Appunti Di Tossicologia - 2011-2012

7/23/2019 Appunti Di Tossicologia - 2011-2012

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Oppugtm hm Xkssmckikamo>

Xkssmckhmpdghdgzd - p.3

Ogtmhktm - p.08

Jutoadgdsm - p.0<

Cogcdrkadgdsm - p.36

\oiutozmkgd Spdrmjdgtoid hdiio Xkssmcmtæ - p.84

Gdurktkssmcmtæ - p.43

Gdurkhdadgdrozmkgd - p.<1

Xkssmckikamo hdi cmcik rmprkhuttmvk - p.1=

Dpotktkssmcmtæ - p.=0 Gdlrktkssmcmtæ - p.?6?

Xkssmckikamo hdi Jmhkiik Kssdk - p.?62

Xkssmckikamo hdi Smstdjo Pdspmrotkrmk - p.??3

Lm`rd Jmgdroim - p.?06

Xkssmcmtæ o cormck hdiio Cutd -p.?03

Xkssmcmtæ hdm Jdtoiim -p.?02

Mgsdttmcmhm -p.?33

Oickimsjk -p.?3<

@y Oidgohpb60Fajomi.ckj

J o r m o C r m s t m g o X k j o s m g m

0 6 ? ? - 0

6 ? 0

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u g t m h m X K S S M C

K I K A M O



Voamgo | 0

Vdr kvvm jktmvm, tuttm m imge oiid

hmspdgsd d oiid rdamstrozmkgmskgk stotm Pmjkssm…

Vdr pktdr scormcord mi jotdrmoid

hmhottmck, mgvmotd ugo rmcbmdsto

hoi vkstrk mghmrmzzk Fjomi

ugmvdrsmtormk o>

ugmldctlFajomi.ckj

Xdgak o prdcmsord cbd qudstm skgk oppugtm ugmvdrsmtorm ̀ osotm suiio pdrskgoid rmdio`krozmkgd hdiid rdamstrozmkgm kttdgutd

oghoghk o idzmkgd. Gkg ckstmtumsckgk mi jotdrmoid hmhottmck d gkg pksskgk hm cdrtk skstmtumrd id idzmkgm lrkgtoim.

Bk scrmttk qudstm oppugtm pdr jd stdssk, pdr stuhmord, d oi ckgtdjpk lorjm quoicbd rmsoto d shrojjotmzzord io lrustrozmkgd

hdii”osckitord pdr 0 k ogcbd 3 vkitd id rdamstrozmkgm.

O vkitd usk ug imgauoaamk o trottm scurrmid, o vkitd scbdrgmsck ckjpoagm hm ckrsk. Sd gkg vm pmoccmkgk gdssugk vm k``imao o

stuhmorvmcm skpro... D gkg jm prdghk cdrtk io rdspkgso`mimtæ pdr dvdgtuoim drrkrm ckgcdttuoim cbd pksskgk dssdrd prdsdgtm d cbd

boggk joghotk o rktkim mi vkstrk dsojd.

Aim oppugtm gkg pksskgk dssdrd scormcotm, d id rmcbmdstd dlldttuotd vmo djomi ho ug occkugt ugmvdrsmtormk skgk SKIK dh

dsciusmvojdgtd pdr id hmopksmtmvd lkrgmtd o idzmkgd.

Spdrk cbd ckg qudstm oppugtm quoicugk pksso opprdzzord hm pmý io Xkssmckikamo5 cksé ckjd bk lottk mk.

mailto:[email protected]





Voamgo | 3

ID XKSSMCKHMVDGHDG^D> | Vrmjo Vortd ?0-?6-??

Voridrdjk hdiio skjjmgmstrozmkgd hm skstogzd cbd oamsckgk o imvdiik hdi smstdjo gdrvksk cdgtroid. D cbd

vdgakgk hdlmgmtd mg adgdroid skstogzd psmckottmvd. _udstd skstogzd drogk gktd lmg hoii”ogtmcbmtæ, mgportmckiord vdgmvogk usotd pdr rmtm ’joamcm‚ d ’rdimamksm‚, pdr id ikrk prkprmdtæ hm hord oiiucmgozmkgm d qumghm

sdgtmrsm mg ckgtottk ckg ug”dgtmtæ supdrmkrd (pkvdrm mhmktm >V).

Mg tdjpm jkhdrgm i”usk d i”oùsk hm qudstd skstogzd â prdttojdgtd o sckpk vkiuttuormk, pdr trkvord ug

jkhk hm hmstoccorsm hoiio Xrmstd rdoitæ cmrckstogtd.

Mg possotk vdgmvogk usotd prdvoidgtdjdgtd id jotdrmd ardzzd, ckjd i”Kppmk k io Ckcomgo… Vkm sm â hmllusk

i”usk hm hdrmvotm smgtdtmcm + ottmvm d spdssk jdgk ckstksm.

_udstd skstogzd voggk oh oitdrord io gdurktrosjmssmkgd, mg portmckiord m gdurktrosjdttmtkrm mgtdrdssotm oi

tkgk hdii”ujkrd, aim stotm sdgtmjdgtoim d olldttmvm5 prkvkcoghk oitdrozmkgm ckjpkrtojdgtoim oppugtk

rmcdrcotd hoi tkssmckhmpdghdgtd. Hoii”usk / oùsk hm qudstd skstogzd gd scoturmscd ug tmpk hm

hmpdghdgzo psmckikamco.. kvvdrk.. sm crdo ug idaojd ckdrcmtmvk tro i”mghmvmhuk d io skstogzo h”oùsk

mi quoid gkg gd rmdscd o lord o jdgk ogcbd sd sm rdghd `dgmssmjk ckgtk hm tuttd id arovm

ckgsdaudgzd cbd gd hdrmvogk.

Io hmpdghdgzo psmckikamco â corottdrmzzoto hoiio Ckjpuismkgd, mi cksmhhdttk Crovmga (io

rmcdrco oh kagm ckstk, supdroghk quoismosm ckgvmgzmkgd jkroid k rdimamkso, hdiio skstogzo

h”oùsk). I”mghmvmhuk bo skik qudstk hdsmhdrmk (ug pk” ckjd Akiiuj pdr i”ogdiik hm

Lrkhk xH), d gd ckgsdaud cbd jdttdræ ho portd tuttd id gkrjoim ottmvmtæ pur hm

skhhmslorik.

Mi ldgkjdgk hdiio Xkiidrogzo.. cbd pkrto oiio hmpdghdgzo lmsmco d io hmpdghdgzo

psmckikamco adgdrogk io Xkssmckhmpdghdgzo.

Ckjd hmcdvojk, id jkhmlmcozmkgm mghkttd ho qudstd skstogzd o imvdiik hdi sg

cdgtroid, mgtdrdssogk oicugm tmpm hm gdurktrosjdttmtkrm.. mg portmckiord>

GKPOHPDGOIMGO

SDPKXKGMGO.. d

HKVOJMGO

Io Hkpojmgo â i”ottkrd prmgcmpoijdgtd ckmgvkitk gdiio sdgsozmkgd hm arotmlmcozmkgd.. Xuttm d trd, ckgtrkiiogk

mi Xkgk hdii”ujkrd, I”djktmvmtæ d id Lugzmkgm ckagmtmvd… Id skstogzd h”oùsk prkvkcbdroggk qumghm

i”oitdrozmkgm hm qudstm trd ospdttm ckjpkrtojdgtoim.

Tgo im`drozmkgd hm Hkpojmgo, mg hdtdrjmgotd ordd hdi cdrvdiik, cbd skgk roaaruppotd gdi smstdjo imj`mck,

â rdspkgso`mid hdii”mgstourorsm gdii”mghmvmhuk hm ugk stotk hm dulkrmo (pmocdrd d arotmlmcozmkgd).. ik stdssk cbd

sm prkvo quoghk sm jogamo quoickso hm ùkgk.. quoghk sm rujò ckjd ckgmaim.. dcc… Id skstogzd h”oùsk

oamsckgk oppugtk mg jkhk smjmid.. >V

Tg oitrk dlldttk rmcdrcotk gdiid skstogzd h”oùsk â i”oujdgtk hdii”dgdramo lmsmco d hdiid lugzmkgm ckagmtmvd5

tmpmcbd hm Ckcomgo d Ojldtojmgd, cbd mgliudgzogk mg pksmtmvk id pdrlkrjogcd lmsmcbd d psmcbmcbd. Gdi

Io jmo

hrrrkkaooooo



Voamgo | 8

lrottdjpk pdrð cm skgk ogcbd oitdrozmkgm cbd pkrtogk o mjpuismvmtæ, oaardssmvmtæ.. mg portmckiord quoghk sm

oamscd suiio Sdrktkgmgo, cbd puð pkrtord oii”mgstourorsm hm ckjpkrtojdgtm psmcktmcm, lmgk oh orrmvord o

ckjjdttdrd ozmkgm dstrdjd su sd stdssm ckjd mi sumcmhmk.

Kitrd oiio sldro djktmvo skgk mgtdrdssotd hdiid lugzmkgm lmsmkikamcbd ckjd mi cmcik skgggk-vdaimo5 i”oppdtmtk

rmhkttk, d id lugzmkgm sdssuoim.

Pmossujdghk.. Tgo skstogzo cbd prkvkcbm tkssmckhmpdghdgzo â corottdrmzzoto ho>

Xkiidrogzo (oujdgtk hdiio hksd pdr kttdgdrd ik stdssk dlldttk)

Hmpdghdgzo lmsmco (ohottojdgtm gdiio gdurktrosjmssmkgd mg sdaumtk oii”usk prkiugaotk hm qudstd

skstogzd cbd adgdrogk io cksmhhrtto smghrkjd hm ostmgdgzo mg sdaumtk oiio `rusco mgtdrruzmkgd)

Hmpdghdgzo psmckikamco ’Ohhmctmkg‚ d ’Crovmga‚

_udsto ciossmlmcozmkgd hm hmpdghdgzo â pdrð ug pk” k`skidto.. Oi jkjdgtk sm prdldrmscd poriord hm

’HDVDGHOGCD S]GHPKJD‚… sdgzo hmlldrdgzmord io hmpdghdgzo lmsmco ho qudiio psmcbmco pdrcbí lkrsd gdi

possotk sm ckgsmhdrovo pmý pdrmckikso io prmjo, mg quogtk adgdrovo ugo smghrkjd h”ostmgdgzo ckg crmsm

vmkidgtd cbd pktdvogk hurord ogcbd pdr pdrmkhm iugabm. Mg rdoitæ, Io hmpdghdgzo VSMCBMCO â jkitkpdrmckikso, mg quogtk id oitdrozmkgm hdi ckjpkrtojdgtk pksskgk crdord smtuozmkgm mg cum i”mghmvmhuk orrdco

hoggk o sd k oaim oitrm, d qumghm, qudstk gukvk ’Ckgcdttk‚ pkgd io hmpdghdgzo lmsmco o ug imvdiik mgldrmkrd…

(òb...) Id corottdrmstmcbd prmgcmpoim cbd hdtdrjmgogk qudsto smghrkjd skgk>

Io soimdgzo hdiik stmjkik, ← ossujdrd io skstogzo â i”k`mdttmvk prmkrmtormk hdii”dsmstdgzo (stmid

Xdrjmgotkr.. bmbmbm)

I” Mjpkvdrmjdgtk hdi rdpdrtkrmk ckjpkrtojdgtoid ← id ottmvmtæ quktmhmogd skgk skik rmvkitd skik

oiio rmcdrco hdiio hrkao

Ckjpuismcmtæ hdii”usk (jogcogzo hm ckgtrkiik suii”ossugzmkgd hdiio skstogzo)

\uigdro`mimtæ oiid rdcmhmvd (locmid rmcohdrd gdii”usk hdiio skstogzo) Hmpdghdgzo Lmsmco.

Su qudstk jkhdiik sm òsogk m smstdjm hmoagkstmcm ottuoijdgtd mg usk.. Oicugd skstogzd cbd vdhrdjk

horoggk skik hmpdghdgzo Lmsmco.. oitrd horoggk dgtroj`d… Gdi HSJ-M\ pkssmojk trkvord tuttd id

hdlmgmzmkgm, d id hmlldrdgzd tro ugk stotk hm O@TSK d ugk stotk hm HMVDGHDGÔ..

Tgo stdsso skstogzo puð prkvkcord dgtroj`d id ckghmzmkgm.. prdghmojk oh dsdjpmk i”Oicki… Tg mghmvmhuk

u`rmock puð cousord mgcmhdgtm d io jkrtd hm oitrd pdrskgd.. mg qudstk cosk sm trotto hm Oùsk… Gdi jkjdgtk

mg cum i”oicki pkrto o svdaimorsm io jottmgo ckg io vkaimo hm coijord mi hdimrmuj trdjdgs.. oiikro sm dgtro amæ gdiio

Hmpdghdgzo…

Id skstogzd h”oùsk skgk stotd ciossmlmcotd mg òsd oii”mgcmhdgzo h”oùsk cbd pksskgk prkvkcord… Oi prmjk

pkstk c”â io>

Ckcomgod d aim kppmkmhm ckg ug ùkg ?=,1% d ?=,4%.... sdaumtm ho

Oicki =,8%

Sdhotmvm <,3% (òr`mturmcm d @zh)

Stmjkogtm 4,<% d oii”uitmjk pkstk…. C”â io

Coggo`ms 0,4%

Id hrkabd ckg ug òssk pktdrd hm hmpdghdgzo, skgk spdssk ckgsmhdrotd hrkabd hm mgmzmozmkgd (io stroho hdiiopdrhmzmkgd >V).. qudstk prkcdssk sm cbmojo Aotmga Hrua. Oiio lmg lmgd â ugo ckgsmhdrozmkgd jkitk adgdroid..

pdrcbí mg Mtoimo d mg oitrm stotm sm portd amæ ho hrkabd pdr covoiim >V Xmpk i”Drkmgo mg dtæ sdjprd pmý prdckcd.



Voamgo | 4

Skgk stotm svmiuppotm hdm prktkckiim hmoagkstmcm pdr m jdhmcm

pdr sto`mimrd mi imvdiik hm hmpdghdgzo… ugk hm qudstm

prktkckiim.. i”SHS ..ckgsmstd mg ugk stupmhk qudstmkgormk ckg 4

hkjoghd ckg pugtdaam ho 6 o 3 .. (quoicugk dlldttmvojdgtd

hovo m gujdrm K[k) .. cd ik vdhk ug hrkaotk cbd bo soitotk io

hksd rmspkghdrd trogqumiiojdgtd o> ’Xm prdkccupo i”mhdo hm

soitord ugo hksd;‚ :[:‚

Id prmgcmpoim skstogzd h”O@TSK skgk>

Vsmckstmjkiogtm (ojldtojmgd, ckcomgo d gmcktmgo.. d ogcbd io colldmgo..)

Vsmcbdhdimcm oiiucmgdadgm (oamsckgk prdvoidgtdjdgtd suiio sdrktkgmgo d oitdrogk id pdrcdzmkgm

uhmtmvd, vmsmvd d kilottmvd... O``mojk ogcbd io Ldgcmcimhmgo (ug tdjpk usotk ckjd ogdstdtmck)

Hdprmjdgtm hdi SGC> Ckjd Oicki, Kppmkmhm, òr`mturmcm d @H^

Hdprmjdgtm ckg prkprmdtæ oiiucmgkadgd> Coggo`ms

Jogk o jogk im lordjk tuttm….

Ckjd oamsckgk qudstd hrkabd psmckottmvd;; ← Sm hmcd smogk hdm Pmglkrzotkrm hdi Ckjpkrtojdgtk..

Adgdrogk ugk stotk ottk o rmtrkvord sdgsozmkgm hm pmocdrd d arotmlmcozmkgd. Dsmstkgk pkm skstogzd psmckottmvk

cbd pksskgk pdrð hord Pmglkrzk Gdaotmvk…O gkm mgtdrdssogk pdrð qudiid cbd mghuckgk ik stotk hm `dgdssdrd

Vossk mghmdtrk (`y

Hdzlkuim)… ckjd hdttk prmjo, id skstogzd h”oùsk mgtdrldrmsckgk suiio

gdurktrosjmssmkgd, qumghm mgliudgzogk hdtdrjmgotm stmjkim goturoim..

Crdogk id stdssd sdgsozmkgm… ckjd oh dsdjpmk>

Ckjpkrtojdgtk Oimjdgtord

Ckjpkrtojdgtk Sdssuoid

Ckjpkrtojdgtk pordgtoid (i”ojkrd jotdrgk.. mi

ckjpkrtojdgtk prmjkrhmoid gdm ckglrkgtm hdiio prkid.. d ho skhhmslozmkgd d arotmlmcozmkgd pdr cbm ik

ckjpmd.. qumghm ogcbd qudstk rmdgtro gdaim stmjkim goturoim o rmglkrzk pksmtmvk)

Vdrcbí aim stmjkim goturoim hoggk qudsto sdgsozmkgd hm

pmocdrd;; ←← Vdrcbí voggk oh oamrd su oicug ordd

cdrd`roim cbd loggk portd hdi smstdjo imj`mck…

ckstmtumtk hoiio ckrtdccmo prdlrkgtoid.. hoi Xoiojk d

Mpktoiojk, hoii”mppkcojpk, hoii”ojmahoio.. hoi gucidk

occuj`dgs d mi ùi`k kilottmvk. Mg qudstd ordd aim stmjkimgoturoim oujdgtogk io im`drozmkgd hm ugk hdm 3

Sdvdrmty kl Hdpdghogcd Scoid (SHS)

?) Pmdscm o tdgdrd skttk ckgtrkiik i”usk hm……;

0) Xm prdkccupo i”mhdo hm soitord ugo hksd;

3) Xm prdkccupo lor usk hm…….;

8)

Bom jom hdsmhdrotk hm pktdr sjdttdrd;

4)

_uogtk bom trkvotk hmllmcmid sjdttdrd kstord sdgzo;



Voamgo | <

gdurktrosjdttmtkrm.. ckjd io Hkpojmgo. Ik stdssk loggk id skstogzd h”oùsk.. cbd jmjogk aim stmjkim

goturoim d adgdrogk aim stdssm rmglkrzm pksmtmvm.

Mi smstdjo hkpojmgdramck roccbmuhd m gucidm hdm gdurkgm hkpojmgdramcm mg oicugd ordd ckjd io \XO (\dgtroi

Xdajdgtoi Ordo). Kagm smstdjo gdurkgoid â corottdrmzzotk ho zkgd hkvd skgk ckgcdgtrotm m ckrpm cdiiuiorm hm

qudstm gdurkgm. Ho qudstd zkgd portkgk tuttd id tdrjmgozmkgm gdrvksd cbd oghroggk o smgoptord gdurkgm

cbd opportdgakgk oh oitrd ordd cdrd`roim, crdoghk hdiid cmrcumtdrmd pdr cum kagm gdurkgd ckgtrkiio qudiim

vmcmgm. Hoiio \XO portkgk id vmd hkpojmgdramcbd cbd voggk o tkccord tuttd id oitrd ordd cdrd`roim cbd

ckstmtumsckgk mi smstdjo imj`mck.

Hugqud… mi rmioscmk hm HKVOJMGO.. o imvdiik prdsmgoptmck hm qudstd tdrjmgozmkgm (armamd), â rdspkgso`mid hdm

prkcdssm hm arotmlmcozmkgd. Io ckso sm ckjpimco mg quogtk portkgk pkm oitrm gdurkgm ottm o ckgtrkiiord mi smstdjo

hkpojmgdramck ckjd qudiim ozzurrmgm ← Aoòdramcm (sdagoid mgm`mtkrmk). Lmsmkikamcojdgtd qumghm i”dlldttk

hdiio hkpojmgo â dllmjdrk.. d strdttojdgtd rdakiotk.

Id skstogzd h”oùsk pksskgk mgvdcd hdtdrjmgord hmrdttojdgtd mi rmioscmk hm hkpojmgo hoiid tdrjmgozmkgm

gdrvksd hkpojmgdramcbd.. k oamrd Mghmrdttojdgtd.. mgm`dghk io sdagoiozmkgd mgm`mtkrmo AO@Odramco.. >HH

Mg qudstk arolmck sm vdhd i”dlldttk hdiio jkrlmgo suiio

im`drozmkgd hm hkpojmgo pdr hmjkstrord cbd aim

kppmkmhm.. ckjd oitrd skstogzd h”oùsk, oujdgtogk io

quogtmtæ hm hkpojmgo im`droto.. _udstm hotm skgk stotm

kttdgutm trojmtd dspdrmjdgtm hm jmcrkhmoimsm gdi rottk.

Io jmcrkhmoimsm â ugo tdcgmco spdrmjdgtoid cbd

pdrjdttd hm jmsurord hmrdttojdgtd gdi cdrvdiik io

im`drozmkgd hdm gdurktrosjdttmtkrm.. I”ogmjoid â vmvk d

ogdstdtmzzotk5 vmdgd protmcotk ug lkrk gdii”kssk hdiio

scotkio crogmco, ottrovdrsk mi quoid vmdgd mgtrkhktto ugocoguio cbd oghræ mg prklkghmtæ lmgk o roaamugadrd i”ordo

cdrd`roid hm mgtdrdssd.. Dsmstkgk hdaim kppkrtugm otiogtm

hkvd cm skgk didgcotd id sdzmkgm hdi cdrvdiik hdii”ogmjoid mg qudstmkgd, corottdrmzzotd ho 3 ckkrhmgotd..

Ottrovdrsk ugk strujdgtk stdrdktossmck â pkssm`mid mghmvmhuord i”dsotto sdzmkgd d prkcdhdrd… Io coguio â

ckiidaoto o ug jmcrkpdrluskrd, d mi imqumhk cdrd`roid vmdgd rocckitk gdiio coguio ottrovdrsk ugo jdj`rogo

sdjmpdrjdo`mid5 mg qudstk jkhk pkssmjk ogoimzzord id vormozmkgm hdm gdurktrosjdttmtkrm.

Xuttd id skstogzd h”oùsk, oamsckgk oujdgtoghk io ckgcdgtrozmkgd hm Hkpojmgo (quogtd vkitd ik rmpdtdræ;). M

jdccogmsjm skgk jkitdpimcm.. d id skstogzd h”oùsk skgk stotd rmugmtd mg 3 ciossm, o sdckgho hdi jdccogmsjk

h”ozmkgd.

Io prmjo Ciossd â hoto hom lorjocm h”oùsk, cbd ottmvogk rdcdttkrm occkppmotm o Vrktdmgd A

(rdcdttkrm hm tmpk Jdto`ktrkpk)← kppmkmhm, Coggo`mgkmhm, AB@ (hrkao hdiik stuprk), ISH, Jdscoimgo

Io sdckgho Ciossd stmjkio rdcdttkrm hm tmpk Mkgktrkpk← Gmcktmgo, Oicki, mpgktmcm sdhotmvm.. d

psmcbdhdimcm ckjd Ldgcmcimhmgo d Edtojmgo.

Io tdrzo Ciossd Oamscd ìkccoghk m trospkrtotkrm hdm gdurktrosjdttmtkrm, oujdgtoghk io ikrk

pdrjogdgzo gdiik spozmk smgoptmck.. tro qudstm o``mojk← io Ckcomgo, ojldtojmgo d i”Dcstosy

(JHJ← Jdtmidg-hm-kssm-jdtojldtojmgo).



Voamgo | 1

Io VPMJO CIOSSD, prkvkco adgdroijdgtd ug dlldttk hm hmsmgm`mzmkgd sui gdurkgd hkpojmgdramck ← tkiakgk

mi ckgtrkiik mgm`mtkrmk cbd gkrjoijdgtd c”â su qudstk gdurkgd… Ozmkgd qumghm MGHMPDXXO.

Io SDCKGHO CIOSSD, Oamscd sum rdcdttkrm dccmtotkrm, prdsdgtm o imvdiik prdsmgoptmck hdiio tdrjmgozmkgd

hkpojmgdramco.. sm bo hdpkiormzzozmkgd.. d oujdgto io scormco hkpojmgdramco ho qudstm gdurkgm… Ozmkgd

HMPDXXO (gmcktmgo). Oicki d @dgzkhmozdpmgd oamsckgk sum rdcdttkrm AO@O-O tkaimdghk mi ckgtrkiik mgm`mtkrmk sui

gdurkgd hkpojmgdramck (ozmkgd MGHMPDXXO).. Io Edtojmgo d io Ldgcmcimhmgo oamsckgk su ug rdcdttkrd cbd

gkg sdj`ro ottmvord hmrdttojdgtd mi rmioscmk hm hkpojmgo….. job….

Io XDP^O CIOSSD, vo o jkhmlmcord m trospkrtotkrm hdm gdurktrosjdttmtkrm dghkadgm `ikccoghkim.

Gkrjoijdgtd io hkpojmgo vdrrd``d rmosskr`mto gdi gdurkgd pdr pkm dssdrd rmutmimzzoto… mg qudstk cosk

pdrjogd pmý o iugak gdiik spozmk smgoptmck.

Bktimges>

Hmspdgsd mg VHL>

Pdamstrozmkgd portd ?>

Pdamstrozmkgd portd 0>

0 Krd hm Idzmkgd

¹ Crdhmtk

Xuttk mi jotdrmoid lkrgmtk â kttdgm`mid lrdqudgtoghk ugo gkrjoid idzmkgd ugmvdrsmtormo. Gkg jm prdghk oicugo

rdspkgso`mimtæ sum ckgtdgutm d suiio ikrk hmllusmkgd. Mi hkwgikoh â o vkstrk rmscbmk d pdrmckik.



Voamgo | 2

ID XKSSMCKHMVDGHDG^D> – Vortd Sdckgho ?1-?6-??

Kaam portmojk ckg m XDSX SVDPMJDGXOIM pdr voiutord suii”ogmjoid, sd io skstogzo h”oùsk prkvkco

hmpdghdgzo k jdgk. M tdst ckjpkrtojdgtoim ropprdsdgtogk ugo iorao

loscmo hm spdrmjdgtozmkgm mg-vmvk.. o gkm pdrð mgtdrdsso

vdhdrd mi ckjpkrtojdgtk hm ug ogmjoid quoghk vmdgd o

ckgtottk ckg ugo skstogzo h”oùsk. Sd mi ckjpkrtojdgtk

hdii”ogmjoid â coj`motk o ’kpdrotmvk‚ (kvvdrk i”ogmjoid

svkiad ugo hdtdrjmgoto ozmkgd cbd gkrjoijdgtd gkg

svkiadrd``d).. ik stmjkik vmdgd ckgsmhdrotk ug rmglkrzk pksmtmvk.

\dhmojk mi jkhdiik hdiio SDIL-OHJMGMSXPOXMKG>

cbd smagmlmco ← Outkskjjmgmstrozmkgd hdiio skstogzo (ho portd

hdii”ogmjoid). Io strujdgtozmkgd pdr dsdaumrd mi tdst â ckstmtumto ho

ugo ao``mo hkvd vmdgd pkstk i”ogmjoid (im`drk hm jukvdrsm)5 mg ug

iotk c”â ugo idvo.. ckiidaoto o ug smstdjo cbd pdrjdttd hm drkaord

ugo quogtmtæ prdhdtdrjmgoto hm skstogzo cojpmkgd. Io skstogzo

orrmvo oii”ogmjoid trojmtd ugo pkjpo, ckiidaoto o ug cotdtdrd cbd orrmvo oiio suo amuauiord. Io skiuzmkgd

qumghm vo hmrdttojdgtd mg cmrckik. I”ogmjoid mgmzmo o jukvdrsm, dspikro >V, d orrmvo oiio idvdtto.. io spmgad.. d

aim orrmvo io skstogzo.. Sd qudsto hkvdssd hdtdrjmgord dlldttm spmocdvkim, io sdckgho vkito cbd mi rottk tkrgdræ,

prkvdræ id stdssd sdgsozmkgm.. d soræ sckroaamotk hoi tkrgorcm ugo tdrzo vkito.. Sd drkabmojk ugo skstogzo

h”oùsk, i”ogmjoid ovræ ugo sdgsozmkgd pmocdvkid.. d cdrcbdræ qumghm hm rmprkvorio, tkrgoghk oiio idvo d

spmgadghkio.. i”ogmjoid mjporo qumghm cbd kagm vkito cbd prdjd io idvo, kttmdgd ug dlldttk pmocdvkid. Ho

qudstk jkjdgtk mg pkm, ik spdrmjdgtotkrd vo o jmsurord mi gujdrk hm vkitd cbd i”ogmjoid prdjd io idvo

gdii”orck hm ug hdtdrjmgotk tdjpk.. Jdttdghk o ckglrkgtk m hotm kttdgutm ckg ugo skstogzo cbd gkg ho

hmpdghdgzo (mi @mogck) sm puð rmcovord rmcovord i”dllmcocmo hdi rmglkrzk..kvvdrk pkssmojk quogtmlmcord id

prkprmdtæ arotmlmcogtm hdi lorjock.

Ckg qudstk smstdjo pkssk vdhdrd mgkitrd sd i”ogmjoid oghræ mgckgtrk o crmsm hm ostmgdgzo.. Sd sjdttdssm hm

skjjmgmstrord io skstogzo, i”ogmjoid rmjorrd``d sdgzo sckrtd >V .. Sd lkssd hmvdgtotk hmpdghdgtd, i”ogmjoid

mgmzmdrd``d oh ossujdrd ug ckjpkrtojdgtk jkitk portmckiord (gdvrktmck xH).. mgmzmo o soitord.. d o scuktdrsm

ckg id cksmhhdttd ’sckssd ho cogd òagotk‚… Sm puð ogcbd voiutord i”dgtmtæ hdiio crmsm hm ostmgdgzo

ckgtrkiioghk mi gujdrk hm soitm k sckssd. Io ckso mgtdrdssogtd â cbd prkvoghk id skstogzd suii”ogmjoid, sm

kttmdgd ik stdssk krhmgd hm hmpdghdgzo jmsurotk gdii”ukjk.. (?¶.Ckcomgo d ojldtojmgd..0¶jkrlmgo d

kppmocdm..3¶ dtogkik…).

Tg oitrk dspdrmjdgtk â mi CKGHMXMKGDH VIOCD VPDLDPDGCD5

sdrvd pdr jmsurord mi arohk hm hmpdghdgzo psmckikamco cbd ugo

skstogzo prkvkco gdii”ogmjoid. Sm bo ug”ugmco cojdro hmvmso mg 0

ckjportmjdgtm ckjugmcogtm. Mg ugk, mi rottk, vmdgd o ckgtottk ckg

ug vdmckik pdr io skstogzo h”oùsk (`mogck).. gdii”oitrk vmdgd o

ckgtottk ckg mi vdmckik + io skst h”oùsk. Sm puð qumghm jmsurord

quogtk tdjpk pdrjogd gdi prmjk k gdi sdckghk

ckjportmjdgtk. Sd i”ogmjoid pdrjogd pdr pmý hm ug tkt hm tdjpk

gdi ckjportmjdgtk hkvd c”â io skstogzo h”oùsk, smagmlmco cbd sm



Voamgo | =

â crdoto ugo skrto hm hmpdghdgzo psmckikamco. Sui povmdjdgtk hm qudsto zkgo, c”â mgkitrd ugo arotmcdiio

didttrmlmcoto, hdcmsojdgtd pkck pmocdvkid. _udstk pdrjdttd hm hmjkstrord cbd sm â crdotk ug roppkrtk

ckdrcmtmvk tro i”ogmjoid d io skstogzo, mg quogtk qudstk â hmspkstk o skppkrtord ugo scormco lostmhmkso (cbd mg

ckghmzmkgm gkrjoim dvmtdrd``d) pur hm stord o ckgtottk ckg mi tkssmck hm cum â hmpdghdgtd.

Hugqud, pdrcbí i”mghmvmhuk ossujd skstogzd psmckottmvd pur sopdghk id ckgsdaudgzd; ← mi tkssmck prkvkco

ug rmglkrzk pksmtmvk cbd pkrto o ugo rmcdrco rmpdtuto hdiio skstogzo pdr prkvord aim stdssm dlldttm pmocdvkim.

_udstk ckjpkrto i”mgstourorsm hm prkcdssm ohottotmvm (tkiidrogzo) cbd cousogk io hmpdghdgzo lmsmco d io

smghrkjd h”ostmgdgzo. Mgkitrd, quoismosm tmpk hm skstogzo h”oùsk hkpk mi jkjdgtk mgmzmoid hm dulkrmo,

prkvkco ugk stotk hm joidssdrd← Ogdhkgmo (tktoid jogcogzo hm prkvord pmocdrd).. Smo ik stotk hm

@dgdssdrd cbd ik stotk hm Joidssdrd pkrtogk i”mghmvmhuk o rmcdrcord mi

tkssmck >-/

…Mgmzmojk id vormd ciossm hm Skstogzd h”oùsk…

AIM KVVMOCDM | Hdprmjdgtm hdi SGC

JKPLMGO>

Io jkrlmgo, puð dssdrd ossugto smo pdr vmo kroid cbd pdr vmo pordgtdroid. Gdi cosk hm skjjmgmstrozmkgm kroim

sm ovræ mi ldgkjdgk hdi prmjk possoaamk cbd gd rmhucd hrostmcojdgtd m imvdiim piosjotmcm. Oh kagm jkhk ugo

pmcckio portd pktræ oamrd o imvdiik hdi SGC hoghk tro m vorm dlldttm, qudiik rmcdrcotk hom tkssmckhmpdghdgtm ← i”

dulkrmo. Io jkrlmgo â ogcbd mg arohk hm supdrord io òrrmdro trogspiocdgtord, hmllkghdghksm ogcbd gdi ldtk..

(pkvdrdttk.. strolottk prmjo ogckro hm goscdrd >V). M ckjpkstm pmý impklmim skgk qudiim cbd possogk jdaimk io

@.D.D., qumghm Ldgtogmi dh Drkmgo prkvkcogk hdaim dlldttm hm ’rosb hm dulkrmo‚ pmý pktdgtm hm qudiim hdiio

jkrlmgo.

Kitrd oii”dulkrmo, io jkrlmgo o ivi cdgtroid ho ug dlldttk hm ogoiadsmo, sdhozmkgd, jmksm (ckstrmzmkgd hdiio

pupmiio.. utmid mg cosk hm hmoagksm hm pdr kvdrhksd), Hdprdssmkgd rdspmrotkrmo, hdprdssmkgd hdiio tkssd,

gousdo d vkjmtk (o couso hdiio stmjkiozmkgd hdiio cbdjmkrdcdptkr trmaadr zkgd) d rmamhmtæ jusckiord o

imvdiik hdi trkgck.

O gkm pdrð gkg cd gd sòttd ug co…vkik hm tuttk qudstk.. d cm mgtdrdsso skik i”ospdttk dulkrmck >H

Aim kpmkmhm cousogk ug oujdgtk hdiio ckgc hm hkpojmgo o ivi hdi smstdjo imj`mck. Io lmauro ropprdsdgto mi

gdurkgd hkpojmgdramck, mi cum ckrpk

cdiiuiord sm trkvo gdiio \XO, cbd joghoio tdrjmgozmkgd Hkpojmgdramco gdiid

ordd cdrd`roim hdi smstdjo imj`mck. Mi

gdurkgd HO â ckgtrkiiotk mg sdgsk (-)

hom gdurkgm AO@Odramcm. Aim kppmkmhm

rmhuckgk oi quogtmtæ hm AO@O im`drotk..

hm ckgsdaudgzo mi gdurkgd HO â

Hmsmgm`mtk >H

M rdcdttkrm hdaim kppmkmhm sm trkvogk sui

gdurkgd AO@Odramck smo o ivi prdsmgoptmck cbd o ivi hdi ckrpk cdiiuiord. Ckso occohd gdiid hud zkgd;; ←



Voamgo | ?6

O ivi hdi ckrpk cdiiuiord aim kpmkmhm stmjkiogk mi rdcdttkrd ι idaotk o prktdmgd Am, d io suùgmtæ ΰ/γ vo

oh ottmvord m cogoim hdi pktossmk, cousoghk mpdrpkiormzzozmkgd hdiio jdj`rogo ← sd io jdj`rogo â

mpdrpkiormzzoto, mi gdurkgd AO@Odramck gkg rmdscd o trosjdttdrd mi sdagoid hoi ckrpk cdiiuiord oiio

tdrjmgozmkgd, d mi gdurkgd gkg im`dro pmý AO@O.

O imvdiik prdsmgoptmck mgvdcd, aim kppmkmhm stmjkiogk sdjprd mi rdcdttkrd ι .. d sdjprd io suùgmtæ ΰ/γ

vo o mgm`mrd io ckghuttogzo hdi coicmk ← \KCC (← Cogoim hdi coicmk vkitoaamk hmpdghdgtm). Sd mi coicmk

gkg dgtro pmý gdiio tdrjmgozmkgd.. gkg ovrdjk pmý io jmarozmkgd hdiid vdscmckid ckgtdgdgtm AO@Osuiio jdj`rogo prdsmgoptmco.. d hm ckgsdaudgzo.. gdssug rmioscmk hm AO@O .

M prmgcmpoim dlldttm pdrmldrmcm hdaim kppmkmhm skgk o cormck hdi smstdjo corhmkvosckiord, ckg mpktdgsmkgd

(prkò`mijdgtd hkvuto o rmioscmk hm mstojmgo ← \oskhmiotozmkgd).. d cm skgk scorsm dlldttm pdr quogtk

rmauorho io lrdqudgzo corhmoco.

Aim dlldttm prmgcmpoim sui smstdjo aostrkmgtdstmgoid skgk ugo hmjmguzmkgd hdiio jktmimtæ mgtdstmgoid d hdiid

sdcrdzmkgm, ckg oujdgtk hdi tkgk hdaim slmgtdrm ← Stmpsm

Vrkvkcogk mgkitrd ugo hmjmguzmkgd hdiio lugzmkgoimtæ rdgoid d ug oujdgtk hdiio sdcrdzmkgd hdii”krjkgd

Ogtmhmurdtmck OHB.

Smo aim dlldttm cdgtroim cbd pdrmldrmcm pksskgk oghord mgckgtrk o Xkiidrogzo… cbm pmý cbm jdgk.. ↝↝↝

Didvoto Jkhdroto Jmgmjo k Ossdgtd

Ogoiadsmo @rohmcorhmo Jmksm

Dulkrmo Stmpsm

Sdhozmkgd

Hdprdssmkgd Pdspmrotkrmo

Dlldttk ogtmhmurdtmck

Gousdo d \kjmtk

Dlldttk ogtmtussmvk

Vdr io joaamkr portd hdaim dlldttm c”â ug didvotk arohk hm tkiidrogzo.. ← pdr jogtdgdrd io stdsso rmspksto

kcckrrd qumghm oujdgtord io hksd >-/

Ottuoijdgtd (066<) io smtuozmkgd hdii”usk hm kppmkmhm (gdii”TD) â hm 8-4 cosm kagm ?666 o`mtogtm tro m ?4 d m <8

oggm. Xro tuttm aim kppmkmhm i”drkmgo â qudiio pmý usoto. Mi hotk prdkccupogtd â cbd gdaim TSO d mg Cogoho c”â

ug usk sdjprd pmý lrdqudgtd hm kppmkmhm prdscrmttm o sckpk tdropdutmck/ogoiadsmck.. Mg portmckiord

Kssmckhkgd d Mhrkckhkgd. _udstm lorjocm skgk hmvdgtotm id prmgcmpoim skstogzd hm mgmzmozmkgd.. prmjo hm

possord o qudiid pdsogtm (Boggk supdrotk pdrlmgk io Coggo`ms). Oi jkjdgtk mg durkpo prdvoid mgvdcd i”usk

hdii”drkmgo.

DPKMGO>

Hkpk ug”mgmdzmkgd hm Drkmgo pdr vmo d.v. o``mojk ugo sdrmd hm dlldttm tdjpk hmpdghdgtm (oicugm mjjdhmotm,

oitrm rdsmhum).

Su`mtk hkpk i”mgmdzmkgd i”drkmgo prkvkco vdikcdjdgtd ug rosb dulkrmck jkitk lkrtd, smjmid o ug

kraosjk o imvdiik òssk ohhkjmgoid5 jdgtrd o ivi jdgtoid sm bo ugk stotk hm arotmlmcozmkgd d pmocdrd.

Hkpk oicugm jmgutm mgmzmo o mgstourorsm ugk stotk hm sdhozmkgd cbd huro cmrco ug”kro hurogtd mi quoid

sm rdamstro ugo rmhuzmukgdhdii”ottmvmtæ rdspmrotkrmo.

Cki possord hdi tdjpk vo hmjmgudghk i”dlldttk dulkrmzzogtd.. d sm posso ho ugk stotk hm Ogdhkgmo

lmgk oii”dimjmgozmkgd ckjpidto hdiio skstogzo ckg prdcmpmtozmkgd gdiik stotk hm ostmgdgzo, cbd sm



Voamgo | ??

vdrmlmco jox hkpk 10 krd… d cbd mjpmdao ugo sdttmjogo

pdr sckjpormrd. Vdr dvmtord mi possoaamk oiik stotk hm

ostmgdgzo,mi tkssmckhmdpghdgtd ossujd ug”oitro hksd… :[:‚

Aim dlldttm hdiio crmsm hm ostmgdgzo skgk dsottojdgtd kppkstm oaim

dlldttm hdii”drkmgo.

_umghm ovrdjk Jmhrmosm, tocbmpgdo d tocbmcorhmo, pdiid h”kco (pmikdrdzmkgd), oujdgtk hdiio suhkrozmkgd, iocrmjozmkgd,

oujdgtk hdaim sòhmaim K[k, oujdgtk hdiio prmstoism ckg vkjmtk d

hmorrdo.

Osskcmotm o qudstm hmstur`m o imvdiik pdrmldrmck, o``mojk ogsmo, mrrmto`mimtæ, i”dulkrmo hmvdgto← Hmslkrmo,

Mgskggmo (pdrhmto hdii”dlldttk sdhotmvk), hkikrm oiid ksso d jusckiorm, oujdgtk hdiio sdgsm`mimtæ d..

Hmpdghdgzo… rmcdrco ckjpuismvo hdiio skstogzo (← Crovmga)…

Vdr quogtk rmauorho io jkrtd ho Kvdrhksd ho Drkmgo dsmstkgk ogckro hdiid pdrpidssmtæ suiid cousd prdcmsd…

Tgo hdiid prmjd mpktdsm â i”dhdjo pkijkgord ocutk d Hdprdssmkgd Pdspmrotkrmo

Tg”oitro â i”dgcdloikiduckpiocbmo skttkckrtmcoid.. lkrjozmkgd hm idsmkgm prdcogcdrksd `mogcostrd..

kssdrvotd mg qudstk cosk o imvdiik hdi tdssutk gdrvksk.. sdj`ro dssdrd osskcmotk oii”mgoiozmkgd hdm

vopkrm hm Drkmgo.. qudiik cbd vmdgd cbmojotk ’Cbosmga tbd Hroakg‚ (← Lujoghk kppmk, sm lkrjo ugo

scmo hm lujk portmckiord cbd osskjmaimo quosm oiio ckho hm ug hroak…. Ke… skik o ug hrkaotk puð

sdj`rorik :[:‚)

Tg”oitro couso puð dssdrd io ro`hkjmkimsm (rktturo hdiid lm`rd jusckiorm) hkvuto oiio ckjprdssmkgd

hm ugk k pmý ortm hurogtd ug prkiugaotk stotk hm mgckscmdgzo.

Gkg c”â pkm ho hmjdgtmcorsm cbd ckg ugo vmo hm skjjmgmstrozmkgd pordgtdroid hdiio hrkao, sm â pmý

skaadttm o ckgtrorrd joiottmd mg cosk hm pkco stdrmimtæ.. (BM\ d Dpotmtd \mroid)

PDCTVDPK HDI VO^MDGXD DPKMGKJOGD>

Mi prkcdssk â iugak d ckjpidssk.. pkssmojk lord mgtdrvdgtm hm tmpk lorjockikamck d tdropmd hm suppkrtk

psmckikamck… Mgtdrvdgtk lorjockikamck smagmlmco usord ug oitrk tmpk hm kppmkmhd. M pmý hmllusm skgk mi

Jdtohkgd d io @uprdgkrlmgo, pdrð sm puð usord ogcbd io stdsso drkmgo . Ho ?4 oggm mg svmzzdro stoggk

usoghk qudstk prktkckiik hm rdcupdrk (drkmgo)… i”usk hm drkmgo â strdttojdgtd ckgtrkiiotk. Aim k`mdttmvm

hdiio tdropmo skstmtutmvo pksskgk dssdrd o @rdvd tdrjmgd k o Iugak tdrjmgd. Ik sckpk hm qudiio o `rdvd

tdrjmgd â ckgvmgcdrd mi tkssmckhmpdghdgtd o mgmzmord mi trottojdgtk d oiidvmord m smgtkjm hkvutm oh ostmgdgzo.

C”â ho sopdrd cbd pdr quogtk id crmsm hm ostmgdgzo ho jdtohkgd smogk pmý idaadrd, io huroto â jkitk pmýiugao (sdttmjogd)… pdr qudstk kitrd mi 86% hdm tkssmckhmpdghdgtm o`òghkgogk io tdropmo skstmtutmvo..

Ik sckpk hdi trottojdgtk o iugak tdrjmgd â qumghm trottdgdrd mi pozmdgtd gdi prkarojjo hm trottojdgtk,

rmhurrd id hksm, sto`mimzzord i”usk hm drkmgo.. dcc…

Mi JDXOHKGD â ugk hdm lorjocm kppmkmhm joaamkrjdgtd usotm pdr mi rdcupdrk.. Bo ozmkg ι oakgmsto, bo

ottmvmtæ ogoiadsmco, d vmdgd skjjmgmstrotk mg ug”Tgmco hksd Amkrgoimdro.. hm amkrgk mg pkm sm rmhucd io hksd

mgmzmoid hm ug jox hdi 4%.. Mi tossk hm o`òghkgk â hm kitrd mi 86%.

I”oitrk kppmkmhd usotk gdiio tdropmo â io @TVPDGKPLMGO, oakgmsto porzmoid hdm rdcdttkrm ι, bo ugo huroto

h”ozmkgd pmý iugao, d vmdgd adgdroijdgtd skjjmgmstrotk pdr vmo suìmgauoid k pordgtdroid. Io ùprdgkrlmgo



Voamgo | ?0

â pmý ottmvo.. d 2 ja skgk poroakgo`mim om 86 hdi jdtohkgd. Ovdghk iugao djmvmto, io skjjmgmstrozmkgd â

kagm 0-3 amkrgm.

Oitrm kppmkmhm skgk mi GOIKRKGD d mi GOIXPDRKGD. Skgk hdaim ogtoakgmstm hdi rdcdttkrd

pdr aim Kppmkmhm.. Boggk ugo strutturo pdrldttojdgtd ckjpidjdgtord oi rdcdttkrd, hm

ckgsdaudgzo gkg mghuckgk coj`m ckglkrjozmkgoim toim ho ottmvord ugo rmspksto `mkikamco.

_udstd jkidckid rmdsckgk oh ogtoakgmzzord i”dlldttk hdiio jkrlmgo k hm oitrm oakgmstm hdm

rdcdttkrm ι dgtrk ?-0 jmgutm. I”mgtkssmcozmkgd ocutoho kppmkmhm â corottdrmzzoto ho ugo>

jmgkrd ldrqudgzo rdspmrotkrmo (0-3 ottm oi jmgutk)

jmksm

Sdhozmkgd … ← Ckjo..

Mpktdgsmkgd … ← Sbkce

Mpktdrjmo, mpktkgk jusckiord, ogurmo.

Gdi cosk hm mghmvmhum tkssmckhmpdghdgtm, io skjjmgmstrozmkgd hm qudstm lorjocm scotdgo ugo

crmsm hm ostmgdgzo. ….\dhmojk kro oitrd skstogzd….

AIM VSMCKSXMJKIOGXM – Ojldtojmgo | Ckcomgo | Colldmgo | Gmcktmgo

_udstd skstogzd skgk rmcdrcotd hoi tkssmckhmpdghdgtd, mg quogtk oujdgtogk id pdrlkrjogcd lmsmcbd d

psmcbmcbd, d rdghkgk i”mghmvmhuk pmý ottmvk d prkgtk pdr ollrkgtord id ottmvmtæ quktmhmogd d gkg.. Mg qudsto

cotdakrmo rmdgtro ogcbd io colldmgo.. oh kagm jkhk, gkg rmdgtro tro id skstogzd prkm`mtd..mhdj pdr io gmcktmgo.

Ckjd lugzmogk qudstd skstogzd; ← mgmzmojk ho Ckcomgo d Ojldtojmgo. Boggk ug jdccogmsjk ug pk”

hmvdrsk, jo dgtroj`d voggk oh oujdgtord io hmspkgm`mimtæ smgoptmco hdiid cotdckiojmgd.

Io CKCOMGO vo oh oamrd suiio

tdrjmgozmkgd prdsmgoptmco hdi

gdurkgd HO, `ikccoghk io pkjpo cbd

pdrjdttd mi rduptoed hdiio Hkpojmgo

(d hdiid oitrd cotdckiojmgd) gdiio

tdrjmgozmkgd gdrvkso. Mg qudstk

jkhk sm bo i”oujdgtk hm hmspkgm`mimtæ

hdiid cotdckiojmgd o imvdiik smgoptmck

← joaamkr rmspksto `mkikamco.

Id OJLDXOJMGD skgk hdiid ojmgd

smjpotmckjmjdtmcbd mghmrdttd..

_udstd jkidckid vdgakgk pkrtotd oii”mgtdrgk hdiio tdrjmgozmkgd gdrvkso hoiik stdssk trospkrtotkrd hdiid

cotdckiojmgd dghkadgd.. o qudstk pugtk, id ojldtojmgd voggk o `ikccord mi trospkrtotkrd cbd pdrjdttd

i”occujuik hm Sdrktkgmgo, Hkpojmgo k Gkrohrdmgoimgo gdiid vdscmckid. _udstd qumghm rmjogakgk im`drd gdi

cmtkpiosjo.. quoghk id ckgcdgtrozmkgm skgk trkppk didvotd, id cotdckiojmgd dsckgk pdr Mgvdrsmkgd hdi

cogoid o ugmpkrtk.

OJLDXOJMGD>

Gd dsmtkgk vorm hdrmvotm.. i”usk tdropdutmck â jkitk rork.. prdvoidgtdjdgtd skgk mgtdrdssogtm hoi pugtk hm

vmsto tkssmckikamck. Oghoghk oh oujdgtord io quogtmtæ hm Cotdckiojmgd dghkadgd (GO,HO,4-BX)



Voamgo | ?3

hdtdrjmgogk ug”ozmkgd stmjkiogtd o imvdiik hdi SGC.. rmcdrcoto hoi ckgsujotkrd hm ojldtojmgd (oitrmjdgtm

cbmojotk hrkaotk >V). _udst”ozmkgd stmjiogtd sm troslkrjo gdii”mghmvmhuk mg ug> Oujdgtk hdiio vmamiogzo d

hdiio copocmtæ hm ckgcdgtrozmkgd, Oujdgtk hdiid pdrlkrjogcd lmsmcbd d jdgtoim, Oujdgtk hdii”Dikqumk

vdr`oid (skcmoimzzozmkgd), Pmhuzmkgd hdi sdgsk hdiio lotmco, Dlldttk ogkrdssmzzogtd (jdgk lojd).. Pmhuzmkgd

hdi Skggk. Xro aim dlldttm ckjpkrtojdgtoim o``mojk oppugtk i”dulkrmo hkvuto oii”oujdgtk hdiio HO gdm

cdgtrm hdiio arotmlmcozmkgd d rmckjpdgso gdi smstdjo imj`mck.

Id ojldtojmgd boggk ug kttmjk osskr`mjdgtk pdr vmo Kroid.. Sm ckgcdgtrogk o imvdiik hdi Cdrvdiik.. d

ogcbd Ldaotk d rdgm. \dgakgk jdto`kimzzotd dh dimjmgotd pdr vmo rdgoid. Vdr vdikcmzzord i”dimjmgozmkgd pdr

vmo rdgoid sm puð rmckrrdrd oii”ocmhmlmcozmkgd hdiid urmgd/sogaud trojmtd mglusmkgd hm cikrurk h”ojjkgmk.

\mdgd ossugto adgdroijdgtd skttklkrjo hm Vostmaimd k Copsuid.. jo ogcbd pdr vmo dghkvdgkso, d mgoioto

skttklkrjo hm pkivdrm k vopkrm (hkpk mi rmscoihojdgtk).

Id Ojldtojmgd skgk ogcbd GDTPKXKSSMCBD. Dlldttk hmrdttk hm hmstruzmkgd gdurkgoid. Id ordd pmý ckipmtd

skgk

i”Mppkcojpk (hdi smstdjo imj`mck.. â joaamkrjdgtd ckmgvkitk gdiid lugzmkgm ckagmtmvd ckjd

Jdjkrmzzozmkgd d opprdghmjdgtk ← IXV ikga tdrj pktdgzmotmkg). Tg hoggk o qudstk imvdiik puð

cousord ckjprkjmssmkgd pdrjogdgtd hdiid lugzmkgm ckagmtmvd.

Oitrm hud gucidm ckipmtm skgk mi Couhotk d mi Vutojdg, cbd ckstmtumsckgk ik Strmotk.. zkgo hdi cdrvdiik

mg cum orrmvogk id tdrjmgozmkgm hkpojmgdramcbd hoiio Su`stogtmo Gmaro cbd ckgtrkiiogk d rdakiogk

i”ottmvmtæ hm oitrm gdurktrosjdttmtkrm ckjd mi AO@O d Aiutojjotk, d mg qudstk jkhk ckgtrkiiogk mi

jkvmjdgtk. ← Tg hoggk mg qudstd ordd couso qumghm ckjprkjmssmkgd hdiid lugzmkgm jktkrmd5

Ik stdssk pdr m Gucidm toiojmcm, sdjprd ckmgvkitm gdiid lugzmkgm jktkrmd.. Ckg ckjprkjmssmkgd

hdiid lugzmkgm skjotksdgskrmoim.

Bktimges>

Hmspdgsd mg VHL>

Pdamstrozmkgd >

0 Krd hm Idzmkgd

¹ Crdhmtk





Voamgo | ?8

ID XKSSMCKHMVDGHDG^D> – Vortd Xdrzo ?=-?6-??

Id OJLDXOJMGD boggk ugk scorsmssmjk mjpmdak tdropdutmck, mglottm aim ugmcm usm skgk rmvkitm vdrsk m

Gorckidttmcm >H.. Sm uso ug hdrmvotk cbd ho jdgk dlldttm ckiiotdroim← mi Jkholmgmi. I”oitrk utmimzzk, â pdr iosmghrkjd ho mpdrottmvmtæ gdm òj`mgm d hdlmcmt hdii”ottdgzmkgd K[k‚ .. sdj`ro ug ckgtrksdgsk, jo

i”ojldtojmgo pdrjdttd hm ckgcdgtrord i”ottdgzmkgd hdi òj`mgk su ugo hdtdrjmgoto ottmvmtæ ho svkiadrd.

Hoi pugtk hm vmsto tkssmckikamck, id ojldtojmgd mghuckgk Xkiidrogzo, Hmpdghdgzo Lmsmco (skprottuttk mg cosk

hm skjjmgmstrozmkgm pordgtdroim.. pmý rork pdr vmo kroid).. d hmpdghdgzo Vsmckikamco ← ’Crovmga‚ (io rmcdrco

ckjpuismvo hdiio skstogzo).

Vdr quogtk rmauorho i”uimtmzzk hm ojldtojmgd gdi jkghk o``mojk vorm hotm5 prmjo hm tuttk c”â ho hmrd cbd id

ojldtojmgd skgk locmijdgtd rdpdrm`mim d o òssk ckstk… I”ojldtojmgo pmý rdpdrm`mid â io JHJO ←

Jdtmidghmkssmjdtojldtojmgo (Dcstosy).

Gdaim Stotm ugmtm kitrd ?? jmimkgm hm mghmvmhum hom ?0 oggm mg su boggk lottk usk hm Dcstosy oijdgk ugo

vkito gdiio vmto.

Mg Durkpo> 2,4 jmimkgm hm ohuitm gd boggk lottk usk.. mg portmckiord mg Pdagk Tgmtk d Spoago

Ogcbd i”Mtoimo gkg scbdrzo… ← hom 46e oaim 24e amkvogm (tro m ?4 d 04 oggm) loggk usk hm Dcstosy kagm

sdttmjogo mg hmscktdco.

Mg òsd oiid jkhoimtæ hm ossugzmkgd pkssmojk ovdrd hmvdrsm dlldttm… Gdi cosk hm ugo skio hksd porimojk hm

’Luao‚5 mg cosk hm skjjmgmstrozmkgm d.v. rmpdtutd sm roaamugad ugk stotk pmý prklkghk (hkvutk oi lottk cbd

i”ojldtojmgo orrmvo + vdikcdjdgtd oi cdrvdiik) hdlmgmtk ’Pusb‚ ← i”dlldttk òssk ohhkjmgoid cbd jmjo

i”kraosjk sdssuoid.

_udstm dlldttm dulkrmzzogtm voggk mgckgtrk o tkiidrogzo, cbd sm svmiuppo o`òstogzo vdikcdjdgtd, gdi amrk hm

8-< krd. Ik stdssk occohd pdr i”dlldttk ogkrdssmzzogtd (coik hdii”oppdtmtk).

Xuttm aim dlldttm cbd sdaukgk o ug usk crkgmck hdiid ojldtojmgd, voggk o jkhmlmcdrd oicugm ospdttm

hdii”mghmvmhuk, o ckjmgcmord hoi>

Pmtjk Skggk-\daimo ←vmdgd ckjpidtojdgtd oitdrotk, mg quogtk qudstd skstogzd hdtdrjmgogk

mgskggmo.. mi ckrpk kvvmojdgtd gkg puð supdrord mghdggd mg dtdrgk qudstk rmtjk hm mpdrottmvmtæ, d

gd ckgsdaud ug crkiik psmck-lmsmck)

Sm dvmhdgzmogk mgkitrd mg qudstm mghmvmhum hdm Ckjpkrtojdgtm Vsmcktmcm ← Lkrjd Jogmocoim.. jogmd

hm pdrsdcuzmkgd.. dh â gkto qudsto psmcksm cousoto hoii”ojldtojmgo.. ckjd sd io pdiid lkssd mgvoso

ho mgsdttm >S (ìdob…)

Io jogcogzo hm skggk d io jmgkrd ossugzmkgd hm cm`k, ckg mi prksdaumrd hdi tdjpk, pkrto o ug

Crkiik psmcklmsmck Xktoid.

Tgo K\DPHKSD hm Ojldtojmgo, puð cousord arovm hoggm smo psmcbmcm/gdurkikamcm.. cbd o cormck hdi smstdjo

corhmkvosckiord (Mg quogtk oujdgtogk io hmspkgm`mimtæ hm GO, oujdgtoghk hm ckgsdaudgzo i”ottmvmtæ

corhmoco)



Voamgo | ?4

O imvdiik corhmkvosckiord pktrdjk qumghm ovdrd ug”mgskradgzo hm Ormtjmd Corhmocbd, Mpdrtdgsmkgd

(Skprottuttk mgmzmoijdgtd pdr i”dlldttk voskckstrmttkrd) cbd pkm sm troslkrjo mg Mpktdgsmkgd quoghk sm bo mi

ckiiossk cmrckiotkrmk. Io voskckstrmzmkgd o imvdiik cutogdk hdtdrjmgo mjpoiimhmjdgtk d cutd lrdhho.

O imvdiik hdi SGC, i”dlldttk dulkrmck â pkrtotk oii”dsospdrozmkgd.. sdaumtk ho trdjkrm, oujdgtk

hdii”mrrmto`mimtæ, mgskggmo (krjom mgskstdgm`mid) lmgk oh orrmvord o hdiid vdrd d prkprmd crmsm ckgvuismvd ..d

i”mghmvmhuk pdrhd io copocmtæ hm pdgsord mg jogmdro ckdrdgtd.

I”kvdrhksd hdtdrjmgo mgkitrd ug oujdgtk hdiio tdjpdroturo ckrpkrdo (mpdrtdrjmo)… Mjjoamgmojkcm

i”ossugzmkgd hm ojldtojmgo mg ugo hmscktdco.. hkvd c”â jkitk coihk.. sdgsk hdiio sdtd rmhkttk.. (d sd `dvkgk..

cdrtk gkg sm trottdræ hm Ocquo jmgdroid goturoid :[:‚) ← Sm ovræ ugk stotk hm hmsmhrotozmkgd, pktdgzmotk

hoii”ossugzmkgd hm oickimcm cbd oghroggk oh oujdgtord aim dlldttm hkvutm oiio hdprdssmkgd hdi sgc.. qudstd

pdrskgd voggk locmijdgtd mgckgtrk oi ckiiossk.. d Jkrtd…☦☦

Sd vdgmssd mgtdrrktto ̀ ruscojdgtd i”ossugzmkgd hm ojldtojmgd, sm oghrd``d mgckgtrk o smghrkjd hm

ostmgdgzo cbd sm svmiuppo gdii”orck hm ugo amkrgoto hoiio skspdgsmkgd. I”opmcd ik sm roaamugad gd prmjm 0-8

amkrgm, d mi joidssdrd adgdroid puð hurord pdr pordccbm oitrm. D” corottdrmzzoto ho ug lkrtd stotk hdprdssmvk

Smo lmsmck cbd Vsmcbmck, Mrrmto`mimtæ, ogsmo, lmgk oh orrmvord o mhdd sumcmhd.

DCSXOS]>

D” io Jdtmidg-hmkssm-jdtojldtojmgo (JHJO)5 io prmgcmpoid usoto pdr

sòiiorsm gdm amkvogm. Bo ik stdssk jdccogmsjk h”ozmkgd hdiid ojldtojmgd5 jo..

qudstk hdrmvotk, sdj`ro dssdrd pmý ollmgd pdr mi trospkrtotkrd hdiio Sdrktkgmgo (4-BX),

oujdgtoghk hm ckgsdaudgzo io suo hmspkgm`mimtæ smgoptmco. Io sdrktkgmgo â prkò`mijdgtd mi

gdurktrosjdttmtkrd cbd puð mgtdroamrd ckg mi pmý arog gujdrk hm rdcdttkrm.. d kagm oggk dsckgk gukvm

skttktmpm. Io suo ozmkgd â qumghm ugo hdiid pmý ckjpidssd, ckg svormotm dlldttm, o sdckgho hdi rdcdttkrd

prdsdgtd suiio cdiiuio >-/

I”Dcstosy bo ozmkgd gdurktkssmco, pdrcbí pkrto oiio lkrjozmkgd hm spdcmd rohmcoimcbd hdii”kssmadgk (cbd

hmstruaakgk io ckjpksmzmkgd hdiio jdj`rogo cdiiuiord, oghoghk oh oamrd sum lkslkimpmhm d suiid prktdmgd

mgtrocdiiuiorm – dgzmjm mgciusm – d oamsckgk mgktrd sui HGO.) Ckjd pdr id ojldtojmgd mg adgdroid, bo dlldttm

gdaotmvm sui smstdjo corhmkvosckiord, oujdgto io tdjpdroturo ckrpkrdo.. d io lkrjozmkgd hm rohmcoim o ivi

dpotmck pkrto o Dpotktkssmcmtæ.

Io tkssmcmtæ o cormck hdi SGC prdvdhd ugo mgskradgzo hm vorm dlldttm o imvdiik tdjpkroid.. Id skimtd cksd hdttd

pdr id Ojldtojmgd… >V … possmojk oiio Ckcomgo >HH…

CKCOMGO>

Io suo krmamgd goturoid â ugo pmogto, io Drmtbrkxyikg ckco. I”osskr`mjdgtk puð

ovvdgmrd pdr vmo kroid (ogcbd jostmcoghk id lkaimd hm Ckco), jo skprottuttk io

vmo pmý hmlluso â io vmo mgtrogosoid, mg cum vm â ug ropmhmssmjk osskr`mjdgtk5 qudst”ossugzmkgd

pdrð ckjpkrtdræ o iugak oghord sdrm hoggm. Io ckcomgo â ug voskckstrmttkrd d i”usk rmpdtutk

ottrovdrsk io vmo mgoiotkrmo pkrtdræ o gdcrksm hdiio cortmioamgd hdi sdttk gosoid. I”osskr`mjdgtk pdr vmo

pordgtdroid â pmý idgtk.. prkprmk pdr mi lottk cbd io ckcomgo prkvkco voskckstrmzmkgd. Gdi cosk io ckcomgo

lkssd ossugto pdr vmo gosoid, sm porio hm ’sgkrtmga‚, d sm trotto hdiio lkrjo soimlmcoto> ’ckcomgo cikrmhrotk‚.

Oitdrgotmvojdgtd sm porio hdi ’croce‚, mg cum bo io lkrjo hm òsd im`dro, kttdgutk rmscoihoghk io lkrjo

soimlmcoto ckg `mcor`kgotk5 d puð dssdrd lujotk. I”dlldttk hm qudstk â jkitk pmý mgtdgsk d vmdgd hdlmgmtk

’Pusb‚ o imvdiik hdi SGC.



Voamgo | ?<

Vosso smo io @DD cbd io òrrmdro piocdgtord.. Gd ckgsdaud, cbd hotm m sukm dlldttm voskckstrmttkrm, pksso

rmhurrd i”mrrkrozmkgd hdiio piocdgto, d qumghm i”oppkrtk hm kssmadgk d oitrd skstogzd ho scoj`mord ckg mi

sogaud ldtoid. Mi jdccogmsjk h”ozmkgd â sdjprd ik stdssk ← ìkcco m trospkrtotkrm o imvdiik prdsmgoptmck

hdiid cotdckiojmgd dghkadgd (HO, 4-BX, GO).

Aim dlldttm cdgtroim hdiio ckcomgo (dulkrmo/arotmlmcozmkgd/dccmtozmkgd) skgk prmgcmpoijdgtd hkvutm

oii”oujdgtk hdiio ckgcdgtrozmkgd hm Hkpojmgo gdi smstdjo imj`mck.

Ckjd pdr id Ojldtojmgd rmhucd io gdcdssmtæ hm cm`k, d hdi skggk (cousoghk qumghm oitdrozmkgm hdi cmcik

skggk vdaimo)

Aim dlldttm pdrmldrmcm skgk prdvoidgtdjdgtd o cormck hdi smstdjo corhmkvosckiord (hotk cbd oujdgto io

hmspkgm`mimtæ hdiid cotdckiojmgd).. qumghm ovrdjk ug oujdgtk hdiio lrdqudgzo corhmoco, oujdgtk hdiio

prdssmkgd ortdrmkso, oitdrozmkgm hdi rmtjk corhmock, mpdrtdrjmo… pdr io voskckstrmzmkgd pdrmldrmco←Voiikrd..

rmtdgzmkgd urmgormo… d.. jmhrmosm.

Gdaim TSO sm rdamstro kagm oggk ug oujdgtk prkardssmvk hdii”usk hdiio ckcomgo, mg portmckiord vm â ug

oujdgtk hdi Croce5 jdgtrd mg Durkpo c”â ug oghojdgtk pmý sto`mid. Jkitk mgtdrdssogtk â mi lottk cbd sm

pkssogk sto`mimrd m imvdiim hm usk hdiio ckcomgo mg ugo pkpkiozmkgd trojmtd id ogoimsm hdii”mgqumgojdgtk

oj`mdgtoid← kvvdrk oghoghk o hksord m imvdiim hm ckcomgo d jdto`kimtm gdiid ocqud rdliud hdiid aroghm cmttæ.

Ik stuhmk bo rmidvotk i”mgcrdjdgtk hdm imvdiim hm ckcomgo gdiid ocqud hm scormck prkprmk gdm lmgdsdttmjogo, cbd

vo o ckgldrjord i”usk rmcrdotmvk hm qudsto skstogzo.

Io XKSSMCMXO” OCTXO ho Ckcomgo (Kvdrhksd) prkvkco hdm smgtkjm o imvdiik corhmkvosckiord d gdurkikamck5

ckg

oitdrozmkgd hdiio pdrlusmkgd cdrd`roid (voskckstrmzmkgd cbd puð pkrtord o mscbdjmo d qumghm o

Mctus)…

Mglortk jmkcorhmck (ckg ckjprkjmssmkgd hdi rmtjk corhmock, hdiio lrdqudgzo d hdiio lkrzo hm

ckgtrozmkgd)..

psmcksm tkssmcbd (mi ckcomgkjogd bo jogmd hm pdrsdcuzmkgd)

Jo ik stotk pmý arovd â i”mgskradgzo hm Ckgvuismkgm.. d io jkrtd puð mgtdrvdgmrd pdr orrdstk corhmock

Gkg dsmstkgk hdm rmjdhm cbd vohogk oh ogtoakgmzzord hmrdttojdgtd ug rdcdttkrd (mg quogtk io ckcomgo

oamscd su ug trospkrtotkrd)… hm ckgsdaudgzo gkg sm boggk o hmspksmzmkgd hdaim ’ogtmhktm‚ ho skjjmgmstrord

mg cosk hm kvdrhksd (ckjd mgvdcd gdi cosk hdii”drkmgo). Io tdropmo â prdttojdgtd smgtkjotmco… pkssk

usord>

Io Imhkcomgo ← â ug Ogtmormtjmck (pdr cdrcord hm rmpkrtord mi rmtjk corhmock gdiio gkrjo) Co-Ogtoakgmstm ← Pmhucdghk io hmspkgm`mimtæ hm Co o imvdiik hdiio cdiiuio voggk o rmhurrd io lkrzo hm

ckgtrozmkgd corhmoco qumghm mi iovkrk.. d io lrdqudgzo.. cousoghk ogcbd ugo hmjmguzmkgd hdiio

prdssmkgd.

I”Ospmrmgo ← mg adgdrd usoto ckjd ogtmoaardaogtd pmostrmgmck (pdr dvmtord i”mglortk ocutk hdi

jmkcorhmk)

Id @dgzkhmozdpmgd ← kvvmojdgtd pdr io ikrk ozmkgd ogtmckgvuismvogtd.

Io XKSSMCMXO” CPKGMCO (cbd mgtdrvmdgd ckg ug usk prkiugaotk d rmpdtutk hdiio skstogzo h”oùsk) prdvdhd

stotm hm ogsmo d mrrmto`mimtæ, ckg stotm psmcktmcm d ug oujdgtk hdii”oaardssmvmtæ (smo vdrsk sd stdssm cbd vdrsk aim

oitrm).. ugo rmhuzmkgd hdiid pdrlkrjogcd sdssuoim, d pdrlkrozmkgd hdiio pordtd cortmioamgdo hdi sdttk gosoid



Voamgo | ?1

(gdi cosk hm ’sgkrtmga‚). Vossoghk io òrrmdro trogspiocdgtord prkvkco hoggm gdi ldtk, d kitrd o rmhurrd io

pdrlusmkgd puð cousord rmtorhk hdiik svmiuppk ldtoid.

Mg cosk hm ossugzmkgm juitmpid mg tdjpm `rdvm ’`mgabmga‚ ovrdjk cbd io ckgcdgtrozmkgd piosjotmco hdiio

ckcomgo â liuttuogtd, hdtdrmjgoghk hdaim stotm kg-kll ckg jkjdgtm hm pmcck, mg cum vm â ug”ozmkgd jkitk

mgtdgso. _uoghk lmgmsckgk id liuttuozmkgm smagmlmco cbd io ckgcdgtrozmkgd hm ckcomgo sto coioghk.. quoghk

soræ stoto quosm ckjpidtojdgtd dimjmgoto hoii”kraogmsjk sm orrmvdræ o ugo losd hm ckjpidto prkstrozmkgd

hdlmgmto ’crosb‚ ← crkiik psmcklmsmck, cbd puð hurord ogcbd gujdrksd krd.

Io Xkiidrogzo, mgskrad gdi amrk hm 8b (pmý k jdgk ckjd pdr i”ojldtojmgo)… O ckso â hkvuto;; ← Sm mpktmzzo

ugo hkwg-rdauiotmkg hdm trospkrtotkrm k hdm Pdcdttkrm pdr id cotdckiojmgd dghkadgd. \o mgckgtrk o

tkiidrogzo qumghm i”dlldttk dulkrmzzogtd, d tuttm aim dlldttm pdrmldrmcm..

M smgtkjm Vsmcktkjmjdtmcm voggk mgckgtrk o Xkiidrogzo Mgvdrso ← I”kraogmsjk hmvdgto pmý sdgsm`mid oi

prkiugaorsm hdii”usk hdiio skstogzo.. Kagm vkito, io rmspksto `mkikamco soræ pmý lkrtd… qudstk pdr quogtk

rmauorho> Mjpuismvmtæ, ckgvuismkgm, tdgsmkgd…

Io Hmpdghdgzo psmcbmco mgtdrvmdgd prkvkcoghk stotm hm ogsmo d mrrmto`mimtæ, mghucdghk mi ’crovmga‚..

Ogcbd pdr i”usk crkgmck hdiio ckcomgo gkg c”â ug rmjdhmk.. jo kcckrrd sdjprd ug opprkccmk smgtkjotmck…

Ogtmhdprdssmvm

Coròjozdpmgo ← Ogtmckgvuismvogtd

@uprdgkrlmgo ← (usoto pdr mi rdcupdrk hdm tkssmckhmpdghdgtm).. gkg sm so ogckro ckg quoid

jdccogmsjk, jo sm â rmvdioto utmid pdr rmhurrd io smgtkjotkikamo ho ostmgdgzo hdiio ckcomgo.

Mg ugo gukvo rmcdrco (`db.. gkg togtk gukvo…) sdj`ro stmogk prdporoghk ug

trottojdgtk ckg ogtmckrpm ogtm-ckcomgo, cbd gd mjpdhmscogk mi possoaamk trojmtd io

@DD o couso hdiio lkrjozmkgd hdi ckjpidssk.

COLLDMGO>

Ckgtmgumojk ckg aim psmckstmjkiogtm >H Kvvmojdgtd io colldmgo gkg lo

portd hdiid skstogzd prkm`mtd, jo rmdgtro ckjugqud tro id skstogzd h”oùsk,

mg quogtk crdo gdii”mghmvmhuk ug hmscrdtk stotk hm hmpdghdgzo.. (ckgldrjk >V) \mdgd

osskr`mto vdikcdjdgtd pdr vmo kroid.. ottrovdrso io òrrmdro djotkdgcdloimco.. svkiadghk cksé mi suk dlldttk

psmckstmjkiogtd o imvdiik hdi sgc d supdro ogcbd io òrrmdro piocdgtord.

Lo portd hdiid òsm Rogtmgmcbd ckjd io Xdklmiimgo d io Xdk`rkjmgo.. _udstm ckjpkstm boggk ug jdccogmsjk

h”ozmkgd hupimcd.. \oggk oh oamrd ckjd ogtoakgmstm hdm rdcdttkrm hdii”Ohdgksmgo (gdurk jkhuiotkrd cbd

oamscd su svormotm rdcdttkrm – O?, O0, O3 –).. mg portmckiord io colldmgo mgm`mscd aim dlldttm mgm`mtkrm

hdii”ohdgksmgo jdhmotm hom rdcdttkrm O? d O3 osskcmotm

oiio prktdmgo Am ← cbd vo o mgm`mrd i”ohdgmiotk cmciosm ←

qumghm sm bo ugo rmhuzmkgd hdi cOJV… Mgkitrd, io

stmjkiozmkgd hm qudstm rdcdttkrm vo o rmhurrd io

ckghuttogzo oi Coicmk d oh oprmrd m cogoim hdi Vktossmk,

cousoghk mpdrpkiormzzozmkgd.

Io Colldmgo hugqud lo dsottojdgtd mi ckgtrormk… Mi

rdcdttkrd gkg vmdgd pmý stmjkiotk.. qumghm gkg sm bo

i”mgm`mzmkgd hdii”ohdgmiotk cmciosm d hdm cogoim hdi coicmk..



Voamgo | ?2

d gdjjdgk i”ottmvozmkgd hdm cogoim hdi pktossmk. Mg pkcbd porkid, ckg io colldmgo o``mojk ug>

Oujdgtk hdi cOJV

Oujdgtk hdiid ckghuttogzd hdi Co++ (io cdiiuio sm orrmccbmscd hm coicmk)

Pmhuzmkgd hdiid ckghuttogzd hdi Vktossmk (io cdiiuio sm hdpkiormzzo pmý locmijdgtd)

I”oitrk jdccogmsjk h”ozmkgd â mi @ikcck hdii”dgzmjo hdputotk oiio hdarohozmkgd hdi cOJV ← id

Lkslkhmdstdrosm. Mg qudstk jkhk sm bo ug oujdgtk cmtkpiosjotmck hdi cOJV. Ckso lo mi cOJV; ← ottmvo ioVrktdmg Emgosm O.. cbd ho mgmzmk o ug puttogomk hm coscotd dgzmjotmcbd (Vorkid hm Aovm6ié >V).. Mg qudstk jkhk,

io jdj`rogo cdiiuiord â locmimtoto oh oghord mgckgtrk o hdpkiormzzozmkgd.. qumghm oiio ckghuzmkgd hm ugk

stmjkik gdrvksk..

O sdckgho hdiio ikcoimzzozmkgd hm qudstm rdcdttkrm gdiid cdiiuid hdm vorm tdssutm, coj`mdræ mi tmpk hm dlldttk.

Vkssmojk qumghm hmvmhdrim mg Dlldttm o imvdiik Cdgtroid d o Imvdiik Vdrmldrmck..

O imvdiik cdgtroid, o``mojk aim dlldttm cbd cm pdrjdttkgk hm olldrjord cbd io colldmgo adgdro hmpdghdgzo..

qudstk pdrcbí oamscd ckjd id oitrd skstogzd h”o`usk vmstd prmjo, adgdroghk ug rmglkrzk pksmtmvk… Supdro

io @DD, pkrtoghk mghmrdttojdgtd o ug oujdgtk hdiio sdagoiozmkgd hkpojmgdramco gdi smstdjo imj`mck.

Oujdgtk hdii”ottdgzmkgd, hdi sdgsk hm vmamiogzo, hdiid copocmtæ jdjkrmzzogtm

D skprottuttk rmhuzmkgd hdi sdgsk hm stogcbdzzo.

Hoi 0668 gkg â pmý ckgsmhdroto ugo skstogzo hkpogtd (mg oj`mtk spkrtmvk) jo oh kagm jkhk â stoto mgsdrmto

mg ug ’prkarojjo hm jkgmtkroaamk‚ pdr pktdrgd voiutord ug usk mjprkprmk. Mi Imjmtd hm ckgc â hm ?0 ιa/jI

gdiid urmgd.. cbd ckrrmspkghd o ugo hksd hm 466 ja ← 4-< tozzmgd `dvutd mgsmdjd hm collâ K[k‚

Vdr quogtk rmauorho aim Dlldttm Vdrmldrmcm, o``mojk>

Ozmkgm o imvdiik corhmock (oujdgtoghk mi cOJV .. oujdgtoghk id ckghuttogzd hdi Coicmk.. drmhucdghk qudiid hdi pktossmk, sm lovkrmscd ugo joaamkrd lkrzo hm ckgtrozmkgd d hdiio lrdqudgzo

corhmoco)

\oskhmiotozmkgd hdiid ckrkgormd (qumghm ug oujdgtk hdi sogaud o imvdiik corhmock.. â ikamck cbd ug

cukrd cbd iovkro jkitk, o``mo ogcbd `mskagk hm ug joaamkrd oppkrtk hm sogaud –/←Kssmadgk

I”ozmkgd voskhmiototkrmo gkg sm vdrmlmco o imvdiik hdm vosm cdrd`roim, mg quogtk sm bo voskckstrmzmkgd..

(â pdr qudstk cbd mg cosm hm djmcrogmo â ckgsmaimo`mid prdghdrsm ug”ospmrmgo d ug collâ >V)

Pmioscmojdgtk hdiio jusckioturo imscmo `rkgcbmoid (dlldttk ogtmosjotmck)

Oujdgto io sdcrdzmkgd ocmho hdiik stkjock

D bo Dlldttk Hmurdtmck.

Hoi pugtk hm vmsto tkssmckikamck, io colldmgo rmdgtro gdiio lkrjuiozmkgd hm oicugm Mgtdarotkrm

pmý k jdgk prkm`mtm.. ug dsdjpmk â i”DCO Stoce… Gkg ojjdssk mg jkitm podsm, pdrcbí

ckgtmdgd i”dldhrmgo… Mi ckcetomi sm ckjpkgd hm> Dldhrmgo, Colldmgo d Ospmrmgo. Mi rmsuitotk

hdii”ossugzmkgd â i”mgcrdjdgtk hdiio tdrjkadgdsm (pdr oujdgtotk jdto`kimsjk hdm

arossm), mgcrdjdgtk hdiio impkimsm gdiid cdiiuid arossd d hdiio smgtdsm prktdmco gdiid cdiiuid

jusckiorm.. Sm bo mgkitrd hmjmguzmkgd hdi sdgsk hm lojd d hdiio Lotmco….

M prmgcmpoim dlldttm ckiiotdroim sm dvmhdgzmogk o cormck hdi smstdjo corhmkvosckiord.. ckg

oujdgtk hdiio prdssmkgd , tocbmcorhmo.. osskcmotm oh dlldttm o imvdiik cdgtroid ← oamtzmkgd,

ogsmo, gdrvksmsjk d hdprdssmkgd.

Io colldmgo hdtdrjmgo ug `iogho smghrkjd h”ostmgdgzo.. i”mgtdrruzmkgd puð pkrtord oaim



Voamgo | ?=

dlldttm kppkstm oii”ossugzmkgd.. qumghm sm rmhucd io copocmtæ hm ottdgzmkgd, d jdjkrmzzozmkgd, ugo rmhumkgd

hdiid prdstozmkgm lmsmcbd d jktkrmd d vm â ugo porzmoid lkrjo hm ’crovmga‚.. rmcdrco (gkg ckjpuismvo) hdiio

skstogzo. …d kro.. pdr uitmjo.. io>

GMCKXMGO>

Ogcbd io gmcktmgo bo ckjd krmamgd goturoid ugo pmogto, io Gmcktmogo

Xoòcuj5 â ug oakgmsto hdm rdcdttkrm Gmcktmgmcm cbd boggk prdskqudstk gkjd prkprmk pdrcbí io gmcktmgo â mi ikrk jmaimkr

oakgmsto…._udstm rdcdttkrm skgk hm tmpk mkgktrkpk, ckstmtumtm ho 4

suùgmtæ, cbd lkrjogk ugo spdcmd hm mjùtk o imvdiik hdiio

jdj`rogo cdiiuiord d i”mgtdrozmkgd hdiio gmcktmgo ckg m smtm

rdcdttkrmoim gkrjoijdgtd kccupotm hoii”ocdtmickimgo, pkrto

oii”opdrturo hdi cogoid mkgmck ckg mi possoaamk hm skhmk (vdrsk

i”mgtdrgk) d hm pktossmk (vdrsk i”dstdrgk)… qudstk hdtdrjmgo

hdpkiormzzozmkgd hdiio jdj`rogo, o cum sdaud i”ottmvozmkgd hm oitrm

cogoim vkitoaamk hmpdghdgtm ckjd qudiik hdi coicmk.

Io gmcktmgo vmdgd osskr`mto vdikcdjdgtd ottrovdrsk i”opporotk rdspmrotkrmk.. jo ogcbd ottrovdrsk io

juckso kroid d io pdiid. _udstk â ug dlldttk slovkrdvkid.. pdrcbí io gmcktmgo lo portd hm oicugm pdstmcmhm,

qumghm mi ckgtottk kccosmkgoid ckg qudstm, pdrjdttd mi suk osskr`mjdgtk ottrovdrsk ik strotk cutogdk… Vosso

io @DD d io òrrmdro piocdgtord.. d puð possord ogcbd gdi iottd.. \mdgd dimjmgoto pdr vmo rdgoid…

Xkssmcmtæ Ocuto> sm puð poriord skprottuttk hm mgcmhdgtm cbd pksskgk occohdrd gdm òj`mgm, m quoim pksskgk

mgakmord portm hm smaordtto, ossujdghk mg qudstk jkhk oitd hksm hm gmcktmgo… k mg cosk hm iugabd dspksmzmkgm

d ckgtottm ckg pdstmcmhm cbd io ckgtdgakgk. Io hksd Idtoid sm â coickiotk dssdrd tro m 86 d m <6 ja, ossugtm mg

ugo vkito skio… qumghm gkg c”â mi rmscbmk hm mgtkssmcozmkgd lujoghk ugo smaordtto, mg quogtk ckgtmdgd cmrco ?6

ja d pdrjdttd ug”ossugzmkgd smstdjmco hm skik ?-0 ottrovdrsk mi lujk mgoiotk…

M smgtkjm hdii”mgtkssmcozmkgd ocuto cbd sm vdrmlmcogk mg ̀ rdvmssmjk tdjpk hoii”ossugzmkgd (?4-36 jmg), skgk>

O imvdiik aostrkmgtdstmgoid> \kjmtk (pdr stmjkiozmkgd hdi CX^ ..pkck prktdtto hoiio @DD).. soimvozmkgd

(dlldttk hdi smstdjo porosmjpotmck) d Hkikrm ohhkjmgoim.

Cdloid.. skggkidgzo

Hmstur`m vmsmvm d uhmtmvm

Ckglusmkgd jdgtoid d hd`kidzzo...

←…_udstm drogk aim dlldttm pmý imdvm… qudiim pmý arovm skgk>

@ikcck rdspmrotkrmk hkvutk mg portd oii”ozmkgd cdgtroid hdiio gmcktmgo, cbd prkvkco mi ìkcck hdiio

rdspmrozmkgd.. d mg portd pdrcbí o imvdiik hdiio piocco gdurkjusckiord, io stmjkiozmkgd ckgtmguo hdm

rdcdttkrm gmcktmgmcm prkvkco io ikrk hdsdgsm`mimzzozmkgd.. d qumghm poroimsm.. >-/

Mi trottojdgtk ho ug”mgtkssmcozmkgd puð dssdrd hm tmpk smgtkjotmck… qumghm pkssmojk skjjmgmstrord ugo

`dgzkhmozdpmgo pdr oiidvmord id ckgvuismkgm.. Kppurd pkssk mghurrd mi vkjmtk prmjo hm ug”dvdgtuoid

osskr`mjdgtk (skik sd sm â tdjpdstmvm) …. (»… d mgmdttoraim ugo hksd hm otrkpmgo k ug lrocck hm kxmùtmgmgo;.. job…)

Sd mi pozmdgtd skprovvmvd oiid prmjd 8 krd, sm bo mi pmdgk rdcupdrk hdii”mghmvmhuk mgtkssmcotk… o jdgk cbd gkg

cm smogk stotm arovm cosm hm mpkssmo..



Voamgo | 06

Xkssmcmtæ Crkgmco>

_uoghk lujmojk ugo smaordtto, kvvmojdgtd gkg mgtrkhucmojk skik gmcktmgo, jo ogcbd ug oitrk arog

gujdrk hm skstogzd.. oh dsdjpmk, cotrojd d jkgkssmhk hm cor`kgmk. Vdr cum, m hoggm o imvdiik hdm vorm kraogm

skgk hkvutm o ugo skjjotkrmo hm dlldttm cousoto ho qudsto jmscdio hm ckjpkstm >S Vktrdjk ovdrd>

Hoggm corhmkvosckiorm, hkvutm o>

ug oujdgtk hdi iovkrk corhmock (cousotk hoiio gmcktmgo) Tg rmhkttk oppkrtk hm kssmadgk.. (hkvutk oi jkgkssmhk hm cor`kgmk cbd idao soihojdgtd

i”djkaik`mgo)

Tg oujdgtk hdii”mgcmhdgzo hm otdrkscidrksm.. (qumghm ugo joaamkrd locmimtæ hm svmiuppord

pioccbd otdrkjo tksd d Xrkj`m)

Hoggm @rkgckpijkgorm hkvutm sdjprd o qudstk jmx hm skstogzd.. ckg

Mglmojjozmkgm crkgmcbd hdm `rkgcbm

Dglmsdjo pkijkgord

Vdaamkrojdgtk hdii”osjo

Mg portmckiord, skgk rdspkgso`mim hdii”mgstourorsm hm gdkpiosmd mg tuttk i”opporotk

rdspmrotkrmk

Lujord hurogtd io arovmhogzo gkg â ckgsmaimo`mid… pdrcbí o couso hdii”dlldttk voskckstrmttkrd hdiio

gmcktmgo sm bo ogcbd ugo rmhktto pdrlusmkgd hdi ldtk.. d qudstk hdtdrjmgdræ ug rmtorhk hdiik svmiuppk

ldtoid.. ug joaamkr rmscbmk hm portk prdjoturk, ug jmgkr pdsk hdi gdkgotk oiio goscmto.. cbd hmpdghd hoiio

hksd hm gmcktmgo.. mg portmckiord, mi jmgkr oppkrtk hm kssmadgk hoi sogaud jotdrgk, puð hdtdrjmgord hdlmcmt

mgtdiidttmvm d lmsmcm.

Io gmcktmgo (ckjd o``mogk amæ vmstk) lo portd hdiio Sdckgho Ciossd hm skstogzd h”oùsk…vo oh oamrd sum

rdcdttkrm gmcktmgmcm (mkgktrkpm) prdsdgtm sum gdurkgm hkpojmgdramcm cbd hoiio \XO prkmdttogk oiid vormd ordd

hdi smstdjo imj`mck.. Hm ckgsdaudgzo oujdgto hmrdttojdgtd io im`drozmkgd hm Hkpojmgo mg qudstd zkgd.

Hoii”mghoamgd hdi 0662, â djdrsk cbd mg Mtoimo lujo mi 00% hdiio pkpkiozmkgd, ckg ug”dtæ supdrmkrd om ?4

oggm….Ckjd sm puð oghord mgckgtrk oiio hmpdghdgzo ho

Gmcktmgo;;

← o``mojk 3 tmpm hm tdropmo…

?-

Skstmtumrd mi lujk hm smaordtto ckg oitrd lkrjd hm

ossugzmkgd hdiio gmcktmgo.. ckjd akjjd ho jostmcord..

cdrkttm trogshdrjmcm o rmioscmk arohuoid….kppurd Sproy

gosoim k Mgoiotkrm… _udstk prmjk opprkccmk, pdrjdttd hm

jogtdgdrd hmscrdtd ckgcdgtrozmkgm hm gmcktmgo gdi

sogaud, pdr dvmtord io crmsm hm ostmgdgzo.. qudstm 8 arolmcm

ropprdsdgtogk id curvd hm ckgcdgtrozmkgd piosjotmco

hdiio gmcktmgo, ossugto jdhmogtd hmvdrsm vdmckim...

0-

Mi sdckghk prdvdhd i”usk hdi @uprkpmkgd.. â ug ogtmhdprdssmvk otmpmck.. pdrcbí kitrd o ìkccord mg

jkhk ìoghk mi rduptoed hdiio gkrohrdgoimgo d hkpojmgo, â ogcbd ug oakgmsto porzmoid hdm rdcdttkrm

gmcktmgmcm.. Vdccotk cbd cki possord hdi tdjpk sm smo sckpdrtk oujdgtord mi rmscbmk hm Mglortk :[:‚

3-

Oitdrgotmvojdgtd vm â mi trottojdgtk ckg io \ordgmcmcimgo cbd vo o ìkccord m rdcdttkrm gmcktmgmcm

ο8ΰ0← qudiim prdsdgtm sum gdurkgm hkpojmgdramcm gdiio \XO.. Bo ug”dllmcocmo supdrmkrd o qudiio hdi

ùprkpmkgd.. mg ckjpdgsk puð hord hdaim dlldttm ckiiotdroim ckjd mi pdaamkrojdgtk hm potkikamd

psmcbmotrmcbd prddsmstdgtm.



Voamgo | 0?

AIM VSMCBDHDIMCM – ISH | Jdscoimgo| Ldgcmcimhmgo | Vsmikcm`mgo

Oitrk aruppk… aim oiiucmgkadgm psmcbdhdimcm… boggk tuttm aim stdssm dlldttm..

oitdroghk gdii”mghmvmhuk io pdrcdzmkgd hm sd stdssm d hdiio rdoitæ dstdrgo… Cbd

boggk mg ckjugd tuttd qudstd skstogzd; ← boggk ugo strutturo cbmjmco cbd

sm ovvmcmgo o qudiio hdiio sdrktkgmgo (4-BX).. ← ← ←

ISH.. Hmdtmiojmhd hdii”ocmhk imsdramck.. Vrkhkttk hm sdjmsmgtdsm..

Vsmikcm`mgo d Vsmikcmgo…skgk oiiucmgkadgm ckgtdgutm gdm lugabm hdi

adgdrd Vsyikcm`d

Jdscoimgo.. kttdguto ho ug coctus cbd sm trkvo mg jdssmck ← Vdyktd.

Bktimges>

Pdamstrozmkgd Vortd ?>

Pdamstrozmkgd Vortd 0>

0 Krd hm Idzmkgd

¹ Crdhmtk





Voamgo | 00

XKSSMCKIKAMO – XKSSMCKHMVDGHDG^D – Vortd _uorto 08-?6-??

Pmprdghmojk aim Vsmcbdhdimcm d Oiiucmgkadgm.. I”dlldttk hm qudstd skstogzd â hm oitdrord io pdrcdzmkgd

hdiio rdoitæ cmrckstogtd.. Ckjd lugzmogk;; ← Boggk ug dlldttk smjmid oiio 4-BX, d voggk o stmjkiord

prdvoidgtdjdgtd mi skttktmpk 4-BX-0O. _udstk rdcdttkrd â hm tmpk dccmtotkrmk jdto`ktrkpk, ckiidaotk o ugoAprktdmg5 io Aq ← _udiio cbd pdrjdttd i”ottmvozmkgd hdiio Lkslkimposm C.. cbd prkhucd HOA d MV3.. ckg

ckgsdaudgtd oujdgtk hdi Co++ mgtrocdiiuiord pdr svuktojdgtk hdm hdpksmtm.. d ottmvozmkgd hdiio Vrktdmg

Emgosm C.. cbd lkslkrmio hdtdrjmgotd prktdmgd/dgzmjm… (mi skimtk puttogomk hm coscotd dgzmjotmcbd >V)… O

imvdiik hdi SGC vdgakgk ottmvotd oicugd ordd cdrd`roim joaamkrjdgtd ckmgvkitd gdii”ordo olldttmvo dh

djktmvo ← Ckrtdccmo Cdrd`roid d Ikcus Ckdruidus. Ottrovdrsk io stmjkiozmkgd hdm rdcdttkrm prdsdgtm mg

qudstd ordd, sm bo i”oitdrozmkgd hm oicugm ospdttm ckjpkrtojdgtoim5 mg prmjms mi Xkgk hdii”Tjkrd, io

tdjpdroturo ckrpkrdo, mi ckjpkrtojdgtk sdssuoid, mi ckgtrkiik hdiio jusckioturo d io pdrcdzmkgd

sdgskrmoid. Id rdozmkgm hkvutd oiio skjjmgmstrozmkgd hm ug oiiucmgkadgk pksskgk mgtdrdssord id gkrjoim

lugzmkgm lmsmkikamcbd k rmauorhord aim ospdttm djktmvm d sdgskrmoim.

Id \ormozmkgm Lmsmkikamcbd skgk o imvdiik Corhmkcmrckiotkrmk (ckg oujdgtk hdiio prdssmkgd ortdrmkso d

oujdgtk hdiio lrdqudgzo), Mpdrtdrjmo, \drtmamgd, pdrhmto hdii”oppdtmtk, sdccbdzzo hdiid loucm, oujdgtk

hdiio suhkrozmkgd, gousdo, mpdrottmvmtæ hdm rmlidssm jusckiorm.

Jo qudiik cbd cm mgtdrdsso joaamkrjdgtd skgk id rdozmkgm hm tmpk pdrcdttmvk dh djktmvk.. o``mojk, ugk

stotk hm ckglusmkgd pdrcdttmvo d ckagmtmvo, ckg pdrhmto hdi sdgsk hdm ckglmgm spozmktdjpkroim, oiiucmgozmkgm

hm tmpk adkjdtrmck, liosb hm ckikrm.. aim kaadttm skgk cmrckghotm ho oikgm iujmgksm d rmsuitogk ojpimlmcotm m

ckikrm, rujkrm, khkrm.

_uoghk ug mghmvmhuk ossujd oiiucmgkadgm sm hmcd cbd mgmzm ug ’vmoaamk‚ hdlmgmtk ’Xrmp‚, mg ug jkghk

mrrdoid… Ho qudstk XPMV hdrmvogk hdiid sdgsozmkgm cbd pksskgk dssdrd pmocdvkim (sd vo `dgd) ’Akkh XPMV‚

oitrmjdgtm skgk dsottojdgtd i”kppkstk ← ’@oh Xrmp‚.

Tg”oitro corottdrmstmco mgtdrdssogtd hdaim oiiucmgkadgm â i”dspdrmdgzo hm Liosb@oce… kvvdrk, hkpk cbd

i”mghmvmhuk bo lottk usk hm oiiucmgkadgm pdr ug cdrtk tdjpk, d bo prkvotk hdtdrjmgotd sdgsozmkgm.. oiik stkp

hdii”ossugzmkgd sm puð vdrmlmcord cbd i”mghmvmhuk tkrgm o prkvord qudiid stdssd sdgsozmkgm.. pur gkg dssdghk

skttk i”dlldttk hdiik stupdlocdgtd. Gdi HSJ-M\, qudstk â hdlmgmtk ckjd Hmstur`k Vdrcdttmvk pkst-

oiiucmgkadgk. …Ckjd ckjpomkgk qudstm Liosb`oce;; ← mg adgdrd `osto ug pmcckik stmjkik (ogcbd

mgsmagmlmcogtd).. ckjd vdhdrd m logoim hm ug”outk k id iucm psmcbdhdimcbd hdiio hmscktdco.. Adgdroijdgtd

qudstm gkg skgk pksmtmvm, jo loggk rmvmvdrd sdgsozmkgm hm ogakscmo d hm ogsmo.

Aim oitrm tmpm hm ’oiiucmgkadgm‚ skgk id Hrkabd Hmsskcmotmvd.. cbd hoggk ugo

sdgsozmkgd hm hmstocck hoii”oj`mdgtd cmrckstogtd d hoi prkprmk ckrpk. _udstd hrkabd skgk

gotd (d oicugd skgk tutt”kro usotd) ckjd ogdstdtmcm mg cbmruramo. Mi copkstmpmtd â io

Ldgcmcimhmgo (VCV), gkto ogcbd ckjd pkivdrd h”ogadik. I”oitro â io Edtojmgo

(cbmojoto ogcbd Spdcmoi E.. ckjd m cdrdoim >V).. bo ugo huroto h”ozmkgd mgldrmkrd.

Boggk ug jdccogmsjk h”ozmkgd ckjpidtojdgtd hmvdrsk hoaim oiiucmgkadgm .. Oamsckgk

mg ug smtk spdcmlmck oii”mgtdrgk hdi rdcdttkrd GJHO hdi Aiutojjotk, oitdroghk qumghm

io trosjmssmkgd dccmtotkrmo aiutojjotdramco. _udstk rdcdttkrd â jkitk ckjpidssk d

pkssmdhd gujdrksm smtm oiikstdrmcm cbd jkhuiogk i”opdrturo hdi cogoid ottrovdrsk mi quoid posso mi Coicmk5 tro

hm qudstm cm skgk oppugtk m smtm hm mgtdrozmkgd hdiio Ldgcmcimhmgo d Edtojmgo. Mg ckghmzmkgm gkrjoim, mi



Voamgo | 03

rdcdttkrd stmjkiotk hoi aiutojjotk sm oprd d lo possord mi coicmk.. Mg prdsdgzo hm VCV d SpdcmoiE, mi

possoaamk hdiik mkgd â mjpdhmtk.

_udstd skstogzd skgk Ossugtd mg adgdrd pdr vmo Mgoiotkrmo (vmo pmý ropmho hm osskr`mjdgtk).. mgkitrd, hkpk mi

jdto`kimsjk d i”dscrdzmkgd pdr vmo mgtdstmgoid, pksskgk dssdrd rmosskr`mtd (»Cmrckik dgtdrk dpotmck ←

Aiucurkgozmkgd/Aiucurkgmhosm;).. prkiugaoghk mi ikrk dlldttk. Ogtoakgmzzogk gkg ckjpdtmtmvojdgtd mi rdcdttkrd

GJHO, mg quogtk oamsckgk oii” MGXDPGK hdi rdcdttkrd, mg ug oitrk smtk rmspdttk oi aiutojjotk.

Vkmcbí mi aiutojjotk â mjpimcotk gdiio pdrcdzmkgd hdi hkikrd, â ikamck cbd qudstd skstogzd smogk gotd pdr

io ikrk ozmkgd ogdstdtmco. Vdrð qudstk rdcdttkrd â ogcbd ckmgvkitk gdiio rdspkgsmvmtæ oii”oj`mdgtd dstdrgk,

opprdghmjdgtk d jdjkrmzzozmkgd. Vrkprmk o couso hdi `ikcck hm qudstk rdcdttkrd, vdgakgk oitdrotm tutto

ugo sdrmd hm jdccogmsjm ckagmtmvm. Aim dlldttm pksskgk dssdrd hmvdrsm o sdckgho hdiio ckgcdgtrozmkgd hdiio

Hksd.

Vdr @ossm hksoaam, sm bo ug hmstocck hoii”oj`mdgtd dstdrgk, mgcopocmtæ hm ckiikqumord ckg aim oitrm, jogcogzo

hm ckkrhmgozmkgd dh dqumim`rmk.

Oh Oitd Hksm, aim dlldttm skgk pmý mgtdgsm, qumghm sm orrmvo o ugo hmstkrsmkgd hdiio pdrcdzmkgd vmsmvo,oitdrozmkgm

hdi tkgk hdii”ujkrd, pdrhmto hdiio jdjkrmo, oujdgtk hdaim ottdaamojdgtm oaardssmvm vdrsk sd stdssm d vdrsk

aim oitrm.

Hm tuttd id skstogzd psmckstmjkiogtm hm qudstk adgdrd, io Ldgcmcimhmgo â i”ugmco cbd gdiid prkvd suaim ogmjoim

(tdst hm outk skjjmgmstrozmkgd) ho i”dlldttk h”o`usk. Gdii”ukjk prkvkco prdvoidgtdjdgtd ugk stotk hm

hmpdghdgzo psmckikamco ’Crovmga‚ d mg cosk hm cdssoto skjjmgmstrozmkgd, sm vdrmlmco ugo smghrkjd hm

ostmgdgzo cousoto ho pdrhmto hm jdjkrmo d ug prklkghk stotk hdprdssmvk, cbd huro ogcbd pordccbm jdsm.

Gkg dsmstkgk tdropmd ogtoakgmstd.. jo occkrrkgk tdropmd hm suppkrtk ckjd @dgzkhmozdpmdgd (←

ogtmckgvuismvogtm), Gdurkidttmcm/ogtmpsmcktmcm d tdropmo psmcbmotrmco/psmckikamco hm suppkrtk, cbd omutm o

rdcupdrord id gkrjoim pdrcdzmkgm hdii”oj`mdgtd dstdrgk, mg ossdgzo hm qudstd skstogzd.

…..D cbmuhmojk cksé id Xkssmckhmpdghdgzdddd‹….



Voamgo | 08

XKSSMCKIKAMO – Aim OGXMHKXM | 0?>66 (hdiid rdamstrozmkgm)

Ohdsssk vdhmojk aim ogtmhktm, kvvdrk id skstogzd cbd pksskgk dssdrd usotd mg cosk hm mgtkssmcozmkgm…

copmtkik jkitk `rdvd (pdr lkrtugo).. Oicugd hm qudstd skstogzd boggk ug jdccogmsjk h”ozmkgd adgdroid d

skgk qumghm ohottd pdr svormotm tmpm hm mgtkssmcozmkgd5 oitrd mgvdcd skgk spdcmlmcbd pdr hdtdrjmgotm tkssmcm.

Kvvmojdgtd ug ogtmhktk hdvd ogtoakgmzzord i”dlldttk hdi tkssmck. Tgo prmjo ciossd qumghm puð dssdrd qudiio

cbd gd VPD\MDGD I”OSSKP@MJDGXK>

M pmý adgdrmcm skgk aim DJDXMCM, cbd mghucdghk mi vkjmtk pdrjdttkgk i”dimjmgozmkgd hdi tkssmck

ogckro prmjo cbd qudstk pksso dssdrd osskr`mtk o imvdiik aostrkmgtdstmgoid. Tg pktdgtd djdtmck â

oh dsdjpmk io>

k Vkivdrd hm mpdcocuogo cbd ckgtmdgd i” DJDXMGO, io quoid stmjkio io CX^, (cbdjmk rdcdptkr

trmaadr zkgd) zkgo cbd sm trkvo sui povmjdgtk hdi quortk vdgtrmckik dh â scorsojdgtd

prktdtto hoiio @orrmdro Djotk Dgcdloimco. Vdr cum rmdsckgk o roaamugadrio jkitd skstogzd

tkssmcbd hm goturo impklmio, cbd stmjkioghkio mghuckgk i”djdsm, rmhucdghk hm ckgsdaudgzoi”osskr`mjdgtk hm ùkgo portd hdi tkssmck.

I”dimjmgozmkgd, kitrd cbd ottrovdrsk mi vkjmtk, puð ovvdgmrd gdi trottk mgtdstmgoid, utmimzzoghk hdm

VTPAOGXM HPOSXMCM >V ckjd oh dsdjpmk

k

Skilotk Hm Joagdsmk k hm Skhmk (puraogtm ksjktmcm) cbd oii”mgtdrgk hdii”mgtdstmgk gkg

vdgakgk osskr`mtm, jo rmcbmojogk ocquo.. i”oujdgtk hdi vkiujd hdi iujd mgtdstmgoid

stmjkio id pordtm hdiio juckso, prkvkcoghk ug oujdgtk hdiio pdrmstoism d lovkrdghk

i”dvocuozmkgd hdi ckgtdgutk mgtdstmgoid (..ìdob…)

Vkm o``mojk ugo sdrmd hm skstogzd hdlmgmtd> OHSKP@DGXM/HMITDGXM/MGOXXM\OGXM5 osskcmotk oii”usk

hm qudstd skstogzd vm puð dssdrd io aostrkiusm (iovogho aostrmco) k io cotorsm (ozmkgd puraogtd)

k

Mi Cor`kgd Ottmvk gktk ckjd oadgtd ohskr`dgtd, ckg ugo strutturo jkitk pkrkso ckstmtumto

ho jmcrkcrmstoiim hm arolmtd cbd mgtroppkio id skstogzd tkssmcbd.D” kppkrtugk utmimzzorik dgtrk

36 jmgutm hoii”mgtkssmcozmkgd. D” ug ogtmhktk qumghm jkitk adgdrmck >H

k I”Kimk hm \osdimgo, â toijdgtd impklmik cbd ottrovdrso mi cogoid aostrkmgtdstmgoid sdgzo dssdrd

osskr`mtk5 gdi suk trogsmtk troscmgo pdrð tuttm m tkssmcm hm goturo impklmio, mjpdhdghkgd

i”osskr`mjdgtk

k

I”Oiùjd h”ukvk sòttutk gdi iottd5 cbd ckgtmdgd hdiid prktdmgd cbd voggk o lkrjord hdm

prktdmgotm mgskiu`mim ckg m jdtoiim pdsogtm k ckg id skstogzd coustmcbd.

k I”Ojmhk, puð dssdrd utmimzzotk mg cosk hm mgtkssmcozmkgm ckg ik mkhmk, cbd ik ckjpidsso

imjmtoghkgd i”osskr`mjdgtk.

k

Hmjdtmckgd, vmdgd usotk pdr id skstogzd scbmujkadgd ckjd hdtdradgtm, rmhucd io tdgsmkgd

supdrlmcmoid, locdghk sckppmord id `kiid hdiio scbmujo ogtoakgmzzoghk i”ozmkgd hm qudstd

skstogzd.

k

Ckidstmrojmgo, Tsoto pdr i”mgtkssmcozmkgd ho aimcksmhm corhmktkgmcm (hdrmvotm hmamtoimcm). Io

ckidstmrojmgo â ugo rdsmgo o scoj`mk mkgmck cbd idao m aimcksmhm, lkrjoghk ug ckjpidssk

mgskiu`mid, d mjpdhdghkgd (ckjd oi skimtk :[:‚) i”osskr`mjdgtk.



Voamgo | 04

O``mojk ogcbd aim ogtmhktm cbd LKPJOGK CKJVKSXM MGSKIT@MIM CKG MI XKSSMCK, ogcbd qudstm

pksskgk dssdrd sdaumtm ho Aostrkiusm k Cotorsm.

k Soim hm Coicmk> usotm ckjd ogtmhktk pdr i”mgtkssmcozmkgd ho Ocmhk Kssoimck (prdsdgtd mg

oj`mdgtd mghustrmoid d mg oicugm vdadtoim ckjd spmgocm, pkjkhkrm.. d ogcbd gdi jmdid). M Soim

hm coicmk prkvkcogk io lkrjozmkgd hm Kssoiotk hm Coicmk, cbd prdcmpmto d cbd gkg vmdgd

osskr`mtk.

k Vktossmk Ldrrkcmogurk, pdr i”mgtkssmcozmkgd ho rojd (usotk oh dsdjpmk mg prkhkttm ckjd

lugamcmhm)..cbd lkrjo mi Pojdldrrkcmogurk (mgskiu`mid)

k Skilotk hm Pojd, â ug ogtmhktk utmimzzotk gdiid ustmkgm ho Lkslkrk. Mg qudstk adgdrd hm

ustmkgm io ldrmto hdvd dssdrd iovoto jkitk `dgd, pdr pkm dssdrd trottoto ckg mi Skilotk hm

Pojd cbd lkrjo ugo pdiimckio suiio zkgo idso ckstmtumto ho Lkslurk hm Pojd cbd â

liukrdscdgtd, qumghm oi ùmk sm pksskgk dvmhdgzmord id troccd rmjogdgtm, hm jkhk ho pktdrid

ospkrtord.

k Skilotk hm Skhmk, pdr lkrjord oaardaotm mgskiu`mim ckg Vmkj`k d @ormk, mg cosk hm

mgtkssmcozmkgm ho jdtoiim pdsogtm.

Vkm o``mojk id skstogzd cbd MGXDPLDPMSCKGK CKG M VPKCDSSM HM @MKXPOSLKPJO^MKGD>

Oh dsdjpmk pkssk occdidrord i”dimjmgozmkgd hdi Cmogurk hoii”kraogmsjk ottrovdrsk mi Xmkskilotk5

cbd mg prdsdgzo hm cmogurk d ug dgzmjo cbmojotk Pkhogosm (â ugo trogs-suilurosm..prdsdgtd gdm

jmtkckghrm..) lkrjo mi Skilkcmogotk ← cbd vmdgd locmijdgtd dimjmgotk, dh â Jkitk JDGK tkssmck.

_uoismosm skstogzo opportdgdgtd oiio ciossd hdaim Mghuttkrm Dgzmjotmcm, lovkrmscd i”dimjmgozmkgd hdi

tkssmck, rmhucdghk io suo djmvmto (qudstk â vdrk mg portd… sd mi tkssmck vmdgd `mkottmvotk mg sdaumtk om

gkstrm prkcdssm jdto`kimcm, smojk gdiio pupý >V)

Tg oitrk aruppk skgk id skstogzd cbd LOCMIMXOGK I”DIMJMGO^MKGD, mg cosk hm mgtkssmcozmkgd oh

dsdjpmk ho Ojldtojmgd d @or`mturmcm. @osto slruttord id ikrk corottdrmstmcbd hm skiu`mimtæ mg oj`mdgtd ocmhk k@osmck. @osto qumghm jkhuiord mi pB hdii”uitrolmitrork rdgoid >HH … Ckjd loccmojk;; ← Oaamugamojk

sdjpimcdjdgtd ugo skstogzo ocmho k òsmco >V

GB8Ci k Ocmhk Osckr`mck, pdr locmimtord i”dimjmgozmkgd hdiid òsm hd`kim.. ckjd id Ojldtojmgd..

GoBCK3 , pdr i”dimjmgozmkgd hm Ocmhm hd`kim ckjd m @or`mturmcm

Tg”oitrk jdccogmsjk h”ozmkgd hdaim ogtmhktm, â ckjpkrtorsm ho OGXOAKGMSXM PDCDXXKPMOIM su cum

oamsckgk id skstogzd tkssmcbd>

Ogtoakgmstm CKJVDXMXM\M>

k

Mi Goikxkgd â ug ogtoakgmsto ckjpdtmtmvk hdm rdcdttkrm ι stmjkiotm hoaim kppmkmhm.

k Oitrmjdgtm, mg cosk hm mgtkssmcozmkgd ho @dgzkhmozdpmgd, pkssmojk oamrd ckg mi Liujozdgmi

Ogtoakgmstm GKG CKJVDXMXM\M>

k

Vdr ogtoakgmzzord i”ozmkgd tkssmco hdi Aiutojjotk, ìkccoghk mi cogoid cbd lo possord mi

Coicmk, usoghk id hrkabd hm tmpk hmsskcmotmvk cbd o``mojk vmstk ckjd Ldgcmcimhmgo d

Edtojmgo *[*

Dsmstd ogcbd ug jdccogmsjk hm OGXOAKGMSJK LTG^MKGOID quoghk ogtoakgmzzmojk i”ozmkgd hdi

tkssmck ottrovdrsk ug jdccogmsjk cbd sm kppkgd oii”ozmkgd hdi tkssmck..



Voamgo | 0<

Ds> mgtkssmcozmkgm ckg mgsdttmcmhm kraogklkslkrmcm.. _udstd skstogzd tkssmcbd ìkccogk id ocdtmi

ckimgdstdrosm mjpdhdghk io hdarohozmkgd hdii”ocdtmiCkimgo, d pktdgzmoghk dgkrjdjdgtd io

sdagoiozmkgd hdi smstdjo porosmjpotmck… Vkssk mgtdrvdgmrd mg hud jkhm>

k @ikccord io stmjkiozmkgd hdm rdcdttkrm juscormgmcm skjjmgmstroghk Otrkpmgo

k Pmprmstmgord mi smtk ottmvk hdii”ocdtmi-ckimgdstdrosm skjjmgmstroghk io Vroimhkssmjo, VPMJO

cbd i”dgzmjo voho mgckgtrk o ug prkcdssk hdlmgmtk ’oamga‚, kvvdrk prmjo cbd i”dstdrd

kraogk lkslkrmck pdrho io cotdgo oicbmimco. Sd gkg sm mgtdrvmdgd tdjpdstmvojdgtd, io

skjjmgmstrozmkgd hm proimhkssmjo â mgutmid.

I”uitmjo ciossd hm Ogtmhktm â qudiio cbd ottrovdrsk ugo rdozmkgd cbmjmco pdrjdttd io lkrjozmkgd hm prkhkttm

jdgk tkssmcm ← LKPJO^MKGD HM CKJVIDSSM MGDPXM – Cbdiogtm>

DHXO> Ocmhk Dtmidghmojjmgk tdtrocdtmck (soid coicmck d/k skhmck).. utmimzzotk pdr ckjpidssord

jdtoiim pdsogtm

Hmjdcoprkik> â ugk hdm prmjm o dssdrd utmimzzotk, qumghm rmsoid o jkitk tdjpk lo (sdckgho audrro

jkghmoid).. dro stotk smgtdtmzzotk ckjd ogtmhktk pdr io prktdzmkgd ho aos orsdgmcoim utmimzzotm

hurogtd mi ckglimttk `diimck.. Mi prkìdjo â cbd bo hm pdr sd dlldttm tkssmcm5 pdr qudstk â stotk

skstmtumtk hom jkhdrgm cbdiogtm ckjd oppugtk m hdrmvotm hdii”DHXO.

Hdldrkssojmgo> cbd ckjpidsso mi Ldrrk

Mhrkssmckòiojmgo> pdr id mgtkssmcozmkgm ho cmogurk, â i”ogtmhktk hm prmjo scdito. D” io lkrjo ottmvo

hdiio \mtojmgo @?0.. vo o idaorsm oiik mkgd cmogurk, lkrjoghk io Cmogkckòiojmgo cbd â ug prkhkttk

sto`mid d gkg tkssmck, cbd puð dssdrd dimjmgotk ckg id urmgd.

Vdgmcmiiojmgo> mg cosk hm mgtkssmcozmkgm ho Pojd d Vmkj`k.. D” kttdguto pdr mhrkimsm hdiio pdgmcmiimgo ,

bo pdrsk i”ottmvmtæ ogtmjmcrk`mco, d lkrjo ug ckjpidssk ckg qudstm jdtoiim pdsogtm.

Mg cosk hm mgtkssmcozmkgm ho Dpormgo (ug ogtmckoauiogtd) cbd puð cousord ldgkjdgm djkrroamcm,

pkssmojk ckjpidssorio ckg io Vrktojmgo ← prktdmgo hm goturo òsmco cbd mgtdroamscd ckg i”dpormgo

hm goturo ocmho.. lkrjoghk ug ckjpidssk, d pdrhdghk io suo ottmvmtæ ogtmckoauiogtd…

…mgmzmojk kro ug gukvk orakjdgtk…

JTXOADGDSM

Mgmzmojk hoiio jutoadgdsm, pdr pkm possord oiio cogcdrkadgdsm.. Vortmojk ho qum pdrcbí prmjo hk``mojk

vdhdrd quoim skgk id skstogzd cbd prkvkcogk hdiid jutozmkgm o imvdiik hdi adgkjo. Hoghk krmamgd o

jkitdpimcm jutozmkgm puð prdghdrd mi vmo ug prkcdssk hm cogcdrkadgdsm.

Vdr jutoadgdsm sm mgtdghd i”mghuzmkgd hm ugo jkhmlmcozmkgd o imvdiik hdi ckhmcd adgdtmck (gdiio succdssmkgd

hdiid òsm purmgmcbd d pmrmjmhmgmcbd). _udsto jutozmkgd puð ckipmrd ugo cdiiuio skjotmco, k ugo cdiiuio

adrjmgoid, pkrtoghk qumghm o ckgsdaudgzd hmvdrsd. Sd io jutozmkgd ckipmscd ugo cdiiuio adrjmgoid, puð

hord krmamgd o ugo joiottmo adgdtmco (Ds> Xrmskjmo 0? ← jkr`k hm Hkwg). Sd mgvdcd io jutozmkgd ovvmdgd o

imvdiik hm cdiiuid skjotmcbd, d gkg pkrto oiio suo jkrtd, sm kttmdgd ugo cdiiuio ogkjoio, cbd gkg pkrto

gdcdssormojdgtd o ug cogcrk.. jo oh kagm jkhk â ugo cdiiuio ckg ugo prmjo oitdrozmkgd, cbd puð oghord o

mgtdrdssord i”ottmvmtæ hm ugo jkidckio, hm ug rdcdttkrd, hm ug cogoid.. dcc… Gdi cosk pmý jutozmkgm sm

skjjossdrk gdiio stdsso cdiiuio, sm puð orrmvord o ugo ckghmzmkgd hm crdscmto mgckgtrkiioto, pkrtoghk o

ckstmtumrd ugo josso tujkroid.



Voamgo | 01

Io jutozmkgd puð prkvkcord ugo Skspdgsmkgd hdi Vrkhkttk Adgmck, kvvdrk i”mjpkssm`mimtæ hm prkhurrd ugo

hdtdrjmgoto jkidckio k Vuð jkhuiord io suo dsprdssmkgd, oujdgtoghkio k rmhucdghkio.. k mglmgd hord

krmamgd o ug prkhkttk hm trohuzmkgd prmvk hm ottmvmtæ.

M lottkrm cbd pksskgk mgliudgzord i”mghuzmkgd hm ug hoggk gdi adgkjo skgk svormotm>

Io quogtmtæ hm skstogzo jutoadgo mgtrkhktto gdii”kraogmsjk

Io Lorjockcmgdtmco d io hmstrmùzmkgd… Io copocmtæ jdto`kimzzogtd hdi tdssutk mg cum io skstogzo sm ckgcdgtro.. O vkitd mglottm gkg â io

skstogzo mg sd o dssdrd jutoadgo, jo ug suk jdto`kimto >-/

Io Pdottmvmtæ hdii”oadgtd gdm ckglrkgtm hdm `drsoaim cdiiuiorm..

Io copocmtæ hdiid cdiiuid pdr Pmporord oi Hoggk

Io copocmtæ hdi tdssutk ckipmtk hm rmckgkscdrd d skpprmjdrd io jkitmpimcozmkgd hm cdiiuid ckg

prkprmdtæ o`drrogtm.

_uoim skgk id jutozmkgm cbd pksskgk dssdrd mghkttd hoiio skstogzo jutoadgo;; ← gd o``mojk hm vorm tmpm..

Jutozmkgm adgmcbd VTGXMLKPJM← Jkhmlmcozmkgd hm ugo Skio òsd gdiio sdqudgzo hdi HGO

Vkssmojk ovdrd io SKSXMXT^MKGD hm ugo òsd ckg ug”oitro…

_udstk puð ckmgvkiadrd io stdsso ciossd hm òsm (ds> skstmtuzmkgd hm ugo purmgo ckg

ug”oitro purmgo). Mi prkcdssk â hdlmgmtk> XPOGSM^MKGD.

Oitrmjdgtm sm io XPOGS\DPSMKGD, gdi cosk io òsd lkssd skstmtumto ho ug”oitro hm

ciossd hmvdrso (Ds> Xmjmhmgo ckg Auogmhmgo)

Ckso ckjpkrto ugo jutozmkgd hm skstmtuzmkgd;; ← Hmpdghd.. o vkitd puð gkg ckjpkrtord

guiio.. mg portmckiord sd i”oitdrozmkgd ovvmdgd suiio tdrzo òsd hdiio trmpidtto…

Oitdrgotmvojdgtd sm bo i”drroto ckhmlmco hdiio trmpidtto cbd pktræ dssdrd mgtdrprdtoto ckjd

ug oitrk ojmgkocmhk, k ug sdagoid hm SXKV.

Mi prkhkttk adgmck puð dssdrd ogckro lugzmkgogtd, k pdrhdrd io suo ottmvmtæ… ovdrd

ug”djmvmto pmý òssk.. k dssdrd sdjpimcdjdgtd ugo prktdmgo trkgco cbd vdrræ dimjmgoto..

Tg oitrk tmpk hm jutozmkgd â qudiik hm LPOJD-SBMLX, kvvdrk Spkstojdgtk hdi jkhuik hm

idtturo. _udstk adgdrd hm jutozmkgd â hkvutk prmjormojdgtd o>

Hdidzmkgd hm Gucidktmhm k.. oi ckgtrormk,

Ohhmzmkgd hm qudstm.

_udstk ckjpkrto ug hoggk jkitk dstdsk, mg quogtk mi prkhkttk lmgoid soræ ckjpidtojdgtd

hmvdrsk ho qudiik gotmvk...Oh kagm jkhk, i”ohhmzmkgd k io hdidzmkgd hm ug”mgtdro trmpidtto o

vkitd gkg bo ckgsdaudgzd.. spdcmd mg aroghm adgm ckjd qudiik hdiio hmstrklmgo.. M hoggm pmý

mgadgtm skgk prkvkcotm hoii”ohhmzmkgd k hoiio hdidzmkgd hm ? k 0 ckppmd hm gucidktmhm.

Tgo jutozmkgd oiikro puð dssdrd hdlmgmto>

SMIDGXD> quoghk i”oitdrozmkgd hm ugo trmpidtto pkrto oiio lkrjozmkgd hm ugo trmpidtto cbd ckhmlmco pdr

ik stdssk ojmgkocmhk (← Arog `ktto hm cui*)

HM SDGSK> _uoghk io trmpidtto oitdroto ckhmlmco pdr ug ojmgkocmhk hmvdrsk.. HM GKG SDGSK> _uoghk io jutozmkgd adgdro ugo trmpidtto hm SXKV.. pkrtoghk oiio prkhuzmkgd hm

ugo prktdmgo trkgco, hdstmgoto o dssdrd dimjmgoto.



Voamgo | 02

_uoim skgk m Jdccogmsjm hdiid skstogzd jutoadgd cbd pksskgk prkvkcord qudstk adgdrd hm hoggm;; ←

Ogoikabm hdiid òsm (jkidckid ckg strutturo jkitk smjmid o ugo òsd hdi HGO) pksskgk dssdrd

mgaikòtd gdi HGO, hoghk krmamgd o ug oppomojdgtk gkg ckrrdttk d o drrkrm gdi prkcdssk rd

pimcotmvk. (Ds> io 0-ojmgk-purmgo â ug”ogoikak hdii”ohdgmgo d hdiio auogmgo.. hm ckgsdaudgzo puð

oppomorsm hurogtd mi prkcdssk hm troscrmzmkgd k rdpimcozmkgd smo o ugo Xmjmgo/Trocmid cbd o ugocmtksmgo)

Oitdrgotmvojdgtd, Oadgtm Oicbmiogtm oamsckgk hmrdttojdgtd suiio

strutturo cbmjmco hdiid òsm, oghoghkid oh oicbmiord.. prkvkcoghk

mgakj`rm stdrmcm cbd pksskgk mjpdhmrd io rdpimcozmkgd…

I”oicbmiozmkgd puð ogcbd ckjpkrtord io lkrjozmkgd hm ug idaojd

ckvoidgtd ckg io òsd vmcmgo.. k ckg qudiio prdsdgtd suii”oitrk

lmiojdgtk.

\m skgk pkm aim Oadgtm Mgtdrcoiogtm (Ds> Orogcmk hm Ocrmhmgo

k @rkjurk hm Dtmhmk) cbd arozmd oiio ikrk strutturo piogord,

pksskgk mgsdrmrsm tro id òsm hdiio hkppmo dimco hdi HGO,

crdoghk hdiid mgtdrruzmkgd gdiio sdqudgzo hdiid òsm, adgdroghk ug

kccbmdiik, prkvkcoghk ugk spkstojdgtk hdi jkhuik hm idtturo.

Jutozmkgm CPKJKSKJMCBD← \oggk oh

oitdrord mi gujdrk hdm crkjkskjm k o jkhmlmcord io ikrk

strutturo. _udstd jutozmkgm skgk ogcbd hdlmgmtdo`drrozmkgm.

k

Jutozmkgm hdi GTJDPK> M crkjkskjm oii”mgtdrgk hdiio

cdiiuio skjotmco skgk, mg ckghmzmkgm gkrjoim, 03 ckppmd,

jdgtrd mg ug aojdtd skgk 03.

Tgo cdiiuio cbd â oghoto mgckgtrk o jutozmkgd

crkjkskjmco puð dssdrd OGDTVIKMHD, kvvdrk

pkssdhdrd ug pk” hm crkjkskjm mg pmý.. k hdm crkjkskjm

mg jdgk.. Tg dsdjpmk corottdrmstmck â qudiik hdiio

smghrkjd hm Hkwg ← Xrmskjmo hdi Crkjkskjo 0?, hkvd

pkssmojk vdhdrd ug crkjkskjo 0? mg pmý.



Voamgo | 0=

Tgo cdiiuio cbd mgvdcd vmdgd hdlmgmto VKIMVIKMHD, ovræ ug gujdrk hm crkjkskjm juitmpik hdi

gujdrk krmamgormk hm qudstm. Tgo cdiiuio gkrjoid bo ’g‚ crkjkskjm… qudiio pkimpikmhm gd bo ’0*g,

3*g dcc…‚

Xro Ogdupikmhmo d Vkimpikmhmo, i”o`drrozmkgd pmý hoggkso â i”ogdupikmhmo… _udstk pdrcbí vmdgd

tur`otk i”dqumim`rmk adgmck gdiio cdiiuio. Ovdrd mgvdcd tuttm m crkjkskjm jkitmpimcotm ogcbd 3 vkitd,

pdrjdttd hm jogtdgdrd i”dqumim`rmk >H

k

Jutozmkgm hdiio SXPTXXTPO>

Vkssmojk ovdrd io rktturo mg 0 pugtm hdi crkjkskjo… d

i”MG\DPSMKGD hdi sdajdgtk spdzzotk.. Io cdiiuio gkg

bo pdrsk jotdrmoid adgmck.. jo c”â stotk ug

rmorrogamojdgtk..

Kppurd, pkssmojk ovdrd ugo XPOSIKCO^MKGD, tro hud

crkjkskjm gkg kjkikabm, cbd sm scoj`mogk portd hdijotdrmoid adgdtmck.

\m â ogcbd mi cosk mg cum sm bo io pdrhmto hdi jotdrmoid

adgdtmck pdr hdidzmkgm hm mgtdrm sdajdgtm hm

crkjkskjo..

Mg qudst”oitrk cosk, sm bo mgvdcd ugo hkppmo

rdpimcozmkgd hm ug sdajdgtk, cbd couso ug oujdgtk

hdi jotdrmoid adgdtmck.

_udst”uitmjk adgdrd hm jutozmkgm â jkitk pmý

pdrmckiksk, mg quogtk couso ugk squmim`rmk adgmck.

Cbd dlldttm pksskgk ovdrd qudstd jutozmkgm;; ←

Io jutozmkgd puð rmjogdrd SMIDGXD, cousoghk>

k Tgo skstmtuzmkgd hm ug ojmgkocmhk ckg ug oitrk.. sdgzo pkrtord oh oitdrozmkgm hdiio strutturo

k

K sdjpimcdjdgtd gkg oitdroghk jmgmjojdgtd io prktdmgo ckhmlmcoto..

Io jutozmkgd puð dssdrd mgckjpotm`mid ckg io skprovvmvdgzo hdiio cdiiuio… Sm trotto qumghm hm ugo

jutozmkgd Idtoid >”(

Mglmgd, i”oitdrozmkgd puð jkhmlmcord hdm adgm cbd ckgtrkiiogk gkrjoijdgtd io prkimldrozmkgd

cdiiuiord.. mg portmckiord Vrktk-kgckadgm / Adgm skpprdsskrm hdi tujkrd

Bktimges>



Hmspdgsd Ogtmhktm>

Hmspdgsd Jutoadgm>



Voamgo | 36

COGCDPKADGDSM | 04-?6-??

_uogh”â cbd mi jutoadgk hmvdgto cogcdrkadgk;; vdhrdjk kro mi prkcdssk hm

cogcdrkadgdsm, ottrovdrsk mi quoid ugo cdiiuio sogo pkrtdræ oiio lkrjozmkgd hm ugo josso

tujkroid >-/ Mi cogcrk â ug”mgsmdjd dtdrkadgdk hm potkikamd, tuttd corottdrmzzotd hoi lottk cbd id cdiiuidskgk skttkpkstd o ugo crdscmto mgckgtrkiioto, hoghk krmamgd o ugo josso tujkroid cbd puð mgvohdrd m tdssutm

cmrckstogtm. Mg oicugm cosm, qudstd cdiiuid pksskgk ogcbd orrmvord oi tkrrdgtd cmrckiotkrmk, roaamugadghk oitrd

sdhm hdii”kraogmsjk lkrjoghk jdtostosm. Vkssmojk hdlmgmrd hud hmvdrsm tmpm hm Cogcdrkadgdsm>

JTXO^MKGOID> â Cousoto ho ug cogcdrkadgk adgktkssmck.. kvvdrk ug ckjpkstk cbd couso ug

hoggk hmrdttk oi HGO

DVMADGDXMCO> D” prkvkcoto ho ug cogcdrkadgk dpmadgdtmck ← ug ckjpkstk cbd gkg â adgktkssmck

(gkg prkvkco hmrdttojdgtd hoggm/jutozmkgm oi HGO).. mg ckjpdgsk â mg arohk hm ottmvord m ’adgm hdi

cogcrk‚.. pkrtoghk io cdiiuio o ugo ropmho jkitmpimcozmkgd5 d mgm`mrd m adgm hdii”opkptksm.

Tg jutoadgk puð hmvdgtord ug oadgtd cogcdrkadgk, o sdckgho hdiid oitdrozmkgm cbd mghucd k hdm adgm cbd

ottmvo/mgm`mscd. Id gdkpiosmd pksskgk dssdrd ogcbd ciossmlmcotd ckjd>

@DGMAGD> Id cdiiuid crdsckgk mgckgtrkiiotd, jo pmý idgtojdgtd hm ugo gdkpiosmo joimago, skgk

mglottm vmsm`mim pkcbd lmaurd jmtktmcbd (pkcbd cdiiuid mg jmtksm), mgkitrd voggk o ckstrumrd ug tdssutk

ckg ug”orcbmtdtturo kraogmzzoto d smjmid oi tdssutk h”krmamgd, dh â hmscrdtojdgtd cmrckscrmtto.

JOIMAGD> Id cdiiuid crdsckgk pmý vdikcdjdgtd, skgk vmsm`mim gujdrksd lmaurd jmtktmcbd, ckg

rdpimcozmkgd mrrdakiord d pdrhmto hdii”orcbmtdtturo hdi tdssutk krmamgoid. Gkg â cmrckscrmtto, d vm â

i”mglmitrozmkgd ropmho gdm tdssutm cmrckstogtm.

Mg adgdrd io joaamkr portd hdm tujkrm, boggk krmamgd jkgkcikgoid.. kvvdrk hdrmvogk ho ugosmgakio cdiiuio cbd bo su`mtk ugo jutozmkgd.. _udstk gkg vukid osskiutojdgtd hmrd cbd

id cdiiuid cbd gd hdrmvdroggk pkrtdroggk smcurojdgtd oiio tujkrmadgdsm.. D” skik ug

mgmzmk.. Succdssmvojdgtd oiio prmjo jutozmkgd hkvroggk skjjorsdgd oitrd..

Tgo skio qumghm, gkg â sullmcmdgtd pdr adgdrord ugo pkpkiozmkgd cdiiuiord

tujkroid. Xro ugo jutozmkgd d i”oitro pksskgk ckjugqud possord oggm..

Vdr qudstk â pmý prkò`mid i”mgskradgzo hm ugo gdkpiosmo mg dtæ

ovogzoto. Mgkitrd, mg sdaumtk oi skjjorsm hdiid jutozmkgm, io

copocmtæ prkimldrotmvo hdiid cdiiuid soræ sdjprd pmý vdikcd. Id

jutozmkgm kvvmojdgtd hkvroggk dssdrd su qudm adgm rdakiotkrm hdiio crdscmto cdiiuiord5

mg pksmtmvk pdr qudiim cbd lovkrmsckgk io prkimldrozmkgd… mg gdaotmvk pdr qudiim cbd io mgm`msckgk

k cbd mggdscogk mi prkcdssk opkptktmck.

Jkitm cogcdrkadgm, gkg ik skgk hm pdr sd… jo rmcbmdhkgk ugo `mkottmvozmkgd.. d mg qudstk sdgsk mi gkstrk

ckrpk â ’ug aroghd‚ gdi lord hogggm… Jmaimomo hm oggm hm dvkiuzmkgd pdr gmdgtd :[:‚…

Mg sdaumtk o Hoggm oi HGO, mgtdrvdgakgk kppkrtugm jdccogmsjm hm rmporozmkgd.. sd skgk dllmcmdgtm.. gkg cm

soræ oicug prkìdjo… Sd mi hoggk â trkppk mgadgtd, io cdiiuimgo sm sumcmhdræ pdr opkptksm… sd smojk slmaotm…

io cdiiuio rdpimco mi HGO.. cbd horæ krmamgd o ug prkhkttk adgmck jutotk… _udsto oitdrozmkgd puð dssdrd

smidgtd5 d gkg hord portmckiorm prkìdjm… k pkrtord o jkrtd cdiiuiord (d ogcbd qudstk gkg â ug joid)… jo

hotk cbd io lkrtugo â cmdco.. d io slmao cm vdhd `dgmssmjk… sm puð ogcbd ovdrd i”Ottmvozmkgd hm VPKXK-KGCKADGM d/k i”Mgottmvozmkgd hm KGCK-SKVVPDSSKPM.



Voamgo | 3?

Mg ckghmzmkgm lmsmkikamcbd, io crdscmto cdiiuiord vmdgd ckgtrkiioto ho

hud lojmaimd hm adgm cbd skgk oppugtk m Vrktk-kgckadgm.. d m adgm

skpprdsskrm hdi tujkrd. _udstd hud lojmaimd

iovkrogk mg dqumim`rmk, pdrjdttdghk

ugo crdscmto ckgtrkiioto hdiio cdiiuio.

M VPKXK-KGCKADGM skgk adgm cbd

ckhmlmcogk pdr ugo prktdmgo cbd vo

o stmjkiord io jmtksm

(prkimldrozmkgd) d o mgm`mrd

i”opkptksm (jkrtd).. Mg sdaumtk oiio

jutozmkgd, sm troslkrjogk mg

KGCKADGM… cbd rdakiogk lkrtdjdgtd mg

pksmtmvk io jmtksm, d mg mg gdaotmvk m

prkcdssm Opkptktmcm.

Aim KGCK-SKVVPDSSKPM oamsckgk

ckhmlmcoghk pdr ugo prktdmgo cbd mgm`mscd mi

cmcik hm rdpimcozmkgd cdiiuiord.. jdgtrd

lovkrmscd mi prkcdssk opkptktmck.. Mg sdaumtk o

Jutozmkgd, pdrhkgk io ikrk ottmvmtæ, ckg io ckgsdaudgtd

mgcopocmtæ ho portd hdiio cdiiuio hm lrdgord io rdpimcozmkgd cdiiuiord

Mi cogcdrkadgk DVMADGDXMCK, mgtdrvmdgd hkpk i”ovvdguto jutozmkgd, lovkrdghk io prkimldrozmkgd hdiid

cdiiuid o`drrogtm. M VPKCOGCDPKADGM, skgk ug oitrk aruppk jkitk vormk hm skstogzd cbd gkg prkvkcogk

oitdrozmkgm hmrdttd oi HGO5 jo pksskgk lovkrmrd io `mkottmvozmkgd hm cogcdrkadgm.. ckgtrm`udghk sdjprd

gdiio prkimldrozmkgd cdiiuiord. Xuttm qudstm lottkrm, d mi sussdaumrsm hm jutozmkgm, lovkrmsckgk qumghm ugo

prkimldrozmkgd mgckgtrkiioto >”(

Tg dsdjpmk hm Vrktk-Kgckadgd â qudiik cbd ckhmlmco pdr io Vrktdmgo POS, cbd vmdgd ottmvoto o sdaumtk

hdii”mgtdrozmkgd hdm lottkrm hm crdscmto ckg m ikrk rdcdttkrm cdiiuiorm. _udsto prktdmgo lovkrmscd i”mgardssk hdiio

cdiiuio gdi cmcik hm rdpimcozmkgd cdiiuiord. O sdaumtk hdiio jutozmkgd ← i”Kgckadgd, ckgtmgudræ o prkhurrd io

prktdmgo.. ogcbd sdgzo mi sdagoid adgdrotk hom lottkrm hm crdscmto.. Dh dcck cbd i”dqumim`rmk mgmzmo oh oitdrorsm.

Sd pkm io jutozmkgd vo oh oamrd ogcbd sum adgm skpprdsskrm hdi tujkrd.. smojk gdiio jmmdrho.. >V Tg dsdjpmk

hm Kgck-Skpprdsskrd â mi adgd cbd ckhmlmco pdr io p43 (hdlmgmto ogcbd Auorhmogk hdi Adgkjo)5 cbd `ikcco io

jmtksm d ottmvo i”opkptksm…

M VPKXK-KGCKADGM, mg adgdrd skgk m adgm pdr>

M lottkrm hm Crdscmto (Ds> POS)5

Id prktdmgd A5

Id prktdmg Emgosm5

Vdr m lottkrm hm Xroscrmzmkgd Gucidorm

Mghuttkrm hdm prktk-kgckadgm skgk oh ds> aim MVO, id rohmozmkgm, i”oliotkssmgo.. cbd pkrtogk oh ottmvozmkgd

hm POS.. d oiio coscoto hdiid JOV-Emgosm

Aim KGCK-SKVVPDSSKPM, ckhmlmcogk pdr>

Vrktdmgd cbd mgm`msckgk io prkardssmkgd hdiio cdiiuio gdi cmcik hm hmvmsmkgd cdiiuiord (ds> p43,

ckmgvkito mg hmvdrsm cbdce-pkmgt hdi cmcik rdpimcotmvk… gdii”mghuzmkgd hm opkptksm mg cosk hm drrkrm k

jutozmkgm d gdi prkcdssk hm hmlldrdgzmojdgtk cdiiuiord).



Voamgo | 30

Io p43 vmdgd ogcbd hdlmgmto Auorhmogo hdi Adgkjo, pdrcbí lmsmkikamcojdgtd mgtdrvmdgd gdi `ikccord

io jmtksm hdiio cdiiuio quoghk â skprovvdgutk ug hoggk oi HGO.. ckso lo qumghm;; ← Poiidgto io

hmvmsmkgd cdiiuiord.. mg jkhk toid ho hord tdjpk om smstdjm hm rmporozmkgd cdiiuiord hm mgtdrvdgmrd. Sd

io cdiiuio rmdscd o rmporord mi hoggk.. qudsto puð ckgtmguord io rdpimcozmkgd cdiiuiord.. sd mgvdcd gkg

cm rmdscd, p43 io mghmrmzzo oi potm`kik… >H …Gk p43 – gk Vorty…

M COGCDPKADGM ADGKXKSSMCM pksskgk dssdrd>

k Ottmvozmkgd mghmpdghdgtm ← Gkg boggk `mskagk hm dssdrd `mkottmvotm.. pkssmojk ovdrd

Oadgtm Oicbmiogtm

Jdtoiim ckjd Crkjk d Gmedi.. mi cum jdccogmsjk h”ozmkgd gkg â ogckro hdi tuttk cbmork…

pdr mi gmedi sm suppkgd cbd voho oh oitdrord i”ozmkgd hdiio HGO pkimjdrosm.

Msktkpm rohmkottmvm… cbd pksskgk prkvkcord ug hoggk gdiid sdqudgzd hm `osm hdi HGO.

k Ottmvozmkgd hmpdghdgtm← gdcdssmtogk hm `mkottmvozmkgd ho portd hm dgzmjm ckjd C]V846.. o``mojk>

Ojmgd Orkjotmcbd, troslkrjotd mg G-mhrkssmiojmgd MVO, Xroslkrjotm mg dpkssmhm..

Jkitm cogcdrkadgm skgk Kraogk k Spdcmd spdcmlmcm..

Spdcmd Spdcmlmcm> ovdvojk vmstk i”ocdtojmgk-liukrdgd.. cogcdrkadgk mg vormd spdcmd ogmjoim.. jo gkg

gdiio scmjjmo (mg quogtk gkg sm lkrjo mi jdto`kimto tkssmck)

Kraogk Spdcmlmcm>

ckjd mi @dgzdgd, cbd ho krmamgd oi jdto`kimto cogcdrkadgk gdi jmhkiik kssdk..

Ojmgd Orkjotmcbd ← cogcdrkadgd o imvdiik hdii”opporotk urmgormk

Dcc…. (tkssmckikamo Adgdroid)

M COGCDPKADGM DVMADGDXMCM skgk tuttd qudiid skstogzd cbd gkg skgk jutoadgd, jo mgtdrvdgakgk gdiio

sdqudgzo hm dvdgtm hdi prkcdssk gdkpiostmck.

Vksskgk mgtdrldrmrd ckg i”dsprdssmkgd k io rdprdssmkgd hm hdtdrjmgotm adgm cbd rdakiogk dvdgtm

ckjd io prkimldrozmkgd, hmlldrdgzmojdgtk d opkptksm..

Vksskgk oitdrord m jdccogmsjm hm troshuzmkgd hdi sdagoid cbd rdakiogk m prkcdssm hdi cmcik cdiiuiord.

Sdckghk io tdkrmo hdiio Cogcdrkadgdsm cbmjmco, m trd prkcdssm cbd pkrtdroggk oiio lkrjozmkgd hdiio josso

tujkroid joimago, skgk io>

MGM^MO^MKGD ← io prmjo jutozmkgd… Vrmjk ckgtottk ckg i”oadgtd adgktkssmck… Io cdiiuio â mgmzmoto.

VPKJK^MKGD ← Dspogsmkgd cikgoid hdiio cdiiuio mgmzmoto (jutoto).. locmimto io crdscmto hm cdiiuid

gdkpiostmcbd iotdgtm.

VPKAPDSSMKGD ← Mgtdrvdgakgk oitrd jutozmkgm.. cbd pkrtogk oiio prkardssmkgd vdrsk io

lkrjozmkgd hm ugo josso tujkroid.



Voamgo | 33

Mg òsd oiio tdkrmo hdiio

cogcdrkadgdsm cbmjmco, vm

hdvd dssdrd ugo succdssmkgd

tdjpkroid lmsso tro

i”ossugzmkgd hm ug

cogcdrkadgk adgktkssmck, d

ug cogcdrkadgk hm tmpk

dpmadgdtmck (i”oadgtd prkjktkrd). Vrmjo.. mi

Adgktkssmck… Vkm, i”oadgtd prkjktkrd..

Ckjd sm vdhd hoiik scbdjo, ug smgakik dvdgtk hm

jutoadgdsm, d i”ossdgzo hm ug prkjktkrd, gkg pkrto oiio

tujkrmadgdsm...

Sd mgvdcd vm â ug prmjk ckgtottk ckg mi ckjpkstk adgktkssmck d succdssmvojdgtd o qudstk dvdgtk vm â mi

ckgtottk prkardssmvk ckg ug prkjktkrd.. sm pktræ orrmvord o tujkrmadgdsm.

Gkg vm â imjmtd oiio hmstogzo hm tdjpk tro i”dvdgtk jutoadgk d i”dpmadgdtmck. Oh kagm jkhk, kcckrrdrmspdttord io tdjpmstmco… io ckgtmguo dspksmzmkgd o ug dpmadgdtmck, sdgzo cbd vm smo ugo jutozmkgd.. gkg

prkvkco guiio >V

Mglmgd, ogcbd sd vdgmssd rmspdttoto io succdssmkgd tdjpkroid… kcckrrd cbd i”dspksmzmkgd oii”dpmadgdtmck smo

ckgtmguo d prkiugaoto pdr ug cdrtk pdrmkhk hm tdjpk.. oitrmjdgtm i”dlldttk hdi prkjktkrd, gkg â gdcdssormk

o svmiuppord ug prkcdssk mrrdvdrsm`mid cbd pkrto o cogcdrkadgdsm.

Io prkimldrozmkgd sdidttmvo hdiid cdiiuid mgmzmotd â lovkrmto hoi lottk cbd m prkjktkrm oujdgtogk io

rdspkgsmvmtæ d io prkhuzmkgd hm lottkrm hm crdscmto, hm krjkgm.. d hm oitrd jkidckid cbd lovkrmsckgk io

prkimldrozmkgd cdiiuiord. \mdgd mgkitrd hmjmgumto io rdspkgsmvmto oaim oadgtm mgm`mtkrm hdiio crdscmto d

vdgakgk pdrturòtd id vmd hm troshuzmkgd hdi sdagoid.. pkrtoghk io cdiiuio oh oujdgtord io suo ottmvmtæ

prkimldrogtd d mgm`dghk m prkcdssm opkptktmcm.

OADGXM DVMADGDXMCM> …Oi prmjk pkstk trkvmojk>

Aim KPJKGM ←Ds> Dstrkadgm ckgmuaotm d HmdtmiSmi`dstrkik… Ik skgk Vdr 0 jktmvm…

?)

Boggk ottmvmtæ mjjugkskpprdssmvo (spdcmd aiuckckrtmckmhm), rmhucdhghk io rmspksto

mjjugmtormo hdii”kraogmsjk oaim ogtmadgm tujkroim.

0)

M ikrk rdcdttkrm sm trkvogk oii”mgtdrgk hdiio cdiiuio… Mi ckjpidssk rdcdttkrd-krjkgd

succdssmvojdgtd dgtro gdi gucidk… mgtdroadghk ckg zkgd rdspkgsmvd oii”krjkgd.. ottmvoghk

lottkrm hm troscrmzmkgd, jkhuioghk i”dsprdssmkgd hdm adgm hm qudiio cdiiuio… smo mg pksmtmvk, cbd mg

gdaotmvk..

Kvvmojdgtd.. tuttm aim MJJTGKSKVVPDSSKPM ← Ds> ozotmkprmgo d cmcikspkrmgo O.. cbd, pdr

i”oppugtk, oamsckgk mgm`dghk io rmspksto mjjugmtormo ckgtrk aim ogtmadgm tujkroim…

SKSXOG^D OIIK SXOXK SKIMHK> ckjd jotdrmd piostmcbd.. jo mg portmckiord, â jkitk gktk

i”Os`dstk (ojmogtk) usotk mg possotk mg cojpk dhmimzmk… òghmtk succdssmvojdgtd hoaim oggm ”<6..

qudstk pdrcbí id lm`rd hm ojmogtk voggk o hdpksmtorsm gdii”dpmtdimk hdii”opporotk rdspmrotkrmk..

hoghk mgmzmk o ug prkcdssk mglmojjotkrmk… id cdiiuid pkm pksskgk hdadgdrord, oghoghk mgckgtrk o

ugk svmiuppk ogkjoik ← JDSKXDIMKJO..

Tg oitrk aruppk hm dpmadgdtmcm skgk id HMKSSMGD> Ds> Xdtrocikrkhm`dgzk-hmkssmgo.. Skgk mghuttkrm hdi smstdjo jmcrkskjmoid dpotmck.. qumghm lovkrmsckgk io `mkottmvozmkgd hm ug prk-cogcdrkadgk, o

cogcdrkadgk tdrjmgoid..



Voamgo | 38

O``mojk pkm aim DSXDPM HDI LKP@KIK> mi copkstmpmtd (XVO) â ugo skstogzo pkck

ckjugd… (pdr lkrtugo).. sm trkvo mg ugo pmogto jkitk vdidgkso, mi ’Crktkg Xmaimuj‚..

\dgmvo usotk ckjd puraogtd hrostmck… oh kagm jkhk, òstogk pkcbd akccd pdr

ovdrd ug”ozmkgd tkssmco o imvdiik aostrkmgtdstmgoid, ckg lkrtm hmorrdd ogcbd djotmcbd..

hkikrm ohhkjmgoim lmgk oh orrmvord, o ckgcdgtrozmkgm pmý didvotd, oiio jkrtd. I”ozmkgd

cbd sm pdgso o``mogk aim dstdrm hdi lkr`kik, â qudiio hm mgm`mrd id ckjugmcozmkgm cbd sm

lkrjogk tro ugo cdiiuio d i”oitro (Aop Nugctmkgs).. cbd pdrjdttkgk ogcbd oiid cdiiuid

sogd hm trosldrmrd oiid cdiiuid oitdrotd, hdm lottkrm cbd mgm`msckgk io ikrk crdscmto.. Ik

stdssk void pdr mi HHX.

Soccormgo> D” stotk prkvotk gdii”ogmjoid.. jo gkg gdii”ukjk, cbd qudsto skstogzo pksso prkvkcord

cogcrk hdiio vdscmco. Gkg cm skgk pdrð prkvd ottdghm`mim gdii”ukjk. Vuð dssdrd qumghm mgsdrmtk tro m

prkjktkrm.. ogcbd sd gkg c”â guiio hm cdrtk pdr quogtk rmauorho aim dssdrm ujogm. \dgakgk jdssm

ckjugqud hdm imjmtm oii”utmimzzk hm qudstk hkicmlmcogtd.

Jdccogmsjm hm CK-COGCDPKADGDSM>

Oujdgtk hdiio @mkottmvozmkgd (oujdgtogk io prkò`mimtæ cbd ug prk-cogcdrkadgk hmvdgtm ug

cogcdrkadgk) ← Mghuttkrm hdi C]V

Jmgkrd hdtkssmlmcozmkgd (Mgm`mtkrm hdi C]V)

Pmhuzmkgd hdm prkcdssm hm rmporozmkgd hdi HGO.

Oujdgtk hdiio prkimldrozmkgd hm cdiiuid o`drrogtm

Pmhuzmkgd hdaim scoj`m jkidckiorm mgtro d mgtdrcdiiuiorm.

LOXXKPM CBD JKHTIOGK IO COGCDPKADGDSM>

Io hmlldrdgzo hm spdcmd puð mgliudgzord i”ozmkgd hm ug cogcdrkadgk.. Ik vdhmojk pdr i”dggdsmjo vkito ←i”ocdtojmgkliukrdgd.. O sdckgho hdi tmpk hm jdto`kimsjk o cum â skttkpkstk, puð dssdrd ug cogcdrkadgk k

jdgk… Gdii”ukjk d mg jkitm oitrm jojjmldrm, mi suk jdto`kimsjk, adgdro pdr G-mhrkssmiozmkgd mi jdto`kimto

cogcdrkadgk. Gdiio scmjjmo sm bo mgvdcd i”mhrkssmiozmkgd orkjotmco cbd ho krmamgd o ug jdto`kimto gkg

pdrmckiksk.

I”Dtæ â goturoijdgtd ug oitrk lottkrd lkghojdgtoid.. pmý â amkvogd i”kraogmsjk cbd vmdgd dspkstk

oii”oadgtd cogcdrkadgk.. pmý â lovkrmto io prkimldrozmkgd hm cdiiuid o`drrogtm… mg ug kraogmsjk pmý vdccbmk, oi

ckgtrormk, io rdpimcozmkgd cdiiuiord â pmý idgto. Cmð gkg tkaimd cbd aim dlldttm hdm cogcdrkadgm sm rmsdgtkgk

joaamkrjdgtd ckg i”ovogzord hdii”dtæ… qudstk pdrcbí skgk gdcdssormd pmý jutozmkgm pdr orrmvord o ug

prkcdssk hm tujkrmadgdsm. Hurogtd io pu`drtæ sm bo ug”oujdgtk hdiio smgtdsm hdi HGO d ug oujdgtk hdiiojmtksm gdaim kraogm dghkcrmgk sdgsm`mim (ds> kraogm adgmtoim joscbmim d ldjjmgmim) d qudstk ckjpkrto ug

oujdgtk hdiio prkò`mimtæ hm svmiuppk hm tujkrm prkprmk mg qudstm hmstrdttm.

I”dspksmzmkgd hm ugo hkggo mgcmgto o ug oadgtd cogcdrkadgk, puð hdtdrjmgord mi possoaamk hm qudstk gdi

ldtk pdr vmo trogspiocdgtord.. Mi HDS (Hmdtmismi`dstrkik) dro usotk mg possotk gdiid hkggd skaadttd o gujdrksm

o`krtm spkgtogdm.. sm â pdrð vmstk cbd gdiio prkid ldjjmgmid, ogcbd hkpk 06 oggm sm pktdvo svmiuppord ugo

lkrjo tujkroid o imvdiik hdiio cdrvmcd utdrmgo.

Oitrm lottkrm skgk qudiim mjjugmtorm..

Hurogtd io losd hm troslkrjozmkgd hdiid cdiiuid ho gkrjoim o tujkroim sm

lkrjogk hdaim ogtmadgm… sd sm dlldttuo ug trottojdgtk mjjugkskpprdssmvk, vmdgd o jogcord io rmspksto

ogtmckrpoid gdm ckglrkgtm hdii”ogtmadgd tujkroid.



Voamgo | 34

D mglmgd… io hmdto… dsmstkgk mglottm oicugm oimjdgtm cbd pksskgk lovkrmrd ik svmiuppk hm tujkrm..

I”dllmcocmo hdm cogcdrkadgm puð dssdrd occrdscmuto ho hmdtd rmccbd hm arossm, mg quogtk qudstm

pksskgk oamrd ho oadgtm prkjktkrm.. kvvmojdgtd gkg tuttm… Oicugm skgk mgvdcd ckgsmhdrotm

prktdttmvm ckjd m 3-pkim-mgsoturm.

Hmdtd rmccbd hm cor`kmhrotm oujdgtogk mi rmscbmk hm corcmgkjo o imvdiik hdii”opporotk

aostrkmgtdstmgoid

Io vmtojmgo O d hdrmvotm (Iyckpdgd) sdj`ro mgm`mrd io cogcdrkadgdsm mg vorm hmstrdttm.. ckjd io

abmoghkio jojjormo d io vdscmco.. Jdccogmsjk h”ozmkgd gkg jkitk gktk.. sm suppkgd cbd qudstd

skstogzd pdrjdttogk io lkrjozmkgd hm pkgtm tro id cdiiuid sogd d qudiid o`drrogtm, mgcrdjdgtoghk io

sdagoiozmkgd cdiiuiord.

\mtojmgo C dh D.. prkò`mijdgtd pdr i”ozmkgd ogtmkssmhogtd, pksskgk dssdrd prktdttmvd pdr

hdtdrjmgotm tmpm hm jutozmkgd..

\oiutozmkgd hdiio Cogcdrkadgdsm

Vossmojk kro oiio portd spdrmjdgtoid.. cbd cm pdrjdttd hm

voiutord mg io`krotkrmk, sd io skstogzo mg dsojd â ug

cogcdrkadgk hm tmpk adgktkssmck k dpmadgdtmck.

Ik scbdjo spdrmjdgtoid vmdgd hdlmgmtk Hdcmsmkg Vkmgt

Opprkocb, kvvdrk sm trotto hm ugo voiutozmkgd spdrmjdgtoid ckg

opprkccmk sdqudgzmoid. Vrmjo sm ollrkgto io losd O, pkm io @ dcc.. lmgk oiio D.. Kagm vkito cbd sm posso ho ug

pugtk o ug oitrk kcckrrd pdrð prdghdrd ugo ’hdcmsmkgd‚ ← Ds> ’vmstm m rmsuitotm hdiio losd O, ckjd prkcdhk;..

vohk oiio losd @, jm ldrjk; K pkssk ogcbd soitord oiio losd C;‚.

k

Io Losd O> sm prdlmaad hm ogoimzzord d mhdgtmlmcord io strutturo cbmjmco hdi ckjpkstk ckg cum o``mojk

o cbd lord. Dsmstkgk oppksmtm skltword cbd pdrjdttkgk hm ogoimzzord io strutturo, d ckjpororio ckg

qudiio hm oitrm cogcdrkadgm gktm pdr mhdgtmlmcord o prmkrm sd vm puð dssdrd ug pktdgzmoid dlldttk

hoggksk pdr i”kraogmsjk. Ottrovdrsk qudsto ogoimsm sm puð ogcbd voiutord sd io skstogzo mg dsojd

puð rmcbmdhdrd ugo `mkottmvozmkgd, d prdvdhdrd sd m sukm jdto`kimtm ovroggk ug dlldttk tkssmck.

k

Io Losd @> â io losd cbd cm pdrjdttd hm voiutord, ottrovdrsk dspdrmjdgtm mg vmtrk o `rdvd tdrjmgd su

cdiiuid ogmjoim, sd io skstogzo â jutoadgo (adgktkssmco)..

Dsmstkgk svormotm Xdst ho lord...

Xdst hm rmporozmkgd hdi HGO mg cdiiuid hm Jojjmldrk> Oghmojk o vdhdrd

ckjd mgtdrvmdgd io cdiiuio gdi rmporord hoggm oi HGO (gdi cosk io skstogzo

hmjkstrossd ug dlldttk adgktkssmck). Mg òsd oiio copocmtæ hdiio cdiiuio hm

rmpororik, pkssmojk rmsoimrd oii”dgtmtæ hdi hoggk. D” ugo tdcgmco mghmrdtto..

mg quogtk voiutmojk i”ottmvmtæ rmporotrmcd..

Xdst hm jutoadgdsm gdm òttdrm> Oghmojk o vdhdrd sd qudstd skstogzd

mghuckgk jutozmkgm mg ugo pkpkiozmkgd hm cdiiuid òttdrmcbd.

Xdst hm jutoadgdsm hm Cdiiuid hm jojjmldrk…

Xdst hm mgtdarmtæ crkjkskjmco> pdr voiutord sd skgk stotd mghkttd

jutozmkgm gdiio jkrlkikamo hdm crkjkskjm.

Sd pdr cosk, hoiio losd @ vmdgd lukrm cbd io skstogzo gkg â jutoadgo, gkg pkssmojkdsciuhdrd cbd pksso ckjugqud prkjukvdrd io tujkrmadgdsm. Vossmojk qumghm oiio

Losd C.. Sd pdrð m tdst hoggk dsmtk gdaotmvk, possmojk hmrdttojdgtd oiio Losd H…



Voamgo | 3<

k

Io losd C> cbd pdrjdttd hm tdstord io skstogzo d voiutord sd sm trotto hm ug oadgtd prkjktkrd

(dpmadgdtmck).. sm dlldttuogk qumghm tdst>

k

Mg \MXPK (cbd pdrjdttkgk hm usord jdgk ogmjoim, d skgk pmý ropmhm) .. d tdst..

k

Mg \M\K (rmcbmdhkgk ug joaamkr gujdrk hm ogmjoim.. d skgk pmý idgtd)

Sd kttdgmojk rmsuitotm pksmtmvm mg qudstm Xdst, io skstogzo mg dsojd â pktdgzmoijdgtd

pdrmckikso. Hm ckgsdaudgzo kcckrrkgk stuhm crkgmcm o iugak tdrjmgd… Sm posso

qumghm oiio Losd D.

k Io Losd H> rmauorho mi possoaamk oiio spdrmjdgtozmkgd mg \mvk.. mg quogtk gdiio Losd @ ovdvk

dlldttuotk tdst skik Mg \mtrk pdr voiutord i”dlldttk adgktkssmck. M tdst hm Losd H skgk o @rdvd tdrjmgd.

Tg rmsuitotk pksmtmvk mg pmý hm ugk hm qudstm tdst, ropprdsdgto ugo prkvo

mgdqumvkco`mid hm cogcdrkadgmcmtæ. Gdi cosk hm ug rmsuitotk pksmtmvk tro m tdst mg \mtrk

+ ugk gdm tdst mg vmvk, pkssk rmtdgdrd mi ckjpkstk jkitk skspdttk, hm ckgsdaudgzo

kcckrrkgk uitdrmkrm occdrtojdgtm… possk qumghm oiio Losd D

Io Losd D> Vrdvdhd Xdst mg \M\K o Iugak Xdrjmgd.

Bktimges>



0 Krd hm Idzmkgd

¹ Crdhmtk





Voamgo | 31

\oiutozmkgd hdiio Cogcdrkadgdsm – Xdst | 61-??-??

LOSD @ – XDSX MG \MXPK O @PD\D XDPJMGD – JTXO^MKGM VTGXMLKPJM>

k

Xdst hm Pmporozmkgd hdi HGO mg cdiiuid hm

Jojjmldrk>

_udstk tdst vmdgd dlldttuotk mg ckiturd hm dpotkcmcm mgcuòtm

ckg ug gucidksmhd, rohmkjorcotk ckg Xrmzmk ← 3B-Xmjmhmgo.

_udstk tmpk hm tdst skgk jkitk ckstksm.. smo pdr m rdoadgtm..

cbd pdr ik sjoitmjdgtk hdiid skstogzd rohmkottmvd.

Ottrovdrsk qudstk dspdrmjdgtk voiutmojk i”dgtmtæ hdi hoggk

sui HGO, kssdrvoghk io copocmtæ hm rmporozmkgd hdiio cdiiuio.

Mg òsd oii”dgtmtæ hdiio rmporozmkgd, pkssk rmsoimrd oiio arovmtæ

hdi hoggk. Io rmporozmkgd pdr toaimk hdtdrjmgo ug gmce

(ùck) hm cmrco 36 gucidktmhm, m quoim vdrroggk skstmtumtm ckg m

gukvm prdsdgtm gdi tdrrdgk ho cuituro.. tro cum ogcbd qudiik

rohmkjorcotk. Mg òsd oiio rohmkottmvmtæ djdsso hoiid

cdiiuid, pkssmojk hdtdrjmgord sd vm â stoto io rktturo k

jdgk… gdi arolmck qum ollmogck, io cdiiuio (O) ropprdsdgto mi

’ckgtrkiik gdaotmvk‚ gkg trottotk ckg oicugo skstogzo, io

cdiiuio (@) â mi ’ckgtrkiik pksmtmvk‚, mg cum vmdgd jdsso ugo

skstogzo gkto cogcdrkadgo‚5 io cdiiuio ’C‚ ropprdsdgto mi gkstrk dspdrmjdgtk. Gdiio cdiiuio hm ckgtrkiik

gdaotmvk, mg cum gkg vm â oicugo skstogzo jutoadgo, io tmjmhmgo trmzmoto gkg vmdgd mgaikòto gdi HGO. Oi

ckgtrormk gdiio cdiiuio @ (mi ckgtrkiik pksmtmvk trottotk ckg ug cogcdrkadgk gktk) sm vdhd i”oujdgtk hdi

gucidksmhd rohmkjorcotk oii”mgtdrgk hdi gucidk5 d cmð mghmco ug hoggk gdi adgkjo (c.v.h.). Sd mi pottdrg hdiioCdiiuio C (mi gkstrk dspdrmjdgtk) soræ smjmid o qudiik hdiio @, smagmlmco cbd o``mojk o cbd lord ckg ugo

skstogzo cbd mghucd oitdrozmkgm gdi HGO.

k Xdst hm Jutoadgdsm @ottdrmco – (Xdst hm Ojds)>

_udstk tdst vmdgd lottk mg cdiiuid òttdrmcbd. D” jkitk lojksk, d

jkitk utmimzzotk. Vdr qudstk dspdrmjdgtk, sm ohkpdrogk hdm

òttdrm cbd skgk amæ jutogtm.. (boggk amæ oi ikrk mgtdrgk ugo

jutozmkgd) ← skgk mgcopocm hm prkhurrd i”Mstmhmgo. Sd gkg

rmdsckgk o prkhurrd qudstk ojmgkocmhk, gkg rmdsckgk

gdjjdgk o skprovvmvdrd… Kcckrrd qumghm oaamugadrio oi

tdrrdgk hm ckiutro. Kitrd o qudsto jutozmkgd, gd boggk ogcbd

oitrd.. ds> io ikrk jdj`rogo â pmý pdrjdo`mid (←pdr lovkrmrd

i”dgtroto hdi jutoadgk..)

Mi prmgcmpmk su cum sm òso qudstk tdst, â io copocmtæ hm ug

jutoadgk hm prkvkcord ugo rdtrkjutozmkgd (← K[k‚ …

kvvdrk.. io copocmtæ hdi jutoadgk hm ogguiiord/rdvdrtmrd io

jutozmkgd… jmstdrk hdiio Ldhd….), Mg protmco.. sd vm â ugo

rdtrkjutozmkgd, m òttdrm soroggk gukvojdgtd mg arohk hm

`mksmgtdtmzzord i”Mstmhmgo. (… obg sm..;;)



Voamgo | 32

Ckjd sm kpdro spdrmjdgtoijdgtd;; ←

k O``mojk io gkstro lmosco ckg m òttdrm jutotm (ds> hm Soijkgdiio Xypbmjurmuj)

k Vrdpormojk ug ckgtrkiik Gdaotmvk (sdgzo oicugo skstogzo), ug ckgtrkiik Vksmtmvk (ckg ug

cogcdrkadgk gktk) d mi cojpmkgd mg dsojd ckg io skstogzo mg dsojd.

k

Oi prdporotk, sm oaamugad ug dstrottk hm jmcrkskjm dpotmcm (cbd ckgtmdgd aim dgzmjm hm

jdto`kimzzozmkgd).. qudsto lrozmkgd vmdgd oaamugto pdrcbí puð dssdrd cbd io skstogzo mg

dsojd rmcbmdho ugo `mkottmvozmkgd pdr dspidtord i”dlldttk cogcdrkadgk… qudstk pdr dvmtord

portd hdm loism gdaotmvm.

k \drsk m prdporotm mg copsuid pdtrm.. d ioscmk crdscdrd id ckikgmd mg ug tdrrdgk VPM\K hm

Mstmhmgo…

M òttdrm cbd gkg boggk su`mtk rdtrkjutozmkgd… jukmkgk…

Sd vm â rdtrkjutozmkgd.. m òttdrm rmdsckgk o prkhurrd gukvojdgtd i”mstmhmgo.. qumghm

rmdsckgk o skprovvmvdrd (jmrockiksojdgtd).. lkrjoghk hdiid ckikgmd òttdrmcbd >H

Gdiik scbdjo qum skpro sm vdhkgk 0 sdrmd hm Vdtrm.. Gdiio prmjo gkg vm â i”oaamugto hm

jmcrkskjm dpotmcm.. gdiio sdckgho Sm… Sd mi tdst rmsuito Gdaotmvk oiio Vrmjo, jo

pksmtmvk oiio Sdckgho, smagmlmco cbd io skstogzo mg dsojd â cogcdrkadgo… jo pdr

oamrd rmcbmdhd ugo `mkottmvozmkgd. Mg òsd oi gujdrk hm ckikgmd cbd ckgtk gdiio pdtrm, pkssk rmsoimrd oiio copocmtæ

jutoadgo hdiio skstogzo… (skgk scdttmck.. jo prdghmojkik pdr vdrk…. K[k)

k Xdst hm Jutoadgdsm hm cdiiuid hm jojjmldrk mg Ckituro>

Kpdrmojk ckg imgdd cdiiuiorm sto`mimzzotd ← imgdd hm Imglkjo jurmgk. Mg qudstk cosk, oghmojk o voiutord

i”ozmkgd jutoadgo hdiio skstogzo mg dsojd kssdrvoghk io lugzmkgoimtæ hm ug”dgzmjo ← i” BAVPX. _udstk

dgzmjo pdrjdttd hm mgckrpkrord id purmgd, oii”mgtdrgk hdiio sdqudgzo hdi HGO.

Gdiid ckiturd hm Imglkjo Jurmgk, oaamugak ug ogoikak purmgmck ← 2-ozoauogmgo (tkssmco). I”ogoikak vdrræ

mgaikòtk skik mg prdsdgzo hdii”dgzmjo BAVPX. Sd cmð ovvmdgd, io cdiiuio oghræ mgckgtrk o Jkrtd…

Sd io skstogzo cbd vohk o tdstord gkg â jutoadgo, i”dgzmjo BAVPX lugzmo gkrjoijdgtd…

vmdgd mgtrkhkttk i”ogoikak tkssmck gdi HGO… d pull.. io cdiiuio vo mgckgtrk o jkrtd >HH

Sd io skstogzo mg dsojd â cogcdrkadgo, io jutozmkgd puð oghord o mgtdrdssord i”dgzmjo

BAVPX.. cbd gkg soræ pmý mg arohk hm lugzmkgord… Mi HGO gkg mgckrpkrdræ aim ogoikabm tkssmcm…

hm ckgsdaudgzo, id ckiturd cdiiuiorm skprovvmvdroggk..

← Oitrk jmstdrk hdiio Ldhd…

.. Lmgk oh kro o``mojk trottotk jutozmkgm pugtmlkrjm… ckg mi prkssmjk tdst, oghmojk o voiutord sd io

skstogzo prkvkco jutozmkgm crkjkskjmcbd.



Voamgo | 3=

LOSD @ – XDSX MG \MXPK O @PD\D XDPJMGD – JTXO^MKGM CPKJKSKJMCBD>

k

Xdstk hdm Jmcrkgucidm – Vdr io voiutozmkgd hdii”mgtdarmtæ crkjkskjmco>

Id jutozmkgm crkjkskjmcbd pksskgk mgtdrdssord mi gujdrk hm crkjkskjm k io rktturo hm qudstm ckg pdrhmto

k ocqumsmzmkgd hm jotdrmoid adgdtmck.

Mi tdst hdm jmcrkgucidm vo o voiutord, ogoimzzoghk oi jmcrksckpmk id ckiturd cdiiuiorm, sd cm skgk gdiio cdiiuio

(kitrd oi gucidk) hdm jmcrkgucidm (kraogdiim cbd sm lkrjogk hurogtd io jmtksm).. cbd ckgtdgakgk hdi

jotdrmoid crkjkskjmck cbd gkg â stotk dquojdgtd suhhmvmsk tro id cdiiuid lmaimd. _udstm

jmcrkgucidm pksskgk ckgtdgdrd hdm crkjkskjm mgtdrm.. k ogcbd skik hdm lrojjdgtm hm qudstm,

o sdckgho oppugtk hdi tmpk hm jutozmkgd ovvdguto.

Auorhoghk ik scbdjo, io cdiiuio mgmzmoid ckg

potrmjkgmk adgdtmck 0g, sm hmvmhd.. (sm lkrjo mi

lusk jmtktmck…io crkjotmgo sm ohhdgzo…

dcc.. dcc.. )sm prkcdhd lmgk oiio jmarozmkgd

hdm crkjkskjm om pkim hdiio cdiiuio, hkvd sm

lkrjdroggk m gukvm gucidm… Sd tuttk â oghotk ………..

`dgd, hkvrdjjk ovdrd ug potrmjkgmk adgdtmck 0g d

0g.

Sd mgvdcd cm skgk stotm hdm prk`idjm (ckjd mg qudstk

cosk ← –O –), vdhmojk cbd ugo hdiid hud cdiiuid lmaimd, ovræ ug gkrjoid gujdrk hm crkjkskjm…jdgtrd

i”oitro ovræ ug gucidk prmvk hm ug crkjkskjo (0g-?). Vuð mgkitrd copmtord, cbd mi crkjkskjo prdsdgtd gdi

jmcrkgucidk jmarm (prmjo hdiio hmvmsmkgd) gdi iotk hdiio cdiiuio ckg potrmjkgmk adgdtmck sogk… pkrtoghk hm

ckgsdaudgzo oiio crdozmkgd hm hud lkrjd o`drrogtm :/

Gdi cosk –@ – sm kssdrvo io lkrjozmkgd hm jmcrkgucidm ckg lrojjdgtm hm crkjotmhm. Kttdrrdjk qumghm hud

cdiiuid lmaimd ckg potrmjkgmk adgdtmck rmhkttk..

I”ogoimsm sm lo oi jmcrksckpmk5 io prdsdgzo hm ug jmcrkgucidk

dvmhdgzmo ug”o`drrozmkgd crkjkskjmco. _udstk tdst vmdgd

adgdroijdgtd dlldttuotk su ckiturd hm imglkcmtm ujogm, k

drmtrkcmtm mjjoturm hm tkpk.

Gdi cosk hdaim drmtrkcmtm mjjoturm sm dlldttuo ug prmjk

trottojdgtk ckg io skstogzo mg dsojd5 hkpk < krd i”ogmjoid vmdgd socrmlmcotk.. vmdgd dstrottk mi jmhkiik kssdk

hoi ldjkrd.. d sm ogoimzzo sui vdtrmgk io jkrlkikamo hdaim

drmtrkcmtm..

Ottrovdrsk qudstk tdst pkssmojk ogcbd hdlmgmrd sd io skstogzo â ug vdidgk jmtktmck k ugo skstogzo

ciostkadgo….

\mdgd hdlmgmto ’skstogzo ciostkadgo‚, ugo skstogzo cbd prkvkco io lrojjdgtozmkgd hdm crkjkskjm

(hoghk krmamgd o jmcrkgucidm cbd ckgtdgakgk lrojjdgtm crkjotmhmcm)

M vdidgm hdi lusk jmtktmck skgk mgvdcd id skstogzd cbd voggk o prkvkcord ug”ogkjoimo gdiik

sckrrmjdgtk d gdi trospkrtk hdm crkjkskjm iugak mi lusk jmtktmck, pkrtoghk o jmcrkgucidm

ckgtdgdgtm mgtdrm crkjkskjm…



Voamgo | 86

k

Xdst mg cdiiuid hm Kvomk hm Crmcdtk Cmgdsd>

Id cdiiuid hdiio imgdo CBK skgk id Cbmgdsd Bojstdr Kvory (Cdiiuid hm Kvomk hm Crmcdtk Cmgdsd), skgk

lrdqudgtdjdgtd usotd pdrcbí boggk m crkjkskjm hm gktdvkim hmjdgsmkgm.. qumghm locmijdgtd ogoimzzo`mim oi

jmcrksckpmk.

_udstd cdiiuid ckgtdgakgk mg ckituro ug cormktmpk sto`mid hm 00 crkjkskjm.. sd gkm oghmojk o tdstord hdiid

skstogzd su qudstd ckiturd pkssmojk locmijdgtd kssdrvord oi jmcrksckpmk hurogtd io jmtksm, sd vm skgkogkjoimd gdiio sportmzmkgd hdm crkjkskjm, k lrojjdgtozmkgm..

k

Xdst Hdm crkjotmhm Lrotdiim – SCD : Smstdr Cbrkjotmh Dxcbogad>

_udstk tdst prdvdhd cbd io skstogzo mg dsojd voho o prkvkcord ug toaimk gdm crkjotmhm hdi crkjkskjo.. d

ik scoj`mk hm lrojjdgtm ho ug crkjkskjo oii”oitrk.._udstk tmpk hm tdst jm pdrjdttd hm voiutord sd io

skstogzo â pktdgzmoijdgtd adgktkssmco.. Gkg vm â pdrhmto k auohoagk hm jotdrmoid adgdtmck.. soppmojk skik

cbd io skstogzo â mg arohk hm lord hdm toaim… qumghm â pktdgzmoijdgtd pdrmckikso.. joaorm ug”dspksmzmkgd

crkgmco puð pkrtord oh o`drrozmkgm pmý arovm..

Mi tdst (rmpdtmojkik) pdrjdttd qumghm hm voiutord io Vktdgzmoimtæ adgktkssmco hdiio skstogzo mg dsojd.

VTGXK HDCMSMKGOID ?>

Oiio lmgd hdiio Losd @, pkssmojk kttdgdrd vormd mglkrjozmkgm… Sd gdssugk hdm tdst rmsuito pksmtmvk, io

skstogzo gkg â ug jutoadgk adgktkssmck… Vdrð rmjogd ug hu``mk… pktrd``d dssdrd ugo skstogzo

dpmadgdtmco.. ← \ohk mg Losd C.

Sd Oicugm boggk hotk dsmtk pksmtmvk, io skstogzo â adgktkssmco.. cbd hkvræ pkm dssdrd prkvoto mg jkhdiim

ckjpidssm ← i”ogmjoid vmvk, trojmtd skjjmgmstrozmkgd smstdjmco. ← \ohk oiio losd H

LOSD C – XDSX HM VPKJK^MKGD (VDP OADGXM DVMADGDXMCM)>

k

Xdst hm Mghuzmkgd hm Xujkrm Cutogdm gdi Xkpk (Xdst hm Vopmiikjo Cutogdk)>

_udstk tdst pdrjdttd hm voiutord sd io skstogzo mg dsojd â ug Vrkjktkrd.. kvvdrk sd â mg arohk hm

mghmrmzzord id cdiiuid mgmzmotd (jutotd) vdrsk ugo crdscmto mgckgtrkiioto.

Sd io skstogzo mg dsojd â ug dpmadgdtmck, prmjo hm tuttk hkvrð prdtrottord m jmdm ogmjoim ho dspdrmjdgtk,

ckg ug ckjpkstk hm cum â gkto i”ottmvmtæ jutoadgo. I”mgmzmotkrd utmimzzotk â mi HJ@O (hm-jdtmi-hm-

`dgzkogtrocdgd) â ug MVO, cbd vmdgd skjjmgmstrotk o hksm jkitk `ossd pdr dvmtord i”mgstourorsm hm ugo lkrjo

tujkroid.. oitrmjdgtm gkg pkssk cdrtk tdstord mi jmk dpmadgdtmck >V

Succdssmvojdgtd trottk aim ogmjoim ho io`krotkrmk, dspkstm oi jutoadgk, ckg io ’skstogzo R‚5 oppimcoghkio 0-

3 vkitd io sdttmjogo pdr 0-3 jdsm… o qudstk pugtk, oghrð o voiutord sd suiio cutd hm qudstm ogmjoim sm skgk

svmiuppotd hdiid lkrjd tujkroim (hdlmgmtd Vopmiikjm cutogdm). Oghrð qumghm o voiutord quogtm ogmjoim boggk

svmiuppotk m popmiikjm, d quogtm sd gd skgk lkrjotm su kagm ogmjoid.

VTGXK HDCMSMKGOID 0>

Aim oadgtm rmsuitotm pksmtmvm o qudstk/m tdst skgk pktdgzmoijdgtd pdrmckiksm.. hm ckgsdaudgzo kcckrrd

voiutord i”usk crkgmck hdiio skstogzo mg vmvk… \ohk oiio LOSD D…



Voamgo | 8?

LOSD H – XDSX MG \M\K O @PD\D XDPJMGD>

k

Xdst hm Mghuzmkgd hm Lkcm Vrdgdkpiostmcm gdi Ldaotk hm Pottk>

Io skstogzo mg dsojd vmdgd skjjmgmstroto k pdr vmo kroid, k pdr vmo mgtropdrmtkgdoid. I”oppimcozmkgd puð

dssdrd smgakio k rmpdtuto d sm voggk o vdhdrd gdi amrk hm ?0-?3 sdttmjogd sd sm skgk adgdrotm hdm lkcm

prdgdkpiostmcm o imvdiik hdi ldaotk. Mg cosk pksmtmvk, sm voiuto mi gujdrk hm lkcm prdsdgtm gdi ldaotk d iosupdrlmcmd hm qudstm pdr cdgtmjdtrk quohrotk hm tdssutk.

Oicugm cogcdrkadgm gktm cbd hoggk rmsuitotm pksmtmvm o qudstk tdst skgk id Ojmgd Orkjotmcbd d id

Gmtrkskojmgd..

k Xdst hm Mghuzmkgd hm Ohdgkjm Vkijkgorm gdi Xkpk>

Io skstogzo R vmdgd skjjmgmstroto pdr vmo mgtropdrmtkgdoid 3 vkitd io sdttmjogo, qumghm sm voiuto mg 3-8 jdsm

ik svmiuppk hm ohdgkjm (gkhuim `mogcostrm). Gdi cosk mi tdst lkssd pksmtmvk, sm voiuto ckjd oi skimtk mi gujdrk hm

ohdgkjm abmoghkiorm d mi gujdrk hm gkhuim pdr kagm ogmjoid.

Oicugd ciossm hm cogcdrkadgm cbd hoggk rmsuitotm pksmtmvm o qudstm tdst skgk aim MVO, id Gmtrksojmgd d tkssmgd

ckjd i”oliotkssmgo.

k Lkrjozmkgd hm Corcmgkjo Jojjormk gdi Pottk Ldjjmgo>

Io skstogzo vmdgd skjjmgmstroto k pdr vmo Kroid k pdr vmo Dghkvdgkso.. Sm voiuto qumghm hkpk 3-= sdttmjogd

(prdvmk socrmlmcmk hdii”ogmjoid) quogtm ogmjoim prdsdgtogk ohdgkcorcmgkjm d mi gujdrk hm qudstm pdr kagm

ogmjoid.

Oicugm cogcdrkadgm gktm cbd hoggk dsmtk pksmtmvk o qudstk tdst skgk aim MVO, d id ojmgd orkjotmcbd.

← _umghm.. ckgkscdghk io strutturo hdiio skstogzo mg dsojd d io suo ciossd hm opportdgdgzo, pkssmojk amæ

sdidzmkgord quoim skgk m tdst pmý kppkrtugm ho dlldttuord suii”ogmjoid.

VTGXK HDCMSMKGOID 3>

Sd io skstogzo rmsuito pksmtmvo o pmý hm ug tdst, sm ckgsmhdro qudsto ugo Vrkvo mgdqumvkco`mid hm

cogcdrkadgmcmtæ. Sd kttdgmojk ug rmsuitotk pksmtmvk mg \mvk d mg \mtrk , io skstogzo â ckgsmhdroto oitojdgtd

skspdtto, cbd joaorm rmcbmdhd jkitk pmý tdjpk pdr oamrd (ckjd oh dsdjpmk oicugm mgqumgogtm oj`mdgtoim)..

qumghm kcckrrd voiutord io suo ottmvmtæ mg tdst mg vmvk o iugak tdrjmgd LOSD D‹

LOSD D – XDSX HM COGCDPKADGDSM MG \M\K O ITGAK XDPJMGD>

Sm dlldttuogk qudstm tdst quoghk m rmsuitotm kttdgutm hoiid losm prdcdhdgtm ioscmogk ohmtk o hu``m, k quoghk sm

suppkgd cbd smo gdcdssormo ugo prkiugaoto dspksmzmkgd cogcdrkadgk k dpmadgdtmck ollmgcbâ sm vdrmlmcbm

i”dlldttk tkssmck.

Scdito hdaim Ogmjoim>

Aim ogmjoim usotm pdr qudstm tdst skgk hm pmcckio toaimo, ckjd rkhmtkrm (rottk k tkpk).. Sm â coickiotk cbd io

iotdgzo hm rmspksto oi cogcdrkadgk â cmrco ?/2 hdiio vmto hdii”ogmjoid.. pdr qudstk, â prdldrm`mid ug ogmjoid

io cum ospdttotmvo hm vmto gkg supdrm m 3 oggm >V.. Vdr ogmjoim ckjd Pottk d Xkpk, mi tdjpk hm iotdgzo kscmiio



Voamgo | 80

tro m 3 d 4 jdsm… SM usogk ogmjoim amkvogm oppdgo svdzzotm, mg quogtk skgk pmý sdgsm`mim oaim oadgtm

cogcdrkadgm.. (← i”ottmvmtæ prkimldrotmvo hdiid cdiiuid â joaamkrd). Aim stuhm dlldttuotm skgk jkitk iugabm, d

jkitk ckstksm.. i”ogmjoid vo tdgutk mg kssdrvozmkgd pdr 08 jdsm gdi rottk.. d hom 0? om 08 jdsm gdi Xkpk.

Kvvmojdgtd hk``mojk ogcbd tdgdrd ckgtk hdi lottk cbd gkg tuttm aim ogmjoim orrmvdroggk vmvm oiio lmgd hdiio

spdrmjdgtozmkgd.. joaorm pdr i”mgskradgzo hm mgldzmkgm.. k sdjpimcdjdgtd pdr jkrtd goturoid.. Sm coickio cbd

cmrco mi 16-=6% hdaim ogmjoim rdstm mg vmto lmgk oiio lmgd hdi tdst.

Sm usogk ogmjoim smo joscbm cbd ldjjmgd.. cmrco ugo cmgquogtmgo… Dssdghk qumghm pordccbm, dh dssdghkcm

vorm aruppm spdrmjdgtoim, â kppkrtugk cbd ug dspdrtk hm stotmstmco portdcmpm oiik stuhmk, mg quogtk m lottkrm ho

tdgdrd mg ckgsmhdrozmkgd skgk jkitmssmjm.

_uoim hksm usord pdr tdstord mi pktdgzmoid jutoadgk/dpmadgdtmck;

Io hksd gkg hkvrd``d hord dlldttm tkssmcm dvmhdgtm.. qumghm hkvrd``d dssdrd `dg pmý `osso hdiio IH46… Sm

uso io JXH (← Jossmjo Hksd Xkiidroto…) k m sukm skttkjuitmpim… D” mi porojdtrk gujdrmck cbd hdlmgmscd io

tkssmcmtæ su`crkgmco, dh â qudiio ckgcdgtrozmkgd cbd couso ug coik pkghdroid hm ug jossmjk hdi ?6%.

Kvvmojdgtd kcckrrd voiutord io rdiozmkgd hksd-rmspksto.. qumghm ovrdjk vorm aruppm spdrmjdgtoim5 cbd

oghroggk sdaumtm pdr 0 oggm..

Ckjd sm skjjmgmstro io skstogzo mg dsojd;

Sord``d jdaimk skjjmgmstrorio ottrovdrsk io vmo cbd jmjo i”dspksmzmkgd ujogo .. qumghm, sd sm trotto hm ugo

skstogzo cbd sm trkvo joaamkrjdgtd gdii”otjksldro, io vmo mgoiotkrmo â io prdldrm`mid… Cdrtk.. sd qudsto â mg

otjksldro puð lmgmrd ogcbd suiid pmogtd d suaim ogmjoim.. qumghm i”ossugzmkgd â ogcbd kroid…

Oitdrgotmvojdgtd sm puð tdstord io skstogzo ogcbd pdr vmo cutogdo… sd sm trotto hm lorjocm mg losd hm

spdrmjdgtozmkgd, â h”k``imak io vmo pordgtdroid.

_uoim skgk m Aruppm Spdrmjdgtoim;

k

Skgk> mi Aruppk hm Ckgtrkiik (mi pmý lkrtugotk.. gkg â trottotk ckg oicug tmpk hm skstogzo >V)

k Mi aruppk trottotk skik ckg mi \dmckik (mi @mogck).. qudstk pdr voiutord hdiid rmspkstd hm lkghk

ckjd ik strdss hdii”ogmjoid..

k

Mi Aruppk hm Ckgtrkiik Vksmtmvk, Xrottotk ckg ug cogcdrkadgk Gktk o hmvdrsd ckgcdgtrozmkgm

k D mglmgd, m aruppm trottotm ckg io Skstogzo R o ckgcdgtrozmkgm JXH mgcrdjdgtoim..

Xuttm m aruppm hdvkgk ovdrd ik stdssk gujdrk hm ogmjoim… Sd coickimojk jmgmjk 36-86 ogmjoim

pdr aruppk kttdgmojk ← ?06 – ?<6 ogmjoim ho ckgtrkiiord…. Tg `di iovkrk gdb;; >V

Hurogtd m 0 oggm aim ogmjoim soroggk sdjprd tdgutm skttk ckgtrkiik, d sm oghræ o voiutord sd c”â k jdgk ik

svmiuppk hm lkrjd tujkroim..

\o kssdrvotk mi gujdrk hm ogmjoim cbd prdsdgto ugk k pmý tmpm hm tujkrd gdii”kraogmsjk… io lrdqudgzo ckg

cum mi tujkrd ckipmscd ug hdtdrjmgotk kraogk (qudstk pdr voiutord oh dsdjpmk sd io skstogzo ckipmscd

joaamkrjdgtd aim dpotkcmtm rmspdttk om pkijkgm k oitrm hmstrdttm hdii”kraogmsjk) .. Kcckrrd ogcbd voiutord

quogtm skgk aim ogmjoim cbd prdsdgtogk pmý hm ug tujkrd d mi gujdrk hm g¶ hm tujkrm pdr ogmjoid.

_udstm tdst skgk gdcdssorm pdr pktdr pkm prdvdhdrd sd io skstogzo soræ cogcdrkadgo ogcbd pdr i”ukjk.

Vurtrkppk pdrð gkg lkrgmsckgk mglkrjozmkgm cmrco mi jdccogmsjk h”ozmkgd hdiio skstogzo tujkrmadgo, mgquogtk io cogcdrkadgdsm â ik stohmk `mkikamck lmgoid.



Voamgo | 83

Oh kagm jkhk, sd io skstogzo mg dsojd rmsuito cogcdrkadgo mg pmý spdcmd ogmjoim, cm skgk ogcbd oitd

prkò`mimtæ cbd ik smo pdr i”ukjk. Sm pksskgk vdrmlmcord pdrð ogcbd cosm mg cum io skstogzo rmsuito cogcdrkadgo

gdii”ogmjoid… jo cbd gkg ik smo pdr i”ukjk.. (oh dsdjpmk io soccormgo…) ← aim ogmjoim qumghm lkrgmsckgk

skik ugo @osd gdiio voiutozmkgd hdi PMSCBMK ujogk (kvvdrk io prkò`mimtæ cbd io skstogzo R cousm aim stdssm

dlldttm gdii”ukjk).

Oiio voiutozmkgd hdi rmscbmk sdaud io Adstmkgd hdi rmscbmk (←kvvdrk ckjd pkssmojk mgtdrvdgmrd pdr lord mg

jkhk cbd i”ukjk smo soivoauorhotk hoi ckgtottk ckg qudstd skstogzd pdrmckiksd). Vdr i”dstropkiozmkgd hdm

rmsuitotm gdii”ukjk kcckrrd qumghm ckgkscdrd m jdccogmsjm h”ozmkgd , mi jdto`kimsjk d io lorjockcmgdtmco

hdiio skstogzo gdii”ogmjoid d gdii”ukjk..

I”oadgzmo hm Vrktdgzmkgd hdii”oj`mdgtd (DVO) d i”oadgzmo mgtdrgozmkgoid hm rmcdrco sui cogcrk (MOPC) boggk

stmiotk ugo ciossmlmcozmkgd hdm cogcdrkadgm pdr aruppk hm opportdgdgzo

Gdi aruppk O skgk mghmcotm tuttm m cogcdrkadgm ujogm gktm5 gdi aruppk D skgk mgvdcd mghmcotd tuttd qudiid

skstogzd hm cum sm â ckjprkvoto io gkg cogcdrkadgmcmtæ. Gdiid ciossmlmcozmkgm mgtdrjdhmd vm skgk id skstogzd

cbd boggk ugo ùkgo prkò`mimtæ hm dssdrd cogcdrkadgd ogcbd gdii”ukjk, ovdghk hotk rmsuitotm pksmtmvm gdm

tdst suaim ogmjoim.. k oitrmjdgtm vm skgk tuttd qudiid skstogzd hm cum gkg skgk stotm ogckro dlldttuotm tuttm m

tdst d aim occdrtojdgtm gdcdssorm pdr pktdr dssdrd cotoikaotd.

Sdckghk oicugd stmjd hdi 0660, m tmpm hm cogcrk pmý hmllusm skgk>

Gdii”ukjk>

M. Xujkrd oiio prkstoto

MM.

Xujkrd o imvdiik pkijkgordMMM.

Cogcrk hdi ckikg d rdttk

Gdiio hkggo>

M. Cogcrk hdiio jojjdiio

MM.

Xujkrd o imvdiik pkijkgordMMM.

Cogcrk hdi ckikg d rdttk

Io jkrtoimtæ â mgvdcd hoto ho>

Gdii”ukjk>

M. Xujkrd o imvdiik pkijkgord

MM.

Xujkrd oiio prkstoto

MMM. Cogcrk hdi Ckikg d Pdttk

Gdiio hkggo>

M. Xujkrd o imvdiik pkijkgord

MM.

Cogcrk hdiio jojjdiio

MMM. Cogcrk hdi ckikg d Pdttk



_udstd skgk curvd cbd ropprdsdgtogk io jkrtoimtæ hdm hmvdrsm tmpm hm tujkrd gdiio hkggo d gdii”ukjk hoaim

oggm ”36 o kaam…

Vdr quogtk rmauorho mi tujkrd pkijkgord vdhmojk cbd pdr io hkggo, hoaim oggm ”<6 o kaam, i”mgcmhdgzo â mg

oujdgtk.. qudstk pdrcbí io hkggo bo mgmzmotk o lujord su iorao scoio, skik hoaim oggm ”46 mg pkm5 jdgtrd pdr

i”ukjk (cbd lujovo ho `dg prmjo…) vm â ug”oscdso rdpdgtmgo hoaim oggm ”36 om ”=6.

_udstm skgk mgvdcd hotm dpmhdjmkikamcm pdr mi tujkrd mgtdstmgoid (ckikg rdttk). O``mojk smo pdr io

pkpkiozmkgd joscbmid cbd qudiio ldjjmgmid hud trdgh, cbd voggk hoaim oggm ”26 o kaam, voiutotm gdiio gkstro

rdamkgd (Djmimo Pkjoago) d mg Mtoimo… I”oghojdgtk gdiio pkpkiozmkgd ldjjmgmid â mg hmscdso, dh â

skvroppkgm`mid oii”oghojdgtk adgdroid mg Mtoimo… qudstk â hkvutk ogcbd oi lottk cbd c”â ugo joaamkrd

prdvdgzmkgd..

Vdr quogtk rmauorho io pkpkiozmkgd joscbmid, o``mojk ug trdgh pmý sto`mid, sdjprd skvroppkgm`mid ckg io

smtuozmkgd mg mtoimo…

_udstk â i”dggdsmjk arolmck… rmauorho io jkrtoimtæ

pdr tujkrd hdi ckikg-rdttk gdaim TSO, mg lugzmkgd

hdii”dtæ… Mi arolmck ckgldrjo pmdgojdgtd io tdkrmo

cbd prdsuppkgd cbd smo gdcdssormk ug skjjorsm hm

jkitdpimcm jutozmkgm prmjo hdiik svmiuppk hm ugo

josso tujkroid..

D lmgoijdgtd â lmgmtk mi copmtkik ’Cogcdrkadgdsm‚…mgmzmo io voiutozmkgd hdiio tkssmcmtæ…

HKGGD TKJMGM



Voamgo | 84

\OITXO^MKGD SVDPMJDGXOID HDIIO XKSSMCMXO” | Vortd ?

_uoi â mi prktkckiik ho sdaumrd pdr dlldttuord id prkvd tkssmckikamcbd; Vrmjo hm tuttk, gkm o``mojk hm lrkgtd

ugo skstogzo gukvo… Io prmjo ckso ho lord mg osskiutk â Mhdgtmlmcorio >V..← mghmvmhuord io strutturo

cbmjmco d id sud corottdrmstmcbd cbmjmck-lmsmcbd >V Kcckrrd ogcbd vdrmlmcord io prdsdgzo hm dgogtmkjdrm, mg

quogtk aim dgzmjm prdsdgtogk ugo cdrto sdidttmvmtæ pdr hdtdrjmgotm dgogtmkjdrm rmspdttk oh oitrm… Cmpksskgk dssdrd cosm mg cum ug dgogtmkjdrk bo ottmvmtæ tkssmco d i”oitrk gk… (oh dsdjpmk io Xoimhkjmhd).

Succdssmvojdgtd sm vo o sto`mimrd mi Arohk hm Vurdzzo.. mg portmckiord quoghk sm bo o cbd lord ckg skstogzd

h”oùsk mg lkrjd lorjocdutmcbd ckjd pkivdrm k ckjprdssd… Kcckrrd hdtdrjmgord qumghm io pdrcdgtuoid hm

skstogzo ottmvo, d id mjpurdzzd d aim dvdgtuoim prkhkttm hm hdarohozmkgd…

Sm ogoimzzo mg sdaumtk io Sto`mimtæ… oiio iucd (sd â lktksdgsm`mid), oi Coikrd (sd tdrjkio`mid).. sm voiuto io

sdgsm`mimtæ oii”kssmhozmkgd.. _udstd ogoimsm vdgakgk mg portmckiord lottd pdr m lorjocm.. pdr pktdr aorogtmrd

ug”kttmjoid ckgsdrvozmkgd hdiio skstogzo.

Vkm sm voiutogk oitrd corottdrmstmcbd ckjd mi arohk hm skiu`mimtæ, io impklmimo/mhrklmimo, io tdgsmkgd hm

vopkrd (sd â oito dvopkro locmijdgtd), io rdottmvmtæ cbmjmco (mg portmckiord sd ho krmamgd o spdcmd

rohmcoimcbd portmckiorjdgtd rdottmvd), d io sto`mimtæ o pB lmsmkikamck… dcc…

Mglmgd, sd sm trotto hm Lorjocm, io Lkrjuiozmkgd ckg io quoid vmdgd prdsdgtoto.

Gdiik stuhmk d gdii”mhdgtmlmcozmkgd hdiid skstogzd, vdgakgk mg omutk id ògcbd hotm, hkvd skgk ciossmlmcotd

tuttd id skstogzd tkssmcbd gktd, pdrjdttdghkcm hm ckglrkgtord id strutturd d mhdgtmlmcord ogoikamd. _udstk

stuhmk vmdgd cbmojotk ’stuhmk prdvmsmkgoid‚ pdrcbí pkssk prdvdhdrd io tkssmcmtæ hdiio skstogzo gdm ckglrkgtm

hm ug hdtdrjmgotk kraogk k tdssutk.

Dsmstkgk hdiid gkrjotmvd djdssd hoaim kraogm prdpkstm oi ckgtrkiik hdiio soiutd pu`ìmco cbd pdrjdttkgk oi

cmttohmgk hm dssdrd soivoauorhotk ckgtrk id vormd skstogzd tkssmcbd… _ udstd gkrjotmvd rmauorhogk hdiid

ciossm spdcmlmcbd hm skstogzd k hdm ckjpkstm cbmjmcm mg adgdroid. Ds> cm skgk gkrjotmvd pdr Lorjocm, Vdstmcmhm,

Ldrtmimzzogtm d tuttm aim oitrm ckjpkstm cbd loggk rmldrmjdgtk oh oitrd gkrjotmvd sum ckjpkstm cbmjmcm…

Xuttd qudstd ciossm hm ckjpkstm rmcbmdhkgk ug”outkrmzzozmkgd pdr i”utmimzzk ho portd hdii”ukjk… Ds> pdr m

lorjocm sm rmcbmdhd cbd vdgaogk prdsdgtotm oaim kraogm prdpkstm tuttm m rmsuitotm tkssmckikamcm. D” gdcdssormk

qumghm dlldttuord tdst hm Xkssmcmtæ Ocuto, su`-ocuto d su`-crkgmco, crkgmco.. jutoadgdsm, tdrotkadgdsm d

ldrtmimtæ d rmprkhuttmvmtæ hdii”kraogmsjk… ← _udstm skgk m prmgcmpoim, pdr pktdr kttdgdrd i”outkrmzzozmkgd

oii”mjjmssmkgd mg ckjjdrcmk. M pdstmcmhm rmcbmdhkgk ogcb”dssm io prdsdgtozmkgd hdiid stdssd prkvdtkssmckikamcbd… Mhdj pdr m ldrtmimzzogtm.. d pdr tuttm m ckjpkstm cbmjmcm cbd gkg rmdgtrogk gdiid cotdakrmd

skpro cmtotd.. Vdr skstogzd oimjdgtorm, cksjdtmcm k oitrm prkhkttm hm ckgsujk gkg skgk rmcbmdstd id prkvd

tkssmckikamcbd, jdgtrd â rmcbmdsto pdrð io ckgkscdgzo, ho portd hm cbm im prkhucd, hdaim dlldttm tkssmcm cbd

pksskgk ovdrd aim svormotm ckjpkstm.

Bktimges>



Hmspdgsd>



Voamgo | 8<

\OITXO^MKGD SVDPMJDGXOID HDIIO XKSSMCMXO” | 62/??/?? |Vortd 0

_uoi â i”didjdgtk gdcdssormk pdr dlldttuord id prkvd tkssmckikamcbd;; ← I”ogmjoid ho

io`krotkrmk >V Gkg sm puð lorgd osskiutojdgtd o jdgk.. Vkssmojk rmhurgd mi gujdrk

utmimzzotk jo gkg pkssmojk dvmtord hm lord tdst su hm dssk. Cdrtk, id prkvd mg vmtrk cm

pdrjdttkgk hm kttdgdrd jkitd mglkrjozmkgm rmauorhk i”ospdttk jdccogmcmstmck hdiio

skstogzo.. jo gkg pktrdjk jom ovdrd hdiid rmspkstd tkssmckikamcbd.. Kcckrrd ogcbd

i”ogmjoid mg tktk. Goturoijdgtd dsmstkgk gujdrksd idaam cbd rdakiojdgtmgk i”usk hm qudstm

ogmjoim… Vdr pktdrim usord mg ugo rmcdrco, kcckrrd prmjo kttdgdrd i”outkrmzzozmkgd hoaim

dgtm kppkrtugm, hmjkstroghk i”dssdgzmoimtæ hdi ikrk utmimzzk, d hmcbmoroghk mi gujdrk cbd sm

prdvdhd hm utmimzzord pdr mi prkadttk..

I”usk hdaim ogmjoim kvvmojdgtd bo sdgsk skik sd m hotm pksskgk dssdrd trosldrmtm oii”ukjk… Adgdroijdgtd sm

mgmzmo ckg ogmjoim hm pmcckio toaimo (rottm, tkpm, crmcdtm).. pkm pdr oitrm tmpm hm dspdrmjdgtm pksskgk dssdrd

gdcossm ogmjoim hm pmý arksso toaimo lmgk oh orrmvord o pdckrd, jomoim, prmjotm. . Kvvmojdgtd i”usk hm prmjotm

gkg â cksé ckjugd.. d skik portmckiorm hmttd lorjocdutmcbd k dgtm hdii”KJS pksskgk ovdrd i”outkrmzzozmkgd

oh usorim.. ogcbd pdrcbí rmcbmdhkgk ug joaamkr gujdrk hm curd, oppksmtd strutturd d skgk jkitk pmý ckstksm

d hmllmcmim ho adstmrd.

Sm utmimzzogk ogmjoim amkvogm cbd boggk roaamugtk io joturmtæ

sdssuoid, qumghm hm <-2 sdttmjogd pdr rottm d tkpm.. hdvkgk dssdrd

sogm (spdcmlmc adrj lrdd), kvvmojdgtd pdr lord mg jkhk cbd

rmjogaogk sogm hdvkgk ogcbd dssdrd stoùiotm mg ckghmzmkgm

ckgtrkiiotd hm tdjpdroturo, ujmhmtæ.. d hdvkgk mgkitrd dssdrd

rmspdttotm m cmcim cmrcohmogm (rmtjk amkrgk/gkttd). Mgkitrd, prmjo hm

dlldttuord ugo spdrmjdgtozmkgd, kcckrrd cbd i”ogmjoid sm o`mtum

oi gukvk oj`mdgtd pdr ugo sdttmjogo. _udstk â jkitk

mjpkrtogtd pdr rmhurrd m lottkrm hm strdss cbd pktrd``drk oitdrord

m rmsuitotm hdiio voiutozmkgd hdii”ogmjoid.. mg portmckiord gdm tdst hm

tmpk ckjpkrtojdgtoid.

Ckjd vmdgd skjjmgmstroto io skstogzo mg dsojd; ← @mskago cdrcord hm jmjord mi pmý pkssm`mid io vmo cbd sm

pdgso smo usoto hoii”ukjk, k ckg io quoid qudstk gd vdrræ mg ckgtottk. \mdgd quosm sdjprd prdso mg

ckgsmhdrozmkgd io vmo kroid… ubj… d ckjd loccmojk o lmccoraimdio mg `kcco;; ← cm skgk 0 jdtkhm>

Aimdio hmojk jdsckioto ckg mi cm`k k ckg i”ocquo ← mi prkìdjo hm qudstk jdtkhk â cbd gkg

pkssmojk ckgkscdrd i”dsottk hksoaamk cbd dgtrdræ mg cmrckik gdii”ogmjoid.. mi vogtoaamk â cbd qudstktmpk hm ossugzmkgd â qudiik cbd sm ovvmcmgo joaamkrjdgtd o qudiio ujogo >H

Tsmojk ug skghmgk aostrmck ← mg qudstk cosk, smojk smcurm hm hord io hksd dsotto.. i”ugmck prkìdjo

hdrmvo hoiio copocmtæ hdi rmcdrcotkrd hm mj`rkccord io vmo amusto… Lmgmrd gdiio trocbdo hdi pkvdrk

tkpkimgk mgvdcd cbd amý pdr i”dskloak, gkg â pmocdvkid..

Dsmstkgk pkm oitrd vmd hm skjjmgmstrozmkgd… sd sm pdgso cbd i”ukjk pksso dgtrord mg ckgtottk ckg mi

cogcdrkadgk ottrovdrsk io cutd, sm dlldttudroggk tdst pdr vmo trogscutogdo oppimcoghk io skstogzo suiio cutd

rosoto hdi rottk k hdi tkpk.. adgdroijdgtd sm scdaimd io guco, hm jkhk cbd i”ogmjoid gkg rm dsco o tkaimdrd mi

cdrkttmgk trogshdrjmck k o arottorsm… mg cosk hm dspdrmjdgtm sui ckgmaimk, id krdccbmd skgk id prdhmidttd.

Sd sm stoggk tdstoghk skstogzd cbd oghroggk o ckstmtumrd hdm lorjocm, sm ohkpdro ogcbd io vmo pordgtdroid

(dghkvdgkso, mgtropdrmtkgdoid, mgtrojusckik dcc..)…



Voamgo | 81

I”uitmjo vmo hm skjjmgmstrozmkgd pkssm`mid â qudiio mgoiotkrmo.. Vdr qudstk tmpk hm vmo kcckrrkgk hdiid

oppksmtd cojdrd mgoiotkrmd (o cum i”ogmjoid hkvræ prmjo o`mtuorsm) k hdiid joscbdrmgd K[k‚ .. _udstk tdst â

pmý ckstksk hdaim oitrm…

Ckso oghmojk o voiutord gdii”ogmjoid hkpk io skjjmgmstrozmkgd hdiio skstogzo mg dsoojd;;

k Vrmjo hm tuttk id jogmldstozmkgm dstdrgd>

Ckghmzmkgm hdi Vdik (sd imscmk, orrullotk.. sd cm skgk zkgd hm oikpdcmo…) Ik stotk hdiio cutd (sd rksdo k poiimhk/cmogktmck)

Vrdsdgzo hm idsmkgm k mrrmtozmkgm cutogdd

Ik stotk hdii”kccbmk>

sd io pupmiio â mg stotk hm jmksm k jmhrmosm.. d amæ qudstk cm puð hmrd sd io skstogzo â

oghoto oh oamrd sui smstdjo gdrvksk outkgk Smjpotmck k Vorosmjpotmck…)

Sd vm â ug oujdgtk hdiio iocrmjozmkgd.. osskcmoto o ckgamugtmvd orrkssotd… k sd â

hkvuto o ug oujdgtk hdi ckgtrkiik porosmjpotmck

k

Oghmojk o voiutord io suo ottmvmtæ jktkrmo>

Sd gkrjoid…sd s`ogho.. sd â oamtotk, sd â dspikrotmvk, k sd sm roggmccbmo mg ug ogakik hdiio

ao``mo..

Oghmojk ogcbd o kssdrvord sd dsdaud jkvmjdgtm rmpdtmtmvm stdrdktmpotm, sd cm skgk trdjkrm..

k jogcogzo hm ckkrhmgozmkgd (otossmo)

\oiutmojk m Pmlidssm hmldgsmvm, pkgdghkik su ug pmogk mgcimgotk.

k \oiutmojk id lugzmkgm sdgskrmoim, ckjd>

id rdozmkgm o stmjkim iujmgksm.. ocustmcm k tottmim

k Kssdrvmojk id lugzmkgm outkgkjd>

io tdjpdroturo ckrpkrdo (qumghm sd io skstogzo â pmrkadgo k jdgk),

id sdcrdzmkgm,

io rdspmrozmkgd (mpkpgdo k opgdo k gkrjoid)..k

Oghmojk mgkitrd o voiutord id jogmldstozmkgm o imvdiik cdgtroid>

Mi ckjpkrtojdgtk hdii”ogmjoid hurogtd mi skggk

M ckjpkrtojdgtm oaardssmvm gdm ckglrkgtm hdm ckjpoagm k oiik spdrmjdgtotkrd

Pdozmkgm oii”oimjdgtozmkgd d oi trottojdgtk..

.. d pdr gkg lmgmrd.. kitrd o tutto qudsto slmizo hm porojdtrm adgdroim, cbd rmcbmdhkgk ug kccbmk oiidgotk hdiik

spdrmjdgtotkrd… oghmojk o>

pdsord kagm amkrgk i”ogmjoid

d voiutmojk io quogtmtæ hm cm`k cbd ossujd kagm amkrgk Kssdrvmojk ik stotk hdiio ckrgdo

…Loccmojk ug prdimdvk hm sogaud pdr dlldttuord dsojm djotkcbmjmcm, oghoghk o vdr mlmcord m aik`uim

`mogcbm, rkssm, i”djkaik`mgo.. io lugzmkgd pmostrmgmco… mgskjjo.. aim stdssm dsojm ckjpmutm

suii”ukjk..

\oiutmojk ogcbd ik stotk didttrkimtmck..

Io lugzmkgoimtæ rdgoid dh dpotmco…

Gkg â lmgmto… qudstk tmpk hm tdst vdgakgk lottm suii”ogmjoid vmvk… oiio lmgd hdi trottojdgtk.. i”ogmjoid vmdgd

mjjkiotk >V d sm lo ug opprklkghmtk dsojd jmcrksckpmck.. oghmojk o pdsord aim kraogm d o vdhdrd ik stotk hm

qudstm trojmtd dsojm mstkikamcm..



Voamgo | 82

_udstm tmpm hm spdrmjdgtozmkgm, pdr voiutord io tkssmcmtæ hm ugo

skstogzo, skgk stoghorhmzzotm. Kagm io`krotkrmk sm òso su hdm

prktkckiim rmckgkscmutm o imvdiik mgtdrgozmkgoid, sto`mimtm

hoii”kraogmzzozmkgd pdr io ckkpdrozmkgd Dckgkjmco d ik Svmiuppk. Mg

qudstd jdtkhmcbd, vmdgd hdcmsk mi gujdrk hm ogmjoim gdcdssorm pdr

kttdgdrd hotm ottdghm`mim hoiio spdrmjdgtozmkgd.. o sdckgho cbd sm

vkaimogk dlldttuord prkvd hm tkssmcmtæ ocuto, su`-ocuto.. crkgmco dcc dcc… \mdgd ogcbd sto`mimtk mi gujdrk hm

hksm d quoim hksm utmimzzord.. vmdgd sto`mimtk ckjd prkcdhdrd gdiio rmcdrco> quoim prktkckiim sdaumrd… d, oiio lmgd

hdiio spdrmjdgtozmkgd, ckjd voggk kraogmzzotm d mgtdrprdtotm m hotm kttdgutm òsoghksm su jkhdiim stotmstmcm.

_udstm hotm, hdvkgk dssdrd PMVPKHTCM@MIM… sd gkg ik skgk (ogcbd tdgdghk ckgtk hdiio vormo`mimtæ

`mkikamco).. c”â quoickso cbd gkg vo… >V …Gmdgtd rmprkhucm`mimtæ.. gmdgtd ottdghm`mimtæ T[u

Tg io`krotkrmk cbd lo ugo spdrmjdgtozmkgd vmdgd rmckgkscmutk o imvdiik mgtdrgozmkgoid sd rmspdtto id rdakid hm

ùkgo protmco hm io`krotkrmk (AIV).. _udsto cdrtmlmcozmkgd vmdgd ossdagoto sd skgk rmspdttotm hdm prmgcmpm

ckjd>

Mi pdrskgoid cbd bo occdssk oi io`krotkrmk â ug pdrskgoid outkrmzzotk d prdporotk, ckg io prdsdgzo hmug rdspkgso`mid cbd aorogtmsco cbd aim dspdrmjdgtm dlldttuotm sdauogk m prktkckiim stoghorh, mg ug

oj`mdgtd ckgtrkiiotk..

Id otrdzzoturd hdvkgk dssdrd ckgtrkiiotd d id oppordccbmoturd ckstogtdjdgtd lugzmkgogtm d torotd..

Aim stoùiorm hdvkgk aorogtmrd ugo ùkgo quoimtæ hm vmto hdii”ogmjoid

Id skstogzd hdvkgk dssdrd kppkrtugojdgtd ckgsdrvotd, mg ckghmzmkgm ckgtrkiiotd hm ujmhmtæ d

tdjpdroturo.. vm hdvkgk dssdrd mgkitrd orjohm hm smcurdzzo pdr m skivdgtm d ckjpkstm rohmkottmvm.

_uoim skgk id toppd ho sdaumrd pdr voiutord io tkssmcmtæ; Hkpk io voiutozmkgd hdiio strutturo cbmjmco d hdiid

corottdrmstmcbd cbmjmck lmsmcbd hdiio jkidckio, kcckrrd voiutord io XKSSMCKCMGDXMCO.. kvvdrk ckjd io

skstogzo vmdgd osskr`mto, ckjd sm hmstrmùmscd d ckjd vmdgd `mktroslkrjoto.. d mglmgd, id vmd hm dimjmgozmkgd…

O qudstk pugtk sm puð possord o voiutord io XKSSMCMXO” OCTXO ← kvvdrk i”dlldttk tkssmck mjjdhmotk cbd bo

ugo hksd hm skstogzo mg dsojd suii”kraogmsjk.. d vmdgd dsprdsso ckg i” IH46 (Hksd Idtoid gdi 46% hdaim

ogmjoim). _udstk porojdtrk puð dssdrd coickiotk o sdckgho hdiio vmo hm skjjmgmstrozmkgd hdi tkssmck.

_umghm ovrdjk ugo IH46-kroid, ugo IH46-cutogdo d ugo IH46-mgoiotkrmo. Oghmojk pkm o voiutord mi arohk hm mrrmtozmkgd

cutogdo, kcuiord d lordjk tdst oiidrakikamcm5

pdr vdhdrd sd prkvkco sdgsm`mimzzozmkgd.

Sd io skstogzo gkg ho dsmtm pksmtmvm pdr io

tkssmcmtæ ocuto, gkg pkssmojk dsciuhdrd cbdim pksso hord mg tdst o `rdvd tdrjmgd. _udstm

tdst skgk jdhmk iugabm, d rmcbmdhkgk ho 0-3

jdsm lmgk o ug oggk hm kssdrvozmkgd.

Sm posso mglmgd om tdst o iugak tdrjmgd cbd

rmcbmdhkgk tdjpm hm kssdrvozmkgd hm quosm 0

oggm…mg qudsto losd o``mojk ogcbd id prkvd

hm cogcdrkadgdsm d tdrotkadgdsm..

(jo quogtd coccbmk hm vkitd hk``mojk rmpdtdrd id

stdssd cksd;;)



Voamgo | 8=

XKSSMCMXO” OCTXO>

Vdrjdttd hm sto`mimrd quoi â i”dlldttk tkssmck hm ugo hdtdrjmgoto skstogzo, d quoid kraogk k

tdssutk dsso ckipmscd.. Ckjd o``mojk amæ hdttk d rmhdttk, ug porojdtrk lkghojdgtoid pdr io

tkssmcmtæ ocuto â i” IH46.

Ds> Mi jkgkssmhk hm cor`kgmk ckipmscd aim drmtrkcmtm, mjpdhdghk oii”djkaik`mgo hm

idaord i”kssmadgk5 i”dlldttk tkssmck spdcmlmck â mgm`mrd mi trospkrtk hdii”kssmadgk..qumghm prkvkcord ogkssmo (rmhkttk oppkrtk hm kssmadgk om tdssutm)

Ckjd sm dlldttuo ugo jmsurozmkgd hdiio tkssmcmtæ Ocuto;;

Io skstogzo mg dsojd vmdgd skjjmgmstroto gdii”ogmjoid (mg ug”ugmco hksd k mg pmý hksm) gdii”orck hm 08 krd.. Mi

tdjpk hm kssdrvozmkgd â hm 0 sdttmjogd. Gdii”orck hm qudstk pdrmkhk oghmojk o dlldttuord id kssdrvozmkgm

vmstd prdcdhdgtdjdgtd (← Vdsk i”ogmjoid, sdagm d jogmldstozmkgm dstdrgd.. dsojm djotkcbmjmcm, sm

ckgsmhdro mi lo``mskagk hm cm`k…). Oiio lmgd hdiio ’Iugo hm Jmdid‚ i”ogmjoid vmdgd

socrmlmcotk, d sm dlldttuo ug”ogoimsm jocrksckpmco d jmcrksckpmco hdm tdssutm d hdaim

kraogm.

I”KDCH bo sto`mimtk cbd pdr qudstk tdst smogk usotm 4 ogmjoim Joscbm d 4 Ldjjmgd.. D”

`dgd usord pmý hm ugo spdcmd5 io vmo hm skjjmgmstrozmkgd â sdjprd qudiio kroid.. pmý

qudiio prdvmsto pdr i”ossugzmkgd ho portd hdii”ukjk. Kcckrrd tdstord oijdgk 3 hksm..

Io curvo cbd sm kttmdgd â ugo smajkmhd> mg oscmsso o``mojk io hksd skjjmgmstroto

dsprdsso mg ja/ea hm pdsk ckrpkrdk jdgtrd mg krhmgoto o``mojk mi tossk hm jkrtoimtæ..

Ckgkscdghk io IH46 pkssmojk mgquohrord io ciossd hm tkssmcmtæ hm ugo skstogzo>

M voikrm kttdgutm gdii”ogmjoid

pksskgk dssdrd dstropkiotmoii”ukjk trojmtd jkhdiim

jotdjotmcm cbd pdrjdttkgk hm

prdvdhdrd quoid pktrd``d dssdrd

io hksd pdrmckikso pdr i”ukjk.

Vmý â òsso io IH46 pmý mi ckjpkstk

â tkssmck… Mg quogtk òsto ugo

pmcckimssmjo hksd pdr hdtdrjmgord

io jkrtd gdi 46% hdaim ogmjoim.

I”dtogkik oh dsdjpmk â ugo

skstogzo hd`kijdgtd tkssmco..hoi

pugtk hm vmsto hdiio tkssmcmtæ ocuto..

â kppkrtugk gkg ckglkghdrd

i”ocuto ckg io crkgmco, mg quogtk m

hoggm cousotm hoi ckgsujk hm oicki

o iugak tdrjmgd skgk hdcmsojdgtd

arovm.

_uosm tuttd id skstogzd, mg portmckiord qudiid h”oùsk prdsdgtogk hud hmstmgtm quohrm hm tkssmcmtæ. Ogcbd sdugo skstogzo â ckgsmhdroto hd`kijdgtd tkssmco ckg ugo dspksmzmkgd ocuto.. gkg vuki hmrd cbd gkg pksso

hord dlldttm hdidtdrm ckg ug”dspksmzmkgd crkgmco.



Voamgo | 46

Gdm ?8 amkrgm hm kssdrvozmkgd

hdii”ogmjoid, pktrdjk gktord svormotm

sdagm d jogmldstozmkgm5 cbd pksskgk

dssdrd mghmcd hm ug prk`idjo o imvdiik

hm ug”kraogk k hm ug opporotk.

Oh dsdjpmk, pkssmojk dvmhdgzmord ug

hoggk oi smstdjo gdrvksk outkgkjk

kssdrvoghk mi arohk hm sdcrdzmkgm, mi

rmioscmojdgtk hdiio jdj`rogo

gmttmtogtd (sdagk cimgmck cbd sm vdhd

skik gdi aottk, cbd prdsdgto ugo tdrzo

poipd`ro..skaadtto o ckgtrkiik

krtksmjpotmck)

Io ckho oiio Strou` â ug sdagk cimgmck

cbd mghmco ug hoggk o imvdiik

jusckiord.. â ugo portmckiord pksmzmkgd hdiio ckho mg sdaumtk o skjjmgmstrozmkgd hm jkrlmgo..

I”kpmstktkgk â ugo curvoturo ogkjoio hdiio scbmdgo, mg sdaumtk o mgtkssmcozmkgm ho tdtogk d ho cmogurk.

XKSSMCMXO” ST@-OCTXO>

Mi porojdtrk quogtmtotmvk â i” JXH (Jossmjo Hksd Xkiidroto), â io quogtmtæ hm skstogzo cbd

prkvkco ug coik pkghdroid hm gkg pmý hdi ?6% hdi pdsk hdii”ogmjoid. . Mi trottojdgtk â hm 02

amkrgm gdi rottk… Id hksm usotd pdr m tdst hm tkssmcmtæ su`-ocuto skgk skttkjuitmpim hdiio IH?6

XKSSMCMXO” CPKGMCO>

Pmcbmdhd ugo spdrmjdgtozmkgd jkitk pmý iugao5 Mg sdaumtk om tdst hm tkssmcmtæ crkgmco oghrdjk o coickiord

io← GKDI (Gk K`sdrvdh Dlldct Idvdi). D” io hksd oiio quoid gkg sm kssdrvogk dlldttm tkssmcm gdii”ogmjoid.

Mi hotk pkm hkvræ dssdrd dstropkiotk pdr i”ukjk.. Oghrdjk qumghm o voiutord mi PMSCBMK ujogk5 cbd puð

dssdrd mhdgtmlmcotk ckg mi hksoaamk OHM (Occdpto`id Homiy Mgtoed ← Ossugzmkgd amkrgoimdro Occdtto`mid)..

kvvdrk mi hksoaamk cbd puð dssdrd ossugtk amkrgoijdgtd d crkgmcojdgtd sdgzo jogmldstord oicug dlldttk

tkssmck.

Io \SH â mgvdcd io \mrtuoiiy Sold Hksd (hksd vmrtuoijdgtd smcuro).. dh â ugo prdcmsozmkgd cbd vmdgd lotto gdi

coickik hdi rmscbmk ujogk. \mdgd adgdroijdgtd oppimcoto pdr skstogzd hm tmpk cogcdrkadgk adgktkssmck. Vdr

qudstd skstogzd â mglottm jkitk hmllmcmid sto`mimrd ug imvdiik skaimo, mg quogtk skgk Sdjprd hoggksd… _udstk

porojdtrk aorogtmscd ug rmscbmk skcmoijdgtd occdtto`mid.

Vdrcbí lord stuhm hm tkssmcmtæ crkgmco;;

← Oicugd skstogzd tdghkgk oh occujuiorsm gdii”kraogmsjk hdtdrjmgoghk ug dlldttk tkssmck hkpk ug cdrtk

pdrmkhk hm tdjpk. D” jkitk mjpkrtogtd qumghm tdgdrd mg ckgsmhdrozmkgd i”occujuik mg hdtdrjmgotm hmstrdttmhdii”kraogmsjk ckjd mi tdssutk ohmpksk.. Mg oicugm cosm, i”dlldttk tkssmck sm jogmldsto skik mg sdaumtk o ug coik

pkghdroid hdii”ogmjoid.. cbd pkrto oii”dgtroto mg cmrckik hdi tkssmck.. >-/



Voamgo | 4?

Vuð ogcbd vdrmlmcorsm cbd mi hoggk cousotk oiio skstogzo tro ugo hksd d io succdssmvo smo rdvdrsm`mid.. d qumghm

gkg dvmhdgtd… Sd pdrð dsdaumojk ugk stuhmk cbd huro jkitk tdjpk, rovvmcmgoghk id hksm, oghmojk o

prkvkcord ug hoggk cbd bo pdrsk io suo rdvdrsm`mimtæ.

M tdjpm (ckjd rmpdtutk krjom 3 jmimkgm hm vkitd) skgk jkitk pmý iugabm.. ?2 jdsm gdi tkpk.. 08 gdi rottk.. m

hksoaam utmimzzotm skgk pmý òssm hdiio JXH.. Kssdrvoghk qumghm tutto io sdrmd hm tdst lottm lmgk oh kro

pkssmojk gktord cbd io hksd vo vmo vmo sdjprd pmý hmjmgudghk… ← portmojk ho ugo IH46 (d supdrmkrm) pdr

pkm possord o ugo IH?6 d o ugo JXH.. d ho qudst”uitmjo oghrdjk pkm o rmcovord id hksm pdr m tdst hm tkssmcmtæ

crkgmco.. K[k

Vmý sm oiiugao i”dspksmzmkgd oi tkssmck.. pmý sm o`òsso io hksd skjjmgmstroto.. qudstk pdrcbí hk``mojk

kssdrvord ckso occohd gdii”ogmjoid mg cosk hm dspksmzmkgd prkiugaoto o pmcckid hksm… Sd crdpo prmjo hdi

prdvmstk… orrmvmojk oiio lmgd hdm 0 oggm ckg skik hdaim scbdidtrm gdiik stoùiormk :[:‚

Bktimges>

Pdamstrozmkgd>

0 Krd hm Idzmkgd

¹ Crdhmtk





Voamgo | 40

\OITXO^MKGD SVDPMJDGXOID HDIIO XKSSMCMXO” | 6=/??/?? |Vortd 3

O qudstk pugtk, hk``mojk dstropkiord mi hotk oii”ukjk (dro ogcbd kro….) Ckjd loccmojk;; ←

Vdr i”ukjk sm voiuto mi PMSCBMK, kvvdrk io prkò`mimtæ cbd io skstogzo mg dsojd tdstoto suii”ogmjoid, prkvkcbm

aim stdssm dlldttm tkssmcm ogcbd gdii”ukjk… Gkg dsmstd mi rmscbmk ’^drk‚… C”â sdjprd io pkssm`mimtæ cbd io

skstogzo jogmldstm dlldttm tkssmcm. Vdr qudstk, sm cdrco hm mghmvmhuord mi Pmscbmk skcmoijdgtd Occdtto`mid…oppugtk, voiutoghk mi Pmscbmk (cbd cosmgkk…K[k) Ik stdp succdssmvk â io ’Adstmkgd hdi Pmscbmk‚.

Io \oiutozmkgd hdi rmscbmk puð dssdrd rmossugto mg 3 \dr`m>

Mhdgtmlmcord> hoi Vugtk hm vmsto cbmjmck lmsmck io skstogzo mg dsojd

Hdscrmvdrd> m sukm dlldttm tkssmcm

Jmsurord> i”dlldttk hdiio tkssmcmtæ (dlldttuotk trojmtd io IH46 i”JXH d io GKDI)

Io adstmkgd hdi Pmscbmk rmspkghd oi ’ckjd ollrkgtord io prdsdgzo hm ugo skstogzo tkssmco gdii”oj`mdgtd;‚..

kcckrrd ottuord hdiid gkrjotmvd, pdr rmhurrd mi rmscbmk pdr io pkpkiozmkgd.. Ogcbd qudsto ik pkssmojk

rmossujdrd mg 3 vdr`m>

\oiutord> (tuttk qudiik vmstk lmgk oh kro)

Hdcmhdrd> id jmsurd ho ottuord pdr rmhurrd mi rmscbmk pdr io pkpkiozmkgd

Ottuord> quogtk â stotk hdcmsk >V

Kro, hoi pugtk hm vmsto protmck, ckjd sm voiuto io pdrmckiksmtæ hdiio skstogzo tkssmco gdm ckglrkgtm

hdii”kraogmsjk ujogk; ← Vortmojk hoi GKDI (io hksd cbd gkg hovo oicug dlldttk tkssmck gdii”ogmjoid)

jkitk pmý òsso hdiio JXH dh dstrdjojdgtd pmý òsso hdiio IH46 … Vdr i”ukjk hk``mojk coickiord ugo

hksd cbd smo ogckro pmý òsso hdi Gkdi pdrcbí vo ckgsmhdrotk cbd mi gkstrk kraogmsjk â jkitk pmý sdgsm`mid

pdr id skstogzd tkssmcbd.

_udstk voikrd sm mhdgtmlmco gdii”OHM, io hksd cbd i”ukjk puð ossujdrd pdr tutto io huroto hdiio suo vmto sdgzo

cbd vm smogk dlldttm tkssmcm gdi suk kraogmsjk… Xuttk qudstk, suiio òsd hdiid ckgkscdgzd oi jkjdgtk

hmspkgm`mim.. >V

k I”OHM sm kttmdgd hmvmhdghk mi GKDI pdr SL> : ⁈

SL sto pdr Lottkrd hm Smcurdzzo, dh â vormo`mid… Vmý â oitk mi suk voikrd, pmý io skstogzo

rmscbmo hm dssdrd pdrmckikso… Sd mgvdcd i”SL â òssk, io skstogzo gkg â adgdroijdgtd

ckgsmhdroto dstrdjojdgtd pdrmckikso.. I”SL puð dssdrd ?6, ?66, ?666… Adgdroijdgtd smtdghd o usord ug SL oitk pdr tuttd id skstogzd cbd kitrd o dssdrd rmtdgutd pdrmckiksd, gkg

boggk ug arog gujdrk hm tdst oiid spoiid, k su cum gkg sm boggk hotm ckjpidtm.

Mi GKDI â ugo hksd SKAIMO, i”OHM â ugo skaimo hm Smcurdzzo…

Xuttk qudiik vmstk lmgk oh kro, â voimhk pdr qudiid skstogzd hm cum â ckgkscmuto io curvo ’Hksd –

Pmspksto‚… Ds> pdr aim ohhmtmvm oimjdgtorm, pdstmcmhm, mgqumgogtm.. dcc… Mgvdcd, pdr tuttd qudiid

skstogzd hm cum gkg sm rmdscd o kttdgdrd ugo curvo hdi adgdrd kcckrrd lord rmckrsk oiio \SH> Hksd

vmrtuoijdgtd Smcuro.. qudstk void mg portmckiord pdr m Jutoadgm adgktkssmcm. I”LHO d i”DVO boggk

sto`mimtk cbd â ckgsmhdro`mid rmscbmk skcmoijdgtd occdtto`mid ug rmscbmk hm ? dvdgtk su ug jmimkgd.



Voamgo | 43

GDTPKXKSSMCMXO” |Vortd ?

Mi smstdjo gdrvksk ik pkssmojk hmvmhdrd mg Smstdjo Gdrvksk Cdgtroid d Smstdjo gdrvksk Vdrmldrmck5

qudst”uitmjk â o suo vkito hmvmsk mg> Outkgkjk (Smjpotmck d porosmjpotmck), Skjotmck d smstdjo gdrvksk o

imvdiik mgtdstmgoid (smstdjo ckg ugo prkprmo outkgkjmo).

Ckso succdhd quoghk ug”mglkrjozmkgd prkvdgmdgtd hoii”dstdrgk roaamugad ottrovdrsk id lm`rd olldrdgtm mi

SGC; ← m sdagoim vdgakgk mgtdarotm o imvdiik cdgtroid, qumghm ottrovdrsk hdiid lm`rd dlldrdgtm cbd mggdrvogk m

hmvdrsm tdssutm vdrroggk trosldrmtm aim stmjkim hm rmspksto.

Ckjd lo mi sdagoid o vmoaamord hoiio Vdrmldrmo oi Cdgtrk d

……. \mcdvdrso; ← mi sdagoid vmoaamo ottrovdrsk id lm`rd

gdrvksd (hdghrmtm d osskgm ← m ckjpkgdgtm prmgcmpoim hdiid

lm`rd gdrvksd).. mi sdagoid posso ho ugo lm`ro gdrvkso

oii”oitro ottrovdrsk hdiid skstogzd cbmjmcbd ← m

Gdurktrosjdttmtkrm.

Mi gdurkgd â ckstmtumtk hoi Vmrdgklkrk (k Ckrpk

Cdiiuiord), ho cum sm hmrojogk hdiid ckiiotdroim cbd

prdsdgtogk ugo rojmlmcozmkgd or`krdo ← M Hdghrmtm, io sdhd hm orrmvk hdii”mjpuisk gdrvksk,

mg quogtk dgtrdroggk pkm mg smgopsm ckg aim osskgm prkvdgmdgtm hom gdurkgm cmrckstogtm. Hoi

pmrdgklkrk portd mgkitrd io ckiiotdroid pmý iugao, cbd tdrjmgo smgoptoghk ckg ug tdssutk k

ckg m hdghrmtm hm oitrd cdiiuid gdrvksd.

Mi possoaamk hdii”mglkrjozmkgd tro ug gdurkgd d mi succdssmvk ovvmdgd o imvdiik hdiio smgopsm..

Mi gdurktrosjdttmtkrd vmdgd im`drotk hoiio pkrzmkgd prdsmgoptmco (hkpk i”osskgd) d oghræ o

mgtdroamrd ckg aim kppkrtugm rdcdttkrm gdiio pkrzmkgd pkstsmgoptmco.. _udsto mgtdrozmkgd

adgdrdræ, trojmtd ug jdccogmsjk hm troshuzmkgd, ug sdagoid cbd sm rmlidttd mg ugo

jkhmlmcozmkgd hdiio lugzmkgd cdiiuiord.

M gdurkgm gkg skgk aim ugmcm oh dssdrd ckipmtm hoiid skstogzd tkssmcbd, cm skgk ogcbd id cdiiuid aimoim, jkitk

mjpkrtogtm gdi ckgtrkiik hdiio trosjmssmkgd gdrvkso5 skgk ckmgvkitd gdi turgkvdr hdm gdurktrosjdttmtkrm, d

skgk mjpimcotd gdiio prkardssmkgd hdiid joiottmd gdurkhdadgdrotmvd. Dsmstkgk gujdrksm tmpm hm cdiiuid Aimoim,

oijdgk 8 tmpm>

Kimakhdghrkcmtm> Vortdcmpogk oiio lkrjozmkgd hdiio auomgo jmdimgmco cbd cmrckgho i”osskgd, mi quoid

gkg â ug gdurmtd sckpdrtk, jo â prktdttk oppugtk ho qudsto auomgo, cbd pdrjdttd ugo pmý vdikcdtrosjmssmkgd hdi sdagoid gdrvksk.

Jmcrkaimo> â mgtdrdssogtd skprottuttk pdr mi suk mgtdrvdgtk gdm prkcdssm gdurk-mglmojjotkrm. _uoghk

c”â ug hoggk o imvdiik gdurkgoid, id cdiiuid hdiio jmcrkaimo vdgakgk ckgvkaimotd gdiio zkgo

mgtdrdssoto, d boggk prdvoidgtdjdgtd lugzmkgd loakcmtormo (loakcmtogk m hdtrmtm cdiiuiorm← oamsckgk

ckjd scovdgadr)

Cdiiuid Dpdghmjoim> \oggk o rmvdstmrd id covmtæ hdi SGC (m 8 vdgtrmckim) d mi cogoid ottrovdrsk cum posso

mi jmhkiik spmgoid. Skgk mgkitrd ugo skradgtd hm cdiiuid gdurkgoim stojmgoim.

Ostrkcmtm> mi gkjd hdrmvo hoi lottk cbd boggk qudsto portmckiord strutturo o rojmlmcozmkgm…

Lugzmkgogk ho suppkrtk pdr id cdiiuid gdrvksd, d boggk ogcbd io

prkprmdtæ hm prkhurrd hdm lottkrm gdurktrklmcm, pdrjdttdghk io

rmadgdrozmkgd hm lm`rd hoggdaamotd… Aim ostrkcmtm voggk o



Voamgo | 48

ckstmtumrd ogcbd portd hdiio @DD.. d skgk mg arohk hm portdcmpord oi turgkvdr hdm gdurktrosjdttmtkrm

(Aiutojjotk d AO@O).

Io jmcrkaimo â ckmgvkito gdiio scidrksm iotdroid ojmktrklmco, qudsto joiottmo

â ugo joiottmo gdurkhdadgdrotmvo cbd mgtdrdsso m jktkgdurkgm. Mi prmjk

jktkgdurkgd â qudiik cbd hoiio ckrtdccmo cdrd`roid vo oi jmhkiik

spmgoid, d mi sdckghk jktkgdurkgd vo hoi jmhkiik spmgoid oiio lm`ro

jusckiord. Tg hoggk om 0 jktkgdurkgm lo sm cbd mi jusckik gkg rmcdvo

mi sdagoid ← mi jusckik qumghm pdrhd io copocmtæ hm ckgtrorsm >/

Gdii”mjjoamgd sm vdhd ckj”â io smtuozmkgd mg ug tdssutk cbd gkg bo su`mtk …

oicug tmpk hm hoggk, id cdiiuid hdiio jmcrkaimo skgk mg ugk stotk mgottmvk hm

rmpksk. _udstk stohmk puð dssdrd rmckgkscmutk hoiio jkrlkikamo rojmlmcoto ……….

hdiid cdiiuid. _uoghk vm â ug hoggk, mi jktkgdurkgd prkhucd

hdiid skstogzd cbd voggk o rmcbmojord d oh ottmvord id cdiiuid

jmcrkaimoim, smo qudiid vmcmgd cbd qudiid pmý ikgtogd hoiio

zkgo idso… Gdi jkjdgtk mg cum sm ottmvogk, io lkrjo

rojmlmcoto vmdgd pdrso d id cdiiuid aimoim ossujkgk ugo

jkrlkikamo ojd`kmhdo.

Id cdiiuid aimoim kitrd o loakcmtord m hdtrmtm cdiiuiorm sdcdrgkgk

aiutojjotk (rdspkgso`mid hm ldgkjdgm cmtktkssmcm).. aim

ostrkcmtm cmrckstogtm mi gdurkgd cdrcogk hm rmjdhmord oi

hoggk, prkhucdghk lottkrm gdurktrklmcm d gdurk prktdttmvm.

Vdr dvmhdgzmord m gdurkgm sm utmimzzogk tdcgmcbd hm

mjjugkcmtkcbmjmco (prdvdhkgk i”mgtdrozmkgd hm ug”ogtmadgd ckg ug

ogtmckrpk)5 mg qudstk jkhk pkssmojk kssdrvord io jkrlkikamo hdiid

cdiiuid d vdrmlmcord sd vm skgk stotm hdm hoggm jocrksckpmcm Ds>

rktturo hm or`krmzzozmkgd, oujdgtk hdi vkiujd hdi ckrpk cdiiuiord,

roaarmgzmjdgtk (tmpmck hdiid cdiiuid opkptktmcbd).. Mg qudstk jkhk

pkssmojk ogcbd ckgtord id cdiiuid prdsdgtd >H.

I”ogtmckrpk usotk (gdiio lmauro qum ollmogck) rmckgkscd ckjd

ogtmadgd ugo prktdmgo hdi cmtkscbdidtrk5 io JOV-0 (jmcrktu`uid

osskcmotdh Vrktdmg)5 qudsto prktdmgo â prdsdgtd SKIK gdiid cdiiuid

gdrvksd. Io ckikrozmkgd liukrdscdgtd rksso â hoto ho ug Ogtmckrpk cbd

rmckgkscd i”Ogtmckrpk Ogtm-JOV0 >H cbd vmdgd hdlmgmtk Ogtmckrpk Sdckghormk.

_udstk â idaotk o ug liukrklkrk, ckjd io rkhojmgo (rkssk) k oiio liukrdscdmgo

msktmkcmogotk (vdrhd)..

Aim ostrkcmtm mgvdcd vdgakgk mhdgtmlmcotm usoghk ug ogtmckrpk pdr io prktdmgo

ALOV (Aimoi lm`rmiiory ocmhmc prktdmg). Ogcbd qudsto â ugo prktdmgo cbd ckjpkgd

mi cmtkscbdidtrk d mi ckjpidssk Ogtmckrpk-ALOV vmdgd dvmhdgzmotk trojmtd ug

ogtmckrpk sdckghormk idaotk o ug liukrklkrk ckjd mi LMXC (Liukrdscdmgo Msk

Xmkcmogotk) dcc… Aim ostrkcmtm boggk hdiid rojmlmcozmkgm jkitk iugabd, ckg ug

ckrpk cdiiuiord o``ostogzo rmhkttk, lkrjoghk ugo rdtd hm suppkrtk pdr m

gdurkgm.



Voamgo | 44

Io jmcrkaimo puð dssdrd jdsso mg dvmhdgzo ckg i”ogtmckrpk pdr io

prktdmgo KR-80 d aim kimakhdghrkcmtm ckg i”ogtmckrpk spdcmlmck pdr io

prktdmgo hm jdj`rogo GA0.

Mi tdssutk gdrvksk cdrd`roid prdsdgto hdiid pdcuimormtæ cbd gkg boggk

aim oitrm tdssutm d cbd ik rdghkgk pmý k jdgk sdgsm`mid om tkssmcm>

Vrdsdgto io @DD ← mi sogaud cbd orrmvo oi tdssutk cdrd`roidgkg rmdscd o trosldrmrd tuttd id skstogzd trospkrtotd gdi tdssutk gdrvksk.. qudsto òrrmdro pdrjdttd

skprottuttk mi possoaamk hdiid skstogzd impklmid, jdgtrd rmhucd mi trogsmtk hm qudiid pkiorm. Id skstogzd

tkssmcbd pkiorm oh kagm jkhk, pksskgk sdjprd roaamugadrd mi cdrvdiik trojmtd mi Imqukr, mg quogtk io

òrrmdro djotkimqukroid â jkitk jdgk sdidttmvo hdiio @DD..

Bo ug jdto`kimsjk jkitk ottmvk, hm tmpk odrk`mck. _udstd cdiiuid skgk qumghm skgk pmý sdgsm`mim

quoghk vm â ug coik hdii”kssmadgk (mg ckghmzmkgm hm Ogkssmo).

Io jkrlkikamo â jkitk hmvdrso ho qudiio hdiid oitrd cdiiuid.. Id iugabd rojmlmcozmkgm ckg tdrjmgozmkgm

jkitk skttmim skgk pmý skaadttd o ugo rktturo.. vdgdghk o jogcord io ckjugmcozmkgd ckg mi ckrpk

cdiiuiord.

Id cdiiuid ckjugmcogk i”ugo ckg i”oitro ottrovdrsk io prkhuzkgd d im`drozmkgd hm gdurktrosjdttmtkrm…

_umghm, ugo skstogzo tkssmco cbd oitdro io trosjmssmkgd smgoptmco, puð prkvkcord sdrm hoggm oiid

cdiiuid.

_uoim skgk m prmgcmpoim hoggm cousotm hoiid skstogzd tkssmcbd oiid lugzmkgm hdi smstdjo gdrvksk cdgtroid; ←

Vkssmojk ovdrd ug”oitdrozmkgd hdiio lugzmkgd sdgskrmoid.. qumghm rmhuzmkgd hdiio sdgsm`mimtæ gdm

ckglrkgtm hdaim stmjkim dstdrgm

Oitdrozmkgm hdiio lugzmkgd jktkrmo.. pkssmojk ovdrd 0 cosm>

k Vdrhmto hdiio copocmtæ hdi jusckik hm ckgtrorsm.. cbd prkvkco hd`kidzzo jusckiord, otossmo,

pdrhmto hdiio ckkrhmgozmkgd lmgk o poroimsm..

k Kppurd, cosk mgvdrsk, mi jktkgdurkgd â mpdrskiidcmtotk5 qumghm mi jusckik â ckstogtdjdgtd

ckttrottk.. portmojk ho ugo lkrjo imdvd hm trdjkrd lmgk o ugo vdro d prkprmo ckgvuismkgd..

Oitdrozmkgm hdiid rmspkstd lmsmkikacbd jdhmotd ho gdurktrosjdttmtkrm ckjd GO, 4-BX, HO, AO@O…

dcc.. oghoghk o jkhmlmcord io tdjpdroturo ckrpkrdo, m cdgtrm hdiio lojd, d m cmcim skggk-vdaimo.

Oitdrozmkgd hdiio rdottmvmtæ hdi SGC.. qudstd rdozmkgm id prkvkcogk prdvoidgtdjdgtd id skstogzd

h”oùsk.. pkssmojk ovdrd 0 ldgkjdgm>

k stotm hm mrrmto`mimtæ, dccmtozmkgd.. dulkrmo..

k

kppurd mi ckgtrormk, ckg stotm hm hdprdssmkgd, opotmo.. idtoramo…

M gdurktrosjdttmtkrm ckmgvkitm skgk mi Aiutojjotk, AO@O, 4-BX.. HO…

Mglmgd, mi hoggk puð dssdrd o imvdiik hdiid lugzmkgm ckagmtmvd… mg portmckiord pkssmojk ovdrd hoggm o

imvdiik hdii”mppkcojpk k hdiio ckrtdccmo cdrd`roid, ckg pdrhmto hdiio jdjkrmo o `rdvd tdrjmgd d o

iugak tdrjmgd.. d hmllmckitæ hm opprdghmjdgtk dh dio`krozmkgd…

Id skstogzd tkssmcbd pksskgk ogcbd dssdrd cotoikaotd o sdckgho hdm hoggm cbd mghuckgk. Oicugd pksskgk

hmstruaadrd ckjpidtojdgtd mi gdurkgd, oitrd pksskgk cousord skik hoggm porzmoim. Mg qudstk cosk, io

rmporozmkgd â pmý sdjpimcd.. >H



Voamgo | 4<

Vkssmojk poriord hm>

Gdurkgkpotmd> quoghk io skstogzo tkssmco ckipmscd d

hdaroho tuttk mi gdurkgd.. qudstk tmpk hm hoggk

pkrto oi ?66 % oiio jkrtd cdiiuiord..

Osskgkpotmo> pdr hoggm cbd rmauorhogk io portd

tdrjmgoid hdi gdurmtd pmý iugak (i”osskgd).. qudstk

tmpk hm hoggk adgdroijdgtd portd hoii”dstrdjmtæ d

rmsoid vdrsk mi pmrdgklkrk.. pdr qudstk vmdgd ogcbd

hdlmgmto jkrtd rdtrkaroho. Sd gkg mgtdrvmdgd

tdjpdstmvojdgtd ug smstdjo hm rmporozmkgd, mi

gdurkgd â hdstmgotk o hdadgdrord >”(

Jmdimgkpotmo> quoghk mi hoggk â oaim

kimakhdghrkcmtm.. qudstk prkvkco io pdrhmto hdiio

auomgo jmdimgmco mg oicugm pugtm hdii”osskgd..

roiidgtoghk io trosjmssmkgd hdiik stmjkik

gdrvksk…

Hoggk suiio gdurktrosjmssmkgd> quoghk vmdgd oitdrotk mi turgkvdr hdm gdurktrosjdttmtkrm…

GDTPKGKVOXMO>

Ckjd amæ hdttk, ckghucd mrrmjdhmo`mijdgtd o jkrtd cdiiuiord. Io jmcrkaimo mgtdrvmdgd succdssmvojdgtd pdr

rmpuimrd io zkgo hoggdaamoto hm tuttm m hdtrmtm cdiiuiorm.. _udsto zkgo (kro im`dro) vmdgd rmdjpmto hoiid cdiiuid

aimoim, cbd prkimldrogk, lkrjoghk ugo aimksm (← ugo lkrjozmkgd ogkjoio hm aimo, mg ugo zkgo hkvd prmjo c”dro

tdssutk gdrvksk). Io aimksm hdtdrjmgo qumghm pdrhmto hdiid copocmtæ lugzmkgoim hdiio pkrzmkgd ckipmto hoi

hoggk >-/

O``mojk id skstogzd k m jdzzm cbd prkvkcogk OGKSSMO>

Cmogurm

Jkgkssmhk hm cor`kgmk

I”oggdaojdgtk

Tg rmhkttk oppkrtk hm kssmadgk couso ugo rmhktto prkhuzmkgd hm dgdramo ho portd hdm jmtkckghrm… Gk

Dgdramo, Gk OXV… io cdiiuio gdrvkso gkg lugzmo pmý… >V

Gmdgtd OXV.. gmdgtd Skhmk Vktossmk OXVosm… sm bo qumghm i”oujdgtk hdi Co icmk Cmtkpiosjotmck.. d ug

jossmccmk rmioscmk hm aiutojjotk gdiid smgopsm gdurkgoim… cbd oi hm skpro hdiid ckgcdgtrozmkgm

lmsmkikamcbd, prkvkco dccmtk tkssmcmtæ.. cbd pkrto mglmgd o jkrtd cdiiuiord pdr Gdcrksm, opkptksm k

outkloamo. Vkssmojk oaamugadrd oiio imsto qumghm ogcbd aim>

DOO> Ojmgkocmhm Dccmtotkrm (Ds> Aiutojjotk, Osportotk)

Mi aiutojjotk pdrð puð dssdrd mgtrkhkttk gdii”kraogmsjk ogcbd ckg oitrd jkhoimtæ, qumghm gkg skik

mg cosk hm ogkssmo, jo ogcbd mgadrdghk cm`m portmckiorjdgtd spdzmotm >S .. hdlmgmto ogcbd ’Smghrkjd

ho Pmstkrogtd Cmgdsd‚ >V kvvmojdgtd, i”dsmtk hdii”mgtkssmcozmkgd gkg â io jkrtd, jo ckipmscd id

jucksd kroim, ckg orrkssojdgtm .. prurmtk..



Voamgo | 41

Xro id oitrd skstogzd cbd hdtdrjmgogk Gdurkpotmo o``mojk>

Jdtogkik> Ciojkrksk mi cosk hm oicugm oggm lo hdi vmgk ohuitdrotk ckg mi jdtogkik… _udstk oicki

su`mscd oii”mgtdrgk hdii”kraogmsjk ik stdssk jdto`kimsjk hdii”dtogkik.. qumghm prmjo i”oicki

hdmhrkadgosm ik ckgvdrtd mg lkrjoihdmhd pkm qudsto vmdgd ckgvdrtmto oh ocmhk lkrjmck pdr i”ozmkgd

hdii”oihdmhd hdmhrkadgosm… I”ocmhk Lkrjmck â hdidtdrmk mg portmckiord pdr id lm`rd hdi gdrvk kttmck RH

Mg didvotd quogtmtæ puð cousord cdcmtæ.

JdtmiJdrcurmk> D” io lkrjo kraogmco hdi jdrcurmk, kvvdrk io pmý tkssmco, mg quogtk supdro io @DD cbd

â ug pmocdrd >V .. _udsto skstogzo â ogckro prdsdgtd gdm pdstmcmhm, puð dssdrd djdsso gdii”oj`mdgtd

hoaim mjpmogtm mghustrmoim, d gdi possotk bo prkvkcotk sdrm hoggm gdiio `omo hm Jmgojoto mg sdaumtk o

pdscd ckgtojmgotk.. k oh ds mg Mroq, o couso hm cdrdoim ckgtojmgotm ckg m pdstmcmhm. Mi jdtmijdrcurmk

couso mgtkssmcozmkgm ocutd d crkgmcbd.. _udst”uitmjd sm rmpdrcuktkgk mg portmckiord sum `oj`mgm gotm

ho johrm cbd hurogtd io adstozmkgd skgk dgtrotd mg ckgtottk ckg qudsto skstogzo.

JVXV> D” ugo skstogzo tkssmco usoto spdrmjdgtoijdgtd pdr rmcrdord mg io`krotkrmk ug jkhdiik

ogmjoid hm Jkr`k hm Voremgskg, mg cum jukmkgk m gdurkgm HO gdiio su`stogtmo gmaro. _udstk jkhdiik

spdrmjdgtoid vmdgd usotk ottuoijdgtd pdr spdrmjdgtord ckjpkstm gukvm, d mg portmckiord vdrmlmcord

io ikrk ozmkgd gdurkprktdttmvo pdr roiidgtord mi hoggk cousotk hoiio skstogzo tkssmco >H

Bktimges>

Pdamstrozmkgd>

Hmspdgsd>

0 Krd hm Idzmkgd

¹ Crdhmtk





Voamgo | 42

GDTPKXKSSMCMXO” – GDTPKGKVOXMO | ?8/??/?? |Vortd 0

Vortmojk kro hm prmjo jottmgo ckg qudsto ’`diimssmjo‚ mjjoamgd… K[k…. Ovdvojk vmstk mdrm mi

Jdtmijdrcurmk ckjd skstogzo cbd prkvkco gdurkpotmo.. _udsto skstogzo â hoggkso pdrcbí bo jkitdpimcm

jdccogmsjm h”ozmkgd← Gdii”mjjoamgd pkssmojk vdhdrd 0 cdiiuid hdi SGC5 ug Gdurkgd d ug Ostrkcmto.. d

qudst”uitmjk sdj`ro dssdrd qudiik joaamkrjdgtd ckmgvkitk gdi hoggk prkvkcotk hoi JdtmiJdrcurmk.

Id Imgdd Pkssd> Loggk vdhdrd m jdccogmsjm stmjkiotm hoi JJ*←

k

Vrmjo hm tuttk vo oh oujdgtord m rohmcoim im`drm hdii”kssmadgk (PKS), prkvkcoghk strdss

kssmhotmvk d cousoghk qumghm ug hoggk o imvdiik hdiid prktdmgd, hdm lkslkimpmhm hm jdj`rogo

d hdi HGO. I”oujdgtk hdiid spdcmd rohmcoimcbd ovvmdgd pdr vmo hmrdtto… k Mghmrdtto,

mgcrdjdgtoghk i”ozmkgd hdiio LkspkimposmO0 (cVIO0) cbd prkhucd Ocmhk Orocbmhkgmck (OO)

cbd o suo vkito mgcrdjdgto m PKS.

k

M PKS d i”OO prkvkcogk ug oujdgtk hm oicugd prktdmgd ckjd C-lks (adgd dsprdssk pdr

prmjk mg cosk hm dlldttm tkssmcm) d GL-E` (cbd ottmvo io troscrmzmkgd hm prktdmgd cbd pkrtogk o

jkrtd cdiiuiord).

Id Imgdd \drhm> Popprdsdgtogk cmð cbd mi JJ* vo o mgm`mrd pkrtoghk o ug hoggk gdiio cdiiuio

k

Mi JJ* oujdgto mi aiutojjotk gdiik spozmk dxtrocdiiuiord mg quogtk `ikcco mi rduptoed hm

qudstk gdurktrosjdttmtkrd oii”mgtdrgk hdaim ostrkcmtm (←cbd, rmckrhmojkik, portdcmpogk oi Xurgkvdr

hdm gdurktrosjdttmtkrm). Sd mi aiutojjotk rmjogd gdiik spozmk dxtrocdiiuiord, oujdgtoghk io suo

ckgcdgtrozmkgd, oujdgto io suo mgtdrozmkgd ckg m rdcdttkrm GJHO prkvkcoghk dccmtk

tkssmcmtæ (oujdgtk hdi Co++ mgtrocdiiuiord… dcc…ckjd oi skimtk)

k

Mi JJ* rmhucd io hmspkgm`mimtæ hdi ASB (aiutotmkgd mg lkrjo rmhktto).. ugo hdiid prmgcmpoim

hmldsd ogtmkssmhogtm hdii”kraogmsjk. Ckjd lo o rmhurio;; ← Mi ASB â ug trmpdptmhd ckstmtumtk

ho Aiutojjotk-Cystdmgo-Aimcmgo pdr cum, pdr smgtdtmzzorik, kcckrrkgk qudstm 3 oo… mi JJ*

← rmhucd i”dgtroto hdi Aiutojjotk gdii”ostrkcmtæ.

← mjpdhmscd mi trospkrtk hdgtrk i”ostrkcmto hdi prdcurskrd pdr io Cmstdmgo

Jdgk ojmgkocmhm o hmspksmzmkgd, Jdgk ASB prkhkttk >-/ Jdgk ottmvmtæ ogtmkssmhogtd.k

Mi JJ* mgtdroamscd mgkitrd ckg m aruppm –SB hdiid prktdmgd, cousoghk hoggm oi cmtkscbdidtrk

hm quoismosm cdiiuio



Voamgo | 4=

I”Dccmtktkssmcmtæ (amæ vmsto mg XkssmckHmgojmco), rmauorho mi SGC… Mi

aiutojjotk prdsdgtd gdiik spozmk dxtrocdiiuiord vo o stmjkiord m

rdcdttkrm Vkstsmgoptmcm Oujdgtoghk>

Xrojmtd m rdcdttkrm GJHO> io ckgcdgtrozmkgd

cmtkpiosjotmco hm Co++ gdiio Cdiiuio..

Ottrovdrsk aim OJVO d Eomgotk> io ckgcdgtrozmkgd

hm Go+ ..qudstk prkvkco hdpkiormzzozmkgd.. d qumghm

i”opdrturo hdm cogoim hdi Co vkitoaamk hmpdghdgtm (\KCC). Sm

bo qumghm ug uitdrmkrd oujdgtk hdi Co mgtrocdiiuiord,

prkvkcoghk ug hoggk o imvdiik hm jmtkckghrm, rdtmckik

dghkpiosjotmck, smstdjo imskskjmoid… cbd pkrtdræ oiio lmgd

o hmvdrsm tmpm hm jkrtd cdiiuiord.. prmgcmpoijdgtd> Opkptksm,

Gdcrksm k Outkloamo (outk hmadstmkgd hdiio cdiiuio).

Tg”oitro jkidckio vmsto mdrm cbd couso Gdurkpotmo â

i”JVXV, usoto pdr crdord mg vmvk ug jkhdiik hm

Voremgskg. Mi jdccogmsjk hm tkssmcmtæ â ropprdsdgtotk mg

lmauro ← ←

I”JVXV, ottrovdrsk io cmrckiozmkgd smstdjmco orrmvo o

imvdiik Cdgtroid5 io suo strutturo aim pdrjdttd hm

ottrovdrsord locmijdgtd io @DD. Ho gktord cbd i”JVXV â mi

Vrdcurskrd hdiio tkssmgo vdro d prkprmo… sd sm usossd

hmrdttojdgtd qudiio, mi tkssmck (pkiord) gkg orrmvdrd``d

jom gdi smtk h”ozmkgd (io su`stogtmo gmaro). Tgo vkito

supdroto io @DD, i”JVXV mgckgtro aim ostrkcmtm, m quoim iktroslkrjogk oh kpdro hdiid JOK-@ mg mkgd

Hmmhrkpmrmhmgmk cbd pkm vmdgd uitdrmkrjdgtd kssmhotk o

mkgd Vmrmhmgmk (JVV+ ←mi jdto`kimto tkssmck). I” JVV+ orrmvo gdi smtk h”ozmkgd slruttoghk m trospkrtotkrm hdiio

hkpojmgo prdsdgtm gdiio su`stogtmo gmaro5 d sm idao o ug pmajdgtk cbmojotk gdurkjdiogmgo (mi pmajdgtk cbd

ho io ckrkiozmkgd pmý scuro o qudsto ordo cdrd`roid)… Mi hoggk prkvkcotk mgcmhd suiio cotdgo hm trospkrtk

hdaim didttrkgm, o imvdiik hdm jmtkckghrm, ìkccoghkio… Sm bo qumghm ìkcck hdiio smgtdsm hm OXV ckg

ckgsdaudgtd hoggk d jkrtd cdiiuiord.

Vdr rmcrdord mg io`krotkrmk oitrm jkhdiim hdi jkr`k hm poremgskg kitrd oii”JVXV puð dssdrd usoto mg

io`krotkrmk ogcbd io <-Mhrkssm-Hkpojmgo. D” ug ogoikak tkssmck hdiio Hkpojmgo, d oamscd ogcb”dsso o imvdiikjmtkckghrmoid, ìkccoghk io cotdgo hm trospkrtk hdaim didttrkgm.

O``mojk pkm m Hdrmvotm Kraogmcm hdiik Stoagk, cbd pksskgk prkvkcord hmlldrdgtm hoggm o imvdiik

gdurkgoid.

XPMJDXMI-SXOAGK> â rdspkgso`mid hm gdurkpotmo. Bo ug jkitdpimcd jdccogmsjk h”ozmkgd.. â

o`òstogzo sdidttmvk pdr io zkgo cdrd`roid cbd vo o ckipmrd, mg quogtk sm idao o ugo prktdmgo

prdsdgtd oii”mgtdrgk hm oicugm gdurkgm ← io Stoggmgo. Vrmgcmpoijdgtd ckipmscd i”Mppkcojpk (ordo

mjpkrtogtd pdr i”opprdghmjdgtk d io jdjkrmo) prkvkcoghk ug hoggk hm tmpk ckagmtmvk. mi XJS

prkvkco ug oujdgtk hdi coicmk mgtrocdiiuiord, cbd couso ugo ckgsdaudgtd dstrusmkgd hdiaiutojjotk.. mi quoid (sd mg dccdssk) prkvkco dccmtktkssmcmtæ.. ← Hoggk d jkrtd cdiiuiord. Kitrd oi

XJS o``mojk ogcbd mi…



Voamgo | <6

XPMDXMI-SXOAGK> cbd mghmrmzzo io suo tkssmcmtæ vdrsk mi rmvdstmjdgtk jmdimgmck hdii”osskgd.. jdgtrd mi

XPM@TXMI-SXOAGK> prkvkco hoggm prmgcmpoijdgtd o imvdiik hdi smstdjo mjjugmtormk.

Kro vdhmojk m hoggm prkvkcotm hoii” OGKSSMO.. prmjo hm tuttk.. o``mojk hmvdrsd cotdakrmd hm qudsto…

OGKSSMO OGKSSMCO> sm bo quoghk pur ovdghk ug liussk sogaumagk ohdauotk, vm â ug rmhkttk

oppkrtk hm kssmadgk om gdurkgm. Cmð cbd prkvkco qudstk tmpk hm ogkssmo skgk skstogzd ckjd mi>k Jkgkssmhk hm Cor`kgmk> cbd sm idao ckg ollmgmtæ supdrmkrd hdii”K0 Oii”Djkaik`mgo.

k Mi Vmkj`k> Oamscd smo cousoghk ug”oitdroto smgtdsm hdii”djd (mi aruppk prkstdtmck hdii”B`)..

ckjprkjdttdghk io copocmtæ hm qudsto hm trospkrtord i”Kssmadgk.. Oamscd mgkitrd oitdroghk io

jkrlkikamo hdaim drmtrkcmtm rdghdghkim pmý lroamim.. d hmjmgudghk io copocmtæ hm trospkrtk hm K0

OGKSSMO MSCBDJMCO> kcckrrd quoghk vm â ug rmhkttk olliussk hm sogaud oiid cdiiuid hdi SGC. _udstk

puð dssdrd hkvutk o vorm jktmvm ckjd> rdstrmgamjdgtk hm vosm cdrd`roim, lkrjozmkgd hm kcciusmkgm k

trkj`m…

OGKSSMO CMXKXKSSMCO> Ovvmdgd quoghk i”olliussk d mi trospkrtk hm kssmadgk â gkrjoid.. jo io

cdiiuio â cksé rmgtrkgoto ho gkg sopdrd ckjd usorik… ← mi tkssmck oamscd suiid vmd hdiio rdspmrozmkgd

cdiiuiord, mjpdhdghk ik slruttojdgtk hdii”kssmadgk pdr io prkhuzmkgd hm OXV. Xro id skstogzd cbd

cousogk ogkssmo cmtktkssmco o``mojk m>

k

Ldgkim> cbd skgk m hmsocckppmogtm.. oitdrogk io hmlldrdgzo hm pktdgzmoid cbd sm lkrjo o covoiik

hdiio jdj`rogo hdm jmtkckghrm.. d m

k

Cmogurm> cbd ìkccogk io cotdgo hm trospkrtk hdaim didttrkgm.

Gkg tuttd id cdiiuid hdi SGC rdoamsckgk oiik stdssk jkhk o ugo cordgzo hm kssmadgk… Oicugd skprovvmvkgk

pmý locmijdgtd.. oitrd skgk pmý sdgsm`mim. O``mojk qumghm ugo scoio hm sdgsm`mimtæ d ug krhmgd hm jkrtd

cdiiuiord. Xuttk qudstk hmpdghd mg ùkgo portd hoi tmpk hm jdto`kimsjk cbd ovvmdgd mg qudstd cdiiuid.

M.

Oi prmjk pkstk mg sdgsm`mimtæ o``mojk m Gdurkgm.. cbd skgk m pmý skaadttm o jkrtd cdiiuiord..MM. Vkm cm skgk aim Kimakhdghrkcmtm (cbd lkrjogk io auomgo jmdimgmco.. ) qumghm ovrdjk ug hoggk oi

rmvdstmjdgtk hdaim osskgm..

MMM. Sdaukgk aim Ostrkcmtm

M\. Io jmcrkaimo..

\.

D mglmgd id cdiiuid dghktdimoim hdm vosm cdrd`roim…

Ckjd mgmzmo d ckjd prkardhmscd mi hoggk cousotk hoiio cordgzo hm kssmadgk;; ←

Mi prmjk sdagk cbd hdrmvo ho ugo cordgzo hm kssmadgk â ugo jogcoto prkhuzmkgd hm OXV. _udstk sm

rmpdrcuktd sum smtdjm dgzmjotmcm cdiiuiorm.. mg portmckiord suiid pkjpd prktkgmcbd hm jdj`rogo, ckjd ioGo+/E+ OXVosm cbd pdrjdttd hm jogtdgdrd ugo hmlldrdgzo hm pktdgzmoid tro i”dstdrgk d i”mgtdrgk hdiio cdiiuio..

Mi ìkcck hm qudsto pkjpo prktkgmco prkvkco ug oujdgtk mgtrocdiiuiord hdi skhmk.. mi quoid pdr ksjkiormtæ sm

troscmgo hmdtrk i”ocquo… ddd…. Eo`kkjjj.. io cdiiuio mgmzmo o akglmorsm (Swdiimga) lmgk oh orrmvord oiio imsm

cdiiuiord… O couso hdii”oujdgtk hdi Skhmk, mi pktdgzmoid mgtdrgk hdiio cdiiuio tdghd oh ossujdrd voikrm pmý

pksmtmvm.. posso ho ?6 o 36 j\ gdiid tdrjmgozmkgm d gdi ckrpk cdiiuiord hdiid rdamkgm ckipmtd ho mscbdjmo.. (io

cdiiuio â qumghm pmý locmijdgtd dccmto`mid..) ← gd ckgsdaud cbd vdrroggk ottmvotm ogcbd pmý locmijdgtd m

cogoim hdi coicmk vkitoaamk hmpdghdgtm, lovkrdghk ug”dgtroto hm qudstk gdiio cdiiuio… Tg oujdgtk hdi Coicmk

prkvkco ugo jossmccmo dskcmtksm hdi aiutojjotk… ckg ckgsdaudgtd stmjkiozmkgd hdm sukm rdcdttkrm… cbd sm

ckgciuhd ckg io tmpmco dccmtk-tkssmcmtæ… Hoggk d jkrtd cdiiuiord….



Voamgo | <?

Ho ugo sdjpimcd cordgzo hm kssmadgk.. o``mojk ug”dspogsmkgd o`gkrjd hdi hoggk K[k‚

_udsto â io cdiiuio.. hmvmso mg 3 sdzmkgm pdr dvmhdgzmord m pugtm cbd lovkrmsckgk i”oujdtk hdi coicmk

mgtrocdiiuiord. Gdiio prmjo o``mojk m rdcdttkrm hdi Aiutojjotk.. cbd ugo vkito ottmvotm lovkrmsckgk i”dgtroto

hdi coicmk gdiio cdiiuio. Mi coicmk vmdgd mgkitrd rmioscmotk hom hdpksmtm (jmtkckghrm d rdtmckik dghkpiosjotmck)..

d mglmgd tuttm aim oitrm tmpm hm cogoim cbd lovkrmsckgk i”dgtroto hdi coicmk quoghk io jdj`rogo sm hdpkiormzzo (oh

ds pdr i”opdrturo hdm cogoim hdi skhmk).

Tg oujdgtk hdi coicmk mgtrocdiiuiord, vo oh ottmvord hmvdrsm dgzmjm, tro cum>

id Coipomgd> skgk hdiid prktdosm.. cbd voggk o hdarohord oitrd prktdmgd dh dgzmjm cdiiuiorm5

io VIO0> cbd prkhucd Ocmhk Orocbmhkgmck d Pohmcoim im`drm hdii”kssmadgk

id Cosposm> skgk oitrd prktdosm, ckmgvkitd gdiio jkrtd opkptktmco..

Id COJE> skgk hdiid cbmgosm ottmvotd hoiio coijkhuimgo cbd o ikrk vkito lkslkrmiogk oitrm dgzmjm

Id Dghkgucidosm> cbd toaimogk mi HGO, cousoghk io suo lrojjdgtozmkgd

Oitdrogk m smstdjm hm trospkrtk hdiid jdj`rogd ckjd io Go+/E+ OXVosm, d tuttm aim oitrm scoj`motkrm

pdr aim mkgm Co++

Id ckgsdaudgzd hdii”ottmvozmkgd hm tuttm qudstm dgzmjm ovræ ug potoccomk hm ckgsdaudgzd> Hoggk om

jmtkckghrm, oitdroto pdrjdo`mimtæ hdiio jdj`rogo (cbd puð pkrtord oi rmakglmojdgtk d oiio imsm hdiio cdiiuio),

rktturo hdi cmtkscbdidtrk (ds> mi JdtmiJdrcurmk), Vrkhuzmkgd hm PKS d Gmtrkssmhk (cbd o suo vkito adgdro

rohmcoim hdii”ozktk), lrojjdgtozmkgd hdi HGO.. rmakglmojdgtk d oitdrotk lugzmkgojdgtk hdi rdtmckik

dghkpiosjotmck (hkvd ovvmdgd io smgtdsm prktdmco.. qumghm sm bo ogcbd oitdrozmkgd hdiio smgtdsm prktdmco).. d

mglmgd, o``ossojdgtk hdi pB cdiiuiord.

Ckgsdaudgo lmgoid;; JKPXD hdiio Cdiiuio…



Voamgo | <0

OSSKGKVOXMO>

Mg qudstk cosk, mi hoggk â imjmtotk oi gdurmtd pmý iugak← i”osskgd… Mg adgdrd qudstk hoggk portd hoiio

tdrjmgozmkgd prdsmgoptmco d pkm, ckg oghojdgtk rdtrkarohk, rmsoid i”osskgd vdrsk mi ckrpk cdiiuiord.

Gkrjoijdgtd io joaamkr hdgsmtæ hm dgzmjm rdspkgso`mim hdi coto`kimsjk d hdiio rmjkzmkgd hdiid skstogzd hm

scortk, skgk o imvdiik hdi ckrpk cdiiuiord.. pdr cum ho qudstk, oiio tdrjmgozmkgd, c”â ugk spkstojdgtk hmvdscmckid ckgtdgdgtm aim dgzmjm gdcdssorm.. Sd o couso hm hoggm oii”osskgd vmdgd ìkccoto io ckjugmcozmkgd tro

mi ckrpk cdiiuiord d io tdrjmgozmkgd, qudsto gkg â pmý mg arohk hm skprovvmvdrd..

Sd mi hoggk mgtdrdsso m gdurkgm hdi SGC, rorojdgtd vm sm puð pkrrd rmjdhmk… Sd mgvdcd mgtdrdsso aim osskgm

hdm gdurkgm hdi smstdjo pdrmldrmck io rmporozmkgd â pmý locmid d ovvmdgd oh kpdro hm cdiiuid hm krmamgd aimoid,

smjmim oaim kimakhdghrkcmtm, cbd rmjukvkgk m hdtrmtm cdiiuiorm d rmadgdrogk io portd hoggdaamoto.

Oicugm tkssmcm gktm cbd hdtdrjmgogk Osskgkpotmo skgk>

Mi g-Dsogk d mi @utmiJdtmiCbdtkgd… Mi g-Dsogk â prdsdgtd

skprottuttk gdiid lo``rmcbd hm scorpd, pdrcbí â ugckjpkgdgtd hdiid ckiid ohkpdrotd. Mi @utmiJdtmicbdtkgd â

mgvdcd ug ohhmtmvk cbd sm trkvo gdii”mgcbmkstrk pdr id stojpogtm..

Oamsckgk oitdroghk io lugzmkgd hdm Gdurklmiojdgtm (skgk hdm ckjpkgdgtm hdi

cmtkscbdidtrk hdiid cdiiuid gdrvksd). _udsto jkhmlmcozmkgd lugzmkgoid puð

mgtdrdssord hdiid lm`rd gdrvksd hm tmpk sdgsmtmvk.. k hdiid lm`rd hm tmpk jktkrmk.

Dcck cbd oiikro mi hoggk puð dssdrd hm goturo sdgskrmoid k jktkrmo.

Ckjd Oamsckgk;; ←←

Hm pdr sd, gkg skgk m rdspkgso`mim hdii”ozmkgd tkssmco.. jo

rmcbmdhkgk io `mkottmvozmkgd o Dsoghmkgd mg arohk hm lkrjord

idaojm crkcmotm ckvoidgtm tro m gdurklmiojdgtm…

ckjprkjdttdghk io io ikrk piostmcmtæ, d hdtdrjmgoghk io pdrhmto hdiio lugzmkgd hm trospkrtk hm

kraogdiim d vdscmckid ho d vdrsk mi ckrpk cdiiuiord…

_udstm tkssmcm skgk portmckiorjdgtd su`hkim, mg quogtk â hmllmcmid hmoagkstmcord i”mgtkssmcozmkgd…

Mgmzmoijdgtd sd mi hoggk mgtdrdsso id lm`rd gdrvksd sdgsmtmvd sm ovvdrtd lkrjmckimk d imdvd pdrhmto hm

sdgsm`mimtæ o jogm d pmdhm.. succdssmvojdgtd mi hoggk sm dstdghd ogcbd oiid lm`rd jktkrmd, cousoghk

hd`kidzzo jusckiord.. crojpm, lmgk oh orrmvord oii”otossmo d o pdrhmto hdiio copocmtæ jktkrmo hm ortm

Supdrmkrm d mgldrmkrm.

Ogcbd aim Oicoikmhm hdiio \mgco, io Ckicbmcmgo d mi Xoxkik, hdtdrjmgogk io pdrhmto hm lugzmkgoimtæ hdicmtkscbdidtrk.

k

Io \mgcrmstmgo â usoto ckjd ogtmtujkroid.. mjpdhmscd io lkrjozmkgd hdi lusk jmtktmck.

k

Io Ckicbmcmgo vmdgd usoto ckjd OgtmAktto.. bo ug jdccogmsjk h”ozmkgd smjmid oiio

vmgcrmstmgo.. mjpdhmscd io jmarozmkgd hdm iduckcmtm vdrsk io zkgo mglmojjoto d ìkcco

i”ottmvmtæ jocrkloamco.

Ckjd loggk mg jogmdro spdcmlmco o ckjprkjdttdrd i”ozmkgd hdm jmcrktuùim;; ←

\oggk o idaord om jkgkjdrm hdm jmcrktuùim (io Xuùimgo), hdpkimjdrmzzoghk k mjpdhdghk

io pkimjdrmzzozmkgd hdm jmcrktuùim >H

k

Mi Xoxkik mgvdcd lo dsottojdgtd mi ckgtrormk.. mjpdhmscd io hdpkimjdrmzzozmkgd hdi

jmcrktuùik



Voamgo | <3

Vkm o``mojk oitrd skstogzd cbd cousogk osskgkpotmd ckjd>

Skilurk hm Cor`kgmk

Skivdgtm kraogmcm

Xrm-krtk-crdsmilksotk (XKCV)> gktk pdr ug dpmskhmk portmckiorjdgtd mjpkrtogtd ovvdgutk quosm ?66

oggm lo.. mi XKCV â ug ckjpkstk kraogklkslkrmck, rdspkgso`mid hm ugo potkikamo o imvdiik gdurkgoid

ckgkscmuto ckjd gdurkpotmo hmstoid cdgtrk-pdrmldrmco k ckg io smaio KVMHG.

_udstk tmpk hm gdurkpotmo prkvkco pdrhmto prkardssmvo hdiid lugzmkgm sdgskrmoim d jktkrmd (cbd mgmzmo

hoiid dstrdjmtæ ckg sdjpimcm lkrjmckimm).. lmgk oh orrmvord oh otossmo d poroimsm.

_udsto skstogzo oamscd lkslkrmioghk d mgottmvoghk i”dgzmjo GXD (gdurkpotby toradt dstdrosd ← io

cum ozmkgd o imvdiik cdgtroid gkg â ogckro cbmorojdgtd ckgkscmuto5 oh kagm jkhk hdvd dssdrd

mjpkrtogtd pdr io lugzmkgd jktkrmo).

\mdgd rmckrhotk pdrcbí tro aim oggm ”06 d aim oggm ”36 gdaim TSO, cm lurkgk jkitm cosm hm mgtk ssmcozmkgd

mg sdaumtk oh ohuitdrozmkgd hm ugo `dvogho jkitk opprdzzoto oii”dpkco ← mi Amgadr Noed5 prdporotk

o òsd hm dstrottm hm zdgzdrk. Gdii”ohuitdrozmkgd lu usotk i”kimk hm imghk cbd ckgtdgdvo mi XKCV >S

Mhrkcorùrm Cmcimcm cikrurotm> tro cum rmckrhmojk

skprottuttk mi HHX.. skstogzo usoto gdi possotk ckjdmgsdttmcmho.. uscmto hoi ckjjdrcmk gdaim oggm ”16, jo

ogckro prdsdgtd gdii”oj`mdgtd. Mi HHX â ugo skstogzo

dccmtogtd, cbd pkrto o ckghmzmkgd hm trdjkrd d

ckgvuismkgm. Oamscd mg hmvdrsm jkhm hmvdrsm>

k

Hmjmgumscd io pdrjdo`mimtæ oi pktossmk,

rmhucdghk hm ckgsdaudgzo io rmpkiormzzozmkgd

hdiio jdj`rogo piosjotmco.. d mi pktdgzmoid

h”ozmkgd sm ogguiio5

k Mghucd jkhmlmcozmkgm o imvdiik hdm cogoim hdi

skhmk rdghdghk pmý idgto io ikrk cbmusuro.

_udstk ckjpkrto cbd mi pktdgzmoid h”ozmkgd

pdrjogao pdr pmý tdjpk.

k Mgm`mscd mgkitrd id pkjpd ckjd io Go/E OXVosm

cbd hkvrd``d omutord o rmprmstmgord io

hmlldrdgzo hm pktdgzmoid o covoiik hdiio jdj`rogo.

Xuttk cmð rdghd io cdiiuio jdgk prkpdgso o rmpkiormzzorsm.. qumghm pmý skaadtto o rmspkghdrd

mg jkhk o`gkrjd o hdaim stmjkim cbd gdiio gkrjo gkg hkvrd``drk cousord prkìdjm.

k Mi HHX oujdgto mi idaojd hdi Co ckg io coijkhuimgo, hdtdrjmgoghk rmioscmk hdm

gdurktrosjdttmtkrm, tro m quoim ogcbd qudiim dccmtotkrm.

I”uitmjk copmtkik cbd ollrkgtmojk rmauorho aim DLLDXXM hdm tkssmcm STIIO GDTPKXPOSJMSSMKGD>

m pugtm hm ottocck skgk hmvdrsm..

pkssmojk ovdrd ugo skstogzo tkssmco cbd oitdro io troshuzmkgd hdi sdagoid pdr ìkcck k oujdgtk

hdiio stmjkiozmkgd hdm rdcdttkrm cbd pdrjdttkgk io ckjugmcozmkgd tro ug gdurkgd d i”oitrk.

Mi sdckghk pugtk hm ottocck â oghord o jkhmlmcord i”dccmto`mimtæ hm qudstd cdiiuid oitdroghk io

pdrjdo`mimtæ mkgmco (Ds> Xkssmgd oiaoim d io tdtrohktkssmgo.. k io tkssmgo hdaim sckrpmkgm)

Oitdrgotmvojdgtd i”oitdrozmkgd hdiio gdurktrosjmssmkgd puð dssdrd hkvuto o skstogzd tkssmcbd cbd

mgtdrldrmsckgk gdm jdccogmsjm hm dskcmtksm, mjpdhdghk io im`drozmkgd hdiid vdscmckid ckgtdgdgtm mgdurktrosjdttmtkrm dghkadgm (ds> Xkssmgo @ktuimgmco d Xdtogmco)



Voamgo | <8

Mglmgd, o``mojk id skstogzd cbd oitdrogk m jdccogmsjm hm hdarohozmkgd hdm gdurktrosjdttmtkrm..

ckjd aim Dstdrm kraogk lkslkrmcm cbd ìkccogk id OcdtmiCkimgdstdrosm.. prkvkcoghk ug mgcrdjdgtk

hdii”OCb gdiid smgopsm.

\dhmojk oicugm dsdjpm>

Io gmcktmgo mgtdroamscd ckg m rdcdttkrm

gmcktmgmcm, hdtdrjmgoghk ugo rmspkstodccmtotkrmo..

Mi pmkj`k mgvdcd ìkcco mi rdcdttkrd

gmcktmgmck…

Oicugd skstogzd, prdsdgtm spdssk mg oiabd

tkssmcbd, ckjd i”ocmhk comgmck (oiao

rksso), i”ocmhk Hkjkmck (oiao vdrhd) k

i”ocmhk M`ktdgmck (ojogmto), voggk oh

oamrd sum rdcdttkrm hdi aiutojjotk, ottmvoghkim. _udstk hdtdrjmgo ugo rmspksto dccmtotkrmo.

Io edtojmgo ìkcco mgvdcd m rdcdttkrm hdi aiutojjotk.. rmhucdghk io ckjugmcozmkgd gdurkgoid.

Vrdghdghk mgvdcd mg ckgsmhdrozmkgd mi rdcdttkrd AO@O-O, cbd pkssmdhd mi joaamkr gujdrk hm smtm oiikstdrmcm,

trkvmojk m òr`mturmcm d id `dgzkhmozdpmgd.. (mpgktmcm sdhotmvm)… jkhuiogk i”opdrturo hdm cogoim hdi cikrk

hdtdrjmgoghk mpdrpkiormzzozmkgd d pktdgzmoghk i”ozmkgd hdi AO@O su qudstm rdcdttkrm.

Io @mcucuiimgo d id Cikrktkssmgd voggk mgvdcd o ìkccord m smtm cbd sm trkvogk sui rdcdttkrd AO@O-O, rmhucdghk

i”ottmvmtæ mgm`mtkrmo hdi AO@O.. d hdtdrjmgoghk qumghm ug dlldttk kppkstk o òr`mturmcm d `dgzkhmozdpmgd

mghucdghk ugk stotk hm mpdr-dccmto`mimtæ.

_udstk scbdjo ropprdsdgto mi jdccogmsjk

h”ozmkgd hm vormd tkssmgd cbd oamsckgk sum cogoim hdi

skhmk.

Io tdtrohktkssmgo ìkcco m cogoim hdi skhmk, mgm`dghk

i”mgskradgzo hdi pktdgzmoid h”ozmkgd← sm bo qumghm

Voroimsm.

Id tkssmgd hdaim sckrpmkgm k hm oicugm roagm voggk o

mjpdhmrd cbd mi cogoid hdi skhmk possm oiik stotk

mgottmvk.. hdtdrjmgoghk ug oujdgtk

hdii”dccmto`mimtæ gdurkgoid..

Bktimges>

Pdamstrozmkgd>

Hmspdgsd>



Voamgo | <4

GDTPKXKSSMCMXO” – OSSKGKVOXMD | ?4/??/?? | Vortd3

Skstogzd Xkssmcbd cbd mgtdrldrmsckgk ckg m smstdjm hm Dskcmtksm> Hm qudstk aruppk hm skstogzd, oghrdjk o

vdhdrd io Xkssmgo `ktuimgmco d io tkssmgo tdtogmco. _udstd tkssmgd boggk ckjd toradt ckjugd mi

jktkgdurkgd spmgoid5 mg portmckiord oamsckgk suiio smgopsm lroppksto oi jktkgdurkgd spmgoid d io lm`ro

jusckiord scbdidtrmco. Mi gdurktrosjdttmtkrd cbd mg ckghmzmkgm lmsmkikamcbd vmdgd im`drotk â i”OCb, cbd vo o

mgtdroamrd ckg m rdcdttkrm gmcktmgmcm cbd sm trkvogk suiio lm`ro jusckiord, hdtdrjmgoghk ckgtrozmkgd.

XKSSMGO @KXTIMGMCO>

Oamscd ckjd ugo Vrktdosm gdm ckglrkgtm hm prktdmgd mghmspdgso`mim pdr lor ovvdgmrd io lusmkgd hdiid vdscmckid,

ckgtdgdgtm m gdurktrosjdttmtkrm, ckg io jdj`rogo prdsmgoptmco. _uoghk orrmvo mi pktdgzmoid h”ozmkgd iugak

io jdj`rogo hdii”osskgd hdi jktkgdurkgd spmgoid, io hdpkiormzzozmkgd prkvkco i”opdrturo hdm cogoim hdi

Co0+ \kitoaamk hmpdghdgtm.. Mi ckgsdaudgtd oujdgtk hdi coicmk mgtrocdiiuiord

ckjpkrto io jmarozmkgd hdiid vdscmckid hoi cmtkpiosjo vdrsk io jdj`rogo

prdsmgoptmco… O qudstk pugtk, ckjd puð ovvdgmrd io lusmkgd;

← Ovvmdgd i”mgtdrozmkgd tro hud prktdmgd cbd sm trkvogk suiio jdj`rogo hdiio

vdscmckio (Smgoptktoajmgo d Smgoptk`rdvmgo, cbmojoto ogcbd \OJV← prktdmgo hdiio

jdj`rogo vdscmckiord) d hud prktdmgd prdsdgtm suiio jdj`rogo prdsmgoptmco

(Smgtoxmgo d Sgop04).. _udstk smstdjo pdrjdttd ug ogckroaamk hdiio

vdscmkico oiio jdj`rogo prdsmgoptmco lovkrdghk io lusmkgd d io im`drozmkgd

hdi gdurktrosjdttmtkrd gdiio smgopsm.. Io tkssmgo `ktuimgmco vo oh oamrd

oppugtk su qudstd prktdmgd

toaimoghkid >”( .. ckjd sm vdhd

gdiio lmaurooo ← ← Id idttdrd

’A‚, ’@‚, ’H‚ dcc… stoggk omghmcord cbd dsmstkgk pmý tmpm hm

tkssmgd `ktuimgmcbd cbd boggk

ckjd toradt hmlldrdgtm sdzmkgm hdiid prktdmgd hm jdj`rogo. Io

jogcoto mgtdrozmkgd tro io vdscmckio d io jdj`rogo prdsmgoptmco

mjpdhmscd io lukrmuscmto hdii”OCb ← io lm`ro jusckiord gkg rmcdvd

oicug sdagoid hoi jktkgdurkgd ← sm bo qumghm i”mgm`mzmkgd hdiio ckgtrozmkgd jusckiord ← ho cum sdaumræ ug

tmpk hm Voroimsm hdlmgmto ’lioccmho‚. Cbd puð dssdrd hmstmgto ho qudiio cousoto hoiio>

XKSSMGO XDXOGMCO>

Io tkssmgo hdi cikstrmhmuj tdtogm ckjd

oamscd mgvdcd;; ← _udsto tkssmgo orrmvo

o imvdiik hdi smstdjo gdrvksk cdgtroid d

pdgdtro oii”mgtdrgk hdm jktkgdurkgm

spmgoim cbd voggk o smgoptord ckg id lm`rd

jusckiorm. Oi ckgtrormk hdiio tkssmgo

`ktuimgmco pdrð, rmsoid ckg oghojdgtk

ogtdrkarohk i”osskgd hdi jktkgdurkgd,

orrmvo oi pmrdgklkrk, vmdgd qumghm cdhuto

oii”dstdrgk gdiik spozmk smgoptmck tro mi jktkgdurkgd d aim mgtdrgdurkgm mgm`mtkrm.. d pdgdtro mg dssm.. O qudstkpugtk ottocco id prktdmgd luskadgd prdsdgtm suiio jdj`rogo vdscmckiord mjpdhdghk io lukrmuscmto hdi

gdurktrosjdttmtkrd mgm`mtkrmk (Aimcmgo k AO@O) gdiio smgopsm hdii”mgtdrgdurkgd..



Voamgo | <<

_udstk ckjpkrto io pdrhmto hm rdakiozmkgd mgm`mtkrmo sui jktkgdurkgd, cbd ckgtmguo o im`drord OCb

jogtdgdghk stmjkioto io l m`ro jusckiord K[k‚. Ckso occohd qumghm;; ← Mi rdcdttkrd gmcktmgmck

(ckstogtdjdgtd stmjkiotk) oghræ mgckgtrk o hdsdgsm`mimzzozmkgd, d gkg rmspkghdræ pmý. Io poroimsm cbd gd

hdrmvo soræ ugo Voroimsm ’Spostmco‚.

_udstd tkssmgd skgk pktdgzmoijdgtd idtoim, tuttk hmpdghd hoiio sdhd h”ozmkgd. Sd io tkssmgo ckipmscd

i”opporotk rdspmrotkrmk sm oghræ mgckgtrk o jkrtd pdr `ikcck hdiio rdspmrozmkgd..

Tg”oitro ciossd hm skstogzd tkssmcbd cbd voggk oh oamrd suiio Gdurktrosjmssmkgd skgk aim>

DSXDPM KPAOGKLKSLKPMCM>

Ckjd o``mojk amæ rmpdtutk ?6jmio

jmimkgm hm vkitd, voggk o lkslkrmiord id

Ocdtmickimgdstdrosm, mjpdhdghk io

hdarohozmkgd hdii”OCb, oi quoid oghræ

o mpdrstmjkiord smo m rdcdttkrm hm tmpk

gmcktmgmck cbd qudiim hm tmpk

juscormgmck. Aim dstdrmkraogklkslkrmcm

possogk jkitk locmijdgtd io @DD, jo

gkg skik.. pdgdtrogk locmijdgtd pdr

vmo trogscutogdo. Io smgtkjotkikamo ug”occdgtuozmkgd hm tuttm aim dlldttm hdi smstdjo ckimgdramck.. qumghm ug>

Oujdgtk hm tuttd id sdcrdzmkgm,

Jmksm (ckg mgcopocmtæ hm jdttdrd o lukck aim kaadttm)

Oujdgtk hdiio pdrmstoism aostrkmgtdstmgoid (ckg ckgsdaudgtd gousdo, vkjmtk dh dvocuozmkgd

mgtdstmgoid)

Ckgtrozmkgd hdiio jusckioturo `rkgcbmoid

Poiidgtojdgtk hdiio lrdqudgzo corhmoco (`rohmcorhmo) d mpktdgsmkgd.

Voroimsm.. (pdr hdsdgsm`mimzzozmkgd hdi rdcdttkrd gmcktmgmck).

O imvdiik cdgtroid sm boggk tuttm aim dlldttm cbd pksskgk hdrmvord ho ug oujdgtk hdii”OCb gdiid smgopsm

ckjd mrrdqumdtdzzo, gdrvksmsjk, trdjkrm, ckglusmkgd jdgtoid dcc…

Io smaio SITHAD (pkivdrd >V) omuto o rmckrhord aim

dlldttm cousotm hoaim dstdrm kraogk lkslkrmcm >H

Soimvozmkgd, Iocrmjozmkgd, ↟Trmgo, Hdldcozmkgd,

Ogkjoimd Aostrkmgtdstmgoim, Djdsm.

I”uitmjk tmpk hm potkikamd cbd trottmojk, cousotd ho

skstogzd tkssmcbd hdi sgc, skgk id JMDIMGKVOXMD.

_udstd, pksskgk dssdrd hm 0 tmpm>

Io Hdjmdimgmzzozmkgd> ckjd hmcd mi tdrjmgd, mghmco cbd c”â ug hoggk arovd oiid cdiiuid aimoim

(kimakhdghrkcmtm k cdii hm Scbwogg pdr mi sg pdrmldrmck) cbd rmvdstkgk i”osskgd.

I”Dhdjo mgtrojmdimgmck> â mgvdcd ug hoggk cbd prkvkco ug rmakglmojdgtk hkvutk o ug occujuik hm

imqumhm gdiio cdiiuio aimoid cbd rmvdstd i”osskgd.



Voamgo | <1

Ckso ckjpkrto ugo jmdimgkpotmo;; ← Sdjpimcdjdgtd hdm hmstur`m gdiio trosjmssmkgd hdi sdagoid gdrvksk.

_udstk pdrcbí mi rmvdstmjdgtk jmdimgmck pdrjdttd ugo ckghuzmkgd vdikcd, mg quogtk i”mjpuisk didttrmck gkg

posso gdiik strotk mskiogtd hdiio auomgo jmdimgmco jo soito ho ug pugtk sckpdrtk oii”oitrk >H Sd vmdgd o

jogcord mi rmvdstmjdgtk jmdimgmck, io ckghuzmkgd â dstrdjojdgtd pmý idgto.. roiidgtoghk io trosjmssmkgd

hdaim stmjkim.

Id skstogzd Gktd Jmdimgktkssmcbd skgk>

M Hdrmvotm kraogmcm hdiik Stoagk

k

XrmdtmiStoagk ← dhdjo mgtrojmdimgmck. I”oujdgtk hm imqumhm oii”mgtdrgk hdiio cdiiuio aimoid â

hkvutk o ug”oitdrotk scoj`mk mkgmck o imvdiik hdiio jdj`rogo cdiiuiord.. Vrk`o`mijdgtd

hkvutk o ug”oujdgtoto pdrjdo`mimtæ oi Skhmk.. cbd sm pkrto hmdtrk i”Ocquo >H

Mi Vmkj`k ← Vrkvkco io jkrtd hm qudstd cdiiuid.. ckg tktoid pdrhmto hdi rmvdstojdgtk

Dsocikrkldgd ← usotk ug tdjpk ckjd ogtmsdttmck, prkvkco dhdjo, sdaumtk ho imsm cdiiuiord

Xdiiurmk ← â ug jdtoiikmhd, usotk mg oicugd idabd d ckjd sdjmckghuttkrd… bo ugo tkssmcmtæ h mrdtto

gdm ckglrkgtm hdi rmvdstmjdgtk jmdimgmck sui sg pdrmldrmck (cdiiuid hm Scbwogg).

D lmgoijdgtd lmgmojk mi copmtkik hdm hoggm cousotm hom tkssmcm sui SG Cdgtroidddd >HHH

:[:‚ bk dsuitotk trkppk mg lrdtto.. kro cm kccupmojk hdiio GDTPKHDADGDPO^MKGD… id jkhoimtæ ckg

cum io slmaotmssmjo cdiiuimgo gdrvkso jukrd… _udstd jkhoimtæ oiio lmg lmgd skgk o``ostogzo adgdroim.. d

pksskgk rmauorhord quoismosm cdiiuio hdii”kraogmsjk..

Lmgk o 4-< oggm lo sm pdgsovo cbd m tmpm hm jkrtd cdiiuiord lkssdrk stogzmoijdgtd 0 > Io gdcrksm d I”opkptksm.

Kaam mgvdcd pkssmojk olldrjord cbd dsmstkgk hmvdrsm oitrm tmpm hm jkrtd cdiiuiord… d mg portmckiord, i”opkptksm

(prkcdssk cosposm hmpdghdgtd), gkg â i”ugmck tmpk hm ’sumcmhmk‚ cbd rmcbmdhd ug prkarojjo adgmck spdcmlmck..

jo dsmstkgk oitrd jkrtm prkarojjotd >H Ogcbd io Gdcrksm.. cbd sm crdhdvo lkssd ug tmpk hm jkrtd possmvo d

gkg lmsmkikamco, prdvdhd mg rdoitæ hdm prkcdssm ottmvm prkarojjotm hoiio cdiiuio T[u

Sdckghk ug rdcdgtd ortmckik> ’Gdcrksms, o wdii-krcbdstrotdh lkrj kl cdii hdjmsd‚ dsmstkgk oitrd lkrjd hm

jkrtd ottmvo cbd ckmgvkiakgk oitrm dgzmjm ckjd io Coipomgd k hm lottkrm hm troscrmzmkgd cbd oamsckgk sui

gucidk, prkarojjotm gdiio ikrk lugzmkgd hoiio cdiiuio stdsso.

Io gdcrksm â adgdroijdgtd cousoto ho arovm troujm, smo hm tmpk cbmjmck cbd hm tmpk lmsmck d mgtdrdsso pmý

cdiiuid ckgtdjpkrogdojdgtd (ojpmd ordd hm tdssutk). Mgkitrd, â sdjprd occkjpoagoto ho ug prkcdssk hm

tmpk mglmojjotkrmk. Mg qudstk prkcdssk, gdiid cdiiuid, vm â i”oitdrozmkgd hdii”kjdkstosm mkgmco d ckgsda udgtd

rmcbmojk hm ocquo ’←swdiimga‚ cbd prkvkco ug rmakglmojdgtk cdiiuiord lmgk oh orrmvord o imsm cdiiuiord. Oqudstk pugtk, tuttm m jdhmotkrm hdii”mglmojjozmkgd hdiio cdiiuio mg gdcrksm, sm hmspdrhkgk gdii”oj`mdgtd

cmrckstogtd d voggk o mgtoccord id oitrd cdiiuid.. dh dcck cbd mi prkcdssk sm hmrojo o tuttk mi tdssutk.

Io Gdcrksm sm Hmlldrdgzmo hoii”opkptksm mg quogtk qudst”uitmjo â stoto hdlmgmto Jkrtd cdiiuiord Vrkarojjoto.

Kagm cdiiuio ckgtmdgd oii”mgtdrgk hdi suk adgkjo hdiid mglkrjozmkgm/mstruzmkgd ← adgm hm jkrtd, cbd sd

ottmvotm pdrjdttkgk hm joghord oi potm`kik io cdiiuimgo sdgzo oicug rmscbmk pdr id oitrd cmrckstogtm d mi tdssutk.

Mgkitrd gkg skgk ckmgvkitm prkcdssm mglmojjotkrm.

Hoi pugtk hm vmsto jkrlkikamck c”â ug oghojdgtk ckjpidtojdgtd hmvdrsk ho qudiik kssdrvotk gd iio Gdcrksm

(rmakglmojdgtk d imsm). Gdii”opkptksm io cdiiuio gkg sm rmakglmo, jo sm ckgtrod… mi tdrjmgd usotk joaamkrjdgtd

â ’sbrmgeoad‚ cmkâ roaarmgzmjdgtk. Mg sdaumtk o qudsto ckgtrozmkgd, cbd mgtdrdsso ogcbd aim kraogdiim hdiio

cdiiuio d io crkjotmgo o imvdiik hdi gucidk, sm stoccogk hdiid vdscmckid ckgtdgdgtm jotdrmoid cmtkpiosjotmck d



Voamgo | <2

gucidord.. _udstm, skgk hdlmgmtm> ’CKPVM OVKVXKXMCM‚, d vdrroggk pkm loakcmtotm hom jocrkloam mg jkhk toid

ho rmpuimrd io zkgo.

Mg qudstk scbdjo skgk rmossugtm m vorm tmpm hm

jkrtd cbd prdvdhkgk hdm prkcdssm hm tmpk

ottmvk.. Ik ’Stmjkik hm Jkrtd‚ puð dssdrd

hkvutk o vorm lottkrm>

mg sdaumtk oii”mgtdrozmkgd hm su`strotm

dghkadgm ckg m ’Hdotb rdcdptkrs ←

Pdcdttkrm hm Jkrtd‚

Oii”ottmvozmkgd hm Vrktk-kgckadgm

Vrdsdgzo hm Lorjocm Cmtktkssmcm

ckjd oicugm ogtmtujkroim

Id rohmozmkgm, tro cum qudiid T\

I”Mpkssmo

D i”Ossdgzo hm Lottkrm hm crdscmto (prdsdgtm mg kagm tdssutk.. d gdcdssorm pdr io prkimldrozmkgd hdiid

cdiiuid hm qudi tdssutk)

_udstk stmjkik hm jkrtd… puð prkvkcord gdiio cdiiuio jkrtd pdr Gdcrksm.. k jkrtd pdr Opkptksm… Dsmstkgk

pdrð ogcbd stohm mgtdrjdhm cbd skgk>

io Cotostrkld Jmtktmco> Mi lmsmkikamck prksdaumjdgtk hm cmð cbd ckgsdaud oiio hmstruzmkgd hdi lusk

jmtktmck← io cdiiuio vo mgckgtrk jkrtd

io Jkrtd cdiiuiord roiidgtoto> D” ugo jkrtd rmtorhoto cbd mgtdrvmdgd quoghk id cosposm gkg skgk mg

arohk hm lugzmkgord.. qumghm vdgakgk mg omutk oitrm dgzmjm cbd pkrtogk ovogtm mi prkcdssk hm jkrtd.

Io Voroptksm prdvdhd cbd sm o``mo io lkrjozmkgd hm vocukim cmtkpiosjotmcm.. c”â ugo ckjprkjmssmkgd

hdi lugzmkgojdgtk hdi rdtmckik dghkpiosjotmck d hdm jmtkckghrm, ckg rmakglmojdgtk hdaimkraogdiim.. mi prkcdssk â cosposm mghmpdghdgtd.

D mglmgd i”outkloamo. _udstk prkcdssk â mgvdcd ugo ottmvozmkgd hdm smstdjm imskskjmoim hdiio cdiiuio

cbd mgtdrvdgakgk gdiio suo stdsso hmadstmkgd

_um o``mojk ropprdsdgtotk mi prkcdssk opkptktmck.. Vortmojk ho ugo

cdiiuio gkrjoid, ckg io suo jdj`rogo mgtdaro, cbd mgmzmo o

roaarmgzmrsm.. aim kraogdiim sm spdzzogk d sm hmvmhkgk mg

lrojjdgtm, io jdj`rogo cdiiuiord mgmzmo o mgvoamgorsm

hoghk krmamgd o hdiid crmstod, hoiid quoim sm stoccogk m ckrpm

opkptktmcm (vdscmckid) ckgtdgdgtm lrojjdgtm hm kraogdiim dckgtdgutk gucidord.

Hoi hmstocck hdm ckrpm opkptktmcm dgtrogk mg lugzmkgd m

jocrkloam cbd rmpuimsckgk io zkgo loakcmtoghkim.

Lmgk oh kro o``mojk poriotk hm ug prkarojjo adgmck `dg

hdtdrjmgotk gdiio cdiiuio cbd vo mgckgtrk oh opkptksm.. qudstk

prkarojjo prdvdhd mi ckmgvkiamjdgtk hm pmý adgm hmvdrsm.



Voamgo | <=

M adgm dssdgzmoim ollmgcbâ ovvdgao qudstk prkcdssk skgk>

M adgm hdiio ckjpdtdgzo> Skgk Vksmtmvm k Gdaotmvm (← Vrk-opkptktmcm k Ogtm-opkptktmcm) tro qudstm

rmtrkvmojk>

k V-43 (+)> pdrjdttd oiio cdiiuio hm `ikccord io hmvmsmkgd cdiiuiord mg cosk hm hoggm oi hgo,

hoghk jkhk om smstdjm hm rmporozmkgd hm mgtdrvdgmrd. Gdi cosk mi hoggk gkg lkssd rmporotk V-

43 mghmrmzzo io cdiiuio vdrsk io jkrtd cdiiuiord pdr opkptksm.

k

LOS (+)> D” ug imaoghk hm jkrtd… â ugo hm qudiid prktdmgd rmckgkscmutd hom rdcdttkrm hm jkrtd

(hdotb rdcdptkrs)

k

POS (-)> D” ugo prktdmgo cbd pkrto io cdiiuio vdrsk ug prkcdssk hm prkimldrozmkgd d sm kppkgd

oiio jkrtd pdr opkptksm

M adgm rdakiotkrm hdiio jkrtd> Opportdgakgk o ugo arksso lojmaimo, cbmojoto @CI0, cbd ckjprdghd

pordccbm jdj`rm… d ogcb”dssm pksskgk dssdrd Vrk-opkptktmcm k Ogtm-opkptktmcm. Sd gdiio cdiiuio

dsmstd ug dqumim`rmk tro Vrk d Ogtm.. oiikro sm hmvmhd d sm jkitmpimco sdgzo oicug hoggk… jo sd ug

quoismosm dvdgtk dstdrgk, vo o pdrtur`ord i”dqumim`rmk.. pkrtoghk o ug oujdgtk hdm prkopkptktmcm, io

cdiiuio vmdgd mghmrmzzoto vdrsk qudstk prkcdssk.

M adgm dsdcutkrm hdi prkarojjo hm jkrtd>

k

Skgk id Cosposm ← prktdosm cbd boggk mi ckjpmtk hm toaimord id prktdmgd hdiio cdiiuio

(prktdmgd hm jdj`rogo, dgzmjm… dcc…) pkrtoghk o ugo hmstruzmkgd arohuoid hdiio cdiiuio.

k Kitrd oiid cosposm cm skgk oitrd prktdosm ckjd id Coipomgd,

k d io tXA cbd â ugo trogsaiutojjmgosm.

D M adgm hdiio loakcmtksm> ugo vkito mgmzmotk mi prkcdssk opkptktmck, â ogcbd dssdgzmoid i”mgtdrvdgtk

hdm jocrkloam.. dcck qumghm cbd dgtrogk mg lugzmkgd hdiid prktdmgd ckhmlmcotd hom adgm hdiio

loakcmtksm cbd vdgakgk dspkstd suiio jdj`rogo d boggk io lugzmkgd hm sdagoiord om jocrkloam quoim

cdiiuid k quoim hdtrmtm cdiiuiorm voggk loakcmtotm.. tro qudstm o``mojk>

k

Mi rdcdttkrd pdr id Osmoikaimckprktdmgd.. qudstd aimckprktdmgd hm jdj`rogo boggk pdrsk

i”ocmhk smoimck, qumghm skgk oghotd mgckgtrk o ug prkcdssk hm mgvdccbmojdgtk d rmcbmojogkio prdsdgzo hdm jocrkloam.

k

Mi rdcdttkrd pdr io \mtrkgdctmgo.. qudsto â ugo aimckprktdmgo hm ohdsmkgd hdiid cdiiuid, d

ogcb”dsso lovkrmscd io loakcmtksm hdm ckrpm opkptktmcm..

k CH3<> â ug”ο-aimckprktdmgo cbd sm trkvo suiid pmostrmgd ckjd pdr io Xrkj`kspkrmgo..

k Pdcdttkrd hdiio Lkslotmhmisdrmgo.. (mi pmý mjpkrtogtd..) Io lkrlotmhmisdrmgo.. cbd adgdroijdgtd

sm trkvo rmvkito vdrsk i”mgtdrgk hdiio jdj`rogo cdiiuiord, hurogtd i”opkptksm vmdgd dspksto

suiio loccmo dstdrgo hdiio jdj`rogo piosjotmco. _udsto jmarozmkgd â corottdrmstmco hm tuttm m

prkcdssm opkptktmcm.. D” jkitk mjpkrtogtd, mg quogtk â ug mghmcd hdi prkcdssk opkptktmck

cbd puð dssdrd voiutotk spdrmjdgtoijdgtd ottrovdrsk ugo tdcgmco mjjugkcmtkcbmjmco d

i”usk hm skstogzd liukrdscdgtm cbd voggk o idaorsm oiio lkslotmhmisdrmgo. Id cdiiuid cbd oi

jmcrksckpmk o liukrdscdgzo oppomkgk ckikrotd (← vdrhm, ckg liukrdscdmgo msktmkcmogotk)

skgk qudiid oghotd mgckgtrk oh opkptksm k cbd boggk mgmzmotk mi prkcdssk.

Hoi pugtk hm vmsto `mkcbmjmck, ckso occohd;; ←

o``mojk ug oujdgtk hdi coicmk mgtrocdiiuiord

I”ottmvozmkgd hm prktdosm ckjd id Cosposm (cbd loggk portd hdiid CystdmgVrktdosm..) oh kpdro hm

stmjkim dstdrgm (ckjd m imaoghm hm jkrtd) k mgtdrgm (adgdroijdgtd jkidckid im`drotd hom jmtkckghrm.

Io im`drozmkgd hmpdghd hoii”oitdroto pdrjdo`mimtæ hdiio ikrk jdj`rogo, d io skstogzo prmgcmpoid â mi

Cmtkcrkjk C)



Voamgo | 16

Id cosposm pkm oghroggk oh ottmvord oitrm dgzmjm ckjd id Dghkgucidosm cbd lrojjdgtogk mi HGO

cdiiuiord.

Vkm o``mojk oitdrozmkgm hdiid pdrjdo`mimtæ mkgmco hdiio jdj`rogo d spkstojdgtk hm prktdmgd

cmtkpiosjotmcbd su hm dsso.

Id COSVOSM opportdgakgk o ugo lojmaimo jkitk gujdrkso, d mi tdrjmgd hdrmvo ho ’Cystdmgd-rdqumrmga

OSportotd prktdOSD‚ ← skgk qumghm prktdosm cbd rmcbmdhkgk io prdsdgzo hm Cystdmgo, d voggk o toaimord mi

su`strotk prktdmck o imvdiik hdii”Ocmhk Osportmck. Id prktdosm hm qudsto lojmaimo gkg boggk tuttd io stdsso

lugzmkgd.. dsmstkgk id>

Cosposm ottmvotrmcm hdii”opkptksm> cbd hoggk mi vmo oi prkcdssk opkptktmck.. pdrjdttdghk

i”ottmvozmkgd hdiid…←

Cosposm Dsdcutrmcm> Cbd voggk o toaimord id prktdmgd lugzmkgoim hdiid cdiiuid. Dsmstkgk pkm id…

Cosposm cbd mgtdrvdgakgk gdi prkcdssk

mglmojjotkrmk…

I”ottmvozmkgd hdiid Cosposm â ug prkcdssk o coscoto5 òsto cbd

ugo skio smo ottmvo, pdr hord krmamgd o ugo coscoto dgzmjotmco

cbd sm dstdghd, ckmgvkiadghk sdjprd pmý dgzmjm

opportdgdgtm o qudsto ’aroghd lojmaimo‚.

Id cosposm boggk mgkitrd io pdcuimord copocmtæ hm outk-

ottmvorsm.. I”ottmvozmkgd ovvmdgd pdr hmstocck

hdii”dstrdjmtæ ojmgk-tdrjmgoid d pdr mi succdssmvk

toaimk hm ugo pkrzmkgd cor`kssm-tdrjmgoid cbd ho krmamgd o

ug hmjdrk ckstmtumtk ho ugo suùgmtæ pmcckio d ugo

aroghd. _udstk hmjdrk â ug ckjpkgdgtd hdiio cosposm

Ottmvo.. Oi jkjdgtk sdj`ro cbd pdr dssdrd pmdgojdgtd

ottmvo, io cosposm hd`ò hmvdgtord ug tdtrojdrk

ckstmtumtk ho hud suùgmtæ aroghm d hud suùgmtæ

pmcckid.

Ckjd amæ hdttk prmjo, io \mo hm ottmvozmkgd hdiid Cosposm

puð dssdrd MGXPMGSDCO k DSXPMGSDCO.

Io vmo Dstrmgsdco> â qudiio aumhoto hom

Imaoghm hm Jkrtd. \mdgd ogcbd cbmojoto ’\mo

mghktto hoi sdagoid hm Jkrtd d jdhmoto hom

Pdcdttkrm hm Jkrtd‚. Mg qudsto ↓ mjjoamgd o``mojk io cdiiuio toradt (`drsoaimk hdm Imglkcmtm X Emiidr)



Voamgo | 1?

cbd dspkgd m rdcdttkrm hm jkrtd (LOS prktdmg).. Mi Imglkcmto X mgvdcd bo dspkstm suiio jdj`rogo

piosjotmco m Imaoghm hm Jkrtd (LOS Imaogh). I”mgtdrozmkgd Imaoghk-Pdcdttkrd rmcbmojo id Vrk-cosposm

(mgottmvd) d ugo prktdmgo ohottotrmcd, cbd lovkrmscd io lkrjozmkgd hdi ug ckjpidssk UVrk-Cosposm –

Pdcdttkrd OttmvotkZ. O qudstk pugtk id prk-cosposm vdgakgk kppkrtugojdgtd toaimotd gdiid pkrzmkgm

ojmgk d cor`kssm tdrjmgoim, hoghk krmamgd oi hmjdrk d tdtrojdrk ottmvk ckg prkprmdtæ prktdosmco.

Oitdrgotmvojdgtd, c”â mi jdccogmsjk hm jkrtd Mgtrmgsdco….

Io vmo Mgtrmgsdco> prdvdhd mgvdcd cbd mi sdagoid porto hoii”mgtdrgk hdiio cdiiuio, mg portmckiord

hom jmtkckghrm cbd boggk su`mtk ug hoggk cbd bo cousotk ug”oitdrozmkgd hdiio pdrjdo`mimtæ hm

jdj`rogo. I”oujdgtoto pdrjdo`mimtæ ckgsdgtd mi possoaamk hdi Cmtkcrkjk C cbd, mg prdsdgzo hm ugo

prktdmgo ohottotrmcd, mgtdroamscd ckg id Vrk-Cosposm-= lkrjoghk ug ckjpidssk. \drræ o qudstk

pugtk mghkttk ug toaimk hdiid pkrzmkgm cor`kssm d ojmgk tdrjmgoim adgdroghk id Cosposm-= ottmvd cbd

prksdaumroggk gdi prkcdssk hm coscotd dgzmjotmcbd cbd pkrtdroggk oii”ottmvozmkgd hm oitrd cosposm..

Ckjd io Cosposm-3.. ugo hdiid prmgcmpoim Cosposm-Dsdcutrmcm >H

Id @CI-0 skgk qudiio aroghd lojmaimo hm prktdmgd cbd lugakgk ho prk-opkptktmcbd d ogtm-opkptktmcbd.

Skgk gkrjoijdgtd prdsdgtm gdiio cdiiuio d mg ug hdtdrjmgotk dqumim`rmk.

Xro id Vrk-Opkptktmcbd o``mojk> @oh @ox @oe

Xro id Ogtm-Opkptktmcbd> @ci-0 @ci-RI

Sd ugo quoismosm skstogzo k ugk stmjkik jdccogmck vo oh oitdrord i”dqumim`rmk tro qudstd prktdmgd, io cdiiuio

prksdaumræ vdrsk i”dvdgtk lovkrmtk hoiio ciossd prktdmco mg joaamkrogzo.

Bktimges>



Hmspdgsd>



Voamgo | 10

GDTPKHDADGDPO^MKGD | ?</??/?? | Vortd0

Xro m lottkrm cbd pksskgk oitdrord i”dqumim`rmk

tro jkidckid VPK-opkptktmcbd d OGXM-

opkptktmcbd, o``mojk io ckghmzmkgd hm

ossdgzo hm lottkrm hm crdscmto. Io ikrk prdsdgzo gkrjoijdgtd

pdrjdttd io skprovvmvdgzo d io prkimldrozmkgd gkrjoid hdiio

cdiiuio… Io ikrk ossdgzo pkrto o ugo prdvoidgzo hdi sdagoid prk -

opkptktmck.

VPDSDGÔ HDM LOXXKPM XPKLMCM>

Io stmjkiozmkgd hdi rdcdttkrd hdi lottkrd

trklmck vo oh ottmvord oii”mgtdrgk hdiio

cdiiuio ugo coscoto hm emgosm cbd trkvo

ckjd uitmjk didjdgtk hm lkslkrmiozmkgd

’@OH‚ (lottkrd prk-opkptktmck). Osdaumtk hdiio lkslkrmiozmkgd, @OH vmdgd

ckjpidssotk ckg ugo prktdmgo d rdsk mgottmvk.. O qudstk pugtk id ……..

hud suùgmtæ U@ci-0 | @ci-RIZ, gkg pmý ìkccotd ho @OH, pksskgk ………

hmjdrmzzord. Mi hmjdrk bo ottmvmtæ OGXM-Opkptktmco, d mgm`mscd i”ottmvozmkgd hdi Hmjdrk U@OR-@ORZ ckg ottmvmtæ

Vrkpopkptktmco… _udstk mjpdhmscd io lukrmuscmto hdi Cmtkcrkjk C hoi jmtkckghrmk .

JOGCOGÔ HDM LOXXKPM XPKLMCM>

Mg cosk hm ossdgzo hdm lottkrm hm crdscmto, gkg

o``mojk io coscoto hm lkslkrmiozmkgm cbd

pdrjdttkgk i”mgottmvozmkgd hdi lottkrd Vrk-

Opkptktmck @OH. Hm ckgsdaudgzo gkg sm puð

lkrjord mi hmjdrk U@ci-0 | @ci-RIZ ckg ottmvmtæ ogtm-

opkptktmco. O qudstk pugtk, suiio jdj`rogo dstdrgo hdi

jmtkckghrmk pkssmojk trkvord m lottkrm Vrk-opkptktmcm @ox, gdiio

lkrjo hmjdrmco ottmvo cbd pdrjdttd ug possoaamk hm mkgm ottrovdrsk io

jdj`rogo dstdrgo hdi jmtkckghrmk. _udstk oitdro io pdrjdo`mimtæ

hdiio jdj`rogo jmtkckghrmoid lovkrdghk mi possoaamk hdi

Cmtkcrkjk C gdi cmtkpiosjo d hoghk mi vmo oiprkcdssk hm ottmvozmkgd hdiid Cosposm… Mi

Cmtkcrkjk C mgckgtro ugo prktdmgo

ohottotrmcd cbd lovkrmscd i”mgtdrozmkgd ckg io Vrkcosposm =.

Tgo vkito lkrjotk mi ckjpidssk sm prkcdhd vdrsk i”ottmvozmkgd

hdiio o cosposm = (cosposm mgmzmotrmcd).. io quoid prkcdhd vdrsk io coscoto hm rdozmkgm cbd pkrto oii”ottmvozmkgd

hm tuttd id oitrd cosposm ckjd io cosposm-3 (cosposm dsdcutrmcd).

@dgd.. kro.. gukvk orakjdgtkkk! M jkhdiim spdrmjdgtoim cbd pksskgk dssdrd usotm mg io`krotkrmk pdr tdstord

gukvm ckjpkstm d voiutorgd i”ottmvmtæ cmtktkssmco ottrovdrsk jdccogmsjm hm tmpk gdcrktmck k opkptktmck…

Jdj`rogo

jmtkckghrmoid



Voamgo | 13

CPDO^MKGD HM JKHDIIM MG \MXPK HM JKPXD GDTPKGOID

Vdr tdstord ugo gukvo skstogzo pkssmojk usord svormotm jkhdiim mg vmtrk. Vkssmojk portmrd ho qudiik cbd sm

ovvmcmgo joaamkrjdgtd oi jkhdiik mg-vmvk .. dh â oh dsdjpmk ckstmtumtk ho ldttmgd hdi tdssutk cbd sm vukid

dsojmgord. Io ldttmgo â kttdguto trojmtd ug jmcrktkjk, cbd toaimo mg jkhk jkitk prdcmsk… Sm kttmdgd mg

qudsto jogmdro ug jkhdiik mskiotk, jo jkitk smjmid o qudiik ogmjoid, mg cum vm skgk pmý pkpkiozmkgm cdiiuiorm

o ckgtottk tro hm ikrk…. Sd sm vukid scdghdrd ogckro pmý gdiik spdcmlmck d ovdrd ugo skio pkpkiozmkgd

cdiiuiord, kcckrrd crdord hdiid ckiturd cdiiuiorm cbd pdrjdttkgk hm ovdrd ug jkgkstrotk kjkadgdk hm

cdiiuid. Mi jkgkstrotk rdghd ugmlkrjd i”osskr`mjdgtk hdiio skstogzo ho tdstord… oi ckgtrormk, mg ugo ldttmgo

tmssutoid kcckrrd hor jkhk oiio skstogzo hm pdgdtrord d roaamugadrd ogcbd id cdiiuid pmý mgtdrgd. Gdi cosk sm

trottossd hm gdurkgm, pkssmojk crdord jkhdiim mg cum skgk mskiotd skik id tdrjmgozmkgm hm qudstm

(←Smgoptkskjm). M smgoptkskjm skgk kttdgutm hoi tdssutk gdurkgoid mg sdaumtk o kpdrozmkgm hm

kjkadgdmzzozmkgd hdi tdssutk d cdgtrmluaozmkgm… cbd pkrtogk oiio lkrjozmkgd hm ugo skspdgsmkgd hm

vdscmckid, cmoscugo ckstmtumto ho ugo tdrjmgozmkgd gdrvkso cbd sm â rmcbmuso su sd stdsso…

Id ckiturd cdiiuiorm kttdgutd pksskgk dssdrd prmjormd k sdckghormd… Id ckiturd prmjormd skgk kttdgutd mg ug

ugmck possoaamk, hoi tdssutk oiio ckituro.. skgk id pmý hdimcotd ho jogtdgdrd, d gkg boggk tdjpm hm

skprovvmvdgzo jkitk iugabm.. hm ckgsdaudgzo m tdst spdrmjdgtoim voggk dlldttuotm dgtrk pkck tdjpk hoiio

prdporozmkgd. Id ckiturd sdckghormd mgvdcd sm kttdgakgk ho possoaam succdssmvm.. d adgdroijdgtd hdrmvogk

ho cdiiuid hm tdssutm mg arohk hm prkimldrord.. Oh ds> mg cosk hm cdiiuid aimoim.. k ogckro jdaimk, pdr imgdd cdiiuiorm

mjjkrtoimzzotd…

M gdurkgm oi ckgtrormk gkg pksskgk prkimldrord.. hm ckgsdaudgzo pktroggk adgdrord skik Ckiturd Vrmjormd… D

pkssmojk prdpororid o portmrd ho hmlldrdgtm ordd cdrd`roim… ckjd io Ckrtdccmo cdrd`roid.. i”mppkcojpk, mi

cdrvdiidttk k m gdurkgm jdsdgcdloimcm.. _udstm uitmjm skgk prdsm hoi jdsdgcdloik hurogtd ik stohmk hm

arovmhogzo hdii”ogmjoid quoghk gkg sm skgk ogckro hdi tuttk hmlldrdgzmotd id cdiiuid.. Mg qudstk jkhk

kttdgmojk gdurkgm hkpojmgdramcm, cbd oghroggk pkm o ckstmtumrd io Su`stogtmo Gmaro.. _udstk adgdroijdgtd

ckstmtumscd ug jkhdiik mg vmtrk pdr tdstord skstogzd cbd voggk oh oamrd ckjd gdurkprktdttmvm pdr io

potkikamo hdi poremgskg.

Id ckiturd cdiiuiorm hm ckrtdccmo d Mppkcojpk skgk prdvoidgtdjdgtd usotd pdr voiutord i”ozmkgd

gdurkprktdttmvo hm ugo skstogzo pdr potkikamd cbd ckmgvkiakgk qudstd ordd cdrd`roim oh dsdjpmk mg cosk hm

hdlmcmt ckagmtmvm d hm pdrhmto hdiio jdjkrmo.. _udstd ckiturd skgk adgdroijdgtd prdporotd portdghk

hoii”ogmjoid oppdgo gotk k, ogckro jdaimk, prmjo hdiio suo goscmto.. mg qudstk jkhk gkg â ogckro

ckjpidtoto io hmlldrdgzmozmkgd d i”ottdccbmjdgtk gdi tdrrdgk ho ckituro â smcurojdgtd jmaimkrd. Id ckiturd

jdsdgcdloimcbd oh dsdjpmk, skgk pdrporotd ho dj`rmkgm hm ?8 amkrgm/(su 0?) .. sm prdghkgk m ldtm

(pmcckimssmjm), sm toaimo ikrk io tdsto, sm oprd io scotkio crogmco d ottrovdrsk ug jmcrksckpmk ho hmssdzmkgd sm

prdidvo i”ordo cdrd`roid cbd ckrrmspkghd oi jdsdgcdloik… I”dstrozmkgd hoi rottk oppdgo gotk â cdrtojdgtd

jdgk ckjpimcoto >H

Su qudstd ckiturd cdiiuiorm pkssmojk dlldttuord voiutozmkgm hm tmpk>

Jkrlkikamck> Oghmojk o vdhdrd quoid tmpk hm cdiiuio â prdsdgtd, d sd qudsto bo su`mtk hdiid

oitdrozmkgm gdiio suo strutturo.. oh dsdjpmk gdii”dikgaotmkg osskgoid k hdm gdurmtm.. k sd c”â stotk ug

rmakglmojdgtk gdi pmrdgklkrk d qumghm sd vm â mg ottk ug prkcdssk gdcrktmck..

Gdurkcbmjmck> \oiutmojk sd vdgakgk im`drotm gdurktrosjdttmtkrm d hdtdrjmgmojk id ckgcdgtrozmkgm

hm qudstm.. qumghm pkssmojk mhdgtmlmcord io prdsdgzo hm hoggm gdiio gdurktrosjmssmkgd.



Voamgo | 18

Didttrk-lmsmkikamck> Ottrovdrsk tdcgmcbd hm potcb-ciojp.. oghmojk o kssdrvord portm hdiio jdj`rogo

piosjotmco hdiid cdiiuid d voiutmojk id ckghuttogzd mkgmcbd…

Id ckiturd cdiiuiorm ropprdsdgtogk ug kttmjk jkhdiik spdrmjdgtoid, mg quogtk smojk smcurm cbd hkpk ug

hdtdrjmgotk pdrmkhk hm tdjpk (cmrco ugo sdttmjogo) qudstd svmiuppdroggk aim stdssm smstdjm dgzmjotmcm d id

stdssd corottdrmstmcbd didttrklmsmkikamcbd hdiid cdiiuid hm krmamgd mg-vmvk.

_uoghk sm prdporogk ckiturd cdiiuiorm hm ckrtdccmo cdrd`roid hmrottk, sm usogk ogmjoim oppdgo gotm (? amkrgk)… d mg opprkprmotd

ckghmzmkgm hm ckituro skprovvmvkgk pdr 0 sdttmjogd. Ckgsmhdroghk

cbd kcckrrd lor possord ugo sdttmjogo hm crdscmto mg-vmtrk, gkg

rmjogd jkitk tdjpk pdr iovkrorcm skpro dh dsdaumrd m vorm tdst >V

Oii”mgtdrgk hm qudstd ckiturd adgdroijdgtd rmjogd sdjprd ugo

pmcckio pdrcdgtuoid hm aimo cbd cm sm pkrto hmdtrk dlldttuoghk m vorm

possoaam hm kjkadgdmzzozmkgd.. I”ugmck jkhk pdr dimjmgorio â

trottord mi cojpmkgd ckgtdgdgtd id pkpkiozmkgm cdiiuiorm (ckstmtumtd

ho gdurkgm aiutojjotdramcm d gdurkgm AO@Odramcm) ckg ug mgm`mtkrd

hdiio crdscmto aimoid. Ckg qudstk jkhdiik spdrmjdgtoid pkssmojk oh

dsdjpmk tdstord sd ugo skstogzo vo o mgliudgzord io

gdurktrosjmssmkgd dccmtotkrmo k io gdurktrosjmssmkgd mgm`mtkrmo..

k Aiutojjotk ← Gdurktrosjdttmtkrd dccmtotkrmk

k AO@O ← Gdurktrosjdttmtkrd mgm`mtkrmk)

_udstd skgk lktkarolmd lottd ottrovdrsk ug jmcrksckpmk o ckgtrostk

hm losd, ckg hud mgaroghmjdgtm hmvdrsm, hkvd sm vdhkgk id ckiturd

cdiiuiorm trosckrsm <-1 amkrgm, quoghk krjom sm â svmiuppoto ugo rdtd

gdurkgoid. Oii”mgmzmk, quoghk sm dlldttuo io sdjmgo, sm pksskgk

kssdrvord skik hdiid pmcckid sldrdttd hmstrm`umtd sui tdrrdgk hm

ckiutro.

Su qudstd ckiturd cdiiuiorm pkssmojk mgkitrd voiutord io gdurkhdadgdrozmkgd cousoto ho hdtdrjmgotd

skstogzd… k voiutord i”dlldttk gdurkprktdttmvk hm gukvm ckjpkstm o sckpk tdropdutmck. Sd su qudstk jkhdiik

mg-vmtrk sm kssdrvogk rmsuitotm pksmtmvm, oiikro sm puð ckgtmguord io rmcdrco su jkhdiim mg-vmvk.

Gdiid joiottmd gdurkhdadgdrotmvd (poremgskg, Oizbdmjdr, Bugtmgatkg dcc) d mg dvdgtm ocutm hm mscbdjmo d mpkssmo

(strked) i”didjdgtk ckjugd cbd pkrto sdjprd oiio jkrtd cdiiuiord â i”dccmtktkssmcmtæ.. cbd.. rmpdtmojkik pdr io

cdgtmjmimkgdsmjo vkito.. â cousoto ho ug”dccdssmvo im`drozmkgd hdi aiutojjotk, cbd stmjkio m sukm rdcdttkrm(GJHO, OJVO d Eomgotk) pkrtoghk o ug oujdgtk hdiio ckgcdgtrozmkgd hm Co++ cmtkpiosjotmck… mi quoid, mg

dccdssk, ho krmamgd o ug puttogomk hm coscotd dgzmjotmcbd.. cbd sm ckgciuhkgk ckg io jkrtd gdurkgoid…

@osoghkcm su qudstk didjdgtk ckjugd, pkssmojk rmcrdord mg-vmtrk, ugo smtuozmkgd hm hoggk smjmid o qudiio

mg-vmvk >H ← `osto oh dsdjpmk skttkpkrrd id ckiturd cdiiuiorm o ug”didvoto ckgcdgtrozmkgd hm aiutojjotk…

supdrmkrd om imjmtm lmsmkikamcm occdttotm hoiio cdiiuio ← hom 36 ιjki om ?66 lmgk o 466 ιjki… pdr ug pdrmkhk

cbd puð vormord hom ?6 jmgutm k ogcbd 08 krd.. hmpdghd hoii”dgtmtæ hm hoggk c bd sm vukid rmcrdord.

Adgdroijdgtd sm prdldrmscd crdord ug hoggk cbd smo spdrmjdgtoijdgtd vmsm`mid d voiuto`mid, jo cbd

pdrjdtto ogcbd oiio skstogzo ckg ottmvmtæ gdurkprktdttmvo, hm lor rdcupdrord qudstd cdiiuid. Kvvmojdgtd, Mi

trottojdgtk ckg io skstogzo mg dsojd vo dlldttuotk VPMJO hm dspkrrd id ckiturd cdiiuiorm oi Aiutojjotk dcrdord mi hoggk.



Voamgo | 14

Vdr jmjord jdaimk ug jkhdiik mscbdjmck pkssmojk jdttdrd id cdiiuid mg ckghmzmkgd hm ossdgzo hm kssmadgk.

← Vkgak id cdiiuid mg ug tdrrdgk ho ckituro prmvk hm aiucksmk (pdr ?4 jmgutm) d pkm sdgzo kssmadgk (pdr oitrm

<6 jmgutm)… Mi gdurkprktdttmvk vo skjjmgmstrotk cmrco 36 jmgutm prmjo hdiik stmjkik tkssmck.

Ckjd sm Hdtdrjmgo Spdrmjdgtoijdgtd io jkrtd cdiiuiord;;

← Vkssmojk voiutorio ottrovdrsk hmvdrsm tmpm hm soaam>

SOAAM OSVDCMLMCM>

Gkg skgk mg arohk hm hmstmgaudrd sd mi tmpk hm jkrtd â opkptktmco k gdcrktmco… pkssmojk usord>

Ckikrogtm mgtrovmtoim (\mtoi Hyds)..kvvdrk hdiid skstogzd cbmjmcbd jkitk pkiorm, mg arohk hm

pdgdtrord io cdiiuio skik quoghk qudsto bo io jdj`rogo cdiiuiord hoggdaamoto.. Oicugm hm qudstm

ckikrogtm skgk mi Vrkpmhmk Mkhurk d mi Xrypog @iu

_udstk ↟ â ug dsdjpmk hm cdiiuid trottotd ckg Vrkpmhmk mkhurk (liukrdscdgtd).. Gdi prdporotk hm

ckgtrkiik, id cdiiuid ckikrotd skgk pkcbd… Gdaim oitrm hud, skttkpkstm o mgsuitm ckjd i”oaamugto hm

aiutojjotk, sm gkto cbd mi gujdrk hm ckrpm cdiiuiorm hoggdaamotm â `dg joaamkrd. Oghoghk o ckgtordmi gujdrk hm cdiiuid ckikrotd hoi prkpmhmk mkhurk, pkssmojk hdtdrjmgord io pdrcdgtuoid hm cdiiuid

jkrtd gdi prdporotk mg sdaumtk o ug hdtdrjmgotk tmpk hm mgsuitk.. Vmý â oito io pdrcdgtuoid hm cdiiuid

pksmtmvd oi prkpmhmk mkhurk, joaamkrd â mi hoggk cdiiuiord…

Soaamk hdii”JXX> D” ugo voiutozmkgd hdii”dgtmtæ hm

skprovvmvdgzo cdiiuiord.. Kvvdrk, oiio lmgd

hdii”dspmrmjdgtk jm pdrjdttd hm voiutord quogtd

cdiiuid \M\D skgk rmjostd rmspdttk oi tktoid. Mi tdst sm dlldttuo

hdtdrjmgoghk i”ottmvmtæ hdiid hdmhrkadgosm jmtkckghrmoim.. I” JXX â ugo pkivdrd amoiio, cbd vmdgd

hmscmkito d jdsso o ckgtottk ckg id ckiturd cdiiuiorm.. Sd vm â ottmvmtæ dgzmjotmco gdm jmtkckghrm, io

cdiiuio â vmvo… mg toi cosk id hdmhrkadgosm jmtkckghrmoim troslkrjdroggk i”JXX mg ug ckjpkstk hm

ckikrd ìu-vmkiocdk mgskiu`mid mg ocquo (lkrjozogk). Mi tdst â o`òstogzo vdikcd… òstogk 4-?6

jmgutm pdr pktdr kssdrvord hdm pugtmgm ìu suiio supdrlmcmd hdiid cdiiuid. Oh kagm jkhk, pdr voiutord

mg jkhk kaadttmvk io % hm cdiiuid vmvd kcckrrd usord ugk spdttrklktkjdtrk Sm pkrto mg skiuzmkgd mi

soid mgskiu`mid hdii”JXX oaamugadghk mskprkpogkik ocmhmlmcotk.. io skiuzmkgd kttdguto vmdgd qumghm

ospmroto d sm hdtdrjmgo i”osskrògzo o 416 gj. Vmý â scuro io skiuzmkgd (←joaamkrd â i”osskrògzo),

joaamkrd â mi gujdrk hm cdiiuid skprovvmssutd… Kvvmojdgtd, pdr lord id voiutozmkgm, kcckrrd ug

prdporotk hm ckgtrkiik.



Voamgo | 1<

Xdst hm Pmioscmk hdiio Iottmck Hdmhrkadgosm> Lkrgmscd ug mghmcd hm JKPXD cdiiuiord… mg qudstk

cosk mi porojdtrk hm osskrògzo cbd vohk o voiutord oujdgto oii”oujdgtord hdiio jkrtd cdiiuiord.

Io Iottmck hdmhrkadgosm â ug dgzmjo prdsdgtd oii”mgtdrgk hm tuttd id cdiiuid… _uoghk pdrð vm â ug

hoggk, cbd couso ug”oitdrozmkgd hdiio pdrjdo`mimtæ hdiio jdj`rogo, io IHB vmdgd rmioscmoto

gdii”oj`mdgtd dxtrocdiiuiord. Ckg qudstk tdst qumghm voiutk io quogtmtæ hm IHB rmioscmoto o couso

hdiio hdadgdrozmkgd cdiiuiord. Vdr dlldttuorik adgdroijdgtd sm uso ug EMX amæ prkgtk cbd ckgtmdgd> mi

su`strotk pdr io Iottmck Hdmhrkadgosm (←mi iottotk) d mi soid hm tdtrozkimk (hm ckikrd amoiik).. Mi iottotk,mg prdsdgzo hdii”IHB vdrræ troslkrjotk mg

Vmruvotk, ckg rmhuzmkgd hdi GOH+ o GOHB + B+ ..

cotoimzzoto io troslkrjozmkgd hdi soid tdtrozkimk o

ug soid hm Lkrjozogk hm ckikrd Pkssk. O qudstk

pugtk jmsurk oiio iugabdzzo h”kgho hm 8=0

gj ckg ik spdttrklktkjdtrk i”osskrògzo… d

troaak id ikamcbd ckgciusmkgm >V

SOAAM SVDCMLMCM>

Vdrjdttkgk hm voiutord mg jkhk spdcmlmck io jkrtd pdr OVKVXKSM.

XDSX ckg Bkdcbst 33042> Ckjd soppmojk, quoghk io jkrtd mgckrrd pdr opkptksm, vm â io

lrojjdgtozmkgd hdm vorm kraogdiim d hdiio crkjotmgo gucidord io quoid sm ohhdgso oii”mgtdrgk hdiid

vdscmckid. Vkssmojk qumghm hdtdrjmgord io jkrtd pdr opkptksm ottrovdrsk io jmsuro jkrlkikamco, hm

quogtk qudsto sm â ckghdgsoto… Vrmjo hm dsdaumrd mi tdst, kcckrrd lmssord id ckiturd cdiiuiorm ckg io

porolkrjoihdmhd. O qudstk pugtk su`msckgk vorm trottojdgtm,

tro cum i”mgcuòzmkgd ckg ug ckikrogtd gucidord liukrdscdgtd

cbmojotk Bkdcbst 33042 cbd idao mi HGO hdiid cdiiuid. O qudstk

pugtk sm dlldttuo ug ioòaamk d, ottrovdrsk mi jmcrksckpmk o

liukrdscdgzo, sm puð kro dvmhdgzmord sd io crkjotmgo â

hmstrmùmto kjkadgdojdgtd gdi gucidk k sd sm â ohhdgsoto.

M pugtmgm aroghm ozzurrm gdiid mjjoamgm skgk m gucidm cbd boggk

ossugtk io ckikrozmkgd hdi ckikrogtd gucidord d io cum crkjotmgo

â kjkadgdo.. _udiim pmý pmcckim ropprdsdgtogk mgvdcd m gucidm io

cum crkjotmgo â ckghdgsoto.. mi cojpmkgd O, â mi prdporotk hm

ckgtrkiik, d mglottm sm kssdrvogk prdvoidgtdjdgtd gucidm ckg ugocrkjotmgo gkg ohhdgsoto… @ d C skgk mgvdcd ckiturd cdiiuiorm

dspkstd o ug mgsuitk cmtktkssmck (36 ιjki d ?66 ιjkim hm

aiutojjotk). H â i”mgaroghmjdgtk hm ugo cdiiuio mg opkptksm,

hkvd puð dssdrd cbmorojdgtd hmstmgto io lrojjdgtozmkgd hdiio

cdiiuio mg vdscmckid (ckrpm opkptktmcm) ckgtdgdgtm lrojjdgtm hm

kraogdiim d io crkjotmgo

ohhdgsoto ckg qudsto tmpmco

ckikrozmkgd pmý iujmgkso.

Vdr io voiutozmkgd quogtmtotmvo,mi iovkrk â idaadrjdgtd

O

@

CH



Voamgo | 11

ckjpimcotk… kcckrrd prdghdrd kagm rmquohrk hdi prdporotk.. d

oghord o ckgtord tuttm m gucidm ckikrotm ugmlkrjdjdgtd.. d tuttd id

cdiiuid ckg io crkjotmgo ohhdgsoto.. O qudstk pugtk pkssk

coickiord io pdrcdgtuoid hm cdiiuid oghotd mg opkptksm… K[k

Mg qudst”oitrk cojpmkgd, mi hoggk â cousotk hoiio hdprmvozmkgd hm

kssmadgk d aiucksmk pdr ug”kro… ogcbd mg qudstk cosk, mi

prdporotk hm ckgtrkiik prdsdgto io joaamkr portd hdm gucidm ckg

ugo ckikrozmkgd ugmlkrjd, jdgtrd gdiid cdiiuid trottotd, oujdgto

mi gujdrk hdm gucidm io cum crkjotmgo sm â ckghdgsoto.

Hdtdrjmgozmkgd hdii”ottmvmtæ hdiid Cosposm> _udstm dgzmjm skgk

aim mgmzmotkrm d aim dsdcutkrm hdi hoggk opkptktmck. Io ikrk ottmvmtæ

puð dssdrd jmsuroto mg hud jkhm>

k

\oiutoghk i”ottmvmtæ prktdosmco ckg ug soaamk ̀ mkcbmjmck

k

\oiutoghk io ikrk ckgcdgtrozmkgd ottrovdrsk tdcgmcbd mjjugkcmtkcbmjmcbd

Lkrtugotojdgtd dsmstkgk hdm emt amæ `diim prkgtm… ckg tuttm m su`strotm gdcdssorm oii”dspdrmjdgtk >H

\oiutozmkgd hdii”ottmvmtæ hdiio Cosposm-3 Soaamk @mkcbmjmck>

Io cosposm-3, ckjd tuttd id oitrd cosposm, vo o toaimord ug su`strotk prktdmck mg ckrrmspkghdgzo hm ug

rdsmhuk hm ocmhk osportmck. Mi su`strotk lkrgmtk gdi Emt â cbmojotk HD\H d ropprdsdgto io sdqudgzo

pkimgucidktmhmco (Osp-Aiu-\oi-Osp). Kcckrrd pdrð ug smstdjo pdr dvmhdgzmord mi toaimk mg qudsto

sdaudgzo ojmgkocmhmco.. ← mi su`srotk ckikrmjdtrmck lkrgmtk â qumghm mi pdptmhd HD\H ckg idaotk

oii”uitmjk osportotk io poro-gmtrk-Ogmimgo. Sd io cosposm â ottmvo, oghræ o toaimord mi pkimpdptmhd mg

ckrrmspkghdgzo hdi idaojd tro Osportotk d p-gmtrk-ogmimgo io quoid, gdiio lkrjo im`dro, puð dssdrd

hdtdrjmgoto ckg ug”ogoimsm spdttrklktkjdtrmco o 864 gj… Joaamkrd â i”osskr`ogzo, joaamkrd âi”ottmvmtæ d io ckgcdgtrozmkgd hdiid cosposm gdiio cdiiuio… hm ckgsdaudgzo,mi prkcdssk hm jkrtd â

opkptktmck.

Xdst Hdii”Oggdssmgo \ – LkslotmhmiSdrmgo Soaamk @mkcbmjmck>

Hurogtd i”opkptksm sm bo i”dspksmzmkgd hdiio LkslotmhmiSdrmgo suiio jdj`rogo dstdrgo hdiio cdiiuio.

Vdr voiutord sd â dlldttmvojdgtd ovvdgutk qudstk prkcdssk, Oaamugamojk i”Oggdssmgo-\-LMXC…

_udsto jkidckio â oitojdgtd sdidttmvo pdr io Lkslotmhmi-Sdrmgo5 mi idaojd ik pkssmojk dvmhdgzmord

ottrovdrsk mi liukrklkrk ckgmuaotk Oii”oggdssmgo-4 ← Io Liukrdscdmgo MskXmkcmogotk (LMXC).

Mi prdporotk O â mi ckgtrkiik… @ d C skgk id

ckiturd cdiiuiorm dspkstd o ug hdtdrjmgotkmgsuitk.. Ckjd sm puð vdhdrd, skgk

dvmhdgzmotm hdaim spkt liukrdscdgtm, cbd

ropprdsdgtogk id cdiiuid mg opkptksm (cbd

boggk dspkstk io lkslotmhmiSdrmgo…) Io

liukrdscdgzo vdrhd â hoto hoi LMXC.. Suiik

stdssk prdporotk â mgkitrd stotk lottk ug

trottojdgtk ckg Vrkpmhmk Mkhurk (sdckgho

ckikggo) pdr voiutord ugo jkrtd

adgdroimzzoto.

O

@



Voamgo | 12

\oiutozmkgd Hdii”dgtmtæ hdi hoggk trojmtd ogoimsm jkrlkikamco hdiio cdiiuio

Xdcgmco Mjjugkcmtkcbmjmco>

_udstd gdiid mjjoamgm skgk hdiid ckiturd

hm gdurkgm hdiio ckrtdccmo cdrd`roid5

qudiid o smgmstro skgk id ckiturd hm

ckgtrkiik.. qudiid o Hdstro skgk stotdmgvdcd skttkpkstd o ug hoggk mscbdjmck

(hdprmvozmkgd hm Aiucksmk d Kssmadgk)

pdr <6 jmgutm. Xro m hud prdporotm sm puð

kssdrvord ugo gktdvkid hmlldrdgzo… Mg

qudiik skaadttk o mscbdjmo sm gkto cbd mi

gujdrk hm cdiiuid â hdcmsojdgtd

mgldrmkrd, mgkitrd sm puð kssdrvord ugo

lrojjdgtozmkgd hdm gdurmtm (mg portmckior

jkhk hdaim osskgm).

Vdr kttdgdrd qudstd mjjoamgm d pktdr

cksé voiutord io jkrlkikamo hdiid ckiturd

cdiiuiorm, skgk stotm usotm hdm jorcotkrm

hdi cmtkscbdidtrk gdurkgoid (Ogtmckrpm ogtm-JOV. Hoi pugtk hm vmsto quoimtotmvk, qumghm, pkssmojk

locmijdgtd hmjkstrord cbd vm â ug hoggk gdurkgoid.. Kcckrrd pdrð quogtmlmcord i”dgtmtæ hdi hoggk.

Vdr lorik, sm usogk hdm skltword ohdauotm, d mgquohroghk io zkgo hdi gdurmtd lrojjdgtotk sm

ckgtogk (pdr ugo hdtdrjmgoto iugabdzzo) quogtm lrojjdgtm sm skgk lkrjotm. Joaamkrd â mi gujdrk

hm lrojjdgtozmkgm.. joaamkrd â mi hoggk quogtmtotmvojdgtd voiutotk suiio jkrlkikamo hdiio cdiiuio…

Ogcbd qudstk qumghm â ug jdtkhk o``ostogzo… poiiksk…

Oppimcord ug skik jdtkhk hm qudiim hdscrmttm, gkg pdrjdttd hm voiutord oppmdgk io tkssmcmtæ k id prkprmdtæ

gdurkprktdttmvd hm ugo skstogzo mg dsojd. Kcckrrd osskcmord tro hm ikrk qudstm jdtkhm. Dcck cbd oiikro sm

puð kttdgdrd ug quohrk adgdroid hdii”ottmvmtæ hm qudiio skstogzo..

_umghm.. osskcmoghk io jmsuro hdiio Iottmck Hdmhrkadgosm.. osskcmoghk mi tdst hdii”JXX, voiutoghk mi gujdrk hm

gucidm ckg io crkjotmgo ckghdgsoto, i”ottmvmtæ hdiid cosposm.. d io prdsdgzo hm idaojd ckg i”oggdssmgo-v sm puð

kttdgdrd ug quohrk ckjpidssmvk hm ckjd sm ckjpkrto ugk hdm ckjpkstm mg dsojd.

Bktimges>





Voamgo | 1=

GDTPKHDADGDPO^MKGD | 0?/??/?? | Vortd3

I”uitmjo portd cbd rmjogdvo dro qudsto hmopksmtmvo… _udstd skgk ckiturd hm gdurkgm jdsdgcdloimcm ←

o``mojk qumghm ugo pkpkiozmkgd cdiiuiord ckg ug”oito % hm Gdurkgm hkpojmgdramcm.. cbd mg vmvk oghrd``drko ckstmtumrd io su`stogtmo gmaro.. â qumghm ug kttmjk jkhdiik spdrmjdgtoid pdr tdstord gukvm ckjpkstm ckg

ottmvmtæ gdurkprktdttmvo mg potkikamd ckjd mi Voremgskg. Mg qudstk jkhdiik spdrmjdgtoid, io jkrtd â

mghktto hoi Aiutojjotk.. Vdr dvmhdgzmord ik stotk hdm gdurkgm vmdgd usoto ugo tdcgmco mjjugkcmtkcbmjmco

cbd prdvdhd i”usk hm ug ogtmckrpk pdr io Xyrksmg-Mhrkssmiosm, cbd â ug dgzmjo gdcdssormk oiio smgtdsm hdiio

Hkpojmgo. Gdi prdporotk (O) sm vdhd cbd m gdurkgm skgk `diim Ottmvm d \mtoim >V Hkpk i”mgsuitk ckg mi

aiutojjotk sm kssdrvo gdi prdporotk (@) mi hrostmck coik hm liukrdscdgzo…

Ottrovdrsk qudsto tdcgmco pkssk dvmhdgzmord sdidttmvojdgtd m gdurkgm hkpojmgdramcm d voiutord mi ikrk stotk.

LMGD hdiio Jkrtd Cdiiuiordddddd.. possmojk kro oiio ← ←

XKSSMCKIKAMO HDI CMCIK PMVPKHTXXM\K

Mi cimcik rmprkhuttmvk portd hoiio ldckghozmkgd hdii”kvkcmto ho portd hdiik spdrjotkzkk.. sm bo io lkrjozmkgd

hdiik zmaktd… ugo prmjo hmvmsmkgd cdiiuiord hdlmgmto sdajdgtozmkgd, ckg lkrjozmkgd hm ug prmjk o``kzzk

dj`rmkgoid cbmojotk @iostkcmstm. _udsto â ug ojjossk hm cdiiuid cbd oghræ pkm o mjpmogtorsm gdiio juckso

utdrmgo.. ollmgcbâ cmð ovvdgao â gdcdssormk cbd vm smo ug dqumim`rmk hm prkhuzmkgd hm dstrkadgm d prkadstmgmcm.

_udstk â amæ ug prmjk pugtk hm ottocck hdiid skstogzd tkssmcbd, cbd mg qudstk cosk prkvkcogk ugomjjdhmoto mgtdrruzmkgd hdiio arovmhogzo.

Sd tuttk vo `dgd, mgmzmo ugo losd hm mgtdgso prkimldrozmkgd cdiiuiord d hmlldrdgzmozmkgd cbd ckrrmspkghd

oii”kraogkadgdsm d huro m prmjm 3 jdsm hdiio arovmhogzo. _udstk pdrmkhk â mi pmý hdimcotk5 sd vm â mi ckgtottk

ckg ugo skstogzo tkssmco tdrotkadgo mi hoggk prkvkco smcurojdgtd ug hoggk gdiik svmiuppk.

Hkpk mi prmjk trmjdstrd oicugm kraogm k opporotm ckgtmguogk o svmiupporsm d hmlldrdgzmorsm.. Ckjd mi SGC d mi

Smstdjo rmprkhuttmvk. D skgk suscdttm`mim o ug hoggk ogcbd gdm jdsm succdssmvm >-/ (Ogcbd hkpk io goscmto

K[k) Hurogtd mi pdrmkhk ldtoid gkg â ogckro ckjpidto io joturozmkgd mstkikamco d lugzmkgoid.. d i”kraogmsjk

â pmý suscdttm`mid o qudm tkssmcm cbd voggk oh oitdrord ik svmiuppk lugzmkgoid (prkhuzmkgd dgzmjotmco, hm

krjkgm.. dcc)… M hoggm mg qudstk pdrmkhk adgdroijdgtd gkg prkvkcogk joilkrjozmkgm hdii”kraogk.. jo

ckjprkjdttdroggk i”ottmvmtæ hm hdtdrjmgotm kraogm.



Voamgo | 26

Oiio lmgd hdi pdrmkhk ldtoid c”â io goscmto (portk) d ik

svmiuppk pkstgotoid.. Oicugm kraogm ckgtmguogk o svmiupporsm

ogcbd mg qudstm jdsm, pdrcéð ogcbd i”oiiottojdgtk puð

dssdrd ug vdmckik hm trosjmssmkgd hm skstogxd tkssmcbd hoiio

johrd oi lmaimk.. cbd pksskgk prmgcmpoijdgtd

ckjprkjdttdrd ik svmiuppk hdi SGC.

Io Aojdtkadgdsm â pksto suiik stdssk imvdiik

hdii”kraogkadgdsm. Gdii”kraogmsjk ldjjmgmid, mi gujdrk hm

kvkcmtm â prdhdtdrjmgotk oiio goscmto.. Gdii”kraogmsjk

joscbmid sm bo mgvdcd ik svmiuppk hdii”dpmtdimk sdjmgmldrk

cbd horæ krmamgd oaim spdrjotkakgm.. d hoiio pu`drtæ pdr

tuttk mi rdstk hdiio vmto soræ mg arohk hm prkhurrd

spdrjotkzkm.

Mg adgdrd, id skstogzd tdrotkadgd skgk tkssmcbd pdr i”kraogmsjk cbd sm sto lkrjoghk, jo cbd gkg

prdsdgtogk dvmhdgtm dlldttm tkssmcm pdr i”kraogmsjk jotdrgk. Aim dlldttm cbd pksskgk ovdrd skgk>

Dj`rmkidtoim> Mgckjpotm`mim ckg io vmto.. io arovmhogzo vmdgd mgtdrrktto pdr>

k Pmosskr`mjdgtk> Sd io ìostkcmstm gkg sm mjpmogto gdii”utdrk jotdrgk, puð dssdrd rmosskr`mto

gdiio juckso utdrmgo

k O`krtk Spkgtogdk> sm ckjjdgto ho skik…

k

Goscmto hm ug ldtk jkrtk…

Dj`rmktkssmcm> Vdrjdttkgk io goscmto hdi gukvk kraogmsjk..

jo pksskgk cousord ogkjoimd d joilkrjozmkgm>

k Strutturoim k

k

Lugzmkgoim

Ckso puð lord ho lmitrk tro tuttk cmð cbd io johrd ossujd d

i”kraogmsjk ldtoid;; ←

Io VIOCDGXO. D” ugo strutturo mg portd jotdrgo d mg portd ldtoid cbd

hkvrd``d prktdaadrd i”kraogmsjk cbd sto goscdghk ho tuttk cmð cbd

puð lmgmrd gdi sogaud jotdrgk.. Io òrrmdro Viocdgtord gkg â ugo vdro

d prkprmo òrrmdro… â skik ugo hkppmo jdj`rogo hm cdiiuid cbd

sdporogk mi sogaud jotdrgk ho qudiik ldtoid… hm ckgsdaudgzo,

skstogzd o`òstogzo impklmid, k pdr trospkrtk ottmvk k hmllusmkgd possmvopksskgk pdgdtrorio.. mgskjjo.. sdrvd o `dg pkck..

Oh dsdjpmk, i”oicki prkvkco io LOS ← Smghrkjd Oickimco Ldtoid, ckg oitdrozmkgm strutturoim mg portmckiord

joilkrjozmkgm crogmk loccmoim, corhmocbd, kcuiorm.. joilkrjozmkgd om rdgm dcc… (sdgzo ckgsmhdrord io prdckcd

tkssmckhmpdghdgzo d crmsm hm ostmgdgzo K[k). Dsmstkgk pkm hm gktk dlldttk tdrotkadgk oicugm lorjocm, krjkgm,

mi lujk hdiid smaordttd, oicugm vmrus ckjd io rkskimo.. jdtoiim pdsogtm ckjd Vmkj`k d jdrcurmk… dcc…

Io @orrmdro piocdgtord gkg sm ckjpkrto gdiik stdssk jkhk hurogtd tutto io arovmhogzo… Gdi prmjk trmjdstrd

hm arovmhogzo io strutturo hdiio òrrmdro gkg â ogckro hdi tuttk svmiuppoto, hm ckgsdadugzo pmý locmid mi

possoaamk hm skstogzd portmckiorjdgtd pdrmckiksd pdr mi ldtk o couso hdiio oujdgtoto pdrjdo`mimtæ.



Voamgo | 2?

Io piocdgto roaamugad i”opmcd hdiio suo dllmcmdgzo ottkrgk oi _umgtk jdsd hm arovmhogzo, ckg ug”ojpmo

supdrlmcmd hm scoj`mk d ug joaamkrd spdsskrd.. Hkpk mi Sdstk jdsd, io piocdgto mgmzmo o mgvdccbmord d oh

osskttmaimorsm rdghdghk pmý locmid mi possoaamk hdiid skstogzd. Oh kagm jkhk, gdii”uitmjk pdrmkhk hdiio

arovmhogzo ugo skstogzo gkg oghræ o hdtdrjmgord ugo joilkrjozmkgd strutturoid jo pmý locmijdgtd oghræ

o crdord oitdrozmkgm lugzmkgoim.

Ckjd amæ hdttk.. mi possoaamk hdiid skstogzd puð ovvdgmrd>

Ottrovdrsk id rdakid hdiio hmllusmkgd possmvo

Ottrovdrsk jdccogmsjm hm trospkrtk Ottmvk

k Vdr id skstogzd cbd gkg skhhmslogk m rdqumsmtm pdr possord locmijdgtd ottrovdrsk id

jdj`rogd `mkikamcbd.. ckjd oh dsdjpmk aim Ojmgkocmhm, mi Aiucksmk.. oicugm tmpm hm impmhm d id

vmtojmgd.

k Sdjprd ottrovdrsk m smstdjm hm trospkrtk ottmvk, mi ldtk dimjmgo m prkhkttm hdi coto`kimsjk cbd

possdroggk pkm gdi sogaud jotdrgk pdr dssdrd dimjmgotm.

Xrospkrtk pdr Dghkcmtksm

k

Vdr skstogzd dghkadgd jkitk arkssd ckjd io trogsldrrmgo k id mjjugkaikùimgd jotdrgd.

M lottkrm cbd Mgliudgzogk mi Xrospkrtk hdiid skstogzd skgk>

Ckdllmcmdgtd hm rmportmzmkgd kimk/ocquo ← sd oh dsdjpmk hurogtd mi portk vdgakgk hotm hdaim

ogdstdtmcm pdr rmhurrd mi hkikrd, oicugm hm qudstm possdroggk gdi sogaud ldtoid, prkvkcoghk ugk stotk

hm sdhozmkgd hdi gdkgotk oi jkjdgtk hdiio goscmto..

Arohk hm mkgmzzozmkgd ← Mgkitrd aim ogdstdtmcm ikcoim skgk spdssk hm goturo òsmco..qumghm tdghkgk oh

occujuiorsm gdi sogaud ldtoid pdrcbí qudstk â idaadrjdgtd pmý ocmhk hm qudiik jotdrgk (o pB ocmhk

id òsm sm trkvogk mg ugo lkrjo pmý pkiormzzoto, qumghm jdgk pdrjdo`mim oiid jdj`rogd piosjotmcbd)

Mi Vdsk Jkidckiord ← Vuð ogcb”dssk mgliudgzord mi possoaamk hdiid skstogzd.. Jkidckid oh didvotk

VJ gkg rmdsckgk oh ottrovdrsord io piocdgto… _udstk puð dssdrd slruttotk mg tdropmo.. Oh dsdjpmk,

sd sm hkvdssd skjjmgmstrord ug ogtmckoauiogtd, gkg sm puð cdrtk kptord pdr mi worlormg (hm gktk

dlldttk tdrotkadgk) jo â jdaimk usord i”dpormgo ckg ug VJ jkitk didvotk.

Mi Liussk sogaumagk ← hurogtd io arovmhogzo vormo gktdvkidjdgtd.. Joaamkrd â mi liussk d io

pdrlusmkgd, joaamkrd â io pkssm`mimtæ cbd ugo skstogzo pdgdtrm io òrrmdro piocdgtord.

Mi Idaojd oiid prktdmgd piosjotmcbd ← mgliudgzo gktdvkijdgtd mi possoaamk hm oicugm ckjpkstm hoi

sogaud jotdrgk o qudiik ldtoid. M lorjocm ckjpidssotm ckg id prktdmgd piosjotmcbd jotdrgd gkg

supdrogk locmijdgtd io òrrmdro piocdgtord.. ckjd oh dsdjpmk oicugm cbdjmktdropmcm ckjd m

suilojmhmcm.. Io jdjogtmgo (ogtmdpmidttmck).. oicugm ogdstdtmcm ikcoim

I”Mgvdccbmojdgtk hdiio piocdgto ← Ovvmdgd hkpk mi qumgtk jdsd hm arovmhogzo… d sm bo ug oujdgtk

hdiio pdrlusmkgd d ug jmgkr spdsskrd

Mi Lujk hm smaordtto ← ckgtmdgd io gmcktmgo, io quoid hdtdrjmgo voskckstrmzmkgd.. qumghm puð cousord

ugo rmhuzmkgd hdii”mrrkrozmkgd piocdgtord, ckjprkjdttdghk i”kssmadgozmkgd d io gutrmzmkgd hdi ldtk.

Mglmgd, hk``mojk ckgsmhdrord cbd mi ldtk puð vdgmrd o ckgtottk ckg svormotm lorjocm.. Smo pdr prkìdjotmcbd

rmauorhogtm ik svmiuppk ldtoid, cbd pdr tdropmd crkgmcbd cbd io johrd hdvd ckgtmguord ogcbd hurogtd io

arovmhogzo..

Id cosmstmcbd hm mgtdrvdgtm lorjockikamcm sui ldtk skgk imjmtotd>

Vkssmojk ovdrd cosm hm mgldzmkgm mgtroutdrmgd.. ckg skjjmgmstrozmkgd hm ogtm`mktmcm pdr mjpdhmrd cbdi”mgldzmkgd pksso ckjprkjdttdrd ik svmiuppk hdiio arovmhogzo



Voamgo | 20

Vksskgk dssdrd skjjmgmstrotm aiuckckrtmckmhm, quoghk sm prdvdhd ug portk prdtdrjmgd.. _udstd

skstogzd locmimtogk io joturozmkgd pkijkgord.

Kppurd, quoghk sm prdvdhkgk portmckiorm ckghmzmkgm hm mttdrk, sm skjjmgmstro ldgkòr`mtoi.. cbd

oamscd ckjd mghuttkrd dgzmjotmck o`òssoghk io `mimru`mgdjmo

I”oitro arksso prkìdjotmco, â i”mgtdrvdgtk tdropdutmck suiio johrd… _umghm kcckrrd voiutord ckso smo jdgk

rmscbmksk pdr mi ldtk d pdr io johrd… Oh dsdjpmk, jkitm lorjocm ogtmdpmidttmcm skgk pktdgzmoijdgtd

tdrotkadgm… â pdrð ogcbd vdrk cbd ugo crmsm dpmidttmco pktrd``d dssdrd ogckro pmý hoggkso pdr mi ldtk..

Mg cosk hm tdropmd ogtmckoauiogtm vo prdldrmtæ i”dpormgo.. dvmtord osskiutojdgtd mi worlormg

Mg cosk hm hmo`dtd hm tmpk MM (mgsuimgk mghmpdghdgtd) `mskago skspdghdrd i”usk hdaim mpkaimcdjmzzogtm

kroim, d possord oii”usk hm mgsuimgo

Gdiio tdropmo hdii”mgsullmcmdgzo corhmoco, m hmamtoimcm pksskgk cousord ckgtrozmkgm hdiio jusckioturo

imscmo utdrmgo (o couso hdiio ikrk ozmkgd sui gdrvk voak)

D” sckgsmaimotk i”usk hm ogtmdjdtmcm gdi prmjk trmjdstrd hm arovmhogzo

Aim ogoiadsmcm (LOGS) voggk o mgm`mrd io smgtdsm hm prkstoaioghmgd… qudstk puð cousord ug oujdgtk

hdi trovoaimk d hdi tdjpk hm sogaumgojdgtk.. qumghm â kppkrtugk usorim ckg jkhdrozmkgd, spdcmd

gdii”uitmjk trmjdstrd hm arovmhogzo..

Vrmgcmpm hdiio Xdrotkadgdsm>

Io sdgsm`mimtæ hm ug kraogmsjk vdrsk ug oadgtd tdrotkadgk puð hmpdghdrd>

Hoi adgktmpk hdii”dj`rmkgd ←Lottkrm drdhmtorm ckjd Cordgzd hm dgzmjm.. joaorm gdcdssorm oiio

`mkmgottmvozmkgd hm ckjpkstm tkssmcm cbd possogk hoiio johrd oi ldtk

Ho Lottkrm oj`mdgtoim dstdrgm ← Ckjd mi tmpk hm oimjdgtozmkgd hdiio johrd (ds mgtrkhuzmkgd hm ocmhk

lkimck.. gdcdssormk pdr ug ckrrdttk svmiuppk hdi tu`k gduroid..) d id Joiottmd hm qudsto← oh ds hm tmpk

corhmkcmrckiotkrmk, cbd pksskgk oghord o ckjprkjdttdrd io pdrjdo`mimtæ hdiio piocdgto..

Hoiik stohmk hm svmiuppk hdii”dj`rmkgd gdi jkjdgtk mg cum â dspkstk oi tkssmck. ← I”kraogkadgdsm

ovvmdgd gdi prmjk trmjdstrd d kagm kraogk bo ug pdrmkhk crucmoid pdr ik svmiuppk.. Sd ug tdrotkadgk

cbd ckipmscd i”kccbmk dgro mg ckgtottk ckg mi ldtk quoghk mi pdrmkhk hm svmiuppk hm qudst”kraogk â

tdrjmgotk, io skstogzo gkg â mg arohk hm prkvkcord joilkrjozmkgm..

Aim oadgtm tdrotkadgm oamsckgk ckg spdcmlmcm rdspkgso`mim hdm ikrk dlldttm tkssmcm> Dsmstkgk hmvdrsm jdccogmsjm

hm tdrotkadgdsm… Cm skgk skstogzd oh ds cbd>

occdidrogk i”opkptksm hm hdtdrjmgotd ciossm hm cdiiuid,

ìkccogk io jmarozmkgd hm cdiiuid ho ugo portd oii”oitro hdii”dj`rmkgd.

Oitdrogk io smgtdsm hm dgzmjm gdcdssorm pdr ik svmiupk lugzmkgoid hdii”kraogk…

Vdr posord ottrovdrsk io @DD m tdrotkadgm hdvkgk ovdrd corottdrmstmcbd cbmjmck lmsmcbd mhkgdd..

Id prmgcmpoim jogmldstozmkgm hm ugk svmiuppk ogkjoik skgk>

Io jkrtd, sd i”oitdrozmkgd â mgckjpotm`mid ckg io vmto

Mgskradgzo hm joilkrjozmkgm strutturoim jocrksckpmcbd

Pmtorhk hdiio Crdscmto←mi ldtk goscd ckg kraogm gkg ckjpidtojdgtd svmiuppotm k vm â rmtorhk gdi

ikrk svmiuppk gdi pdrmkhk pkstgotoid

Hdlmcmt Lugzmkgoim hdaim kraogm.



Voamgo | 23

Ik svmiuppk hm ug dlldttk hoggksk ho portd hm ug tdrotkadgk â adgdroijdgtd hksd hmpdghdgtd

Mi tdrotkadgk puð dssdrd kraogkspdcmlmck.. k puð ckipmrd pmý kraogm.. d puð dssdrd Spdcmd-spdcmlmck…

qudstk puð dssdrd ug prkìdjo.. spdcmd gdaim dspdrmjdgtm hm tkssmcmtæ o iugak tdrjmgd.

_udsto â ugo ìostkcmstm← Tg prmjk o``kzzk dj`rmkgoid cbd sm

lkrjo hkpk cmrco 1-2 amkrgm hoiio ldckghozmkgd hdii”kvuik. Hdrmvo

hoiik zmaktd cbd vo oiik stohmk hm jkruio.. ho qudsto qumghm smkrmamgo mi trklkìostk (←strutturo cbd ogckro io ìostkcmstm oiio

juckso utdrmgo). Id cdiiuid hdiio ìostkcmstm mgmzmogk o

hmlldrdgzmorsm, lkrjoghk hdm lkaimdttm5 m prmjm hud skgk>

i”dpmìostk> cbd horæ krmamgd oii”dctkhdrjo.. ho cum sm

svmiuppdræ mi smstdjo gdrvksk cdgtroid d i”dpmhdrjmhd

i”mpkìostk> ho cum sm krmamgdræ i”dghkhdrjo.. cbd pkrtdræ oiio lkrjozmkgd hm ldaotk, pogcrdos,

opporotk aostrkmgtdstmgoid.. opporotk rdspmrotkrmk dcc…

Succdssmvojdgtd oiio lkrjozmkgd hm qudstm 0 lkamdttm, vm â ugo jmarozmkgd hdiid cdiiuid hdii”dpmìostk cbd

oghroggk o ckstmtumrd tro i”mpkìostk d i”dpmìostk mi tdrzk lkaimdttk cbd krmamgdræ mi Jdskhdrjo.. hoi quoid

hdrmvogk io strutturo kssdo, id cortmioamgm, hdrjo i”opporotk dscrdtkrd.. i”opporotk cmrckiotkrmk d mi tdssutk

jusckiord.

Vdrmkhm crmtmcm pdr i”mghuzmkgd hdi Hoggk>

Mi Vrmjk pdrmkhk> Vrdmjpmogtk/Mjpmogtk, â mi pdrmkhk mg cum mi prmjk o``kzzk dj`rmkgoid scdghd

ottrovdrsk i”kvmhkttk pdr roaamugadrd i”utdrk d succdssmvojdgtd mjpmogtorsm. Cmð cbd ik trospkrto â mi

jkvmjdgtk hdiio jusckioturo d hdiid cmaimo hdiid cdiiuid hdii”dpmtdimk utdrmgk.

k Mg qudsto losd, quoismosm skstogzo cbd jkhmlmco io ckgtrozmkgd jusckiord (ds> Jmkrmiossogtm d

Gmcktmgo) vo o ckjprkjdttdrd io hmscdso hdii”dj`rmkgd d mi suk mjpmogtk gdiio juckso

utdrmgo. I”dsmtk hm qudstk hoggk â io jkrtd ← mgtdrruzmkgd hdiio arovmhogzo.

k I”mjpmogtk â skttk ckgtrkiik krjkgoid, qumghm vm hdvd dssdrd ug”ohdauoto prkpkrzmkgd hm

ckgcdgtrozmkgd tro dstrkadgm d prkadstmgmcm…. Skstogzd cbd oitdrogk io prkhuzmkgd

krjkgoid, ckjprkjdttkgk i”mjpmogtk.. _udsto cotdakrmo hm ckjpkstm vmdgd ogcbd hdlmgmto

Dghkcrmg Hmsruptdrs ← Skstogzd cbd ckjprkjdttkgk io lugzmkgd krjkgoid.. tro qudstm

o``mojk mi HHX

k Vdr lovkrmrd i”ottdccbmdjdgtk hdii”dj`rmkgd gdiio pordtd utdrmgo ovvmdgd ug”oitdrozmkgd

hdiio pdrjdo`mimtæ vosoid hdii”dghkjdtrmk cbd â jdhmoto hoiid prkstoaioghmgd (boggk

ozmkgd voskhmiototkrmo)… Skstogzd cbd oitdrogk io prkhuzmkgd hdiid prkstoaioghmgd ckjd oh

dsdjpmk m LOGS pksskgk ckjprkjdttdrd io arovmhogzo..

I” Kraogkadgdsm> Vrdvdhd cbd id cdiiuid smogk mg ckgtmguo prkimldrozmkgd.. Oicugd pkpkiozmkgm

cdiiuiorm sm lkrjogk mg ugo zkgo hdii”dj`rmkgd d skgk hdstmgotd o jmarord mg ug”oitro pksmzmkgd

hdlmgmtmvo. Hdtdrjmgotd skstogzd pksskgk oitdrord qudstk prkcdssk hm jmarozmkgd hdtdrjmgoghk

joilkrjozmkgm strutturoim o ugk k pmý kraogm.

Stohmk Ldtoid> (hkpk m 3 jdsdm) m hoggm cbd ovvdgakgk mg qudstk pdrmkhk hdtdrjmgogk oitdrozmkgm

lugzmkgoim. Dssdghk mi SGC qudiik pmý torhmvk gdiik svmiuppk, â ogcbd qudiik pmý suscdttm`mid oii”ozmkgd

hdm tdrotkadgm. Vdrmckiksm skgk mi Jdrcurmk d oitrm jdtoiim pdsogtm ckjd mi Vmkj`k.. d i”Dtogkik.

Suscdttm`mim o hoggm strutturoim mg qudsto losd skgk aim kraogm rmprkhuttmvm.. oicugd skstogzd gktd skgk

oicugm mgqumgogtm oj`mdgtoim ckjd HHX d mi Hmdtmismi`dstrkik.. k io lmgostdrmhd. Mi Hmdtmismi`dstrkik â ugkrjkgd usotk mg possotk pdr trottord id hkggd skaadttd o gujdrksm o`krtm spkgtogdm lovkrdghk io



Voamgo | 28

arovmhogzo. _udstk pdrð sm â sckpdrtk prkvkcord gdii”kraogmsjk ldjjmgmid gotk, tujkrm hkpk 06

oggm hoii”dspksmzmkgd..

Vdrmkhk pkstgotoid> Io pdrmckiksmtæ sto gdi lottk cbd oicugm kraogm d strutturd gkg skgk ogckro

ckjpidtd, skprottuttk hoi pugtk hm vmsto lugzmkgoid.. d hdtdrjmgotd skstogzd tkssmcbd pksskgk

roaamugadrd mi gdkgotk ottrovdrsk mi iottd jotdrgk hdtdrjmgoghk oicugd oitdrozmkgm lugzmkgoim d

oitrd pmcckid ogkjoimd.

_udsto mjjoamgd ropprdsdgto mi pdrmkhk crucmoid hm svmiuppk hdaim kraogm hurogtd i”dj`rmkadgdsm.

Ckjd skgk gotd id prkvd hm tdrotkadgdsm, kro k`ìmaotkrmojdgtd rmcbmdstd pdr i”outkrmzzozmkgd

oii”mjjjmssmkgd mg ckjjdrcmk hm ug gukvk lorjock ;;

Vkssmojk hmrd ’arozmd‚ oiio XOIMHKJMHD>

Lorjock mpgktmck sdhotmvk ckjjdrcmotk oiio lmgd hdaim oggm ”46..

tdrotkadgk gdi ?66% hdm cosm.. Oii”dpkco tro i”oitrk dro ogcbd

spoccmotk ckjd lorjock smcurk pdr id hkggd mg arovmhogzo.

Oii”dpkco gkg drogk prdvmstd id prkvd tkssmckikamcbd hm tmpk

crkgmck, jo skik qudiid hm tkssmcmtæ ocuto. Hkpk ? oggk hoii”mgmzmk

hdiio vdghmto hdiio Xoimhkjmhd, ckjd sm puð vdhdrd hoi arolmck, sm

bo io goscmto hm òj`mgm ckg joilkrjozmkgm strutturoim oaim ortm

supdrmkrm d mgldrmkrm ← @oj`mgm lkckjdimcm. Kitrd oiio lkckjdimo, m

òj`mgm prdsdgtovogk joilkrjozmkgm oiid krdccbmd, om gdrvm

crogmcm, oiid jogm d stdgksm ogk-rdttoid.

Hkpk qudstk dvdgtk skgk stotm prkarojjotm d hdcmsm o imvdiik mgtdrgozmkgoid stuhm hm tkssmcmtæ crkgmco d

prkvd hm tdrotkadgdsm.



Voamgo | 24

Oitrm lorjocm cbd boggk hmjkstrotk ottmvmtæ tdrotkadgo skgk>

Qorlormg> D” ug Ogtmckoauiogtd kroid.. prkvkco joilkrjozmkgm o imvdiik loccmoid, rmtorhk gdiio

crdscmto, hmldttm gdaim ortm d oi SGC..

M ckrtmckstdrkmsm> Hdtdrjmgogk hdm hoggm hm tmpk lugzmkgoid5 poiotkscbmsm d cotorotto

Oghrkadgm> pksskk cousord josckimgmzzozmkgd gdiio ldjjmgo jdgtrd aim..

Dstrkadgm> pksskgk cousord otrklmo tdstmckiord gdi joscbmk..

Hmdtmismi`dstrkik> Couso cogcrk hdiio cdrvmcd 06 oggm hkpk i”dspksmzmkgd hdii”kraogmsjk ldjjmgmid oi

tdrotkadgk

Ogtmdpmidttmcm/Ogtmckgvuismvogtm>

k Ldgmtkmgo> Vrkvkco io jogcoto ckgamugzmkgd hdi io``rk ckg mi poiotk, ugo crdscmto ogkjoio

hdi crogmk (jmcrkcdloimo) d rmtorhk jdgtoid..

k

Ocmhk \oiprkmck> prkvkco io Spmgo @mlmho.. (hmrojozmkgd o 0 pugtd hdiio ckikggo vdrtd`roid)

d hmldttm gdiio lkrjozmkgd hdi tu`k gduroid..

Lorjocm Cmtktkssmcm /← Ogtmtujkroim>

k Jdtktrdxotk> ogtoakgmsto hdii”ocmhk lkimck..

Ogtm`mktmcm>

k

Ojmgkaimcksmhmcm> Skgk pdrmckiksm pdrcbí hoggdaamogk i”kttovk pomk hm gdrvm crogmcm,

ckjprkjdttdghk i”uhmtk hdi luturk goscmturk.

k Xdtrocmcimgd> \oggk o hdpksmtorsm suiio strutturo kssdo.. hdtdrjmgoghk ugo rmhktto crdscmto

kssdo.. d o imvdiik hdgtoid ug ogkjoik svmiuppk hdm hdgtm ckg corottdrmstmco ckikrozmkgd…

Dtogkik> â ug tdrotkadgk gktk

Pdtmgkmhm> Skgk m hdrmvotm hdii”ocmhk rdtmgkmck (vmtojmgo O) d skgk usotm mg cojpk hdrjotkikamck pdr

joiottmd ckjd io pskrmosm dh dczdjm pmý k jdgk arovm.. Skgk prdporotm o usk tkpmck, d sm hdpksmtogk

gdi tdssutk skttkcutogdk… Kcckrrd jkitk tdjpk prmjo cbd vdgaogk dimjmgotm hoii”kraogmsjk. Vdr

qudstk â ckgsmaimotk o hkggd cbd boggk su`mtk qudstm trottojdgtm, hm ospdttord oijdgk 0 oggm prmjo

hm skstdgdrd ugo arovmhogzo... K[k‚ Xro m vorm dlldttm, pksskgk prkvkcord Mhrkcdloik (oujdgtk hdiioquogtmtæ hm imqukr oii”mgtdrgk hdiid covmtæ cdrd`roim (vdgtrmckim) d gdiik spozmk su`orocgkmhdk (cbd

cmrckgho mi jmhkiik spmgoid).

Mgm`mtkrm OCD> Skgk rdspkgso`mim hm ug rmhkttk svmiuppk rdgoid.. mgm`msckgk io prkhuzmkgd hm

ogamktdgsmgo, mghmspdgso`mid gkg skik gdi jogtdgmjdgtk hdiio prdssmkgd ortdrmkso, jo ogcbd gdiik

svmiuppk hm qudstm kraogm.

Jdtmijdrcurmk d oitrm jdtoiim pdsogtm..

JDCCOGMSJM H”O^MKGD HDM XDPOXKADGM> (quogtd vkitd im rmpdtmojk!;!)

Mghuzmkgd k occdidrozmkgd hdii”Opkptksm mg hdtdrjmgotd pkpkiozmkgm cdiiuiorm ← Ds> Go-Orsdgmtk, â

ug hdrmvotk hdii”orsdgmck, cbd ottmvo id cosposm dsdcutrmcm hm tmpk 3.

Vrkhuzmkgd hm PKS ← strdssk kssmhotmvk← hoggm om impmhm hm jdj`rogo (impkpdrkssmhozmkgd), oiid

prktdmgd cdiiuiorm, d oi HGO.

Ckjprkjmssmkgd hdiio jmarozmkgd cdiiuiord… Oh ds> id cdiiuid hdiid crdstd gduroim jmarogk d voggk

o ckstmtumrd io strutturo kssdo crogmk-loccmoid d m sdttm corhmocm.. Skstogzd cbd oitdrogk qudsto

jmarozmkgd pksskgk cousord hmldttm jkrlkikamcm. M Pdtmgkmhm oamsckgk prkprmk ckg qudstk

jdccogmsjk.

Oitdroto dsprdssmkgd hm adgm cbd ckgtrkiiogk ik svmiuppk dj`rmkgoid>

k

I”ocmhk voiprkmck> vo o ckjprkjdttdrd i”dsprdssmkgd hm adgm cbd ckhmlmcogk pdr iospdcmlmcozmkgd hdiid vdrtd`rd



Voamgo | 2<

Mgm`mzmkgd hm ottmvmtæ dgzmjotmcbd> ckjd mi Jdtktrdxotk (ogtmtujkroid) cbd mgm`mscd io hmmhrklkimck

rdhuttosm hdtdjmgoghk ugo cordgzo hm ocmhk lkimck.

Oitdrozmkgd hdiid vmd hm troshuzmkgd hdi sdagoid…

D pkm.. o``mojk m ckjpkstm cbd voggk oh oitdrord i”oppkrtk dgdradtmck hdiid cdiiuid..

JDXKHM HM SXTHMK HDIIO XDPOXKADGDSM>

Dsmstkgk 0 hmvdrsm opprkccm spdrmjdgtoim pdr ik stuhmk hdaim dlldttm tdrotkadgm hdm lorjocm.. k hdiid skstogzd

cbmjmcbd mg adgdroid tro cum rmdgtrogk (lmtklorjocm (pdstmcmhm), ohhmtmvm oimjdgtorm d skstogzd cbmjmcbd oh usk

mghustrmoid).

Adgdroijdgtd io skstogzo mg dsojd vmdgd skjjmgmstroto pdr vmo kroid (skghmgk aostrmck k jdsckiotk oi cm`k

d oii”ocquo) d sm dsdaukgk 3 hksoaam>

Mi pmý oitk â io JXH (coickioto ckg prkvd hm tkssmcmtæ su`ocuto d su`crkgmco.. cbd prkvkco coik

pkghdroid gkg supdrmkrd oi ?6%)

Io hksd mgtdrjdhmo â io jdhmo tro GKDI d JXH.

Mi hksoaamk pmý `ossk â qudiik cbd gdii”ogmjoid gkg bo hmjkstrotk oicug dlldttk tkssmck ← GKDI

_uoghk sm prkcdhd gdii”dlldttuord qudstd prkvd, sm voiutogk 3 prdmkhm hmvdrsm>

Losd ?> Sm voiutogk id copocmtæ rmprkhuttmvd hdii”ogmjoid (pdrmkhk prdocckppmojdgtk).. Io skstogzo

vmdgd qumghm skjjmgmstroto oi joscbmk d oiio ldjjmgo prmjo cbd sm hmogk oiio pozzo amkmo… Mg qudstk

jkhk pkssmojk voiutord ckjd io skstogzo R mgcmho suiio ikrk ldrtmimtæ

Losd 0> Sm voiutogk aim dlldttm hdiio skstogzo mg dsojd hurogtd io arovmhogzo

Losd 3> \oiuto aim dlldttm hdii”dspksmzmkgd gdi pdrmkhk pdrm-pkst gotoid (hurogtd i”oiiottojdgtk lmgk

oiik svdzzojdgtk)

- LOSD ?>

Mg adgdrd sm portd ckg ug gujdrk hm ogmjoim porm o 04 joscbm d 04 ldjjmgd. M joscbm vdgakgk trottotm pdr

<6-16 amkrgm prmjo hdii”occkppmojdgtk, pdr pktdr kssdrvord dvdgtuoim oitdrozmkgm gdiio spdrjotkadgdsm. Id

ldjjmgd vdgakgk mgvdcd trottotd ?8 amkrgm prmjo hdii”occkppmojdgtk. Kvvmojdgtd pdr dsdaumrd mi tdst,

hkvrdjk lor occkppmord ug ogmjoid trottotk ckg ugk gkg trottotk. Mi amkrgk succdssmvk oiio ’iugo hm jmdid >V‚

sm voiuto sd c”â stotk i”occkppmojdgtk (← sm lo ugk strmscmk voamgoid d sm kssdrvo sd vm skgk spdrjotkzkm). O

qudstk pugtk, sd io ldjjmgo rmsuito arovmho sm vo o vdhdrd sd rmdscd o pkrtord ovogtm io arovmhogzo. Oicugd hm

qudstd ldjjmgd soroggk socrmlmcotd oi ?4¶ amkrgk hm adstozmkgd pdr vdrmlmcord ckso occohd gdi prmjk pdrmkhk

hm kraogkadgdsm. Succdssmvojdgtd sm ospdtto io lmgd hdiio arovmhogzo pdr vdhdrd sd io ldjjmgo rmdscd o

portkrmrd, quogtm ogmjoidttm gosckgk.. d skprottuttk, sd skgk vmvm.



Voamgo | 21

Ho qudsto spdrmjdgtozmkgd hm losd ? sm vo o voiutord>

I”mghmcd hm occkppmojdgtk (← sm voiuto ckg ik strmscmk voamgoid, d oghrdjk o vdhdrd quogtm ogmjoim

joscbm trottotm skgk stotm mg arohk hm ldckghord io ldjjmgo)

I”mghmcd hm ldrtmimtæ

k

Vdr m joscbm> io Vdrcdgtuoid cbd bo mghkttk io arovmhogzo k Vdr id ldjjmgd> Io pdrcdgtuoid rmsuitoto arovmho.

I”Mghmcd hm Ldckghmtæ> Io copocmtæ hm prkhurrd prkid vmvo oi tdrjmgd hdiio arovmhogzo.

I”mghmcd hm vmtoimtæ> io pdrcdgtuoid hm ogmjoim gotm vmvm, cbd rmdscd o skprovvmvdrd oi pdrmkhk

pkstgotoid> 8, ?0 d ?8 amkrgm..

I”mghmcd hm iottozmkgd> ropprdsdgto io pdrcdgtuoid hm ogmjoim gotm vmvm cbd skprovvmvkgk lmgk oiio lmgd

hdii”oiiottojdgtk (mgtkrgk oi 0?¶ amkrgk).

- LOSD 0>

Mg qudstk cosk m tdst sm dlldttuogk skik suiid ldjjmgd, cbd vdgakgk trottotd pdr mi pdrmkhk ckjprdsk tro

i”mjpmogtk d i”kraogkadgdsm (hoi <¶ oi ?4¶ amkrgk hm adstozmkgd). Aim ogmjoim utmimzzotm pksskgk dssdrd rkhmtkrm

k ckgmaim. Mi ckjpkstk vmdgd skjjmgmstrotk trojmtd skghmgk aostrmck (← pdr dssdrd smcurm hdiio hksd o cum

i”ogmjoid vmdgd dspkstk). Tg amkrgk prmjo hdiio goscmto, aim ogmjoim vdgakgk socrmlmcotm dh dsojmgotm m ldtm vmvm

Ho qudsto spdrmjdgtozmkgd hm losd 0 sm vo o voiutord>

Sd vm skgk joilkrjozmkgm strutturoim gdm ldtm k sd vm skgk hoggm mstkikamcm.

Io vmtoimtæ (mi g¶ hm gotm vmvm)

Mi pdsk d mi sdssk hdaim ogmjoim gotm (Ds> id hmkssmgd pkrtogk o ug oujdgtk gdiik svmiuppk hm

kraogmsjm joscbmim rmspdttk om ldjjmgmim…. K[k)

- LOSD 3>

\oiutmojk ckso occohd gdi pdrmkhk hdii”oiiottojdgtk5 pdr cum io ldjjmgo vmdgd trottoto hoi ?4¶ amkrgk hm

arovmhogzo lmgk oi 0?¶ hkpk mi portk. Oiik svdzzojdgtk lmaim d johrm vdgakgk socrmlmcotm..

Ho qudsto spdrmjdgtozmkgd hm losd 0 sm vo o voiutord >

Io pdrcdgtuoid hm Gotm vmvm rmspdttk om Jkrtm

Sd vm â stotk ug rmtorhk gdi portk

Mi pdsk hdm gotm vmvm



Voamgo | 22

Io curvo pkghdroid hdii”ogmjoid gdi pdrmkhk pkstgotoid.. (← voiutmojk sd i”ogmjoid prdsdgto ugo

crdscmto pkghdroid k jdgk hurogtd i”oiiottojdgtk)

M Sdagm hm joturmtæ lmsmco hdm pmcckim (quoghk mgmzmogk o jdttdrd m hdgtm, io ckjporso hdi pdik←1¶-2¶

amkrgk, d i”opdrturo hdaim kccbm)

Mi Ckjpkrtojdgtk hdm pmcckim…

k

dsmstkgk hdm tdst ckjd i” Bkjmga @dbovmkr ← io copocmtæ hdaim ogmjoim gotm hm rmckgkscdrd io

jojjo.. mghmcd hm joturozmkgd ckagmtmvo hdii”ogmjoid.. k Sm voiuto i”djmssmkgd hm uitrosukgm ckjd lkrjo hm ckjugmcozmkgd pdr ottmrord i”ottdgzmkgd

hdiio johrd..← qudstk ropprdsdgto ug hotk hm ’djktmvmtæ‚ hdii”ogmjoid..

_udiid vmstd lmgk oh kro skgk prkvd spdrmjdgtoim dsdaumtd suiio adgdrozmkgd Vordgtoid d io Lmimoid ?. Kro

vdhmojk ug Opprkccmk Spdrmjdgtoid Juitmadgdrozmkgoid ohkttotk quoghk kcckrrd tdstord skstogzd

cbmjmcbd hmvdrsd hom lorjocm.

Sm portd hoiio prmjo adgdrozmkgd.. smo joscbm cbd ldjjmgd vdgakgk trottotm pdr 16 amkrgm ckg mi

ckjpkstk cbmjmck mg dsojd. Hkpk i”occkppmojdgtk sm pkrtogk ovogtm id ldjjmgd arovmhd d oiio

goscmto portd hdiio prkid vmdgd socrmlmcoto oiik svdzzojdgtk.. i”oitro portd vmdgd dsojmgoto

hurogtd mi pdrmkhk hdii”oiiottojdgtk… Io ’lkrtugoto‚ mgmzmdræ ugo gukvo losd hm

occkppmojdgtk… (ckjd ho scbdjo) .. Oiio lmgd hdii”dspdrmjdgtk tuttm aim ogmjoim

soroggk socrmlmcotm, d cm rmtrkvdrdjk o dsojmgord mi prkhkttk hm 3 adgdrozmkgm.. sm

kssdrvo qumghm io prdsdgzo hm hoggm jkrlkikamcm mstkikamcm k lugzmkgoim.



Voamgo | 2=

Mg tuttd qudstd 3 adgdrozmkgm oghrdjk o voiutord>

I”Mghmcd hm ldrtmimtæ ← io copocmtæ hm mghurrd arovmhogzd

I”mghmcd hm Ldckghmtæ (k adstozmkgd)← io copocmtæ hm jdttdrd oi jkghk prkid vmvo

I”mghmcd hm \mtoimtæ

Io Iugabdzzo hm arovmhogzo d portk..

Mi Vdsk

Io Crdscmto pkghdroid hurogtd i”oiiottojdgtk

M sdagm hm joturozmkgd

D mi ckjpkrtojdgtk…

Locdghk qudstd voiutozmkgm oiio lmgd hm kagm adgdrozmkgd pkssmojk copmrd sd io skstogzo bo oamtk lmg hoiio

prmjo… k sd rmcbmdhd pmý tdjpk pdr occujuiorsm gdii”kraogmsjk k hord dlldttm gdiid adgdrozmkgm succdssmvd.

Hdtdrjmgmojk qumghm io iotdgzo gdcdssormo oiio skstogzo pdr hord i”dl ldttk tdrotkadgk.

- JOILKPJO^MKGM>

Skgk ug socck id hmvdrsd joilkrjozmkgm cbd pksskgk dssdrd voiutotd…

DSXDPGD – (jocrksckpmcbd d \msm`mim) o imvdiik hm>

k Xdsto>

aroghdzzo hdi crogmk (jmcrkcdloimo k jocrkcdloimo)

Svmiuppk hdiid krdccbmd (voiutmojk sd cm skgk dgtroj`d.. d ckjd skgk)

Kccbm

@kcco.. (sm voiuto oh dsdjpmk mi io``rk idpkrmgk)

Voiotkscbmsm

Joilkrjozmkgm gdi gosk

Vrdsdgzo hdiio imgauo d suo jkrlkikamok Ortm>

lkckjdimo k jogcogzo tktoid hdii”ortk..

pkimhottmimo, jogcogzo hm hmto.. lusmkgd tro qudstd..

k

Ckho> Vmý ckrto.. pmý iugao.. orrktkghoto (o covotoppm)…

\MSCDPOIM – (hdaim kraogm mgtdrgm) o imvdiik hm>

k Xdsto>

\dgtrmckim cdrd`roim

@ui`m kilottkrm

Covmtæ gosoim

k

Opporotk corhmkcmrckiotkrmk> Cukrd, okrto corktmhm d oitrm vosm

k Vkijkgm, ldaotk, stkjock

k Pdgm urdtdrm akgohm

SCBDIDXPMCBD, o imvdiik hm>

k

Crogmk

k

\drtd`rd (skttmim, rovvmcmgotd), stdrgk d ckstkid (mg skvroggujdrk, lusd, oscuotd.. k ossdgtm)

k

Ksso iugabd, ckrtd d loiogam (sm voiuto io iugabdzzo)



Voamgo | =6

Vdr stuhmord m jdccogmsjm h”ozmkgd hdiid skstogzd tdrotkadgd pkssmojk lord tdst mg vmtrk… Gkg voggk

osskiutojdgtd o skstmtumrd id prkvd mg vmvk o iugak tdrjmgd suaim ogmjoim.

Tsmojk hdiid ckiturd cdiiuiorm dj`rmkgoim.. suiid quoim voiutmojk>

Io smgtdsm prktdmco

I”ohdsmkgd oi tdrrdgk hm ckituro

Jkhmlmcozmkgm hdiio hmlldrdgzmozmkgd cdiiuiord k i”dvdgtuoid jkrtd

I”opprkccmð soræ hm tmpk `mkcbmjmck k jkrlkikamck.

_udstk â i”dlldttk prkvkcotk hoi jdtmijdrcurmk suiid cdiiuid hdi

smstdjo gdrvksk cdgtroid hurogtd io arovmhogzo oiio ckgcdgtrozmkgd hm

2 ja/ea..

Vrmjo hm tuttk, rmhucd mi gujdrk

hdiid cdiiuid (jkrtd cdiiuiord),

mgkitrd vo oh oitdrord mi

cmtkscbdidtrk hdiid cdiiuid

ckjprkjdttdghk io crdscmto hdm

gdurmtm d prkvkcoghk hdiid

lrojjdgtozmkgm gdiid tdrjmgozmkgm hdiid cdiiuid gdrvksd ←

Osskgkpotmo.

_udstk â ug oitrk dsdjpmk hm trottojdgtk ckg JdBa sdjprd 2

ja/ea, cbd couso jkrtd hm tmpk opkptktmck gdiid ckiturd hm cdiiuid

gdrvksd… O smgmstro c”â mi prdporotk hm ckgtrkiik.. hkvd m gucidm skgk

ugmlkrjdjdgtd ckikrotm ckg qudi ckikrogtd cbd jdttd mg dvmhdgzo ik

stotk hdiio crkjotmgo gucdiord

(Bkdcbst 33042)..

O hdstro c”â mi prdporotk

kttdgutk hom cdrvdiim hdaim

ogmjoim gotm hoiio johrd

trottoto ckg JdBa… Sm puð vdhdrd ug arog gujdrk hm gucidm cbd

prdsdgtogk ckghdgsozmkgd hdiio crkjotmgo (qumghm dvmhdgzmogk cdiiuid

oghotd mgckgtrk oh opkptksm).

Vkssmojk pkm dlldttuord mi soaamk JXX cbd pdrjdttd hm voiutord i”ottmvmtæ jmtkckghrmoid d qumghm,

mghmrdttojdgtd, mi gujdrk hm cdiiuid vmvd.. >H

Kro rmjogd mi prk`idjo pmý mjpkrtogtd.. i”dstropkiozmkgd hdm hotm suii”ukjk.. d``dgd… KAGM

JOGMLDSXO^MKGD HM XKSSMCMXO” HDIIK S\MITVVK GDAIM OGMJOIM D” MGHMCOXM\O HM TGO VKSSM@MID

XKSSMCMXO” GDII”TKJK. Hoiid prkvd suii”ogmjoid pkssmojk qumghm hmrd> ’Io skstogzo â tdrotkadgo

gdii”ogmjoid… VKXPD@@D dssdrik ogcbd gdii”ukjk‚ ← qumghm â `dgd gkg skjjmgmstrorio hurogtd io

arovmhogzo… Tgo skstogzo cbd gkg rmsuito tdrotkadgo gdii”ogmjoid.. gkg â hdttk cbd gkg ik smo pdr i”ukjk…



Voamgo | =?

DVOXKXKSSMCMXO”

Mi ldaotk â ugk hdaim kraogm joaamkrjdgtd ckipmtk ho skstogzd tkssmcbd pdrcbí ottrovdrsk hm dssk posso ugo

arog quogtmtæ hm sogaud, mg quogtk â mi prmgcmpoid kraogk hdputotk o svkiadrd ozmkgm hm `mktroslkrjozmkgd.

Oicugd skstogzd pksskgk dssdrd hm pdr sd gkg tkssmcbd… jo succdssmvojdgtd dssdrd `mktroslkrjotd o

ckjpkstm tkssmcm pdr mi ldaotk k pdr oitrm hmstrdttm hdii”kraogmsjk. M prmgcmpoim tkssmcm hdi ldaotk skgk m rohmcoim

prkhkttm hurogtd io `mktroslkrjozmkgd, cbd oamsckgk hmrdttojdgtd gdi iukak mg cum sm skgk lkrjotm.

Mi ldaotk â ogcbd hdputotk oii”dimjmgozmkgd… mg dssk vmdgd prkhktto io `mid, d qudstk smstdjo puð dssdrd ug

pugtk hm `drsoaim hdiid skstogzd tkssmcbd cbd voggk oh oitdrord mi liussk ìmimord rmhucdghk i”dimjmgozmkgd hdm

tkssmcm d cousoghk ug occujuik hm `mimru`mgo gdi sogaud ← Mttdrk (sd vo `dgd) … Sd vm â ug tktoid orrdstk

hdiio cmrckiozmkgd `mimord io smstuozmkgd hmvdgto pmý arovd, mg

quogtk vm â ug ckjpidtk possoaamk hdm imqumhm `mimorm gdi sogaud.

_udstk kraogk bo ogcbd lugzmkgm hm mjjoaozzmgojdgtk5

â sdhd hm hdpksmtk pdr aimckadgk, arossm d vmtojmgd

impkskiu`mim.

D” sdhd hm smgtdsm prktdmco, prkhuzmkgd hm jocrkloam d

mgottmvozmkgd hm tkssmgd…

Mi ldaotk â hktotk hm ugo rdtd vosckiord jkitk

ckjpidsso cbd pdrjdttd hm hdimjmtord id ugmtæ

jkrlkikamcbd d lugzmkgoim hm qudsto abmoghkio. Mi sogaud

dgtro gdi ldaotk hoiio portd mgldrmkrd, ottrovdrsk hud

vmd possogtm pdr i”Mik>

Io vdgo pkrto (V\), cbd ckgvkaimo quosm tuttk mi sogaud hdrmvogtd hoii”opporotk aostrkmgtdstmgoid. D i”ortdrmo Dpotmco (BO).

Oii”mgtdrgk hdi ldaotk qudstd 0 vmd sm hmrojogk, d lkrjogk tuttm m vorm copmiiorm cbd ckgvkaimogk gdm smguskmhm.

Sdjprd ottrovdrsk i”Mik lukrmdscd mi hkttk dpotmck hkvd sckrrd io @mid, mg cum ckgvkaimo tutto qudiio hdrmvogtd

hom cogoimckim dpotmcm.

Mi sogaud lukrmdscd hoi ldaotk ottrovdrsk io \dgo Dpotmco, gdiio portd supdrmkrd

hdiio abmoghkio (M\C) d rocckaimd mi sogaud rocckitk hoiid vdgd cdgtrkikùiorm. O

hdimjmtord id ugmtæ jkrlkikamcbd hdi ldaotk (ikùim dpotmcm) o``mojk ugo

lkrjozmkgd hm vosm hdlmgmto trmohd. Tg rojk hdiio \dgo pkrto, ug rojk

hdii”ortdrmo dpotmco d ug rojk hdi Hkttk `mimord, cmrckghotm ho tdssutk

ckggdttmvk. Io trmohd â

hdlmgmto ogcbd spozmk pkrtoid,

dh â corottdrmstmco hdi tdssutk

dpotmck.



Voamgo | =0

_udsto â ugo sdzmkgd hdi tdssutk hdi pordgcbmjo dpotmck5 M

smguskmhm rmcdvkgk mi sgaud mg portd hoiio vdgo pkrto, mg

portd hoii”ortdrmo dpotmco.. M smguskmhm pkm rmvdrsogk mi sogaud

gdiio vdgo cdgtrkikùiord cbd sm trkvo oppugtk oi cdgtrk

hdi ikùik dpotmck.. Mi sogaud pkm ckgliumscd gdiio vdgo

dpotmco cbd lukrmdscd hoi ldaotk..

Mg òsd oiio hmspksmzmkgd hdm vosm sogaumagm pkssmojk

hdimjmtord id ugmtæ jkrlkikamcbd d id ugmtæ lugzmkgoim hdi

ldaotk.

I”ugmtæ jkrlkikamco, ckjd amæ hdttk, â mi ikùik dpotmck ← ugo strutturo adgdroijdgtd dsoakgoid,

hdimjmtoto om sdm vdrtmcm hoiid trmohm k spozm pkrtoim. Aim dpotkcmtm tdghkgk o hmspkrsm o roaamdro5 oi cdgtrk

hdii”dsoakgk trkvmojk io vdgo cdgtrkikùiord.

Bktimges>

Pdamstrozmkgd Vortd ?> Pdamstrozmkgd Vortd 0>

Pdamstrozmkgd portd 3>

Hmspdgsd>



3 Krd hm Idzmkgd



Voamgo | =3

DVOXKXKSSMCMXO” | 00/??/?? |Vortd 0

I”ugmtæ Lugzmkgoid â ckstmtumto hoii”Ocmgk Dpotmck. D” ugo

strutturo hm lkrjo rkj`kmhoid, hkvd 0 vdrtmcm skgk ckstmtumtm

hoiid vdgd cdgtrkiu`uiorm d aim oitrm hud skgk ckstmtumtm hoiid

trmohm. Xro aim dpotkcmtm cbd ckstmtumsckgk i”ocmgk dpotmck

pkssmojk hmlldrdgzmord 3 zkgd. Io hmlldrdgzo gdiio lugzmkgoimtæ

hm qudstm dpotkcmtm rmsmdhd gdi lottk

cbd io zkgo pmý vmcmgo oii”ortdrmo dpotmco

(^kgo ?) â io pmý

kssmadgoto, qumghm â ogcbd

qudiio lugzmkgoijdgtd pmý

ottmvo -7 d aim dpotkcmtm

svkiakgk ug joaamkr gujdrk hm

lugzmkgm.

Sd cm spkstmojk vdrsk aim

dpotkcmtm pmý cdgtroim (^kgo 0 /

^kgo 3) trkvmojk cdiiuid

mrrkrotd hom smguskmhm mg cum mi

sogaud ortdrmksk sm â jdsckiotk ckg qudiik prkvdgmdgtd hoiio vdgo pkrto. _udstd cdiiuid qumghm rmcdvkgk ug

jmgkr oppkrtk hm kssmadgk d mgtdrvdgakgk prmgcmpoijdgtd gdm prkcdssm hm `mkottmvozmkgd k `mkmgottmvozmkgd.

_udstd zkgd cm pdrjdttkgk ogcbd hm hdlmgmrd io suscdttm`mimtæ hdaim dpotkcmtm gdm ckglrkgtm hm ug hoggk

dstdrgk cousotk oh dsdjpmk ho ugo smtuozmkgd hm ogkssmo.. Aim dpotkcmtm cbd rmsdgtmroggk joaamkrjdgtd hm

ug coik hdii”kssmadgk soroggk qudiim pmý hmstogtm hoii”ortdrmo dpotmco. I”ocmgk dpotmck vmdgd cotoikaotk ckjdugmtæ lugzmkgoid, pdrcbí oii”mgtdrgk hm qudsto strutturo (hdimgdoto tdkrmcojdgtd) vm â ugo hmvdrso

lugzmkgoimtæ hdiid cdiiuid dpotmcbd, io quoid â ckrrdioto oii”oppkrtk hm kssmadgk.

Mi ldaotk, ckjd soppmojk, â ogcbd hdputotk oii”dimjmgozmkgd hdiid skstogzd trojmtd vmo `mimord… Io `mid, cbd

vmdgd rmvdrsoto hoaim dpotkcmtm oii”mgtdrgk hdm cogoimckim `mimorm, roaamugad mi hkttk dpotmck d

ho qum puð dssdrd mjjoaozzmgoto oii”mgtdrgk hdiio Cmstmldiido (k Ckidcmstm) mi cum

ckjpmtk â qudiik hm ckgcdgtrord uitdrmkrjdgtd io `mid. Succdssmvojdgtd, hoiio

cmstmldiido io `mid scdghd iugak mi hkttk dpotmck ckjugd d sm rmvdrso oii”mgtdrgk

hdii”mgtdstmgk. Io sdcrdzmkgd gkg ovvmdgd mg jkhk ckgtmguk jo skik

oii”opdrturo hdiik slmgtdrd hm Khhm. I”opdrturo hm qudstk ovvmdgd mg prdsdgzo hmug pdptmhd, io ckidcmstkcbmgmgo, io quoid vmdgd prkhktto quoghk mi ckgtdgutk

mgtdstmgoid â rmcck hm skstogzd arossd.

Oicugm tkssmcm pksskgk `ikccord qudstk

jdccogmsjk hm dscrdzmkgd cousoghk ug

rmvdrsojdgtk hdiio `mid gdi tdssutk dpotmck,

cbd possdræ pkm oi sogaud cousoghk Mttdrk (ugk hdm

prmgcmpoim sdagm hm hoggm oi ldaotk).

Oicugd skstogzd dimjmgotd ckg io `mid pksskgk pkm dssdrd

rmosskr`mtd o imvdiik mgtdstmgoid. _udstk jdccogmsjk prdghd mi gkjd hm

Cmrckik Dgtdrkdpotmck. _udstk jdccogmsjk ho ug iotk â utmid pdr



Voamgo | =8

rdcupdrord skstogzd hm cum i”kraogmsjk bo ogckro `mskagk (Ds> \mtojmgo @?0, H3, Ocmhk Lkimck dh Dstrkadgm),

h”oitrk cogtk pksskgk dssdrd rmosskr`mtm hdm jdto`kimtm tkssmcm ..oujdgtoghk io ikrk djmvmto gdii”kraogmsjk.

Mg adgdrd sm trotto hm jdto`kimtm ckgmuaotm ckg ocmhk aiucurkgmck, cbd succdssmvojdgtd mgckgtrogk id ΰ-

aiucurkgmhosm (prkhkttd hoiio likro òttdrmco o imvdiik mgtdstmgoid) cbd mhrkimzzogk mi idaojd, rdghdghk

gukvojdgtd `mkhmspkgm`mid mi jdto`kimto dscrdtk. Oicugm tkssmcm cbd slruttogk qudstk jdccogmsjk skgk m>

@mldgmim cikrurotm (pkimcikrk`mldgmim),

D m Jdtoiim kraogmcm ckjd aim Kraogkstoggmcm.

Id skstogzd cbd orrmvogk oi ldaotk possogtd pdr io \dgo

pkrto skgk adgdroijdgtd qudiid ossugtd pdr vmo kroid

(qumghm osskr`mtd hoi smstdjo aostrkmgtdstmgoid).

Id skstogzd ossugtd pdr vmo pordgtdroid,

adgdroijdgtd roaamugadroggk mi ldaotk possoghk

hoii”ortdrmo dpotmco.

Hom smguskmhm, mg cum ckgliumscd mi sogaud prkvdgmdgtd hoiio

vdgo pkrto d hoii”ortdrmo dpotmco, id skstogzd possogk gdaim

dpotkcmtm… d mi ikrk possoaamk â o`òstogzo locmimtotk,

pdrcbí i”dghktdimk hdm copmiiorm hdm smguskmhm â

portmckiorjdgtd ldgdstrotk (vm skgk spozm ojpm tro ugo

cdiiuio dghktdimoid d i”oitro). Aim dpotkcmtm mgkitrd skgk

hktotm hm ugo jdj`rogo cbd prdsdgto hdiid dstrklidssmkgm

(jmcrkvmiim) cbd oujdgtogk io supdrlmcmd hm ckgtottk d qumghm io

copocmtæ hm osskr`mjdgtk.

Gdaim dpotkcmtm id skstogzd pksskgk dssdrd `mktroslkrjotd ho portd hdaim dgzmjm hdi smstdjo jmcrkskjmoid

dpotmck. _udstd rdozmkgm pksskgk pkrtord o `mkottmvozmkgd k `mkmgottmvozmkgd hdiio skstogzo. M jdto`kimtm

lkrjotm pksskgk o qudstk pugtk sdaumrd io vmo `mimord (dscrdzmkgd) kppurd possord gdiio vdgo cdgtrk

ikùiord, uscmrd hoi ldaotk ottrovdrsk io vdgo dpotmco d qumghm oghord mg cmrckik.

_uoim skgk m smtm pmý skaadttm o ug hoggk;;

Jdj`rogo Viosjotmco>

M tkssmcm pksskgk oghord o jkhmlmcord mi trospkrtk mkgmck hdiio jdj`rogo.. qumghm io suo pdrjdo`mimtæ. Sd

vmdgd oitdrotk i”dqumim`rmk ksjktmck om hud iotm hm qudsto pktrdjk ovdrd ugo jkhmlmcozmkgd hdi vkiujd hm

qudstd cdiiuid ckg ug ckgsdaudgtd rmakglmojdgtk cbd puð pkrtord o imsm (Jkrtd). _udstk tmpk hm Hoggk oimvdiik hdiio jdj`rogo vmdgd ottuotk oh dsdjpmk ho>

k

Dtogkik

k Xdtrocikrurk hm cor`kgmk (CCi8) – Ho krmamgd o jdto`kimtm tkssmcm ckjd mi Pohmcoid Xrmcikrk

Jdtmidgd cbd pkrto oiio prkhuzmkgd hdi lksadgd cbd oitdro io strutturo hdiio jdj`rogo..

Ckjd;; -7 Mi Pohmcoid couso io Impkpdrkssmhozmkgd hdm impmhm hm jdj`rogo d qumghm

hdarohozmkgd hdiio strutturo lkslkimpmhmco.

k Jdrcurmk> Idao m aruppm –SB hdiid pkrtdmgd, cousoghk ug”oitdrozmkgd hdiio strutturo

prktdmco hdiio jdj`rogo cdiiuiord.



Voamgo | =4

Jmtkckghrm>

M tkssmcm hmjmgumsckgk io prkhuzmkgd hm OXV oitdroghk io pdrjdo`mimtæ jmtkckghrmoid k oadghk su

hdtdrjmgotm possoaam gdi prkcdssk hm lkslkrmiozmkgd kssmhotmvo.. Oicugm dsdjpm hm tkssmcm skgk>

k Hmcikrkdtmidgd,

k Lkslkrk

k

Xdtrocikrurk hm cor`kgmk…(CCi8) -7 Mgskjjo, â kggmprdsdgtd xH

Pdtmckik dghkpiosjotmck>

Gdi rdtmckik dghkpiosjotmck vm skgk aim dgzmjm hdi smstdjo jmcrkskjmoid dpotmck.. m tkssmcm cbd oamsckgk o

qudstk imvdiik pksskgk oitdrord prkcdssm hm `mktroslkrjozmkgd.. K dssdrd jdto`kimzzotm mg skstogzd tkssmcbd>

k

Vorocdtojkik> Sd sm supdrogk m hksoaam tkiidrotm, puð hord krmamgd o ug ckjpkstk oitojdgtd

didttrklmik cbd pktræ pkm rdoamrd ckg m gucidklmim prdsdgtm gdiio cdiiuio (Ds> HGO d Vrktdmgd)

cousoghk jkrtd cdiiuiord..

k @rkjk`dgzdgd> \mdgd troslkrjotk mg hud spdcmd dpkssmhmcbd, ugo hdiid quoim

portmckiorjdgtd tkssmco cbd oghræ o rdoamrd ckg id jocrkjkidckid cdiiuiorm (Vrktdmgd, Hgo

Dcc..)

k

Xdtrocikrurk hm Cor`kgmk> Kitrd oiio skimto slmizo hm rdozmkgm cousoto hoiio prkhuzmkgd hm

rohmcoim d Lksadgd (impkpdrkssmhozmkgd), mi (CCi8) couso ug occujuik hdm arossm o imvdiik

dpotmck (Stdotksm).. qudstk arossk oghræ o skstmtumrd io pkrzmkgd lugzmkgoid hm tdssutk

dpotmck. Mi (CCi8) mgkitrd mgm`mscd id pkjpd hdi coicmk cbd lovkrmsckgk io suo dstrusmkgd gdiik

spozmk dxtrocdiiuiord…

Gucidk>

O``mojk oadgtm ckg ozmkgd adgktkssmco ckjd>

k Oliotkssmgo @?> Jmcktkssmgo ckgtojmgogtd prdvoidgtdjdgtd m cdrdoim cbd rmcbmdhd ugo

`mkottmvozmkgd pdr io lkrjozmkgd hdi jdto`kimto tkssmck cbd vo o idaord id òsm purmgmcbd hdi

HGO (mg portmckiord io Auogmgo) mjpdhdghk io rdpimcozmkgd..

k Gmtrksojmgd> Ogcbd qudstd sm ckjpkrtogk ckjd oadgtm oicbmiogtm hdiid òsm hdi HGO

prkvkcoghk oitdrozmkgm gdiio rdpimcozmkgd hm qudstk

_uoim skgk id potkikamd cbd sdaukgk o ug hoggk o imvdiik hdi ldaotk;; … Vkssmojk ovdrd>

Hmstur`m hdi Jdto`kimsjk dpotmck..k sd mgtdrdssogk m impmhm, pkrtdroggk o Stdotksm

k Sd rmauorhogk io `mksmgtdsm hdii”DJD, pksskgk mgskradrd hdiid potkikamd (o`òstogzo rord)

cbmojotd Vkrlmrmd, cbd prkvkcogk i”oujdgtk gdi sogaud hdaim mgtdrjdhm gdcdssorm oiio

smgtdsm hdii”DJD (pkrlmrmgkadgm) cbd voggk o hdtdrjmgord ug hoggk oi ldaotk

Ckidstosm> Kvvdrk ug hoggk o imvdiik hdi jdccogmsjk hm dimjmgozmkgd `mimord. Vkssmojk ovdrd ug

roiidgtojdgtk k ug ìkcck hdi liussk hdiio `mid ottrovdrsk mi cogoid.. cousoghk ug oujdgtk hm qudsto

gdi tdssutk dpotmck, d qumghm gdi sogaud.

Dpotmtd> Mglmojjozmkgd o imvdiik hdi ldaotk cbd puð dssdrd Ocuto k Crkgmco. Io lkrjo ocuto prkvkco

ug hoggk… sd mi ldaotk gkg â mg arohk hm rmporord qudstk mgsuitk io lkrjo crkgmcmzzo, pkrtoghk oiio

skstmtuzmkgd hdi tdssutk dpotmck hoggdaamotk ckg tdssutk lm`rksk.. d qudstk prkcdssk puð

ckgtmguord lmgk oii”mgstourorsm hdiio cmrrksm (ugo hdiid lkrjd pmý arovm)



Voamgo | =<

Gdcrksm> Hmstruzmkgd hdi tdssutk dpotmck, cbd puð pkrtord ogcb”dsso o cmrrksm..

Strdss Kssmhotmvk> Hkvutk o skstogzd tkssmcbd cbd cousogk i”oujdgtk hdm PKS

Cogcdrkadgdsm> Skstogzd adgktkssmcbd k jdto`kimtm `mkottmvotm cbd voggk oh oitdrord mi HGO

D kro.. rmvdhmojkim ugk pdr ugk… :[:‚

SXDOXKSM>

D” i”occujkik hm trmaimcdrmhm gdi tdssutk dpotmck, d gd skgk

rdspkgso`mim prmgcmpoijdgtd i”oicki, tdtrocikrurk hm cor`kgmk,

lkslkrk, gmtrksojmgd, oicugm lorjocm ckjd id tdtrocmcimgd,

porocdtojkik d id oliotkssmgd.

_udstd mjjoamgm ropprdsdgtogk io hmvdrso lkrjozmkgd hm arossk

oii”mgtdrgk hdi tdssutk dpotck.. Gdiio prmjo mjjoamgd pkssmojk

kssdrvord ug tmpk hm stdotksm hm tmpk jmcrk vdscmckiord (pmcckid

vdscmckid hm arossk tro aim dpotkcmtm)… Gdiio sdckgho mjjoamgd,

pkssmojk kssdrvord ug tmpk hm stdotksm jocrkvdscmckiord ckg ojpmopdrhmto hm lugzmkgoimtæ hdi smstdjo dpotmck.

Ckjd jom sm puð mgstourord ugk stotk hm stdotksm o imvdiik dpotmck;

Mi ldaotk prkhucd ocmhm arossm mg quogtmtæ supdrmkrd oiio suo copocmtæ

hm dimjmgozmkgd.. hm ckgsdaudgzo ovrdjk ug ikrk occujuik..

M trmaimcdrmhm pksskgk oujdgtord pdrcbí>

Mi ldaotk oujdgto io ikrk smgtdsm

\m â ug Oujdgtk hdi trospkrtk hom hdpksmtm.. K oitdrgotmvojdgtd ug rmhkttk coto`kimsjk hm qudstm.

Pmhktto prkhuzmkgd hm \IHI

M trmaimcdrmhm pksskgk dssdrd oiikgtogotm hoi ldaotk ottrovdrsk>

Io Vrkhuzmkgd hm \IHI (Impkprktdmgd o `ossmssmjo hdgsmtæ) lkrjotd ho pkrzmkgm hm trmamcdrmhm,

ckidstdrkik, lkslkimpmhm d prktdmgd. Tgo jmgkrd prkhuzmkgd hm qudstd opkimpkprktdmgd puð dssdrd

hkvuto o>

k

ugo rmhktto smgtdsm prktdmco (joaorm pdr joigutrmzmkgd k oitrd potkikamd)

k

Tg jmgkr oppkrtk hm lkslkimpmhmk

Vrdsdgzo hm skstogzd cbd rmhuckgk io sdcrdzmkgd hdiid \IHI

Id skstogzd joaamkrjdgtd mjpimcotd gdiio stdotksm skgk>

- I”Dtogkik> Oamscd oujdgtoghk io smgtdsm hm ocmhm arossm o imvdiik dpotmck

-

Mi CCI8 > \o o mjpdhmrd mi coto`kimsjk hdaim ocmhm arossm o imvdiik jmtkckghrmoid, d mgkitrd ckjprkjdttd

io smgtdsm prktdmco hdtdrjmgoghk ugo rmhktto prkhuzmkgd hm \IHI

- Id tdtrocmcimgd> mgliudgzogk i”dimjmgozmkgd hdiid \IHI



Voamgo | =1

VKPLMPMD>

D” ugo potkikamo o``ostogzo roro,

cousoto ho ugo oitdrozmkgd hdiio

`mksmgtdsm hdii”djd. M prdcurskrm hdiio

suo smgtdsm skgk id Vkrlmrmgd..

hdtdrjmgotd cordgzd dgzmjotmcbd

pksskgk qumghm prkvkcord ug occujuik

hm prdcurskrm sdgzo pkrtord oiio smgtdsm

hdiio jkidckio lmgmto.

Tgo prmjo couso puð dssdrd qughm

hkvuto o cordgzd dgzmjotmcbd

adgdtmcojdgtd hdtdrjmgotd.

Vkm cm skgk skstogzd ckjd m pkimcikrk`mldgmim, id hmkssmgd d i”dtogkik cbd skgk mghuttkrm hdi smstdjo

jmcrkskjmoid dpotmck, d prkvkcogk ug oujdgtk hdii”ottmvmtæ hm ugk hdaim dgzmjm cbd oamsckgk o jkgtd hdiio

`mksmgtdsm hdii”djd… prkvkcoghk qumghm ug oujdgtk hm mgtdrjdhm pkrlmrmgmcm..

Dsmstkgk jkitm tmpm hm pkrlmrmd… Gkm gd vdhmojk skik ? … >V .. Io pkrlmrmo cutogdo torhmvo â corottdrmzzoto ho

ug”oujdgtoto sdgsm`mimtæ hdiio pdiid oiio iucd, ckg lkrjozmkgd hm drksmkgm d `kiid cbd sm troslkrjogk mg crkstd

k pmcckid cmstm..

CKIDSXOSM>

D” ug tmpk hm potkikamo cbd ckipmscd mi ldaotk mg sdaumtk o ug `ikcck k roiidgtojdgtk hdi liussk `mimord.. puð

dssdrd hdtdrjmgoto ho ug oujdgtk hdiio vmscksmtæ hdiio `mid.. Io liumhmtæ puð hmjmgumrd o toi pugtk ho

hdtdrjmgord io lkrjozmkgd hm prdcmpmtotm, cbd o sdckgho hdiio aroghdzzo pksskgk kcciuhdrd m cogoim `mimorm..

sd cmð occohd, io `mid gkg trkvo oitro vmo h”uscmto cbd tkrgord om cogoimckim `mimorm pdr rmvdrsorsm gdaim dpotkcmtm

d ho qudstm gdi sogaud d tdssutm pkrtoghk o mttdrk.

Oicugd skstogzd cbd prkvkcogk io ckidstosm skgk>

Aim Msktmkcmogotm> cbd hoggk krmamgd o hdm jdto`kimtm cbd prkvkcogk ugo hdadgdrozmkgd hdiid

amugzmkgm kcciuhdgtm (id amugzmkgm cbd tdgakgk ugmtm aim dpotkcmtm).. _udstd strutturd pdrjdttkgk io

lkrjozmkgd hdi cogoimckik `mimord (cbd gkg â ckjd gdi vosk sogaumagk hdimjmtotk ho ug dghktdimk,

jo â sdjpimcdjdgtd ugk spozmk tro aim dpotkcmtm).. Io hdadgdrozmkgd hdiid amugzmkgm prkvkco io

pdrhmto hm ohdsmvmtæ tro ug dpotkcmto d i”oitrk, d qumghm io `mid hoi cogoimckik `mimord liumscd ogcbd tro

id cdiiuid hdaim oitrm dpotkcmtm..

Aim Krjkgm Ogo`kimzzogtm> mgm`msckgk mi trospkrtk hdaim ocmhm `mimorm hoaim dpotkcmtm om cogoimckim `mimorm

hdtdrjmgoghk ug”oitdrozmkgd hdi liussk `mimord..

M Lorjocm Gdurkidttmcm> mgm`msckgk io pkjpo hm sdcrdzmkgd hdm Soim `mimorm mjpdhdghk o qudstm hm

rmvdrsorsm gdm cogoimckim `mimorm d hdtdrjmgoghk ug roiidgtojdgtk hdi liussk `mimord..

Bktimges>

Pdamstrozmkgd>

? Kro hm Idzmkgd



Voamgo | =2

DVOXKXKSSMCMXO” | 04/??/?? |Vortd 3

DVOXMXD>

D” ug prkcdssk mglmojjotkrmk cbd pkrto oiio hmstruzmkgd hdaim dpotkcmtm, d puð dssdrd hm tmpk Ocutk (smagmlmco

cbd puð rdvdrtmrd.. d id cdiiuid pksskgk dssdrd rdcupdrotd) k Crkgmck (sd mi prkcdssk mglmojjotkrmk prksdaud

ckg ckgtmguo hdadgdrozmkgd hdaim dpotkcmtm d skstmtuzmkgd ckg tdssutk lm`rksk).. Tg”dpotmtd crkgmco puð

hdadgdrord mg cmrrksm.. io quoid puð mg sdaumtk pkrtord o corcmgkjo dpotmck.

I” Oiktogk (ug aos ogdstdtmck), â ug dsdjpmk hm lorjock cbd puð cousord dpotmtd ckg jdccogmsjk h”ozmkgd

mjjugmtormk.. _udstk dvdgtk â ckjugqud o`òstogzo rork, jo bo ug tossk hm jkrtoimtæ hdi 46%.. Tg

jdto`kimto hm qudstk lorjock sm ckjpkrto ho ogtmadgd d prkvkco ugo rmspksto ho portd hdii”kraogmsjk cbd

pkrto o ug”mglmojjozmkgd hdi ldaotk d oiio jkrtd hdaim dpotkcmtm sdgsm`mimzzotm.

GDCPKSM>

D” ug tmpk hm jkrtd cdiiuiord occkjpoagoto ho ldgkjdgm hm tmpk mglmojjotkrmk, corottdrmzzoto hoi lottk cbd

io cdiiuio sm rmakglm pdr i”oujdgtk hdi ckgtdgutk ocquksk ckg ckgsdaudgtd imsm d rmioscmk hm tuttk mi ckgtdgutk

cdiiuiord gdiik spozmk cmrckstogtd. Io gdcrksm Dpotmco puð dssdrd>

Ikcoimzzoto (Lkcoid k zkgoid)> M jdto`kimtm hm oicugd skstogzd tkssmcbd ugo vkito lkrjotm, skgk

toijdgtd rdottmvm cbd rdoamsckgk gdiik stdssk pkstk mg cum sm skgk adgdrotm d gkg vdgakgk

trospkrtotm mg oitrm ckjportm. Oicugm dsdjpm hm tkssmcm skgk>

k

CCi8 ← *P-Xrmcikrkjdtmidgd ← Lksadgd

k

Vorocdtojkik ← (↓% hm jdto`kimto rdottmvk)

Io zkgo joaamkrjdgtd ckipmto ho qudstk tmpk hm gdcrksm â qudiio cdgtrkikùiord (aim dpotkcmtm cbd sm

trkvogk mjjdhmotojdgtd ottkrgk oiio vdgo cdgtrkikùiord… d rmckrhmojkik.. skgk aim dpotkcmtm

ciossmlmcotm gdiio ’^kgo3‚ ← qudiim joaamkrjdgtd suscdttm`mim o cordgzd hm kssmadgk)

Hmlluso k Jossmvo> Xdghd o hmllkghdrsm gdi tdssutk cmrckstogtd, d ogcbd jkitk ikgtogk hoiio zkgo hm

prkhuzmkgd hdi jdto`kimto tkssmck.. Tg dsdjpmk â io>

k Aoiottksojmgo> D” ugk zuccbdrk cbd krmamgo jdto`kimtm tkssmcm cbd ckjprkjdttkgk io

troscrmzmkgd adgmco hdaim dpotkcmtm d rmhuckgk io smgtdsm prktdmco.

_udstm 3 tkssmcm pksskgk dssdrd usotm spdrmjdgtoijdgtd pdr crdord ug jkhdiik hm mgsullmcmdgzo dpotmco

ocuto. Sd vm â Gdcrksm.. o``mojk io im`drozmkgd hm dgzmjm (aiutojjotk-pmruvotk trogsojmgosm, aiutojjotk-kssoiotk

trogsojmgosm k aiutojjotk hdmhrkadgosm) cbd pksskgk dssdrd rmidvotm ckg kppkrtugm soaam.

CMPPKSM>

D” ugo hdagdrozmkgd hdaim dpotkcmtm ckg mgdllmcocd tdgtotmvk ho portd hdi ldaotk hm rmadgdrord

mi tdssutk hoggdaamotk. Io rmadgdrozmkgd mgdllmcmdgtd prkvkco io lkrjozmkgd hm gkhuim hm

dpotkcmtm mgaikòtm mg ugo rdtd hm tdssutk lm`rktmck. _udsto strutturo prkvkco oitdrozmkgm

gdi idttk vosckiord. Hoi pugtk hm vmsto cimgmck, sm bo ugo pdrhmto hm lugzmkgoimtæ qumghm

oitdrotk jdto`kimsjk, mgcopocmtæ hm dimjmgord skstogzd d Mttdrk.. Hoggm oi smstdjo hmckoauiozmkgd d Mpdrtdgsmkgd pkrtoid cbd couso hmiotozmkgm hdm vosm sogaumagm o imvdiik

aostrmck/dskloadk ckg lkrjozmkgd hm vormcm cbd pksskgk rkjpdrsm d cousord djkrroamd



Voamgo | ==

aostrkdskloadd..

O``mojk pkm, mgakrssojdgtk hdiio jmizo (spidgkjdaoimo).. Occujuik hm imqumhk

gdiio covmtæ pdrmtkgdoid (ioscmtd) dh dgcdloikpotmo (mi hoggk mgmzmotk gdi ldaotk sm

rmpdrcuktd o imvdiik hdi sgc)…

Tg usk crkgmck hm Dtogkik â io prmgcmpoid couso hm cmrrksm… _udstk pdrcbí prkvkco

ug hoggk hmrdttk (pdr io prkhuzmkgd hm ocdtoihdmhd) d mghmrdttk, mg quogtk ckjprkjdttd i”osskr`mjdgtk oimvdiik mgtdstmgoid hm vmtojmgd (\mt E d \mt C.. Xmojmgo) Ocmhk lkimck, Ldrrk, Joagdsmk, Vktossmk… _udstk joi

osskr`mjdgtk prkvkco cordgzd gutrmzmkgoim cbd mghmrdttojdgtd pkrtogk o ug hoggk dpotmck.

DGCDLOIKVOXMO DVOXMCO>

D” ugo potkikamo cbd sm svmiuppo pdr arohm5 io smgtkjotkikamo hmvdgto jogk o jogk pmý arovd ckg mi possord

hdi tdjpk. Mi ldaotk (gkg pmý lugzmkgogtd) gkg rmdscd o jdto`kimzzord id prktdmgd, d oicugm prkhkttm hdi

coto`kimsjk, ckjd i”ojjkgmoco, gkg vdgakgk `mktroslkrjotm (oh ds> mg urdo). I”ojjkgmoco hoi ldaotk

roaamugad mi cdrvdiik supdroghk io @DD, prkvkcoghk oitdrozmkgm gdiio gdurktrosjmssmkgd, d adgdroghk

gdurktrosjdttmtkrm ckg dlldttk gdurktkssmck sdhotmvk. Sd oghmojk o auorhord m smgtkjm psmcbmotrmcm mglottm

pkssmojk kssdrvord mgmzmoijdgtd hmstur`m

hdii”ujkrd d hdi skggk… Gdiio losd 0 ug

oujdgtk hdiio skggkidgzo (vmdgd pktdgzmoto

i”ozmkgd hdi AO@O ← qumghm jmgkrd dccmto`mimtæ

hdm gdurkgm hdi sgc).. m smgtkjm prksdaukgk lmgk

oh orrmvord o mgckscmdgzo..

Hoi pugtk hm vmsto gdurkikamck ug prmjk sdagk â mi

’trdjkrd o òttmtk h”oim‚ ← ug jkvmjdgtk hdi

pkisk cbd sdj`ro ik sòttdrd hm ug”oio d prdghd mi

gkjd hm ’Ostdrmxms‚. I”mghmvmhuk bo mgkitrd

hmllmckitæ o poriord.. succdssmvojdgtd sm orrmvo o

ugo pdrhmto hm ckkrhmgozmkgd jktkrmo (otossmo), rmlidssm rmhkttm… Ckjpord mi gmstoajk (jkvmjdgtk

kghuiotkrmk hdm ùi`m kcuiorm) lmgk oh orrmvord oi ckjo.

POHMCOIM IM@DPM d SXPDSS KSSMHOXM\K>

Gkrjoijdgtd id cdiiuid crdogk ug dqumim`rmk tro io prkhuzmkgd hm rohmcoim d m smstdjm pdr oramgorim (ds>

supdrkssmhk hmsjutosm, cotoiosm, aiutotmkgd rmhuttosm). Sd qudstm smstdjm loiimsckgk gdii”ogtoakgmzzord i”ozmkgd

hdm rohmcoim im`drm, qudstm hoggdaadroggk m smstdjm `mkikamcm. Oicugm tkssmcm cbd prkvkcogk qudstk squmim`rmk

skgk aim>

Mhrkcorùrm Oikadgotm> CCi8, @rkjk`dgzdgd

Oickim> Dtogkik, mskprkpogkik

Mhrkpdrkssmhm

Dr`mcmhm> Voroquot dh dstdrm kraogklkslkrmcm..



Voamgo | ?66

COGCDPKADGDSM>

Gdi ldaotk â locmid cbd pkssogk trogsmtord skstogzd ckg ozmkgd adgktkssmco k dpmadgdtmco. M prmgcmpoim tmpm hm

cogcrk cbd mgtdrdssogk mi ldaotk skgk>

mi Corcmgkjo Dpotkcdiiuiord (mi pmý ckjugd)

I”Ogamksorckjo (cbd mgtdrdsso mi tdssutk ckggdttmvk d i”dghktdimk hdm smguskmhm)

I”Ogamkcorcmgkjo (cbd mgtdrdsso id vmd `mimorm)

M prmgcmpoim oadgtm adgktkssmcm, io cum ozmkgd o imvdiik hdi ldaotk â ckjprkvoto mg tdst mg vmvk su ogmjoim skgk>

I”Oliotkssmgo @? (←Lkrjozmkgd hm ug jdto`kimto dpkssmhmck rdspkgso`mid hdii”oicbmiozmkgd hdiid òsm

purmgmcbd hdi HGO)

Oicoikmhm pmrrkimzmhmgmcm (Skgk hdm lmtkckjpkstm tkssmcm, cbd sm trkvogk mg togtmssmjd spdcmd vdadtoim…

pksskgk oghord o ckgtojmgord io prkhuzmkgd hdi jmdid k m cdrdoim…)

Cikrurk hm \mgmid

Hdrmvotm hdii”orsdgmck

Gmtrksojmgd.. dcc..

Oadgtm ckg ozmkgd dpmadgdtmco skgk>

Hmkssmgd, VkimCikrk @mldgmim

Krjkgm stdrkmhdm ← rmhuckgk io rmspksto ogtmckrpoid hdii”kraogmsjk vdrsk id cdiiuid tujkroim..

XDXPOCIKPTPK HM COP@KGMK>

D” ugk hdaim oadgtm adgktkssmcm pmý stuhmotm… Oamscd gdi iukak mg cum vmdgd prkhkttk o couso hdiio rdottmvmtæ

hdm sukm jdto`kimtm5 d ckipmscd joaamkrjdgtd id cdiiuid dpotmcbd hdiio zkgo cdgtrkikùiord mg cum vm â ugjmgkrd oppkrtk hm kssmadgk.

Mi CCi8 vmdgd troslkrjotk hoi V846 mg Pohmcoid Xrmcikrkjdtmimck.. Mg prdsdgzo hm kssmadgk (zkgo ?) vmdgd

troslkrjotk mg lksadgd (cbd rdoamscd ckg id prktdmgd cdiiuiorm)… mg cordgzo hm kssmadgk (zkgo cdgtrkikùiord)

ottocco m impmhm d ho mi vmo oi prkcdssk hm impkpdrkssmhozmkgd cbd pkrto oiio prkhuzmkgd hdii”oihdmhd joikgmco

rdspkgso`mid hdiio tkssmcmtæ ogcbd mg oitrm tdssutm. Mi hoggk qumghm portd o imvdiik dpotmck pdr pkm hmllkghdrsm.

@PKJK@DG^DGD>

D” pdrmckiksk pdrcbí ho krmamgd o 0 dpkssmhm… Mi 0,3 â qudiik jdgk pdrmckiksk pdrcbí vmdgd troslkrjotk mg

`rkjkldgkik cbd vmdgd succdssmvojdgtd mgottmvotk… Mi pmý pdrmckiksk â mi 3,8 cbd mgtdroamscd ckg id

jocrkjkidckid hdiid cdiiuid dpotmcbd… I”ugmck jkhk pdr hmsottmvorik ckgsmstd gdi ckgmuaorik ckg mi

aiutotmkgd k ottrovdrsk i”dpkssmhk mhrkiosm k rmorrogamojdgtm mgtdrgm

VOPOCDXOJKIK>

\mdgd jdto`kimzzotk mg sdaumtk oii”mgtrkhuzmkgd hm ug aruppk skilkrmck gdiio jkidckio k ottrovdrsk io

ckgmuaozmkgd ckg ocmhk aiucurkgmck.. Io pmcckio pdrcdgtuoid hm ocdtojmgkldgd cbd gkg vmdgd troslkrjoto ho

qudstm hud jdccogmsjm ho krmamgd oii”mgtdrjdhmk oitojdgtd rdottmvk (didttrklmik) cbd oghræ o rdoamrd ckg m

gucidklmim prdsdgtm gdiio cdiiuio (HGO d Vrktdmgd). I”ugmck jkhk pdr hmsottmvord qudsto spdcmd didttrklmio â io

ckgmuaozmkgd ckg mi aiutotmkgd. Vkmcbí mi aiutotmkgd hdvd dssdrd o hmspksmzmkgd ogcbd pdr oitrd jkidckid, puðdssdrd cbd qudstk gkg smo hmspkgm`mid pdr oramgord aim dlldttm hdi jdto`kimto tkssmck.



Voamgo | ?6?

OLIOXKSSMGO @?

Vkrto oiio prkhuzmkgd ottrovdrsk mi smstdjo jmcrkskjmoid dpotmck hm ugo spdcmd dpkssmhmco oitojdgtd

rdottmvo.. Vuð dssdrd oiikgtogotk hoi aiutotmkgd.. k rdoamrd ckg i”ocquo.. k oitrmjdgtm, oicbmio id òsm hdi HGO

(mg portmckiord io auogmgo) prkvkcoghk i”dlldttk adgktkssmck.

Mi ldaotk â portmckiorjdgtd vuigdro`mid oiio tkssmcmtæ prkhktto hom jdto`kimtmrdottmvm pdrcbd d mi smtk prmgcmpoid hdi jdto`kimsjk hdaim xdgk`mktmcm.

Lmgd Hdii”Dpotktkssmcmtæ…oiidiuno

GDLPKXKSSMCMXO”

I”ugmtæ lugzmkgoid hdi rdgd â mi Gdlrkgd, ckstmtumtk hoi ckrpusckik

d hoi tuùik rdgoid. Mi ckrpusckik rdgoid â o suo vkito ckstmtumtkhoi aikjdruik d hoiio copsuio hm @kwjog5 Mi aikjdruik â ug

cmullk hm copmiiorm hdlmgmtk rdtd jmro`mims, prkvdgmdgtd ho ugo

ortdrmkio olldrdgtd cbd ckgliumsckgk mg ugo ortdrmkio dlldrdgtd

pmý pmcckio. Mi tuùik rdgoid lo sdaumtk oi aikjdruik d sm puð

hmvmhdrd mg 3 pkrzmkgm> Xuùik ckgtkrtk Vrkssmjoid, i”Ogso hm

Bdgid d mi Xuùik ckgtkrtk Hmstoid.

Io prmgcmpoid lugzmkgd hdi rdgd â qudiio hm uitrolmitrord tuttk mi

sogaud cbd vm posso ottrovdrsk. Id oitrd mjpkrtogtm lugzmkgm

skgk> mi rmosskr`mjdgtk mg quogtk, mi gkstrk ckrpk gkg puð

pdrjdttdrsm hm ioscmorsm sluaamrd cdrtd skstogzd >V (ds> mi aiucksmk),

d io sdcrdzmkgd cbd â ug uitdrmkrd smstdjo hm dimjmgozmkgd hm oicugd skstogzd cbd gkg vdgakgk uitrolmitrotd. M

tkssmcm pksskgk qumghm ckjprkjdttdrd qudstd 3 lugzmkgm hdi rdgd hoggdaamoghk id jdj`rogd cbd

pdrjdttkgk mi possoaamk hdiid skstogzd.

Tg hoggk o imvdiik hdi AIKJDPTIK, smagmlmco oghord o jkhmlmcord aim strotm

cbd sdporogk mi sogaud hoii”uitrolmitrotk.. Mg ckghmzmkgm gkrjoim, quoghk mi

sogaud orrmvo oi aikjdruik ottrovdrsk i”ortdrmkio olldrdgtd id skstogzd

possogk gdii”uitrolmitrotk pdgdtroghk vormd jdj`rogd… Mi prmjk strotk â

ckstmtumtk hoii”dghktdimk hdm copmiiorm hdiio rdtd jmro`mims (dghktdimk hktotk hm

ldgdstroturd o`òstogzo ojpmd). Mi sdckghk strotk â ckstmtumtk hoiio

jdj`rogo òsoid (gkg â ckgtmguo) d mi tdrzk â ik strotk hdiid cdiiuid dpmtdimoim

rdgoim (m pkhkcmtm).

Tg”oitdrozmkgd hm qudstm strotm cdiiuiorm prkvkco ug

oujdgtk hdiio pdrjdo`mimtæ.. Gkrjoijdgtd prktdmgd ckg

pdsk supdrmkrd o <6E H gkg vdgakgk uitrolmitrotd, mg cosm

potkikamcm.. sé…



Voamgo | ?60

Vdr quogtk rmauorho m prkcdssm hm

rmosskr`mjdgtk d sdcrdzmkgd

tuùiord, qudsto â ug”mjjoamgd

rmossugtmvo hm cmð cbd succdhd o imvdiik

hdi tuùik rdgoid.

Gdiio portd mgmzmoid hdi tuùik

prkssmjoid ovvmdgd mi rmosskr`mjdgtk hdi =6%

hdii”ocquo hdii”uitrolmitrotk.. Ovvmdgd mgkitrd mi rmosskr`mjdgtk

hdi skhmk hdi `mcor`kgotk d hdi aiucksmk (d oitrd skstogzd),

oh kpdro hm kppkrtugm smstdjm hm trospkrtk ottmvk..

Gdii”dpmtdimk pkssmojk trkvord hdiid cdiiuid cmimotd cbd

pdrjdttkgk hm oujdgtord io supdrlmcmd hm ckgtottk.. sd m

tkssmcm oitdrogk qudsto strutturo jkrlkikamco, vmdgd

ckjprkjdsso io copocmtæ hm rmosskr`mjdgt,

ckjprdsm m smstdjm hm trospkrtk ottmvk.. ← Tg

hoggk ogkssmck, oh dsdjpmk, couso ug coik

hdii”OXV d qumghm i”mgcopocmtæ ho portd hdm smstdjm hm trospkrtk hm lugzmkgord ckrrdttojdgtd. Gdii”uitro

lmitrotk trkvdrdjk qumghm ugo joaamkr quogtmtæ hm ocquo, aiucksmk d oitrd skstogzd ckjd Vrktdmgd cbd

gkrjoijdgtd vdrrd``drk rmosskr`mtd..

Gdiio portd hdii”Ogso hm Bdgid (zkgo Jmhkiiord mgtdrgo) ovvmdgd ug mgtdgsk trospkrtk ottmvk.. Gdiio portd

oscdghdgtd vdgakgk trospkrtotm ottmvojdgtd vorm mkgm, mg jkhk ho aorogtmrd mi arohmdgtd ksjktmck

gdcdssormk pdr rmosskr`mrd i”ocquo hoi trottk hmscdghdgtd hdii”ogso.. Oicugd ckghmzmkgm hm mgtkssmcozmkgd

pksskgk ckjprkjdttdrd mi smstdjo hm trospkrtk mkgmck gdi trottk oscdghdgtd (mg portmckiord ugk stotk hm

ogkssmo) ìkccoghk hm ckgsdaudgzo mi rmosskr`mjdgtk hdii”ocquo.

Ogcbd gdi tuùik ckgtkrtk hmstoid skgk prdsdgtm qudstm smstdjm hm trospkrtk ottmvk… Gdi hkttk ckiidttkrd mi

rmosskr`mjdgtk â prdvoidgtdjdgtd pdrjdssk hoii”ozmkgd hdii”krjkgd ogtmhmurdtmck k hom jmgdroickrtmckmhm

(dcc..).. M tkssmcm cbd rdghkgk mgdllmcocd i”ozmkgd hm qudstm krjkgm voggk uitdrmkrjdgtd oh oitdrord mi

rmosskr`mjdgtk…

Tg mghmcd hm hoggk rdgoid â i”oitdrozmkgd hdiio Cidorogcd (vkiujd hm piosjo hdpurotk ho ugo skstogzo

gdii”ugmtæ hm tdjpk).. Sd mi rdgd gkg aorogtmscd ugo uitrolmitrozmkgd kttmjoid, io cidorogcd soræ rmhktto..

_TOIM SKGK M LOXXKPM CBD MGLITDGÔGK IO SDGSM@MIMXO” HDI PDGD OH OADGXM XKSSMCM ;;;

Mg prmjms, mi lottk cbd ottrovdrsk mi rdgd posso ckstogtdjdgtd ugo aroghd quogtmtæ hm sogaud.. Io zkgo

ckrtmcoid â qudiio joaamkrjdgtd mrrkroto.. d hm ckgsdaudgzo â io pmý skaadtto oii”ozmkgd hdm tkssmcm. C”â pdrð

ho hmrd cbd qudstd skstogzd possogk ropmhojdgtd ottrovdrsk io ckrtmcoid.. Gdiio zkgo jmhkiiord mgvdcd,

i”oppkrtk hm sogaud â jmgkrd, jo ik â ogcbd mi liussk sogaumagk.. pdr cum m tkss mcm boggk pmý tdjpk pdr

pdgdtrord mi tdssutk, occujuiorsm dh dspidtord mi ikrk dlldttk…

Gdi tuùik rdgoid, o couso hdi prkcdssk hm rmosskr`mjdgtk, m tkssmcm pksskgk ckgcdgtrorsm.. cmð smagmlmco cbd

sd prmjo qudstm ovdvogk gdi cmrckik sogaumagk ugo ckgcdgtrozmkgd porm oi \kiujd hm Hmstrmùzmkgd..

(dstrdjojdgtd òsso) d qumghm mgcopocm hm hord ug”ozmkgd tkssmco… mg sdaumtk oii”uitrolmitrozmkgd pksskgk

roaamugadrd ckgcdgtrozmkgm pmý didvotd, mg arohk hm cousord hoggm

Oicugm jdto`kimtm tkssmcm uitrolmitrotm, pksskgk dssdrd succdssmvojdgtd rmosskr`mtm.. d qudstk hdtdrjmgo ug

oujdgtk hdiio iotdgzo hdii”dlldttk..



Voamgo | ?63

Mgkitrd mi rdgd prkhucd dgzmjm mg arohk hm jdto`kimzzord svormotd skstogzd cbmjmcbd… _udstk puð cousord io

`mkottmvozmkgd hm ckjpkstm tkssmcm.. (Ds> Vorocdtojkik, @rkjk`dgzdgd, CCi8…)

_TOIM SKGK M SMXM H”O^MKGD HDAIM OADGXM GDLPKXKSSMCM;;

Mi Aikjdruik ← Mi hoggk â cousotk hoii”oitdrozmkgd hdi trmpimcd strotk hm jdj`rogd cbd hdtdrjmgo

ug oujdgtk hdiio pdrjdo`mimtæ.. Oicugm tkssmcm cbd oamskgk o qudstk imvdiik skgk>

k

Skivdgtm kraogmcmk Mhrkcorùrm vkiotmim

Io prmgcmpoid potkikamo cbd puð mgtdrdssord mi aikjdruik â io Aikjdruik gdlrmtd.. â

ug”mglmojjozmkgd cousoto ho ug oadgtd dstrogdk cbd stmjkio io rmspksto mjjugmtormo, ckg

lkrjozmkgd hdi ckjpidssk ogtmadgd –ogtmckrpk cbd sm idao oiio jdj`rogo òsoid cousoghk ug

mspdssmjdgtk hm qudsto.

Mi tuùik Vrkssmjoid ← Oicugm tkssmcm cbd oamsckgk o qudstk imvdiik skgk m>

k

Jdtoiim pdsogtm (crkjk, Jdrcurmk, Cohjmk)

k

Ogtm`mktmcm (ojmgkaimcksmhm)

k

Ogtmgdkpiostmcm (ds> Cmspiotmgk)

k

Mhrkcorùrm oikadgotm (Cikrklkrjmk d CCi8)

k

Jmcktkssmgd (Oliotkssmgo)

Mi tuùik ckgtkrtk Hmstoid.. ← Xro m tkssmcm cbd oamsckgk o qudstk imvdiik o``mojk>

k Ogtmgdkpiostmcm (Cmspiotmgk)

k

Ojlktdrmcmgo @ (lorjock ogtmjmcktmck.. mgtdroamscd ckg aim stdrkim hm jdj`rogo lkrjoghk ug

cogoid d prkvkcoghk io lukrmuscmto hdi ckgtdgutk cdiiuiord ← Jkrtd..)

_TOIM SKGK AIM MGHMCOXKPM @MKCBMJMCM HM GDLPKXKSSMCMXO”;

Vrktdmgurmo> Pmsckgtrk hm prktdmgd (cbd gkg hkvrd``drk dssdrd prdsdgtm) gdiid urmgd… Sd trkvmojk

prktdmgd oh oitk pdsk jkidckiord ckjd i”oiùjmgo, mi hoggk â quosm smcurojdgtd o imvdiik hdi

aikjdruik rdgoid.. sd trkvmojk prktdmgd o òssk pdsk jkidckiord, smagmlmco cbd o imvdiik hdi tuùik

prkssmjoid vm â ug hoggk gdm jdccogmsjm hm rmosskr`mjdgtk..

Dgzmjurmo> Vrdsdgzo hm dgzmjm (cbd gkrjoijdgtd hkvrd``drk dssdrd prdsdgtm oii”mgtdrgk hdiid

cdiiuid) gdiid urmgd… Io ikrk prdsdgzo smagmlmco adgdroijdgtd ug hoggk o imvdiik hdii”dghktdimk.. tro

qudstm dgzmjm trkvmojk>

k Oiogmgo Ojjmgktrogsldrosm (OIX),

k Iottotk hdmhrkadgosm (IHB) ← Mghmcd hm jkrtd cdiiuiord,

k

G-ocdtmi aoiottksmhosm, ̀ dto-aoiottksmhosm

Cm skgk pkm dgzmjm spdcmlmcm cbd mghmcogk ug hoggk tuùiord hm supdrlmcmd ckjd>

k Oiogmgo Ojmgkpdptmhosm (OOV) ← cbd sm krmamgo gdii”kridttk o spozzkio hdi tuùik prkssmjoid

Vkm cm skgk Mghmcotkrm hm hoggk tuùiord ospdcmlmck (krmamgd imskskjmoid)>

k G-ocdtmi-`dto-aiucksojmhosm (GOA)

Aimcksurmo> Mi rmsckgtrk hm Aiucksmk mg ckghmzmkgm hm gkrjkaimcdjmo, smagmlmco cbd vm skgk hdm prkìdjm

gdm smstdjm hm rmosskr`mjdgtk..



Voamgo | ?68

Vkm o``mojk oitrm porojdtrm lmsmkikamcm cbd pkssmojk voiutord ckjd>

Ozktdjm d Trdjmo> \oiutmojk io prdsdgzo hm prkhkttm hdi coto`kimsjk prktdmck cbd gkrjoijdgtd

gkg hkvrd``drk dssdrd prdsdgtm, jo dimjmgotm ottrovdrsk io `mid..

k Trdo, Crdotmgmgo, Ocmhk urmck, Ojmgkocmhm, Crdotmgo… sd o``mojk oitm voikrm hm qudstd

skstogzd, smagmlmco cbd mi rdgd gkg â copocd hm dimjmgorid.. qumghm o``mojk ugo rmhktto

lugzmkgoimtæ rdgoid…

\ormozmkgm hdi vkiujd Trmgormk>

k Vkimurmo> (← mi vkiujd hm urmgo prkhktto oujdgto…) qudstk â mghmcd hm prkìdjm rdiotmvm om

smstdjm hm rmosskr`mjdgtk hdii”ocquo iugak mi tuùik rdgoid.. puð dssdrd cousotk ho>

Ojmgkaimcksmhm

Hdrmvotm hdii”ocmhk Soimcmimck..

k Kimaurmo (scorsk vkiujd hm Trmgo).. gd pksskgk dssdrd rdspkgso`mim>

CCI8

Jdrurmk mgkraogmck

Suilojmhmcm

Coickim rdgoim

k Ogurmo (ckjpidto jogcogzo hm prkhuzmkgd hm Trmgo).. smagmlmco cbd vm â ug hoggk gdiio

lmitrozmkgd aikjdruiord toid ho hdtdrjmgord ìkcck rdgoid…

Djoturmo k Djkaik`mgurmo> (← prdsdgzo hm drmtrkcmtm k djkaik`mgo gdiid urmgd)…

Vrdsdgzo hm Vrdcmpmtotm> Vksskgk dssdrd hkvutm oiio lkrjozmkgd hm>

k Crmstoiim hm kssoiotk.. mi cum prmgcmpoid rdspkgso`mid â i”dtmidg Aimckid (ogtmadik) jdto`kimzzotk

oh ocmhk kssoimck… cbd prdcmpmto oh kssoiotk hm coicmk..

k Crmstoiim hm Trotm> hkvutm oiio rpdcmpmtozmkgd hdiid jdrcoptkpurmgd (lorjocm ogtmtujkroim)

k Crmstoiim hm Lkslotm..

Io lkrjozmkgd hdm prdcmpmtotm hmpdghd ckgsmhdrdvkijdgtd hoi pB hdiid urmgd

k

Vkssmojk pkm ovdrd crmstoiim adgdrotm ho prdcmpmtotm hm Lorjocm ckjd m Suilojmhmcm

Cidorogcd (kvvmojdgtd)… Lkrsd â mi porojdtrk jmaimkrd pdr voiutord io lugzmkgoimtæ rdgoid

(Crdotmgmgo d Trdo)… Sd sm rmhucd io cidorogcd.. smagmlmco cbd mi rdgd gkg iovkro dllmcmdgtdjdgtd..

_udstk â ug rmossugtk hm hkvd oamsckgk id skstogzd tkssmcbd o

imvdiik rdgoid..

O``mojk mi Aikjdruik (0) d io Copsuio hdi @kwjogg (?) cbd

mgsmdjd ckstmtumsckgk mi ckrpusckik hm Joipmabm. Id prmgcmpoimskstogzd tkssmcbd cbd pksskgk prkvkcord hoggm o qudstk

imvdiik skgk> Skivdgtm kragmcm, mhrkcorùrm oikadgotm..

Vkm o``mojk mi tuùik prkssmjoid (3) d m tkssmcm cbd ik

ckipmsckgk skgk mhrkcorùrm, mhrkcorùrm oikadgotm, oickim

pkimvoidgtm (hmdtmidg aimckid), Jdtoiim pdsogtm d mgqumgogtm

oj`mdgtoim (dso-cikrk-ùtohmdgd, Voroquot d i”ocmhk 0,8,4

trmcikrk ldgkssmocdtmck)..

Suii”ogso hm Bdgid (8) d sui tuùik ckgtkrtk hmstoid (4)oamsckgk prdvoidgtdjdgtd m jdtoiim pdsogtm tro cum mi Pojd.



Voamgo | ?64

M JDXOIIM> Vksskgk oamrd, o òssd hksm k oh oitd hksm…

O @ossd hksm skgk> Pdspkgso`mim hdii”oujdgtk hdi vkiujd hm urmgo prkhktto (ckjprkjdttkgk qumghm mi

prkcdssk hm rmosskr`mjdgtk hdii”ocquo), skgk rdspkgso`mim hdii”oujdgtk hdaim ojmgkocmhm gdii”urmgo (hoggk

gdi rmosskr`mjdgtk hdaim ojmgkocmhm).. Hdtdrjmgogk mgkitrd aimcksurmo (qumghm hoggk gdi rmosskr`mjdgtk hdi

aiucksmk)

Oh Oitd hksm> m Hoggm cousotm skgk pmý arovm… sm orrmvo o ugk stotk hm rmhktto prkhuzmkgd hm urmgo lmgk o

ìkcck rdgoid.. cbd pkrto o ugk stotk hm mgckscmdgzo.. ckjo.. d Jkrtd…

Xro m jdtoiim pdsogtm o``mojk

Mi Jdrcurmk.. gdi rdgd io l krjo pmý tkssmco â qudiio pmý pkiord.. (← Mgkraogmco).. Vuð prkvkcord smo dlldttm

ocutm (ckg hoggk oiid cdiiuid hdii”dpmtdimk rdgoid o couso hdii”oitdroto lugzmkgoimtæ hdm jmtkckghrm d

prkhuzmkgd hm PKS cbd pkrtdroggk o ugo jkrtd pdr opkptksm k gdcrksm..) cbd hoggm crkgmcm (quoghk vmdgd

stmjkioto ugo rmspksto ogtmckrpoid ckg lkrjozmkgd hm ckjpidssm ogtmadgd-ogtmckrpk cbd couso ugo

aikjdruikgdlrmtd hkvuto o ug”dspksmzmkgd crkgmco)

Mi Vmkj`k d mi Cohjmk, oamsckgk o imvdiik hdi tuùik prkssmjoid prkvkcoghk jkrtd pdr ckjprkjmssmkgd hdiio

rdspmrozmkgd cdiiuiord… _udstk hoggk puð hord krmamgd o ugo lkrjo hm rmhktto lugzmkgoimtæ tuùiord cbd â

rdvdrsm`mid. Mg cosk hm dspksmzmkgd crkgmco mi VMKJ@K prkvkco ug tmpk hm gdlrkpotmo corottdrmzzoto ho Scidrksm

vosckiord (mghurmjdgtk hdm vosm hdi rdgd), otrklmo hdiid cdiiuid tu`kiorm, Lkrjozmkgd hm tdssutk lm`rktmck d

scidrksm aikjdruiord.. mi COHJMK bo togtmssmjd ozmkgm tkssmcbd o imvdiik hdii”opporotk rmprkhuttmvk,

pkijkgord d rdgoid.. Mg qudst”uitmjk cosk â portmckiorjdgtd pdrmckiksk quoghk â idaotk oiid jdtoiik

tmkgdmgd.. I”kraogmsjk sm hmldghd hoii”ozmkgd hdm jdtoiim pdsogtm arozmd o qudstd prktdmgd cbd im ckjpidssogk

d im rdghkgk jdgk tkssmcm lovkrdghk io ikrk dimjmgozmkgd… Vdr mi cohjmk â hmvdrsk… _udstk jdtoiik puð

dssdrd mgottmvotk o imvdiik dpotmck hoi aiutotmkgd k ckjpidssotk ckg id jdtoiiktmkgdmgd… Mi ckjpidssk rmtkrgo

qughm mg cmrckik… orrmvo oi rdgd.. vmdgd uitrolmitrotk… ddddd……;; \mgd osskr`mtk hoiid cdiiuid hdi tuùik K[k… Aim dgzmjm imskskjmoim prdsdgtm mg qudstd cdiiuid toaimogk tro mi cohjmk d io jdtoiiktmkgdmgo… mi cohjmk

tkrgo mg lkrjo im`dro, prkvkcoghk dlldttm tkssmcm…

Bktimges>

Pdamstrozmkgd>

Hmspdgsd>

0 Krd hm Idzmkgd



Voamgo | ?6<

GDLPKXKSSMCMXO” | 02/??/?? |Vortd 0

MHPKCOP@TPM OIKADGOXM>

I”dspksmzmkgd ckg qudstm oadgtm puð ovvdgmrd mg ug ckgtdstk mghustrmoid.. k ckjd mgqumgogtm oj`mdgtoim…

I”dspksmzmkgd o òssd ckgcdgtrozmkgm hdtdrjmgo Vrktdmgurmo (oujdgtk hdiio pdrjdo`mimtæ hdiid jdj`rogd),Vkimurmo (hoggm om smstdjm hm rmosskr`mjdgtk gdi tuùik prkssmjoid d gdii”ogso hm Bdgid) d Aimcksurmo (hoggk

gdm prkcdssm hm trospkrtk ottmvk o imvdiik hdi tuùik prkssmjoid)

I”dspksmzmkgd oh oitd ckgcdgtrozmkgm (k pdr ckgtottk, k pdr occujuik) hdtdjmgo ìkcck hdii”uitrolmitrozmkgd

rdgoid ckg ckgsdaudgtd pdrhmto hm lugzmkgoimtæ lmgk oh orrmvord o ckjo d jkrtd…

Mi CIKPKLKPJMK rmdgtro mg qudsto cotdakrmo.. m sukm

dlldttm pdrð vormogk ogcbd o sdckgho hdiio

spdcmd d hdi sdssk hdii”kraogmsjk.. _udstk â

hkvutk oi lottk cbd m jdto`kimtm hdi cikrklkrjmk

(rdspkgso`mim hdii”ozmkgd gdlrktkssmco) pksskgk coj`mord o

sdckgho hdi sdssk hdii”kraogmsjk. Joscbm d ldjjmgd pksskgk mglottm ………………..

prdsdgtord hmlldrdgzd gdiio ckgcdgtrozmkgd k gdi tmpk hm dgzmjm hdputotm ……………….

oiid `mktroslkrjozmkgm.

D” occdrtotk cbd mi cikrklkrjmk dsdrcmto ugo joaamkrd ……………………

ozmkgd gdlrktkssmco gdi joscbmk rmspdttk o

ugo ldjjmgo.

Gdi joscbmk couso gdcrksm o imvdiik

rdgoid.. gdiio ldjjmgo prkvkco

joaamkrjdgtd gdcrksm hdi tdssutk dpotmck..

Mi cikrklkrjmk vmdgd troslkrjotk mg trmcikrk jdtogkik hoaim

dgzmjm jmcrkskjmoim d qudstk, pdr pdrhmto hm BCi, vmdgd ckgvdrtmtk o

Lksadgd.. qudst”uitmjk, sd supdro id ckgcdgtrozmkgm skaimo, puð svkiadrd

i”ozmkgd tkssmco o imvdiik hdiid cdiiuid hdi tuùik rdgoid… Kitrd io ckgcdgtrozmkgd skaimo m jdccogmsjm hm hmldso

d gdutroimzzozmkgd hdiio cdiiuio gkg rmdsckgk o hmsottmvord mi jdto`kimto…

M smstdjm hm mgottmvozmkgd skgk mg qudstk cosk io ckgmuaozmkgd ckg io Cystdmgo.. io ckgmuaozmkgd ckg mi

Aiutotmkgd k i”mhrkimsm ckg lkrjozmkgd hm CK0 d BCi.

I”DSOCIKPK@TXOHMDGD â rdspkgso`mid hdii”ozmkgd tkssmco o imvdiik hdi tuùik prkssmjoid.. vmdgd utmimzzotk

skprottuttk ckjd pdstmcmho/dr`mcmho k ogtmporossmtormk.. k mg oj`mtk mghustrmoid ckjd scoj`motkrd hm coikrd..

Io portmckiormtæ hm qudstk tkssmck â cbd io lkrjo ckgmuaoto ckg mi Aiutotmkgd (Aiutojjotk-Cmstdmgo-Aimcmgo)

su`mscd i”ozmkgd hm hud dgzmjm cbd toaimogk m idaojm hdiio cmstdmgo ckg aimcmgo d aiutojjotk… rmjogd qumghm

ug Cystdmg-Ckgmuaotk5 su`strotk mhdoid pdr i”dgzmjo ΰ-Imosm cbd mhrkimzzo mi idaojd hdii”dsocikrkùtohmdgd

ckg i”otkjk hm zkilk (hdiio cmstdmgo) .. d qumghm;; Sm lkrjo ug tmkik rdspkgso`mid hdiio gdlrktkssmcmtæ..

_umghm.. adgdroijdgtd mi idaojd ckg mi Aiutotmkgd pdrjdttd i”mgottmvozmkgd d i”dimjmgozmkgd hd iid hmvdrsd

skstogzd.. mg qudstk cosk â pdrð mi rdspkgso`mid hdiio `mkottmvozmkgd hdi tkssmck >V

Tg smstdjo pdr i”dimjmgozmkgd hdi Cystdmg-ckgmuaotk sord``d io G-Ocdtmiozmkgd… Smstdjo cbd lugzmkgo lmgk o

quoghk gkg vmdgd soturotk.



Voamgo | ?61

LOPJOCM>

Skgk svormotd id ciossm lorjockikamcbd cbd pksskgk prkvkcord hoggm o imvdiik rdgoid pkrtoghk o mgsullmcmdgzo

ocuto k crkgmco… Vuð dssdrd mgkitrd hm tmpk lugzmkgoid (quoghk mi tdssutk rdgoid rmjogd mgtottk) kh kraogmco

(quoghk mi tdssutk rdgoid vmdgd hoggdaamotk).

Gdi cosk hdii”mgsullmcmdgzo ocuto, qudsto sm prdsdgto mg `rdvd tdjpk d spdssk â rdvdrsm`mid oiio skspdgsmkgd

hdiio skjjmgmstrozmkgd hdi lorjock.. I”mgsullmcmdgzo crkgmco huro pmý o iugak d spdssk â ug prkcdssk

mrrdvdrsm`mid…

Id pdrskgd pmý suscdttm`mim o ug”mgsullmcmdgzo rdgoid ho lorjocm skgk id pdrskgd ogzmogd (cbd boggk amæ hm

pdr sd ugo lugzmkgoimtæ rdgoid rmhktto rmspdttk o ugo pdrskgo pmý amkvogd). M lorjocm cbd pksskgk

hdtdrjmgord mgsullmcmdgzo rdgoid skgk>

Mgsullmcmdgzo rdgoid Lugzmkgoid>

k

LOGS> Vrk`o`mijdgtd o couso hdii”mgm`mzmkgd hdiid cmcikssmadgosm cbd pdrjdttkgk io smgtdsm

hdiid prkstoaioghmgd (← boggk dlldttk voskhmiototkrmk.. io prdvoidgzo hm skstogzd dghkadgd

ckg dlldttk voskckstrmttkrd puð adgdrord dpmskhm mscbdjmcm..) Ossugzmkgm crkgmcbd hm lorjocmckjd Ospmrmgo, m`uprkldgd, goprkxdgd, porocdtojkik.. oh oitd hksm d pdr iugabm pdrmkhm (73

oggm) hdtdrjmgogk gdlrkpotmo crkgmco ckg gdcrksm hdiio zkgo Vopmiiord d Jmhkiiord (ogso hm

bdgid + hkttm ckiidttkrm)

k OGXM-MVDPXDGSM\M> ckjd aim OCD-mgm`mtkrm.. cbd mjpdhmsckgk io prkhuzmkgd hm ogamktdgsmgo..

qudstm lorjocm, sd skjjmgmstrotm mg ckghmzmkgd hm stdgksm rdgoid pksskgk oaarovord io

smtuozmkgd d ckjprkjdttdrd io lugzmkgoimtæ rdgoid

Mgsullmcmdgzo rdgoid Kraogmco>

k

OJMGKAIMCKSMHM>

k

OJLKXDPMCMGO @> mgtdroamscd ckg aim stdrkim hm jdj`rogo adgdroghk hdm pkrm cbd loggk

lukrmuscmrd mi ckgtdgutk cdiiuiord

k

OGXM\MPOIM

k

LOPJOCM OGXMXTJKPOIM CMXKXKSSMCM (ckjd oh dsdjpmk mi cmspiotmgk← bo ozmkgd

adgktkssmco d gdcrktmco)

k

MJJTGKSKVVPDSSKPM (ckjd io Cmcikspkrmgo O)

k JD^^M HM CKGXPOSXK MKHOXM

VOPOCDXOJKIK>

Gdi rdgd trkvo ugo vmo jdto`kimco mg pmý rmspdttk oaim oitrm kraogm, pdr

prkhurrd hdm jdto`kimtm tkssmcm.. (gdi ldaotk, pdr ozmkgd hdi C]V846, vdgmvo

troslkrjotk mg ug jdto`kimto tkssmck)… Mi porocdtojkik cbd gkg vmdgd

oiikgtogotk pdr aiucurkgk-ckgmuaozmkgd k skilotk-ckgmuaozmkgd vmdgd

jdto`kimzzotk hoiid prkstoaioghmgk smgtdtosm cbd pkrtogk oiio

lkrjozmkgd hm ug mgtdrjdhmk rohmcoimck oitojdgtd rdottmvk.. _udstk

rdoamscd ckg m gucidklmim cdiiuiorm prkvkcoghk hoggm o prktdmgd d HGO.

Sdjprd pdr ozmkgd hdiid prkstoaiogk smgtdtosm puð dssdrd ckgvdrtmtk

gdi jdto`kimto tkssmck adgdrotk hoi ldaotk.. K[k‚

Vrkvkco i”oujdgtk hdm prktkttm hdi coto`kimsjk hdiid prktdmgd, io

rmhuzmkgd hdii”uitrolmitrozmkgd aikjdruiord… Vrkvkco mgkitrd pkimurmo(hoggm qumghm gdi rmosskr`mjdgtk) aimcksurmo d prktdmgurmo.



Voamgo | ?62

OJMGKAIMCKSMHM>

Skgk ogtm`mktmcm òttdrmcmhm, mgm`msckgk io smgtdsm prktdmco mgtdroadghk ckg io suùgmtæ rm`kskjmoid hm tmpk

36S. Kgitrd oiio Ktktkssmcmtæ, skgk pdrmckiksm oppugtk pdr io ikrk tkssmcmtæ o imvdiik rdgoid… Io tkssmcmtæ hm

qudstd jkidckid â prkpkrzmkgoid oi gujdrk hm aruppm ojmgmcm prdsdgtm gdiio jkidckio…

Strdptkjmcmgo 9 Xk`rojmcmgo 9 ojmeocmgo 9 gdkjmcmgo

O imvdiik hdi tuùik rdgoid voggk o mgtdroamrd ckg m lkslkimpmhm prdsdgtm suiid jdj`rogd cdiiuiorm, pdgdtrogk

gdiio cdiiuio.. orrmvogk om imskskjm d gd cousogk io rktturo… ckg ckgsdaudgtd lukrmuscmto hdaim dgzmjm

prdsdgtm mg dssm… _udstk cousdræ i”outkhmadstmkgd hdiid prktdmgd cdiiuiorm ckg ckgsdaudgtd jkrtd..

Mgkitrd, aim ojmgkaimcksmhm, oamsckgk suiio skhmk pktossmk OXVosm oitdroghk aim dqumim`rm mkgmcm pkrtoghk o ug

rmakglmojdgtk cdiiuiord .. oitdrogk io lugzmkgoimtæ jmtkckghrmoid, m smstdjm hm troshuzmkgd hdi sdagoid d

i”kjdpstosm hdi coicmk…

Lmgd hdiio Gdlrktkssmcmtæææææææ

XKSSMCKIKAMO HDI JMHKIIK KSSDK

Voridrdjk hdm hoggm cousotm oiio portd ckrpusckiord hdi sogaud (drmtrkcmtm, iduckcmtm, pmotrmgd dcc..)…

Id cdiiuid djotmcbd krmamgogk (gdii”ohuitk) ho kppkrtugd cdiiuid stojmgoim prdsdgtm gdi jmhkiik kssdk.

Gdii”kraogmsjk ldtoid, mgmzmoijdgtd, id cdiiuid djotmcbd vdgakgk prkhkttd ho prdcurskrm gdiio jmizo d gdi

ldaotk… Mgtkrgk oi qumgtk jdsd hm arovmhogzo mi jmhkiik kssdk ldtoid mgmzmo o dssdrd lugzmkgogtd d o prkhurrd

cdiiuid stojmgoim cbd sm hmlldrdgzmdroggk gdm hmvdrsm didjdgtm ckrpusckiorm hdi sogaud…

Id cdiiuid stojmgoim skgk mgottmvd… Dgtrdroggk mg ugk stotk hm hmlldrdgzmozmkgd mg sdaumtk o hdaim stmjkim

dghkadgm ho portd hm jdhmotkrm cbmjmcm (Ds> DVK).

Aim stmjkim pksskgk pkrtord oh dsdjpmk oiio prkhuzmkgd hdm prdcurskrm hdm imglkcmtm (← mi Imglkìostm) cbd

lkrjogk hdiid ckikgmd cbd sm svmiuppogk gdiik strkjo jmhkiiord.. m imglkìostm sm svmiuppdroggk pkm mg Imglkcmtm

X d @ (cdiiuid rdspkgso`mim hdiio rmspksto mjjugmtormo cmtktkssmco d ogtmckrpoid)… Hoaim Drmtrkòistm

orrmvdrdjk (mg vorm stohm) om rdtmckikcmtm cbd sm hmlldrdgzmdroggk mglmgd mg drmtrkcmtm.. Id pmostrmgd krmamgogk hom

jdaocormkìostm… dcc dcc dcc…. K[k

M lottkrm rdspkgso`mim hdiio hmlldrdgzmozmkgd hdiid cdiiuid stojmgoim skgk>

i”Drmtrkpkmdtmgo (prkhktto o imvdiik rdgoid)

Lottkrd hm stmjkiozmkgd hdm aroguikcmtm

Lottkrd hm stmjkiozmkgd hdm jkgkcmtm/jocrkloam

Mgtdriducbmgd.. cbd pksskgk oamrd mg jogmdro hmrdtto k mghmrdtto…

k

mgtdriducbmgo ? d XGL boggk ozmkgd mghmrdtto (voggk o stmjkiord cdiiuid hdiik strkjo

jmhkiiord cbd o ikrk vkito prkhurroggk m jdhmotkrm cbmjmcm spdcmlmcm pdr id cdiiuid stojmgoim..)

k

I”Mgtdriducbmgo 1 stmjkio io prkhuzmkgd hdm prdcurskrm hdm imglkcmtm @ dX

k

D Id mgtdriducbmgd 0, 8, 4, < oamsckgk su tuttm m prdcurskrm…

D” poidsd qumghm copmrd o cbd imvdiik pksskgk oamrd id skstogzd tkssmcbd…



Voamgo | ?6=

\MO HMPDXXO>

M tkssmcm pksskgk oamsckgk suii cdiiuid stojmgoim piurmpktdgtm k suiid cdiiuid lmaimd..

\MO MGHMPDXXO>

Oitdrogk mi ckgtrkiik hdm jdhmotkrm cbmjmcm rdspkgso`mim hdiio hmlldrdgzmozmkgd hdiid cdiiuid stojmgoim..

I”DJKAIK@MGO>

D” mi ckjpkgdgtd prmgcmpoid hdaim drmtrkcmtm (aikùim rkssm joturm) d

ckstmtumscd cmrco mi 36% hdiio ikrk josso.. D” ugo prktdmgo oh didvotk pdsk

jkidckiord (<1e H) dh â ckstmtumto ho 8 cotdgd pkimpdptmhmcbd (0 ΰ d 0 ο).

Oii”mgtdrgk hm kagugo hm qudstd cotdgd sm trkvo mi aruppk prkstdtmck DJD

ckstmtumtk ho ug ogdiik pkrlmrmgmck oi cum mgtdrgk vm â ckjpidssotk mi Ld +0←

ckghmzmkgd gdcdssormo pdr idaord i”kssmadgk d trospkrtorik om tdssutm..

Cm skgk vorm lottkrm cbd mgliudgzogk mi idaojd tro i”djkaik`mgo d i”kssmadgk,

tro cum>

mi pB cdiiuiord> Tgo ckghmzmkgd hm o`òssojdgtk hdi

pB hdtdrjmgo ugo joaamkrd locmimtæ hm rmioscmk

hdii”kssmadgk (DLLDXXK @KBP) ← ←

Io prdssmkgd porzmoid hdii”Kssmadgk> o imvdiik hdm

pkijkgm â pmý didvoto.. qumghm â ogcbd pmý didvoto

i”ollmgmtæ… o imvdiik hdm tdssutm pdrmldrmcm io prdssmkgd

porzmoid sm o`òsso (d hm ckgsdaudgzo ogcbd

i”ollmgmtæ)…

Mg sdaumtk oii”ozmkgd hm tkssmcm jdtdjkaik`mgmzzogtm pkssmojk

ovdrd io lkrjozmkgd hm JDXDJKAIK@MGO (kssmhozmkgd hdi ldrrk hdi aruppk djd ho 0+ o 3+, mgcopocd

qumghm hm idaord i”kssmadgk). Io jdtdjkaik`mgdjmo prdsdgto qumghm ugo smgtkjotkikamo tmpmco hdiik scorsk

oppkrtk hm kssmadgk om tdssutm.. prmjk lro tuttm>

Io CMOGKSM> Xmpmco ckikrozmkgd ìuostro hdiid jucksd, cbd sm prdsdgto quoghk oijdgk ?/3

hdii”djkaik`mgo gkg â kssmadgoto..

\drtmamgm d Hmskrmdgtojdgtk .. id copocmtæ hdi SGC skgk kvvmojdgtd ckjprkjdssd

Hd`kidzzo jusckiord

Vdrhmto hm ckgsopdvkidzzo, mgtkrgk oi 46%, lmgk oh orrmvord o…

Jkrtd.. pdr ckgcdgtrozmkgm porm o cmrco mi 16%

Gdi sogaud â gkrjoid io lkrjozmkgd hm ugo pmcckio pdrcdgtuoid hm jdtdjkaik`mgo, mg quogtk smojk pur

sdjprd mjjdrsm mg ug jord hm skstogzd kssmhogtm.. _udstd ckgcdgtrozmkgm ckjugqud rmjogakgk òssd

(skttk i”?%) arozmd oii”ozmkgd hdii”dgzmjo Jdtdjkaik`mgo Pdhuttosm (GOHB-Hmpdghdgtd) cbd rmhucd mi ldrrk

hdii”djd gukvojdgtd o 0+.

I”kssmhozmkgd hdi ldrrk ho +0 o +3 puð ovvdgmrd ottrovdrsk 0 prkcdssm>

- Kssmhozmkgd hmrdtto> Ovvmdgd ugo rdozmkgd hm kssmhkrmhuzmkgd, mg cum ugo spdcmd (mi ldrrk) sm

kssmho..jdgtrd i”oitro sm rmhucd.

-

Ck-Kssmhozmkgd k Kssmhozmkgd Occkppmoto> I”djkaik`mgo d ug”oitro skstogzo, mg prdsdgzo hm

kssmadgk sm kssmhogk ckgtdjpkrogdojdgtd.



Voamgo | ??6

M tkssmcm cbd pksskgk pkrtord oiio lkrjozmkgd hm jdtodjkaik`mgo pdr kssmhozmkgd hmrdtto skgk>

k I”Ocquo kssmadgoto,

k

I”kzkgk

k D quosm tuttm aim kssmhm hdii”ozktk (GKx)

k Mi rojd, crkjotm

k M Cikrotm d Vdrcikrotm

k

M Gmtrotm d

k M Cbmgkgm

Id skstogzd cbd mghuckgk kssmhozmkgd occkppmoto pksskgk oamrd pdr vmo>

Hmrdtto ← Skgk amæ ottmvd.. d mg prdsdgzo hm kssmadgk sm kssmhogk mgsmdjd oi ldrrk…

k GoGK0 .. cbd vmdgd kssmhotk o GoGK3 mgsmdjd oii”djkaik`mgo

Mghmrdtto ← Pmcbmdhkgk ug”ottmvozmkgd jdto`kimco… â gdcdssormo qumghm io prdsdgzo hm kppkrtugm

dgzmjm. Vmý m jdto`kimtm tkssmcm skgk sto`mim.. pmý didvoto soræ io iotdgzo hdm cmcim hm Ck-kssmhozmkgd..

Vdrcbí!;!; K[k Mi ckjpkstk hm portdgzo vmdgd `mkottmvotk.. d vdrræ kssmhotk mgsmdjd oi ldrrk

hdii”djkaik`mgo… Succdssmvojdgtd vdrræ rmckgvdrtmtk oi ckjpkstk hm portdgzo (Ob hovvdrk;; K[k) d mg

qudstk jkhk sm lkrjdræ ug cmcik cbd lkrgmscd ckgtmguojdgtd jdto`kimto tkssmck cbd puð dspidtord

io suo ottmvmtæ jdtodjkaik`mgmzzogtd lmgk oiio suo hdarohozmkgd.. Xro m tkssmcm cbd prdsdgtogk

qudstk jdccogmsjk o``mojk>k

Ojmgd orkjotmcbd (d tuttm m gmtrk d ozkckjpkstm orkjotmcm) ckjd i”Ogmimgo cbd krmamgo ug

cmcik cbd pdrhuro pdr jkitk tdjpk.. i”mgtkssmcozmkgd ho ogmimgo adgdroijdgtd ovvmdgd pdr

mgoiozmkgd hm vopkrm k osskr`mjdgtk cutogdk gdiid mghustrmd coizoturmdrd, mg qudiid cbd

prkhuckgk akjjd d qudiid lorjocdutmcbd..

Mg cosk hm mgtkssmcozmgd ho skstogzd

jdtdjkaik`mgmzzogtm, i”ogtmhktk â mi ìu hm jdtmidgd

cbd gkg oamscd ckjd toid, jo hdvd prmjo dssdrd

rmhkttk o @iu hm Iduckjdtmidgd. _udsto rmhuzmkgd

ovvmdgd ottrovdrsk i”ozmkgd hdiio jdtdjkaik`mgo

rdhuttosm GOHVB hmpdghdgtd.. Mi ìu hm iduckjdtmidgd

â mi rdspkgso`mid hdiio rmhuzmkgd hdi Ldrrk 3+ o

Ldrrk 0+… rmprmstmgoghk cksé i”djkìk`mgo

gkrjoid…

Tgo skjjmgmstrozmkgd pdr vmo dghkvdgkso hm 0

ja/ea prkvkco ug coik hdiio jdtdjkaik`mgo gdi

sogaud ho ug 36% o ug 4-2%..

JKGKSSMHK HM COP@KGMK

D” ug oitrk tkssmck mjpkrtogtd, prkvkco io

prkhuzmkgd hm cor`kssmdjkaik`mgo (ckikr

rkssk cmimdamo >V) d mjpdhmscd mi idaojd

hdii”kssmadgk oi Ldrrk hdi aruppk djd mg

quogtk bo ug”ollmgmtæ 046 vkitd supdrmkrd.

I”mgtkssmcozmkgd ho ugo smgtkjotkikamo

arohuoid.. aim stotm pmý arovm sm roaamugakgk ckg ug 46-<6% hm cor`kssmdjkaik`mgo lkrjoto ckg ugk stotk

ckjotksk d d pkssm`mimtæ hm ckgvuismkgm.. lmgk oh orrmvord o ckiiossk cmrckiotkrmk d jkrtd… Io tdropmo ottuo`mid

pdr ogtoakgmzzord i”ozmkgd hdi CK â usord ugo cojdro mpdròrmco, mg cum vmdgd oujdgtoto io prdssmkgdporzmoid hdii”kssmadgk dh â cksé locmimtotk mi hmstocck hdi CK hoii”djkaik`mgo..



Voamgo | ???

Mg ckghmzmkgm gkrjoim hm prdssmkgd hdii”kssmadgk, mi X/0 hdi jkgkssmhk hm cor`kgmk â hm 306 jmgutm… qumghm

kcckrrdroggk oii”mgcmrco 0< krd pdr io ckjpidto dimjmgozmkgd hdi C:K hoi sogaud…

Mi tdjpk hm hmjdzzojdgtk sm rmhucd o ’skim‚ 26 jmgutm mg ug”otjksldro hm SKIK kssmadgk o prdssmkgd

oj`mdgtoid… (mi tdjpk rmcmbdstk pdr ugo ckjpidto dimjmgozmkgd sm rmhucd qumghm o <-1 krd)…

Mglmgd.. mg cojdro mpdr`ormco o 3 otj ckg skik kssmadgk, mi X/0 hdi C:K sm rmhucd o 03 jmg ( qumghm gd

kcckrrkgk ??4 pdr io suo ckjpidto dimjmgozmkgd… Gkg joid >V)

XMVM HM HOGGM O IM\DIIK DJOXMCK>

Ogdjmd> kvvdrk io rmhuzmkgd hdaim drmtrkcmtm gdi sogaud…

Iduckcmtkpdgmd> rmhuzmkgd hdm iduckcmtm gdi sogaud

Xrkj`kcmtkpdgmd> hmjmguzmkgd hdiid pmostrmgd..

Aroguikcmtkpdgmo> rmhuzmkgd hdm aroguikcmtm gdi sogaud

Imglkcmtkpdgmo> rmhuzmkgd hdm imglkcmtm gdi sogaud

Vogcmtkpdgmo> rmhuzmkgd hm tuttm aim didjdgtm ckrpusckiorm hdi sogaud… â adgroijdgtd cousoto ho

skstogzd tkssmcbd ckjd mi `dgzdgd, rohmozmkgm mkgmzzogtm… imghogk d cikrhogk (pdstmcmhmkraogkcikrurotm), jkstorhd ozktotd (ogtmgdkpiostmcm), orsdgmck, cikrojldgmckik d Soim h”krk…

Oaroguikcmtksm> jogcogzo hm aroguikcmtm gdi sogaud

Ogdjmo opiostmco> ckgsdaudgtd oiio pogcmtkpdgmo… â ugo potkikamo jkitk roro, corottdrmzzoto ho

ugo rmhuzmkgd hm tuttm aim didjdgtm cdiiuiorm hdi sogaud

Ogdjmo djkimtmco> prkvkcoto hoii”djkimsm hdaim drmtrkcmtm

Iducdjmo> tujkrd hdiid cdiiuid hdi sogaud, mg cum vm â ugo mpdrprkimldrozmkgd mgckgtrkiioto hdiid

cdiiuid stojmgoim gdi jmhkiik kssdk.

@DG^DGD>

Bo ug quohrk jdto`kimck o``ostogzo ckjpimcotk… Aim dlldttm djotktkssmcm hdi `dgzdgd hdrmvogk hoi lottk

cbd m sukm jdto`kimtm voggk o idaorsm oiid `mkjkidckid cdiiuiorm (prktdmgd, HGO d PGO) prkvkcoghk

ug”mgm`mzmkgd hdiio smgtdsm hdi HGO d qumghm mgm`mzmkgd hdiio prkimldrozmkgd cdiiuiord o imvdiik hdiid stojmgoim

gdi jmhkiik kssdk… ← prkvkco qumghm JMDIKHDVPDSSMKGD.

Oamscd mgkitrd suiik strkjo jmhkiiord rmhucdghk aim stmjkim cbd pksskgk mghmrmzzord oiio hmlldrdgzmozmkgd hdiid

ckikgmd hm prdcurskrm..

Io tkssmcmtæ hdi `dgzdgd prksdaud pdr stohm… Mgmzmoijdgtd o``mojk ogdjmo…. Succdssmvojdgtd

oii”oujdgtord hdiio ckgcdgtrozmkgd possmojk oh dlldttm suaim oitrm didjdgtm lmaurotm hdi sogaud lmgk oh

orrmvord oiio pogcmtkpdgmo..

Mi hoggk pmý arovd (hkvutk o dspksmzmkgd prkiugaoto oh oitd ckgcdgtrozmkgm) â io iducdjmo.. m jdccogmsjm cbd

pkrtogk o dsso gkg skgk ogckro `dg cbmorm.. (sm pdgso o``mo dlldttk ciostkadgk)



Voamgo | ??0

JDXO@KIMSJK HDI @DG^DGD>

M jdto`kimtm cdrcbmotm skgk qudiim joaamkrjdgtd mjpimcotm gdii”ozmkgd tkssmco… Hoi `dgzdgd sm kttdgakgk ug

jdto`kimto dpkssmhmck d ug ldgkik..

Io lkrjo dpkssmhmco â qudiio cbd pktrd``d dssdrd oiikgtogogto d mgottmvoto pdr ckgmuaozmkgd ckg

aiutotmkgd.. sd pdrð qudstk smstdjo gkg â dllmcmdgtd, i”dpkssmhk horæ krmamgd oii”oihdmhd juckgmco

(oitojdgtd tkssmco) rdspkgso`mid hdiio jmdikhdprdssmkgd..

Mi ldgkik pkrto mgvdcd oiio prkhuzmkgd hm mhrk d `dgzk cbmgkgm (← oitrm jdto`kimtm djotk tkssmcm).. mi ldgkik

puð dssdrd mgottmvotk pdr ckgmuaozmkgd ckg ocmhk aiucurkgmck k ckg skilotk.. sd qudstd vmd hm

gdutroimzzozmkgd gkg skgk sullmcmdgtm, horæ krmamgd o ugo spdcmd cotdckimco (cbd puð dssdrd ogcb”dsso

mgottmvoto pdr ckgmuaozmkgd ckg ocmhk aiucurkgmck k skilotk) d o ugo spdcmd mhrkcbmgkgmco… Sd m smstdjm hm

gdutroimzzozmkgd gkg lugzmkgogk mg jkhk dllmcmdgtd, mi jdto`kimsjk prksdaumræ oiio lkrjozmkgd hm

`dgzkcbmgkgm d mhrkcbmgkgm hm cum â occdrtotk i”dlldttk jmdiktkssmck (←pdr idaojd oiid `mkjkidckid

cdiiuiorm).



Voamgo | ??3

XKSSMCKIKAMO HDI SMSXDJO PDSVMPOXKPMK

Io rdamkgd gosk lormgado â io pkrzmkgd hm prktdzmkgd ho oadgtm

tkssmcm cbd vdgakgk mgoiotm k ospmrotm. Arozmd oiio prdsdgzo hm

cdiiuid cmimotd d oiio prkhuzmkgd hm juck, pksskgk dssdrd

trottdgutd id portmcdiid ckg hmjdgsmkgm supdrmkrm om 4-?6 ιj..

succdssmvojdgtd vdrroggk trospkrtotd oii”dskloak pdr dssdrd pkmdimjmgotd.. _udsto rdamkgd â ckstmtumto ho ug dpmtdimk jkitk

vosckiormzzotk d qumghm ug”oitro lugzmkgd â qudiio hm scoihord i”ormo

prkvdgmdgtd hoii”dstdrgk d ujmhmlmcorio.. Mg qudsto rdamkgd

vdgakgk mgkitrd trottdgutm m aos portmckiorjdgtd mhrkskiu`mim (ckjd

i”ogmhrmhd skilkrkso)… skgk mgkitrd prdsdgtm id cdiiuid kilottkrmd cbd

pdrjdttkgk i”dio`krozmkgd hdaim khkrm… gd ckgsdaud cbd skstogzd

tkssmcbd cbd voggk o hoggdaamord qudstk dpmtdimk cousogk

ug”oitdrozmkgd hdiio pdrcdzmkgd kilottmvo… Mglmgd qudstd cdiiuid boggk ogcbd copocmto jdto`kimcbd…

Hoiio zkgo gosklormgado orrmvmojk oiio pkrzmkgd trocbdk-`rkgcbmoid(ckjprdso tro io trocbdo d m `rkgcbmkim hm trogsmzmkgd)… pkssmojk hmvmhdrd

i”dpmtdimk mg vormd sdzmkgm… kagugo hm qudiid gujdrotd vmdgd hdtto

adgdrozmkgd (skgk id zkgd mg cum sm lkrjogk gukvd rojmlmcozmkgm).. io

rdamkgd trocbdk`rkgcbmoid vo qumghm hoiio 6 oiio ?4.. mg qudsto zkgo

o``mojk ug dpmtdimk hm tmpk juckcmimotk, cbd pdrjdttd hm trottdgdrd

portmcdiid pdr pkm lorid rmsoimrd lmgk oii”dskloak.. o``mojk mgkitrd cdiiuid

jucksdcrdtkrmd, rdspkgso`mim hdiio prkhuzmkgd hm juck (cbd bo mi

ckjpmtk hm mgtdrcdttord d `ikccord id portmcdiid pkrtotd hoi liussk

hdii”ormo)… Vkssmojk trkvord pkm id cdiiuid gkg cmimotd hdlmgmtd cdiiuid

’Cioro‚ d sm trkvogk gdm `rkgcbmkim… boggk ug”mgtdgso ottmv`mtæ

jdto`kimzzogtd d prkhuckgk juck.. Kvvmojdgtd skgk prdsdgtm ogcbd

cdiiuid jusckiorm cbd pdrjdttkgk ottrovdrsk jdccogmsjm hm

rmioscmojdgtk d ckgtrozmkgd hm locmimtord mi possoaamk hdii”ormo.. Skgk

prdsdgtm pkm jostkcmtm d aroguikcmtm, cbd sm ottmvogk mg cosk hm prkcdssm

oiidramcm k mglmojjotkrm...

Xro m tkssmcm cbd skgk ottmvm gdiio rdamkgd trocbdk-`rkgcbmoid o``mojk i”ogmhrmhd skilkrkso d id skstogzd

prdsdgtm gdi lujk hm smaordtto.. cbd rmhuckgk id copocmtæ prktdttmvd hm qudstk dpmtdimk.. d qumghm io

Cidorogcd juckcmimord.

Succdssmvojdgtd possmojk oiio rdamkgd

pkijkgord, io cum prmgcmpoid lugzmkgd â ik

scoj`mk hdm aos… mg qudsto pkrzmkgd ovvmdgd

joaamkrjdgtd i”osskr`mjdgtk hdiid skstogzd

tkssmcbd sd qudstd prdsdgtogk kppkrtugd

corottdrmstmcbd cbmjmck lmsmcbd ckjd Vmcckid

hmjdgsmkgm d scorso mhrkskiu`mimtæ…



Voamgo | ??8

M `rkgcbmkim tdrjmgoim pkrtogk oaim oivdkim cbd skgk o strdttk ckgtottk ckg ugo

rdtd hm copmiiorm. Mi sogaud cbd trospkrto ottrovdrsk aim drmtrkcmtm m aos ckjd

io CK0 quoghk orrmvogk o imvdiik oivdkiord vdgakgk scoj`motm ckg

i”kssmadgk arozmd oiik strdttk ckgtottk cbd vm â tro io jdj`rogo hdaim

oivdkim d i”dghktdimk hdm copmiiorm. _udsto hkppmo jdj`rogo mg

portmckiord qudiio cbd ckstmtumscd aim oivdkim, â ckstmtumto ho cdiiuid hm

0 tmpm>

Vgdujkcmtm hm tmpk ?> cbd ckstmtumsckgk ik strotk skttmid cbd

crdo io `orrmdro tro sogaud d ormo.. mgkitrd boggk ugo

lugzmkgd strutturoid

Vgdujkcmtm hm tmpk 0> Vrkhuckgk ug tdgsmkottmvk pkijkgord

cbd mjpdhmscd mi ckiiossk hdaim oivdkim oi jkjdgtk

hdii”dspmrozmkgd.. d rmadgdrogk id cdiiuid hm tmpk ? quoghk qudstd vdgakgk hoggdaamotd…

Sdjprd o qudstk imvdiik pkssmojk pkm trkvord cdiiuid ckggdttmvd d jocrkloam, io cum prmgcmpoid lugzmkgd â hm

spozzmgm >V (loakcmtogk portmcdiid dstrogdd cbd skgk rmuscmtd oh orrmvord o imvdiik oivdkiord).

Io lugzmkgd hm scoj`mk hdm aos hmpdghd ho 3 lottkrm>

Io \dgtmiozmkgd pkijkgord> Io quogtmtæ h”ormo cbd ottrovdrso id vmd rdspmrotkrmd..

Io pdrlusmkgd pkijkgord> i”mrrkrozmkgd hdm pkijkgm

Hmllusmkgd pkijkgord> hmllusmkgd hdi aos ottrovdrsk ik strotk hdiid cdiiuid dghktdimoim d pgdujkcmtm..

Bktimges>



Hmspdgsd Jmhkiik kxx>

Hmspdgsd Smst Pdsp>

0 Krd hm Idzmkgd



Voamgo | ??4

XKSSMCKIKAMO HDI SMSXDJO PDSVMPOXKPMK | 0=/??/?? Vortd 0

\DGXMIO^MKGD VKIJKGOPD>

D” mi vkiujd h”ormo cbd mi pkijkgd puð ckgtdgdrd, d hmpdghd hoiio

diostmcmtæ hdi tdssutk pkijkgord. Vdr pktdr vdhdrd hoggm o imvdiik

hdiio vdgtmiozmkgd pkijkgord kcckrrd pktdr coickiord mi \kiujdPdspmrotkrmk -7 ottrovdrsk ugk strujdgtk

cbmojotk Spmrkjdtrk.

Oii”mgtdrgk hm qudstk vmdgd

skllmoto i”ormo prkvdgmdgtd

hoi pkijkgd.. d pkssmojk

rmcovord hmvdrsm vkiujm…

Mi \kiujd Ckrrdgtd â mi

vkiujd h”ormo dspmrotk mg

ckghmzmkgm hm rmpksk(gdii”ohuitk â porm o cmrco

466 jI)..

Vkssmojk pkm coickiord io

Copocmtæ \mtoid> ← mi vkiujd h”ormo djdssk mg ckghmzmkgm lkrzotd (i”mghmvmhuk `utto lukrm ormo lmgk om imjmtm hdi

pkssm`mid >V) .. adgdroijdgtd â porm o 8466 jI

Cmð cbd rmjogd gdi pkijkgd hkpk io lkrzoto dspmrozmkgd sm cbmojo \kiujd Pdsmhuk (?466 jI)

Io skjjo hdiio copocmtæ vmtoid + mi vkiujd rdsmhuk lkrgmscd io copocmtæ Vkijkgord XKXOID.

\mdgd hdlmgmto copocmtæ lugzmkgoid rdsmhuo mi vkiujd h”ormo cbd rmjogd hkpk i”dspmrozmkgd o rmpksk..

\ormozmkgm mg tuttm qudstm vkiujm pksskgk dssdrd sdagoim hm ug hoggk o imvdiik hdiio vdgtmiozmkgd pkijkgord

hkvutk o pdrhmto hm diostmcmtæ.

Ckso puð crdord qudstk tmpk hm hoggk;;

Io skstmtuzmkgd hdiid cdiiuid pkijkgorm gkrjoijdgtd prdsdgtm ckg Xdssutk lm`rksk… o couso hm>

k Lm`rd Jmgdroim> ckjd Os`dstk (ojmogtk), Smimcmk

k Vkijkgmtd

Mg qudstm cosm o``mojk ugo rmhuzmkgd hdiio copocmtæ vmtoid d hdiio copocmtæ pkijkgord Xktoid..

Votkikamd kstruttmvd cbd mjpdhmsckgk mi gkrjoid liussk hm ormo ottrovdrsk id vmd rdspmrotkrmd ckjd>

k

@rkgcksposjm hkvutm oii”OSJO..

_udsto potkikamo hdtdrjmgo ug Oujdgtk hdi \kiujd Pdsmhuk (o couso hdiid kstruzmkgm pmý hm

ug cdrtk quogtmtotmvk hm ormo gkg rmdscd o dssdrd djdsso…)

I”opporotk rdspmrotkrmk â mi prmjk o vdgmrd o ckgtottk ckg id skstogzd dskadgd prdsdgtm gdii”ormo.. Ottrovdrsk

io vmo gosoid d io `kcco pksskgk dssdrd mgoiotm vopkrm k portmckiotm. Io supdrlmcmd hm osskr`mjdgtk d scoj`mk

hm qudstk smstdjo â vostmssmjo.. M tkssmcm mgoiotm pksskgk gkg oamrd gdi hmstrdttk mg cum vdgakgk osskr`mtm, jopksskgk hmstrm`umrsm o imvdiik smstdjmck d hord dlldttm ogcbd mg oitrm kraogm.. Oh dsdjpmk, oicugm skivdgtm mgoiotm

pksskgk hdtdrjmgord dpotktkssmcmtæ, gdlrktkssmcmtæ d gdurktkssmcmtæ).



Voamgo | ??<

Cm skgk pkm skstogzd cbd pksskgk dssdrd osskr`mtd ottrovdrsk oitrd vmd (ckjd qudiio cutogdo).. pdr pkm

occujuiorsm o imvdiik pkijkgord dsdrcmtoghk qum i”ozmkgd tkssmco… Tg dsdjpmk â mi ’Voroquot‚ (lo portd hdm

lmtklorjocm ← â ug dr`mcmho) prkvkco gdcrksm tmssutoid pdr lkrjozmkgd hm rohmcoim im`drm.

Mi smstdjo rdspmrotkrmk sm hmldghd hoiid skstogzd tkssmcbd ottrovdrsk ug smstdjo hm cidorogcd jdccogmco

(hkvutk oiid cdiiuid juckcmimorm) d oiio prdsdgzo hm jocrkloam (skprottuttk o imvdiik oivdkiord).

M tkssmcm pksskgk dssdrd>

Hdm aos k vopkrm cbd ottrovdrsk io vmo mgoiotkrmo supdrogk ik spozmk jkrtk

rdspmrotkrmk d vdgakgk osskr`mtm o imvdiik oivdkiord arozmd oiio vosto supdrlmcmd hm

scoj`mk5 possogk qumghm gdi sogaud d sm hmstrmùmsckgk gdii”kraogmsjk..

Vortmcdiid skspdsd>

k Odrkski (Skspdgsmkgd hm portmcdiid imqumhd)

k Gdùimzzotm (Skspdgsmkgd hm portmcdiid skimhd)

k Vkivdrm (portmcdiid skimhd)

k Lujm

k

Sjka (bo ugo ckjpksmzmkgd jkitk vormo`mid d sm adgdro pdr mrrohmozmkgd hdm ……………………. prkhkttm hm ckjùstmkgd gdii”otjksldro)

AOS D \OVKPM… I”osskr`mjdgtk hmpdghd>

Hoii”ogotkjmo hdiid vmd rdspmrotkrmd> O couso hdiio hmvdrso jkrlkikamo d hdi coim`rk hdiid zkgd hdi

trottk rdspmrotkrmk, coj`mogk m jkvmjdgtm hdiid portmcdiid mgoiotd. D qudstk coj`mo io prkò`mimtæ

cbd id portmcdiid pkssogk sckgtrorsm tro hm ikrk hdpksmtorsm.. d qumghm gkg roaamugadrd aim oivdkim..

Hoiio vmo hm Mgtrkhuzmkgd> Id skstogzd mgoiotd vdgakgk joaamkrjdgtd mgtdrcdttotd d lmitrotd rmspdttk

o qudiid rdspmrotd..

Hoiio lrdqudgzo d prklkghmtæ hdaim ottm rdspmrotkrm..

M aos mgtrkhkttm gdii”kraogmsjk pksskgk ovdrd hmlldrdgtm corottdrmstmcbd cbmjmck lmsmcbd…

M aos Mhrkskiu`mim skgk qudiim cbd sm hdpksmtogk pmý locmijdgtd gdi juck d suiid pordtm hdi trottk

rdspmrotkrmk.. gkg rmuscdghk qumghm oh orrmvord o imvdiik oivdkiord..

M aos pkck skiu`mim ckjd i”kzkgk d aim kssmhm h”ozktk boggk scorsd pkssm`mimtæ hm pktdrsm hdpksmtord, d

qumghm pdgdtrogk pmý locmijdgtd gdaim strotm pmý prklkghm.

M aos GKG skiu`mim mg ocquo, ckjd mi jkgkssmhk hm cor`kgmk, orrmvogk locmijdgtd oiik spozmk

oivdkiord pdr pkm possord oi sogaud…

Dsmstkgk vormd jkhoimtæ hm hdpksmzmkgd hm VOPXMCDIID

IM_TMHD D SKIMHD d hmpdghkgk kvvmojdgtd hoii”ogotkjmo

hdi trottk rdspmrotkrmk d hoiio ikrk Hmjdgsmkgd.

Mg portmckiord â mjpkrtogtd hmlldrdgzmord hmojdtrk d

Iugabdzzo hdiid portmcdiid, mg quogtk oicugm tkssmcm hdi trottk

rdspmrotkrmk skgk ckstmtumtm ho lm`rd.

Vmý iugabd skgk id lm`rd, pmý qudstd rmuscmroggk o hdpksmtorsm

gdi trottk rdspmrotkrmk… Id lm`rd, trospkrtotd hoii”ormo,

ottrovdrsk jkvmjdgtm kscmiiotkrm (spdcmd gdiid zkgd pmý oitd



Voamgo | ??1

hdi trottk rdspmrotkrmk) vdgakgk MGXDPCDXXOXD d sm hdpksmtogk suii”dpmtdimk.

Ovrdjk mgvdcd I”MJVOXXO^MKGD _uoghk sm bo mi hdpksmtk hm portmcdiid gdiio zkgo gosk-lorgmado.. Dssdghk mi

coim`rk pmý didvotk, qudstd portmcdiid skgk skttkpkstd o hdm `ruscbm coj`m hmrdzmkgoim.. s`ottkgk ckgtrk id

pordtm hdiid vmd supdrmkrm d sm mjpottogk hdpksmtoghksm mg qudsto zkgo… qudstk tmpk hm portmcdiid bo ug

hmojdtrk cbd vo hom 4 om 36 ιj…

Jog jogk cbd scdghmojk oiid vmd pmý prklkghd sm rmhucd mi coim`rk hdiid vmd odrdd d qumghm io pkssm`mimtæ cbdvm smogk coj`m hmrdzmkgoim.. mgkitrd sm rmhucd ogcbd io vdikcmtæ hdi liussk h”ormo.. Io jkhoimtæ hm hdpksmtk

coj`mo o SDHMJDGXO^MKGD. Sm bo qudstk tmpk hm hdpksmtk gdiio rdamkgd trocbdk-`rkgcbmoid pdr portmcdiid

ckg hmjdgsmkgm ckjprdsd tro ? d 4 ιj.

O imvdiik Oivdkiord orrmvogk id portmcdiid ckg hmojdtrk mgldrmkrd o ? ιj. _udstd boggk io pkssm`mimtæ hm

HMLLKGHDPD ottrovdrsk i”dpmtdimk dh dssdrd osskr`mtd..

Aim oadgtm tkssmcm pksskgk hdtdrjmgord o imvdiik pkijkgord ugo rmspksto ckg>

@rkgckckstrmzmkgd (rmhuzmkgd hdi coim`rk hdiid vmd odrdd ckg rmhktto quogtmtæ hm ormo cbd roaamugad m

pkijkgm d hm ckgsdaudgzo ogcbd aim oitrm tdssutm hdii”kraogmsjk)

Dhdjo hdiid vmd Odrdd (mgtdrvmdgd ug prkcdssk mglmojjotkrmk ckg voskhmiotozmkgd d oujdgtk hdiio

pdrjdo`mimtæ vosoid … hm ckgsdaudgzo sm bo vdrsojdgtk hm imqumhm gdaim spozm mgtdrs tmzmoim ckg dhdjo

d kstruzmkgd hdiid vmd odrdd)

Pdozmkgm Oiidramcbd

Dglmsdjo (Hmiotozmkgd hdaim spozm oivdkiorm ckg hmstruzmkgd hdm sdttm oivdkiorm)

Lm`rksm (skstmtuzmkgd hm cdiiuid dpmtdimoim ckg lm`rk`iostm.. d ckgsdaudgtd pdrhmto hm diostmcmtæ hdi

tdssutk pkijkgord)

Gdkpiosmd (ckjd mi jdsktdimkjo cousotk hoii”ojmogtk)

@PKGCKCKSXPM^MKGD> Id skstogzd cbd mghuckgk `rkgck-ckstrmzmkgd

prkvkcogk ugo stmjkiozmkgd hdiid tdrjmgozmkgm gdrvksd voaoim ckg

ckgsdaudgtd ckgtrozmkgd hdiio jusckioturo imscmo.. Vrmgcmpoijdgtd

skgk>

I”Ogmhrmhd Skilkrkso, I”Oihdmhd Lkrjmco, mi @mkssmhk H”ozktk d

i”Kzkgk.. Io smgtkjotkikamo â smjmid o qudiio osjotmco ← Xkssd,

rdspmrozmkgd mrrdakiord, d sdgsk hm skllkcojdgtk. Gdiid pdrskgd cbd

skllrkgk amæ hm osjo, mi ckgtottk ckg qudstd skstogzd mrrmtogtm prkvkco

ug oaarovojdgtk hdiio smgtkjotkikamo.

DHDJO HDIID \MD ODPDD> O couso hdi vdrsojdgtk hm imqumhm sm bo ug occujuik hm qudstm o imvdiik oivdkiord..

_udstk puð pkrtord o ugo rmhuzmkgd hdiio hmllusmkgd pkijkgord (qumghm ugo ckjprkjmssmkgd hdiik scoj`mk

hdm aos o imvdiik hdaim oivdkim) kppurd ugo rmhuzmkgd hdiio pkssm`mimtæ ho portd hdii”ormo hm possord ottrovdrsk id

vmd rdspmrotkrmd. Vrkvkcogk Dhdjo pkijkgord>

Mi Lksadgd (ckjd toid k ckjd prkhkttk hm jdto`kimsjk hdi cikrklkrjmk), mi Cikrk, I”ogmhrmhd skilkrkso d

i”Kzkgk (â kggmprdsdgtd)



Voamgo | ??2

ID PDO^MKGM OIIDPAMCBD> prdvdhkgk io stmjkiozmkgd hm ugo rmspksto mjjugmtormo ho portd hdm imglkcmtm @

cbd prkhuckgk mjjugkaik`uimgd hm tmpk D, cbd hdtdrjmgogk io hdaroguiozmkgd hdm jostkcmtm ckg im`drozmkgd

hdm jdhmotkrm hdii”mglmojjozmkdg tro cum mstojmgo, iducktrmdgm, dcc.. Aim mghmvmhum cbd skgk pmý sdgsm`mim gdm

ckglrkgtm hdm ldgkjdgm oiidramcm rmcbmdhdroggk ugo jmgkrd ckgcdgtrozmkgd hm skstogzd oiidramzzogtm pdr

ovdrd qudstk tmpk hm rmspksto.

DGLMSDJO VKIJKGOPD> Hmstruzmkgd hdm sdttm oivdkiorm ckg hmiotozmkgd hdaim oivdkim d ckjprkjmssmkgd hdiio

supdrlmcmd hm scoj`mk hdm aos. Mi pkijkgd mg qudstk cosk â rmioscmotk d hmstdsk.. mgcopocd hm svkiadrd io

prkprmo lugzmkgd..

Mi Lujk hm Smaordtto â io prmgcmpoid couso hm Dglmsdjo.. hdtdrjmgo ugo rmspksto mglmojjotkrmo.. d io

prkhuzmkgd ho portd hdm gdutrklmim d jocrkloam oivdkiorm hm diostosm cbd hdaroho i”diostmgo tmssutoid d rmhucd

io copocmtæ diostmco hdi pkijkgd.. Adgdroijdgtd skgk prdsdgtm hdiid ogtmprktdosm cbd mjpdhmsckgk qudstk

ldgkjdgk.

LM@PKSM> mg portmckiord â cousoto ho>

Lm`rd jmgdroim, cbd vdgakgk hdpksmtotd suiid pordtm hdii”dpmtdimk rdspmrotkrmk.. rmcbmojogk m jocrkloam, cbd

rmioscmogk jdhmotkrm hdii”mglmojjozmkgd, dgzmjm imskskjmoim d rohmcoim im`drm hdii”kssmadgk prkvkcoghk ug

hoggk oiid cdiiuid hdii”dpmtdimk.. oiid cdiiuid jdsktdimoim (cbd rmvdstkgk io piduro) d prkvkcoghk ugo

skstmtuzmkgd ckg lm`rk`iostm (← d ckgsdaudgtd pdrhmto hm diostmcmtæ).

GDKVIOSMD> Boggk ugo iotdgzo hm ckjporso cbd vormo tro m 06 d m 86 oggm..skgk mjpimcotm mg qudstk prkcdssk>

M Ckjpkgdgtm hdi Lujk hm Smcordtto (ckjd aim MVO.. cbd mg sdaumtk oiio lkrjozmkgd hm jdto`kimtm dpkssmhmcm

ottoccogk id `mkjkidckid hdiio cdiiuio hdtdrjmgoghk oitdrozmkgm gdiio ikrk lugzmkgoimtæ).. M rohmcoim im`drm

hdii”Kssmadgk d oitrd spdcmd rohmcoimcbd, Lm`rd hdii”Os`dstk (bo smo dlldttk adgktkssmck cbd dpmadgdtmck)..

Jdtoiim ckjd Orsdgmck, @drmiimk, Cohjmk, Crkjk d Gmcbdi d Pohmozmkgm Mkgmzzogtm.

D kro vdhmojk m smgakim tkssmcm :[:

K^KGK (K3) > D” dstrdjojdgtd pdrmckiksk pdr i”opporotk rdspmrotkrmk.. _uoghk vmdgd mgoiotk cmrco mi 46%

rmjogd gdiid rdamkgm supdrmkrm (gosk lormgado).. mi rmjogdgtd puð orrmvord om `rkgcbm d oivdkim…

O imvdiik gosk/lormgad prkvkco prmgcmpoijdgtd mrrmtozmkgm ckg stmjkiozmkgd hdiid lm`rd voaoim d ckgsdaudgtd

tkssd.. Vrkvkco mgkitrd ug hoggk oii”dpmtdimk juckcmimord (hdsquojozmkgd) oghoghk o rmhurrd io cidorogcd

jdccogmco hdm pkijkgm mjpdhdghk io ckrrdtto dimjmgozmkgd hdiid portmcdiid.. Vrkvkco mgkitrd ugo

hdadgdrozmkgd hdaim pdgdujkcmtm hm tmpk ? rmhucdghk ik scoj`mk hdm aos o imvdiik oivdkiord. Vrkvkco lm`rksm

pkijkgord cbd rmhucd id copocmtæ diostmcbd hdi tdssutk..

I”kzkgk â ug lkrtd kssmhogtd, d mg sdaumtk o kzkgkimsm puð hord krmamgd o pktdgtm rohmcoim im`drm hdii”kssmadgk

cbd prkvkcogk impkpdrkssmhozmkgd d hmstruzmkgd hdiio jdj`rogo cdiiuiord.

KSSMHM H”O^KXK> GK0 ← @mkssmhk H”Ozktk...

Ogcbd qudstk rmdscd o roaamugadrd mg portd aim dpmtdim hdiid vmd pmý prklkghd hoggdaamoghk id cdiiuid

prdsdgtm.. Id juckcmimotd lovkrmsckgk i”dspuismkgd hdiid skstogzd hdpksmtotd, id cdiiuid cioro sm kccupogk hdi

jdto`kimsjk d hdiio sdcrdzmkgd hm juck, aim pdgujkcmtm hm tmpk ? ckstmtumsckgk io jdj`rogo cbd pdrjdttd io

hmllusmkgd.. d m jocrkloam pdrjdttkgk hm dimjmgord skstogzd dskadgd d potkadgm… Tg hoggk o qudstd cdiiuidhdtdrjmgdræ ugo joaamkrd suscdttm`mimtæ o svmiuppord mgldzmkgm.. ug”dspksmzmkgd crkgmco couso Dglmsdjo..

Ogcbd pdr i”GK0 i”dlldttk tkssmck â cousotk hoiid sud prkrmdtæ kssmhogtm d prkhuzmkgd hm rohmcoim im`drm.



Voamgo | ??=

KSSMHM Hm ^KILK> SK0 ← Ogmhrmhd Skilkrkso…

Bo ug pktdgtd dlldttk mrrmtogtd, skprottuttk o imvdiik hdiid vmd odrdd supdrmkrm.. prkvkco ugo sdgsozmkgd hm

`rucmkrd oiid jucksd d oaim kccbm (pdr rdozmkgd ckg i”ocquo) prkvkcoghk iocrmjozmkgd, tkssd d storgutm.

I”ogmhrmhd skilkrkso prkvkco ug oujdgtk hdiio prkhuzmkgd hm juck d ugo hmjmguzmkgd hdii”ottmvmtæ hdiid

cdiiuid juckcmiomtd. Tg”dspksmzmkgd crkgmco (sdjpr dpdr i”dlldttk sum jocrkloam) hdtdrjmgo ug joaaamkr

rmscbmk hm mgldzmkgm , ik svmiuppk hm `rkgcbmtm crkgmcbd d osjo `rkgcbmoid..

JKGKSSMHK HM COP@KGMK> CK ...

Krjom ik o``mojk vmstk hdcmgd hm vkitd K[k‚… D” pmý ollmgd oii”djkaik`mgo rmspdttk

oii”kssmadgk hm cmrco 046 vkitd… Io cmgdtmco hm qudsto ckjpdtmzmkgd â dsprdsso

hoii”dquozmkgd hm Boihog, hkvd vdgakgk jdssm mg rdiozmkgd 0 roppkrtm..

i”djkaik`mgo idaoto oi jkgkssmhk hm cor`kgmk (cor`kssmdjkaik`mgo) d qudiio idaoto oii”kssmadgk

(kssmdjkaik`mgo).. _udstk roppkrtk hmpdghd ho ug lottkrd ’J‚ .. pdr io prdssmkgd porzmoid hdi jkgkssmhk hm

cor`kgmk su qudiio hdii”kssmadgk….

Gdi sogaud ujogk sm â coickiotk ug J porm o 084.. qudstk vuki hmrd cbd sd ckgsmhdrmojk id ckgcdgtrozmkgm hm

kssmadgk gdii”otjksldro porm oi 0?%.. d oaamugamojk ugo pmcckio pdrcdgtuoid hm CK← 6,? % .. rmsuito cbd io

pdrcdgtuoid hm cor`kssmdjkaik`mgo lkrjoto â cmrco 46% K[k.. (oi 46-<6% hdtdrjmgo ckjo d ckgvuismkgm)...

Sdckghk oicugm dsojm dlldttuotm, mg ug mghmvmhuk gkrjoid io pdrcdgtuoid hm CKB` â porm oii”?%... Mg ug lkrtd

lujotkrd (36 smaordttd oi amkrgk) vo ho ug 4 o ug ?6%... M toxmstm o G]C.. ?3% K[k… m vmamim urògm hm lmrdgzd….

?2%... K[k‚

VOPXMCKIOXK> VJ?6 ...

Ckstmtumscd tuttd id portmcdiid prdsdgtm gdii”otjksldro ckg ug hmojdtrk mgldrmkrd o ?6 ιj d vmdgd ckgsmhdrotk

ug voikrd hm rmldrmjdgtk hdii”mgqumgojdgtk… Titmjojdgtd sm tdghd pdrð o voiutord mi VJ0,4 cbd ckstmtumscd mi

<6% hdi VJ?6… Bo ugo ckjpksmzmkgd vormo`mid d trod krmamgd ho ckjpkstm goturoim (ckjd pkiimgm, spkrd… ) d

ogtrkpkadgmcm hdrmvogtm ho mghustrmd, aos hm scormck hdiid outkjk`mim.. rmscoihojdgtk hkjdstmck.. (ckjd

Jdtoiim pdsogtm, smimcotm, gmtrotm, skilotm, MVO)

_udstd portmcdiid mgoiotd, o imvdiik pkijkgord, prkvkcogk hdm prkcdssm mglmojjotkrm ckg rmioscmk hm jdhmotkrm

cbmjmcm hdii”mglmojjozmkgd cbd oamsckgk pkm o imvdiik vosoid hdtdrjmgoghk voskhmiotozmkgd d oujdgtk hdiio

pdrjdo`mimtæ (dhdjo) mgliudgzoghk mglmgd ogcbd

i”ottmvmtæ corhmoco. Mi portmckiotk hdtdrjmgo qumghm ugoaarovojdgtk hdiio ckghmzmkgd hm soiutd mg pozmdgtm cbd

boggk amæ hdm prkìdjm oii”opporotk rdspmrotkrmk k

corhmkcmrckiotkrmk.

_udsto â ugo imsto hdiid pkivdrm.. ckg rdiotmvm dlldttm…

Hkvrdm mjpororjdim;;...ob td pki cogtor mg orojomck..

← tuttm hoggk krmamgd o Lm`rksm.. òsto sopdrd qudstk >V



Voamgo | ?06

VOPO_TOX>

D” ug oadgtd utmimzzotk mg cojpk oarmckik

ckjd dr`mcmho. Vuð dssdrd smo mgoiotk cbd mgadrmtk

occmhdgtoijdgtd.. Ik sm puð rmtrkvord mg pmcckid ckgcdgtrozmkgm

ogcbd mg lrutto, vdrhuro d corgd.. Pmcbmdhd ugo `mkottmvozmkgd ho

portd hm ugo rdhuttosm jmcrkskjmoid GOHVB hmpdghdgtd, cbd

pkrto oiio lkrjozmkgd hm ugo spdcmd rohmcoimco, cbd mg prdsdgzo

hm kssmadgk jkidckiord (K0) prkhucd i”ogmkgd supdrkssmhk, cbd

pdr ozmkgd hdiio supdrkssmhk hmsjutosm horæ krmamgd oii”ocquo

kssmadgoto (B0K0) cbd prkcdhdræ oiio lkrjozmkgd hdi rohmcoid

kssmhrmimck..Sd m jdccogmsjm cbd sm kccupogk hdiio hdarohozmkgd

hdiid spdcmd rohmcoimcbd gkg skgk pmdgojdgtd dllmcmdgtm, sm ovræ ug hoggk sui tdssutk pkijkgord d jkrtd

cdiiuiord pdr gdcrksm5 d mglmgd i”ottmvozmkgd hm smstdjm hm rmporozmkgd cbd pkrtdroggk o lm`rksm oivdkiord.

Lmgd hdi smstdjo Pdspmrotkrmkkkk! >H

LM@PD JMGDPOIM | Vortd ?

Id lm`rd jmgdroim mgtdrdssogk prmgcmpoijdgtd i”opporotk rdspmrotkrmk… (:[:‚ db… spdrovm hm dssdrtdio

covoto…)… I”os`dstk â ugo hdiid prmgcmpoim ogckro prdsdgtm, prdsskcbâ kvugqud.. (ogcbd Oi Sogt”Oggo >V)..

prkvkco cmrco 3E vmttmjd kagm oggk, d quosm io jdtæ jukrd o couso hm jdsktdimkjo hdiio piduro.

Krjom skgk pmý hm 06 oggm cbd i”ojmogtk â stotk òghmtk, cmkgkgkstogtd pdrjogd gdii”oj`mdgtd (30 jmimkgm

hm tkggdiiotd scorsd..) svkiadghk mi suk dlldttk hoggksk.. kitrd o prkvkcord jdsktdimkjo o imvdiik hdiio

piduro puð cousord tujkrd ogcbd mg oitrm hmstrdttm hdii”kraogmsjk… ← O imvdiik hdiio Iormgad, Kvomk d

Xdstmckim, O imvdiik pdrmtkgdoid, ckikg-rdttk … mgskjjo.. d protmcojdgtd tuttk mi smstdjo aostrkmgtdstmgoid …

M skaadttm pmý o rmscbmk skgk m iovkrotkrm cbd prkhucdvogk k trottovogk i”ojmogtk… d id ikrk lojmaimd, cbd

pktdvogk dgtrord mg ckgtottk ckg id lm`rd cbd sm hdpksmtovogk sum ikrk mghujdgtkm hm iovkrk…

Mi pdrmkhk hm iotdgzo â iugabmssmjk (06-86 oggm..) dh â stotk stmjotk cbd lmgk oi 06?4 vm soræ ug oujdgtk

hdii”mgcmhdgzo.. D” ugo potkikamo o`òstogzo hmllmcmid ho trottrd d bo ug tossk hm jkrtoimtæ hdii”26%.

Id lm`rd jmgdroim skgk rdsmstdgtm oaim ocmhm, lidssm`mim, jkitk rdsmstdgtm oi coikrd.. kttmjm mskiogtm.. qumghm â

gkrjoid mi ikrk iorak mjpmdak smo mg possotk cbd om amkrgm h”kaam. Vksskgk dssdrd hm krmamgd goturoid k

Smgtdtmco. Xro qudiid hm krmamgd goturoid o``mojk>

I” OS@DSXK.. tdrjmgd adgdroid pdr mhdgtmlmcord hmvdrsm tmpm hm lm`rd ckjd i”os`dstk crmskimtk (os`dstk `mogck)

d i”os`dstk crkcmhkimtd (os`dstk ìu) dcc…

MI ADSSK> cbd bo io lkrtugo hm dssdrd mhrkskiu`mid, pdr cum bo ugo pdrsmstdgzo `rdvd gdii”kraogmsjk.

Id lm`rd jmgdroim smgtdtmcbd (qudiid ottuoijdgtd pmý usotd) skgk kttdgutd pdr lusmkgd hm jotdrmoid

mgkraogmck ckjd vdtrk, rkccd òsoitmcbd, cdrojmcbd dcc.. kttdgdghk cksé lm`rd hm vdtrk, iogo hm rkccmo, iogo

jmgdroid d lm`rd cdrojmcbd… skgk pmý rdsmstdgtm d boggk ugo strutturo pmý ckjpotto..

Bktimges>

Pdamstrozmkgd>



Voamgo | ?0?

LM@PD JMGDPOIM | 36/??/?? Vortd 0

Id lm`rd jmgdroim boggk ugo ckjpksmzmkgd

jkitk dtdrkadgdo ckstmtumtd ho vorm tmpm hm

kssmhm… ← ←

Mi ckjpkgdgtd prmgcmpoid hm quosm tuttd âi”Kssmhk hm Smimcmk..

Id lm`rd smgtdtmcbd, dssdghk jkitk

ckjpottd, su`msckgk oi toaimk ugo rktturo

trosvdrsoid.. oi ckgtrormk, id lm`rd goturoim

su`msckgk ugo rktturo iugak tutto io iugabdzzo hdiio lm`ro . Io

joaamkrd cogcdrkadgmcmtæ â hkvuto ogcbd o qudstk.

Mi arolmck ropprdsdgto ugo ckrrdiozmkgd tro mi ckgsujk hm os`dstk

gdaim oggm possotm d m cosm hm joiottmd mgskrtd.. Sm gkto cbd aim

dlldttm boggk ugo iotdgzo hm hdcmgd hm oggm… d m cosm

ckgtmgudroggk oh oujdgtord…

VOXKIKAMD HDII”OS@DSXK>

Tgo hdiid prmgcmpoim potkikamd ckrrdiotd oii”os`dstk sm cbmojo

oppugtk Os`dstksm.. ugo lm`rksm cbd sm lkrjo gdi tdssutk

pkijkgord mg sdaumtk oii”mgtdrcdttozmkgd hdiid lm`rd d

ckgsdaudgtd rmspksto mglmojjotkrmo ckg lkrjozmkgd hm tdssutk

lm`rksk cbd rmhucd i”diostmcmtæ hdi pkijkgd.

Vkm o``mojk m cosm hm tujkrd pkijkgord, cbd mgtdrdssogk mg portmckiord i”dpmtdimk Xrocbdk-`rkgcbmoid d

Oivdkiord. Adgdroijdgtd â i”Os`dstksm cbd crkgmcmzzo d, ho ugo lm`rksm, sm posso o ugo lkrjo tujkroid.. Tg

joredr pkm hdii”mgtkssmcozmkgd ho lm`rd hm os`dstk â i”mgskradgzo hdi jdsktdimkjd, cbd ckipmscd id cdiiuid

jdsktdimoim cbd rmvdstkgk id covmtæ smdrksd (prmgcmpoijdgtd io piduro, jo puð ogcbd orrmvord oi pdrmtkgdk)…

io iotdgzo â sdjprd hm pdrmkhm jkitk iugabm.

\m â ugo ckrrdiozmkgd mjpkrtogtd gdi roppkrtk tro iugabdzzo

hdiio lm`ro d hmojdtrk.. d i”ozmkgd cogcdrkadgo..

Ho ugk stuhmk dlldttuotk su ogmjoim ho io`krotkrmk, mg cum skgk

stotm skjjmgmstrotm hmlldrdgtm jotdrmoim lm`rksm gdiio covmtæ

piduroid, â djdrsk cbd io ckjpksmzmkgd cbmjmco hdiio lm`ro â

mgmgliudgtd pdr io cogcdrkadgmcmtæ.. Aim ugmcm didjdgtm

mjpkrtogtm skgk io iugabdzzo d mi hmojdtrk hm qudsto..

I”dlldttk cogcdrkadgk oujdgto, oii”oujdgtord hdi roppkrtk

tro Iugabdzzo d hmojdtrk hdiio lm`ro… (pmý â iugao d skttmid..

pmý â hoggkso) …

Kvvmojdgtd â mjpkrtogtd ogcbd io pdrsmstdgzo hdiio lm`ro

gdii”kraogmsjk.. iugabd dspksmzmkgm o lm`rd pkck pdrsmstdgtm(ds> Adssk) skgk jdgk hoggksd rmspdttk o `rdvm dspksmzmkgm o lm`rd JKIXK pdrsmstdgtm (Ds> Ojmogtk)

Ckjpkgdgtdprmgcmpoid (%)

Lm`rdhm vdtrk

Lm`rdCdrojmcbd

IogoJmgdroid

Iogohm Pkccmo

SmK0 44 ñ <2 3 ñ 48 38 ñ 40 86 ñ 82

Oi0K3 6 ñ ?4 34 ñ =4 4 ñ ?4 < ñ ?2

@0K3 3 ñ ?0 9 6,64Go0K 6 ñ ?2 6,0 ñ 6,4 6 ñ ? 6,? ñ 8,4

E0K 6 ñ 3 96,6? ñ 6,?< 6,3 ñ 0 6,3 ñ 4,0

JaK 6 ñ 4 96,6? ñ ? 8 ñ ?8 6,4 ñ ?6

CoK 0 ñ 0? 96,64 ñ ?,1 06 ñ 83 ?6 ñ 86

Ld0K3 6,? ñ 6,< 96,64 ñ ?,4 6 ñ 0 6,4 ñ ?0



Voamgo | ?00

Hdaim stuhm dpmhdjmkikamcm boggk ckglrkgtotk io tkssmcmtæ hdtdrjmgoto hoiid lm`rd goturoim rmspdttk o qudiid

smgtdtmcbd.. Gdaim ogmjoim skgk stotd ohkttotd hud hmvdrsm tmpm hm skjjmgmstrozmkgd.. Tgo

mgtropdrmtkgdoid/mgtropiduroid d ugo pdr vmo mgoiotkrmo…

I”os`dstk â mg cmjo oiio imsto.. cogcdrkadgk smo pdr vmo tkpmco cbd mgoiotkrmo.. d hmjkstroto io suo

cogcdrkadgmcmtæ ogcbd gdii”ukjk…. Ik stdssk void pdr i”Drmkgmtd

Mi Adssk mgvdcd gkg rmsuito dssdrd cogcdrkadgk pdr vmo tkpmco.. gkg cm skgk hotm pdr io skjjmgmstrozmkgdmgoiotkrmo.. d gkg sdj`ro cm smogk cosm gdii”ukjk hm dlldttm cogcdrkadgm… Vdr quogtk rmauorho id lm`rd

smgtdtmcbd, io iogo hm vdtrk bo hotk quoicbd dsmtk pksmtmvk gdiid oppimcozmkgm tkpmcbd... jo gkg cm skgk hotm

smcurm hm cogcdrkadgmcmtæ pdr quogtk rmauorho i”mgoiozmkgd.. Id lm`rd cdrojmcbd boggk hotk dsmtk pksmtmvk mg

dgtroj`m m tdst.. jo gkg sm boggk hotm cdrtm suii”ukjk.. Io iogo hm rkccmo bo dvmhdgzmotk rmsuitotm skik ckg

i”oppimcozmkgd tkpmco.

Mgskjjo… Id lm`rd goturoim skgk pmý cogcdrkadgd hm qudiid smgtdtmcbd…. T[u

JDCCOGMSJK HM COGCDPKADGMCMXO”>

Id lm`rd hdii”os`dstk skgk hdm cogcdrkadgm ckjpidtm, boggk smo ozmkgd adgktkssmco cbd dpmadgdtmco.. I”ozmkgd

adgktkssmco â hoto hoii”mgtdrozmkgd hdiid lm`rd ckg mi lusk jmtktmck hurogtd id losm hm hmvmsmkgd cdiiuiord5

hdtdrjmgoghk ugo sckrrdtto hmstrm`uzmkgd hdm crkjkskjm gdiid cdiiuid lmaimd.. Vktrdjk ovdrd smo oitdrozmkgm

gdi gujdrk hm crkjkskjm cbd hdidzmkgm hm qudstm, ckg ugo rmhuzmkgd hdi jotdrmoid trosldrmtk..

I”os`dstk mgkitrd lovkrmscd io prkimldrozmkgd cdiiuiord (â qumghm ug oadgtd dpmadgdtmck).

Vdr quogtk rmauorho io cmgdtmco hm qudstd lm`rd oii”mgtdrgk hdii”opporotk rdspmrotkrmk pkssmojk hmrd cbd mi

arohk hm pdrjogdgzo hmpdghd hoiio iugabdzzo d hoi hmojdtrk. Lm`rd jkitk iugabd gkg rmdsckgk oh orrmvord o

imvdiik oivdkiord… M jdccogmsjm hm hmldso (cidorogcd jdccogmco juckcmimord d jocrkloam) skgk dssdgzmoim pdr

oiikgtogord id lm`rd hoii”opporotk rdspmrotkrmk..

Oh kagm jkhk, id lm`rd pmý pmcckid pksskgk orrmvord d occujuiorsm o imvdiik hdm `rkgcbmkim d hdm hkttm

oivdkiorm.. ho qum, ottrovdrsk m cogoim imglotmcm pksskgk orrmvord oiio piduro d prkvkvord io lkrjozmkgd hm

jdsktdimkjo.

Tgo lkrjozmkgd corottdrmstmco ckgsdaudgtd o ug”mgtkssmcozmkgd

ho qudstk adgdrd hm lm`rd skgk m ckrpusckim hm os`dstk.. (ug

jdccogmsjk hm hmldso…) io lm`ro vmdgd cmrckghoto ho prktdmgd

ckgtdgdgtm ldrrk d sm occujuio gdaim oivdkim.. qudstk tmpk hm

lkrjozmkgd gkg â mgarohk hm orrmvord gdiio piduro d hm dspidtord

i”dlldttk tkssmck cogcdrkadgk >H

….D lmgmtd ogcbd id lm`rd jmgdroim……



Voamgo | ?03

XKSSMCMXO” CTXOGDO |Vortd ?

Io cutd â ckstmtumto hoii”dpmhdrjmhd, hoi Hdrjo d hoii”mpkhdrjo.. bo io

lugzmkgd hm prktdaadrd m tdssutm skttkstogtm smo ho potkadgm cbd hoiid

skstogzd dstdrgd. Ik strotk hdii”dpmhdrjmhd â hm pdr sd ckstmtumtk ho oitrm

strotm cdiiuiorm…← o strdttk ckgtottk ckg mi hdrjo cm skgk id cdiiuid òsoim

cbd rmcdvkgk gutrmjdgtk hom vosm sogaumagm cbd mrrkrogk mi hdrjo..d skgk mgarohk hm jkitmpimcorsm d boggk mi ckjpmtk hm rmsoimrd arohuoijdgtd qudstk

strotk piurmcdiiuiord d ckjpidtord mi prkcdssk hm cbdrotmgmzzozmkgd..

lkrjord qumghm ik stotk ckrgdk supdrlmcmoid cbd jogk o jogk vdrræ

dimjmgotk pdr hdsquojozmkgd… gdi amrk hm cmrco 8 sdttmjogd ovvmdgd mi

rmcoj`mk ckjpidtk hdiik strotk supdrlmcmoid hdii”dpmhdrjmhd..

Oppdgo skpro id cdiiuid òsoim trkvmojk ik strotk spmgksk, cbmojotk cksé

pdr io tmpmco jkrlkikamo cdiiuiord… prksdaudghk vdrsk i”oitk trkvmojk ik

strotk aroguiksk hkvd id cdiiuid ckgtdgakgk cbdrmtrkmoimgo.. d skpro o

qudstk vm â ik strotk iucmhk.. hkvd â ckgtdguto i”djdmhmgo.. d mglmgd vm â ikstrotk ckrgdk…

Mi hdrjo â oitojdgtd mrrkrotk5 vm skgk id tdrjmgozmkgm gdrvksd sdgsmtmvd

pdr pdrcdpmrd aim stmjkim dstdrgm… d trkvmojk ogcbd aim oggdssm cutogdm> Abmoghkid suhkrmpord d Lkiimckim

pmimldrm.

I”osskr`mjdgtk cutogdk sdaud m prmgcmpm hdiio idaad hm Lmce, d puð ovvdgmrd ottrovdrsk aim oggdssm cutogdm

ckjd mi lkiimckik pmimldrk, ottrovdrsk m hkttm hdiid abmoghkik suhkrmpord.. d sd id skstogzd tkssmcbd boggk

corottdrmstmcbd sullmcmdgtdjdgtd impklmid pksskgk supdrord ik strotk ckrgdk dh dssdrd osskr`mtd pdr sdjpimcd

hmllusmkgd possmvo sdaudghk oppugtk io idaad hm Lmce, hkvd io quogtmtæ hm skstogzd cbd puð ottrovdrsord ikstrotk ckrgdk hmpdghd hoi suk ckdllmcmdgtd hm hmllusmkgd cutogdk, hoi ckdllmcmdgtd hm rmportmzmkgd tro mi vdmckik

d io cutd, io ckgcdgtrozmkgd hdiio skstogzo dh â mgvdrsojdgtd prkpkrzmkgoid oiik spdsskrd hdiio cutd.

Ik spdsskrd hdiio cutd vormo ho zkgo o zkgo.. qumghm io prkò`mimtæ cbd ug tkssmck vdgao osskr`mtk pdr vmo

pdrcutogdo hmpdghd oppugtk hoiik spdsskrd hdii”ordo mgtdrdssoto.. Xro id rdamkgm hkvd â pmý skttmid o``mojk

id auocd.. jdgtrd â pmý spdsso o imvdiik hdiid hmto..

M prmgcmpoim sdagm hm tkssmcmtæ o imvdiik cutogdk skgk>

Mrrmtozmkgd> mi arohk hm mrrmtozmkgd hmpdghdro hoiio copocmtæ hdi tkssmck hm pdgdtrord ottrovdrsk m

hmlldrdgtm strotm hdiio cutd.

Ckrrksmkgd> Vrdvdhd ugo gdcrksm mjjdhmoto hdi tdssutk..

Sdgsm`mimzzozmkgd> ckgtottk hm skstogzd ho portd hm mghmvmhum adgdtmcojdgtd prdhmspkstm o rdoamrd

mg jogmdro dsoadroto o qudstd… Tg tmpk hm sdgsm`mimzzozmkgd â>

k Io hdrjotmtd oiidramco ho ckgtottk> Mpdrsdgsm`mimtæ hm tmpk rmtorhotk, cbd mjpmdao pmý krd

pdr jogmldstorsm…

k D Io hdrjotmtd otkpmco

Lktktkssmcmtæ> Mi hoggk oiio cutd â prkvkcotk hoiid rohmozmkgm T\-O, T\-@… aim T\-C tdkrmcojdgtd

gkg hkvrd``drk orrmvord… jo oiio lmg lmgd, ugo portd posso uauoijdgtd. Io lktktkssmcmtæ vo hmvmso mg

k

Lktkcbdjmktkssmcmtæ> I”dgdramo iujmgkso dccmto io skstogzo tkssmco ottmvoghkio d

pkrtoghk oiio lkrjozmkgd oh dsdjpmk hm spdcmd rohmcoimcbd..



Voamgo | ?08

k Io lktkoiidramo> prdvdhd mgvdcd cbd i”oiidradgd smo ottmvotk hoiio iucd.. ckg mghuzmkgd hm

dczdjm dh drmtdjm

k Io Lktkcogcdrkadgdsm> â dsottojdgtd qudiik cbd hmcd mi gkjd :[:‚

Gdkpiosmd> ckjd qudiid cousotd ho Orsdgmck d MVO

Oitdrozmkgm hdiio Vmajdgtozmkgd> oicugd skstogzd skgk mpkpmajdgtogtm ckjd m ckjpkstm

ldgkimcm.. oitrd skgk mpdrpmajdgtogtm (quosm tuttm m jdtoiim pdsogtm )

Cikrocgd> lu hdlmgmto cksé pdrcbí m prmjm ckjpkstm cbd cousovogk qudstk tmpk hm ocgd drogkcikrurotm…. Xro m tkssmcm o``mojk aim MVO, pkimcikrk`mldgmim, cotrojm, pdtrkiotm dcc…

MPPMXO^MKGD> D” togtk pmý arovd quogtk pmý mg prklkghmtæ pdgdtro io skstogzo tkssmco.. â ugo rdozmkgd hm

tmpk mglmojjotkrmk GKG mjjugkikamck.

Sd ik stmjkik mrrmtogtd mgtdrdsso skik ik strotk ckrgdk oghræ o rmjukvdrd mi lmij mhrkimpmhmck cbd prktdaad

i”dpmhdrjmhd hdtdrjmgoghk sdccbdzzo d pdrhmto hm diostmcmtæ d oitdrgohk id prkprmdtæ hm pdrjdo`mimtæ.

Sd mgvdcd ottrovdrso ik strotk ckrgdk d pdgdtro lmgk oiid cdiiuid `osoim k oi hdrjo ovrdjk dlldttm pmý arovm..

ugo vdro d prkprmo mglmojjozmkgd ckg mi rmcbmojk hm gdutrklmim dusdgklmim d jocrkloam… lkrjozmkgd hm

dhdjo… mgskjjo.. tuttm m pugtm corhmgoim hdii”mglmojjozmkgd, lmgk oh orrmvord oiio lkrjozmkgd hm vdscmckid

cbd sm pksskgk rkjpdrd hdtdrjmgoghk iocdrozmkgm…

Dlldttm pmý rmtorhotm rmspdttk oi ldgkjdgk mrrmtotmvk skgk i”mspdssmjdgtk hdiio zkgo cutogdo (hkvuto

oii”mpdrprkimldrozmkgd cdiiuiord..)

O^MKGD CKPPKSM\O> Mjjdhmoto gdcrksm hdiio zkgo ckipmto hoi tkssmck… Id prmgcmpoim skstogzd cbd

hdtdrjmgogk qudstk dlldttk skgk aim ocmhm lkrtm d id `osm lkrtm… Vkm oitrd skstogzd ckjd mi `mcrkjotk hm

pktossmk, cikrurk h”oradgtk.. oihdmhd lkrjmco, ldgkim (crdskik) d skivdgtm cikrurotm.

Bktimges>

Pdamstrozmkgd>

Hmspdgsd Lm`rd>

Hmspdgsd Cutd>

? Kro hm Idzmkgd



Voamgo | ?04

XKSSMCMXO” CTXOGDO | 6?/?0/?? Vortd 0

SDGSM@MIM^^O^MKGD> D” ugo rdozmkgd mjjugkikamco vdrsk skstogzd dstdrgd mg mghmvmhum adgdtmcojdgtd

prdhmspkstm . Mi tmpk hm rdozmkgd oiidramco puð dssdrd>

Mjjdhmoto> â jdhmoto hoiid MaD.. ← i”oiidradgd vo o stmjkiord io prkhuzmkgd hm imglkcmtm @ cbd

prkvkcogk io hdaroguiozmkgd hdm jostkcmtm d qumghm mi rmioscmk hm skstogzd prkmglmojjotkrmd.. qudstktmpk hm rdozmkgd puð dssdrd jkitk pdrmckikso sd sm orrmvo oii”ogolmiossm…

Pmtorhoto> (Pdozmkgd hm tmpk 8) ← i”oiidradgd pkrto oii prkhuzmkgd hdm imglkcmtm X Cmtktkssmcm cbd

im`drogk Cmtkcbmgd cousoghk imsm cdiiuiord…

Io hdrjotmtd ho ckgtottk â ugo rdozmkgd hm qudstk tmpk. Vuð dssdrd cousoto ho vordm cotdakrmd hm

ckjpkstm>

Oicugm tmpm hm Ogtm`mktmcm (ojmgkaimcksmhm d suilkgojjmhm…)

Ckgsdrvogtm (@dgzoickgmk cikrurk, lkrjoihdmhd)

Ogtmsdttmcm, ckiid d skstogzd ohdsmvd..

Lorjocm (ogdstdtmcm ikcoim d ckrtmckstdrkmhm)

Jdtoiim (rdspkgso`mim hm vorm tmpm hm lkrjd oiidramcbd… mi jdtoiik gkg â hm pdr sd mi vdrk

oiidramzzogtd.. hdvd lkrjord ug ckjpidssk ckg id prktdmgd.. cbd pkm vdrræ rmckgkscmutk

ckjd oiidradgd hoi smstdjo mjjugmtormk)

LKXKXKSSMCMXO”> ← I”mghuzmkgd hm ug hoggk oii”dpmhdrjmhd k oi hdrjo hkvuto oiid rohlmozmkgm

iujmgksd.. io pkssmojk hmvmhdrd mg 3 cotdakrmd>

Lktkcbdjmktkssmcmtæ>

Id rohmozmkgm iujmgksd dccmtogk id skstdgzd cbmjmcbd pdrjdttdghk mi possoaamk o ugk stotk dgdradtmck pmýdidvotk, mg arohk hm mgtdroamrd ckg oicugd ̀ mkjkidckid cdiiuiorm d prkhurrd spdcmd rohmcoimcbd d kssmhogtm.. Sm

puð idaord ckvoidgtdjdgtd o prktdmgd (ckstmtumrd qumghm ug oiidradgd rmckgkscmutk hoi smtdjo mjjugmtormk)

d hord ugo rdozmkgd mglmojjotkrmo. Sd sm idao ckvoidgtdjdgtd oi HGO, puð ckjprkjdttdrd io smgtdsm d io

suo rdpimcozmkgd.. hdtdrjmgoghk ug”ozmkgd jutoadgo. Io iucd prkvdgmdgtd hoi skid â ckstmtumto ho ugo

aojjo hm rohmozmkgm o hmvdrso iugabdzzo h”kgho..

Id rohmozmkgm gdiik spdttrk hdi \msm`mid, voggk o dccmtord m crkjklkrm… cbd skgk cksé mg arohk hm mgtdroamrd

ckg id vormd `mkjkidckid cdiiuiorm pkrtoghk mg oicugm cosm oh oitdrozmkgd hm qudstd.. Mg prdsdgzo hm kssmadgk

jkidckiord pksskgk mgkitrd hdtdrjmgord io prkhuzmkgd hm rohmcoim im`drm hdii”kssmadgk d pdrkssmhm.

Ik spdttrk hdiid rohmozmkgm uitrovmkidttd â suhhmvmsk mg T\-C, T\-@ d T\-O.. cmoscugo hdiid quoim dsdrcmto ugo

hmvdrso tkssmcmtæ o cormck hdiio cutd. Id pmý pdrmckiksd skgk qudiid hm tmpk C, oh kagm jkhk i”kzkgk sdj`ro

prktdaadrcm dardamojdgtd ho qudstk tmpk hm rohmozmkgd… _udiid cbd mgvdcd rmdsckgk oh orrmvord lmgk o gkm

skgk id T\-@ d id T\-O d prkvkcogk hoggm skprottuttk o imvdiik hdi HGO.

Id T\-@ boggk ozmkgd drmtkjotkadgo (prkvkcogk i”drmtdjo :[:‚) d pksskgk cousord ogcbd hoggm o imvdiik

hdi HGO d mghurrd corcmgkjo cutogdk… oh kagm jkhk gkg boggk skik ospdttm gdaotmvm.. id rohmozmkgm T\@

skgk oh dsdjpmk dssdgzmoim gdiio smgtdsm d ottmvozmkgd hdiio \mtojmgo H3 (ckgtrk rocbmtmsjk d kstdkjoiocmo)

Id T\-O skgk rdspkgso`mim hdiid rdozmkgm lktksdgsm`mimzzogtm.. (ottmvozmkgd hm oiidradgm ckg ckgsdaudgtd

rmspksto ho portd hdi smstdjo mjjugmtormk).. Pmdsckgk o possord locmijdgtd i”dpmhdrjmhd orrmvoghk lmgk oi



Voamgo | ?0<

hdrjo d hoggdaamoghkik … skgk qumghm rdspkgso`mim hdi lktkmgvdccbmojdgtk, hdrjotksm d sdgsm`mimzzozmkgd

gdm ckglrkgtm hm oicugm lorjocm (ckjd oicugm ogtm`mktmcm d ogtmmstojmgmcm).

Id rohmozmkgm T\ puð mghurrd ug hoggk pdr> O^MKGD HMPDXXO, quoghk m lktkgm hoggdaamogk hmrdttojdgtd mi

tdssutk… k O^MKGD MGHMPDXXO, quoghk m lktkgm prkvkcogk io prkhuzmkgd oii”mgtdrgk hdiio cdiiuio hm

jdhmotkrm rdspkgso`mim hdi hoggk cdiiuiord.. Ds> LKXKGM ← Ottmvozmkgd VIO0← Coscoto Ocmhk

Orocbmhkgmck← Vrkstoaioghmgd d iducktrmdgm… (rdspkgso`mim hm prkcdssm mglmojjotkrm).. mg portmckiord io

VAD0.. mglottm..smo i”ospmrmgo cbd i”dghkjdtocmgo rmhuckgk i”drmtdjo

Id rdozmkgm mghkttd hom roaam T\ pksskgk dssdrd ciossmlmcotd ckjd>

LKXKHMGOJMCBD (rmcbmdhkgk i”kssmadgk← prkhuzmkgd hm PKS← ottocck hdm su`strotm ̀ mkikamcm)

GKG LKXKHMGOJMCBD (kssmadgk mghmpdghdgtm ← io iucd dccmto mi crkjklkrk← mi crkjklkrk o ugk

stohmk dgdradtmck pmý didvotk ottocco id `mkjkidckid)

Xro aim oadgtm lktktkssmcm trkvmojk>

Aim Vskroidgm (opportdgdgtm oiid Lurkcujormgd).. pksskgk ovdrd krmamgd goturoid d smgtdtmco.. mi 4-jdtkssm-

pskroidgd sm trkvo oh dsdjpmk gdii”kimk hm `draojkttk.. bo io copocmtæ hm pdgdtrord io cdiiuio d orrmvord gdi

gucidk… Mg sdaumtk oii”osskr`mjdgtk hdiid rohmozmkgm iujmgksd vdgakgk ottmvotm d mgtdroamsckgk ckg id òsm

pmrmjmhmgmcbd hdi HGO, mgm`dghk io suo rdpimcozmkgd d smgtdsm. _udstk prkcdssk puð dssdrd pdrð slruttotk hoi

pugtk hm vmsto tdropdutmck pdr oicugd arovm lkrjd hm pskrmosm d vmtmimamgd..

Mhrkcorùrm pkimcmcimcm Orkjotmcm, Ogtm`mktmcm ckjd Xdtrocmcimgd d suilojmhmcm, Ckikrogtm d Hdrmvotm hdiid

Vkrlmrmgd.

Lktkoiidramo>

Ckipmscd prmgcmpoijdgtd aim mghmvmhum cbd boggk ugo cdrto prdhmspksmzmkgd adgdtmco .. Io skstogzolktksdgsm`mimzzogtd hdvd dssdrd dccmtoto hoiio iucd, d mg sdaumtk oii”mgtdrozmkgd ckg prktdmgd cdiiuiorm,

scotdgdræ io rmspksto mjjugmtormo… Mgskrad hkpk hmvdrsd krd hoi ckgtottk ckg io skstogzo d i”dspksmzmkgd

oiio iucd5 mgkitrd òstogk pmcckid ckgcdgtrozmkgm hdiio skstogzo pdr cousord gukvojdgtd io rdozmkgd

mjjugmtormo.

M ckjpkstm cbd pksskgk cousorio skgk hdaim ogtmsdttmcm ckjd dsocikrkldgd d hmcikrkldgd.. ldgktmozmgd d

suilojmhmcm .. Smo pdr vmo tkpmco cbd pdr vmo smstdjmco..

Lktkcogcdrkadgdsm>

D” ik svmiuppk hm lkrjd tujkroim o imvdiik cutogdk o sdaumtk hdii”dspksmzmkgd hdiio cutd oiid rohmozmkgm skiord.

Ik svmiuppk hdi tujkrd sdaud io rdakio hdii”mgmzmozmkgd (lkrjozmkgd hm hmjdrm hm pmrmjmhmgd –Xmjmgo- D oitrd

oitdrozmkgm gdi HGO), Vrkjkzmkgd, ckg lkrjozmkgd hm gdkpiosmd prdjoimagd.. d Vrkardssmkgd.

Oh kagm jkhk gdi ckrpk dsmstkgk kppkrtugm smstdjm hm rmporozmkgd pdr pdrjdttdrd ugo rdardssmkgd hdi

prkcdssk hm tujkrmadgdsm… Sdgzo ckgtord cbd io iucd stdsso puð rdvdrtmrd mi hmjdrk hm pmrmjmhmgd…

M prmgcmpoim tujkrm o imvdiik cutogdk skgk

Mi Corcmgkjo òsk cdiiuiord> cbd mgtdrdsso id cdiiuid òsoim.. â io lkrjo pmý lrdqudgtd (mi 14%) d mi

jdgk pdrmckiksk pdrcbí bo hdiid hmllmckitæ o jdtostotmzzord.

Mi corcmgkjo Squojksk> (06%) sm svmiuppo pmý vdikcdjdgtd d bo pmý locmimtæ o jdtostotmzzord.. io

lkrjo pmý ckjugd mgtdrdsso mi vmsk5 mg portmckiord mi io``rk mgldrmkrd..



Voamgo | ?01

Mi Jdiogkjo> â pmý rork (4% hdm cosm).. dh â mi pmý pdrmckiksk.. m jdiogkcmtm sm svmiuppogk mg jkhk

mgckgtrkiiotk, mgvohkgk ogcbd oitrm tdssutm. Id zkgd pmý o rmscbmk skgk qudiid cbd boggk rmpkrtotk

lkrtm sckttoturd skiorm mg possotk.

GDKVIOSMD CTXOGDD> Skgk lkrjd tujkroim (gkg hkvutd oiio iucd ckjd id prdcdhdgtm) hkvutd o

ckjpkstm cbmjmcm prdsdgtm gdii”oj`mdgtd… Mg portmckiord qudiid hkvutd oaim MVO (cbd pdgdtrogk io

jdj`rogo, vdgakgk jdto`kimzzotm o dpkssmhm d lkrjogk ohhkttm ckg mi HGO) d oii”Orsdgmck5←ugk hdm

jdtoiim pdsogtm cbd prmgcmpoijdgtd oamscd o imvdiik cutogdk.. â rdspkgso`mid hm cbdrotksm d tujkrd hdiid

cdiiuid squojksd.

Bo ug jkitdpimcd jdccogmsjk h”ozmkgd… D” adgktkssmck (prkvkco ug hoggk hmrdttk sui HGO).. Bo ozmkgd

Dpmadgdtmco (stmjkio io prkimldrozmkgd cdiiuiord), Mgm`mscd m jdccogmsjm hm rmporozmkgd hdi HGO, d mglmgd

prkvkco Strdss kssmhotmvk ckg prkhuzmkgd hm PKS (cbd o ikrk vkito rdoamsckgk ckg id `mkjkidckid

dghkadgd).

HMSXTP@M HDIIO VMAJDGXO^MKGD> Cm skgk skstogzd tkssmcbd cbd voggk o jkhmlmcord io

ckikrozmkgd hdiio pdiid, oadghk sum jdiogkcmtm… I”MVK-pmajdgtozmkgd â adgdroijdgtd hkvuto o

ug”mgtdrldrdgzo gdiio smgtdsm hdiio jdiogmgo… Tg aruppk hm qudstd skstogzd skgk m Ldgkim…

I”mpdrpmajdgtozmkgd â pmý lrdqudgtd, d adgdroijdgtd mgskrad o sdaumtk hm mgtkssmcozmkgm ho jdtoiim pdsogtm

ckjd jdrcurmk, krk oradgtk `msjutk.. cbd lkrjogk hdaim oaardaotm portmcdiiorm cbd pkm sm hdpksmtogk tro id

lm`rd hdi ckiioagd, gdm jocrkloam, gdi hdrjo.. gdiio jdj`rogo òsoid d oggdssm cutogdm.. ( MGSKJJO..GDIIO

CTXD)..

Mi Vmkj`k ho ugo corottdrmstmco ckikrozmkgd ìuostro o imvdiik adgamvoid, O qudstk imvdiik, m òttdrm prdsdgtm gdi

covk kroid prkhuckgk Ocmhk Skilmhrmck, cbd lkrjo ckg mi pmkj`k hoghk mi skilurk cbd bo qudstockikrozmkgd…

I”orsdgmck oamscd prmgcmpoijdgtd o imvdiik hdi trkgck hoghk ugo ckikrozmkgd scuro oiio pdiid..

OCGD D CIKPOCGD> D” prkvkcoto ho ug prkcdssk mglmojjotkrmk o imvdiik hdi ùi`k pmimldrk, hkvd sm

ossmstd o ug oujdgtk hdiio sdcrdzmkgd ho portd hdiid abmoghkid sdòcdd d ktturozmkgd hdi hkttk pmimldrk..

Adgdroijdgtd vm â ugo ckjpkgdgtd òttdrmco. Lu hdlmgmto Cikrocgd ugo portmckiord lkrjo cbd sm pdgsovo

lkssd hkvuto om ckjpkstm orkjotmcm cikrurotm.. pkm sm sckpré cbd â cousoto ogcbd ho hmkssmgd, MVO dcc.. \m â pkm

i”ocgd cousoto ho Kim (hdrmvotm hdi cotrojd, jmgdroim dh djuismkgogtm..

Bktimges>

Pdamstrozmkgd>

? Kro hm Idzmkgd



Voamgo | ?02

XKSSMCMXO” HDM JDXOIIM | 64/?0/??

Hdiio sdrmd.. rmpdtmojk pdr i”dggdsmjo vkito id stdssd cksd… :[:‚

M jdtoiim skgk kvvmojdgtd prdsdgtm mg goturo, jo io prmgcmpoid

lkrjo hm mgqumgojdgtk â hkvuto oiid ottmvmtæ ogtrkpkadgmcbd.. M

jdtoiim mjjdssm gdii”otjksldro rmcohkgk pkm sui sukik, ottrovdrsk id

pmkaad, d sm occujuiogk gdm prkhkttm vdadtoim d gdaim ogmjoim, orrmvoghk

mglmgd oii”ukjk ottrovdrsk io cotdgo oimjdgtord. Kagm jdtoiik oii”mgtdrgk

hdii”kraogmsjk bo hdm smtm prdldrdgzmoim hm occujuik.. hm ckgsdaudgzo cm

soroggk hmvdrsm dlldttm hm tkssmcmtæ ocuto d crkgmco cbd mgtdrdssogk hdtdrjmgotm tdssutm..

I”osskr`mjdgtk ovvmdgd gkrjoidjgtd pdr vmo kroid.. jo gkg â dsciuso i”mgoiozmkgd d i”osskr`mjdgtk

cutogdk (ug tdjpk drogk mglottm ioraojdgtd mjpmdaotm gdm pdstmcmhm).. M jdtoiim vdgakgk dimjmgotm pdr vmo

urmgormo, `mimord.. ottrovdrsk mi suhkrd, m copdiim (cbd ropprdsdgtogk ug kttmjk smstdjo pdr voiutord io

quogtmtæ hm jdtoiim pdsogtm ckg cum i”kraogmsjk â vdgutk o ckgtottk) d io hdsquojozmkgd hdiio cutd..

Gkg tuttm m jdtoiim oppdgo mgtrkhkttm gdii”kraogmsjk hdtdrjmgogk dpmskhm hm tkssmcmtæ ocuto. Vkssmojk

hdlmgmrd m>

Jdtoiim dssdgzmoim ← gdcdssorm pdr mi gkrjoid l ugzmkgojdgtk hm prkcdssm `mkikamcm jdhmotm ho

dgzmjm.. tro qudstm o``mojk oh dsdjpmk Ik ^mgck, Ldrrk (ds>gdii”Djd d cmtkcrkjm), Joagdsmk, Pojd…

M jdtoiim dssdgzmoim pksskgk hdtdrjmgord dlldttm gdaotmvm suii”kraogmsjk smo quoghk skgk mg

dccdssk, cbd quoghk mg cordgzo..

Jdtoiim gkg Dssdgzmoim ← Gkg skgk gdcdssorm pdr id lugzmkgm lmsmkikamcbd hdi gkstrk kraogmsjk..

skgk i”Orsdgmck, Cohjmk, Vmkj`k, Jdrcurmk.. Dcc… Kitrd ugo cdrto ckgcdgtrozmkgd qudstm jdtoiim

prkvkcogk hoggm gdii”kraogmsjk..

Vksskgk hord krmamgd o ckjpkstm hm goturo kraogmco (pmý impklmim← pmý tkssmcm← supdrogk

lovmijdgtd io @DD) d Mgkraogmco (pmý mhrkskiu`mim← jdgk tkssmcm← gkg supdrogk io @DD)

JDCCOGMSJM HM XKSSMCMXO”> prmgcmpoijdgtd pkssmojk mghmvmhuorgd hm 0 tmpm

Idaojd hdi jdtoiik om aruppm lugzmkgoim ( –KB, –SB, –GB0 …) hdm smtm ottmvm hdaim dgzmjm.. mgm`dghk cksé

io ikrk ottmvmtæ.

Spmozzojdgtk hm ug jdtoiik amæ prdsdgtd gdii”dgzmjo.. oh dsdjpmk io skstmtuzmkgd hdi ldrrk gdiio

ldrrmtmgo d gdii”djkaik`mgo ckg mi pmkj`k .. k pdr ds. io skstmtuzmkgd hdi coicmk mg dgzmjm Co++

hmpdghdgtm..

M smtm h”ozmkgd vormogk o sdckgho hdi jdtoiik…

COHJMK d JDPCTPMK (mgkraogmck) boggk ckjd `drsoaimk prmgcmpoijdgtd mi PDGD.. mi cohjmk pdr mi idaojd

oiid jdtoiiktmkgdmgd.. mi jdrcurmk pdr mi idaojd o ugo prktdmgo cbd stmjkio ugo rmspksto mjjugmtormo..

_uosm tuttm m jdtoiim cousogk Hoggm oi SGC.. mg portmckiord mi JDPCTPMK kraogmck d mi VMKJ@K (soturgmsjk)

Vdr quogtk rmauorho mi SMSXDJO PMVPKHTXXM\K, mi COHJMK d mi VMKJ@K boggk ozmkgd cogcdrkadgo

Mi SMSXDJO PDSVMPOXKPMK â `drsoaim hm svormotm jdtoiim pdsogtm cbd cousogk lm`rksm (ckjd I”OIITJMGMK) k

boggk ozmkgd cogcdrkadgo ckjd OPSDGMCK, CPKJK d GMCEDI.



Voamgo | ?0=

Mi ckrpk rdoamscd o ugo dccdssmvo ckgcdgtrozmkgd hm spdcmd jdtoiimcbd gdi sogaud oujdgtoghk io prkhuzmkgd

hm Jdtoiiktmkgdmgd… ← prktdmgd ckg io copocmtæ hm ckjpidssord m jdtoiim d lovkrmrgd i”dimjmgozmkgd…

Dsciuhdghk mi Cohjmk, cbd prkprmk arozmd oh dssd hdtdrjmgo ug dlldttk gdlrktkssmck >V

M jdtoiim pksskgk hdtdrjmgord hdm ldgkjdgm oiidramzzogtm… qudstm gkg skgk cousotm hoi jdtoiik mg sd… jo

hoi idaojd hm qudstk oh oicugd prktdmgd.. mi ckjpidssk vmdgd succdssmvojdgtd rmckgkscmutk hoiid cdiiuid hdi

smstdjo mjjugmtormk (Imglkcmtm @ ← rmspksto ogtmckrpoid … Imglkcmtm X← Pmspksto jdhmoto hoiid cmtkcbmgd)..

_udstd ← skgk id prmgcmpoim rdozmkgm hm

mpdrsdgsm`mimtæ mghkttd hom jdtoiim..

Io rmspksto hm tmpk M â mjjdhmoto5 â

cousoto hoii”oiidradgd Jdtoiik–Vrktdmgo,

prkvkco io prkimldrozmkgd hdm imglkcmtm @,

cbd prkhuckgk id MaD, cbd o ikrk vkito

cousogk io hdaroguiozmkgd hdm jostkcmtm d

ckgsdaudgtd rmioscmk hdm jdhmotkrm

hdii”mglmojjozmkgd (mstojmgo, iducktrmdgmdcc..) --- Mi piotmgk puð cousord qudstk

tmpk hm rmspkso

Io rmspksto hm tmpk MM â hm tmpk cmtktkssmck,

mi ckjpidssk Jdtoiik –Vrktdmgo prkvkco io

prkimldrozmkgd hdm imglkcmtm @ ckg

prkhuzmkgd hdiid MaA d MaJ.. Mi idaojd hdii”ogtmadgd ckg i”ogtmckrpk hdtdrjmgo ug ovvmcmgojdgtk hdiid

cdiiuid Emiidr ckg ckgsdaudgtd imsm hdiio cdiiuio toradt.. --- I”Krk puð cousord qudstk tmpk hm rmspkso

Io rmspksto hm Xmpk MMM â jdhmoto hoiio lkrjozmkgd hm ug mjjugkckjpidssk Oiidradgd-Ogtmckrpk cbd

rmcbmojo id cdiiuid hdi ckjpidjdgtk ckg ckgsdaudgtd rdozmkgd mglmojjotkrmo.. --- Krk d Jdrcurmk pkssk

hdtdrjmgord gdlrktkssmcmtæ ottrovdrsk qudstk jdccogmsjk.

Io rmspksto hm Xmpk M\ â hdlmgmto ’Pmtorhoto‚, rmcbmdhd hmvdrsd krd prmjo hdiio jogmldstozmkgd

smgtkjotkikamco ← io hdrjotmtd ho ckgtottk.. I”oiidradgd hdtdrjmgo ugo prkimldrozmkgd hdm imglkcmtm X.. io

im`drozmkgd hm Cmtkcbmgd.. rdspkgso`mim hdi rmcbmojk hm Jocrkloam d qumghm hoggk tmssutoid.. --- Crkjk d

Gmcedi skgk m prmgcmpoim rdsspkgso`mim hm qudsto rdozmkgd hm mpdrsdgsm`mimtæ.

↝↝ ↝↝

Pmossugtkkk

↝↝ ↝↝



Voamgo | ?36

OPSDGMCK> Dmstd gdiio lkrjo trmvoidgtd (pmý tkssmco) k pdgtovoidgtd, d puð hord krmamgd o ckjpkstm smo

kraogmcm cbd mgkraogmcm.Tgk hdm ckjpkstm pmý tkssmcm hm qudstk didjdgtk â i”Orsmgo ← OsB3 prkhktto

prdvoidgtdjdgtd o imvdiik mghustrmoid pdr rdozmkgd hm ocmhm ckg i”orsdgmck. D” ug aos oitojdgtd tkssmck.

Vuð dssdrd mgtrkhkttk gdii”kraogmsjk ottrovdrsk i”mgadstmkgd hm oimjdgtm ckgtojmgotm, puð dssdrd mgoiotk.. k

osskr`mtk pdr vmo cutogdo.. (ottrovdrsk i”dspksmzmkgd oh oicugm tmpm hm pdstmcmhm)..

Sm occujuio o imvdiik cutogdk.. dh â rdspkgso`mid hm cbdrotksm d mpdrpmajdgtozmkgd.. sm occujuio ogcbd oimvdiik hm ugabmd d copdiim .. \mdgd Dimjmgotk pdr vmo urmgormo, `mimord, suhkrd d hdsquojozmkgd hdiio cutd.

Mi possoaamk hoiio lkrjo mgkraogmco o qudiio kraogmco â hkvutk prmgcmpoijdgtd oii”ozmkgd hm jmcrkraogmsjm

cbd dlldttuogk ugo `mkjdtmiozmkgd (ckjd pdr mi jdrcurmk).. Id prmjd lkrjd vmvdgtm cbd pksskgk dssdrd

ckgtojmgotd skgk pdscm, jkiiuscbm.. crkstocdm…

Ckjd oamscd i”orsdgmck;; ← Sm vo o idaord om aruppm –SB

hdiid prktdmgd dh â ug mgm`mtkrd hm ug aroghmssmjk gujdrk

hm dgzmjm..

O imvdiik jmtkckghrmoid mgm`mscd io A3V hdmhrkadgosm

mjpdhdghk io lkrjozmkgd hdi pmruvotk (Gk pmruvotk ← Gk

OXV).. ìkcco mgkitrd io pmruvotk hdmhrkadgosm (VHB)

mgm`dghk io troslkrjozmkgd hdi pmruvotk mg ocdtmi CkO. Sd

vmdgd o jogcord i”Ocdtmi-CkO vmdgd ìkccotk mi prkcdssk

cbd pdrjdttd io hmlldrdgzo hm ckgcdgtrozmkgd prktkgmco tro

i”mgtdrgk d i”dstdrgk hdiio jdj`rogo, cbd o suo vkito

pdrjdttd mi lugzmkgojdgtk hdiid OXV smgtdtosm..

I”orsdgmck, o

sdckgho hdiio

ckgcdgtrozmkgd d

hdm tdjpm hm dspksmzmkgd puð prkvkcord dlldttm hm tkssmcmtæ ocuto k

crkgmco…

Mg cosk hm mgtkssmcozmkgd Ocuto, o``mojk hmstur`m aostrkmgtdstmgoim..

mpktdgsmkgd, ormtjmo.. O imvdiik hdiid lm`rd sdgsmtmvd prkvkco

hdadgdrozmkgd osskgoid. Io jkrtd pdr mgtkssmcozmkgd ocuto

ovvmdgd k dgtrk 08 krd.. k 8 amkrgm hoii”dspksmzmkgd oii”didvoto

ckgcdgtrozmkgd hm Os..

Vdr quogtk rmauorho id lkrjd crkgmcbd, ovrdjk mpdrcbdrotksm d mpdrpmajdgtozmkgd.. Io ’joiottmo hdi pmdhd

gdrk‚ (m `dm pmdhmgm qum skpro >V) â hkvuto oiio pdrhmto hm mrrkrozmkgd pdr hoggm om vosm sogaumagm hdiid dstrdjmtæ

mgldrmkrm… O imvdiik hdi Smstdjo gdrvksk pdrmldrmck, kitrd i”osskgkpotmo sm bo ogcbd dlldttk hdjmdimgmzzogtd..

_umghm ugo ckjprkjmssmkgd hdiik stmjkik gdrvksk.. O imvdiik dpotmck prkvkco dpotkjdaoimo d ug mgmzmk hm

cmrrksm ← ckg id sud ckgsdaudgzd (dgcdloikpotmo dpotmco).

I”mgtkssmcozmkgd ho Orsdgmck â trottoto ckg kppkrtugd skstogzd cbdiogtm, cbd ik ckjpidssogk mjpdhdghk io

suo hmstrmùzmkgd im`dro smstdjmco.. ugk hdm prmjm usotm (mgmzm hdi ‒=66) lu mi hmjdrcoptkprkpogkik @OI cbd sm

sckpré dssdrd ogcbd oitojdgtd tkssmck >V Xm soivo hoii”orsdgmck.. jo td ik jdttd mg qudi pkstk uauoijdgtd…

:[:‚ .. Kaam sm uso prmgcmpoijdgtd DHXO-Co-Go d io pdgmcmiiojmgo.



Voamgo | ?3?

I”orsdgmck kitrd o prkvkcord corcmgkjo voskcdiiuiord prkvkco ogcbd tujkrm o imvdiik pkijkgord dh dpotmck.

Ckjd amæ hdttk bo ozmkgd adgktkssmco dh dpmadgdtmco (â ug cogcdrkadgk ckjpidtk).

JDPCTPMK> Ogcbd mg qudstk cosk i”krmamgd hdii”mgqumgojdgtk puð dssdrd goturoid k ogtrkpkadgmco.. vmdgd

usotk ckjd ogtmjmcrk`mck, ckgsdrvogtd pdr voccmgm, gdiio prkhuzmkgd hm vdrgmcm, ckjd cotoimzzotkrd

gdii”mghustrmo piostmco.. dro usotk ogcbd gdii”ojoiaojo hdgtoid.

Mi jdrcurmk puð dsmstdrd skttk lkrjo Didjdgtord (vopkrd) Ba6 Jdrcurmk Mgkraogmck d Kraogmck.. Io

troslkrjozmkgd hoiio lkrjo mgkraogmco o qudiio kraogmco ovvmdgd gdiid ocquo, gdm sdhmjdgtm jormgm oh kpdro

hm jmcrkkraogmsjm cbd ik `mkjdtmiogk. Io lougo jormgo â io prmjo o dssdrd ckgtojmgoto.. i”mgtkssmcozmkgd sm

dstdghd pkm oii”ukjk ottrovdrsk io cotdgo oimjdgtord.

Ckjd oamscd; ← Sm idao om aruppm –SB hdiid prktdmgd.. Mg portmckiord qudiid>

k

Hdi cmtkscbdidtrk (jkgkjdrm hm tuùimgo d qudiid osskcmotd om jmcrktuùim),

k

Hdi smstdjo jmcrkskjmoid dpotmck, ckg ckgsdaudgtd oitdrozmkgd hdi jdto`kimsjk

k gdm jmtkckghrm, oitdroghk io lkslkrmiozmkgd kssmhotmvo..

Xkssmcmtæ Ocuto> Vuð ovvdgmrd pdr mgoiozmkgd hm jdrcurmk didjdgtord mi quoid ottrovdrso id vmd rdspmrtotkrmd d

orrmvo o imvdiik oivdkiord. Ho qum posso gdi sogaud d sm hmstrmùmscd gdii”kraogmsjk.. ovdghk corottdrmstmcbd

impklmid puð supdrord io @DD d cousord hoggm om gdurkgm hdi SGC (Mi jdrcurmk oujdgto mi rmioscmk hdi

aiutojjotk ← Dccmtktkssmcmtæ). D” portmckiorjdgtd mrrmtogtd pdr id jucksd hdi smstdjo rdspmrotkrmk d

aostrkmgtdstmgoid.. Vuð pkrtord o `rkgck-pkijkgmtm d uicdrd.

Xkssmcmtæ Crkgmco>

Ba Didjdgtord> O``mojk ug pktdgzmojdgtk hdaim dl ldttm ocutm (oujdgtk hdii”dccmto`mimtæ, trdjkrm,

oitdrozmkgm ckjpkrtojdgtoim Ba Mgkraogmck> O imvdiik hdm tuùim rdgoim mgstouro ug prkcdssk mglmojjotkrmk ckg ckgsdaudgtd

aikjdruik gdlrmtd

Ba Kraogmck> ckipmscd mg portmckior jkhk io ckrtdccmo cdrd`roid d mi cdrvdiidttk pkrtoghk o hdm arovm

dpmskhm hm pdrhmto hm vmsto, uhmtk d hdiio copocmtæ hm rmskivdrd m prkìdjm.. pordstdsmo, otossmo… pdrhmto

hdiio ckkrhmgozmkgd jktkrmo..

Vdr mi trottojdgtk hdiid mgtkssmcozmkgm ho jdrcurmk sm rmckrrd sdjprd om cbdiogtm, ckjd mi

Hmjdrcoptkprkpogkik (mg possotk) d Vdgmcmiiojmgo (kro)..

VMKJ@K> Lmg hoii”ogtmcbmtæ bo prkvkcotk gkg pkcbm hoggm.. vdgmvo usotk ckjd ckjpkgdgtd hdiid idabd pdr

tuòturd, utdgsmim, vdrgmcm, sjoitm.. dro lmgk o gkg jkitk tdjpk lo usotk ckjd ohhmtmvk gdiid `dgzmgd.. Hdm

corktoaam mg arkdiioghmo pksskgk jdttdrd mg dvmhdgzo id ckgcdgtrozmkgm hm pmkj`k prdsdgtm gdii”otjksldro

gdiid vormd dpkcbd stkrmcbd..

Vuð dssdrd osskr`mtk pdr vmo mgoiotkrmo k pdr vmo aostrkmgtdstmgoid… Mg

portmckiord mg vdccbm dhmlmcm tmgtdaamotm ckg vdrgmcm ckgtdgdgtm pmkj`k.

Bo ug”kttmjo ollmgmtæ pdr i”djkaik`mgo, cbd ik rmdscd qumghm o trospkrtord

mghmsturòtk mg tuttm m hmstrdttm hdii”kraogmsjk…



Voamgo | ?30

Kitrd oh occujuiorsm mg rdgm, ldaotk, cdrvdiik.. sm hdpksmto gdiid ksso, hkvd i”djmvmtæ â dstrdjojdgtd Oitk

06-36 oggm… K[k

Jdccogmsjk h”ozmkgd> sm skstmtumscd oi coicmk mg jkitm prkcdssm `mkikamcm, ckjprkjdttdghk i”ozmkgd hdaim

dgzmjm, io gdurktrosjmssmkgd d io prkhuzmkgd hm dgdramo. I”mgsmdjd hm tuttm aim dlldttm tkssmcm hdi pmkj`k

prdghd mi gkjd hm ’Soturgmsjk‚ >V

M cosm hm tkssmcmtæ ocuto skgk o`òstogzo mgskimtm.. mg quogtk mi pmkj`k tdghd o hdpksmtorsm gdm vorm hmstrdttmhdii”kraogmsjk.. oh kagm jkhk puð cousord stmpsm d lkrtm hkikrm ohhkjmgoim, mpktdrjmo d coik hdiio prdssmkgd.

Vdr quogtk rmauorho io tkssmcmtæ Crkgmco, puð cousord hoggm o imvdiik hdi SGC, djotkpkmdtmck, rdgm d kraogm

rmprkhuttmvm…

SGC> Ckjprkjdttd io smgtdsm d rmioscmk hm gdurktrosjdttmtkrm oitdroghk io jmcrkcmrcumtdrmo gdurkgoid,

pkrtoghk o hdlmcmt ckagmtmvm d oitdrozmkgm ckjpkrtojdgtoim.. Gdii”ohuitk sm kssdrvo ogcbd ug”ozmkgd hm

hdjmdimgmzzozmkgd hdiid lm`rd gdrvksd jktkrmd

PDGM> Couso gdlrkpotmo cbd mgtdrdsso prmgcmpoijdgtd mi aikjdruik rdgoid d id cdiiuid hdi tuùik prkssmjoid

ckg ckjprkjmssmkgd hdm smstdjm hm rmosskr`mjdgtk..

Smstdjo Pmprkhuttmvk> Hoggm gdiio ldrtmimtæ

DJKAIK@MGO> Mi pmkj`k mgtdrldrmscd gdiio `mksmgtdsm

hdii”DJD ìkccoghk hud dgzmjm cbd mgtdrvdgakgk gdi

prkcdssk>

-

ocmhk θ-ojmgkidvuimgmck hdmhrotosm ← cbd pkrto oi

prdcurskrd hdiid pkrlmrmgd

-

ldrrk-cbdiotosm ← pdrjdttd i”mgsdrmjdgtk hdi

Ldrrk gdi aruppk Djd

Mi pmkj`k kraogmck, io cum prmgcmpoid krmamgd dro mi

pmkj`ktdtrodtmid usotk gdiio `dgzmgo ckjd ogtmhdtkgogtd,

bo ug ùkg osskr`mjdgtk pdr vmo cutogdo d pkijkgord..

vmdgd troslkrjotk o imvdiik dpotmck mg jdto`kimtm pmý

sto`mim.. skgk impklmim, ottrovdrsogk io @DD hoghk dlldttm gdurktkssmcm.

COHJMK> OMi suk prmgcmpoid kraogk `drsoaimk â mi rdgd, skprottuttk hurogtd io losd hm svmiuppk

hdii”kraogmsjk d hurogtd mi possoaamk hoiik stohmk ohkidscdgzmoid oh ohuitk.. Sdj`ro cbd lmgk om 46 oggm cm

smo mi jossmjk occujuik hm Ch o imvdiik rdgoid. I”mgqumgojdgtk bo smo krmamgd oj`mdgtoid, cbd ottrovdrsk

ottmvmtæ ogtrkpkikamcbd… D” jkitk prdsdgtd gdi lujk hm smaordtto dh â rdspkgso`mid hm oicugd lkrjd tujkroim

o imvdiik pkijkgord.

Mi cohjmk vmdgd prmjo coptotk hoi ldaotk hkvd puð dssdrd gdutroimzzotk ckg ckgmuaozmkgd o aiutotmkgd k oiid

jdtoiiktmkgdmgd.. Gdi cosk hdi cohjmk pdrð, mi ckjprdssk ckg id jdtoiiktmkgdmgd ottrovdrso io jdj`rogo

aikjdruiord, orrmvo oiid cdiiuid hdi tuùik

rdgoid.. d aim dgzmjm imskskjmoim toaimogk mi

ckjpidssk im`droghk mi jdtoiik cbd puð

cksé svkiadrd i”ozmkgd tkssmco gdiio cdiiuio.



Voamgo | ?33

Mi cohjmk sm idao om aruppm –SB (suilmhrmimcm), cor`kssmimcm d lkslkrmcm hdiid prktdmgd d mgm`mscd io smgtdsmhd hm ocmhm

gucidmcm.. Mghucd io prkhuzmkgd hm rohmcoim im`drm hdii”kssmadgk prkvkcoghk hoggm oiid jdj`rogd pdr

Impkpdrkssmhozmkgd.

Mi cohjmk â portmckiorjdgtd mrrmtogtd.. Vdr quogtk rmauorho io tkssmcmtæ ocuto puð hdtdrjmgord mrrmtozmkgd hdi

trottk rdspmrotkrmk ckg kcciusmkgd hm qudstd (osjo) d occujuik hm imqumhk mgtdrstmzmoid gdm pkijkgm

(dhdjo)..O imvdiik hdi smstdjo aostrkmgtdstmgoid i”mrrmtozmkgd puð pkrtord o gousdo d vkjmtk..

Vdr quogtk rmauorho io tkssmcmtæ Crkgmco, o``mojk ug pdaamkrojdgtk hdm hoggm ocutm.. Sm orrmvo oh Dglmsdjo

(ckiiossojdgtk hdaim oivdkim) d mi prkcdssk mglmojjotkrmk puð prksdaumrd lmgk oiio skstmtuzmkgd hm portd hdi

tdssutk ckg tdssutk lm`rksk. M rdgm su`msckgk hoggm o imvdiik hdi tu`uik prkssmjoid d hdi aikjdruik.. Mi cohjmk

mgkitrd mgtdrldrmscd gdiio smgtdsm hdiio vmtojmgo H (gdcdssormo pdr lmssord mi coicmk gdidi ksso).. qudstk

ckjpkrto i”mgmzmk hm ug prkcdssk hm kstdkpkrksm cbd puð pkrtord o kstdkjoiocmo d lkrtm hkikrm ortmckiorm (mtom-

mtom).. Bo ozmkgd cogcdrkadgo.. o imvdiik pkijkgord ..d o imvdiik rmprkhuttmvk joscbmid hdtdrjmgo cogcrk hdiio

prkstoto d tdstmckim…

SKSXOG^BD CBDIOGXM>

Skgk skstogzd cbd pksskgk dssdrd usotd ckjd ogtmhktm mg cosk hm mgtkssmcozmkgd ho jdtoiim.. Hdvkgk ovdrd

hdtdrjmgotd corottdrmstmcbd pdr gkg hdtdrjmgord hm pdr sd ug dlldttk tkssmck>

Hdvkgk ovdrd didvoto ollmgmtæ pdr mi jdtoiik tkssmck cbd mgtdrdsso dimjmgord..

@osso ollmgmtæ pdr m jdtoiim dssdgzmoim (ckjd coicmk, zmgck dcc)

Hdvkgk lkrjord ckjpidssm pmý sto`mim cdm imaoghm dghkadgm..

Gkg hdvkgk dssdrd tkssmcm ← :[:‚

Gkg hdvkgk dssdrd jdto`kimzzotm, jo hdvkgk pktdr dssdrd dscrdtm

ckg io `mid d ckg id urmgd..

Hdvkgk dssdrd sto`mim bdm vorm mgtdrvoiim hm pB (gdutrk-ocmhm)

Xro m pmý lojksm cm skgk mi HMJDPCOVPKIK (Hmjdrcoptkprkpogkik), kro gkg pmý jkitk usotk mg

quogtk sm â rmvdiotk tkssmck. Skjjmgmstrotk pdr vmo mgtrojusckiord5 oamscd lkrjoghk ug

dtdrkcmcik ckg mi jdtoiik tkssmck ottrovdrsk hud aruppm suilmhrmimcm.. Vuð dssdrd qumghm usotk pdr

ckjpidssord Orsdgmck, Vmkj`k, Krk, Jdrcurmk… Vuð cousord hkikrm, gousdo.. mpdrtdgsmkgd

trkj`kcmtkpdgmo…

STCCMJDP> D” smjmid oi Hmjdrcorprkik, bo pdrð ug jmaimkr mghmcd tdropdutmck d

jmgkrm dlldttm ckiiotdroim.. \mdgd skjjmgmstrotk pdr vmo kroid d bo ozmkgd cbdiogtd

sd jprd pdr Vmkj`k, jdrcurmk, orsdgmck.. dcc..

VDGMCMIIOJMGO> D” ugo hmjdtmi cmstdmgo.. Sm â vmstk

cbd i” I-mskjdrk â jdgk tkssmck.. Oamscd lkrjoghk

ug dtdrkcmcik ckg mi jdtoiik tkssmck.. Vui

hdtdrjmgord gdlrktkssmcmtæ d rdozmkgm hm mpdrsdgsm`mimtæ mg kraogmsjm

adgtmcojdgtd prdhmspkstm. D” prmgcmpoijdgtd usoto gdiid mgtkssmcozmkgm ho Pojd, pmkj`k d Jdrcurmk.

DHXO> D” i”ocmhk dtmidghmojmgk tdtrocdtmck.. vmdgd usotk ckjd soid skhmck k skhmck-coicmck.. D” skjjmgmstrotk

pdr vmo dghkvdgkso k Mgtrojusckiord mg quogtk â pkck osskr`m`mid pdr vmo kroid. Vuð dssdrd usotk pdr

cbdiord mi pmkj`k. Vuð hdtdrjmgord gdlrktkssmcmtæ.



Voamgo | ?38

MGSDXXMCMHM | 61/?0/??

Skgk ug aruppk jkitk vostk hm ckjpkstm cbmjmcm utmimzzotm pdr soivoauorhord io soiutd pu`ìmco d io

prkhuzmkgd oarmckio hoii”ottocck hm mgsdttm. M lmtklorjocm skgk skaadttm o gkrjotmvd spdcmlmcbd cbd gd

ckgtrkiiogk io jdsso mg ckjjdrcmk d i”uitmimzzk.. Kcckrrd qumghm prdsdgtord id prkvd hm tkssmcmtæ ocuto,

suòcuto d su`crkgmco, Crkgmco.. Vrkvd hm cogcdrkadgdsm, tdrotkadgdsm d gdurktkssmcmtæ (ckgsmhdroghk cbd mi

`drsoaimk hm qudstm ckjpkstm skgk m gdurktrosjdttmtkrm o cogoim mkgmcm). Kcckrrd mgkitrd hdtdrjmgordi”occujuik hm qudstm lmtklorjocm gdiid pmogtd, ogmjoim d ukjk..

Dsmstd mi porojdtrk IJP cbd hdtdrjmgo mi Jossmjk Imvdiik hm Pdsmhum hm lmtklorjocm prdsdgtm mg oimjdgtm,

prkhkttm oarmckim d jogamjm ogmjoim.. Kitrd qudsto skaimo mi pdrmckik â òssk-jkhdrotk.. jo ckjugqud â

jdaimk gkg supdrorio spdcmd pdr dvmtord i”occujuik trojmtd oimjdgtm hmvdrsm cbd ckgtdgakgk ik stdssk

lmtklorjock..

Vdr m lmtklorjocm kcckrrd mgkitrd sto`mimrd ugo Hksd Ocuto hm Pmldrmjdgtk (OPlH) d ropprdsdgto io jossmjo

quogtmtæ cbd puð dssdrd ossugto mg ugo smgakio amkrgoto sdgzo rmscbm pdr io soiutd. \mdgd mgkitrd coickioto

i”OHM, Io jossmjo hksd cbd puð dssdrd ossugto amkrgoijdgtd pdr iugabm pdrmkhm hm tdjpk sdgzo rmscbmk pdrio soiutd.. Dgtroj`m qudstm voikrm skgk voiutotm sui GKDI hmvmsk pdr ug lottkrd hm smcurdzzo..

Aim mgsdttmcmhm pksskgk dssdrd ciossmlmcotm mg 8 cotdakrmd>

Aim Kraogkcikrurotm (ds> HHX)

Aim Kraogklkslkrmcm> (ds> Vorotbmkg)

M Coròjjotm

M hdrmvotm hdi pmrdtrk..

_udstm prkhkttm hdvkgk dssdrd ckgldzmkgotm d vdghutm ckg dtmcbdttd cbd smogk mi pmý dsourmdgtm pkssm`m..

pksskgk mgkitrd dssdrd hmspkgm`mim pdr ug usk adgdroid.. k rmstrdttk o hdtdrjmgotd pdrskgd spdcmoimzzotd.

Vksskgk dssdrd suhhmvmsm ogcbd mg òsd oiio ikrk IH46 pdr vmo kroid, cutogdo k mgoiotkrmo. M ckjpkstm hm

Ciossd ? skgk Jkitk tkssmcm d Xkssmcm5 qudiim hm Ciossd 0 skgk m Gkcmvm.. m jdgk pdrmckiksm skgk qudiim hm Ciossd

3 d Ciossd 8

MGSDXXMCMHM KPAOGKCIKPTPOXM>

Mi pmý lojksk â mi HHX, ojpmojdgtd usotk lmgk oaim oggm ”<6.. quoghk pkm sm â sckpdrto io suo pdrmckiksmtæ… M

rdsmhum skgk ogckro prdsdgtm gdii”oj`mdgtd d ik soroggk ogckro pdr jkitk, hotk cbd vmdgd ottuoijdgtd

ogckro utmimzzoto hom podsm hdi tdrzk jkghk pdr jmaimkrord io prkhuzmkgd oarmckio d ckjòttdrd io joiormo..

Oitrm kraogkcikrurotm skgk mi Imghogk d mi Cikrhogk, ottuoijdgtd lukrm ckjjdrcmk..

Aim kraogkcikrurotm skgk scorsojdgtd vkiotmim, cbmjmcojdgtd sto`mimssmjm, `mktroslkrjotk idgtojdgtd d

mgkitrd prdsdgtogk corottdrmstmcbd impklmid cbd gd lovkrmsckgk i”occujuik gdi tdssutk ohmpksk.

Mi HHX Oamscd su pmý `drsoaim hdiid cdiiuid gdrvksd d i”ozmkgd lmgoid â qudiio hm oujdgtord i”dccmto`mimtæ

cdiiuiord.. ←

Pmhucd io pdrjdo`mimtæ hdm cogoim hdi E, Oitdro m Cogoim hdi Go (cbd sm rmcbmuhkgk pmý idgtojdgtd)

hdtdrjmgoghk hdpkiormzzozmkgd d roiidgtoghk io Pmpkiormzzozmkgd.. lovkrdghk qumghm ik stmjkik dccmtotkrmk



Voamgo | ?34

Oamscd pkm ìkccoghk id Go/E OXV osm (hdpkiormzzozmkgd) d suiio Co/Ja OXVosm (oujdgtk hdi coicmk

mgtrocdiiuiord.. ckg ckgsdaudgtd rmioscmk hm gdurktrosjdttmtkrm o imvdiik smgoptmck.. ← ds> aiutojjotk).

Jdttdghk mgsmdjd tuttm qudstm jdccogmsjm o``mojk ug dlldttk dccmtotkrmk o`gkrjd..

Aim oitrm Kraogkcikrurotm ckjd m CMcikhmdgm d Cmcikdsogm (Cikrhogk d Imghogk) oamsckgk ìkccoghk io Co/Ja

OXVosm d m gdurktrosjdttmtkrm mgm`mtkrm AO@O … Ogcbd mg qudstk cosk o``mojk qumghm ug”ojdgtk

hdii”dccmto`mimtæ cdiiuiord..

Aim dlldttm ocutm skgk trdjkrm d ckgvuismkgm.. Vksskgk dssdrd trottotm ckg `dgzkhmozdpmgd (cbd pktdgzmogk

i”ozmkgd hdi AO@O k io Ckidstmrojmgo (ugo rdsmgo o scoj`mk mkgmck cbd rmhucd i”osskr`mjdgtk hdi HHX).

Crkgmcojdgtd mgvdcd oitdrogk io im`drozmkgd hm krjkgm d io ikrk sdagoiozmkgd.. Hdtdrjmgogk dpotktkssmcmtæ

← skgk mghuttkrm hdi smstdjo jmcrkskjmoid dpotmck d qumghm skgk ogcbd oadgtm dpmadgdtmcm..

MGSDXXMCMHM KPAOGKLKSLKPMCM>

Mi prmjk smgtdtmzzotk lu mi Vorotbmkg.. cbd gdcdssmto hm `mktroslkrjozmkgd o VoroKxkg, mg arohk hm idaorsm oi

smtk hdii”ocdtmi ckimgdstdrosm hdtdrjmgoghk mi ìkcck hdii”dgzmjo… Vkmcbí qudstd skstogzd drogk jkitk

tkssmcbd gd skgk stotd svmiuppotd hm gukvd ckjd mi Joiotbmkg cbd bo ugo jmgkrd tkssmcmtæ pdr i”ukjk mg

quogtk vmdgd `mkottmvotk pmý idgtojdgtd d d mhrkimzzotk pmý vdikcdjdgtd rmspdttk om ’pkvdrm‚ mgsdttm…

Sm idao lkslkrmioghk mi smtk dstdrosmck

hdii”ocdtmickimgdstdrosm.. d pdr mi hmstocck kcckrrkgk

pordccbmd krd (lom mg tdjpk o crdpord… >S) Ckjd

ogtmhktk sm puð skjjmgmstrord io proimhkssmjo cbd

vo skjjmgmstroto prmjo cbd i”dgzmjo voho mgckgtrk

o ug prkcdssk hm mgvdccbmojdgtk hdlmgmtk ’Oamga‚

cbd rdghd mgdllmcocd i”mgtdrvdgtk hdiio

proimhkssmjo..

_udstm tkssmcm prkvkcogk tuttm aim dlldttm cbd

hdrmvogk ho ugo dccdssmvo stmjkiozmkgd juscormgmco

← dlldttm Vorosmjpotmckjmjdtmcm.

@rkgckckstrmzmkgd, oujdgtk hdiid sdcrdzmkgm,

ckgtrozmkgd hdiio jusckioturo imscmo dcc.. ’SITHAD‚

← Soimvozmkgd Iocrmjozmkgd, Oujdgtk hdiio

prkhuzmkgd hm Trmgo, Hdldcozmkgd, Dlldttm aostrkmgtdstmgoim, Djdsm… Vdr quogtk rmauorho io stmjkiozmkgd

dccdssmvo hdm rdcdttkrm gmcktmgmcm o``mojk (hkpk m prmjm mstogtm) ugo ikrk hdsdgsm`mimzzozmkgd ← poroimsm hdiio

jusckioturo rdspmrotkrmo, oujdgtk hdiid sdcrdzmkgm cbd kstrumsckgk id vmd rdspmrotkrmd… lmgk oiio jkrtd..

Aim kraogklksklmrmcm skgk skstogzd hmscrdtojdgtd sto`mim, pkck vkiotmim.. pkck sdidttmvd (d qumghm Jkitk

tkssmcbd).. impklmim (qumghm sm occujuiogk gdii”kraogmsjk)

COP@OJJOXM>

Boggk ug jdccogmsjk h”ozmkgd smjmid oaim kraogklkslkrmcm.. i”dgzmjo mg qudstk cosk vmdgd coròjjmiotk..

skgk jdgk tkssmcm, mg quogtk mi tdjpk rmcbmstk pdr rmottmvord i”dgzmjo â pmý `rdvd.. I”otrkpmgo â sdjprd

voimho pdr ìkccord i”dccdssmvo stmjkiozmkgd sum rdcdttkrm juscormgmcm..

Hud coròjjotm usotm skgk mi Coròryi d i”Oihmcor`,



Voamgo | ?3<

VMPDXPKMHM>

Vksskgk dssdrd hm krmamgd goturoid k smgtdtmco.. Mi pmrdtrk goturoid â pdrð pmý tkssmck rmspdttk om hdrmvotm

smgtdtmcm. Oamsckgk hdtdrjmgoghk ug oujdgtk hdii”dccmto`mimtæ hdiid cdiiuid gdrvksd ←

Pmtorhogk io cbmusuro hdm cogoim hdi skhmk (Hdpkiormzzozmkgd)

Mgm`msckgk io gdurktrosjmssmkgd ao`odramco

Io tkssmcmtæ pdr i”ukjk â rmhktto, d mgc osk hm ckgtottk cutogdk sm pksskgk ovdrd mrrmtozmkgm d hdrjotmtd ho

ckgtottk.

Id pmrdtrmgd smgtdtmcbd skgk pdrð pmý ckstksd, pksskgk mghrrd rdsmstdgzo ho portd hdaim kraogmsjm ckgtrk cum

vdgakgk ohkpdrotd d skgk pmý tkssmcbd pdr aim kraogmsjm ocquotmcm..

MGSDXXMCMHO JMCPK@MCK> @ocmiius tburmgamdgsms

D” ug jmcrkraogmsjk gkg potkadgk pdr i”ukjk, cbd prkhucd ugo tkssmgo mg arohk hm prkvkcord hoggm d

idsmkgm o imvdiik hdii”opporotk aostrkmgtdstmgoid hdii”mgsdttk.

Gdii”ukjk io tkssmgo mgvdcd hm prdcmpmtord vmdgd ckjpidtojdgtd hdarohoto gdi amrk hm pkcbm sdckghm.

Gkg pkssmdhd prkprmdtæ oiidradgmcbd d gdaim uitmjm tdjpm sm â cdrcotk hm mgtrkhurrd qudsto tkssmgo gdi

adgkjo hm pmogtd.

OICKIMSJK | ?0/?0/??

I”Oickimsjk â io potkikamo cbd hdrmvo hoii”ossugzmkgd crkgmco hm oicki. I”oicki â ugo skstogzo cbd puðhdtdrjmgord tkiidrogzo.. hmpdghdgzo lmsmco d psmcbmco5 i”mgsmdjd hm qudstm dlldttm vmdgd hdlmgmtk ckg mi tdrjmgd

’oicki ohhmctmkg‚.

Hoi pugtk hm vmsto quogtmtotmvk, â stoto mgtrkhktto ckjd ugmtæ hm jmsuro i”Tgmtæ oickimco, ckrrmspkghdgtd o

cmrco ?0 ar hm dtogkik… d prdsdgtd oii”mgcmrco mg ug `mccbmdrd hm vmgk.. mg ugo iottmgo hm `mrro k m g ugo hksd ho

`or hm supdroickimck.. Tg”ossugzmkgd occdtto`mid hm oicki â porm o 0-3 ugmtæ oickimcbd oi amkrgk pdr i”ukjk.. d

?-0 pdr io hkggo…

Gdaim uitmjm oggm i”ossugzmkgd hm oicki, spdcmd gdm amkvogm, bo prdsk io corottdrmstmco portmckiord hm dssdrd

ossugtk mg aroghm quogtmtæ mg ug”ugmco vkito ug amkrgk hdiio sdttmjogo.. qudstk ldgkjdgk â cbmojotk @mgadHrmgemga (← pdr kttdgdrd ug”u`rmocoturo ckjpidto gdi jmgkr tdjpk pkssm`mid).. _udst”ossugzmkgd â jkitk

pdrmckikso mg quogtk gdi sogaud lmgmscd mjprkvvmsojdgtd ugo

quogtmtæ hm oicki sprkpksmtoto..

I”dtogkik vmdgd adgdroijdgtd ossugtk pdr vmo kroid d

roaamugad gdi amrk hm 36 jmgutm mi pmcck djotmvk… Tgo vkito

osskr`mtk (prmgcmpoijdgtd o imvdiik mgtdstmgoid) ottrovdrsk mi

smstdjo pkrtoid orrmvo gdi ldaotk hkvd ugo portd vmdgd

jdto`kimzzoto jdgtrd i”oitro vo mg cmrckik d roaamugad m vorm

kraogm..



Voamgo | ?31

I”dtogkik puð dssdrd jdto`kimzzotk smo o imvdiik dpotmck cbd aostrmck hoii”oicki hdmhrkadgosm. Vdr lugzmkgord

qudstk dgzmjo bo `mskagk hm GOH.. d lmgcbâ qudstk â hmspkgm`mid i”oick vmdgd ckgvdrtmtk oh ocdtoihdmhd..

_uoghk sm rmhuckgk id sckrtd hm GOH k id ckgcdgtrozmkgm hm dtogkik skgk trkppk didvotd, qudsto vmo hm

jdto`kimsjk vmdgd soturoto.. d qumghm mgtdrvmdgd mi smstdjo jmcrkskjmoid dpotmck..

Tg tdrzk smstdjo hm jdto`kimzzozmkgd cbd io cdiiuio puð usord pdr rmjukvdrd i”dtogkik â i”kssmhozmkgd

trojmtd cotoiosm cbd rmcbmdhd mi pdrkssmhk hm mhrkadgk (ocquo kssmadgoto) .

Tgo vkito kttdguto i”ocdtoihdmhd, qudsto hdvd dssdrd vdikcdjdgtd rmjksso mg quogtk â tkssmco.. \mdgd

mglottm kssmhoto hoii”oihdmhd hdmhrkadgosm oh ocdtotk.. I”ocdtotk vdrræ pkm ckgmuaotk oi CkO cbd

dgtro pkm gdi cmcik hm Erd`s… Sd io quogtmtæ hm oicki â dccdssmvo, i”ocdtmi-CkO gkg dgtro skik

gdi cmcik hm erd`s jo puð dssdrd usotk pdr io smgtdsm hdaim ocmhm arossm.. d ug ckgsdaudgtd

occujuik hm qudstm gdi ldaotk d gdi tussutk impmhmck d gdiio

prkhuzmkgd hm ckrpm cbdtkgmcm cbd sd mg ckgcdgtrozmkgm

dccdssmvd pksskgk pkrtord o ckjo cbdtkocmhksmck.

I”dtogkik vmdgd dimjmgotk ottrovdrsk 0 cmgdtmcbd .. O `ossd

ckgcdgtrozmkgm i”dtogkik sdaud ugo cmgdtmco hm Krhmgd ? (Io vdikcmtæ

hmpdghd hoiio ckgcdgtrozmkgd) .. Oh oitd ckgcdgtrozmkgm, quoghk m smstdjm hm jdto`kimsjk skgk soturotm, io

vdikcmtæ hm dimjmgozmkgd gkg puð oujdgtord.. jo soræ dsottojdgtd qudiio jdsso o hmspksmzmkgd hom prkcdssm

`mkikamcm d qumghm Mghmpdghdgtd hoiio ckgcdgtrozmkgd ← Krhmgd 6.

Dlldtttm OCTXM hdii”Dtogkik>

Aim dlldttm skgk arohuoim, ckg ug pdaamkrojdgtk hdiio smgtkjotkikamo oii”oujdgtord hdii”oickidjmo.. _uoghk

sm roaamugad io ckgcdgtrozmkgd hm ?a/I sm roaamugad ik stotk hm u`rmocoturo ckjpidto..

I”dtogkik bo ug dlldttk hdprdssmvk sui SGC5 i”dulkrmo â hkvuto o ug”ozmkgd hmsmgm`mtkrmo.. sm boggkmgmzmoijdgtd sdagm hm mgckkrhmgozmkgd jktkrmo, rmhuzmkgd hdiio copocmtæ hm amuhmzmk d ckkrhmgozmkgd..

_uoghk i”oickidjmo roaamugad ug tossk hm ?a/I o``mojk Mgsto`mimtæ djktmvo, oitdrozmkgd hdiio jdjkrmo,

pdrhmto hdiio copocmtæ hm amuhmzmk, otossmo, hmsortrmo (mgcopocmtæ hm ortmckiord id porkid)

Oii”oujdgtord hdiio hksd sm orrmvo oii”mgcopocmtæ hm jogtdgdrd io pksmzmkgd drdtto lmgk o ckgcdgtrozmkgm

pktdgzmoijdgtd idtoim hm 8a/I cbd pksskgk pkrtord o jkrtd pdr poroimsm rdspmrotkrmo.

Mg mtoimo, mi imjmtd ckgsdgtmtk â hm 6,4 a/I … Gdii”ukjk qudsto ckgcdgtrozmkgd sm roaamugad ckg cmrco 3< ar hm

Dtogkik5 gdiio hkggo io hksd scdghd o 08..

Dlldtttm CPKGMCM hdii”Dtogkik>

Skgk m pmý pdrmckiksm, mg quogtk aim dlldttm hoggksm hdii”oicki mgmzmogk o skjjorsm d aim kraogm d tdssutm mgmzmogk

jkstrogk hoggm pmý ckgsmstdgtm rmspdttk o ug ckgsujk kccosmkgoid hm dtogkik.

Tgk hdaim dlldttm pmý arovm â io XDPOXKADGMCMXÆ.. Vkssmojk cotoikaord io Smghrkjd oickimco Ldtoid mg 8

Cotdakrmd.

k Io prmjo â io LOS ckgciojoto ← Sm â cdrtm hdii”ossugzmkgd hm oicki ho portd hdiio johrd.. Mi `oj`mgk

jogmldsto XTXXD id corottdrmstmcbd tmpmcbd hdiio LOS ← Joilkrjozmkgm o imvdiik loccmoid, rmtorhk hdiio

crdscmto d ogkjoimd hdiik svmiuppk gdurkikamck..

k Vkm o``mojk LOS Ckgciojoto sdgzo occdrtoto dspksmzmkgd jotdrgo oii”oicki



Voamgo | ?32

k

Oi tdrzk pkstk trkvmojk LOS porzmoid (hm arovmtæ mgldrmkrd)

k

Oi quortk d oi qumgtk pkstk, pdrhmojk mi sullmssk LOS… skgk hdiid cotdakrmd hm hmskrhmgm cousotm

hoii”dspksmzmkgd oii”oicki..

k

Io quorto ← Hmldttm ckgadgmtm

k

Io qumgto ← Hmskrhmgm gdurkikamcm ckg ogkjoimd gdi ckjpkrtojdgtk d gdiid lugzmkgm

ckagmtmvd

LOS CKGCIOJOXO>

Io couso hm qudsto potkikamo â hkvuto oii”oicki d oi suk jdto`kimto tkssmck ocdtoihdmhd cbd ottrovdrsogk io

jdj`rogo piocdgtord d orrmvogk oi ldtk. Mi pdrmkhk pdaamkrd hm ckgtottk â mi prmjk trmjdstrd, mg cum vm â mg

ottk i”kraogkadgdsm dh â mg qudstk pdrmkhk qumghm cbd sm pksskgk ovdrd joilkrjozmkgm. Hurogtd io sdckgho

jdtæ hdiio adstozmkgd pksskgk mgvdcd mgckrrdrd hoggm lugzmkgoim d hdlmcmt gdiio crdscmto..

I”ogkjoimo cbd ckipmscd id ksso crogmkloccmoim â hkvuto skprottuttk oaim dlldttm hdii”oicki gdiio quorto

sdttmjogo hm adstozmkgd.. M prmgcmpoim sdagm

corottdrmstmcm skgk>

Oppmottmjdgtk hdaim zmakjm d lrkgtd..

Jdgtk d joscdiio pkck svmiuppotm

Gosk ckrtk d oppmottmtk

Io``rk jkitk skttmid

Skick skttkgosoid mghmstmgaum`mid

I”oicki hdtdrjmgo mgkitrd ug”oitdzzo mgldrmkrd oiio

jdhmo, jmcrkcdloimo.. joilkrjozmkgm corhmocbd.. d

pkm kvvmojdgtd tuttm m smgtkjm cbd mgtdrdssogk mi

SGC ckg>

Hmstur`m hdi skggk d rmhkttk rmlidssk hm suzmkgd

Hdlmcmt ckagmtmvm,

Mpdrottmvmtæ

DLLDXXM CPKGMCM – SMSXDJO COPHMK\OSCKIOPD>

Tg ckgsujk jkhdrotk hm oicki (06-36 ar/hmd) bo dlldttk corhmkprktdttmvk, mg quogtk prkvkco ugo rmhuzmkgd

hdiid BHI cmrckiogtm (cbd boggk ozmkgd hm scovdgadr)

Gdaim oickimstm crkgmcm, oi ckgtrormk sm bo MVDPXDGSMKGD, ckg pkssm`mimtæ hm Djkrroamd d Mscbdjmd cdrd`roim dOPMXJMD..

DLLDXXM CPKGMCM – SMSXDJO AOSXPKMGXDSXMGOID>

Mi hoggk portd hoiio covmtæ kroid, lmgk o dstdghdrsm o stkjock d mgtdstmgk… Mi hoggk ckjpkrto dskloamtm d

aostrmtm, drksmkgd hdiio juckso aostrkmgtdstmgoid cbd puð roaamugadrd io tkgoco skttkjuckso d prkvkcord

uicdrd ckg sogaumgojdgtk..

O imvdiik mgtdstmgoid mi hoggk ckjpkrto ugo rmhuzmkgd hdii”osskr`mjdgtk hdiid skstogzd cbd â couso mghmrdtto

hm uitdrmkrm potkikamd (ckjd stdotksm). Vksskgk mgskradrd mgkitrd pogcrdotmtm, stdotksm dpotmco, dpotmtd

oickimco, cmrrksm d mpdrtdgsmkgd pkrtoid cbd puð pkm pkrtord o djkrroamd aostrkdskloadd pdr ik sckppmk hm

vormcm.



Voamgo | ?3=

DLLDXXM CPKGMCM – SMSXDJO PMVPKHTXXM\K>

I”oicki prkvkco otrklmo tdstmckiord d mjpktdgzo gdii”ukjk d ojdgkrrdo d stdrmimtæ gdiio hkggo..

DLLDXXM CPKGMCM – SMSXDJO MJJTGMXOPMK>

Pmhuzmkgd hdiio rmspksto ogtmckrpoid cbd puð lovkrmrd i”mgstourorsm hm mgldzmkgm d lkrjd tujkroim..

DLLDXXM CPKGMCM – SMSXDJO DJOXKVKMDXMCK>

Pmhuzmkgd hdiio prkhuzmkgd hm pmostrmgd d hdm prdcurskrm hdaim drmtrkcmtm ckg ckgsdaudgtd svmiuppk hm lkrjd hm

ogdjmo..

DLLDXXM CPKGMCM – SMSXDJO GDP\KSK CDGXPOID>

Vrkvkco ugo gdurkhdadgdrozmkgd smo o imvdiik osskgoid cbd o imvdiik hdi pmrdgklkrk.. mgkitrd oitdro io

lkrjozmkgd hdiid spmgd hdghrmtmcbd (dstrklidssmkgd hdm hdghrmtm) mjpkrtogtm mg quogtk skgk io sdhd hm

lkrjozmkgd hdiid luturd smgopsm hm tmpk dccmtotkrmk.. _udstk pkrto oiio lkrjozmkgd hm smgopsm ogkjoid cbd

soroggk pkm rdspkgso`mim gdii”mghmvmhuk ohuitk hm lkrjd ckjpkrtojdgtoim oitdrotd..

_udsto â ugo corottdrmstmco hm tuttd id skstogzd h”o`usk, ckjd ckcomgo, jkrlmgo, coggo`ms … I”usk crkgmck

oitdro id cmrcumtdrmd gdurkgoim oadghk suiid spmgd hdghrmtmcbd.

Sd oghmojk pmý gdiik spdcmlmck, i”oicki â rdspkgso`mid ogcbd hm ugo Vkimgdurkpotmo Oickimco Vdrmldrmco…

hkvuto o ug”osskcmozmkgd hm osskgkpotmo d hdjmdimgmzzozmkgd.. qudstm hud lottkrm rmhuckgk io trosjmssmkgd

hdaim stmjkim vdrsk aim ortm mgldrmkrm d supdrmkrm pkrtoghk o Vordstdsmo..

Vrkvkco mgkitrd hud tmpm hm gdvrmtm>

Io Smghrkjd hm Ekrsoekll

I”dgcdloikpotmo hm Qdrgmced

_udstd hud potkikamd skgk corottdrmstmcbd hdii”oicki d skgk hkvutd o ug”oitdrozmkgd gdii”osskr`mjdgtk hdiid

vmtojmgd (skprottuttk io tmojmgo)

I”oicki hoggdaamo mgkitrd id cdiiuid hdi Vuremgnd (prdsdgtm gdi cdrvdiidttk, mjpkrtogtd gdiio lugzmkgd

jktkrmo) prkvkcoghk oitdrozmkgm hdii”dqumim`rmk..

Hdtdrjmgo hdlmcmt ckagmtmvm hkvutm o pdrhmto hm josso cdrd`roid mg portmckiord o imvdiik hdiio ckrtdccmo

prdlrkgtoid d mglmgd smghrkjm psmcbmotrmcbd tro cum ogsmo, oiiucmgozmkgm uhmtmvd, porogkmo..

_uoi â mi jdccogmsjk h”ozmkgd hdii”dtogkik (rdspkgso`mid hm tuttk qudstk puttogomk hm dlldttm) ;;

Mgmzmoijdgtd sm pdgsovo cbd i”dtogkik oghossd o jkhmlmcord i”kraogmzzozmkgd lkslkimpmhmco hdiio jdj`rogo

cdiiuiord… I”dtogkik bo mg rdoitæ bo ug jdccogmsjk h”ozmkgd pmý ckjpidssk, mg quogtk vo o mgtdroamrd ckg id

strutturd prktdmcbd prdsdgtm suiio jdj`rogo (cogoim mkgmcm, rdcdttkrm d smstdjm h m troshuzmkgd hdi sdagoid)…

oghoghk oh oitdrord io ckjpkgdgtd prktdmco, oitdro io trosjmssmkgd hdi sdagoid cbd puð pkrtord o

jkhmlmcozmkgm hdiio troscrmzmkgd adgmco mg (+) k (-) ckg ckgsdaudgtd oitdroto smgtdsm prktdmco…



Voamgo | ?86

Su qudstd prktdmgd hm jdj`rogo i”dtogkik puð

hdtdrjmgord>

DLLDXXM OCTXM> m skimtm.. dulkrmo, pdrhmto hm

ckkrhmgozmkgd jktkrmo, otossmo, hmstrosmo.. d mg

portmckiord hdaim dpmskhm hm ìocekut ckg pdrhmto

tdjpkrogdo hdiio jdjkrmo hkvuto oiio jogcoto

stmjkiozmkgd hdm rdcdttkrm GJHO ho portd hdi

aiutojjotk, dssdgzmoim gdi prkcdssk hm

jdjkrmzzozmkgd..

DLLDXXM CPKGMCM> mg cum vmdgd oitdroto io smgtdsm

hdiid prktdmgd pkrtoghk io cdiiuio oh ohottorsm oiid

gukvd ckghmzmkgm.. d qudstk adgdrdræ hm

ckgsdaudgzo mi ldgkjdgk hm tkiidrogzo d

hmpdghdgzo.

M rdcdttkrm joaamkrjdgtd mgtdrdssotm skgk qudiim hdi AO@O d hdi Aiutojjotk..

AO@O> I”oicki prkvkco ug oujdgtk hdiio gdurktrosjmssmkgd mgm`mtkrmo stmjkioghk m rdcdttkrm AO@O-O d hdiio

Aimcmgo.. mgkitrd hdtdrjmgo i”opdrturo hdm cogoim hdi pktossmk hdtdrjmgoghk mpdrpkiormzzozmkgd cbd rmhucd io

trosjmssmkgd hdi sdagoid gdrvksk.

AITXOJJOXK> I”dtogkik rmhucd mgkitrd io gdurktrosjmssmkgd dccmtotkrmo hdtdrjmgoto hoi aiutojjotk gdm

ckglrkgtm hdm rdcdttkrm GJHO (ckg m tmpmcm dpmskhm ojgdsmcm).. rmhucd io stmjkiozmkgd hdm rdcdttkrm Eomgotk

(cbd pdrjdttkgk mi possoaamk hdi skhmk) d rmhucd qumghm i”ottmvmtæ hdm cogoim vkitoaamk hmpdghdgtm.

I”oujdgtk hdiio trosjmssmkgd mgm`mtkrmo.. d io rmhuzmkgd hm qudiio dccmtotkrmo hdtdrjmgo ugo sprkpksmtoto

ozmkgd hdprmjdgtd sui SGC.

I”dtogkik mgtdroamscd mgkitrd sui smstdjo hdm rdcdttkrm kppmkmhm oujdgtoghk io smgtdsm hm Dgedloimgd, hmgkrlmgd

dh dghkrlmgd… stmjkio m rdcdttkrm gmcktmgmcm d mgtdroamscd ckg m rdcdttkrm sdrktkgmgdramcm 4 -BX3..

hdtdrjmgoghk;; ug oujdgtk hdi rmioscmk hm hkpojmgo gdiio \XO pkrtoghk o qudiid sdgsozmkgm hm

arotmlmcozmkgd ckjugm o tuttd id skstogzd h”oùsk..

Vdr hdlmgmrd io tkssmckhmpdghdgzo ho Oicki sm uso mi tdrjmgd Oicki Ohhmctmkg, cbd prdsuppkgd cbd sm crdm mi

ldgkjdgk vmstk pkck lo hdi gdurkohottojdgtk… Tgo prkiugaoto ossugzmkgd hm dtogkik ckjpkrto ug

oujdgtotk jdto`kimsjk hm qudstk o couso hdii”dlldttk hm mghuzmkgd sum smstdjm jmcrkskjmoim dpotmcm..

qudstk â ugk hdm jktmvm pdr m quoim mgskrad i”dlldttk hdiio tkiidrogzo. Tg oitrk â hdtdrjmgotk ho ug”TV-rdauiotmkg hdm rdcdttkrm GJHO (ìkccotm hoii”dtogkik).. cbd mg qudstk jkhk hmvdgtogk mpdrsdgsm`mim d òsto

hm ckgsdaudgzo ug pmcckik stmjkik pdr hdtdrjmgord ug dlldttk o`gkrjd. M rdcdttkrm AO@O-O (kvdrstmjkiotm)

voggk mgckgtrk o Hkwg-Pdauiotmkg…

Io smtuozmkgd cbd sm ovræ qumghm oiio SKSVDGSMKGD hdii”ossugzmkgd hm dtogkik soræ ugo ckghmzmkgd hm MVDP -

dccmto`mimtæ gdurkgoid ← Smghrkjd ho Ostmgdgzo.

Hkpk <-2 krd mg ostmgdgzo sm boggk m prmjm trdjkrm cbd hkpk ugo amkrgoto hmvdgtogk jkitk pmý mgtdgsm.. d

hkpk 82-10 b sm orrmvo oiio ckghmzmkgd hm Hdimrmuj Xrdjdgs (io jogmldstozmkgd ckgciojoto hdiio smghrkjd hm

ostmgdgzo ho Dtogkik)



Voamgo | ?8?

Ckjd mgtdrvdgmrd hoi pugtk hm vmsto tdropdutmck mg cosk hm mgtkssmcozmkgm ho dtogkik;

Vkssmojk usord @DG^KHMO^DVMGD jdgtrd sm boggk m smgtkjm hdii”ostmgdgzo mg ottk.. id `zh voggk mglottm o

rmprmstmgord io lugzmkgd aoòdramco..

D io XMOJMGO (vmtojmgo @) io cum cordgzo couso pkimgdvrmtm.. qumghm ugo skjjmgmstrozmkgd gkg lo cdrtk joid..

Vdr mi trottojdgtk hdiio hmpdghdgzo ho Dtogkik pkssmojk rmckrrd o hmvdrsm tmpm hm lorjocm..

GOIXPDRKGD ← â ug ogtoakgmsto hdm rdcdttkrm ι kppmkmhm.. sum quoim oamscd mghmrdttojdgtd i”oicki

oujdgtoghk dghkrlmgd, dgedloimgd dcc..

OCOJVPKSOXK ← hm cum gkg sm ckgkscd ogckro `dgd mi jdccogmsjk h”ozmkgd… sm so cbd i”dlldttk lmgoid â

qudiik hm ogtoakgmzzord porzmoijdgtd m rdcdttkrm GJHO d stmjkiord m AO@O-O

HMSTILMPOJ ← usotk lkrsd jmiidggm lo >V .. oamscd ìkccoghk ugk hdaim dgzmjm hdputotm oi jdto`kimsjk

hdii”dtogkik (i”oihdmhd hdmhrkadgosm) cbd pdrjdttd hm dimjmgord i”ocdtoihdmhd.. Io quoid bo dlldttm tkssmcm.. d

prkvkco vojpotd hm coikrd, joi hm tdsto, gousdo d hkikrm ohhkjmgoim.. cbd hkvrd``drk sckroaamord mi

tkssmckhmpdghdgtd hoii”usk hm oicki..

Mg losd hm stuhmk cm skgk lorjocm ottmvm sui smstdjo hkpojmgdramck ( ojmsuiprmhd ) d Sdrktkgmgdramck (4-BX3 ←

Kghogsdtrkg )

D mglmgd c”â mi AB@ (hrkao hdiik stuprk).. ho cum skgk stotm hdrmvotm hdaim ogoikabm cbd pktrd``drk dssdrd

dllmcocm gdi rdcupdrk hdii”oickimsto…

Hkvrd``d oamrd ckjd mi AO@O (sdagoiozmkgd mgm`mtkrmo) .. mg rdoitæ mgtdroamscd ogcbd ckg mi smstdjo

aiutojjotdramck rmhucdghk m imvdiim hm aiutojjotk..

Pmhucd mgkitrd mi crovmga..

_udstk lorjock pdrð bo hdm prkìdjm, mg quogtk dssk stdssk â ugo pktdgzmoid skstogzo h”oùsk..

skjjmgmstrotk oaim ogmjoim ottrovdrsk m jkhdiim hm sdil-ohjmgmstrotmkg bo hmjkstrotk ugo cdrto ckjpuismvmtæ.

M hksoaam tdropdutmcm pdrð gkg boggk aim stdssm dlldttm hdiio hrkao o ckgcdgtrozmkgm pmý didvotd.. oh kagm

jkhk, mi AB@ â scbdhotk ckjd sstogzo stupdlocdgtd.. d pdr cbm â mg tdropmo ckg qudstk lorjock, â rmcbmdsto

ugo cdrto ckiio`krozmkgd ho portd hdiio lojmaimo…

Bktimges>

64-?0-?? JDXOIIM


Pdamstrozmkgd Vortd0>

61-?0-?? MGSDXXMCMHM



?0-?0-?? OICKIMSJK


Appunti Di Tossicologia - 2011-2012

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