Alexander DubcekAlexander Dubcek

Antonin NovotnyAntonin Novotny

Brezhnev – DubcekBrezhnev – Dubcek

I due leadersI due leadersDubcek e BrezhnevDubcek e Brezhnev

Cronoca di una crisi (i)Cronoca di una crisi (i) gennaio 1968: Dubcek segretario del partito.gennaio 1968: Dubcek segretario del partito. Fine febbraio: Novotny è criticato in seguito ad uno Fine febbraio: Novotny è criticato in seguito ad uno

scandolo di corruzione. Si dimette il 21 marzo.scandolo di corruzione. Si dimette il 21 marzo. Marzo: proteste in Polonia. Avvertimento pesante Marzo: proteste in Polonia. Avvertimento pesante

di Gomulka.di Gomulka. 21 Marzo: incontro Politburo. Falchi (Andropov) 21 Marzo: incontro Politburo. Falchi (Andropov)

chiedono un intervento.chiedono un intervento. 23 marzo: Dresda incontro del patto di Varsavia. 23 marzo: Dresda incontro del patto di Varsavia.

Pesanti critiche alla Cecoslovacchia.Pesanti critiche alla Cecoslovacchia. 10 aprile: pubblicazione “Programma di azione”.10 aprile: pubblicazione “Programma di azione”.

Gomulka -- PoloniaGomulka -- Polonia

Cronaca di una crisi (II)Cronaca di una crisi (II) 6 maggio: riunione Politburo. Decide di difendere il socialismo 6 maggio: riunione Politburo. Decide di difendere il socialismo

con “ogni mezzo necessario.”con “ogni mezzo necessario.” 2 luglio: “Gottwald memorandum”: l’esercito prospetta 2 luglio: “Gottwald memorandum”: l’esercito prospetta

l’autonomia all’interno del Patto di Varsavia.l’autonomia all’interno del Patto di Varsavia. 14-15 luglio: Incontro dei paesi socialisti a Varsavia senza la 14-15 luglio: Incontro dei paesi socialisti a Varsavia senza la

Cecoslovacchia. Gomulka , Kadar insistono perché vi sia un Cecoslovacchia. Gomulka , Kadar insistono perché vi sia un intervento armato.intervento armato.

29-30 luglio: Cierna nad Tisou (confine Cecoslovacchia-29-30 luglio: Cierna nad Tisou (confine Cecoslovacchia-Ucraina). Incontro intenso. Ucraina). Incontro intenso.

3 agosto: Incontro Patto di Varsavia a Bratislava. L’Urss 3 agosto: Incontro Patto di Varsavia a Bratislava. L’Urss ottiene il sostegno di un gruppo di stalinisti dentro la ottiene il sostegno di un gruppo di stalinisti dentro la gerarchia.gerarchia.

6 agosto: Politburo decide di intervenire se Dubcek non 6 agosto: Politburo decide di intervenire se Dubcek non incomincia la repressione. incomincia la repressione.

KadarKadar

Scontri per le strade Scontri per le strade di Pragadi Praga

La dottrina di Brezhnev (I)La dottrina di Brezhnev (I) The sovereignty of each socialist country The sovereignty of each socialist country

cannot be opposed to the interests of the cannot be opposed to the interests of the world of socialism, of the world world of socialism, of the world revolutionary movement. Lenin revolutionary movement. Lenin demanded that all Communists fight demanded that all Communists fight against small -nation narrow- mindedness, against small -nation narrow- mindedness, seclusion and isolation, consider the seclusion and isolation, consider the whole and the general, subordinate the whole and the general, subordinate the particular to the general interest. particular to the general interest.

La dottrina di Brezhnev (II)La dottrina di Brezhnev (II) It has got to be emphasized that when a It has got to be emphasized that when a

socialist country seems to adopt a "non- socialist country seems to adopt a "non- affiliated" stand, it retains its national affiliated" stand, it retains its national independence, in effect, precisely because independence, in effect, precisely because of the might of the socialist community, of the might of the socialist community, and above all the Soviet Union as a central and above all the Soviet Union as a central force, which also includes the might of its force, which also includes the might of its armed forces. The weakening of any of the armed forces. The weakening of any of the links in the world system of socialism links in the world system of socialism directly affects all the socialist countries, directly affects all the socialist countries, which cannot look indifferently upon this. which cannot look indifferently upon this.

La dottrina di Brezhnev (III)La dottrina di Brezhnev (III) The antisocialist elements in Czechoslovakia actually covered The antisocialist elements in Czechoslovakia actually covered

up the demand for so- called neutrality and Czechoslovakia's up the demand for so- called neutrality and Czechoslovakia's withdrawal from the socialist community with talking about the withdrawal from the socialist community with talking about the right of nations to self- determination. right of nations to self- determination.

However, the implementation of such "self -determination," in However, the implementation of such "self -determination," in other words, Czechoslovakia's detachment from the socialist other words, Czechoslovakia's detachment from the socialist community, would have come into conflict with its own vital community, would have come into conflict with its own vital interests and would have been detrimental to the other interests and would have been detrimental to the other socialist states. socialist states.

Such "self -determination," as a result of which NATO troops Such "self -determination," as a result of which NATO troops would have been able to come up to the Soviet border, while would have been able to come up to the Soviet border, while the community of European socialist countries would have the community of European socialist countries would have been split, in effect encroaches upon the vital interests of the been split, in effect encroaches upon the vital interests of the peoples of these countries and conflicts, as the very root of it, peoples of these countries and conflicts, as the very root of it, with the right of these people to socialist self- determination. with the right of these people to socialist self- determination.

Discharging their internationalist duty toward the fraternal Discharging their internationalist duty toward the fraternal peoples of Czechoslovakia and defending their own socialist peoples of Czechoslovakia and defending their own socialist gains, the U.S.S.R. and the other socialist states had to act gains, the U.S.S.R. and the other socialist states had to act decisively and they did act against the antisocialist forces in decisively and they did act against the antisocialist forces in Czechoslovakia. Czechoslovakia.