, che oggi si ritiene essere stata causata da un virus (H1N1) passato dagli uccelli alluomo (un

tipo di influenza aviaria). La spagnola sembra sia partita dagli Usa e si sia diffusa nel continente europeo e poi in tutto il

mondo a causa dei trasferimenti di persone e degli assiepamenti dovuti alla guerra. Si stima che abbia fatto pi mortidella guerra stessa (dai 50 a 100 milioni di morti in tutto il mondo).

Casualties by country (fonte: wikipedia)

Entente PowersPopulation

MillionsMilitary Deaths Civilian Deaths Total Deaths Military Wounded

Africa[1] See footnote

Australia[2] 4.5 61,928 61,928 152,171

Belgium[3] 7.4 58,637 55,000 113,637 44,686

Canada[4] 7.2 64,944 2,000 66,944 149,732

France[5] 39.6 1,397,800 300,000 1,697,800 4,266,000

Greece[6] 4.8 26,000 150,000 176,000 21,000

Indian Empire[7] 315.1 74,187 74,187 69,214

Italy[8] 35.6 651,010 589,000 1,240,010 953,886

Japan[9] 53.6 415 415 907

Luxembourg [10] 0.3 See footnote

Montenegro [11] .5 3,000 3,000 10,000

New Zealand[12] 1.1 18,050 18,050 41,317

Newfoundland [13] .2 1,204 1,204 2,314

Portugal[14] 6.0 7,222 82,000 89,222 13,751Romania[15] 7.5 250,000 430,000 680,000 120,000

Russian Empire[16] 158.9 1,811,000 1,500,000 3,311,000 4,950,000

Kingdom of Serbia[17] 4.5 275,000 450,000 725,000 133,148

South Africa[18] 6.0 9,463 9,463 12,029

United Kingdom of GreatBritain and Ireland[19]

45.4 885,138 109,000 994,138 1,663,435

United States[20] 92.0 116,708 757 117,465 205,690

Total (Entente Powers) 790.2 5,711,706 3,667,757 9,379,463 12,809,280

Central PowersPopulation

MillionsMilitary Deaths Civilian Deaths Total Deaths Military Wounded

Austria-Hungary[21] 51.4 1,100,000 467,000 1,567,000 3,620,000

Bulgaria[22] 5.5 87,500 100,000 187,500 152,390

German Empire[23] 64.9 2,050,897 426,000 2,476,897 4,247,143

Ottoman Empire[24] 21.3 800,000 4,200,000 5,000,000 400,000

Total (Central Powers) 143.1 4,038,397 5,193,000 9,231,397 8,419,533

Neutral nations

Denmark[25] 2.7 722 722

Norway[26] 2.4 - 1,892 1,892

Sweden[27] 5.6 - 877 877

Grand Total 944.0 9,750,103 8,864,248 18,614,351 21,228,813

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Footnotes

1. ^ AfricaThe conflict in Africa caused enormous civilian casualties. The Oxford History of World War One notes that In east and central Africahe harshness of the war resulted in acute shortages of food with famine in some areas, a weakening of populations, and epidemic

diseases which killed hundreds of thousands of people and also cattle [33,100]

The following estimates of civilian deaths during World War 1 were made by a Russian journalist in a 2004 handbook of human losses inhe 20th century. Kenya 30,000; Tanzania 100,000; Mozambique 50,000; Rwanda 15,000; Burundi 20,000 and the Belgian Congo

150,000.[35]

Included with the military casualties of the UK, France, Germany, Belgium and Portugal are Africans who served with their armed forces.The details are noted in the footnotes of the various nations.

2. ^ AustraliaIncluded in total are 54,000 killed or missing in action and died of wounds[6,85]-.The Commonwealth War Graves Commission Annual Report 2006-2007 is the source of total military dead. The 'Debt of HonourRegister' from the Commonwealth War Graves Commission lists the 1.7m men and women of the Commonwealth forces who diedduring the two world wars. [1] Totals include 2,005 military deaths during 1919-21[15]-.The 1922 War Office report listed 59,330 Army war dead[11,237].

3. ^ BelgiumIncluded in total are 35,000 killed or missing in action and died of wounds[6,85]-Official Belgian government figures for military losses in Europe were were 26,338 killed, died of wounds or accidents and 14,029 died ofdisease or missing, Total in Europe 40,367. In Africa: 2,620 soldiers killed and 15,560 porter deaths, total in the African campaign18,270. Combined total for Europe and Africa 58,637[28,100]

The estimate by UK War Office in 1922 was 13,716 killed and 24,456 missing up until Nov.11, 1918. "These figures are approximate

only, the records being incomplete."[11,352]

. By US War Dept in 1919: 102,000 Battle Deaths[25,139]

Civilian deaths exceeded the prewar level by 85,000. 55,000 caused by food shortages and German reprisal victims and 30,000 theSpanish Flu[23,59-62]Prof. John Horne estimated the deaths of 6,500 Belgian and French civilians killed in German reprisals[30]

4. ^ CanadaIncluded in total are 53,000 killed or missing in action and died of wounds.[6,85]

The Commonwealth War Graves Commission Annual Report 2006-2007 is the source of total military dead. Totals include 3,789 militarydeaths during 1919-21 and 150 Merchant Navy deaths[15]-. CANADIAN VIRTUAL WAR MEMORIAL contains a registry of informationabout the graves and memorials of more than 116,000 Canadians and Newfoundlanders who served valiantly and gave their lives forheir country. [2]The losses of Newfoundland are listed separately on this table.

The 1922 War Office report listed 56,639 Army war dead[11,237]. Civilian deaths were due to the Halifax Explosion5. ^ France

Included in total are 1,126,000 killed or missing in action and died of wounds[6,85].The figures of total military dead are from a study published by the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace in 1931[12]- Totalsinclude the deaths of 71,100 French Colonial Forces ,4,600 foreign nationals and war related military deaths of 28,600 from 11/11/18 to6/1/1919.[12,414] The names of the Soldiers who died for France during World War I are listed online at [3]

The French encyclopedia Quid reports that 30-40,000 foreign volunteers from about 40 nationalities served in the French army during1914-18. Including Poles and Czechs, at the end of the war 12 000 were in the Czechoslovak Legions and the ethnic Polish Blue Army5,000 Italians in a "Legion" commanded by Cel Garibaldi, 1,000 Spaniards, 1,500 Swiss. 200 American volunteers served with theFrench from 1914-16, including the Lafayette Escadrille[4]. Luxembourg was occupied by Germany during the war. 3,700 Luxembourgcitizens served in the French armed forces, 2,800 gave their lives in the war. [5] They are commemorated at the Glle Fra inLuxembourg. The French Armenian Legion served as part of the French Armed forces during the war.Other estimates of French casualties are as follows:By UK War Office in 1922, 1,385,300 dead and missing, including 58,000 colonial soldiers [11,352]-By US War Dept in 1919: Battle deaths-1,385,000[25,139]

Civilian deaths exceeded the prewar level by 500,000. 300,000 caused by military operations, food shortages and 200,000 by theSpanish Flu[23,30-47], Civilian dead include 1,509 merchant sailors.[12,314] and 3,357 killed in air attacks and long range artillerybombardments[12,312-13]

6. ^ GreeceIncluded in total are 11,000 killed or missing in action and died of wounds[6,85].

Jean Bujac in a campaign history of the Greek Army in World War One listed 8,365 combat related deaths and 3,255 missing[13,339]

, TheSoviet demographer Boris Urlanis estimated total dead of 26,000 including 15,000 military deaths due disease[6,160].Other estimates of Greek casualties are as follows:By UK War Office in 1922: Killed/died wounds 5,000; prisoners and missing 1,000[11,353]-By US War Dept in 1919: Battle deaths 7,000[25]

Civilian deaths exceeded the prewar level by 150,000, caused by food shortages and the Spanish Flu[23,80-81]

7. ^ Indian EmpireThe Indian Empire included present day India, Pakistan and Bangladesh.Included in total are 27,000 killed or missing in action and died of wounds[6,85].The Commonwealth War Graves Commission Annual Report 2006-2007 is the source of total military dead. The 'Debt of HonourRegister' from the Commonwealth War Graves Commission lists the 1.7m men and women of the Commonwealth forces who diedduring the two world wars. [6] Totals include 15,069 military deaths during 1919-21 and 1,841 Merchant Navy dead[15].The 1922 War Office report listed 64,454 Army war dead(including 2,393 British solders serving with the Indian forces)[11,237].

8. ^ ItalyIncluded in total are 433,000 killed or missing in action and died of wounds[6,85]

Figures of total military dead are from a 1925 Italian report using official data[20].Other estimates of Italian casualties are as follows:By UK War Office in 1922 Dead 460,000[11,352]-By US War Dept in 1919: Battle deaths 364,000 [25,139]

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Civilian deaths exceeded the prewar level by 1,021,000. 589,000 caused by ood shortages and 432,000 by the Spanish Flu[23,52-59],civilian deaths included 1,107 due to air and sea bombardment[20,62-66].

9. ^ JapanWar dead figure is from a 1991 history of the Japanese Army[19,111]. However, Michael Clodfelter reported the official toll was put at 300KIA and noted that "A more reliable count of total Japanese military deaths from all causes lists 1,344 fatalities."[10,483].

10. ^ LuxembourgLuxembourg remained under German control during the war. Some citizens were conscripted unwillingly in o the German forces. Othersescaped to volunteer for the Allies.[31] 3,700 Luxembourgian nationals served in the French Army, of whom 2,800 died [32] They arecommemorated at the Glle Fra in Luxembourg

11. ^ Montenegro

Michael Clodfelter lists 3,000 battle deaths and 7,000 missing and POW.[10,483]. However, the Yugoslav government in 1924 listed 13,325military war dead from Montenegro [6,62-63].

12. ^ New ZealandIncluded in total are 14,000 killed or missing in action and died of wounds[6,85].The Commonwealth War Graves Commission Annual Report 2006-2007 is the source of total military dead. The 'Debt of HonourRegister' from the Commonwealth War Graves Commission lists the 1.7m men and women of the Commonwealth forces who diedduring the two world wars. [7] Totals include 702 military deaths during 1919-21[15].The 1922 War Office report listed 16,711 Army war dead[11,237].

13. ^ NewfoundlandNewfoundland was a dominion at the time, and not part ofCanada. The 'Debt of Honour Register' from the Commonwealth War GravesCommission lists the 1.7m men and women of the Commonwealth forces who died during the two world wars. [8]The 1922 War Office report listed 1,204 Army war dead[11,237]

14. ^ PortugalFigures reported by UK War Dept. include the following: killed and died of other causes up until Jan.1, 1920; 1,689 in France and 5,333

in Africa. Figures do not include an additional 12,318 listed as missing and POW. Africans are included in these figures[11,354].Another estimate of Portuguese casualties was as follows: By US War Dept in 1919: Battle deaths 2,000 [25,139]

Civilian deaths exceeded the prewar level by 220,000, 82,000 caused by food shortages and 138,000 by the Spanish Flu[23,61-64]

15. ^ RomaniaIncluded in total are 177,000 killed or missing in action and died of wounds[6,85].The statistic of 250,000 military dead is "The figure reported by the Rumanian Government in reply to a questionnaire from theInternational Labour Office"[6,64].Other estimates of Romanian casualties are as follows:By UK War Office in 1922: 335,706 Killed and missing [11,353]-By US War Dept in 1919: Battle deaths 100,000[25,139]

Civilian deaths exceeded the prewar level by 430,000, caused by food shortages, epidemics and the Spanish Flu[23,76-80]

16. ^ Russian EmpireIncluded in total are 1,451,000 killed or missing in action and died of wounds[6,85]

The estimate of total Russian military and civilian losses was made by the Soviet demographer Boris Urlanis.[6,46-57].Other estimates of Russian casualties are as follows:By UK War Office in 1922: Killed 1,700,000[11,353]-By US War Dept in 1919: Battle deaths 1,700,000 [25,139]

A 2001 study by the Russian military historian G.F. Krivosheev- Killed in action 1,200,000; missing in action 439,369; died of wounds240,000, gassed 11,000., died from disease 155,000, POW deaths 190,000, deaths due to accidents and other causes.19,000. Totalwar dead 2,254,369. Wounded 3,749,000. POW 3,342,900. [34]

Civilian deaths from 1914-1917 exceeded the prewar level by 1,500,000 due to famine and disease and military operations.[6,268.] Theollowing estimate civilian deaths on the eastern front during World War 1 was made by a Russian journalist in a 2004 handbook of

human losses in the 20th century. Total civilian deaths on the territory of the former Soviet Union and Poland were estimated at1,440,000, including 460,000 due to military operations. [35]

17. ^ Kingdom of SerbiaIncluded in total are 165,000 killed or missing in action and died of wounds[6,85].The estimate of total combined Serbian and Montenegrin military losses of 278,000 was made by the Soviet demographer BorisUrlanis[6,62-64]

Other estimates of Serbian casualties are as follows:

By Yugoslav government in 1924: Killed 365,164 [6,62-63].By UK War Office in 1922: Killed 45,000, missing 82,535[11,353]-By US War Dept in 1919:(including Montenegro): Battle deaths: 125,000 [25,139]

Civilian deaths exceeded the prewar level by 450,000, due to food shortages, epidemics and the Spanish Flu[23,65-76]

18. ^ South AfricaIncluded in total are 5,000 killed or missing in action and died of wounds[6,85].The Commonwealth War Graves Commission Annual Report 2006-2007 is the source of total military dead. The 'Debt of HonourRegister' from the Commonwealth War Graves Commission lists the 1.7m men and women of the Commonwealth forces who diedduring the two world wars. [9] Totals include 380 military deaths during 1919-21[15].The 1922 War Office report listed 7,121 Army war dead[11,237].

19. ^ UK and ColoniesIncluded in total are 624,000 killed or missing in action and died of wounds[6,85].The Commonwealth War Graves Commission Annual Report 2006-2007 is the source of total military dead. The 'Debt of HonourRegister' from the Commonwealth War Graves Commission lists the 1.7m men and women of the Commonwealth forces who died

during the two world wars. [10] The CWGC military dead figures include 34,663 deaths during 1919-21 and 13,632 Merchant Navydeaths[15]. The UK recruited Indian, Chinese, native South African, Egyptian and other overseas labour to provide logistical support inhe combat theaters. [11] Included with UK casualties in East Africa are the deaths of 44,911 recruited labourers. [21,12]. The CWGC

reports that nearly 2,000 workers from the Chinese Labour Corps are buried with UK war dead in France. [12]Civilian deaths exceeded the prewar level by 292,000. 109,000 due to food shortages and the Spanish Flu(183,577)[23,47-61]

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The losses of Newfoundland are listed separately on this table.The 1922 War Office report listed the deaths 702,410 "soldiers" from the UK[11,237]and 507 from "other colonies"[11,237]. The figures do notinclude Royal Navy war dead of 32,287 [11,339] and the Merchant Navy war dead of 14,661, which were listed separately [11,339]; Figuresor total RAF war dead were not given in the War Office report.[11,495].

The official "final and corrected" figures for British Army losses up until Sept. 30, 1919 were 573,507 Killed(including died from woundsand died of other causes); 99,868 missing and presumed dead; Total 673,375.[27,PartIV]

Civilian deaths exceeded the prewar level by 292,000. 109,000 due to food shortages and 183,577 by the Spanish Flu[23,47-61]

The 1922 War Office report detailed the deaths of 1,260 civilians and 310 military personnel due to air and sea bombardment of theUK.[11,674-678]. Losses at sea were 908 UK civilians and 63 fisherman killed by U-Boat attacks[18,78]

20. ^ United States

Official military war deaths listed by the US Dept. of Defense for the period ending Dec. 31, 1918 are 116,516; which includes 53,402battle deaths and 63,114 other deaths.[13], The US Coast Guard lost an additional 192 dead [10,481].United States estimated civilian losses include 128 killed on the RMS Lusitania as well as 629 crewmen killed on merchant ships, detailsgiven at United States Merchant Marine website[14].

21. ^ Austria-HungaryIncluded in total are 900,000 killed or missing in action and died of wounds[6,85].The figures of total estimated military dead are from a study published by the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace in 1940,based on analysis of Austro-Hungarian War Dept. data. [17,179]

Other estimates of Austro-Hungarian casualties are as follows:By Austrian Ministry of Defense in 1938: Military dead 1,016,200[26, VII, Beilage 37]

By UK War Office in 1922: Dead 1,200,00[11,357]-By US War Dept in 1919: Battle deaths 800,000[25,139]

Civilian deaths are those in excess of the pre war level, the primary cause being famine and the Spanish flu.[17,179]-22. ^ Bulgaria

Included in total are 62,000 killed or missing in action and died of wounds[6,85].The data reported by the Bulgarian War Office was 48,917 killed, 13,198 died of wounds, 888 accidentally killed, 24,497 died of disease,"losses during the retreat from sickness and privations were much greater than the figures they possess".[11,354].

Another estimate of Bulgarian casualties was as follows: By US War Dept in 1919: Battle deaths 100,000 [25,139]

Civilian deaths exceeded the prewar level by 100,000 due to food shortages and the Spanish Flu [6,268].23. ^ German Empire

Included in total are 1,796,000 killed or missing in action and died of wounds[6,85].The official German medical war history lists the following confirmed military dead from all causes: Army 1,900,876, Navy 34,836,Colonial troops 1,185, plus an estimated 100,000 missing and presumed dead. [8,7-14]-To these figures we must add an additional 14.000

African conscript deaths during the war. [11,355]Total dead 2,050,897.[8,7-14]-Other estimates of German casualties are as follows:By UK War Office in 1922: Killed 1,808,545 exclusive of 14.000 African conscript deaths during the war.[11,355]-By US War Dept in 1919: Battle deaths 1,600,000[25,139]

Civilian deaths are those in excess of the pre war level, the primary cause being famine 424,000 and 200,000 the Spanish flu. Theigures of civilian war related deaths are from a study published by the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace in 1940, based on

analysis of German government data. [17,78] 720 German civilians were killed by air attacks [11,678].24. ^ Ottoman Empire

Total Ottoman losses were approximately 5 million, the Ottoman Empire suffered among the greatest number of casualties per capita ofall combatants. Civilian losses were caused by famine, disease and the Armenian Genocide which resulted in the deaths of about 1.5million Armenians[22,77] The Armenian resistance (1914-1918) fought against the Ottoman government.Ottoman military casualties are from data in the Ottoman Archives that was published in Turkey in the World Warby Ahmed Emin, Yale1930. Military deaths include 305,085 killed or missing action and 466,759 deaths due to disease[14,211]

Other estimates of Ottoman military casualties are as follows:By UK War Office in 1922: Killed 50,000, died wounds 35,000, died of disease 240,000 [11,]-By US War Dept in 1919: Battle deaths 250,000[25,139]

Regarding civilian losses in the Ottoman Empire Edward J. Erikson [15]has noted To the military losses must be added the huge lossof life and productivity of the Muslim, Armenian and other Ottoman civilians killed or injured during the war He also noted that Theempires productive Armenian population was largely gone[14,210-211]. -

25. ^ Denmark

Denmark was neutral in the war but a part of Denmark was placed in Germany at that time, causing 3900 of 30.000 enlisted danes to diein German service, these losses are included with German casualties. 722 Danish merchant sailors died, mostly due to vesselsorpedoed by German submarines.[16]

26. ^ NorwayNorway was neutral in the war but 1,892 Norwegian merchant sailors died, mostly due to vessels torpedoed by German submarines.Norway lost about 50% of its merchant fleet, percentage-wise the highest loss of any nation's merchant fleet in WWI.[17]

27. ^ SwedenSweden was neutral in the war but 877 Swedish merchant sailors died, mostly due to vessels torpedoed or sunk by mines. [18]