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A Free Electron Laser Project at A Free Electron Laser Project at LNFLNF

Massimo FerrarioMassimo FerrarioINFN - LNFINFN - LNF

& the SPARC/X Team& the SPARC/X Team

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Catania 30 Marzo – 2 Aprile 2005

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SPARC/X TeamSPARC/X TeamD. Alesini, S. Bertolucci, M.E. Biagini, R. Boni, M. Boscolo, M. Castellano, A. Clozza, G. D. Alesini, S. Bertolucci, M.E. Biagini, R. Boni, M. Boscolo, M. Castellano, A. Clozza, G. Di Pirro, A. Drago, A. Esposito, M. Ferrario, V. Fusco, A. Gallo, A. Ghigo, S. Guiducci, Di Pirro, A. Drago, A. Esposito, M. Ferrario, V. Fusco, A. Gallo, A. Ghigo, S. Guiducci, M. Incurvati, C.Ligi, F.Marcellini, C. Milardi,M. Incurvati, C.Ligi, F.Marcellini, C. Milardi, ,, L. Pellegrino, M. Preger, P. Raimondi, R. L. Pellegrino, M. Preger, P. Raimondi, R. Ricci, C. Sanelli, M. Serio, F. Sgamma, B.Spataro, A. Stecchi, A. Stella, F. Tazzioli, C. Ricci, C. Sanelli, M. Serio, F. Sgamma, B.Spataro, A. Stecchi, A. Stella, F. Tazzioli, C. Vaccarezza, M. Vescovi, C. Vicario, M. ZobovVaccarezza, M. Vescovi, C. Vicario, M. Zobov (INFN /LNF)(INFN /LNF)F. Alessandria, I. Boscolo, F. Broggi, S.Cialdi, C. DeMartinis, D. Giove, C. Maroli, F. Alessandria, I. Boscolo, F. Broggi, S.Cialdi, C. DeMartinis, D. Giove, C. Maroli, V. Petrillo, M. Romè, L. Serafini, V. Petrillo, M. Romè, L. Serafini, (INFN /Milano) (INFN /Milano) D. Levi, M. Mattioli, G. Medici, P. Musumeci D. Levi, M. Mattioli, G. Medici, P. Musumeci (INFN /Roma1)(INFN /Roma1)L. Catani, E. Chiadroni, A. Cianchi, D. Moricciani, C. Schaerf L. Catani, E. Chiadroni, A. Cianchi, D. Moricciani, C. Schaerf (INFN /Roma2)(INFN /Roma2)M. Migliorati, A. Mostacci,M. Migliorati, A. Mostacci, L. PalumboL. Palumbo (Univ. La Sapienza)(Univ. La Sapienza)F. Ciocci, G. Dattoli, A. Dipace, A. Doria, F. Flora, G.P. Gallerano, L. Giannessi, F. Ciocci, G. Dattoli, A. Dipace, A. Doria, F. Flora, G.P. Gallerano, L. Giannessi, E.Giovenale, G. Messina, P.L. Ottaviani, S. Pagnutti, G. Parisi, L. Picardi, M. E.Giovenale, G. Messina, P.L. Ottaviani, S. Pagnutti, G. Parisi, L. Picardi, M. Quattromini, Quattromini, A. RenieriA. Renieri, G. Ronci, C. Ronsivalle, M. Rosetti, E. Sabia, M. Sassi, A. , G. Ronci, C. Ronsivalle, M. Rosetti, E. Sabia, M. Sassi, A. Torre, A. ZucchiniTorre, A. Zucchini (ENEA/FIS)(ENEA/FIS)

J. B. Rosenzweig, S. Reiche J. B. Rosenzweig, S. Reiche (UCLA)(UCLA)

P. Bolton, D. Dowell, P.Emma, P. Krejick, C. Limborg, D. Palmer P. Bolton, D. Dowell, P.Emma, P. Krejick, C. Limborg, D. Palmer (SLAC)(SLAC)

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Free Electron Laser Free Electron Laser SPARC - SPARXINO - SPARXSPARC - SPARXINO - SPARX

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Undulator RadiationUndulator Radiation

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β⊥ ≈Kγ

= e˜ B uλ u

2πγmc 2

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Relativistic MirrorsRelativistic Mirrors

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λu' = λ u

γ //

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λrad' = λ u

'

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λrad ≈ λ u

2γ //2

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1γ //

2 = 1γ 2 + β⊥

2

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λrad ≈ λ u

2γ 2 1+ K 2( )€

γ// = 11− β //

2

Counter propagating pseudo-Counter propagating pseudo-radiationradiation

Compton back-scattered Compton back-scattered radiation in the moving mirror radiation in the moving mirror

frameframe

Doppler effect in the laboratory Doppler effect in the laboratory frameframe

TUNABILITYTUNABILITY

6Radiation Simulator – T. Shintake, @ http://www-xfel.spring8.or.jp/Index.htm

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Due to the finite duration the radiation is not monochromatic but contains a frequency spectrum which is obtained by Fourier transformation of a truncated plane wave

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Lpulse = Nuλ rad

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ξ

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I ω( )∝ sinξξ

⎛ ⎝ ⎜

⎞ ⎠ ⎟2

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ξ =ΔωTpulse

2= πNw

ω −ωres

ωres

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Δωω

≈1

Nw

Spectral IntensitySpectral Intensity

Line width

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€

P1 = e2

6πεoc3 γ 4˙ v ⊥

2

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PT = Nee2

6πεoc3 γ 4˙ v ⊥

2

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PT = Ne2e2

6πεoc3 γ 4˙ v ⊥

2

Peak power of accelerated charge:

different electrons radiate indepedently hence the total power depends linearly on the number Ne of electrons per bunch:

Incoherent Spontaneous Radiation Power:

Coherent Stimulated Radiation Power:

WE NEED micro-BUNCHING !

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Can there be a continuous energy transfer from electron beam to light wave? The electron beam acts as a dielectric medium which slows down the phase velocity of the ponderomotive field compared to the average electron longitudinal velocity. Hence resonant electrons bunch around a phase corresponding to gain.

Newton Lorentz Equations

Maxwell Equations

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J⊥

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E rad ,BwQuickTime™ and a

Microsoft Video 1 decompressorare needed to see this picture.

The particles within a micro-bunch radiate coherently. The resulting strong radiationfield enhances the micro-bunching even further. Result: collective instability, exponential growth of radiation power.

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Free Electron LaserFree Electron LaserSelf-Amplified-Spontaneous-EmissionSelf-Amplified-Spontaneous-Emission

(No Mirrors)(No Mirrors)

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SASE Saturation Results

TTF-FELDESY

98 nm

Since September 2000:3 SASE FEL’s demonstrate saturation

LEUTLAPS/ANL385 nm

September 2000 September 2000

VISAATF/BNL840 nm

March 2001

⎟⎟⎠⎞

⎜⎜⎝⎛

=GLzP

zP exp9

)( 0

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TTF FEL

LEUTLE

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SASE Longitudinal coherence

The radiation “slips” over the electrons for a distance Nuλrad

ζ

independent processes

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Nuλ radSlippage length

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SASE

Courtesy L. Giannessi (Perseo in 1D mode http://www.perseo.enea.it)

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SEEDING

Courtesy L. Giannessi (Perseo in 1D mode http://www.perseo.enea.it)

17R. Saldin et al. in Conceptual Design of a 500 GeV e+e- Linear Collider with Integrated X-ray Laser Facility, DESY-1997-048

FEL Electron Beam Requirements:FEL Electron Beam Requirements:High Brightness BHigh Brightness Bnn => => High Peak Current & Low High Peak Current & Low

EmittanceEmittance

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Bn = 2Iεn

2Bn

€

λrMIN ∝σ δ

1+ K 2 2( )γBnK

2 γ Bn

K2

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Lg ∝γ 3 2

K Bnn 1+ K 2 2( )Bn

energy energy

spreadspread

undulator undulator

parameterparameter

minimum minimum radiation radiation wavelengthwavelength

gain gain lengtlengthh

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SPARC - SPARXINO - SPARXSPARC - SPARXINO - SPARX

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SPARC ProjectSPARC Project 7.5 +2.5 7.5 +2.5 M€M€ (MIUR+INFN)(MIUR+INFN)

R&D program towards high brightness eR&D program towards high brightness e--

beam for SASE-FEL’sbeam for SASE-FEL’sSPARX Phase ISPARX Phase I 10 + 2.35 10 + 2.35 M€M€

(MIUR+INFN)(MIUR+INFN)- R&D towards an X-ray FEL-SASE source - R&D towards an X-ray FEL-SASE source - Test Facility at 10 nm with the Da- Test Facility at 10 nm with the Dane ne

Linac (Linac (SPARXINOSPARXINO))

SPARX Phase IISPARX Phase II 12 12 M€ M€ ? ? (MIUR)(MIUR)- Linac energy up-grade (1.5 GeV ?) -> 2 - Linac energy up-grade (1.5 GeV ?) -> 2

nm ?nm ?

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SPARC

DESYBNL

UCLA

SLAC

UE

MOU

MOU

EEUURROOFFEELL

1 1 M€M€

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Bn = 2Iεn

2B

bunch bunch compressorscompressorsRF & magneticRF & magnetic

Pulse ShapingPulse ShapingNew Working New Working PointPoint

How to increase eHow to increase e-- Brightness Brightness

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Laser Pulse Shaping with “Dazzler” experiments

Slow Axis (mode 2)

Fast Axis(mode 1)

Acousticwave

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0

0.5

1

1.5

2

2.5

3

3.5

0 2 4 6 8 10Z_[m]

GunLinac

rms beam size [mm]rms norm. emittance [um]

-0.04

-0.02

0

0.02

0.04

0 0.001 0.002 0.003 0.004 0.005 0.006

z=0.23891

Pr

R [m]

-0.05

0

0.05

0 0.0008 0.0016 0.0024 0.0032 0.004

z=1.5

Pr

R [m]

-0.04

-0.02

0

0.02

0.04

0 0.0008 0.0016 0.0024 0.0032 0.004

z=10

pr_[rad]

R_[m]

0

0.0005

0.001

0.0015

0.002

0.0025

0.003

0.0035

0.004

-0.003 -0.002 -0.001 0 0.001 0.002 0.003

z=0.23891

Rs [m]

Zs-Zb [m]

0

0.0005

0.001

0.0015

0.002

0.0025

0.003

0.0035

0.004

-0.003 -0.002 -0.001 0 0.001 0.002 0.003

Z=10

Rs [m]

Zs-Zb [m]

0

0.0005

0.001

0.0015

0.002

0.0025

0.003

0.0035

0.004

-0.003 -0.002 -0.001 0 0.001 0.002 0.003

z=1.5

Rs [m]

Zs-Zb [m]

Final emittance = 0.4 m

Matching onto the Local Emittance Max., “Ferrario Working Point” also adopted by LCLS and TESLA-

XFEL injectors

Emittance Compensation: Emittance Compensation: Controlled Damping of Plasma OscillationsControlled Damping of Plasma Oscillations

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0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 160.1

1

10

100

1 .1031 .1041 .1051 .1061 .1071 .108

Z ()

Poωer (W)

Radiation power growth along the undulator @ 530 nmRadiation power growth along the undulator @ 530 nm

UNDULATOR

Undulator period (cm) 2.8Undulator parameter k 2.143Undulator gap (mm) 9.25# Undulator sections 6# Undulator periods per section 78Drift length between undulator sections (cm) 36.5Additional quadrupole gradient (T/m) 5.438Additional quadrupole length (cm) 8.4FEL radiation wavelength (fundamental, nm) 499.6Average beta function (m) 1.516Expected saturation length (m) < 12

GENESIS simulation of the SPARC SASE-GENESIS simulation of the SPARC SASE-FELFEL

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Coherent Synchrotron Radiation (CSR)Coherent Synchrotron Radiation (CSR)

Powerful radiation generates energy spread in bendsPowerful radiation generates energy spread in bends

Causes bend-plane emittance growthCauses bend-plane emittance growth Energy spread breaks achromatic systemEnergy spread breaks achromatic system

Δ = 0

ΔΔx = Rx = R1616((ss))ΔΔE/EE/E

bend-plane emittance growthbend-plane emittance growth

ee––RR

zz

coherent radiation coherent radiation forfor λλ zz

overtaking length:overtaking length: L L00 (24 (24zzRR22))1/31/3

Δ 0

sΔx

LL00

λλ

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14.5 m1.5m

20º1.5 m D

10.0 m 6.0 m

Undulator

GunSolenoids

Velocity BunchingVelocity Bunching

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

-100 -80 -60 -40 -20 0

HSCREEN.OUT

I_[A]

TW_phase_[deg]

Longitudinal Longitudinal FocusingFocusing

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0

0.5

1

1.5

2

2.5

3

0 2 4 6 8 10Z_[m]

GunLinac

rms norm. emittance [um]beam current [kA]

-150

-100

-50

0

50

100

-2 -1.5 -1 -0.5 0 0.5 1 1.5 2

z=0.3

DE_[KeV]

DZ_[mm]

-1500

-1000

-500

0

500

1000

-2 -1.5 -1 -0.5 0 0.5 1 1.5 2

z=1.5

DE_[KeV]

DZ_[mm]

-4000

-2000

0

2000

4000

6000

-2 -1.5 -1 -0.5 0 0.5 1 1.5 2

z=4.5

DE_[KeV]

DZ_[mm]

-2 -1.5 -1 -0.5 0 0.5 1 1.5 2

z=10

Bunching

1

0

Dz [mm]

-2 -1.5 -1 -0.5 0 0.5 1 1.5 2

z=0.3

Bunching

1

0

Dz [mm]

-2 -1.5 -1 -0.5 0 0.5 1 1.5 2

z=3

Bunching

1

0

Dz [mm]

-2 -1.5 -1 -0.5 0 0.5 1 1.5 2

z=4.5

Bunching

1

0

Dz [mm]

-4000

-2000

0

2000

4000

6000

-2 -1.5 -1 -0.5 0 0.5 1 1.5 2

z=10

DE_[KeV]

DZ_[mm]

-3000

-2000

-1000

0

1000

2000

3000

-2 -1.5 -1 -0.5 0 0.5 1 1.5 2

z=3

DE_[KeV]

DZ_[mm]

-2 -1.5 -1 -0.5 0 0.5 1 1.5 2

z=1.5

Bunching

Dz [mm]

1

0

z

pz

z

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+ ChannellingChannelling

MAMBO

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The Frascati Laser for Acceleration and Multidisciplinary The Frascati Laser for Acceleration and Multidisciplinary ExperimentsExperiments

laser pulseslaser pulses: 50 fs, 800 nm >100 TW @10 50 fs, 800 nm >100 TW @10 HzHz

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EEx x 22γγ22laslas (1- (1-coscos))

Produzioni di impulsi X : 101099 fotoni/s fotoni/s,

3 ps, monocromatici monocromatici tunabili nel range 20 keV - 1 MeV20 keV - 1 MeV

• Studi di tecniche di mammografia (e angiografia coronarica) • Studi di single molecule protein cristallography.

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NX ∝ ΣT fN

e − Nhν

σ coll2 = 2 ⋅109 / 11

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εn ≤ γΔnpnp

λp2π

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Energy [GeV]

λcr [nm]

I = 1 kAI = 1 kAK = 3K = 3e e = 0.1 %= 0.1 %

eenn=4=4

eenn=1=1

SPARC Injector + DASPARC Injector + DANE LinacNE LinacSPARXINOSPARXINO

a <10 nm SASE FEL source at LNFa <10 nm SASE FEL source at LNF

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600 MeV8 sections

SPARC150 MeV IV

45 MW 45 MW 45 MW 45 MW

1075 MeV e-

DAFNE-LINAC SPARXINO + DAFNE2

PC

150 MeV

45 MW

NEW COMPONENTS

4 RF STATIONS + SLED

MAGN. COMPRESSOR

4 ACC. SECT. + IV ARM CAV

SPARC

1050 MeV E+

45 MW

475 MeV e-

75 MeV 150 MeV

45 MW

1225 MeV e-

Gper DAFNE2

250 MeVDAFNE-Linac

low energy section

45 MW

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The SPARXINO PhysicsThe SPARXINO Physics

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Scientific case: Workshop planned on 9/10 May 05

• Atomic, molecular and cluster physics• Plasma and warm dense matter• Condensed matter physics• Material science• Femtosecond chemistry• Life science• Single Biological molecules and clusters• Imaging/holography• Micro and nano lithography

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ΔE ≈ hΔt

Classical VacuumClassical Vacuum Quantum VacuumQuantum Vacuum

a sizeable rate for spontaneous pair production requires a sizeable rate for spontaneous pair production requires extraordinary strong electric field strengths of order or above the extraordinary strong electric field strengths of order or above the Schwinger critical valueSchwinger critical value

QED test: QED test: Boiling the VacuumBoiling the Vacuum

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Quantum VacuumQuantum Vacuum

Perturbing field and probe light do not "mix" Perturbing field and probe light do not "mix" and the exiting probe photons are unchangedand the exiting probe photons are unchanged

The perturbing field "changes" the structure of The perturbing field "changes" the structure of the quantum vacuum: probe light and field now the quantum vacuum: probe light and field now "mix" and exiting photon carry information on "mix" and exiting photon carry information on the structure of the vacuum.the structure of the vacuum.

The properties of the QUANTUM VACUUM are The properties of the QUANTUM VACUUM are recorded in the polarisation state of the probe light, recorded in the polarisation state of the probe light, which has changed from linear to elliptical. This which has changed from linear to elliptical. This phenomenon is also called Vacuum Magnetic phenomenon is also called Vacuum Magnetic BirefringenceBirefringence

Classical VacuumClassical Vacuum

QED test: QED test: Vacuum Magnetic BirefringenceVacuum Magnetic Birefringence G. Cantatore (INFN -Trieste) http://www.ts.infn.it/experiments/pvlas/quantum.htmlG. Cantatore (INFN -Trieste) http://www.ts.infn.it/experiments/pvlas/quantum.html

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• Measurement schematic

• Relevant requirements– high magnetic field strength– long optical path in the magnetic region– high photon energy/high photon flux– low background/high signal to noise ratio

QED test: QED test: Vacuum Magnetic BirefringenceVacuum Magnetic Birefringence

42FERMIFERMI40 nm ==> 10 nm ==> ?40 nm ==> 10 nm ==> ?

MAMBOMAMBO

2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 20122009 2010 2011 2012

TTF-IITTF-II6 nm6 nm

LCLSLCLS0.1 nm0.1 nm

TESLATESLAX-FELX-FEL0.1 nm0.1 nm

SASESASE Seeding AngstromAngstrom

+ ChannellingChannelling

SPARX-I => Test Facility SPARX-I => Test Facility => => SPARX-II SPARX-II (SPARXINO)(SPARXINO)R&D X-FELR&D X-FEL 10 nm 10 nm 2 nm2 nm

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The following workshop was approved by ICFA at its meeting Feb 10-11,2005 in Vancouver:

Physics and Applications Physics and Applications of High Brightness Electron Beamsof High Brightness Electron Beams

Erice, Sicily, Italy, October 9-14, 2005Erice, Sicily, Italy, October 9-14, 2005Organizers: L. Palumbo (Univ. Roma), J. Rosenzweig (UCLA), L. Serafini(INFN-Milano).