23 maggio 2017 - Ambientale finale rev - Politecnico di Milano · Organic matter Chloride Nitrate...

Titolo presentazione

sottotitolo

Milano, XX mese 20XX

ENVIRONMENTAL SECTION

(ICAR/03)

Teaching staff (ICAR/03)

Antonelli Manuela R

Azzellino Arianna R

Canziani Roberto AP

Cernuschi Stefano FP

Ficara Elena AP

Grosso Mario AP

Lonati Giovanni AP

Malpei Francesca FP

Rigamonti Lucia R

Saponaro Sabrina AP

Sezenna Elena R

Research areas:

• Air pollution and gaseous effluents

• Environmental impact assessment and management of environmental resources

• Soil, groundwater and sediment pollution• Solid waste and resources management• Wastewater, water reuse, drinking water and bioenergy

R = Assistant professorAP = Associate professorFP = Full professor

Air pollution and gaseous effluents

Air quality assessment

Characterization of fine and ultrafine particulate matter in urban areas

2%

33%

1%

32%

9%

8%

14%

5%

34%

0%

20%

17%

9%

14%

Elemental carbon

Organic matter

Chloride

Nitrate

Sulphate

Ammonium

Not defined

Warmseason

Cold season

PM2.5 Chemical composition

10 100 100020 30 50 200 300 500

Particle diameter dp (nm)

0

2000

4000

6000

8000

10000

12000

14000

dN

/dLog d

p

Night time data

Morning data

UFP size distribution model

night

morning

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

PM

10

PM

2,5

PM

1

PM

0,5

PM

10

PM

2,5

PM

1

PM

0,5

PM

10

PM

2,5

PM

1

PM

0,5

PM

10

PM

2,5

PM

1

PM

0,5

July August September October

Daily c

oncentr

ation (µg m

-3)

PM mass seasonal patterns


Impact assessment of emission sources on air quality

NO2 yearly average isopleths of emissions from a cement plant.

Banchette

Fumane

Ca' Tripoli

Ca' Cornocchio

M. Santoccio

Il Gazzo

PuranoCanzago

Marano

5

20

100

300

500

700

900

1100

1300

1500

1700

1900

2100

2300

2500

2700

2900

Local ground-level windrose


Health risk analysis of toxic trace emissions

.00 0

.00 6

.01 1

.01 7

.02 3

0.00 E+ 0 5 .6 2E -1 0 1.12E -9 1.69E -9 2.25E -9

PCDD/F health riskprobability distribution

Mean 6.7.10-10

Std.dev. 6.1.10-10

Min 2.9.10-11

Max 1.1.10-8

Air pollution and gaseous effluentsEmission factors and source inventory for industrial activities, heatingsystems and vehicular traffic

2,6

1,4

3,3

0,05

0,03

0,08

0,01

0,10

1,00

10,00

100,00

Em

issi

on fact

ors

(g M

Wh

-1)

Conventional oil gas (25/75)

NGCC

PM10 PM2,5PMtot

Emission factors

25,3

42,240,6

14,1

53,158,1

28,4

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

Conventional new Premixed modular air/fuel

CO

(g/G

J)

Full constant load Minimum constant loadIntermittent variable load Continuous variable load


Gaseous effluents treatment technologies

3,9

5,2

3,2

3,9

3,1

5,5

3,9

3,1

3,9

2,2

5,6

3,93,7

5,6

4,2

4,0

2,7

5,3

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

HCl out Dosaggio

(kg/kg HCl rim)

Rapporto

ricircolo

HCl out Dosaggio

(kg/kg HCl rim)

Rapporto

ricircolo

HCl out Dosaggio

(kg/kg HCl rim)

Rapporto

ricircolo

ST SM HSS

Line 1 Line 2 Line 3

Feeding rate

(kg/kg HCl rem.)Feeding rate

(kg/kg HCl rem.)

Feeding rate

(kg/kg HCl rem.)

Recirculation

ratio

Recirculation

ratioRecirculation

ratio

Assessment and evaluation of BAT options

Biofilter(glass column)

GC for VOCdetermination

Liquid feedatomizer

Feed gasinlet stream

Granularexpanded

clay

Lab scale pilot

biotrickling unit

Wastewater, water reuse, drinking water and bioenergy

Anammox based process – lab-scale experiments

SBR

Real industrial wastewater (digital inkjet printing)

MBR Gas-lift

Inoculum: granular anammox biomass

Removal efficiency: AmmoniumTotal Nitrogen


Removal of pollutants by Activated Carbon

� Complex and competitive process: lab andpilot experiments

� Process modeling aimed at feasibility andeconomic assessment

� Characterisation of activated carbon tocorrelate:

• adsorbent removal capacity towardsspecific pollutants

• adsorbent characteristics• adsorbent lifetime

� Assessment of BAC (Biological ActivatedCarbon) process which couples adsorptionand biological activity of attached biomass

� Guidelines for process design being GACadsorption the BAT (Best Availabletechnology)


Pharmaceutical active compounds removal in municipal wastewater plant

Comparison of pilot scale MBR and full

WWTP (CAS + filtration + PAA

disinfection) on a 18 months project

Higher removal in MBR

Eritromicina

Deidroeritromicina

Higher removal in CAS

Ranitidina

Lincomicina

Ofloxacina


Disinfection: PerAcetic Acid (PAA), UV Radiation, Ozone

� Lab testing (DoE, Design of Experiments)and monitoring combined with modeling(regression, analysis of uncertainty,simulations, machine learning)

� Simulation tool for the local description ofchemical-physical phenomena andpredictive model for control strategies

� Potential combination with UV for aadditive/synergic effect

� Design of optimized reactors, processcontrol, guidelines for process design

� Assessment of the role of disinfection inmodifying microbial communities andantibiotic resistance

OUTLET

INLET


Advanced Oxidation Processes: mechanistic assessment and modeling

� Investigation of involved reaction mechanisms: labtesting and modeling

� Established and innovative AOPs:� UV coupled to H2O2 or O3

� Ozonation� Heterogeneous photocatalysis on TiO2

� Determination of reactive species (OH� radicals)generation as a function of operating parameters andestimation of indicators for process performance

� Design of optimized processes and comparisonamong AOPs

� Process intensification and reactor scale-up byadvanced simulation tools describing chemical-physical phenomena in multi-physical systems(Computational Fluid dynamics, CFD)


Energy savings in aeration systems: coupling modeling & off-gas tests

2 air capturing hoods in place - 2monitoring campaigns;

4-20 mA data acquired; TCP/IPconnection to monitoring control room

Energy savings predicted by model= 20% (lower air flow rate)


Electro-assisted sludge dewatering – testing rig

– Cylindrical glass vessel (h=176 mm, Ø=80 mm)– Cooling water-jacket– Compressed air system (1-4.5 bar)– Double effect cylinder (200 mm stroke) SMC-CP96

– DC power supply (30 V-5 A)– Anode: DSA – Ti MMO– Cathode: stainless steel mesh (AISI 304)– Cloth: PTT (polytrimethyleneterephthalate)


Hydrogen via dark fermentation of UF-filtered cheese whey

Process parameters:

T=36±0.5 °C; pH =5.5±0.1

Inoculum-Indigenuous (UF-CW)

Substrate- UF-CW

C12H22O11 + H2O � 4 H2 + 4 CO2 + 2 CH3CH2CH2COOH

(Butyrate fermentation pathway)

0,0

0,5

1,0

1,5

2,0

2,5

3,0

3,5

4,0

0 10 20 30 40 50 60

HM

Y (

mo

l H

2/m

ol

lact

ose

)

Time (d)

run 1 run 2

Optimal: HMY 2.5-3.5 mol H2/ mol lactose

63-88% recovery of thereorectical HMY

25%

55%

2% 18%

Acetate T-butyric Propionic Ethanol


Microalgal based processes to recover materials and energy from wastewaters

Continuous microalgae cultivation on black water at a WWTP

µalgae production rate

= 80 – 100 mgTSS/L/d

N removal rate

= 10 – 26 mgN/L/d

NH4 removal efficiency

= 25 – 80 % (62 ± 18 %)

Biochemical Methane

Potential

210 NL/kgVS

Results:

• Ammonium oxidation and uptake

• Extra biomass to AD (extra methane production depends on solar radiation and land availability, reasonably from +3,5 - + 8% extra methane production with 1 m2/PE)



Integration of microalgae-based processes in conventional WWTPs

Using digestate and flue-gas as microalgae nutrient sources

Microalgae

cultivation

digestate

flue-gasAnaerobic

digestion

Extra-biogas

Extra N &P in biosolids



Continuous microalgae cultivation on agro-digestates

Biomass Productivity :

9 g SS/m2/d = 25 t SS/ha/year (over 9 months)

(MAIZE~ 17-21 tSS/ha/year)

Effective Nitrification

(O2 from photosynthesis)


Biogas upgrade/biomethane by H2 methanogenesys

4 H2 + CO2 + bacteriaCH4 + 2H2O

In situ- Sludge A

IN SITU and EX – SITU

In situ- Sludge B

In situ- Sludge C

Solid waste and resources managementStrategies for integrated waste management

MSW

Iron, Aluminium Glass, Paper, Wood, Plastic

RECYCLING

WTE PLANT (MASS BURN OR GASIFICATION)

SOURCE SEPARATION

COMPOSTING

Separated material

URW

MULTI-MATERIAL SEPARATION AND SELECTION OF EACH MATERIAL

Selected packaging materials

Recycled materials: displacement of primary products

Compost + energy: displacement of peat and mineral fertilisers, and of fossil fuels

ANAEROBIC DIGESTION

Compost: displacement of peat and mineral fertilisers

Separation and selection residues

Recycling residues

(paper, wood and plastic)

CEMENT KILN

Energy: displacement of fossil fuels

LANDFILL

Recycling residues (iron

and aluminium)

Petcokedisplacement

Slag and ash

OFMSW Green

OFMSW

MBT

To recovery

Solid waste and resources managementPackaging and food waste prevention

Comparative waste generation between disposable water bottles and use of tap water for drinking purposes

Solid waste and resources managementLife Cycle Thinking applied to waste management

-1,2E+08

-1,0E+08

-8,0E+07

-6,0E+07

-4,0E+07

-2,0E+07

0,0E+00

2,0E+07Scenario 0 Scenario 1A Scenario 1B Scenario 1C Scenario 1D

GWP (kg CO2 eq)

Transports WTE Composting AD AD residues Bags TOTAL

LCA evaluation of different scenarios related to the implementation of anaerobic digestion of

food waste in a urban area

Amine

scrubbing

11%

Biogas

165 m3

District heating

network

Anaerobic digestion +

post composting

Thermal energy

128 kWhth

Electric energy

125 kWhel

31% Internal comb.

engines

Compression

14%

68% 69%

61%

39%

Surplus not

exploited

7%

Biomethane

69 m3 National grid

1C

Solid waste and resources management

Material recycling and biological treatments for the organic fraction

0

0,2

0,4

0,6

0,8

1

1,2

1,4

% o

n t

ota

l M

SW

2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009

Aluminium recovery

Trend of anaerobic digestion of waste in Italy

Solid waste and resources management

Energy recovery in dedicated plants and by Solid Recovered Fuel co-combustion in industrial facilities

Incineration plant with energy recovery

Soil, groundwater and sediment pollution

In situ and ex situ treatment technologies for reclamation of contaminated sediments

Rotating plate

diameter:2-20 mm

water portland

cement

polluted

sedimentsadditives

Stabilization/Solidification + thermal desorption treatments for contaminated sediments recovery and reuse

Chemical oxidation tests on contaminated sediments


In situ and ex situ technologies for contaminated soils and in situ technologies for contaminated groundwater

Biological Permeable Reactive Barriers for groundwater treatment - Lab scale tests

Soil vapor extraction pilot tests


Microcosms for bioreduction, reductive dechlorination, and aerobic biodegradation

in contaminated aquifers

Tests for Cr(VI) reduction in bioelectrolytic cells

In situ and ex situ technologies for contaminated soils and in situ technologies for contaminated groundwater


Multiphase modeling for soil and groundwater treatments

Permeable Reactive Barriers - configurations

22,5 m

PA

S

PS

VE

Air Sparging - air flow path


Human health and environmental risk assessment for pollutants in soil and groundwater from point-sources and diffuse pollution

Measurements of pollutant

vapor emission at soil surface

XAD-2for SVOC

captureActivated carbonfor VOC capture

PTFE filter to remove

aqueous vapor

15 m b.g.s. 10 m b.g.s.

Measurements of

pollutants in soil gas

Risk assessment based on soil gas and ambient air monitoring

�: prevailing wind directions

●: soil gas cluster (1, 4, 10, 15 m b.g.s.)

●: soil gas cluster (1, 4 m b.g.s.)

●: soil gas probe (4 m b.g.s.)

� 60 soil gas probes

■: indoor at the site;

■: indoor background;

� 10 + 8 locations

�: outdoor at the site;

�: outdoor background;

� 4 + 3 locations

▲: crawl-space

� 4 locations

Translocation of pollutants to vegetables


Relative risk assessment to define priorities at the regional scale

Priority list

Environmental impact assessment and management of

environmental resources

Source apportionment and scenario analysis

Total-N

7% 2%

35%

15%6%

12%

1%

21%1%

WWTP and industrial discharge Direct sewage dischargeTributary channels or irrigation systems Groundwater rechargeAtmospheric deposition runoff Agricultural runoffUrban runoff Groundwater springsSewer overflow

Total-P

15%

8%

45%

0%0%

18%

5% 0%9%

WWTP and industrial discharge Direct sewage dischargeTributary channels or irrigation systems Groundwater rechargeAtmospheric deposition runoff Agricultural runoffUrban runoff Groundwater springsSewer overflow



Evaluation of restoration alternatives

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

Sc 2009 Sc Dir 271/91 Sc MBR Sc RO Sc MBR

8WWTPs

GE

P (

Riv

er

km

)

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

% o

f th

e p

lan

ned

exp

en

dit

ure

fo

r w

ate

r

man

ag

em

en

t

LIMeco high LIMeco good

GEP_km GEPref

% of planned investments

Compromise between restrictive quality targets, costs and possibility of recovery



Predictive tools for assessing and managing risks of underwater sound emissions in marine environments

Risk exposure maps

Cumulative impact index

Pressures x Environmental Vulnerability

Optimal

siting

Methods for assessing diffuse pollution patterns in the aquifers

Combination of multivariate statistical methods and modeling tools

Cluster Analysis

Diffuse

pollution

component

Hot spot contamination

Temporal patterns of diffuse

pollution components



Environmental Engineering Lab –

Staff and activities

• Gelmi Enrico

• Menin Glauco

• Romele Laura

• Tardivo Ruggero

� Sampling and analysis of environmental matrices (drinking water,wastewater, soil, ambient air, gaseous emissions, solid waste, sludge);

� Tests for treatability and biodegradability of polluted streams (liquids,sludge, soils, solids), and chemical substances;

� Tests for aerobic and anaerobic biodegradability of solid residues,packaging and biomass;

� Conformity testing of materials for drinking water (GAC, resins, etc.)


Equipment

Mobile Lab Instrumental lab

Pilot plants


“A. Rozzi” laboratory, Cremona

Applied research, analytical services, and technology transfer on

ANAEROBIC DIGESTION and

BIONERGIES

CONTACTS

Phone: 0372 – 567769

e-mail: [email protected]

http://www.fabbricabioenergia.polimi.it/

23 maggio 2017 - Ambientale finale rev - Politecnico di Milano · Organic matter Chloride Nitrate...

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