Analisi di Pushover 3D Per Strutture in C.A. - Ing. Maurizio Serpieri

8/21/2019 Analisi di Pushover 3D Per Strutture in C.A. - Ing. Maurizio Serpieri

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Qkgvarsgt halig Utuhg hg Fmimlko

COEMIX HG GKLALKAVGO

H.G .U.X.O.V.X.

Hgportgjaktm hg Gklalkargo haiia Utruttura, hag Xrospmrtg, haiia Oequa, hai

Vgiavojaktm a hai Xarrgtmrgm

EMVUM HG IOQVAO GK GKLALKAVGO EGS GIA

-GKHGVGTTM UXVQXXQVA-

Gksalkojaktm4^VMLAXXG HG UXVQXXQVA IU

OKOIG UG HG ^QUBMSAV 5H

^AV UXVQXXQVA GK E.O.

Xasg hg Iourao hg4 Vaiotmra4

JOQVGTGM UAV^GAVG

Ebgor.jm ^rmc. Gkl. J. UOSMGO

Emrraiotmrg4

Hmtt. Gkl. F. CAVVOEQXG

Hmtt. Gkl. V. CVOKEGO

Uassgmka G G G

Okkm Oeeohajgem 6>>3-6>>


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Oiio jgo cojgligo4g lakgtmrg Vmfartm a Oktmkaiio,

jgm crotaiim Jossgjm.Og jgag kmkkg a zgg.

O jgo eulgko Vojmko.


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5/496

Vgklrozgojaktg

Ua bm vgstm pg imktokm, pareb stovm suiia spoiia hag lgloktg.

Gsooe Kawtmk

G jgag pg saktg tg r gklrozgojaktg

oi ^rmcassmra G kl. Jorem Uovmgo

par ovarjg mccartm io pmssgfgigt hg emkmseara a semprgra uk orlmjaktm hg rgeareo

ems gktarassokta a oiiovokluorhgo, im rgklrozgm okeba par lig gkhgspaksofgigogutg, haiueghozgmkg a ghaa eba jg bo cmrkgtm kag jmjaktg hgccgegig haiio tasg.

Qk lrozga okeba par io suo possgmka rgvmito oiigklalkargo strutturoia, io quoia

trospora hurokta ia sua iazgmkg, a vgaka qugkhg trosjasso olig stuhaktg4 jgligogo hg

gklalkarg lig smkm mro lrotg, gm emjprasm,

oi Hmtt. G kl. Forforo Carroeutgpar iogutm a io prmcassgmkoigt eba jg stoto mccarto gk mlkg jmjaktm, jo okeba

par g sullargjaktg, emksglig a ghaa eba jg bo sajpra eaiarjakta cmrkgtm par

rgsmivara oieukg prmfiajg hg hgccgegia smiuzgmka.

Qk rgklrozgojaktm spaegoia vo par io jgkuzgmso a gjpalkotgvo ravgsgmka eba bo

svmitm hurokta gi pargmhm gk eug bm sergttm io tasg, sakzo gi sum suppmrtm kmk sorag

rgusegtm o cora toktm0 uk uitargmra lrozga par gi sajpra cmrta gktarassojaktm

jmstrotm kag emkcrmktg hai gi jgm mparotm, jgiia lrozga!

oii G kl. Vmfartm Crokego

par gi lrokha suppmrtm taekgem a jmroia, spaegoijakta kaiia cosg gkgzgoig gk eug jg

saktgvm parsm a kmk sopavm kuiio suiiorlmjaktm.

Qk lrozga okeba par io suo sgjpotgo utgigzzoto par shrojjotgzzora g jgag jmjaktg

hg semkcmrtm a par assarsg gktarassotm oiio rgsmiuzgmka hag jgag prmfiajg taekgeg.


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Vgklrozgojaktg

Qk rgklrozgojaktm portgemiora vo o tutta ia oitra parsmka hai HGUXOVX hg taekgeo

haiia emstruzgmkg eba kmk arokm hgrattojakta ialota oi jgm iovmrm, jo eba

emjukqua gk eosm hg kaeassgt sg smkm mccarta hg ogutorjg.

Gk imrm bm trmvotm bm trmvotm lrokha prmcassgmkoigt a hgspmkgfgigt.


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Gkhgea

g

Ug hava emkmseara io jato prgjo hai paremrsm.

Daok ôui

GKHGEA

VGKLVOTGOJAKXG

Eopgtmim G

^VMLAXXOTGMKA OKXG UGJ GEO4

JAXMHG HG OKOIG UG AV UXVQXXQVA G OKA UÔTGOI G

?.? ^racozgmka ?

?.6 Jatmhg hg eoiemim haiia smiiaegtozgmkg gkhmtta hoi sgsjo 5

?.6.? Okoigsg stotgeo aqugvoiakta (okoigsg igkaora) 8

?.6.6 Okoigsg hgkojgeo jmhoia o spattrm hg rgspmsto (okoigsg igkaora)

?.5 Okoigsg stotgeo kmk-igkaora 5H (ûsbmvar 5H) ??

?.5.? Gktrmhuzgmka ??

?.5.6 Okoigsg hg ûsbmvar kmk ohottgvm par struttura spozgoig grralmiorg ?8

?.5.6.? Jmlbohoj a Xsm P?773Z ?8

?.5.6.6 Jmlbohoj a Xsm P6>>>Z ?2

?.5.6.5 @gior a Codcor P?773Z 66

?.5.6.8 Coaiio a @gior P?772Z 61

?.5.6.1 @gior a Codcor P6>>6Z 62

?.5.6.3 akaigs a @oppms P6>>6Z 55

?.5.5 Accattg hag jmhg supargmrg sui emjpmrtojaktm hg struttura grralmiorg 57

?.5.5.? Ebmpro a Lmai P6>>8Z 57

?.5.5.6 Cudgg, Koòkm a Uokoho P6>>8Z 85

?.5.5.5 Wu, uligasg, Oiiak a Fgsebmcc P6>>8Z 83

?.5.5.8 Torot a Oyoio P6>>8Z 8>1Z 87

?.5.8 Emkeiusgmkg 15


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Gkhgea

gg

Eopgtmim GG

HG UXVGFQTGMKA HAIIA CMVTA HG ^QUBMSAV OHMXXOXA KAIIA OKOIG UG

6.? Gktrmhuzgmka oiiokoigsg hg ûsbmvar 11

6.6 Okoigsg hg ûsbmvar emk hgstrgfuzgmka Qkgcmrja 3?

6.5 Okoigsg hg ûsbmvar emk hgstrgfuzgmka Xrgoklmiora 31

6.8 Okoigsg hg ûsbmvar emk hgstrgfuzgmka ^rmpmrzgmkoia oi Jmhm Cmkhojaktoia 32

6.1 Okoigsg hg ûsbmvar emk hgstrgfuzgmka haiia cmrza hg tgpm 8

5.5 Ergtarg hg emkcrmktm hag rgsuitotg haiia GHO emk quaiig hg pusbmvar ??5

5.5.? Emkcrmktm gk tarjgkg limfoig4 io eurvo hg eopoegt a hg gstarasg ??1

5.5.?.? rmfiajotgeba kai pusbmvar 5H ?6>

5.5.6 Emkcrmktm gk tarjgkg imeoig4 lrocgeg hg spmstojaktg a smiiaegtozgmkg hg pgokm ?55

5.5.6.? rmfiajotgeba kai pusbmvar 5H ?53

Eopgtmim GS

JMHAIIOTG MKA C.A.J.O CG FVA AH

GJ^GALM HAI UMCX\OVA UAGUJMUXVQEX

8.? Gktrmhuzgmka oiio jmhaiiozgmka kujargeo haiia struttura ?88

8.6 Io jmhaiiozgmka o cgfra halig aiajaktg ?87

8.5 UagsjmUtruetJmhaiiozgmka halig aiajaktg cgkgtg gk rglghazzo ?16

8.5.? Jmhaiiozgmka o cgfra halig aiajaktg faoj gk UagsjmUtruet ?16


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Gkhgea

ggg

8.5.6 ^rmeahgjaktg hg rgsmiuzgmka hai sgstajo oilafrgem hg aquozgmkg kmk-igkaorg ?11

8.5.5 Xgpmimlga hg okoigsg pmssgfgig emk UagsjmUtruet ?12

1.8.1.6 usbmvar : >.52 a GHO sgsjo 5e kaiigstokta gk eug sg rollgukla io rmtturo 5?.5 a GHO kaiigstokta HxEJ5 jox (emkcrmktm mjmlakam) 5


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Gkhgea

v

Oppakhgea O

OKOIGUG UXOXGEO KMK-I GKAOVA 6H(^QUBMSAV6H)

O.? ûsbmvar emkvakzgmkoia G

O.6 Okoigsg stotgeo kmk igkaora eba emksgharo g jmhg supargmrg S

O.5 ^rmeahura hg ûsbmvar Ohottgvm SG

O.5.? Umiiaegtozgmkg iotaroig gk cmrjo hg spmstojaktg GR

O.5.6 Ioilmrgtjm HO^ Hgspioeajakt-fosah Ohoptgva ûsbmvar R

O.5.6.? Hacgkgzgmka hai vattmra kmjgkoia hag eorgebg R

O.5.6.6 Hatarjgkozgmka hai cottmra jmitgpigeotgvm halig spmstojaktg R

O.5.6.5 Eoiemim hai vattmra hg cmrjo kmrjoigzzotm RG

O.5.6.8 Ollgmrkojaktm hai vattmra hag eorgebg emjpiassgvg RGS

O.5.5 Ioilmrgtjm CO^ Cmrea-fosah Ohoptgva ûsbmvar RSGO.5.5.? Eoiemim hai vattmra hg cmrjo kmrjoigzzotm RSG

O.5.5.6 Ollgmrkojaktm hai vattmra hag eorgebg emjpiassgvg RSGG

Oppakhgea F

VG UQIXOXG HAIIA OKOIG UG KQJAVGEBA USMIXA UQI EOUM UXQHGM O

F.? Vgsuitotg haiia okoigsg aiostgeba-igkaorg RGR

F.?.? Okoigsg hgkojgeba4 lrocgeg hg tgja-bgstmry, eurva hg gstarasg a hacmrjota RGR

F.?.6 Okoigsg stotgeba4 hacmrjota a tofaiia RISG

F.6 Vgsuitotg haiia okoigsg kmk-igkaorg IGG

F.6.? Okoigsg hgkojgeba4 lrocgeg hg tgja-bgstmry, eurva hg gstarasg a hacmrjota IGG

F.6.6 Okoigsg stotgeba4 hacmrjota a tofaiia IRRSGGG


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EO^ G ^rmlattozgmka oktgsgsjgeo4 jatmhg hg okoigsg par struttura pgoka a spozgoig

- ? -

Eopgtmim G

Sgvgojm tuttg smttm gi jahasgjm egaim,

jo kmk tuttg offgojm im stassm mrgzzmkta.@mkroh Ohakouar

^VMLAXXOTGMKA OKXG UG UJ GEO4JAXMHG HG

OKOIGUG AV UXVQXXQVA GOKA A U^OTG OI G

?.?

^racozgmka

Io kaeassgt hg pmtar emstrugra ahgcgeg eba cmssarm gk lrohm hg rasgstara oiiozgmka

hag tarrajmtg sajpra stoto uko prgmrgt par ia pmpmiozgmkg eba rgsgahmkm gk zmka o

rgsebgm sgsjgem.

Kalig uitgjg haeakkg io prmlattozgmka oktgsgjgeo haiia struttura bo sufgtm kmtavmig

prmlrassg, toig svgiuppg smkm ho ottrgfugrsg oi lrokha gktarassa ho porta haiio

emjukgt segaktgcgeo kag emkcrmktg haiia prmfiajotgeba ialota oiio prmtazgmka haligahgcgeg kag rgluorhg haiiozgmka sgsjgeo. Gk toia sattmra haiigklalkargo strutturoia io

rgeareo prmeaha saluakhm hua igkaa imlgeba hgccaraktg4 ho uk iotm vg io rgeareo hg

kumvg sgstajg emstruttgvg, kumvg hgspmsgtgvg, kumva igkaa lugho hg prmlattozgmka eba

parjattokm hg rghurra lig accattg hgstruttgvg hai tarrajmtm, hoiioitrm vg io rgeareo hg

kumva jatmhmimlga (ah gjpiajaktozgmkg kujargeba) par gi eoiemim halig accattg

gkhmttg hoiiozgmka sgsjgeo.

G hua ospattg haiio rgeareo oppako aiakeotg smkm cro imrm emjpiajaktorg4 iukmossarvgsea a stgjmio ioitrm.

Ho uko iotm ia kumva taekgeba hg eoiemim stgjmiokm io emstruzgmka hg struttura

sajpra pg ovvakgrgstgeba, hoiioitrmia kumva kaeassgt hg prmtazgmka halig ahgcgeg

hoiiozgmka sgsjgeo stgjmiokm io jasso o puktm hg jatmhg hg eoiemim ohottg olig

sempg.

Ia kumva taekgeba hg okoigsg kmk-igkaora eba emksgharokm okeba g lrokhg

spmstojaktg, lig accattg hgssgpotgvg, gi halrohm strutturoia hmvutm og egeig hg eorgem-


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seorgem ah uko jmhaiiozgmka o cgfra smkm stota stgjmiota hoiio kaeassgt hg takara

gk emktm lig accattg eba kmk arokm emksgharotg kag eoiemig hg quoieba haeakkgm co,

jo eba mllg kaeassorgm emkmseara par loroktgra uko fumko prmlattozgmka

strutturoia fosoto sug ergtarg prastozgmkoig.

Io jmharko prmlattozgmka oktgsgsjgeo fosoto sui emkeattm hg smhhgscora hgvarsg

igvaiig hg prastozgmka, par mlkukm hag quoig io strutturo kmk hava suparora hag

prastofgigtg lrohg hg hokkallgojaktm.

^urtrmppm par uko prmlattozgmka hg quastm tgpm gkhgspaksofgia ukokoigsg kmk-

igkaora hai prmfiajo, eg gjpigeo uko eraseakta hgccgemit mparotgvo ho porta hag

prmlattgstg, spaega sa sg trotto hg okoigsg hgkojgeba, ia quoig kaeassgtokm hg pg vosta

emkmseakza tamrgeba a scmrzg emjputozgmkoig rgspattm oiia okoigsg stotgeba igkaorg.Mllglgmrkm io prmlattozgmka oktgsgsjgeo halig ahgcgeg sg foso smprottuttm su toig

ergtarg prastozgmkoig lg hasergttg, eg gjpigeo eba io prmlattozgmka fosoto suiio

huttgigt a gk portgemiora sulig spmstojaktg4 iahgcgegm hava assara gk lrohm hg

loroktgra, emk igvaiig hg hokkallgojaktm pracgssotg, io rgebgasto hg spmstojaktm

cmrkgto hoi sgsjo.

Ia okoigsg aiostgeba-igkaorg lmhmkm haiio sajpigegt hg utgigzzm a emjpraksgmka

tamrgeo, jo kmk smkm gk lrohm hg pravahara io eopoegt hg hacmrjozgmka gkaiostgeomccarto ho uko strutturo, par toia jmtgvm rgsuitokm gkohotta par uko jmharko

prmlattozgmka oktgsgsjgeo fosoto sui emkeattm prastozgmkoia, hmva sg vmligmkm

gkholora g emjpmrtojaktg kmk-igkaorg a ia emkhgzgmkg prmssgja oi emiiossm.

Ho quoktm oppako hattm sg emjprakha gi puktm cmeoia hai prmfiajo4 sg eareo uk

jatmhm hg eoiemim halig accattg gkhmttg hoi sgsjo eba pmsso pravahara imccarto hg

spmstojaktm hg uko strutturo, eba parjatto hg voiutora sgo gi emjpmrtojaktm

aiostgem eba quaiim pmst-skarvojaktm, hmva a emk quoia prmlrassgmka sg cmrjokm iaearkgara piostgeba, hmva sg trmvokm ia hafmiazza strutturoig, emja a quoia tgpm hg

ergsg sg rollgukla a quoia sgo gi igvaiim hg huttgigt strutturoia0 jo eba oi tajpm

stassm sgo emkeattuoijakta sajpigea a pmem hgspakhgmsm hoi puktm hg vgsto

emjputozgmkoia.

Xuttm eg emkhuea oiio hacgkgzgmka haiiokoigsg stotgeo kmk-igkaora (pusbmvar), g eug

hattolig a prmfiajotgeba ialota oiia struttura spozgoig smkm aspmsta kai salugtm haiio

prasakta tasg.


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Gk quastm eopgtmim sg vumia cmrkgra gkvaea uko frava hasergzgmka hag vorg jatmhg hg

eoiemim hg prmlattozgmka oktgsgsjgeo prmpmstg hoiio kmrjotgvo gtoigoko a hoiia

prgkegpoig kmrjotgva gktarkozgmkoig (AE2, CAJO, OXE). Kaiiaspmsgzgmka hag vorg

jatmhg hg eoiemim eg sg smccarjo gk jmhm portgemiora sui jatmhm hg okoigsg hg

pusbmvar, cmrkakhm uko hasergzgmka hattoligoto hg emja g vorg outmrg hg voiakzo

gktarkozgmkoia offgokm prmpmstm io suo oppigeozgmka o struttura spozgoig grralmiorg,

par ia quoig tuttmro kmk sg lguktg oh uko smiuzgmka hacgkgtgvo ah ukgvarsoijakta

rgtakuto voigho ho tuttg g rgeareotmrg.

?.6 Jatmhg hg eoiemim haiia smiiaegtozgmkg gkhmtta hoi sgsjo

Kai prasakta porolrocm smkm prasaktotg g jatmhg hg eoiemim eba pmssmkm assara

utgigzzotg kaiio prmlattozgmka oktgsgsjgeo0 assg sg suhhgvghmkm gk igkaorg a kmk-

igkaorg, g quoig o imrm vmito pmssmkm assara eiossgcgeotg gk stotgeg a hgkojgeg.

Gk tmtoia sg ovrokkm qugkhg quottrm jatmhg hg eoiemim4 hua igkaorg (ukm stotgem ah

ukm hgkojgem) a hua kmk-igkaorg (ukm stotgem ah ukm hgkojgem).

Kai larlm taekgem toig jatmhmimlga hg okoigsg ossujmkm g saluaktg kmjg4

?.

Okoigsg stotgeo aqugvoiakta (okoigsg igkaora).

6. Okoigsg hgkojgeo jmhoia o spattrm hg rgspmsto (okoigsg igkaora).

5. Okoigsg stotgeo kmk-igkaora hg spgkto iotaroia (^usbmvar).

8. Okoigsg hgkojgeo kmk-igkaora.

Xoig jatmhmimlga hg eoiemim smkm hasergtta gk tutta ia prgkegpoig kmrjotgva

oktgsgsjgeba gktarkozgmkoig (AE2, CAJO, OXE, aee) emja jatmhg hg eoiemim

stokhorh par pravahara ia smiiaegtozgmkg gkhmtta hoi sgsjo.

Xoig taekgeba hg okoigsg sg fosokm su emkeattg cmkhojaktoig haiio hgkojgeo haiia

struttura oppigeotg par gi eosm spaegcgem hg cmrzoktg hgkojgeba hg tgpm sgsjgem

oppigeota oiio fosa haiiahgcgegm. G quottrm jatmhg hg eoiemim oppako egtotg smkm

aspmstg gk mrhgka eraseakta hg mkara emjputozgmkoia a oeeurotazzo hg pravgsgmka

haiio rgspmsto strutturoia.

Cgkm o quoieba haegko hg okkg co, quokhm iusm hai eoiemim kujargemkmk aro ems

hgccusm, igjpgalm hag jatmhg hg eoiemim oktgsgsjgem hg tgpm hgkojgem (m kmk-


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igkaora) kmk aro occrmktofgia, qugkhg io prmlattozgmka oktgsgsjgeo haiia struttura aro

fosoto smiojakta sug prgjg hua jatmhg hg eoiemim aiakeotg gk praeahakzo0 gk

portgemiora iusm haiiokoigsg stotgeo aqugvoiakta aro jmitm hgccusm par vgo haiio suo

sajpigegt.

?.6.? Okoi gsg stotgeo aqugvoiakta (okoigsg i gkaora)

Io emkeazgmka imlgeo hg toia jatmhm hg eoiemim sg foso suiioppigeozgmka hg cmrza

stotgeba hgstrgfugta suiioitazzo, ia quoig eareokm hg ropprasaktora ia jossgja cmrza

hgkarzgo eba sg gkkaseokm smttm iozgmka hai sgsjo.

Xrmvota toig ozgmkg stotgeba iotaroig ho oppigeora oiio strutturo gi eoiemim halig accattg

gkhmttg sg foso su uk jmhaiim aiostgem-igkaora haiio strutturo.

Iokoigsg stotgeo aqugvoiakta pu assara utgigzzoto par emstruzgmkg ralmiorg gk

oitazzo. Qk ahgcgegm ralmiora gk oitazzo sa smhhgsco g saluaktg raqugsgtg4

tuttg g sgstajg rasgstaktg haiiahgcgegm (quoig taiog a poratg) sg astakhmkm par

tutto ioitazzo haiiahgcgegm0

josso a rglghazzo rgjoklmkm emstoktg m vorgokm lrohuoijakta, sakzo

frusebg eojfgojaktg, hoiio fosa oiio egjo haiiahgcgegm0

avaktuoig rastrgklgjaktg haiio sazgmka mrgzzmktoia haiiahgcgegm ovvaklmkm

gk jmhm lrohuoia ho uk pgokm oi sueeassgvm.

Umhhgscotta quasta emkhgzgmkg meemrra eba gi prgjm pargmhm hg vgfrozgmka (X?) haiio

strutturo, kaiio hgrazgmka gk asoja, kmk suparg 6,1XE.

^ar ahgcgeg eba kmk supargkm g 8> jatrg hg oitazzo, gk ossakzo hg eoiemig pg

hattoligotg, X?pu assara stgjotm utgigzzokhm io cmrjuio saluakta4

85

?? BEX (?.?)

HmvaB ioitazzo haiiahgcgegm, gk jatrg, hoi pgokm hg cmkhozgmka a E?voia >,>21

par ahgcgeg emk strutturo o taiogm gk oeegogm, >,>,>1> par ahgcgeg emk quoisgosg oitrm tgpm hg strutturo.


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- 1 -

Iokoigsg stotgeo emksgsta kaiioppigeozgmka hg uk sgstajo hg cmrza hgstrgfugta iuklm

ioitazzo haiiahgcgegm ossujakhm uko hgstrgfuzgmka igkaora halig spmstojaktg. Io

cmrzo ho oppigeora hoto kaiio cmrjuio saluakta4

)(

)(

dd

ggbg

\z

\zCC

(?.6)

hmva4

- l\XUC hb )( ? 0

- Cg io cmrzo ho oppigeora oi pgokm g0

- \ga \dsmkm g pasg haiia jossa og pgokg g adrgspattgvojakta0

-

zgazdsmkm ia oitazza hag pgokg gadrgspattm oiio cmkhozgmka0- Uh(X?) imrhgkoto (ossmegoto oi pargmhm hai jmhm cmkhojaktoia haiio strutturo)

haiim spattrm hg rgspmsto hg prmlattm gk tarjgkg hg oeeaiarozgmka0

- \ gi pasm emjpiassgvm haiio emstruzgmka, eoiemiotm saemkhm quoktm gkhgeotm

par mlkg tgpm hg strutturo0

- uk emaccgegakta porg o >,21 sa iahgcgegm bo oijakm 5 pgokg a sa X?9 6XE,

porg o ? gk tuttg lig oitrg eosg0

-

l ioeeaiarozgmka hg lrovgt.

Gi toligm oiio fosa vgaka rgportgtm sug pgokg prmpmrzgmkoijakta oiia cmrza hgkarzgo

emrrgspmkhaktg oh uk gpmtatgem jmhm hg vgfrora hg cmrjo trgoklmiora.

Xoia ossukzgmka ukgpmtasg sajpigcgeotgvo, eba rgsuito oeeattofgia par struttura

ralmiorg.

Lig accattg tmrsgmkoig oeeghaktoig pmssmkm assara takutg gk emktm oppigeokhm o mlkg

pgokm io cmrzo sgsjgeo Cgemk aeeaktrgegt aogm, gk jmhm aqugvoiakta, smjjokhm

olig accattg haiia cmrza stotgeba quaiig hmvutg og jmjaktg Jg : aogCg. par ahgcgeg

ovaktg josso a rglghazzo hgstrgfugta gk jmhm opprmssgjotgvojakta sgjjatrgem gk

pgokto a gksergvgfgia gk uk rattoklmim emk roppmrtm cro g iotg gkcargmra o 8. Xoig

accattg pmssmkm assara emksgharotg ojpigcgeokhm ia smiiaegtozgmkg gk mlkg aiajaktm

rasgstakta emk gi cottmra rgsuitokta hoiio saluakta asprassgmka4

aIx3,>? (?.5)


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- 3 -

hmva4

- x io hgstokzo haiiaiajaktm rasgstakta vartgeoia hoi forgeaktrm lamjatrgem

haiiahgcgegm jgsuroto parpakhgemiorjakta oiio hgrazgmka haiiozgmka sgsjgeo

emksgharoto0

- Ia io hgstokzo tro g hua aiajaktg rasgstaktg pg imktokg, jgsurotg oiim stassm

jmhm (vahgCgluro ?.?)

Cg luro ?.?Ojpigcgeozgmka haiia Cmrza

^urtrmppm gi jatmhm hg eoiemim oppako aspmstm astrajojakta sajpigcgeotm a

pmssgaha hag igjgtg hg oppigeofgigt fak hacgkgtg ah offostokzo rastrgttgvg4 kmk

oppigeofgia gk jokgaro lakaroigzzoto su tutta ia struttura, jo rgsuito ohottmsmiojakta par lig ahgcgeg emk ralmiorgt lamjatrgeo, hg rglghazzo a hg josso.

^ar toig ahgcgeg sg prasuppmka eba gi jmhm hg vgfrora cmkhojaktoia haiio strutturo

sgo hg cmrjo quosg igkaora suiioitazzo a emk josso portaegpokta supargmra oii 21%

hg quaiio tmtoia kaiio hgrazgmka praseaito. Mvvgojakta eg kmk oeeoha par struttura

jmitm oita, hmva g jmhg hg vgfrora supargmrg kmk smkm troseurofgig, a su struttura

grralmiorg, hmva jmhg tmrsgmkoig a tmrsm-trosiozgmkoig pmssmkm ovara jossa

portaegpoktg kmk troseurofgig.

_uoktm oppako hattm pmrto o emkeiuhara eba par struttura jmitm oita, m jmitm

hacmrjofgig m cmrtajakta grralmiorg iokoigsg stotgeo aqugvoiakta kmk pu assara

utgigzzoto pmgeb4

kmk smkm pg smhhgscotta ia gpmtasg eba rakhmkm voigho iokoigsg0

gi emjpmrtojaktm hgkojgem-strutturoia gkciuakzotm hog jmhg supargmrg0

io hgstrgfuzgmka haiia cmrza aqugvoiaktg pmem ottakhgfgia.


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Gk quastg eosg kaeassorgm utgigzzora haiia jmhaiiozgmkg pg smcgstgeota.

Qk possm uitargmra, gk tarjgkg hg oeeurotazzo, hotm hoiiokoigsg hgkojgeo jmhoia

o spattrm hg rgspmsto.

?.6.6 Okoig sg hgkojgeo jmhoia o spattrm hg r gspmsto (okoi gsg i gkaora)

Iokoigsg jmhoia, ossmegoto oiim spattrm hg rgspmsto hg prmlattm, ho emksgharorsg gi

jatmhm pg hgccusm par io hacgkgzgmka haiia smiiaegtozgmkg hg prmlattm, soivm quokhm

oitrgjaktg spaegcgeotm, a vo oppigeoto oh uk jmhaiim trghgjaksgmkoia haiiahgcgegm.

O hgccarakzo hai jatmhm praeahaktajakta hasergttm toia okoigsg pravaha ukokoigsg

jmhoia gkgzgoia par igkhgvghuozgmka haiia eorottargstgeba jmhoig accattgva haiio

strutturo. Ia hacmrjota jmhoig emksaktmkm hg hacgkgra haiia hgstrgfuzgmkg hg cmrza

mrgzzmktoig eba taklmkm emktm okeba hg avaktuoig cakmjakg tmrsgmkoig par struttura

grralmiorg gk pgokto.

Iokoigsg jmhoia pravaha gi eoiemim, trojgta iutgigzzm haiim spattrm hg rgspmsto gk

psauhm-oeeaiarozgmka, hag voimrg jossgjg haiia smiiaegtozgmkg a halig spmstojaktg

ossmegotg o egoseuk jmhm prmprgm hg vgfrora haiio strutturo suppmsto aiostgeo

igkaora, salugtm hoiio emjfgkozgmka haiio rgspmsto jmhoia saemkhm ia emjukg

ralmia hg emjfgkozgmka hag jmhg4

6

gAA gk eug g jmhg smkm fak hgstgktg gk quoktm gi pargmhm hg egoseuk

jmhm hgccargsea hg oijakm gi ?>% ho tuttg lig oitrg, hatto UVUU (Uquora

Vmmt mc tba Uuj mc tba Uquoras)0

g d

`dd` AAA hmva ),,( gdd` c gk eug g jmhg smkm

rovvgegkotg tro imrm, hatto E_E(Emjpiata _uohrotge Emjfgkotgmk).

^mssmkm assara emksgharotg hua jmhaiig pgokg saporotg haiio strutturo sa smkm

rgspattotg g ergtarg hg ralmiorgt gk pgokto, ukm par mlkg hgrazgmka prgkegpoia.

Meemrra emksgharora tuttg g jmhg emk josso portaegpokta supargmra o 1%, mppura

uk kujarm hg jmhg io eug josso portaegpokta tmtoia sgo supargmra oii21%.

Im sempm quaiim hg smiiaegtora io strutturo emk hgstrgfuzgmkg hg cmrza stotgeba

prmpmrzgmkoig og jmhg prmprg hg vgfrora haiio strutturo, mttakakhm io rgspmsto


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hgkojgeo emja emjfgkozgmka igkaora haiia rgspmsta mttakuta emk ia sgklmia

hgstrgfuzgmkg.

Iokoigsg jmhoia o spattrm hg rgspmsto pu assara oppigeoto okeba oiia struttura

spozgoig grralmiorg, hg hgserato oitazzo m jmitm hacmrjofgig. _uasto eorottargstgeo

rgjumva ia igjgtozgmkg hai jatmhm hg eoiemim hasergttm gk praeahakzo.

G jatmhg hg okoigsg aiostgeg-igkaorg oppako aspmstg taklmkm emktm hai

emjpmrtojaktm kmk-igkaora haiio strutturo trojgta uk cottmra hg strutturo q eba

parjatta hg rghurra im spattrm hg rgspmsto aiostgem0 okeba sa io smiuzgmka prmpmsto

kmk rgsmiutgvo hg tuttg g prmfiajg sg eareo gk toi jmhm hg takar emktm haiia

eorottargstgeba gkaiostgeba haiio strutturo.

Iokoigsg jmhoia o spattrm hg rgspmsto pmssgaha sgeurojakta haiia jgligmrga rgspattmoiiokoigsg stotgeo aqugvoiakta, jgligmrga eba astakhmkm ioppigeofgigt hg toia

jatmhm hg eoiemim oktgsgsjgem o pg svorgota eiossg hg struttura4 hoiia pg sajpigeg a

ralmiorg o quaiia pg emjpiassa ah grralmiorg.

Gi voktollgm hg toia okoigsg rgsgaha kaiio eopoegt hg emligara gi emjpmrtojaktm

tmrsgmkoia haiia struttura ottrovarsm ioppigeozgmka hg emppga tmreaktg hg pgokm.

Kmkmstokta tuttm iokoigsg jmhoia o spattrm hg rgspmstoopportgaka oiio eiossa haiia

okoigsg igkaorg, qugkhg occatto, gksgaja oiiokoigsg stotgeo aqugvoiakta, ho prmfiajga igjgtozgmkg prmprga haiia okoigsg igkaorg. Xoig okoigsg kmk smkm gk lrohm hg emligara

g eojfgojaktg kaiio rgspmsto hgkojgeo haiio strutturo, eba sg vargcgeokm jok jokm

eba g sgklmig aiajaktg sg piostgegzzokm. Kmk smkm hota gkmitra gkcmrjozgmkg suiio

hgstrgfuzgmka haiio hmjokho hg okaiostgegt kaiio strutturo.

^ar g jmtgvg oppako aspmstg smkm stota svgiuppota ia jatmhmimlga hg eoiemim kmk-

igkaora. Assa parjattmkm hg emjprakhara emja io strutturo rollgukla io ergsg, eba

tgpm hg ergsg sg gkkaseo, hmva sg trmvokm ia hafmiazza strutturoig, hmva a emk quoiaprmlrassgmka sg cmrjokm ia earkgara piostgeba, quoia sgo gi igvaiim hg huttgigt

strutturoia a emja vorgo io rgspmsto possokhm hoi emjpmrtojaktm igkaora o quaiim

kmk-igkaora


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?.6.5 Okoi gsg stotgeo kmk-i gkaora (^usbmvar)

Iokoigsg stotgeo kmk-igkaora emksgsta kaiioppigeora oiiahgcgegm eorgebg

lrovgtozgmkoig ah uk sgstajo hg cmrza mrgzzmktoig eba, joktakakhm gkvorgotg g

roppmrtg raiotgvg cro ia cmrza stassa, vaklmkm tutta seoiota gk jmhm ho cor eraseara

jmkmtmkojakta im spmstojaktm mrgzzmktoia hg uk puktm hg emktrmiim suiio strutturo

(smigtojakta uk puktm gk smjjgt haiiahgcgegm), cgkm oi rollguklgjaktm haiia

emkhgzgmkg uitgja.

Emk toia okoigsg pmssgfgia vargcgeora io eopoegt haiio strutturo, sgo gk tarjgkg hg

rasgstakzo eba hg hacmrjofgigt, takakhm emktm sgo haiia kmk igkaorgt lamjatrgeba

eba hg quaiia hai jotargoia.

_uastm tgpm hg okoigsg pu assara oppigeotm par lig sempg a kag eosg saluaktg4

voiutora g roppmrtg hg smvrorasgstakzo 0?u

vargcgeora iaccattgvo hgstrgfuzgmka haiio hmjokho gkaiostgeo kalig ahgcgeg

prmlattotg emk gi cottmra hg rghuzgmka q0

emja jatmhm hg prmlattm par lig ahgcgeg hg kumvo emstruzgmka smstgtutgvm

hag jatmhg hg okoigsg igkaorg0

emja jatmhm par io voiutozgmka haiio eopoegt hg ahgcgeg asgstaktg.

G possg a emkeattg haiiokoigsghg pusbmvarsmkm aspmstg gk jokgaro hattoligoto kai

saemkhm eopgtmim a kaiioppakhgea O, o eug sg rgjokho par g kaeassorg

opprmcmkhgjaktg.

_ug rgemrhgojm eba gi jatmhm hg okoigsg oppako egtotm okemro gk cosa hg stuhgm,

spargjaktozgmka a voighozgmka, spaega par quai eba rgluorho io suo oppigeofgigt

oiia struttura spozgoig grralmiorg. Kaiiojfgtm haiio prasakta tasg sg eareotm hg co raebgorazzo su oieukg ospattg a prmfiajg eba smrlmkm kaiioppigeora iokoigsg hg

pusbmvaroiia struttura spozgoig grralmiorg.

^urtrmppm iokoigsg stotgeo kmk-igkaora kmk rgasea (okemro) o pravahara oieukg

ospattg, accattg ah oieuka rgspmsta strutturoig eba smiojakta ukokoigsg hgkojgeo

kmk-igkaora mllg rgasea o emligara. _uoktm oppako hattm voia smprottuttm par ia lg

egtota struttura spozgoig grralmiorg, hmva io rgspmsto tmrsgmkoia pmrto o halig accattg

hgkojgeg eba hgccgegijakta sg rgasemkm o pravahara emk ukokoigsg hg tgpm stotgem.


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^ar toia jmtgvm iokoigsg hgkojgeo kmk-igkaora rgjoka tuttmllg gi jatmhm hg okoigsg

pg emjpiatm o hgspmsgzgmka hai prmlattgsto oktgsgsjgem, rgemrhokhm par gi lrokha

mkara emjputozgmkoia eba toig okoigsg emjpmrtokm.

Kaiiojfgtm haiio prasakta tasg sg emjukqua prmpmstm uk jatmhm hg okoigsg hg

pusbmvar (emk hgstrgfuzgmka hg tgpm haiia cmrza, vahg gi saemkhm eopgtmim) eba

pmsso emligara oi jaligm g hgvarsg ospattg a eorottargstgeba haiio rgspmsto

trosiozgmkoia a tmrsgmkoia hg uko strutturo spozgoia grralmiora.

?.6.8 Okoig sg hgkojgeo kmk-igkaora

Iokoigsg hgkojgeo kmk-igkaora o tuttmllg sgeurojakta gi jatmhm hg eoiemim pg

ovokzotm, praegsm a occghofgia eba sg offgo o hgspmsgzgmka, gk quoktm parjatta hg

emkmseara iavmiuzgmka kai tajpm hag hgvarsg porojatrg hg rgspmsto haiio strutturo

(spmstojaktg, hacmrjozgmkg, taksgmkg a smiiaegtozgmkg).

Io rgspmsto sgsjgeo haiio strutturo eoiemioto jahgokta gktalrozgmka haiia

aquozgmkg hai jmtm, utgigzzokhm uk jmhaiim trghgjaksgmkoia haiiahgcgegm a halig

oeeaiarmlrojjg ohottg oiim sempm, eba havmkm assara oijakm satta.

Xoig oeeaiarmlrojjg sarvmkm par voiutora lig accattg suiio strutturo (smiiaegtozgmkg,

hacmrjozgmkg, spmstojaktg, taksgmkg) eba pmssmkm assara ropprasaktotg hoiio jahgo

hag voimrg jossgjg mttakutg kaiia okoigsg0 kai eosm hg uk kujarm gkcargmra hg satta

lruppg hg oeeaiarmlrojjg sg cor rgcargjaktm og voimrg pg scovmravmig.

_uoktm oppako hattm sajfraraffa eiossgcgeora iokoigsg hgkojgeo kmk-igkaora emja

iopprmeegm mttgjoia a ralkokta kaiiojfgtm haiio prmlattozgmka oktgsgsjgeo, gk

raoit hgatrm o toktg pralg sg kosemkhmkm g hgcattg hg toia jatmhm hg eoiemim.

^rgjm cro tuttg imkarmsgt emjputozgmkoia a io emjpiassgt emkeattuoia. Gk

saemkhm iumlm vg io kmk troseurofgia hgccgemit haiioppigeozgmka hai jatmhm, gk

portgemiora par io ergtgegt hg oieukg ospattg, prgkegpoijakta hua. Gi prgjm emksgsta

kaiigkhgvghuozgmka hg uk jmhaiim eba sgo gk lrohm hg hasergvara gi emjpmrtojaktm

pmst-aiostgem smttm egeig hg eorgem a seorgem halig aiajaktg a io emksaluakta

hgssgpozgmka hg akarlgo, gi saemkhm kaiio kaeassgt hg ropprasaktora lig avaktg

sgsjgeg ottasg kaiio zmko gk eug sgtuotm iahgcgegm mllattm hg stuhgm ottrovarsm lig

oeeaiarmlrojjg ho utgigzzora emja gkput.


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Gi prmfiajo haiimkarmsgt emjputozgmkoia hai jatmhm hgseussm hgvakto

avghaktajakta okemr pg sglkgcgeotgvm sa sg emksgharo eba ia okoigsg havmkm assara

rgpatuta par uk kujarm aiavotm hg vmita gk jmhm ho loroktgra uko voighgt hg tgpm

prmfofgigstgem oiia pravgsgmkg, jo okeba o eouso haiigtarotgvgt prmprgo hg mlkg

prmeahgjaktm hg prmlattozgmka hmvuto olig arrmrg hg jmhaiiozgmka, ollgustojaktg a

ravgsgmkg hai prmlattm mrglgkorgm, rgprmlattozgmka hg oieuka portg, rgpaksojaktg

suiio emkeazgmka strutturoia ho ohmttora a jmhgcgeba vmiuta hoi emjjgttakta

haiimparo.

Qko vorgokta haiiokoigsg hgkojgeo kmk-igkaora oppako hasergtto iokoigsg

hgkojgeo gkerajaktoia (GHO) prasaktoto kai tarzm eopgtmim, o eug sg rgjokho par lig

opprmcmkhgjaktg kaeassorg. Xoia jatmhmimlgo hg eoiemim rgsuito ukavmiuzgmkahaiiokoigsg hgkojgeo kmk-igkaora, ho eug ka rgprakha tutta ia eorottargstgeba a

prgkegpg fosa, jo oi tajpm stassm ollgukla eorottargstgeba a pmssgfgigt

gkvastglotgva semkmseguta oiio eiossgeo okoigsg hgkojgeo kmk-igkaora.

Sgsto io emjpiassgt a ia prmfiajotgeba emkkassa oiia okoigsg hgkojgeba kmk-

igkaorg ho okkg sg eareo uko smiuzgmka hg emjprmjassm eba, trojgta uk eoiemim

stotgem kmk-igkaora, pmrtg oh uko oeeurotazzo oeeattofgia hag rgsuitotg sakzo parhara

hg vgsto lig ospattg kmk-igkaorg hai prmfiajo.

?.5 Okoigsg stotgeo kmk-igkaora 5H (^usbmvar 5H)

?.5.? G ktr mhuzgmka

Iokoigsg stotgeo kmk-igkaora, hatto okeba okoigsg hgpusbmvar, ukm halig opprmeeg

ottuoijakta utgigzzotg par im stuhgm a io prmlattozgmka oktgsgsjgeo hg struttura

ralmiorg sgo gk pgokto eba gk oitazzo. Lrozga o toia ralmiorgt pmssgfgia stuhgora gi

emjpmrtojaktm strutturoia hai taiogm spozgoia ottrovarsm iokoigsg hg sgklmig taiog

pgokg. Igktaro strutturo spozgoia vgaka semjpmsto gk taiog pgokg aqugvoiaktg, g quoig

pmssmkm assara stuhgotg emk ia jatmhmimlga hg okoigsg hg pusbmvar 6H lg

spargjaktota a voighota par iokoigsg hg struttura pgoka.

Xoig jatmhmimlga hg pusbmvar 6H, emja hasergttm kaiioppakhgea O, cmrkgsemkm

uko fumko hasergzgmka hai emjpmrtojaktm strutturoia hg uk taiogm smllattm oh


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ozgmka sgsjgeo, gi tuttm emk mkarg emjputozgmkoig offostokzo rghmttg. Io

voighozgmka hag hgvarsg jatmhg hgpusbmvar6H ovvakuto ottrovarsm uk emkcrmktm

emk g rgsuitotg mttakutg hoiia okoigsg hgkojgeba gkerajaktoig, emja spaegcgeotm kaiio

puffigeozgmka Carroeutg F., Uovmgo J., ^gkbm V., Crokego V. P6>>3Z.

Uaffaka iokoigsg hgpusbmvarpmsso assara uko ottroakta jatmhmimlgo par im stuhgm

a prmlattozgmka oktgsgsjgeo haiia struttura, iastaksgmka oi eosm trghgjaksgmkoia

(^usbmvar 5H) gjpigeo quoieba prmfiajo o eug fgsmlko rgspmkhara prgjo hg

accattuora iokoigsg. Gkkokzgtuttm gjpmrtokta hacgkgra emrrattojakta gi jmhaiim

kujargem eba hava rgspaeebgora gi raoia emjpmrtojaktm haiio strutturo, qugkhg

smrlmkm haiia prmfiajotgeba su eba tgpm hg jmhaiiozgmka jaeeokgeo ohmttora par

lig aiajaktg cgkgtg eba varrokkm utgigzzotg kaiio emstruzgmka hai jmhaiim kujargemhaiio strutturo. Xoig aiajaktg cgkgtg hmvrokkm assara gk lrohm hg emligara g

jmitapigeg ospattg kmk-igkaorg hai prmfiajo4 sgo kmk-igkaorgt jaeeokgeba eba

lamjatrgeba. Gkmitra io sebajotgzzozgmka haiio strutturo hava assara rolgmkoto ah

oeeuroto, par avgtora jmhaiiozgmkg arrota a cakmjakg hg imeoigzzozgmka haiia

hacmrjozgmkg.

Hacgkgtg lig aiajaktg strutturoig emja pgiostrg a trovg kaiia imrm raoia

emkcmrjozgmka, gi prmfiajo sg pmka kaiio jmhaiiozgmka hai smiogm. Gi smiogm havaassara succgegaktajakta rglghm par pmtar emkeaktrora ia jossa a g jmjaktg

hgkarzgo halig gjpoieotg kag forgeaktrg hg pgokm, gkmitra hava rgportgra ia cmrza

hgkarzgo sulig aiajaktg rasgstaktg sakzo sufgra hacmrjozgmkg okaiostgeba hurokta gi

sgsjo.

Mttakutm gi jmhaiim strutturoia, gi prmfiajo sueeassgvm quaiim hg hacgkgra emja

oppigeora ia cmrza stotgeba sgo iuklm ioitazzo haiiahgcgegm eba o igvaiim hgsgklmim

pgokm. Qtgigzzokhm ukokoigsg hgpusbmvar, gi prgjm prmfiajo io seaito haiiohgstrgfuzgmka hag eorgebg iotaroig eba, emja kmtm hoiiM^EJ 56


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iutgigzzm haiia eiossgeba hgstrgfuzgmkg hg cmrza iotaroig ohmttota kaiia okoigsg 6H

pmtraffarm kmk emkhurra o rgsuitotg ottakhgfgig. Kaiiojfgtm haiiokoigsg hg

pusbmvar5H rgjoka qugkhg ho eopgra emja hgstrgfugra ia cmrza suiioitazzo haiio

strutturo gk jmhm ho takar emktm halig accattg sgo trosiozgmkoig eba tmrsgmkoig.

Gi saemkhm prmfiajo eba sg gkemktro kaiio seaito hg hmva a emja oppigeora g

eorgebg iotaroig o igvaiim hai sgklmim pgokm4 suiim stassm pgokm eg pmssmkm assara

hgvarsg puktg gk eug pmssgfgia oppigeora ia cmrza hg spgkto iotaroia. Io seaito

emksgligoto quaiio hg oppigeora g eorgebg, eba par ia struttura spozgoig pmssmkm

assara sgo cmrza trosiozgmkoig eba emppga tmrsgmkoig, kag eaktrg hg josso hg pgokm

sebajotgzzokhm gi smiogm emja gkcgkgtojakta rglghm.

Mvvgojakta quoktm oppako hattm parha io suo voighgt kai eosm gk eug g smiog kmkpmssmkm rgtakarsg gkcgkgtojakta rglghg, gk toig eosg gi prmfiajo hg emja hgstrgfugra ia

cmrza hg pusbmvar o igvaiim hai sgklmim pgokm rgjoka uk prmfiajo hg hgccgegia

rgsmiuzgmka.

Hacgkgtm gi jmhaiim strutturoia a cotta ia hmvuta seaita par io hgstrgfuzgmka gk pgokto

ah gk oitazzo haiia cmrza stotgeba, mro rgsuito kaeassorgm stofgigra emk quoia tgpm hg

okoigsg sg pmssmkm emkcrmktora g rgsuitotg par io voighozgmka hai jatmhm. Iokoigsg

eba oh mllg hacgkgsea emrrattojakta io rgspmsto haiio strutturo, prmpmsto hoSojvotsg`ms a Emrkaii P6>>6Z, iokoigsg hgkojgeo gkerajaktoia (GHO) hasergtto

kai tarzm eopgtmim, o eug sg rgjokho par lig opprmcmkhgjaktg kaeassorg.

Kai emkcrmktm cro g rgsuitotg hag hua jatmhg hg okoigsg meemrra haeghara quoig

lrokhazza smkm pg ropprasaktotgva. Jmitg outmrg (Coaiio a @gior P?772Z, @gior a

Codcor P6>>6Z, ^akaigs a @oppms P6>>6Z, Torot a Oyoio P6>>8Z) emksgharokm par gi

emkcrmktm io eurvo hg pusbmvar, toligm oiio fosa - spmstojaktm jossgjm hg uk

puktm gk smjjgt, hmva toia puktm smigtojakta emrrgspmkha oi EJ haiiuitgjmpgokm a io eurvo toligm oiio fosa rmtozgmka jossgjo hai EJ gk smjjgt.

Kaiiojfgtm hg quoig porojatrg hg rgspmsto hg uko strutturo spozgoia grralmiora sgo

sglkgcgeotgvm rgpmrtora rgjokavokm cgkm o quoieba okkm co hag huffg, jaktra oh

mllg jmitg ospattg a prmfiajotgeba smkm stota ebgorgta0 okeba sa g prmfiajg eba

smrlmkm kai emkcrmktm, cro g rgsuitotg hg ukokoigsg hgkojgeo emk quaiig hg ukokoigsg

hg pusbmvar, smkm jmitapigeg a hg hgccgegia rgsmiuzgmka. Xuttmro kmk asgsta uk

jatmhm hg emkcrmktm ukgvmem ah ukgvarsoijakta rgemkmsegutm ho tuttg g rgeareotmrg.


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Oi rgluorhm haiia prmfiajotgeba hg emkcrmktm oppako egtota sg rgjokho oiio iatturo

hai tarzm eopgtmim.

Kalig uitgjg okkg jmitg outmrg bokkm eareotm hg opprmcmkhgra gi jatmhm hg okoigsg hg

pusbmvar par struttura grralmiorg. Kai salugtm hai prasakta eopgtmim vaklmkm

prasaktota ia jatmhmimlga hg eoiemim a g rgsuitotg mttakutg cgkm oh mllg ho hgvarsg

outmrg.

?.5.6 Okoi gsg hg usbmvar kmk ohottgvm par struttu ra spozgoig gr ralmior g

Jmitg rgeareotmrg bokkm pmstm ottakzgmka oiim svgiuppm hg sajpigeg jatmhmimlga hg

eoiemim, eopoeg hg prahgra io rgspmsto sgsjgeo hg struttura grralmiorg jahgokta haiia

okoigsg stotgeba kmk-igkaorg.

?.5.6.? Jmlbohoj a Xsm P?773Z, Hojola ossassjakt mc aeeaktrge juitgstmrayfugihgkls usgkl 5H pusbmvar okoiysgs

Io prmeahuro utgigzzo g rgsuitotg hg hua okoigsg hg pusbmvar 5H gksgaja emk io

rgspmsto hgkojgeo hg uk sgstajo aqugvoiakta UHMC (sgklia halraa mc craahmj)

voiutokhm io hacmrjozgmka sgsjgeo a gi hokkallgojaktm halig aiajaktg imeoigzzotg

sui pargjatrm haiio strutturo. Ioccghofgigt haiio prmeahuro stoto hgjmstroto hoiio

voiutozgmka hai hokkallgojaktm hg uko strutturo hg satta pgokg gk eajaktm orjotm

emk taiog aeeaktrgeg smllatto o uko sarga hg tarrajmtg emk hgccaraktg eorottargstgeba.

Iaeeassgvo rgspmsto tmrsgmkoia hg struttura aeeaktrgeba juitgpgokm io eouso

jollgmra hg hokkallgojaktm ho porta hai tarrajmtm. Io rgspmsto tmrsgmkoia gkhuea

uk ojpigojaktm halig spmstojaktg kai iotm ciassgfgia haiia struttura. Lig outmrg sg

prmpmklmkm hg sajpigcgeora gi prmeassm hg voiutozgmka hai hokkallgojaktm. Io

prmeahuro fosoto su uk sgstajo aqugvoiakta UHMCemkeapgtm hoiio prmpmsto hg

Uogghg a Umzak P?72?Z par voiutora io rgspmsto sgsjgeo kmk-igkaora haiio strutturo.

emgkvmito ukokoigsg hgkojgeo gkaiostgeo hai sgstajo UHMC pg hua okoigsg

gkaiostgeba hg struttura trghgjaksgmkoig smllatta o eorgem stotgem gkerajaktoia.

Io prmeahuro spgaloto gk hattoligm par gi eosm hg uko strutturo oKpgokg ovakta uk

ossa hg sgjjatrgo gk hgrazgmka x. Io strutturo smllatto oh uk sgsjo emk ozgmka

parpakhgemiora oiiossa hg sgjjatrgo. Ia 6K aquozgmkg eba hasergvmkm io

hacmrjozgmka haiio strutturo pmssmkm assara asprassa kai saluakta jmhm4


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)(>

?

>

>

>

>tu

G

JV

G

Jl

jj

(?.8)

hmva gi vattmra halig spmstojaktg gk hgrazgmka yhai eaktrm hg josso (EJ) hgpgokm, gi vattmra haiia rmtozgmkg hg pgokm a V gi vattmra haiia cmrza. J a

jG smkm rgspattgvojakta io jotrgea haiia jossa a io jotrgea hai jmjaktm

hgkarzgo hai EJa )(tul igkput hai jmvgjaktm hai tarrakm. Ua sg ossuja eba io

strutturo rgspmkho oiiozgmka sgsjgeo gk uk smim jmhm, gi sgstajo juity halraa mc

craahmj (JHMC) pu assara rghmttm oh uk sgstajo aqugvoiakta UHMC usokhm

iopprmeegm lakaroigzzotm4

tW

(?.1)

hmva ropprasakto gi prmcgim hg hacmrjozgmka emstokta haiio strutturo a )(tW

smkm ia emmrhgkota lakaroigzzota. kmrjoigzzotm gk jmhm eba )(tW ropprasaktg

im spmstojaktm hai EJ hai pgokm hg emparturo haiio strutturo. Gi prmcgim hg

hacmrjozgmka mttakutm hoiio jahgo haiia okoigsg hg pusbmvar5H haiio strutturo,

oppigeokhm ia cmrza iotaroig hgstrgfugta cS og EJhg pgokm haiio strutturo.

S ropprasakto gi toligm oiio fosa a c io hgstrgfuzgmka kmrjoigzzoto haiia cmrza

oppigeota. Hurokta iokoigsg hgpusbmvar stotm jmkgtmroto io raiozgmka cro gi toligm

oiio fosa a im spmstojaktm hai EJ. Gi rgsuitotm haiia eurva pu assara sergttm emja

WL@S hmva @ io pakhakzo gkgzgoia haiio eurvo S-W a L(W) hasergva

iopprmssgjozgmka fgigkaora haiio eurvo. Gi vattmra haiia cmrza rastgtugtm V pu

assara ropprasaktotm ho uk sat hg cmrza usokhm iokoigsg hg pusbmvar. Xoia sat hg

aquozgmkg pu assara rghmttm gk uko sgklmio aquozgmka voigho par gi sgstajo UHMC4

)()( *** tuiWL`Wj l (?.3)

Hmva j*, `* a i* hakmtokm josso, rglghazzo a cottmra hg aeegtozgmka hai sgsjo par

gi sgstajo aqugvoiakta UHMC.

Io smiuzgmka haiiaquozgmka (?.3) mttakuto utgigzzokhm io prmeahuro hg

gktalrozgmka stap-fy-stap. Gi jossgjm ossmiutm hg )(tW hakmtotm emk Wjox


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ropprasakto gi jossgjm spmstojaktm hai EJhg emparturo haiio strutturo. Qko vmito

hatarjgkotm Wjoxhava assara svmito uko saemkho okoigsg hg pusbmvar 5H. _uasto

saemkho okoigsg tarjgko quokhm im spmstojaktm hai EJ haiio emparturo haiio

strutturo aluoligo Wjox.

Lig outmrg bokkm spargjaktotm quasto jatmhmimlgo su uko strutturo hg satta pgokg gk

eajaktm orjotm, vahg Cgluro ?.6,hmva gi EJ rgsuito spmstotm hg 6.8j rgspattm oi

eaktrm lamjatrgem par tuttg g pgokg a rgsuito porg oi ?>% haiio iorlbazzo gk pgokto.

^ar iokoigsg hgkojgeo smkm stotg utgigzzotg satta oeeaiarmlrojjg emk ukm

sjmrzojaktm haiio strutturo hai 1%.

Cg luro ?.6^gokto haiio strutturo.

Gi emkcrmktm cro okoigsg stotgeo a hgkojgeo stotm asalugtm gk tarjgkg hg

spmstojaktm jossgjm a hg gktarstmray hrgct (vahg Cgluro ?.5). Gk Cgluro ?.8 sg

rgpmrto io jossgjo huttgigt hg trovg a emimkka.


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C gluro ?.5- o) jossgjm spmstojaktm hai iotm ciassgfgia f) jossgjm spmstojaktm hg gktarpgokm hai

iotm ciassgfgia.

Cg luro ?.8- o) jossgjo huttgigt gk trovg f) jossgjo huttgigt gk emimkka.

G hua lrocgeg hgjmstrokm emja hacmrjozgmka a hokkallgojaktm smkm fak emrraiotg.

Lig outmrg occarjokm eba quastm jatmhm gk lrohm hg hora fumkg rgsuitotg a qugkhg

ka emksgligokm iutgigzzm lrozga okeba oi rghmttm emstm emjputozgmkoig.


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?.5.6.6 Jmlbohoj a Xsm P6>>>Z, ^usbmvar okoiysgs cmr osyjjatrge okh sat-foe`juity-stmray fugihgkls

Lig stassg outmrg gk uk ortgemim sueeassgvm, prmpmklmkm iastaksgmka haiiokoigsg hg

pusbmvarpar ahgcgeg juitgpgokm aeeaktrgeg. Io prmeahuro ho imrm prmpmsto utgigzzo

iokoigsg haiim spattrm aiostgem haiio strutturo mttakutm hoi torlat halig spmstojaktg.

stotm stuhgotm uk ahgcgegm osgjjatrgem emstgtugtm ho tra taiog hg satta pgokg, vahg

Cgluro ?.1.Io strutturo smllatto o hgaeg ralgstrozgmkg hg oeeaiarmlrojjg spattrm

emjpotgfgig hg sgsjg oppigeotg oiio fosa jo kmk ebgorm sa sg utgigzzokm haiia

okoigsg hgkojgeba gkerajaktoig.

Cg luro ?.1^gokto haiio strutturo asojgkoto.

Io prmeahuro suhhgvgso gk hua portg. Io prgjo porta rgluorho io hacgkgzgmka halig

spmstojaktg jossgjg hatarjgkotg ottrovarsm im spattrm aiostgem haiio strutturo. Lig

spmstojaktg jossgjg hag tra taiog rasgstaktg haiio strutturo osgjjatrgeo smkm

hgccaraktg cro imrm o eouso haiio hgvarso rgspmsto tmrsgmkoia. ^areg, meemrra

hatarjgkora g torlat hg spmstojaktg par mlkg taiogm rasgstakta.

Io praegsgmka haiiokoigsg hg pusbmvar hgpakha okeba hoiiusm haiiopprmprgoto

hgstrgfuzgmka hg eorgebg iotaroig. Gk quastm eosm stoto ossukto uko hgstrgfuzgmka

trgoklmiora hag eorgebg iotaroig.

Mttakutm gi torlat halig spmstojaktg emk io emrrgspmkhakta hgstrgfuzgmka hag eorgebg

iotaroig, io saemkho porta emksgsta kaiim svmilgjaktm hg okoigsg hg pusbmvarpgoka

par spaegcgeg aiajaktg. Mlkg aiajaktm eorgeotm emk uk sat hg eorgebg stotgeg emk io


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stasso hgstrgfuzgmka haiia cmrza aiostgeba sulig aiajaktg mttakutg hoiioeeaiarozgmka

spattroia haiio strutturo. Lig aiajaktg smkm stotg spgktg cgkm o quokhm sg mttakutm gi

jossgjm spmstojaktm emrrgspmkhakta oi torlat halig spmstojaktg par mlkg sgklmim

taiogm.

Iasajpgm rgpmrtotm, hoto io pgoktogkCgluro ?.1,prasakto tra vorgoktg4 io varsgmka

mrglgkoia Croja Fugihgkl(Cgluro ?.3), Uat-foe` croja(Cgluro ?.


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Cg luro ?.2Jahgo hag jossgjg spmstojaktg.


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Cg luro ?.7Jahgo hag jossgjm spmstojaktg hg gktarpgokm.

Kmk rgsuito ebgorm gi puktm gk emjuka cro ia hua okoigsg pmgeb, emja lgspaegcgeotm, kmk sg eopgsea quoig voimrg smkm stotg prasg hoiiokoigsg hgkojgeo. Ug

suppmka eba sg sgokm emksgharotg g voimrg jossgjg mttakutg hoiia sgklmia okoigsg

gkerajaktoig par mlkg oeeaiarmlrojjo.


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?.5.6.5 @gior a Codcor P?773Z, Uajpigcgah pusbmvar okoiysgs mc fugihgklsstrueturas

Lig outmrg sullargsemkm uk opprmeegm portgemiora par io jmhaiiozgmka haiio

strutturo. Gi puktm gkgzgoia hai prmeassm eraora ukm jmhaiim psauhm

trghgjaksgmkoia eba emksgsta kaiiossajfiora joermaiajaktg fghgjaksgmkoig, vahg

Cgluro ?.?>.

Cg luro ?.?>- Joermaiajaktg fghgjaksgmkoig.

_uastg joermaiajaktg pmssmkm assara mrgaktotg orfgtrorgojakta gk pgokto a smkm

ossuktg rasgstaktg oi eorgem smim kai imrm pgokm, jo kai emjpiassm io strutturo pu

rasgstara gk mlkg hgrazgmka. Gi jmhaiim bo tra lrohg hg igfarto par mlkg pgokm (hua

emjpmkaktg mrgzzmktoig a uko rmtozgmkoia rgspattm oiiossa vartgeoia). Gi voktollgm

hg quastm jmhaiim hotm hoiio coegia praporozgmka, gktarpratozgmka ah accgegakzo

emjputozgmkoia. ^ar mlkg joermaiajaktm smkm stotg hacgkgtg g jaeeokgsjg piostgeg.

Lig outmrg prmpmklmkm par g joermaiajaktg io raiozgmka cro toligm oiio fosa

spmstojaktm gk smjjgt emja ropprasaktozgmka fgigkaora o emkhgzgmka eba io

hgstrgfuzgmka vartgeoia hag eorgebg iotaroig sgo emstokta. Ua quasto hgstrgfuzgmka

eojfgo hurokta io stmrgo hg eorgem (oeeoha prgkegpoijakta quokhm ukm hag


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joermaiajaktg hai sgstajo strutturoia skarvo mppura eojfgo hg rglghazzo) oiimro

okeba io pakhakzo haiio eurvo toligm oiio fosaspmstojaktm gk smjjgt eojfgo.

Iokoigsg stoto svgiuppoto avaktm par avaktm, hmva par avaktm sg gktakha gi

eojfgojaktm haiio rglghazzo strutturoia hmvuto oiio cmrjozgmka haiia earkgara

piostgeba kag joermaiajaktg. Io prmeahuro io saluakta4

?. Gkkokzgtuttm hava assara emkmseguto igktaro strutturo. Gk ollgukto par

iokoigsg aiostgeo meemrra emkmseara gi jmjaktm rasgstakta par ia sazgmkg

ergtgeba.

6. Hava assara seaito io hgstrgfuzgmka hag eorgebg mrgzzmktoig ho oppigeora

iuklm ioitazzo alig gkerajaktg hg eorgem. âr ia struttura osgjjatrgeba

stoto svmito iokoigsg 5H hmva gi puktm hg oppigeozgmka hai eorgem usuoijakta gi eaktrm hg josso.

5. âr lig gkerajaktg hg eorgem saiazgmkotg hava assara accattuoto uko okoigsg

stotgeo aiostgeo. âr g joermaiajaktg smkm stotg eoiemiotg4 io hgstrgfuzgmka

hai eorgem, lig spmstojaktg a ia cmrza gktarka.

8. Qsokhm io raiozgmka opprmssgjoto kmk-igkaora cro toligm oiio fosa a

spmstojaktm gk smjjgt smkm stotg eoiemiotg par tuttg lig avaktg ospattotg g

cottmrg hg avaktm. âr mlkg joermaiajaktm emksgharotm, oh mlkg avaktm sgeoiemio gi cottmra hg avaktm eba hotm hoi roppmrtm cro gi eorgem

gkerajaktotm eba eouso iavaktm a gi eorgem gkerajaktoia saiazgmkotm.

Hmpmhgeb gi cottmra hg avaktm seoiotm emk gi eorgem gkerajaktoia astarkm.

1. G rgsuitotg mttakutg kai puktm 5 smkm stotg seoiotg emk gi cottmra hg avaktm

jgkgjm a ollguktg og rgsuitotg hai puktm 8.

3. Gi jmhaiim jotajotgem a/m io rglghazzo hai joermaiajaktm eba co seottora

iavaktm eojfgotm.


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Io prmeahuro prmpmsto hog hua outmrg oppigeofgia o struttura hg mlkg jotargoia,

jo io suo oppigeozgmka stoto rgstratto o struttura gk eajaktm orjotm emk

emjpmrtojaktm huttgia.

Lig outmrg bokkm oppigeotm gi jatmhm su uko strutturo hg satta pgokg gk eajaktm

orjotm sgjjatrgeo a emk igktrmhuzgmka hg ukuitargmra joermaiajaktm kaiio

hgrazgmka hai tarzm taiogm stoto raso osgjjatrgeo, vahgCgluro ?.??.

Cg luro ?.??^gokto a sazgmka haiio strutturo asojgkoto.

Gi jmhaiim jotajotgem stotm mttakutm emk egkqua joermaiajaktg gk hgrazgmkaxa

quottrm gk hgrazgmkay.Gi eorgem mrgzzmktoia stotm oppigeotm kai eaktrm hg josso gk hgrazgmka xemk uko

hgstrgfuzgmka trgoklmiora iuklm ioitazzo.

Gi jossgjm spmstojaktm stotm jmkgtmrotm kai taiogm hg jazzm, gi GG.

G rgsuitotg hai jmhaiim sajpigcgeotm smkm stotg emkcrmktotg emk g rgsuitotg hg okoigsg hg

pusbmvar svmita ottrovarsm jmhaiig kmk igkaorg o piostgegt hgccuso (smctwora

EOKKW) a o piostgegt emkeaktroto (smctwora KAOSA@), prasaktotg kaiioCgluro

?.?6.


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C gluro ?.?6Vaiozgmka cro toligm oiio fosa a jossgjm spmstojaktm gk smjjgt par ia strutturasgjjatrgeba a osgjjatrgeba.

Hoiia eurva hg pusbmvar mttakuta emk g hua smctwora par g hua jmhaiig sg pu

vahara emja io jmhaiiozgmka prmpmsto ropprasakto emrrattojakta gi

emjpmrtojaktm haiia struttura. Lig outmrg emkeiuhmkm eba io jmhaiiozgmka haiio

strutturo gk joermaiajaktg rgsuito olavmia a qugkhg ka emksgligokm iutgigzzm sgo par

kumva emstruzgmkg eba par struttura asgstaktg.

?.5.6.8 Coaiio a @gior P?772Z, Osyjjatrge juitgstmray V/E croja strueturas4pusb-mvar varsus kmkigkaor hykojge okoiysgs

Lig outmrg utgigzzokm gi pusbmvar emkvakzgmkoia emk hgstrgfuzgmka hg eorgem

trgoklmiora a voiutokm ioppigeofgigt hg toia opprmeegm kaiia struttura osgjjatrgeba

gk pgokto. Io seaito prmpmsto hg spmstora io pmsgzgmka hai eaktrm hg josso ( EJ).

Ia okoigsg hgkojgeba kmk igkaorg ho utgigzzora emja emkcrmktm smkm stota accattuotaemk tra sgsjg. ^ar aktrojfa ia tgpmimlga hg okoigsg stotm utgigzzotm gi smctwora

EOKKW. Iokoigsg hg pusbmvar stoto svmito oppigeokhm iozgmka sgsjgeo gk uko

smio hgrazgmka.

Lig outmrg bokkm utgigzzotm emja asajpgm uko strutturo gk eajaktm orjotm hg

quottrm pgokg, vahgCgluro ?.?5.


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Cg luro ?.?5Utrutturo asojgkoto.

Io strutturo sgjjatrgeo gk tarjgkg hg rglghazzo gk aktrojfa ia hgrazgmkg

mrgzzmktoig, jaktra ia jossa rgsuitokm aeeaktrgeba gk hgrazgmka y. Io strutturo aro

stoto prmlattoto gk oeemrhm emk iAurmemhgea 2 eba prasergva ukaeeaktrgegt

oeeghaktoia uluoia oi 1% haiio hgjaksgmka rgiavokta gk pgokto. Gkmitra, smkm stota

mttakuta struttura osgjjatrgeba spmstokhm gi EJ gk hgrazgmka x par uko quoktgt

porg oi ?>% haiio iorlbazzo gk pgokto (EJ). G smiog haiio strutturo smkm stotg

emksgharotg rglghg gk pgokto.

^ar iokoigsg hgpusbmvar stotm utgigzzotm uk eorgem trgoklmiora oppigeotm kag EJhgpgokm, EJ- >.>1I, EJ+ >.>1Ia EJ+ >.?1Ismim gk hgrazgmkay.

G rgsuitotg mttakutg smkm rgpmrtotg kaiioCgluro ?.?8.

C gluro ?.?8 Xoligm oiio fosa spmstojaktm gk emparturo a toligm oiio fosa rmtozgmka gk

emparturo par ia struttura osgjjatrgeba. Lig spmstojaktg smkm jgsurotg kai EJ.

Kag rgsuitotg prmpmstg prasaktotm gi emkcrmktm cro gi emjpmrtojaktm hag taiog rglghg

(taiogm R?) a taiog ciassgfgig (taiogm R3), vahgCgluro ?.?1aCgluro ?.?3.


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C gluro ?.?1Emkcrmktm cro g prmcgig pgokm spmstojaktm mttakutg hoiiokoigsg hg pusbmvar emk

hgvarsm EJa okoigsg hgkojgeo par tra sgsjg emk gktaksgt hai sgsjo >,51l.

C gluro ?.?3Emkcrmktm cro g prmcgig pgokm spmstojaktm mttakutg hoiiokoigsg hg pusbmvar emk

hgvarsm EJa okoigsg hgkojgeo par tra sgsjg emk gktaksgt hai sgsjo >,l.


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Gi emkcrmktm cro iokoigsg hgkojgeo a iokoigsg hg pusbmvarbo jmstrotm uko fumko

emrraiozgmka par gi iotm rglghm (R?) emk fosso gktaksgt hai sgsjo (>,51l) jaktra

par gktaksgt pg oita (>,>6Z, Ugjpigcgah kmkigkaor sagsjge okoiysgs mc osyjjatrgejuitgstmray V/E fugihgkl

Lig outmrg aspimrokm io pmssgfgigt hg astakhara iK6 Jatbmh, mrglgkorgojakta

cmrjuiotm par ia okoigsg pgoka, o struttura grralmiorg.

^ossg haiiK6 Jatbmh

_uastm jatmhm utgigzzotm par prahgra io rgspmsto haiio strutturo prmhmtto ho uk

avaktm sgsjgem hacgkgtm ho ukm spattrm aiostgem hg rgspmsto gk tarjgkg hg

oeeaiarozgmka a hg quoktgcgeora gi hokkm strutturoia ottasm ottrovarsm iutgigzzm hg

mppmrtukg gkhgeg hg hokkm. Gk salugtm smkm hasergttg g possg eorottargstgeg hai

jatmhm4

?. Hotg gkgzgoigsmkm ia eorottargstgeba haiio strutturo a im spattrm aiostgem haiia

oeeaiarozgmkg. Im spattrm hg rgspmsto aiostgem gk tarjgkg hg oeeaiarozgmka

hacgkgtm gk cukzgmka hai lrohm hg sgsjgegt hai sgtm a haiia eorottargstgeba

hai sumim su eug sg trmvo io strutturo. ^ar quoktm rgluorho ia eorottargstgeba

haiio strutturo, mitra og hotg kaeassorg par emkhurra iokoigsg aiostgeo tro eug

io josso, gi pargmhm a gi emaccgegakta hg sjmrzojaktm, fgsmlko hacgkgra uko

raiozgmka cmrzo spmstojaktm kmk-igkaora eba hasergva gi emjpmrtojaktm

hag vorg aiajaktg strutturoig smttmpmstg o eorgeojaktm jmkmtmkm.


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6. Okoigsg stotgeo kmk-igkaora haiio strutturo (sgstajo JHMC) smttmpmsto oh

uk eorgem iotaroia eraseakta. G possg ho asalugra smkm4 ossukzgmka hg uko

hacmrjoto jmhoia hai sgstajo, hatarjgkozgmka haiia cmrza iotaroig hacgkgta

o jakm hg uk jmitgpigeotmra a hatarjgkozgmka haiio raiozgmka toligm oiio

fosaspmstojaktm gk smjjgt ottrovarsm iokoigsg hg pusbmvar. Iokoigsg

hgpusbmvarvgaka asalugto smttmpmkakhm io strutturo oh uk sgstajo hg cmrza

mrgzzmktoig emk ukmppmrtuko hgstrgfuzgmka, eraseakta jmkmtmkgeojakta.

Io hgstrgfuzgmka haiia cmrza pu assara ukgcmrja gk oitazzo

prmpmrzgmkoijakta oiia jossa hg pgokm mppura prmpmrzgmkoia oi prgjm

jmhm hg vgfrora. Igkerajaktm hai eorgem prmvmeo gi eahgjaktm

prmlrassgvm halig aiajaktg strutturoig a, hg emksaluakzo, io parhgto hgrglghazzo limfoia haiio strutturo. Ottrovarsm iokoigsg hg pusbmvar

pmssgfgia hatarjgkora uko eurvo cmrzo - spmstojaktm kmk-igkaora

eorottargstgeo hai sgstajo JHMC.

5. Xroscmrjozgmka hai sgstajo JHMC kai sgstajo aqugvoiakta UHMC a

hatarjgkozgmka haiim spattrm hg eopoegt. G possg ho salugra smkm4

troscmrjozgmka hoi sgstajo JHMC oi sgstajo UHMC, hatarjgkozgmka haiio

cmrzo, haiim spmstojaktm a hai pargmhm hai sgstajo aqugvoiakta UHMC,ossukzgmka hg uko raiozgmka cmrzo - spmstojaktm fgigkaora opprmssgjoto a

hatarjgkozgmka haiim spattrm hg eopoegt.

8. Vgebgasto sgsjgeo gk cmrjotm oeeaiarozgmka spmstojaktm (O-H). G possg

smkm g saluaktg4 hatarjgkozgmka haiim spattrm hg rgspmsto aiostgem kai

cmrjotm (O-H) a hatarjgkozgmka haiim spattrm kmk-igkaora par huttgigt

emstokta.

1.

Vgebgasto sgsjgeo par gi sgstajo aqugvoiakta UHMC. G possg ho salugrasmkm4 hatarjgkozgmka hai cottmra hg rghuzgmka a haiim spmstojaktm rgebgastm

3. Vgebgasto sgsjgeo limfoia a imeoia par gi sgstajo JHMC.G possg ho salugra

smkm4 troscmrjozgmka haiim spmstojaktm rgebgastm par gi sgstajo UHMC

kaiim spmstojaktm gk smjjgt hai sgstajo JHMC, asaeuzgmka hg uko

okoigsg oi pusbmvarhai sgstajo JHMC cgkm oiim spmstojaktm jossgjm a

hatarjgkozgmka hg tutta ia quoktgt imeoig emrrgspmkhaktg oiim spmstojaktm

jossgjm.


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>>Z ) a iokoigsg hgkojgeo kmk-igkaora 5H.

Iasajpgm prmpmstm uko strutturo o taiog hg 8 pgokg (vahgCgluro ?.?% haiio iorlbazzo

gk pgokto. Kmk rgspattokhm g emktakutg haiiAE2 stoto gksargto uko porata kai iotm

mppmstm haiio strutturo (woii E). _uasto gktrmhuzgmka bo rghmttm kmtavmijakta

iaccattm tmrsgmkoia a hg emksaluakzo gi hokkallgojaktm halig aiajaktg.

Cg luro ?.?>% gk uko hgrazgmka a hai 5>% kaiio

emjpmkakta mrtmlmkoia. Io emjpmkakta mrgzzmktoia jollgmra stoto oppigeoto gk

hgrazgmkay. Io jahgo halig spattrg haiia oeeaiarozgmkg hag hgvarsg oeeaiarmlrojjg

emkcrmktofgia emk im spattrm aiostgem haiiAE2,vahgCgluro ?.?2.


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Cgluro ?.?2 Upattrg hg rgspmsto aiostgeg haiia oeeaiarozgmkg kaiia emjpmkaktg x a y emk

sjmrzojaktm oi 1%.

Ia okoigsg stotgeba kmk igkaorg a quaiia hgkojgeba smkm stota svmita emk gi smctwora

EOKKW.

Io jmhaiiozgmka hag smiog stoto ossukto rglgho kai pgokm a ia hacmrjozgmkg

gkaiostgeba emkeaktrota oiio cgka halig aiajaktg.

^ar g hattolig hai jmhaiim a g porojatrg usotg kaiia okoigsg kmk igkaorg, lig outmrg,

cokkm rgcargjaktm oiio puffigeozgmka hg Coaiio a @gior P?772Z.

Io prmeahuro emksgsta gk hua okoigsg oi pusbmvargkhgpakhaktg hai jmhaiim 5H emk

eorgem iotaroia sgo gk hgrazgmkaxebayrgspattgvojakta.

Gi eorgem oppigeotm kai EJ.

stoto rgeareoto io hmjokho hg spmstojaktm hai EJhg emparturo gk aktrojfa ia

hgrazgmkg saporotojakta.

Ia quoktgt hg hacmrjozgmka (spmstojaktg, spmstojaktg hg gktarpgokm, rmtozgmkg,

huttgigt, ate.), mttakuta hoiiokoigsg hg pusbmvar kaiia hua hgrazgmkg, smkm

hatarjgkota emk io emjfgkozgmka haiia ralmia UVUU.

Emk ioppigeozgmka hg uk eorgem iotaroia trgoklmiora smkm stota mttakuta ia saluaktg

eurva toligm oiio fosa spmstojaktm hg emparturo a toligm oiio fosa rmtozgmkatmrsgmkoia hg emparturo, vahgCgluro ?.?7, gk quastm eosm prasaktota oh uko oitazzo

porg oi 6% haiioitazzo ho tarro.


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C gluro ?.?7 Xoligm oiio fosa spmstojaktm hg emparturo a toligm oiio fosa rmtozgmka

tmrsgmkoia hg emparturo.

Coeakhm rgcargjaktm oiiAE2, lig outmrg bokkm oppigeotm oiio strutturo hua

hgstrgfuzgmkg hg eorgem iotaroia hgccarakta4 emstokta gk oitazzo a prmpmrzgmkoia oi

prgjm jmhm. Hog rgsuitotg sg kmto emja io eurvo hg pusbmvarukgcmrja sgo sajpra

supargmra o quaiio emk hgstrgfuzgmka prmpmrzgmkoia oi prgjm jmhm. GkCgluro ?.6>

smkm prasaktotg g rgsuitotg mttakutg par io strutturo mrglgkoia a jmhgcgeoto.

C gluro ?.6>Xoligm oiio fosaspmstojaktm hg emparturo haiiahgcgegm mrglgkoia a jmhgcgeotm.

Ia eurva smkm stota rasa fgigkaorg emk iuluoligokzo haiiakarlgo ropprasaktoto

hoiiorao smttaso.

Jmlbohoj a Xsm P6>>>Z emk iJXJatbmhutgigzzokm, par io voiutozgmka hai torlat

halig spmstojaktg, iokoigsg aiostgeo haiim spattrm hgkojgem a prmeahmkm emk

iokoigsg hg pusbmvar kag taiog pg ergtgeg. Gi jatmhm stotm oppigeotm kaiia hua

vorgoktg hg strutturo, emk a sakzo porata E. Io rglghazzo aiostgeo gk mlkg hgrazgmka


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stoto ossukto uluoia oiio rglghazzo mttakuto hoiighaoigzzozgmka fgigkaora haiia

eurva hgpusbmvarkaiiK6 Jatbmh.

Lig outmrg emkeiuhmkm emkcrmktokhm g hua jatmhg emk iokoigsg hgkojgeo kmk-

igkaora 5H.

Xofaiio ?.?Jossgjm spmstojaktm mttakutm hoiiokoigsg hgkojgeo kmk-igkaora (voimrg jahgm haiia

okoigsg) a jatmhm sajpigcgeotm (ej). Gi voimra cro poraktasg ropprasakto io pareaktuoia

emrrgspmkhakta oi voimra mttakutm hoiiokoigsg hgkojgeo.

Hog rgsuitotg, gkXofaiio ?.?, rgsuito eba iK6 Jatbmh smvrostgjo lig spmstojaktg

hai EJ a kai jmhaiim sakzo io porata E smvrostgjo im spmstojaktm hai iotm

ciassgfgia (W8, W1), jaktra smttmstgjo lig spmstojaktg hai iotm rglghm (W?, W6). Gi

rgsuitotm okeba gkciuakzotm hoiighaoigzzozgmka haiio eurvo fgigkaora eba

hatarjgko io rglghazzo aiostgeo. Okoimlojakta par iJX Jatbmh kmk sg bo uko

ohaluoto ropprasaktozgmka hai emjpmrtojaktm gkaiostgem haiio strutturo kai eosm gk

eug sg bo uko lrokha aseursgmka kmk-igkaora, jo hgjmstro uko rolgmkavmia

praegsgmka kag rgsuitotg hai iotm ciassgfgia (W8 a W1) par io strutturo sakzo porata E.

?.5.6.3 ^akaigs a @oppms P6>>6Z, 5H pusbmvar okoiysgs4 tba gssua mc tmrsgmk

Lig outmrg prasaktokm uk jatmhm par ropprasaktora io rgspmsto gkaiostgeo tmrsgmkoia

hg struttura emk iokoigsg hg pusbmvar stotgeo kmk-igkaora Xoig rgsuitotg sorokkm

emkcrmktotg emk uko Xgja-Bgstmryokoigsg gkaiostgeo haiim stassm jmhaiim. Io prgjo

gjpmrtokta mssarvozgmka cotto holig outmrg io hatarjgkozgmka hai vattmra haiia

cmrza (cmrza iotaroig a tmrsgmka) par iokoigsg hg pusbmvar haiio strutturo a io


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hatarjgkozgmka haiiaqugvoiakta jmhaiim UHMCeba hmvr takara gk emktm sgo io

trosiozgmka eba io tmrsgmka.

^ossg hai jatmhm4

?. Havmkm assara utgigzzotg hog 5 og 1 oeeaiarmlrojjg a seoiotg gk oeemrhm

emk gipao` lrmukh oeeaiarotgmk(^LO) mppura emk igktaksgt spattroia.

6. Hava assara eoiemiotm, par lig oeeaiarmlrojjg seaitg, im spattrm aiostgem

jahgm a iokoigsg hgkojgeo haiim spattrm hg rgspmsto. ^ar mlkg pgokm meemrra

eoiemiora io trosiozgmka a io tmrsgmka (uy?, z?) hai EJ.

5. Ug svmila iokoigsg aiostgeo haiio strutturo emk gi vattmra hag eorgebg (^?,J?)

oi EJhmvutm oiio trosiozgmka a oiio rmtozgmka (uy?, z?) eoiemiotg kaiiokoigsghaiim spattrm hg rgspmsto hai praeahakta stap, vahg Cgluro ?.6?. Gk

portgemiora, lig spmstojaktg eoiemiotg kaiim stap 6 smkm gktrmhmttg emja

igjgtg hai EJa io raozgmka rgsuitokta emstgtugto hoi vattmra hag eorgebg (^?,

J?).

Cg luro ?.6?^rmeahuro par gi eoiemim hai vattmra hg eorgem par iokoigsg hg pusbmvar.

8. Hava pmg assara eoiemiotm gi cottmra hg rghuzgmka ho JHMC o UHMC0 e?

rgcargtm olig spmstojaktg a e6oi eorgem emk josso aqugvoiakta j*.


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1. Oppigeokhm gi vattmra hag eorgebg (^?,J?) oi EJhava assara accattuoto uk

okoigsg hg pusbmvar 5H. Ug mttgaka emsg io eurvo ^- haiio strutturo a

usokhm g cottmrg e? a e6 sg mttgaka io eurvo hg eopoegt hai sgstajo

aqugvoiakta UHMC4

** 6 j^e^ (?.


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Hoiia okoigsg svmita suiia hua struttura smkm stotg rgpmrtotg g rgsuitotg lrocgeg gk

cukzgmka haiio cmrzo ^ par im spmstojaktm (Cgluro ?.65 aCgluro ?.61) a io

rmtozgmka (Cgluro ?.68 aCgluro ?.63).

Cg luro ?.65Emkcrmktm hag rgsuitotg (^-) par io prgjo strutturo.

Cg luro ?.68Emkcrmktm hag rgsuitotg (^-) par io prgjo strutturo.


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Cg luro ?.61Emkcrmktm hag rgsuitotg (^-) par io saemkho strutturo.

Cg luro ?.63Emkcrmktm hag rgsuitotg (^-) par iosaemkho strutturo.


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Ia okoigsg hgkojgeba smkm stota gktarpmiota emk uko eurvo pmigkmjgoia a pmg

emkcrmktota emk ia eurva hg pusbmvar. Lrocgeojakta sg pu kmtora uko fumko

emrraiozgmka cro g rgsuitotg,vahg okeba io hacmrjoto gk Cgluro ?.6


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?.5.5 Acc attg hag jmhg supar gmr g sui emjpmrtojaktm hg stru ttura grr almiorg

Kaiio iattaroturo pg raeakta sg svgiuppotm gi emkeattm hg oppigeofgigt hai jatmhm

hg okoigsg hg pusbmvar par struttura osgjjatrgeba gk eug rgsuito cmkhojaktoia

emksgharora g jmhg hg vgfrora supargmrg.

?.5.5.? Ebmpro a Lmai P6>>8Z4 O jmhoi pusbmvar okoiysgs prmeahura tm astgjotasagsjge hajokhs cmr uksyjjatrge-piok fugihgkls

Lig outmrg astakhmkm io prmeahuro hg okoigsg hgpusbmvarjmhoia (J^O) o struttura

osgjjatrgeba svmilakhm hgvarsa okoigsg hgpusbmvaro saemkho hai kujarm hg kmhg

emksgharotg, oppigeokhm cmrza hgstrgfugta prmpmrzgmkoig og jmhg hg vgfrora a

gkvorgoktg hurokta iokoigsg. Ia okoigsg hg pusbmvar svmita emk hgstrgfuzgmka hag

eorgebg prmpmrzgmkoia og jmhg hg vgfrora vaklmkm emjfgkota emk ia ralmia hai

E_E. Kaiiortgemim stoto hgjmstroto ioccghofgigt hai rgsuitotm par struttura

osgjjatrgeba emk rglghazzo tmrsgmkoia a rglghazzo ciassgmkoia jo stotm okeba

hgjmstrotm eba, par struttura emk rglghazzo tmrsgmkoia a portgemiorg jmvgjaktg hai

tarrakm io jmhaiiozgmka parha hg occghofgigt pareb g jmhg aiostgeg smkm

cmrtajakta oeemppgotg a lig spmstojaktg hg emparturo smkm smttmstgjotg emk

iutgigzzm haiia ralmia hg emjfgkozgmka E_E.

Gi eosm emksgharotm uko strutturo hg K pgokg kmk sgjjatrgeo gk pgokto sgo gk

hgrazgmkaxebay. Io kmk sgjjatrgo pu hgpakhara hoiio hgstrgfuzgmka haiia jossa

og pgokg jo okeba hoiio rglghazzo halig aiajaktg strutturoig. Mlkg pgokm rglghm a

bo 5 lrohg hg igfart hacgkgtg rgspattm oi eaktrm hg josso4 trosiozgmka gk hgrazgmka x,

trosiozgmka gk hgrazgmkaya rmtozgmka.

Kaiiortgemim prasaktotm im stuhgm hg uko strutturo hg 7 pgokg gk oeegogm (UOE

Fugihgkl) tgpgeo haiio Eoigcmrkgo, Ims Oklaias. Io pgokto sgjjatrgeo haiio strutturo

stoto jmhgcgeoto rgsuitokhm okemro sgjjatrgeo iuklmxjo kmk pg gk hgrazgmkay.

Umkm stota emksarvota ia prmprgat hg rglghazzo jo gi EJ rgsuitotm aeeaktrgem

rgspattm gi eaktrm hg rglghazzo (EV) iuklm iossaxpar uko quoktgt porg oi ?>% haiio

hgjaksgmka gk pgokto. Hoiio strutturo hg mrglgka,Cgluro ?.62,vorgokhm gi roppmrtm

cro ia jossa hg pgokm a gi jmjaktm hg gkarzgo, smkm stota jmhaiiota tra struttura eba

prasaktokm porojatrg jmhoig hgccaraktg.


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Cg luro ?.62^gokto haiio strutturo asojgkoto.

Kaiio prgjo Q?, emk uk roppmrtm uluoia o quaiim hg uko strutturo sgjjatrgeo gk

pgokto, rgsuito hmjgkokta gi prgjm jmhm trosiozgmkoia jaktra kai saemkhm jmhm

hmjgko io tmrsgmka. _ugkhg ropprasakto gi jmhaiim emk rglghazzo tmrsgmkoia. Kaiio

saemkho Q6, gi jmjaktm hg gkarzgo hg mlkg pgokm stotm gkerajaktotm hg uk cottmra

porg o 6.71 rgspattm oi jmhaiim Q? a gk quastm eosm sg hgjmstro eba gi jmvgjaktm

iotaroia a io tmrsgmka smkm cmrtajakta oeemppgotg kag prgjg hua jmhg. _uastm

gjpigeo eba gi jmhaiim bo rglghazzo o tmrsgmka sgjgia o quaiio ciassgmka. Kaiio tarzo

Q5 gi jmjaktm hg gkarzgo gkerajaktotm hg uk voimra porg o 3.> rgspattm oi eosm

Q?. Gi pargmhm tmrsgmkoia prahmjgkokta rgspattm o quaiim trosiozgmkoia a qugkhg

toia sgstajo hacgkgtm jmhaiim emk rglghazzo ciassgmkoia.

âr ia okoigsg hgkojgeba smkm stotg emksgharotg 6> oeeaiarmlrojjg emk io

prmfofgigt hg rgpatarsg porg oi 6% gk 1> okkg.

GiJÔsg svgiuppo kag saluaktg possg4

?. Okoigsg jmhoia par io voiutozgmka haiia craquakza koturoig, ka g jmhg k

par vgfrozgmkg aiostgeba igkaorg haiio strutturo0

6. âr lig kjmhg, rgeareokm gi toligm oiio fosaspmstojaktm hg emparturo (Sfk

- urk) hoiiokoigsg stotgeo kmk-igkaora usokhm ia cmrza hgstrgfugta, sk*. Xro ia

eurva hgpusbmvarmttakuta sgo gk hgrazgmka xebay, pracargfgia sealigara

quaiia kaiio hgrazgmka hmjgkokta hag jmhg. Kmtm gi voimra haiim

spmstojaktm iotaroia hg emparturo hmvutm oi eorgem, url0


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5. Ug ghaoigzzo io eurvo hgpusbmvargk uko eurvo fgigkaora, vahgCgluro ?.670

8. Ug emkvarta io eurvo hgpusbmvarghaoigzzoto Sfk- urkgk kksk HIC par lig

k-jmhg hai sgstajo gkaiostgem sgklia halraa mc craahmj (UHC) usokhm ia

raiozgmkg4

*

k

y

fk

k

sk

J

S

I

C (?.??)

rkk

y

rky

k

uH (?.?6)

gk eugrk

gi voimra hgk

hg emparturo kaiio hgrazgmka haiio eurvo hg pusbmvar0 a

*

kJ a k smkm io josso a gi emaccgegakta hg portaegpozgmka voiutotg kaiio hgrazgmka

hai jmvgjaktm hai tarrakm0

Cg luro ?.67Ghaoigzzozgmka haiio eurvo hg ^usbmvar gk eurvo fgigkaora.

1. Ug emjputo gi pgeem hg spmstojaktm Hk, haiik-asgjm jmhm hai sgstajo

gkaiostgem UHC, hacgkgtm hoiio raiozgmka cmrzo spmstojaktm mttakuto kai

puktm 8 a voimra hg sjmrzojaktm k. Gi pargmhm hg vgfrozgmka aiostgem hai

sgstajo

6?

6

y

sk

y

kk

kC

HIX (?.?5)


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3. Ug eoiemio gi pgeem hg spmstojaktm hg emparturo urk kaiio hgrazgmka haiio

eurvo hgpusbmvaremksgharoto ossmegoto oiik-asgjm jmhm hai sgstajo UHC

gkaiostgem ho krkkrk Hu 0

.

Gkcgka sg hatarjgko io rgspmsto tmtoia emjfgkokhm io rgspmsto lrovgtozgmkoia

a gi pgeem jmhoia usokhm ia ralmia E_E.

Io prmeahuro sebajotgzzoto emjprakha gi eorgem lrovgtozgmkoia a iaccattm ^-hg

tuttg g jmhg. Oppigeokhm quasto prmeahuro par g 5 jmhaiig gktrmhmttg

praeahaktajata rgsuitoto uko emrratto ropprasaktozgmka par g jmhaiig Q? a Q5

quosg quoktm ia struttura sgjjatrgeba jo par gi jmhaiim Q6 io ropprasaktozgmka

kmk jmitm ebgoro a gi rgsuitotm hatargmrotm par hua hgvarsg jmtgvg4 prgjm gi cmrtaoeemppgojaktm hag jmhg aiostgeg a saemkhm io ralmio hg emjfgkozgmka E_E eba

smttmstgjo lig spmstojaktg hg emparturo. Kmk sg mttgaka ems uko praegso rgspmsto gk

tarjgkg hg pgeem hg spmstojaktm. HoiioCgluro ?.5>smkm ebgorg g rgsuitotg mttakutg.


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C gluro ?.5> Upmstojaktg hg pgokm a hg gktarpgokm hatarjgkotg emk iokoigsg J^O par g jmhgoeemppgotg a sgklmig emkcrmktotg emk gi Vaspmksa Bgstmry Okoiysgs kmk-igkaora4 o)strutturo

osgjjatrgeo, f) sgstajo Q?, e) sgstajo Q6, h) sgstajo Q5.

?.5.5.6 Cudgg, Ko`okm a Uokoho P6>>8Z4 Uajpigcgah kmkigkaor okoiysgs prmeahuracmr osyjjatrge fugihgkl

Lig outmrg eareokm hg prahgra io rgspmsto hg uko strutturo emk iokoigsg stotgeo kmk-

igkaora hg uk sgstajo JHMC rghueakhmim oiio hmjokho sgsjgeo hg uk sgstajo

aqugvoiakta UHMC, emksgharokhm gi eojfgojaktm haiio cmrjo hai prgjm jmhm oh

mlkg gktarvoiim kmk-igkaora a iaccattm hai emktrgfutm hai prgjm a hai saemkhm

jmhm. Io prmeahuro prmpmsto rgsuito ovara tra voktollg rgspattm o quaiio

emkvakzgmkoia4

^rgjm, kmk sg bo fgsmlkm hg ukokoigsg hg pusbmvar kaiia tra hgjaksgmkg, jo

kaeassorgo uko okoigsg hgpusbmvarpar taiog pgokg par gi sgstajo aqugvoiakta UHMC.

Uaemkhm, gi eojfgojaktm haiio cmrjo hai prgjm jmhm oh mlkg possm kmk-igkaora

emksgharotm hoiio hatarjgkozgmka haiia prmprgat hai sgstajo aqugvoiakta UHMC.


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Xarzm, sg bo uko jgligmra prahgzgmka haiio hmjokho hg spmstojaktm gk mlkg taiogm

emksgharokhm lig accattg hai prgjm a hai saemkhm jmhm.

^ar io hacgkgzgmka hai jmhaiim meemrra cora oieuka ossukzgmkg4

?. Xuttg g pgokg bokkm io stasso lamjatrgo gk pgokto a io stasso imeoigzzozgmka

hag taiog0

6. G EJhg pgokm sg havmkm trmvora oiigkaotg vartgeoijakta0

5. Xuttg g pgokg bokkm im stassm rollgm hg rmtozgmka rgspattm oiiossa vartgeoia0

8. Xuttg g taiog havmkm assara mrgaktotg gk hgrazgmka xmppura ya io strutturo

hava assara sgjjatrgeo gk pgokto rgspattm oiiossa x. Ia prmprgat hag taiog

havmkm assara ghaktgeba01. Mlkg taiogm hava assara emstgtugtm ho aiajaktg emimkko a aiajaktg porata.

Io hacmrjozgmka ossgoia halig aiajaktg vartgeoig hava assara jmitm pgeemio0

3. Gi roppmrtm haiio rglghazzo hg pgokm haiio cmrzo gk hgrazgmka x a y hava

assara io stasso0


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- Utap5 Soiutozgmka haiio hmjokho sgsjgeo hai jmhaiim aqugvoiakta UHMC.

Hog voimrg mttakutg oiimstappraeahakta sg mttgaka gi pargmhm aqugvoiakta (Xaq) a

gi roppmrtm hg sjmrzojaktm (baq) hai jmhaiim UHMCpar mlkg gktarvoiim kmk-

igkaora. Uueeassgvojakta hava assara emstrugtm im spattrm hg hmjokho emk io

rgspmsto UO(Xaq, baq) kaiiossa vartgeoia a UH(Xaq, baq) kaiiossa mrgzzmktoia. Io

hmjokho sgsjgeo sg mttgaka hoi emkcrmktm cro io eurvo hg eopoegt a im spattrm hg

hmjokho. Kai puktm hg gkemktrm cro ia hua eurva sg bo io jossgjo rgspmsto hai

jmhaiim aqugvoiakta UHMC.

- Utap8Soiutozgmka haiio hmjokho hg spmstojaktm gk mlkg taiogm hai jmhaiim

aqugvoiakta oh uk sgklmim pgokm. Im spmstojaktm hg mlkg taiogm (hRg*jox,

hWg*jox) hai jmhaiim aqugvoiakta fosotm suiio rgspmsto hai prgjm jmhm hatarjgkoto hog rgsuitotg haligstap6 a 5.

- Utap 1 Soiutozgmka haiio hmjokho hg spmstojaktm gk mlkg pogkm hag taiog

pgokg.Io hmjokho hg spmstojaktm hg mlkg pgokm hai taiogm mttakuto rgpatakhm

lig stap ho ? o 8. Hog voimrg jossgjg halig spmstojaktg mttakutg par gi jmhaiim

aqugvoiakta sg mttaklmkm par gi jmhaiimJHMClig spmstojaktg jossgjg4

*jox??jox RgUURg

hh (?.?8)

*jox??jox WgUUWg

hh (?.?1)

Cg luro ?.5?^ossg hai jatmhm.

Lig outmrg emkeiuhmkm eba, emksgharokhm iozgmka sgsjgeo oppigeoto gk ukukgeo

hgrazgmka a rgspattokhm ia ossukzgmkg hai jmhaiim, g rgsuitotg eba sg mttaklmkm smkm

gk lrohm hg voiutora emk smhhgscozgmka io hmjokho sgsjgeo.


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?.5.5.5 Wu, ûligasg, Oiiak a Fgsebmcc P6>>8Z, Ossassjakt mc jmhoi pusbmvarokoiysgs prmeahura okh gts oppigeotgmk tm sagsjge avoiuotgmk mc axgstgkl fugihgkls

Lig outmrg hacgkgsemkm gi prmfiajo raiotgvm oipusbmvaremkvakzgmkoia hmva kmk sg

emksgharo iaccattm hag jmhm supargmrg a io pmssgfgigt hg rghgstrgfugra ia cmrza

gkarzgoig kaiio strutturo hmpm im skarvojaktm. Iospattm eba pg emipgsea io

prmeahuro emk eug sg oppigeo giJÔoiia struttura 5H osgjjatrgeba4

?. Emstrugsemkm gi jmhaiim 5H a eoiemiokm gi pargmhm koturoia, Xk a g jmhg,

k , par vgfrozgmkg igkaorg haiio strutturo0

6. Assakhm, toia prmeahuro igjgtoto o struttura tmrsgmkoijakta rglgha a kmk

ciassgfgig, oppigeokm gi jatmhm og prgjg hua pargmhg haiio strutturo hmva

prahmjgkokta io emjpmkakta trosiozgmkoia0

5. âr ik-asgjm jmhm, hmpm ovar oppigeotm ia cmrza iotaroig

hgstrgfugta kk JU oi eaktrm hg josso (EJ) hg mlkg pgokm, asalumkm

uko okoigsg hgpusbmvar5H rgeareokhm gi toligm oiio fosa spmstojaktm hg

emparturo (Sfkurk). Io cmrjo haiio hgstrgfuzgmka haiia cmrza

kk JU , gkeiuha ia cmrza iotaroig a gi jmjaktm tmreakta0

8. Ghaoigzzokm io eurvo hg pusbmvar gk uko eurvo fgigkaora gk oeemrhm emk

CAJO 5130

1. Emkvartmkm io eurvo hg pusbmvarfgigkaora mttakakhm kksk HIC , cmrzo

rasgstaktaspmstojaktm raiotgvm oiik-asgjm jmhm a eoiemiokm gi pgeem hg

spmstojaktm hg emparturo krkkrk Hu 0

3. Vgpatmkm lig stap ho 5 oi 3 par mlkg jmhm trosiozgmkoia cgkm oi lgustm lrohm

hg praegsgmka0


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?.5.5.8 Torot a Oyoio P6>>8Z, Soighotgmk mc sgklia stmray jmhais cmr tbaavoiuotgmk mc tba sagsjge parcmrjokea mc juitg-stmray osyjjatrge fugihgkls

Lig outmrg prasaktokm uko prmeahuro eba parjatta hg hacgkgra uko strutturo

sajpigcgeoto o tra lrohg hg igfart ropprasaktokta io strutturo raoia. Ia gkcmrjozgmkg

hargvoktg ho quastm jmhaiim rgsuitokm hgseutgfgig, poraeebg outmrg bokkm emkeiusm

eba iokoimlgo troJHMCa 5HMCpu assara usoto smim par struttura emk roppmrtm

hg rglghazzo emstokta tro rasgstakzo halig aiajaktg oi eorgem iotaroia hg mlkg pgokm.

Io strutturo asojgkoto ralmiora gk pgokto a gk aiavozgmka vahg Cgluro ?.56 a

Cgluro ?.55.

Cg luro ?.56^gokto haiio strutturo.

Cg luro ?.55- Uazgmkg iotaroig haiio strutturo.

Xroscmrjokhm gi jmhaiim mrglgkoia JHMCkai jmhaiim aqugvoiakta 5HMC (vahg

Cgluro ?.58)smkm stotg emkcrmktotg g pargmhg (vahgXofaiio ?.6).


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o) f)

Cg luro ?.58Xroscmrjozgmka hai sgstajo JHMC gk sgstajo 5HMC.

Xofaiio ?.6 Emkcrmktm cro g pargmhg hag jmhaiig JHMC a 5HMC emk gi raiotgvm jorlgka hg

arrmra.

Lig outmrg hasergvmkm ojpigojakta io troscmrjozgmka ho uk sgstajo o pg lrohg hg

igfart o ukm hg smig tra lrohg hg igfart. Qk puktm o scovmra hg quastm jatmhm gikmk emksgharora io hgstrgfuzgmka gk pgokto haiio rasgstakzo halig aiajaktg.

Emjukqua, quastm jmhaiim pu ropprasaktora io rglghazzo iotaroia gk aktrojfa ia

hgrazgmkg mrtmlmkoig a io rglghazzo tmrsgmkoia haiiokoigsg oi pusbmvar. Ug pmssmkm

mttakara 5 eurva4 spmstojaktm hg emparturotoligm oiio fosa sgo gk hgrazgmka xeba

ya rmtozgmkajmjaktm (vahgCgluro ?.51).

C gluro ?.51Xoligm oiio fosaspmstojaktm hg emparturo gk hgrazgmka x a y, jmjaktmrmtozgmka

tmrsgmkoia rgspattm ossa z.


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Xoia jatmhm rgsuito igjgtotm par cojgliga hg ahgcgeg juitgpgokm emk ia stassa

rastrgzgmkg a kai eosm aiostgem.

?.5.5.1 Codcor, Jorusge a ^arus P6>>1Z, Xmrsgmkoi accaets gk tba pusbmvar-fosahsagsjge okoiysgs mc fugihgkls

Lig outmrg emkcrmktokm g rgsuitotg hg tra hgvarsg jmhaiig4

^rgjm, jmhaiim J (Cgluro ?.53)eba emksgsta gk tra aiajaktg ghaktgeg eba

rasgstmkm og eorgebg iotaroig, iaeeaktrgegt emksgharoto ojjmkto oi ?1% haiio

emrrgspmkhakta hgjaksgmka gk pgokto par mlkuko haiia hua hgrazgmkg, ojpgojakta

hasergttm ho Codcor a ^arus P6>>1Z, gk Mk tba gkaiostge tmrsgmkoi raspmksa mc

sgklia-stmray strueturas ukhar fg-oxgoi axegtotgmk. Umkm stota emksgharota hua

emjpmkaktg haiiozgmka sgsjgeo kaiiokoigsg hgkojgeo. G sgsjg smkm stotg

kmrjoigzzotg emk im stassm ^LOprasarvokhm gi roppmrtm cro ia hua emjpmkaktg hg

mlkg sgsjo.

Cg luro ?.53Jmhaiim J.

Uaemkhm, uko strutturo hg 1 pgokg emk taiog gk oeegogm semjpmstm gk tra hgccaraktg

struttura, ojpgojakta hasergttm ho Jorusge a Codcor P6>>1Z, gk Mk tba

sagsjgeraspmksa mc osyjjatrge fugihgkls ukhar fg-oxgoi axegtotgmk. Kaiio

strutturo U (vahgCgluro ?.5


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utgigzzotg oeeaiarmlrojjg emk hua emjpmkaktg. Io hgrazgmka y stoto ossukto

emja hgrazgmka hafmia a io hgrazgmka x stoto ossukto emja io hgrazgmka cmrta. Gi

cottmra hg seoio utgigzzotm im stassm kaiia hua hgrazgmkg.

Cg luro ?.5% a ?8% kaiio hgrazgmkaxayrgspattgvojakta. Kai

prgjm jmhm prahmjgkokta io hgrazgmkax, kai saemkhm jmhm io hgrazgmka ya kaitarzm jmhm iaccattm tmrsgmkoia. Umkm stotg utgigzzotg sgsjg fg-hgrazgmkoig sajg-

ortgcgegoig emkemrhg oiim spattrm hg prmlattm aiostgem haiiAE2.

Cg luro ?.52Jmhaiim U^AOV Fugihgkl.


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Lig outmrg astakhmkm gi jatmhmK6kai saluakta jmhm4

?) Okoigsg hgpusbmvarusokhm gi jmhaiim jotajotgem 5H. Gi eorgem oppigeotm

kai eaktrm hg josso, gkhgpakhakta kaiia hua hgrazgmkg mrgzzmktoig. Ug

hatarjgko gi torlathalig spmstojaktg par ia hua hgrazgmkg0

6) Okoigsg igkaora jmhoia usokhm gi jmhaiim jotajotgem 5H gkhgpakhakta

hoiia aeegtozgmka kaiia hua hgrazgmkg a emjfgkota emk ia ralmia UVUU0

5) Hatarjgkozgmka hai cottmra hg emrrazgmka ho oppigeora oi rgsuitotm

haiiokoigsg hgpusbmvar0

8) Jmitgpigeora tutta ia quoktgt mttakuta hoiiokoigsg hgpusbmvaremk gi cottmra

hg emrrazgmka opprmprgotm.

Gk quastm jmhm pmssgfgia mttakara iaccattm tmrsgmkoia haiia struttura.

G rgsuitotg, utgigzzokhm iK6 Jatbmh astasm, smkm stotg prasaktotg emk im spmstojaktm

kmrjoigzzotm rgspattm oiim spmstojaktm hai EJ ( EJuu ). Iaccattm tmrsgmkoia hai

jmhaiim U^AOV Fugihgkl ropprasaktotm gkCgluro ?.57.

C gluro ?.57Accattm tmrsgmkoia haiio strutturo U^AOV Fugihgkl mttakutm par hgccaraktg okoigsg.

G rgsuitotg haiiK6 Jatbmh smkm stotg emkcrmktotg emk g rgsuitotg haiiokoigsg jmhoia

aiostgeo, iokoigsg hgkojgeo emk fosso gktaksgt a iokoigsg hg pusbmvar emk cmrza

oppigeota kai EJ, prasaktoto kaiio puffigeozgmka hg Codcor P6>>6Z.


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Iokoigsg jmhoia stoto svmito gkhgpakhaktajakta par gi eorgem gk aktrojfa ia

hgrazgmkg mrgzzmktoig, utgigzzokhm ia ralmia E_Epar io emjfgkozgmka hag hgvarsg

jmhg. Umkm stotg emksgharotg tuttg g jmhg emk ukm sjmrzojaktm hai 1%. G rgsuitotg

haiia okoigsg gk aktrojfa ia hgrazgmkg smkm stota emjfgkota emk ia ralmia UVUU.

Iokoigsg hgkojgeo stoto svmito emk satta hgccaraktg oeeaiarmlrojjg sajg-

ortgcgegoig.

âr quoktm rgluorho g jmhaiig4 U, C? a C6 iaccattm tmrsgmkoia ropprasaktotm kaiio

Cgluro ?.8>. G rgsuitotg haiiK6 Jatbmh astasm smkm stotg, okeba gk quastm eosm,

emkcrmktotg emk quaiig mttakutg holig oitrg tgpg hg okoigsg. âr iokoigsg hgkojgeo gk

quastm eosm smkm stotg emksgharotg 68 oeeaiarmlrojjg.

Cg luro ?.8>Accattm tmrsgmkoia haiia strutturo U, C? a C6 mttakutm par hgccaraktg okoigsg.

âr ia tra struttura gk asoja, lig outmrg occarjokm eba g rgsuitotg haiiK6 Jatbmh

bokkm uk aeeaiiakta oeemrhm emk iokoigsg hgkojgeo kmk-igkaora.

Hoiia okoigsg svmita lig outmrg smkm lguktg oiio emkeiusgmka eba io rgspmsto kai

eojpm gkaiostgem rgsuito kaiio jollgmr porta hag eosg quoigtotgvojakta sgjgia oiio

rgspmsto aiostgeo. Io rghuzgmka halig spmstojaktg hai iotm rglghm, hmvutm oiio


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tmrsgmka, haerasea emk igkerajaktm haiio hacmrjozgmka piostgeo, emk iaeeazgmka

hg tarrajmtg hg lrokha gkt

Analisi di Pushover 3D Per Strutture in C.A. - Ing. Maurizio Serpieri

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Transcript of Analisi di Pushover 3D Per Strutture in C.A. - Ing. Maurizio Serpieri