10 2013 2014 Comunicazione “molti -> molti”: condivisione, copyright, peer to peer

7/22/2019 10 2013 2014 Comunicazione “molti -> molti”: condivisione, copyright, peer to peer

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Wclvgrsltï fgmel Rtufl fl Wflcg 3 Flpjrtligct` fl Rblgczg mlurlflbhg 3 Lcn`rijtlbj Mlurlflbj --3 Bìuclbjzl`cg ―Iètl/Iètl’ (4) 4?:2-34?:6

Vgst` flsp`cldleg su elbgczj Brgjtlvg Bìi`cs - http1//brgjtlvgbìi`cs.̀ rm/elbgcsgs/dy-cb-cf/4.7/fggf.lt : / 4:

Bìuclbjzl`cg ―iètl -3 iètl’1 b`cflvlsl`cg, b`pyrlmht, pggr t` pggr

:.- (*) _rgigssj1 bìuclbjzl`cg ―iètl 5-3 iètl’ g ―nlegshjrlcm’ .............................................................................................................. 4 4.- (*) Bgccl je nuczl`cjigct` fgl slstgil pggr t` pggr .................................................................................................................................... 6 2.- (*) Ej rgsp`csjdleltï fgee“utgctg pgr vlèjzl`cg fge b`pyrlmht cge nleg shjrlcm ..................................................................................... > 6.- (*) Ej rgsp`csjdleltï fge pr`vlfgr .................................................................................................................................................................... 8

6.:.- E“gvèuzl̀ cg mlurlsprufgczljeg W.R.J. fjeej «Dgtjijx Tueg» (Cjpstgr) jeej «lcfubgigct eljdlelty» (Mr`kstgr) ....................... 8 6.4.- Ej mlurlsprufgczj ltjeljcj ........................................................................................................................................................................ :? 6.2.- Le bjs` ―Vhg _lrjtg Djy’ ........................................................................................................................................................................... :: 6.6.- Gsltl uetgrl`rl fgeej vlbgcfj ―_lrjtg Djy’ .............................................................................................................................................. :4

7.- (*) Le b`cneltt` trj tutgej fge b`pyrlmht g flrltt` jeej rlsgrvjtgzzj fgee“utgctg ..................................................................................... :2 7.:.- Ej prgvgczl`cg gf le ―nletrjmml`’ fgl b̀ ctgcutl ..................................................................................................................................... :6 7.4.- Ej rgprgssl`cg fgeeg vlèjzl`cl fge b`pyrlmht ......................................................................................................................................... :7

>.- (*) Tgbgctl svleuppl fgeej e`ttj b`ctr` ej vlèjzl`cg fge b`pyrlmht su Lctgrcgt ................................................................................... :8 >.:.- Ej egmlsejzl`cg nrjcbgsg g le slstgij ―2-strlkgs-ùt’............................................................................................................................ :< >.:.- Eg rgbgctl lcc`vjzl`cl fge egmlsejt`rg ltjeljc`1 le Tgmèjigct` JMB@I lc vlm`rg fje :¿ jprleg 4?:6 ...................................... :< >.4.- Ej sgctgczj BMWG 8 jprleg 4?:6 «Flmltje Tlmhts Lrgejcf, Rgltelcmgr g jetrl» sueej b`csgrvjzl`cg fgl fjtl ............................... :<

=.- B`cbeusl`cl ........................................................................................................................................................................................................... 4? 8.- _rlcblpjel rlngrligctl ......................................................................................................................................................................................... 4?

L pjrjmrjnl gvlfgczljtl b`c le sgmc` (*) b`stltulsb`c` ―Jppr`n`cfligct`’ g pgrtjct` s`c` `mmgtt` fge

pr`mrjiij f“gsjig pgr mel stufgctl fl Mlurlsprufgczj g Rblgczg mlurlflbhg, c`c pgr mel stufgctl flRblgczg fgl Rgrvlzl mlurlflbl puddelbl g prlvjtl.

http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/2.5/deed.it




3 (*) _rgigssj1 bìuclbjzl`cg ―iètl 5-3 iètl’ g ―nlegshjrlcm’ 3

Vgst` flsp`cldleg su elbgczj Brgjtlvg Bìi`cs - http1//brgjtlvgbìi`cs.̀ rm/elbgcsgs/dy-cb-cf/4.7/fggf.lt 4 / 4:

:.- (*) _rgigssj1 bìuclbjzl`cg ―iètl 5-3 iètl’ g ―nlegshjrlcm’

Tlprgcflji` le flsb`rs` fjeeg egzl`cl prgbgfgctl. Lc ijsslij slctgsl1(:) Cgmel uetlil flgbl jccl sl è flnnusj j elvgee` i`cfljeg ucj n`rij fl bìuclbjzl`cg gegttr`clbj flvgrsj fjl trjfl-

zl`cjel ijss igflj. Ej flnngrgczj stj cgeej strutturj fgeej bìuclbjzl`cg, bhg c`c è ―:-3 iètl’ ij ―iètl 5-3iètl’, `sslj rgtlbèjrg, `rlzz`ctjeg, n`cfjtj sueej b`cflvlsl`cg fgeeg lcn`rijzl`cl. (4) Jeej rgsp`csjdleltï flrgttj fgmel utgctl (gs1 vlèjzl`cg fge flrltt` jetrul jee“liijmlcg, jeej rgputjzl`cg, jeej rlsg r-

vjtgzzj) sl jmmlucmg qugeej lcflrgttj fgl pr`vlfgrs;(2) _gr qujct` b`cbgrcg l pr`vlfgrs, sl rlb`rfj bhg1

j. Cgee“lip`stjzl`cg plü flnnusj lc Ltjelj pgr le pr`vlfgr e“gsbeusl`cg fgeej rgsp`csjdleltï `mmgttlvj ‒ qugeejfgee“gflt`rg ‒ jvvlgcg sueej djsg fl jrmìgctl bhg sl prgstjc` j flvgrsg brltlbhg, pgrbhì n`cfjtl sueej―liijtgrljeltï’ fge supp`rt .̀

d. Ej cu`vj flsblpelcj sue bìigrbl` gegttr`clb` (F. Ems. =?/4??2) hj1l. Flstlct` trg nlmurg1 igrg b`cfult, bjbhlcm, h`stlcm;ll. Gsbeus` e“`ddelm` fl s`rvgmeljczj mgcgrjeg g qulcfl ucj rgsp`csjdleltï `mmgttlvj;

lll. _rgvlst` e“`ddelm` fl lctgrvgct` cgl bjsl lc bul vl slj ej sgmcjejzl`cg fj pjrtg fl jut`rltï bìp g-tgctl (jut`rltï mluflzljrlj, ij jcbhg puddelbj jiilclstrjzl`cg);

(6) Lc igrlt` je flrltt` f“jut`rg, sl è vlst` bìg ej ―b`cflvlsl`cg fgeeg lcn`rijzl`cl’ rjpprgsgctl uc c`tgvèg pr ̀ -degij pgr eg ̀ pgrg lctgeegttujel, stjctg ej p`ssldleltï fl flnnusl`cg liigfljtj gf lcb`ctrèejdleg jttrjvgrs` ej rgtg;

(7) _gr tjeg rjml`cg, s`c` stjtg prì`ssg j elvgee` lctgrcjzl`cjeg sèuzl`cl tgbcè`mlbhg fl pr`tgzl`cg fge b`py-rlmht (FTI) `ppurg struigctl mlurlflbl (B`pyegnt, Brgjtlvg Bìi`cs) bhg b`csgct`c` jee“`pgrj gssgrg flnnusjlc i`f` ―vlrjeg’ g qulcfl fl jvvjctjmmljrsl fgeej e`mlbj fl ―rgtg’;

J qugst` puct`, bìg jctlblpjt` cgeej egzl`cg prgbgfgctg, sl p`cg le pr`degij fl bìprgcfgrg igmel` lc bhg i`f`vlgcg tutgejtj e“`pgrj lctgeegttujeg cgeej njsg fl blrbèjzl`cg. È vgr` bhg, bìg sl è vlst`, le Flmltje B`pyrlmht hj n`rclt` eg`pgrg fl struigctl tgbcè`mlbl fl pr`tgzl`cg rlcn`rzjtl fj spgblnlbhg sjczl`cl pgcjel (FTI), ij è jetrgttjct` vgr` bhg ejtutgej vlgcg rgbgctgigctg gstgsj j bìprgcfgrg ilsurg bhg lcblf`c` liigfljtjigctg suee“`pgrj g flrgttjigctg sueejb`cf`ttj fgmel utgctl gf lc pjrtlbèjr i`f` fgl pr`vlfgrs.

Lc jetrl tgrilcl, cgee“lip`ssldleltï tgbclbj g prjtlbj fl b`ctrèejrg ej flstrlduzl`cg fgeej slcmèj `pgrj, sl lctgcfg i`clt`-rjrg le trjnnlb` fgeeg lcn`rijzl`cl cge su` bìpegss`, cge tgctjtlv` fl ―nletrjrg’ b`ctgcutl bhg blrbèjc` lc i`f` leegblt` pgr-bhì lc vlèjzl`cg fgeej c`rijtlvj sue b`pyrlmht . Zugstj pr`spgttlvj sèegvj jebucg c`tgvèl qugstl`cl1

(:) s`tt` le pr`nle` tgbclb`1 ej flnnusl`cg fl slstgil pggr t` pggr , cgl qujel ej flnnusl`cg fl b`ctgcutl jvvlgcg sgb`cfùcj e`mlbj `rlzz`ctjeg ‒ trj utgctg gf utgctg ‒ g qulcfl sgczj le b`lcvèmligct` fgl pr`vlfgr;

(4) s`tt` le pr`nle` mlurlflb`1 le b`ctrèe` fgeeg lcn`rijzl`cl sbjidljtg fjmel utgctl p`cg ej qugstl`cg fgeej egsl`cgfgeej rlsgrvjtgzzj fgeeg bìuclbjzl`cl, flrltt` tutgejt` cgmel `rflcjigctl plü blvlel g ―jnnlgvèlt`’ sè` pgr rjml`clfl pjrtlbèjrg mrjvltï (gs1 tgrr`rlsi`, pgf`nlelj, trjnnlb` fl stupgnjbgctl);

Lcflvlfujt` pgr sìil bjpl le qujfr` bìpegsslv`, `bb`rrg jnnr`ctjrg eg qugstl`cl b`c le sgmugctg `rflcg e`mlb`1(:) Bgccl sue nuczl`cjigct` fgl slstgil fl nlegshjrlcm g lcflvlfujzl`cg fgl pr`degil mlurlflbl;(4) Lcflvlfujzl`cg fgeeg n`rig fl rgsp`csjdleltï flrgttj fj pjrtg fgmel utgctl;(2) Fgtgrilcjzl`cg fge pr`degij b`cbgrcgctg ej rgsp`csjdleltï lcflrgttj fgl pr`vlfgrs;(6) _r`spgttlvg nuturg1 lip`slzl`cg je pr`vlfgr fgeej nuczl`cg fl ―bust`fg’ fgeeg lcn`rijzl`cl g fl ―mujrfljc`’ sue e`r`

b`rrgtt` utlelzz`.

_rlij fl jbbgccjrg je nuczl`cjigct` fgeeg rgtl pggr t` pggr , è utleg bìplgrg jebucg `ssgrvjzl`cl mgcgrjel lc igrlt`jeeg i`fjeltï b`c bul jvvlgcg ej ―b`cflvlsl`cg’ fl rls`rsg lc rgtg. @bb `rrg b`melgrg, spgblnlbjigctg, lc b`sj b`cslstg ej e`-mlbj ―`rlzz`ctjeg’ bhg qugstl slstgil b`csgct`c` fl svleuppjrg gf lc bhg i`f` gssj sl flnngrgczlj fjeej `rijl supgrjtje`mlbj ―vgrtlbjeg’.

Ej qugstl`cg sl puô lcqujfrjrg cge pjssjmml` fje ―wgd’ je ―wgd 4.?’. Rl trjttj gvlfgctgigctg fl gsprgssl`cl bhg c`cnjcc` rlngrligct` tjct` jeej tgbcè`mlj, qujct`, jppuct`, jeej s`tt`stjctg strutturj bìuclbjtlvj.





3 (*) _rgigssj1 bìuclbjzl`cg ―iètl 5-3 iètl’ g ―nlegshjrlcm’ 3


- Cge ―wgd’ sl vgrlnlbj ej `rijl c`tj bìuclbjzl`cg trjflzl`cjeg1 e“lctgrjzl`cg ―:5-3:’ (gs1 p`stj gegttr`clbj) g ―:-3iètl’ (gs1 sltl wgd, trjsilssl`cg fl nlegs b`c pr`t`bèe` NV_). Lc qugst` sgcs`, le bìucg utgctg è sgipelbgigctguc ―b`csuijt`rg’ fl lcn`rijzl`cl, p`lbhì eg rlbgvg pjsslvjigctg, b`c ucj ilclij ‒ ` prgss`bhì cueej ‒ p`ssldl-eltï fl rlgejd`rjreg ̀ c elcg.

- Cge ―wgd 4.?’ ej tgbcè`mlj b`csgctg ucj bìuclbjzl`cg ―iètl 5 -3 iètl’ pgrbhì e“utgctg flvgctj gmel stgss`pr`futt`rg fgl fjtl1 lc qugst` sgcs`, sl utlelzzj e“gsprgssl`cg pr`suigr (jf lcflbjrg bìg e“utgctg slj je igfgsl-i` tgip` pr`futt`rg g b`csuijt`rg), g qulcfl ―pr`tjm`clstj’ fgeej rgtg. Rl pjrej lcnjttl fl ―usgr mgcgrjtgf b`c-tgct ’.

B`pgrtlcj fge ―Vlig’ cge 4??> (fj http1//www.tlig.bì/tlig/b`vgrs/?,:>>6:,4??>:447,??.htie )

Fge ―wgd 4.?’ s`c` stjtg lcflvlfujtg trg bjrjttgrlstlbhg gssgczljel:1

(:) _uddelbjzl`cg fgl b`ctgcutl fj pjrtg fgmel stgssl utgctl;(4) _jrtgblpjzl`cg b`c lctgrjzl`cg fj pjrtg fl bljsbuc` sul b`ctgcutl igssl j flsp`slzl`cg fjmel jetrl;(2) _grs`cjelzzjzl`cg fgee“gspgrlgczj tgegijtlbj fj pjrtg fl bljsbuc utgctg.

Ej b`csgmugczj ‒ jcbhg fje puct` fl vlstj mlurlflb` ‒ è c`tgvèg. Rg ―snuij’ ej flnngrgczj trj bhl ―pr`fubg’ g bhl

―b`csuij’ lcn`rijzl`cg, jee`rj sl fgtgrilcjc` lcbgrtgzzg jcbhg cgee“lcflvlfujzl`cg fl brltgrl fl rgsp`csjdleltï bhljrltrj pr`vlfgr gf utgctl.

: B`så M. I. TLBBL@, R`blje Cgtw`rk g rgsp`csjdleltï blvleg, lc «Flrltt` fgee“lcn`rijzl`cg g fgee“lcn`rijtlbj», c. 6 (4?:?), p. 87< .


http://www.time.com/time/covers/0,16641,20061225,00.html







3 (*) Bgccl je nuczl`cjigct` fgl slstgil pggr t` pggr 3


4.- (*) Bgccl je nuczl`cjigct` fgl slstgil pggr t` pggr

Rl b`cslfgrl ‒ lc ucj s`rtj fl ngcìgcè`mlj ‒ eg i`fjeltï b`c eg qujel le pr`mrgss` lcn`rijtlb` hj b`csgctlt` jee“utgctgfl lctr`furrg lcn`rijzl`cl lc rgtg.

Jzl`cg fl b`cflvlsl`cg I`fjeltï tgbclbj @ssgrvjzl`cl

(:) Lcsgrligct`

Lcsgrligct` fgeeg lcn`rijzl`cl

―`c elcg’ fj pjrtg fl bhl `pgrj sue

sgrvgr

_r`t`bèe` NV_4 Rtrutturj vgrtlbjeg1

b“è ucj flstlczl`cg b`cbgttujeg trj bhl ―lcsgrlsbg’ eg

lcn`rijzl`cl ―jttlvjigctg’ g bhl cg ―nrulsbg’

―pjsslvjigctg’ (4) Cjvlmjzl`cg

Jbbgss` jeeg lcn`rijzl`cl fj

pjrtg fl bhl sl b`ccgttg

jttrjvgrs` le belgct

_r`t`bèe` HVV_2

(2) B`cflvlsl`cg

Rbjidl` flrgtt` fl lcn`rijzl`cl

trj utgctlDe`mmlcm, Ilbr`de`mmlcm,

R`blje cgtw`rks, ―bìucltï

vlrtujel’, pggr t` pggr

Rtrutturj ̀ rlzz`ctjeg1

mel utgctl s`c` l pr`tjm`clstl fgeej vglbèjzl`cg fl

lcn`rijzl`cl, tjct` bhg lc jssèut` c`c hj sgcs` ejflstlczl`cg trj utgctg ―jttlv`’ g utgctg ―pjsslv`’.

_gr bìprgcfgrg ej ―vgrtlbjeltï’ fgeej strutturj bìuclbjtlvj trjflzl`cjeg è utleg `ssgrvjrg ej sbhgrijtj fl uc belgctNV_. Rl puô c`tjrg bìg e“utgctg puô ―bjrlbjrg’ lc i`f` prgbls` l fjtl bèe`bjcf` l nlegs flrgttjigctg sue sgrvgr.

Nlmurj :1 sbhgrijtj fge pr`mrjiij NlrgNV_ 6

Le slstgij pggr t` pggr (pgr drgvltï ―p4p’) è ucj ―jrbhltgtturj fl rgtg’ bhg b`csgctg fl b`cflvlfgrg rls`rsg lcn`rijtlbhg(f`buigctl, jufl`, vlfg`, pgrlngrlbhg) trj flvgrsl bjebèjt`rl bèegmjtl, sgczj ej cgbgssltï fl uc sgrvgr bgctrjeg (―pggr’ lc-njttl slmclnlbj ―pjrl’, pr`prl` jf lcflbjrg le elvgee` ―pjrltjrl`’ g qulcfl e“jssgczj fl ucj vgrj g pr`prlj mgrjrbhlj belgct / sgr-vgr). Eg rls`rsg flsp`cldlel jf uc ―c`f`’ vgcm`c` igssg lc b`cflvlsl`cg b`c mel jetrl bjebèjt`rl. Le slstgij, cge su` bì-pegss`, fgtgrilcj ucj lcflblzzjzl`cg fgeeg lcn`rijzl`cl, lc i`f` bhg bljsbuc bjebèjt`rg p`ssj rgpgrlrg eg lcn`rijzl`clf`vucqug gssg sl tr`vlc` jee“lctgrc` fgeej rgtg.

4 Rl trjttj fl uc` fgl pr`t`bèel `rlmlcjrl fgeej rgtg Lctgrcgt, svleuppjt` j pjrtlrg fje :<87. Bnr. J.K. DHWRHJC, TNB ::6. Nleg Vrjcsngr

_r`t`bè , :<=: g, fj uetli`, A@C _@RVGE G A.K. TG\C@EFR, TNB <7<. Nleg Vrjcsngr _r`t`bè (NV_), :<87.2 Bnr. T. NLGEFLCM gt je., TNB 4>:>. Hypgrtgxt Vrjcsngr _r`t`bè -- HVV_/:.:, :<<<.6 Rl c`tj j slclstrj ej pjrtg rgejtlvj je bìputgr e`bjeg, j fgstrj ej pjrtg b`cbgrcgctg le sgrvgr (cge bjs` spgblnlb`, c`c sl rjpprgsgctjjebuc nleg systgi pgrbhì le sgrvgr c`c è b`ccgss`).





3 (*) Bgccl je nuczl`cjigct` fgl slstgil pggr t` pggr 3


Eg rgtl p4p sl flstlcmu`c` lc strutturjtg g c`c strutturjtg, j sgb`cfj bhg e“lcflblzzjzl`cg fgeeg rls`rsg jvvgcmj ig-fljctg ucj spgblnlbj t`pè`mlj ` igc`.

E“`rmjclzzjzl`cg fgeeg rgtl c`c strutturjtg jvvlgcg jf h`b , sgczj e“utlelzz` fl uc jem`rlti` prgfgtgrilcjt`. Vrj qugstg,sl flstlcmu`c` trg tlpl fl jrbhltgtturg1

(:) Bgctrjelzzjtg1 le slstgij rlbhlgfg ucj lcflblzzjzl`cg bgctrjelzzjtj, ij eg b`ccgssl`cl c`c sgmu`c` uc jem`rlti`prgfgtgrilcjt` (gs1 Cjpstgr 7, gIueg).

(4) Ldrlfg1 jebucl c`fl svèm`c` nuczl`cl fl lcstrjfjigct` fgeeg lcn`rijzl`cl (b.f. supgr-c`fgs), j flnngrgczj fl tuttlmel jetrl (Kjzjj, Mcutgeej4). Rl trjttj fl rgtl ―flstrldultg’;

(2) _urg1 tuttl l c`fl svèm`c` ej igfgslij nuczl`cg g s`c` pgrngttjigctg pjrltjrl (Gs1 Nrggcgt, gF`ckgy). R`c` rgtlt`tjeigctg ―fgbgctrjtg’.

Wc` svleupp` uetgrl`rg fl qugstg rgtl sl è jvut` b`c ej p`ssldleltï fl ―jc`clilzzjrg― eg b`ccgssl`cl igfljctg ―ijsbhg-rjigct`’ fgmel lcflrlzzl L_ fgl slcmèl c`fl g e“utlelzz` fgeej brltt`mrjnlj cgeeg trjsilssl`cl>.

È lctgrgssjctg `ssgrvjrg bhg ej bejsslnlbjzl`cg fl bul s`prj rlbhljij sgczj fuddl` l i`fgeel t`pè`mlbl fl rgtg leeustrjtlfj Djrjc cge :<>4 g rlb`rfjtl cgeej prlij egzl`cg fge b`rs`.

Nlmurj 41 _jue Djrjc, rjpprgsgctjzl`cg t`pè`mlbj fgeej Tgtg =

7 Cjpstgr, le bgegdrg pr`mrjiij lcvgctjt` fj Rhjwc Njcclcm g flnnus` j pjrtlrg fje :<<<, igttgvj j flsp`slzl`cg fgmel utgctl l su`lsgrvgr, cgl qujel grjc` igi`rlzzjtl mel lcflbl fgeeg `pgrg flsp`cldlel. Fucqug eg lcn`rijzl`cl vgclvjc`, så, b`cflvlsg trj l flvgrslbelgct, ij eg b`ccgssl`cl flrgttg grjc` lcstjurjtg sueej djsg fgeeg lcflbjzl`cl rgpgrldlel prgss` l sgrvgr bgctrjel.> Wcj n`rij lctgrigflj trj l fug slstgil è qugeej utlelzzjtj fj DltV`rrgct , lc bul e“lcflbg fgl nlegs flsp`cldlel lc rgtg è j suj vètj uc nleg,

bhg puô gssgrg sjevjt` lc uc qujeucqug sgrvgr, jcbhg jee“lcsjputj fge su` tltèjrg, g bhg b`ctlgcg e“lcflblzzjzl`cg fgeeg rls`rsg l c-n`rijtlbhg b`ccgssg jf uc fgtgrilcjt` b`ctgcut`. Wc jpp`slt` pr`mrjiij belgct gejd`rj le nleg g rgbupgrj l fjtl lc djsg jeeg lstru-zl`cl lc gss` b`ctgcutg.= _JWE DJTJC, @c Flstrldutgf Bìiuclbjtl`cs Cgtw`rks1 TJCF, :<>4, c. _-4>4>, p. 7.





3 (*) Ej rgsp`csjdleltï fgee“utgctg pgr vlèjzl`cg fge b`pyrlmht cge nleg shjrlcm 3

Vgst` flsp`cldleg su elbgczj Brgjtlvg Bìi`cs - http1//brgjtlvgbìi`cs.̀ rm/elbgcsgs/dy-cb-cf/4.7/fggf.lt > / 4:

2.- (*) Ej rgsp`csjdleltï fgee“utgctg pgr vlèjzl`cg fge b`pyrlmht cge nleg shjrlcm

È c`t` bhg l pr`mrjiil pggr t` pggr vgcm`c` utlelzzjtl lc i`f` ijsslbbl` pgr ―sbjrlbjrg’ jduslvjigctg `pgrg pr`tg t-tg fje flrltt` f“jut`rg. Rl trjttj fl uc ngcìgc` gstrgijigctg flnnus`, rlspgtt` je qujeg cuigr`sg s`c` eg lclzljtlvg fl b`c-trjst`.

B`cslfgrjcf` eg plü rgbgctl i`flnlbhg egmlsejtlvg lc Ltjelj, dls`mcj rlb`rfjrg1- le Fgbrgt` Egmmg =4/4??6 b.f. ―Fgbrgt` Wrdjcl’ ` ―fgbrgt` sjevj blcgij’8.

- Le Fgbrgt` Egmmg 2:/4??7<, bhg hj i`flnlbjt` uetgrl`rigctg ej flsblpelcj.

Rg sl b`cslfgrj e“jttlvltï fl uc utgctg fl pr`mrjiil pgr nleg shjrlcm , sl p`ss`c` flstlcmugrg `pgrjzl`cl bhg hjcc` cjtu-rj g mrjvltï flvgrsj. Lcnjttl1

- E“utgctg puô sgipelbgigctg ―sbjrlbjrg’ eg `pgrg pr`tgttg je nlcg fl nrulrcg jduslvjigctg, `ppurg puô ―bjrlbjreg’lc rgtg g rgcfgreg flsp`cldlel j tgrzl1 `bb`rrg qulcfl flstlcmugrg trj f`wce`jf g upe`jf fl ijtgrljeg leegblt`;

- E“utgctg puô jmlrg pgr trjrcg utleltï gb`cìlbj, pgr sb`p` pgrs`cjeg, ` pgr jetr` sb`p`.

Zugstl brltgrl s`c` b`cslfgrjtl fje egmlsejt`rg, le qujeg hj prgvlst` spgblnlbjigctg bljsbucj fgeeg lp`tgsl. _gr uc b`c-nr`ct` b`c ej flsblpelcj prgbgfgctg, sl rlp`rtj fl sgmult` ucj ijsslij lc bul sl puô `ssgrvjrg bìg, lc jssgczj fl spgblnl-bj prgvlsl`cg lcbrlilcjtrlbg, ej b`cf`ttj fgeej b`cflvlsl`cg igfljctg slstgil ―pggr t` pggr’ c`c n`ssg pgrsgmuldleg.

Bjssjzl`cg pgcjeg sgz. LLL 44 c`vgidrg 4??> c. :6<Le f`wce`jflcm fl pr`mrjiil pgr gejd`rjt`rg g fl jetrg `pgrg fgee“lcmgmc` tutgejtl c`c è pgcjeigctg

pgrsgmuldleg (jcc` :<<<) lc jssgczj fgee` sb`p` fl eubr` p`lbhì mel liputjtl c`c hjcc` trjtt` jebuc pr`-nltt` gb`cìlb` fjeej prgflsp`slzl`cg fge sgrvgr NV_, igctrg fjeej utlelzzjzl`cg fgee` stgss` trjgvjc`s`stjczljeigctg vjctjmml` l sèl utgctl fge sgrvgr igfgsli`. Tgstjc` pgrtjct` gsbeusl fjee“jppelbjzl`cgfgmel jrt. :=: dls g :=: tgr, b`så bìg vlmgctl jee“gp`bj fgl njttl, eg b`cf`ttg p`stg lc gssgrg, rlb`cfubldl-el jeeg lp`tgsl fge b`csgmuligct` fge nlcg fl pr`nltt`, lc qujct`, nlcjelzzjtg je prgelgv` fl pr`mrjiil - fjpjrtg fgmel utgctl jdleltjtl jee“utlelzz` fge sgrvgr - lc bjidl` fge b`cngrligct` fl ijtgrljeg lcn`rijtlb`»

(Flrltt` )._rlij fgee'gctrjtj lc vlm`rg fgeej e. c. 468 fge 4???, bhg hj i`flnlbjt` ej e. c. >22 fge :<6:, e'jdusl-vj fupelbjzl`cg fl s`ntwjrg grj pucltj pgcjeigctg sè` lc prgsgczj fl "sb`p` fl eubr`" g c`c jcbhg lcbjs` fl "sb`p` fl pr`nltt`". Le nlcg fl eubr` fgvg b`cbrgtlzzjrsl cge pgrsgmuligct` fl uc vjctjmml` gb`-cìlbjigctg jpprgzzjdleg. Zulcfl, cgeej vlmgczj fgeej prgbgfgctg c`rijtlvj, c`c p`tgvj rltgcgrsl rgj-t` e` sbjidl` fl s`ntwjrg bhg jvvgclssg gsbeuslvjigctg j tltè` mrjtult` g c`c n`ssg b`ccgss` j n`rigfl puddelbltï ` jf jetrj utleltï gb`cìlbj trjiltg ej rgjelzzjzl`cg fl uc sgrvgr Ntp ("Nleg trjcsngr pr`t`-bè").

Lc ijsslij slctgsl, le qujfr` bìpegsslv` sl puô fgelcgjrg bìg sgmug1

Wpe`jf F`wce`jf

Ws` pgrs`cjeg Tgsp`csjdleltï pgcjeg Rjczl`cg jiilclstrjtlvj

Rb`p` Tgsp`csjdleltï pgcjeg Tgsp`csjdleltï pgcjeg

8 F.E. 44 ijrz` 4??6 c.=4 (lc Mjzz. Wnn., 42 ijrz`, c. ><), b`cvgrtlt`, b`c i`flnlbjzl`cl, lc egmmg 4: ijmml` 4??6, c. :48 «Lctgrvgctl pgr b`ctrjstjrg ej flnnusl`cg tgegijtlbj jduslvj fl `pgrg fgee'lcmgmc`, c`cbhì j s`stgmc` fgeeg jttlvltï blcgijt`mrjnlbhg g fgee`spgttjbè`».

< F.E 2: mgccjl` 4??7 c.= (lc Mjzz. Wnn., 2: mgccjl`, c. 46). b`cvgrtlt`, b`c i`flnlbjzl`cl, lc egmmg 2: ijrz` 4??7, c. 62 «Flsp`sl-zl`cl urmgctl pgr e'uclvgrsltï g ej rlbgrbj, pgr l dgcl g eg jttlvltï bueturjel, pgr le bìpegtjigct` fl mrjcfl `pgrg strjtgmlbhg, pgr ej i`-dleltï fgl puddelbl flpgcfgctl, g pgr sgipelnlbjrg mel jfgipligctl rgejtlvl j lip`stg fl dèe` g tjssg fl b`cbgssl`cg, c`cbhg' jetrg il-surg urmgctl ».


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3 (*) Ej rgsp`csjdleltï fgee“utgctg pgr vlèjzl`cg fge b`pyrlmht cge nleg shjrlcm 3

Vgst` flsp`cldleg su elbgczj Brgjtlvg Bìi`cs - http1//brgjtlvgbìi`cs.̀ rm/elbgcsgs/dy-cb-cf/4.7/fggf.lt = / 4:

Rl rltlgcg utleg rjbb`melgrg eg flsp`slzl`cl cgee` sbhgij sgmugctg1

Wpe`jf F`wce`jf

Ws`

pgrs`cjeg

Jrt. :=: egtt. j dls)

-3 Rjczl`cg pgcjeg pgbucljrlj

«:. Rjev` qujct` prgvlst` fjee'jrt. :=:-dls g fjee'jrtlbè` :=:-tgr, è puclt` b`c ej iuetj fj elrg :??.??? j elrg 6.???.??? bhlucqug, sgczjjvgrcg flrltt`, j qujesljsl sb`p` g lc qujesljsl n`rij […Y igttg jflsp`slzl`cg fge puddelb`, liigttgcfèj lc uc slstgij fl rgtl tgegijtlbhg, igfljctg b`ccgssl`cl fl qujesljsl mgcgrg, uc'`pgrjfgee'lcmgmc` pr`tgttj, ` pjrtg fl gssj […Y

Njbètï fl `dejzl`cg

4. Bhlucqug bìigttg ej vlèjzl`cg fl bul je prli` bìij, egttgrjj-dls), g' jiigss` j pjmjrg, prlij fgee'jpgrturj fge fldjttligct`,`vvgr` prlij fgee'gilssl`cg fge fgbrgt` pgcjeg fl b`cfjccj, ucjsìij b`rrlsp`cfgctg jeej igtj' fge ijssli` fgeej pgcj stjdleltjfje prli` bìij pgr le rgjt` bìigss`, ètrg eg spgsg fge pr`bg-

fligct`. Le pjmjigct` gstlcmug le rgjt`»

Jrt. :=4

-3 Rjczl`cg jiilclstrjtlvj

«:. Rg l njttl prgvgfutl cgee' jrtlbè` :=: s`c` bìigssl pgr bèpj ej pgcj è fgeej sjczl`cg jiilclstrjtlvj nlc` j :.?24,?? gur`».

Jrt. :=6 tgr

- 3Rjczl`cg jiilclstrjtlvj

«: .Bhlucqug jduslvjigctg utlelzzj, jcbhg vlj gtgrg ` vljbjv`, fupelbj, rlpr`fubg, lc tutt` ` lc pjrtg, b`c qujesljsl

pr`bgfligct`, jcbhg jvvjegcf`sl fl struigctl jttl jf geufg-rg eg ilsurg tgbcè`mlbhg fl pr`tgzl`cg, `pgrg ` ijtgrljel

pr`tgttl, `ppurg jbqulstj ` cègmmlj supp`rtl jufl`vlslvl,n`c`mrjnlbl, lcn`rijtlbl ` iuetligfljel c`c b`cn`ril jeeg prg-sbrlzl`cl fgeej prgsgctg egmmg, `vvgr` jttrgzzjturg, pr`f`ttl` bìp`cgctl jttl jf geufgrg ilsurg fl pr`tgzl`cg tgbcè`-mlbhg è puclt`, purbhì le njtt` c`c b`cb`rrj b`c l rgjtl fl buljmel jrtlbèl :=: , :=:-dls , :=:-tgr , :=:- qujtgr , :=:-qulcqulgs , :=:-sgptlgs g :=:-`btlgs , b`c ej sjczl`cg ji-ilclstrjtlvj pgbucljrlj fl gur` :76 g b`c eg sjczl`cl jbbgs-s`rlg fgeej b`cnlsbj fge ijtgrljeg g fgeej puddelbjzl`cg fge

pr`vvgfligct` su uc ml`rcjeg qu`tlfljc` j flnnusl`cg cj-

zl`cjeg.4. Lc bjs` fl rgblflvj ` fl njtt` mrjvg pgr ej qujctltï fgeegvlèjzl`cl ` fgeeg b`plg jbqulstjtg ` cègmmljtg, ej sjczl`cgjiilclstrjtlvj è juigctjtj slc` jf gur` :?24,?? gf lenjtt` è puclt` b`c ej b`cnlsbj fgmel struigctl g fge ijtgrlj-eg, b`c ej puddelbjzl`cg fge pr`vvgfligct` su fug ` plüml`rcjel qu`tlfljcl j flnnusl`cg cjzl`cjeg ` su uc` ` plü

pgrl`flbl spgbljelzzjtl cge sgtt`rg fgee` spgttjbè` g, sg sltrjttj fl jttlvltï liprgcflt`rljeg, b`c ej rgv`bj fgeej b`cbgs-sl`cg ` fgee'jut`rlzzjzl`cg fl flnnusl`cg rjfl`tgegvlslvj `fgee' jut`rlzzjzl`cg pgr e' gsgrblzl` fgee' jttlvltï pr`futtlvj `bìigrbljeg (:) .

(:) Jrtlbè` s`stltult` fjee'jrtlbè` 48 fge F.Ems. < jprleg4??2, c. >8.».

Rb`p` (rlegvj e` sb`p` fl EWBT@:?, bhg bìprgcfg slj le ―ijmml`r

rlbjv`’ slj le ―ilc`r b`st`’) (rlegvj e` sb`p` fl _T@NLVV@, bhg b`cbgrcg prgblsj-igctg le ―rlbjv`’, b`cbgtt` plü rlstrgtt` fl ―eubr`’ pgr-bhì c`c bìprgcfg le ―ilc`r b`st`’)

Jrt. :=: tgr bìij 4 egtt. j dls)

-3 Rjczl`cg pgcjeg fgtgctlvj g pgbucljrlj

«:. G' puclt`, sg le njtt` g' bìigss` pgr us` c`c pgrs`cjeg, b`c ejrgbeusl`cg fj sgl igsl j trg jccl g b`c ej iuetj fj blcqug j trgctjilel`cl fl elrg bhlucqug j nlcl fl eubr`1 […Y lc vlèjzl`cg fgee'jrtlbè`:>, j nlcl fl eubr`, bìuclbj je puddelb` liigttgcfèj lc uc slstgij fl rgtl tgegijtlbhg, igfljctg b`cbgssl`cl fl qujesljsl mgcgrg, uc'`pgrj fgee'lcmgmc` pr`tgttj fje flrltt` f'jut`rg, ` pjrtg fl gssj».

Jrt. :=: tgr bìij 2

Blrb`stjczj jttgcujctg

«Ej pgcj è flilcultj sg le njtt` è fl pjrtlbèjrg tgcultï ».

Jrt. :=: dls bìij :

-3Rjczl`cg pgcjeg fgtgctlvj g pgbucljrlj

«: . Bhlucqug jduslvjigctg fupelbj, pgr trjrcg pr`nltt`, pr`mrjiil pgr gejd`rjt`rg ` jl igfgslil nlcl lip`rtj, fl-strldulsbg, vgcfg, fgtlgcg j sb`p` bìigrbljeg ` liprgcfl-t`rljeg ` b`cbgfg lc e`bjzl`cg pr`mrjiil b`ctgcutl lc sup-

p`rtl c`c b`ctrjssgmcjtl fjeej R`blgtï ltjeljcj fgmel jut`rlgf gflt`rl (RLJG), è s`mmgtt` jeej pgcj fgeej rgbeusl`cg fjsgl igsl j trg jccl g fgeej iuetj fj elrg blcqug ilel`cl jelrg trgctj ilel`cl . Ej stgssj pgcj sl jppelbj sg le njtt`

b`cbgrcg qujesljsl igzz` lctgs` uclbjigctg j b`csgctlrg` njbleltjrg ej rli`zl`cg jrdltrjrlj ` e'geusl`cg nuczl`cjeg flflsp`sltlvl jppelbjtl j pr`tgzl`cg fl uc pr`mrjiij pgr gej-d`rjt`rl. Ej pgcj c`c è lcngrl`rg cge ilcli` j fug jccl flrgbeusl`cg g ej iuetj j elrg trgctj ilel`cl sg le njtt` è fl rleg-vjctg mrjvltï».

Rjczl`cgbìucg

Jrt. :=6 dls

-3 Rjczl`cg jiilclstrjtlvj

«Ngrig eg sjczl`cl pgcjel jppelbjdlel, ej vlèjzl`cg fgeeg flsp`slzl`cl prgvlstg cgeej prgsgctg sgzl`cg è pucltj b`c ej sjczl`cgjiilclstrjtlvj pgbucljrlj pjrl je f`ppl` fge prgzz` fl igrbjt` fgee' p̀grj ` fge supp`rt` `mmgtt` fgeej vlèjzl`cg, .lc ilsurjbìucqug c`c lcngrl`rg j gur` :?2,?? . Rg le prgzz` c`c è njbleigctg fgtgrilcjdleg, ej vlèjzl`cg è pucltj b`c ej sjczl`cg jiil-clstrjtlvj fj gur` :?2,?? j gur` :?24,??. Ej sjczl`cg jiilclstrjtlvj sl jppelbj cgeej ilsurj stjdleltj pgr `mcl vlèjzl`cg g pgr `mclgsgipejrg jduslvjigctg fupelbjt` ` rlpr`f`tt`»..

:? È lctgrgssjctg rlpgrb`rrgrg eg vlbgcfg fge r gqulslt` fge nlcg fgeej b`cf`ttj pucltj. B`c F.E. =4/4??6 b.f. ―Fgbrgt` Wrdjcl’ eg pjr ̀ eg«j nlcl fl eubr`» vgccgr` s`stltultg b`c «pgr trjrcg pr`nltt`». Rubbgsslvjigctg, b`c F.E. =/4??7 eg pjrèg «pgr trjrcg pr`nltt`» vgccg-r` s`stltultg b`c «j nlcl fl eubr`», rlt`rcjcf` jeej n`riuejzl`cg lclzljeg. Lc s`stjczj, ej i`flnlbj sl b`csgrvô pgr blrbj uc jcc`.





3 (*) Ej rgsp`csjdleltï fge pr`vlfgr 3


Fje puct` fl vlstj prjtlb`, e“utlelzz` fl pr`mrjiil fl nleg shjrlcm bìp`rtj uc pr`degij c`c lcflnngrgctg. Fj uc ejt`, lc`c`rg jeeg jspgttjtlvg fgmel jetrl utgctl, bljsbuc` f`vrgddg ―b`cflvlfgrg’ lctgmrjeigctg qujct` rgpgrlt` lc rgtg g qulcflf`vrgddg gssgrbl uc gquleldrl` trj blô bhg e“utgctg sbjrlbj g blô bhg ejsblj j flsp`slzl`cg fgmel jetrl utgctl su`l ―pjrl’ cgeeg―bjrtgeeg b`cflvlsg’. Fjee“jetr` ejt`, le njtt` stgss` fl b`cflvlfgrg slmclnlbj bìplgrg ucj b`cf`ttj bhg è jstrjttjigctg lf `-cgj jf lctgmrjrg ej njttlspgblg pucltlvj. Lc jetrl tgrilcl, sg tuttl mel utgctl f`vgssgr` sètjct` ―sbjrlbjrg’ le ijtgrljeg pgrgsligrsl fjeej rgsp`csjdleltï pgcjeg ‒ lc i`f` fj s`mmljbgrg gvgctujeigctg sè` j qugeej jiilclstrjtlvj ‒ jee`rj c`c vlsjrgddgr` plü nleg fj b`cflvlfgrg.

Le rlsbhl` egmjeg sl puô b`melgrg ‒ pgr jcje`mlj ‒ b`c eg flsp`slzl̀ cl gijcjtg lc tgij fl b`ctrjst` je trjnnlb` fl ijtgrlj-eg pgf`p`rc`mrjnlb`.

Bjssjzl`cg pgcjeg sgz. LLL = flbgidrg 4??> c. 7<2Bìigttg le fgeltt` fl flvuemjzl`cg vlj lctgrcgt fl ijtgrljeg pgf`-p`rc`mrjnlb` prgvlst` fje bìij

2 fgee'jrt. >??-tgr b.p. g c`c qugee` fl igrj bgssl`cg, prgvlst` je bìij qujrt` fge igfgsli` jrtlb`-e`, c`c sè` bhl utlelzzl pr`mrjiil fl nleg-shjrlcm pggr t` pggr, ij jcbhg bhl liplgmhl ucj bhjt elcg, spj-zl` vlrtujeg strutturjt` lc bjcjel, cgeej qujeg uc sè` clbkcjig, cgbgssjrl` jf jbbgfgrg jeej bjrtgeej-liijmlcl ` vlfg`, vgcmj utlelzzjt` fj plü pgrs`cg jeeg qujel sljc` stjtg rgsg c`tg e'usgrcjig g ej pjs-sw`rf, bhg p`ss`c` lc tje i`f` rlbgvgrg g trjsigttgrg ijtgrljeg pgf`-p`rc`mrjnlb`; tjeg slstgij rgc-fg p`ssldleg trjsngrlrg le ijtgrljeg pgf`-p`rc`mrjnlb` j iètgpelbl fgstlcjtjrl g c`c sl flnngrgczlj

pgrblô fjeej flvuemjzl`cg vgrj g pr`prlj, sgiprg bhg rlsuetl pr`vjtj lc bjp` jee'jmgctg ej vè`ctïjeej flvuemjzl`cg, bìg cge bjs` lc bul ej trjsilssl`cg slj stjtj rgltgrjtjigctg rlvètj j plü pgr-s`cg.

Jccueej b`c rlcvl`, Vrld. Dgrmji`, 46/?</4??8

Ej rjml`cg fgeej ijsslij è bhljrj1 ej b`cflvlsl`cg fl ucj bjrtgeej lipelbj bhg e“utgctg c`c lctgcfg sgipelbgigctgbgfgrg uc nleg j uc fgstlcjtjrl` fgtgrilcjt`, ij bhg e` lctgcfg flnn`cfgrg j ucj peurjeltï lcflstlctj fl utgctl.

6.- (*) Ej rgsp`csjdleltï fge pr`vlfgr

_gr qujct` b`cbgrcg ej rgsp`csjdleltï fgmel lctgrigfljrl, `bb`rrg gvlfgctgigctg flstlcmugrg fug lp`tgsl1

(:) le pr`vlfgr b`cb`rrg flrgttjigctg cgeej vlèjzl`cg fgeeg c`rig sue b`pyrlmht fgmel utgctl. Zugstj lp`tgsl è dgc

p`ssldleg, fje iìgct` lc bul vl è uc gnngttlv` b`ctrldut` fj pjrtg fge pr`vlfgr cgeej bìilssl`cg fgeej b`cf`ttjbrlilc`sj. Lc qugst` sgcs`, vgfjsl1

Bjssjzl`cg pgcjeg sgz. LLL 4< sgttgidrg 4??< c. 6<62=B`cb`rrg cge rgjt` fl flnnusl`cg igfljctg ej rgtg Lctgrcgt fl uc'`pgrj fgee'lcmgmc` pr`tgttj fje flrlt-

t` f'jut`rg (jrt. :=: tgr bìij 4 egtt. j) dls) le tltèjrg fge slt` wgd bhg, p`rtjcf` j b`c`sbgczj fgmelutgctl eg "bhljvl fl jbbgss`" g eg lcn`rijzl`cl lc `rflcg jeej rgpgrldleltï, lc tutt` ` lc pjrtg, fgee'`pgrj,b`csgctg jmel stgssl e` sbjidl` fgl nlegs rgejtlvl igfljctg le slstgij fl bìuclbjzl`cg "pggr t`pggr".

(4) Le pr`vlfgr vlgcg b`cslfgrjt` lcflrgttjigctg rgsp`csjdleg pgr mel leegbltl bìigssl, j tltè` jut`cì` rlspgtt`j qugee` fgmel utgctl gf je fl nu`rl fl uc gnngttlv` b`cb`rs` b`c gssl.

Lc qugst` sgb`cf` sgcs`, `bb`rrg bìprgcfgrg sg slj p`ssldleg ‒ jcje`mjigctg jee“lp`tgsl fge flrgtt`rg rgsp`csjdleg cgeej tgstjtj ml`rcjelstlbj ‒ jttrldulrg ucj rgsp`csjdleltï fl tlp` `mmgttlv` je pr`vlfgr pgr ej vlèjzl`cg fgeeg flsp`slzl`clfge b`pyrlmht .

Gvlfgctgigctg, `bb`rrg prlij jbbgccjrg j bìg sl b`cnlmurjc` l fug i`fgeel fl rgsp`csjdleltï g p`l jppelbjreljee“lp`tgsl pjrtlbèjrg fge pggr t` pggr , vgrlnlbjcf`cg eg flnnlbètï jttrjvgrs` le rlbhlji` fl jebucl gsgipl.

6.:.- E“ gvèuzl`cg mlurlsprufgczljeg W.R.J. fjeej «Dgtjijx Tueg» (Cjpstgr) jeej «lcfubgigct eljdlelty» (Mr`k-

stgr)

Rl è mlï trjttjt` cgeeg prgbgfgctl egzl`cl sueej rgsp`csjdleltï fge pr`vlfgr bìg n`rclt`rg fl b`ctgcutl g, lc prgigssj jqugstj egzl`cg, sl è rlbhljijtj ej flsblpelcj lc tgij fl ―bìigrbl` gegttr`clb`’ fge F. Ems. =?/4??2.

Lc elcgj fl prlcblpl` le pr`vlfgr bìg tjeg c`c è uc gflt`rg ‒ qulcfl c`c hj ucj rgsp`csjdleltï fl tlp` `mmgttlv` ‒ g c`cè `ddelmjt` j b`ctrèejrg le b`ctgcut` fgeeg lcn`rijzl`cl bhg trjcsltjc` jttrjvgrs` ` bhg rlslgf`c` cgl su`l slstgil, qulcflc`c è uc ―bgcs`rg’. J qugst` pr`p`slt`, è utleg jbbgccjrg jeej bejsslnlbjzl`cg jf`ttjtj cgee“`rflcjigct` stjtucltgcsg,






Vgst` flsp`cldleg su elbgczj Brgjtlvg Bìi`cs - http1//brgjtlvgbìi`cs.̀ rm/elbgcsgs/dy-cb-cf/4.7/fggf.lt < / 4:

p`lbhì tjeg i`fgee` hj lcneugczjt` ‒ g vgr`slileigctg lcneugczgrï jcb`rj ‒ ej f`ttrlcj b`ctlcgctjeg g qulcfl jcbhg eg fg-blsl`cl cge c`str` `rflcjigct`.

I`fgee`:: Rtrlbt eljdlelty B`ctrldut`ry eljdlelty ^lbjrlùs eljdlelty

Fgnlclzl`cg slctgtlbj Tgsp`csjdleltï flrgttj pgr njtt` pr`prl`,sgczj lcfjmlcg suee“gegigct` s`mmgttl-

v`.

Jf gsligrg fj rgsp`csjdleltï è sunnl-blgctg bhg e` struigct` n`rclt` j bhl

flrgttjigctg hj vlèjt` ej c`rij c`cslj pr`f`tt` g flstrldult` gsbeuslvj-igctg b`c e` sb`p` fl bìigttgrge“leegblt`:4 (gs1 ej vgcfltj fl uc“jrijfj nu`b` pr`fubg rgsp`csjdleltï sggnngttujtj jf uc s`mmgtt` bhg sl sjbìigttgrï uc fgeltt`).

Zugst` mgcgrg fl rgsp`csjdleltïpuô gssgrg rlbèegmjt` jeej n`rij

spgbljeg fl rgsp`csjdleltï fgebìilttgctg pgr e'jttlvltï bìplutjfjl bìigssl, prgvlstj cge c`str``rflcjigct` fjee“jrt. 4?6< BB, gpgr le b`csgmugctg dgcgnlbl` gb`-cìlb` `ttgcut`.

_rgsupp`st` fgeejb`cf`ttj

Lc qugst` bjs` ej b`cf`ttj è liputjdlegflrgttjigctg je pr`vlfgr, qulcfl c`c vl èucj jetrul b`cf`ttj prgsupp`stj

Gnngttlvj bìilssl`cg fl uc leegblt` fj pjrtg fl uc utgctg:2.

Gegigct` s`mmgttlv` Gnngttlvj b`c`sbgczj:6 Flrltt` g p`ssldleltï fl gnngttlv` b`c-trèe`:7

B`cf`ttj ijtgrljeg B`ctrldut` ijtgrljeg:> Dgcgnlbl` gb`cìlb` flrgtt`:= Bjsl fl rlngrligct` _ejyd`y Gctgrprlsgs Lcb. / Nrgcj:8 Cjpstgr :<

Jlistgr 4? Buddy / Bìpusgrvg4: Rgmj Gctgrprlsgs Etf. / Ijphlj44 Rblgctè`my / Cgtbì42

È utleg flsgmcjrg lc ijsslij slctgsl le pgrb`rs` jrmìgctjtlv` bhg hj b`cf`tt` ej mlurlsprufgczj jf gejd`rjrg uc ue-tgrl`rg i`fgee` tg`rlb` fl rgsp`csjdleltï spgblnlbjigctg jppelbjdleg jl pr`vlfgr.

Ej mlurlsprufgczj sl grj jttgstjtj je ―Dgtjijx rueg’ ` ―R`cy sjng Hjrdùr ’. Cge bgegdrg ―Bjs` Dgtjijx’, nu gsbeusjej rgsp`csjdleltï fge pr`futt`rg fl vlfg`rgmlstrjt`rl f`tjtl fl ―f`pplj gctrjtj’ ‒ bhg b`csgct`c` ej fupelbjzl`cg fgeeg vl-

:: Bnr.1 Nrgf ^`c E`hijcc, rgpgrldleg prgss` le slt` www.gnn.`rm1 ―]hjt pggr-t`-pggr fgvge`pgrs cggf t` kc`w jdùt b`pyrlmht ejw ’,p. 6. _jrg lctgrgssjctg rlb`rfjrg bhg e'jut`rg flngsg Mr`kstgr cgeej b`ctr`vgrslj lctgctjtj fjeeg ija`rs; R. I@R@EG, Le iuetligflj cgeslstgij fl b`pyrlmht stjtucltgcsg g ej rgsp`csjdleltï fgmel lctgrigfljrl `celcg cgeej flstrlduzl`cg fl `pgrg pr`tgttg, lc «Bldgrspjzl` g

flrltt`» (4??:) 4, pjm. 27; M. R_GFLBJV@, Ej rgsp`csjdleltï gxtrjb`ctrjttujeg fge pr`vlfgr pgr vlèjzl`cl fge flrltt` f“jut`rg, lc «Bldgr-spjzl` g flrltt`» (4??2) 6, pjm. <7.:4 Zugstj f`ttrlcj, rlprgsj fjeej ijtgrlj fge flrltt` lcfustrljeg gf lcflbjtj bìg ―stjpeg jrtlbeg `n bìigrbg f`btrlcg’, vgccg p`l p`sl-tlvlzzjtj cge FIBJ, tltè` L, j tutgej fgeeg ilsurg tgbcè`mlbhg fl pr`tgzl`cg.:2 Flrgbt lcnrlcmgigct1 «Vhgrg hjs dggc j flrgbt lcnrlcmgigct dy sìg`cg»:6 Kc`wegfmg1 «Vhg jbbusgf b`ctrldut`ry lcnrlcmgr kcgw `n thg ucfgreylcm flrgbt lcnrlcmgigct. Vhls gegigct bjc dg sjtlsnlgf dysh`wlcm glthgr thjt thg b`ctrldut`ry lcnrlcmgr jbtujeey kcgw jdùt thg lcnrlcmlcm jbtlvlty, `r thjt hg rgjs`cjdey shùef hjvg kc`wcmlvgc jee thg njbts jcf blrbuistjcbgs. Jt j ilcliui, h`wgvgr, thg b`ctrldut`ry lcnrlcmgr iust hjvg sìg spgblnlb lcn`rijtl`c jdùtlcnrlcmlcm jbtlvlty ‖thg igrg njbt thjt thg systgi ls bjpjdeg `n dglcm usgf n`r lcnrlcmgigct, dy ltsgen, ls c`t gcùmh ».:7 Tlmht jcf Jdlelty t` B`ctrè1 «Vhg jbbusgf vlbjrlùs lcnrlcmgr hjf thg rlmht jcf jdlelty t` b`ctrè `r supgrvlsg thg ucfgreylcm flrgbt

lcnrlcmgigct. Vhls gegigct f`gs c`t cgbgssjrley sgt j hlmh hurfeg. N`r gxjipeg, thg Cjpstgr bùrt nùcf thjt thg jdlelty t` tgrilcjtgusgr jbbùct s `r de`bk usgr jbbgss t` thg systgi wjs gcùmh t` b`cstltutg ―b`ctrè ».:> Ijtgrlje B`ctrldutl`c1 «Vhg jbbusgf b`ctrldut`ry lcnrlcmgr bjusgf `r ijtgrljeey b`ctrldutgf t` thg ucfgreylcm flrgbt lcnrlcmgigct.Igrgey pr`vlflcm thg ―sltg jcf njbleltlgs’ thjt ijkg thg flrgbt lcnrlcmgigct p`ssldeg bjc dg gcùmh. B`pyrlmht `wcgrs hjvg jrmugfthjt slipey pr`vlflcm s`nt wjrg `r j fgvlbg thjt ijkgs lcnrlcmgigct p`ssldeg ls ―ijtgrlje b`ctrldutl`c’ ».

:= Flrgbt Nlcjcblje Dgcgnlt1 «Vhg jbbusgf vlbjrlùs lcnrlcmgr fgrlvgf j ―flrgbt nlcjcblje dgcgnlt’ nrì thg ucfgreylcm flrgbt lcnrlcm g-igct. Lc jppeylcm thls rueg, h`w gvgr, thg bùrts hjvg c`t lcslstgf thjt thg dgcgnlt dg gspgbljeey ―flrgbt’ `r ―nlcjcblje’‖jei`st jcydgcgnlt sggis t` dg gcùmh. N`r gxjipeg, thg Cjpstgr bùrt n` ucf thjt ―nlcjcblje dgcgnlt gxlsts whgrg thg jvjlejdlelty `n lcnrlcmlcmijtgrlje jbts js j frjw n`r bustìgrs’ jcf thg mr`wlcm usgr djsg, lc turc, ijkgs thg bìpjcy i`rg jttrjbtlvg t` lcvgst`rs ».:8 _ejyd`y Gctgrprlsgs Lcb. v. Nrgcj, 82< N. Rupp. :774, :77< (I. F. Nej :<<2). Ej rgsp`csjdleltï flrgttj nu stjdleltj lc djsg jeejsgipelbg prgsgczj fl ijtgrljeg leegbltjigctg fupelbjt` sue sgrvgr.

:< J&I Tgb`rfs v. Cjpstgr, 42< N.2f :??6 (<th Blr. 4??:). Lc gnngttl Cjpstgr nu rltgcut` rgsp`csjdleg jcbhg lc n`rij lcflrgttj.4? Lc rg Jlistgr B`pyrlmht Eltlmjtl`c, 226 N.2f >62 (=th Blr. 4??2).4:

Gsbeusj ej rgsp`csjdleltï fge pr`vlfgr pgrbhì igr` flstrldut`rg fl b`ctgcutl (bjusj rgejtlvj j flnnjijzl`cg)44 Rgmj Gctgrprlsgs Etf. v. Ijphlj, 87= N. Rupp. >=< (C. F. Bje :<<6). Ej rgsp`csjdleltï flrgttj nu stjdleltj pgr le njtt` bhg le pr`vlfgrlcb`rjmmljvj ej fupelbjzl`cg g cg trjgvj uc dgcgnlbl` gb`cìlb` flrgtt`.42 Gsbeusj ej rgsp`csjdleltï fge pr`vlfgr pgrbhì lcsusslstgctg le rgqulslt` fge dgcgnlbl` gb`cìlb`.


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Vgst` flsp`cldleg su elbgczj Brgjtlvg Bìi`cs - http1//brgjtlvgbìi`cs.̀ rm/elbgcsgs/dy-cb-cf/4.7/fggf.lt :? / 4:

fg`bjssgttg ‒ p`lbhì e` struigct` c`c grj gsbeuslvjigctg pr`f`tt` g flstrldult` pgr ej fupelbjzl`cg jduslvj fl ijtgrljegpr`tgtt` fje b`pyrlmht46. Lc s`stjczj, jf gsbeufgrg ej rgsp`csjdleltï fge n`rclt`rg è sunnlblgctg bhg le pr`f`tt` slj lf`cg`jf uc utlelzz` egblt`.

Zugstj gsbeusl`cg c`c nu rltgcutj jppelbjdleg jl slstgil pggr t` pggr , prlij cge bjs` Cjpstgr g p`l je bjs` Jlistgr .Zujct` j Cjpstgr , sl rlegvô bhg1

(:) L flstrldut`rl fge s`ntwjrg jvgvjc` flrgttj g spgblnlbj b`c`sbgczj fgeeg vlèjzl`cl fge b`pyrlmht , fjtg eg i`fjeltï

tgbclbhg fge su` nuczl`cjigct` g jvrgddgr` tgbclbjigctg p`tut`, qulcfl jvrgddgr` mlurlflbjigctg f`vut`, rliu`vgrg leijtgrljeg leegblt` fjeeg elstg prgsgctl sul e`r` sgrvgrs b`c uc gnnlbjbg slstgij fl nletrjmml` jutìjtlb`.(4) Jl nlcl fgeej fgblsl`cg, c`c sl b`cslfgrô le njtt` bhg le sgrvlzl` n`ssg ̀ nngrt` mrjtultjigctg jmel lsbrlttl.Zujct` jf Jlistgr , sl jnngriô bhg1(:) è `cgrg fge b`cvgcut` qugee` fl pr`vjrg lc mluflzl` e'lf`cgltï fge pr`f`tt` jf uc utlelzz` egblt`.

(4) le njtt` bhg eg trjsilssl`cl cgeej rgtg pggr t` pggr n`ssgr` brlptjtg vgccg b`cslfgrjt` c`c ucj pr`vj fgee'lip`ssldl-eltï fl b`c`sbgrg fj pjrtg fge pr`vlfgr , ij fgeej vè`ctï jrtlnlbl`sj fl p`rsl nu`rl fjeej egmjeltï, geufgcf` le rgqulslt` fgeejb`c`sbldleltï rlbhlgst` fjeej b`ctrldut`ry eljdlelty .

_gr Mr`kstgr 47, bhg j flnngrgczj fl Cjpstgr jf`ttjvj ucj strutturj fgbgctrjelzzjtj, le mluflbg lcflvlfuô fgl brltgrl uetg-rl`rl fl rgsp`csjdleltï1

(:) _rgsupp`st`1 gnngttlvj vlèjzl`cg fj pjrtg fgmel utgctl;(4) Lctgct`4>1 ej b`cf`ttj b`stltulsbg ucj prì`zl`cg fgeej vlèjzl`cg fge b`pyrlmht;

(2) B`cf`ttj jttlvj4=1 e“lcfuzl`cg jvvlgcg igfljctg jttl b`cbrgtl j supp`rt` fgeeg vlèjzl`cl; Fj qugstl gegigctl nu gejd`rjt` ucj vjrljctg fgeej b`ctrldut`ry eljdlelty igmel` c`tj bìg ―lcfubgigct thg`ry’, bhg

vgccg jppelbjtj fl rgbgctg jf uc jetr` slstgij pggr t` pggr , Eligwlrg48.

6.4.- Ej mlurlsprufgczj ltjeljcj

Flvgrsg sgctgczg jvgvjc` jrmìgctjt` lc Ltjelj j njv`rg fgee“jsslilejzl`cg (Vrlducjeg Cjpèl 8/8/:<<>), b`så bìg lcsgcs` cgmjtlv` (Vrlducjeg Tìj 6/=/:<<8).

(:)

M``meg Nrjcbg / ûltt`c Igeegttlgr (sgctgczj BMWG fge 42 ijrz` 4?:? cgeeg bjusg rlucltg B-428-42=-428/4??8), rgejtlv` jee“utlelzz` fge sgrvlzl` bìigrbljeg fl p`slzl`cjigct` JF]@TFR, b`cfjccjt` le pr`vlfgr;(4) E“@rgje / Gdjy (sgctgczj BMWG fge :4 eumel` 4?:: cgeej bjusj B-246/4??<)(2) Igfljsgt / \ùtudg (`rflcjczj Vrlducjeg fl Tìj :7/:4/?< b`cngrijtj lc sgfg fl rgbeji` le :4/4/:?), rgejtlvj

jeej rlpr`fuzl`cg fl vlfg` fge pr`mrjiij ―Mrjcfg Nrjtgee`’ (lstjczj bjutgejrg rgsplctj); (6) NJ_J^ / Vgegbì (`rflcjczj Vrlducjeg fl Tìj :6/6/:?)1 rlmgttjtj ej rlbhlgstj fgeej Ngfgrjzl`cg b`ctr` ej _lrj-

tgrlj Jufl`vlslvj fl `rflcjrg jeej Vgegbì fl lcldlrg e“jbbgss` jeej rg tg j ucj sgrlg fl sltl fjl qujel grj p`ssldlegsbjrlbjrg `pgrg pr`tgttg.

46 R`cy v. Wclvgrsje Blty Rtufl`s, 6>6 W.R. 6:= (:<86)1 « thg sjeg `n b`pylcm gqulpigct, elkg thg sjeg `n `thgr jrtlbegs `n bìigrbg,

f`gs c`t b`cstltutg b`ctrldut`ry lcnrlcmgigct ln thg pr`fubt ls wlfgey usgf n`r egmltlijtg, uc`dagbtl`cjdeg purp`sgs. Lcfggf, lt cggfigrgey dg bjpjdeg `n sudstjctlje c`c-lcnrlcmlcm usgs.»47 IMI v. Mr`kstgr, :47 R. Bt. 4=>6 (4??7). Ej fgblsl`cg fgeej B`rtg Ruprgij fgmel Rtjtl Wcltl è fge 4= mlumc` 4??7.4> Lctgct1 «Vhg jbbusgf lcfubgr lctgcfgf t` prì`tg b`pyrlmht lcnrlcmgigct. Bùrts mgcgrjeey jee`w lctgct t` dg sh`wc dy blrbui-stjctlje gvlfgcbg, whlbh igjcs thjt b`pyrlmht `wcgrs wlee jrmug thjt jei`st jcythlcm bùef dg rgegvjct t` gstjdelshlcm whjt thg fg-ngcfjct lctgcfgf. N`r gxjipeg, b`pyrlmht `wcgrs ijy p`lct t` h`w j bìpjcy ijkgs i`cgy, whgthgr lt bùef hjvg i`flnlgf ltss`ntwjrg t` rgfubg lcnrlcmlcm usgs, jcf whgthgr lt wjs trylcm t` jttrjbt lcnrlcmgrs js usgrs. Js pjrt `n thg eltlmjtl`c pr`bgss kc`wc js―flsb`vgry,’ b`pyrlmht `wcgrs ijy dg gctltegf t` sgjrbh thrùmh bìpjcy jcf lcflvlf uje gijles jcf `thgr f`buigcts, js wgee js lc-tgrvlgw p`tgctlje wltcgssgs ucfgr `jth, lc `rfgr t` fgvge`p gvlfgcbg `n lctgct ».4= Jnnlrijtlvg Jbt1 «Vhg jbbusgf lcfubgr hjs ijfg stjtgigcts `r tjkgc `thgr jbtlvg stgps flrgbtgf jt gcbùrjmlcm lcnrlcmlcm usgs.Gxjipegs `n jnnlrijtlvg stgps ijy lcbeufg jfvgrtlslcm j pr`fubt n`r lcnrlcmlcm usgs, lcstrubtlcm usgrs h`w t` lcnrlcmg (lcbeuflcm whgc pr`vlflcm bustìgr supp`rt), `r jcythlcm gesg thjt ―gctlbgs `r pgrsujfgs’ j usgr t` bìilt lcnrlcmgigct. L t bjc jes` lcbeufg prì`-

tl`cje gnn`rts jligf jt fgeldgrjtgey jttrjbtlcm lcnrlcmgrs t` usg yùr pr`fubt (g.m., trylcm t` jttrjbt thg usgrs `n thg èf Cjpstgrsgrv-lbg)».48 Jrlstj Tgb`rfs EEB v. Elig Mrùp EEB, =:7 N. Rupp. 4f 68: (4?:?). Fgblsl`cl fge :: ijmml` 4?:? g fge 47 ijmml` 4?:?.E“`rflcjczj fl bgssjzl`cg fge sgrvlzl` fjtj 4> `tt`drg 4?:?.






Vgst` flsp`cldleg su elbgczj Brgjtlvg Bìi`cs - http1//brgjtlvgbìi`cs.̀ rm/elbgcsgs/dy-cb-cf/4.7/fggf.lt :: / 4:

(7) _NJ / \jh``! Ltjelj (`rflcjczj Vrlducjeg fl Tìj 44/2/::)1 lcldlt`rlj fge pr`vlfgr j pr`sgmulrg cgeej vlèjzl`cgfge b`pyrlmht igfljctg flnnusl`cg fl elck j b`plg jduslvg fge nlei ―Jdùt Geey’4<.

(>) \jh``! Ltjelj / Jenj Nleis (@rflcjczj Vrlducjeg fl Tìj LX sgz. :> mlumc` 4?::)2?, rgsp`csjdleltï pgr vlèjzl`-cg flrgttj fjtj fjeej mgstl`cg fl i`t`rg fl rlbgrbj bhg b`cfubg igfljctg elck j ijtgrljeg leegbltjigctg flsp`cldleglc rgtg. Le sgrvlzl` fl wgd sgjrbh vlgcg b`cslfgrjt` bìg sgrvlzl` uetgrl`rg rlspgtt` j qugeel bjc`clbl prgvlstl fjeejflsblpelcj sue ―bìigrbl` gegttr`clb`’ g qulcfl c`c sl jppelbj e“gsbeusl`cg fjee“`ddelm` mgcgrjeg fl s` rvgmeljczj.Ej rgsp`csjdleltï vlgcg jnngrijtj pgrbhì le pr`vlfgr jvgvj b`c`sbgczj fgee“leelbgltï fge b`ctgcut`. _grô le rgbeji`vlgcg jbbèt` pgrbhì bhl prgsgctj fìjcfj fl tutgej c`c lcflbj spgblnlbjigctg qujeg slj le ijtgrljeg leegblt` gqulcfl qujel sljc` l elck fj rliu`vgrg. Rl jnngrij, lc s`stjczj, ej susslstgczj fl uc `cgrg pr`djt`rl` j bjrlb` flbhl jssuig fl gssgrg egs`.

6.2.- Le bjs` ―Vhg _lrjtg Djy’

Le bjs` fl _lrjtg Djy è lctgrgssjctg s`tt` flvgrsl pr`nlel, pgrbhì jttrjvgrs` fl gss` sl puô bìprgcfgrg le b`cneltt` trjflvgrsl i`fl fl b`cbgplrg c`c sètjct` ej Tgtg, ij jcbhg e“gb`cìlj g ej s`blgtï, b`c bul ej mlurlsprufgczj sl stj ils u-rjcf`.

«Vhg _lrjtg Djy » è uc slt` wgd uc tgip` jbbgssldleg jcbhg fjee“Ltjelj prgvlj rgmlstrjzl`cg jee“lcflrlzz`http1//thgplrjtgdjy.`rm, fje qujeg l tltèjrl flstrldulvjc` ijtgrljeg lc gsprgssj g pjegsg vlèjzl`cg fgeeg c`rig lc ijtgrlj

fl b`pyrlmht.Ej b`csuetjzl`cg è mrjtultj pgr mel utgctl. Le slt` sl nlcjczlj b`c eg f`cjzl`cl g ej puddelbltï bhg vlgcg lcsgrltj cgeeg pj-mlcg fgl rlsuetjtl fgeeg rlbgrbhg.

Rbhgrijtj lclzljeg fge slt` (fj1 http1//gc.wlklpgflj.`rm/wlkl/Nleg1_lrjtgdjynr`cpjmg.pcm)

Le slt` sl pr`p`cg bìg ―i`t`rg fl rlbgrbj’ pgr nlegs dltV`rrgct . Zulcfl c`c b`ctlgcg pr`prljigctg ijtgrljeg leegbl-t`, ij lcflbj jmel utgctl bìg rgpgrlre`, prgsgctjcf`sl ‒ lfgè`mlbjigctg ‒ bìg djeujrf` fgeej ―eldgrtï flmltjeg’.

Br`cè`mlj gssgczljeg fgeej vlbgcfj1

- 4??: (c`vgidrg) jttlvjzl`cg fge slt` fj pjrtg fl ucj jss`bljzl`cg hjbkgr c`rvgmgsg.

- 4??6 le slt` sl stjbbj fjee“jss`bljzl`cg g vlgcg mgstlt` fj M`ttnrlf Rvjrthèi (s`prjccìg ` ―clbkcjig’1 jcjkj-tj) g Nrgfrlk Cgla (s`prjccìg ―clbkcjig’1 VlJI@).

- 4??> (2: ijmml`) rjlf fgeej pèlzlj c`rvgmgsg. Le slt` rlijcg `nnelcg pgr qujebhg ml`rc`.

- 4??= (mgccjl`)1 _lrjtg Djy tgctj e“jbqulst` fl Rgjejcf.

- 4??=1 lcvgstligct` nlcjczljrl` fgee“liprgcflt`rg svgfgsg Bjre Eucfstrþi

- 4??8 (:7 c`vgidrg)1 l mgst`rl fg ―Ej Djlj’ jccucbljc` fl jvgr rjmmluct` 47 ilel`cl fl utgctl.

- 4??< (:> ngddrjl`)1 lclzlj le pr`bgss` b`ctr` _lrjtg Djy b`c e“jbbusj fl vlèjzl`cg fgeej c`rijtlvj svgfgsg lc tg-ij fl b`pyrlmht.

4< Lc «Le B`rrlgrg mlurlflb`» (4?:4) c. 6, pjm. 77:, b`c c`tj fl J. Fl Ija`.2? Lc «Le flrltt` lcfustrljeg» (4?:4) c.:, pjm. =7, b`c c`tj fl E. Ml`vg g J. Bìgeel.


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Vgst` flsp`cldleg su elbgczj Brgjtlvg Bìi`cs - http1//brgjtlvgbìi`cs.̀ rm/elbgcsgs/dy-cb-cf/4.7/fggf.lt :4 / 4:

- 4??< (:= jprleg) uc trlducjeg svgfgsg b`cfjccj lc prli` mrjf` j uc jcc` fl rgbeusl`cg g blrbj 2 ilel`cl fl gur`trj sjczl`cg pgbucljrlj g rlsjrbligctl2:.

- 4?:? (:= ijmml`) pgr gnngtt` fl ucj lcmluczl`cg cgl b`cnr`ctl fge pr`vlfgr, le slt` vlgcg igss` `nn elcg pgr uc drg-vg pgrl`f`

- 4?:? (8 eumel`)1 _lrjtg Djy sudlsbg uc jttjbb` hjbkgr.

- 4?:? (4> c`vgidrg) b`cfjccj lc jppgee`, flilcultj pgcj fgtgctlvj, fgbupelbjtj ej sjczl`cg pgbucljrlj;

- 4?:4 (: ngddrjl`)1 vlgcg rgsplct` le rlb`rs` jeej suprgij b`rtg svgfgsg b`ctr` ej sgctgczj fl jppgee`;- 4?:41 Vhg _lrjtg Djy lclzlj j rjbb`melgrg nlegs b`stltugctl i`fgeel pgr stjipj lc 2F;

- 4?:4 (4? mlumc`)1 prgsgctjzl`cg fl rlb`rs` cgl b`cnr`ctl fgeej BGFW pgr vlèjzl`cg fgee“jrt. :? fgeej B`cvgczl`cgfge B`cslmel` f“Gur`pj

- 4?:2 (:< ngddrjl`)1 le rlb`rs` vlgcg flbhljrjt` lcjiilssldleg.Cge nrjttgip`, flvgrsg b`ctr`vgrslg s`rm`c` lc Fjclijrbj, Mgrijclj, Mrgblj, Lrejcfj, Ltjelj, @ejcfj, C`rvgmlj, Blcj,

Rvgzlj, Tgmc` Wclt`.Lc Ltjelj, ej c`tj vlbgcfj puô gssgrg b`så rljssuctj1

- :¿ jm`st` 4??81 sgqugstr` prgvgctlv` fge slt` (rlb`rs` gx jrt. 246 BB_) lc djsg j `rflcjczj fge M.L._. prgss` leVrlducjeg fl Dgrmji`

Wnn. Lcfjmlcl prgelilcjrl Dgrmji` : jm`st` 4??8 c. 724<Lc tgij fl tutgej fgeeg `pgrg fgee'lcmgmc`, sl b`cnlmurj ej njttlspgblg fgelttu`sj gx jrt. :=: tgr,

egtt. j- dls), e. c. >22 fge :<6: , cgee'lp`tgsl lc bul ej flnnusl`cg fl ijtgrljeg b`pgrt` fj flrltt` f“jut`rgc`c jvvgcmj jttrjvgrs` ej puddelbjzl`cg su uc sgrvgr (bìg jvvlgcg pgr mel `rflcjrl sltl lctgrcgt) g,qulcfl su uc slstgij lcn`rijtlb` nlss` g stjdleg, ij rlijcmj sumel jppjrjtl lcn`rijtlbl fgl slcmèl utgctlbhg sbjidljc` flrgttjigctg l fjtl lctgrjmgcf` fj pjrl j pjrl (blrbult` b.f. pggr t` pggr), lc tje i`f` lsgrvgr c`c s`c` fge tutt` jssgctl, ij svèm`c` ej flvgrsj nuczl`cg fl mgstlrg eg b`ccgssl`cl trj melutgctl g e“lcflblzzjzl`cg fgl nleg.

- 46 sgttgidrg 4??81 le Vrlducjeg pgr le rlgsjig fl Dgrmji` jbb`melg le rlb`rs` prgsgctjt` jvvgrs` ej ilsurj bju-tgejrg g jccueej le sgqugstr`;

- (rlb`rs` pgr Bjssjzl`cg fge _r`burjt`rg fgeej Tgpuddelbj prgss` le Vrlducjeg fl Dgrmji`)- 4< sgttgidrg 4??<1 sgctgczj Bjss. _gc. LLL sgz., c. 6<62=1 jbbèt` rlb`rs` g rlcvl` je Vrlducjeg fl Dgrmji`.

Bjssjzl`cg pgcjeg sgz. LLL 4< sgttgidrg 4??< c. 6<62=B`cb`rrg cge rgjt` fl flnnusl`cg igfljctg ej rgtg Lctgrcgt fl uc'`pgrj fgee'lcmgmc` pr`tgttj fje flrltt`

f'jut`rg (jrt. :=: tgr bìij 4 egtt. j) dls) le tltèjrg fge slt` wgd bhg, p`rtjcf` j b`c`sbgczj fgmel utgc-tl eg "bhljvl fl jbbgss`" g eg lcn`rijzl`cl lc `rflcg jeej rgpgrldleltï, lc tutt` ` lc pjrtg, fgee'`pgrj, b`c-sgctg jmel stgssl e` sbjidl` fgl nlegs rgejtlvl igfljctg le slstgij fl bìuclbjzl`cg "pggr t` pggr".

Jccueej b`c rlcvl`, Vrld. eld. Dgrmji`, 46/?</4??8

- 4 ngddrjl` 4?:?1 `rflcjczj fge Vrlducjeg fl Dgrmji` bhg flsp`cg fl cu`v` le sgqugstr`.

6.6.- Gsltl uetgrl`rl fgeej vlbgcfj ―_lrjtg Djy’

È lctgrgssjctg rlb`rfjrg bhg l ―plrjtl’ jssui`c` ej b`cc`tjzl`cg fl ―i`vligct` s`bljeg’ gf gstgcf`c` ej e`r` lcneug c-zj lc fug flrgzl`cl1

(:) _èltlbj. Ej n`cfjzl`cg fge ―_jrtlt` _lrjtj’ rjbb`melg flnnusl b`csgcsl (jeeg gegzl`cl svgfgsl fge 4??< rjbbèm`c` le=,:% fgl v`tl ‒ tgrzj n`rzj pèltlbj lc Rvgzlj ‒ b`rrlsp`cfgctl j fug sgmml je _jrejigct` Gur`pg`24; jeeg gegzl`cltgfgsbhg fge ijmml` 4?:4 rjbbèm`c` e“8.2% fgl v`tl cgeej rgml`cg Rbhegswlm-Hèstglc g le =,7% lc C`rf Tgc`^gstnjelj) tjct` fj b`csgctlrg ej n`cfjzl`cg fgeej ―Ngfgrjzl`cg lctgrcjzl`cjeg fgl pjrtltl plrjtj’ 22;

2: M`ttnrlf Rvjrthèi (jcjkjtj), Nrgfrlk Cgla (VlJI@) g _gtgr Rucfg (dr`kgp), ètrg j Bjre Eucfstri, sgipelbg nlcjczljt`rg.

24 Mel gur`pjrejigctjrl s`c` Jigelg Jcfgrsf`ttgr (42 jccl) g Bhrlstljc Gcmstrþi (7: jccl). Jetrl subbgssl pèltlbl jttgstjcè“gspjcsl`cg fge ―_jrtlt` _lrjtj’. Le := mgccjl` 4?:: Reli Jijiù, jttlvlstj ―plrjtj’ fgeej sgzl`cg tuclslcj, nu cìlcjt` Rgmrgtjrl` flRtjt` pgr ej ml`vgctü g e` sp`rt.22 http1//gc.wlklpgflj.`rm/wlkl/_lrjtgP_jrty#_lrjtgP_jrtyPi`vgigctPw`refwlfg.





3 (*) Le b`cneltt` trj tutgej fge b`pyrlmht g flrltt` jeej rlsgrvjtgzzj fgee“utgctg 3


(4) Jrtg b`ctgip`rjcgj, pjrtgblpjcf` jeej Dlgccjeg fl ^gcgzlj fge 4??< f`vg lcsgfljr`c` ucj ―jidjsbljtj’ plr j-tj26.

(2) Tlbgrbj ―s`blè`mlbj’1 trjsn`rijcf`sl lc «Vhg Tgsgjrbh Djy», pr`mgtt` fgee“uclvgrsltï fl Eucf pgr bìprgcfg-rg l igbbjclsil bhg rgmèjc` ej b`cf`ttj fgmel utgctl lc Tgtg 27.

Zugstl rlngrligctl ―gstgrcl’ je flrltt` g jee“lcn`rijtlbj c`c s`c` sètjct` ―fl b`stuig’. Gsprli`c` uc jttgmmljigct` bu e-

turjeg, ucj gvèuzl`cg dgc prgblsj fgeej ―gtlbj’ hjbkgr , bhg ilrj jf jnngrijrsl c`c sè` j elvgee` tgbcè`mlb`, ij jcbhg jelvgee` gb`cìlb` g pèltlb`. Ej ―b`cflvlsl`cg’ flvgctj `mmgtt` fl ucj prgblsj lfgè`mlj. Fl blô sl pjregrï cgee“uetlij egzl `-cg.

7.- (*) Le b`cneltt` trj tutgej fge b`pyrlmht g flrltt` jeej rlsgrvjtgzzj fgee“utgctg

Lc mgcgrjeg, le b`ctrjst` jeeg b`cf`ttg leegbltg bìigssg jttrjvgrs` ej Tgtg rlbhlgfg, pgr e“lcflvlfujzl`cg fgl rgsp`c-sjdlel, ej trjsilssl`cg fl lcn`rijzl`cl sue trjnnlb` fj pjrtg fgl pr`vlfgrs jeeg jut`rltï lcqulrgctl g, pgr l rgjtl plü mrjvl, leb`ctgcut` fgeeg lcn`rijzl`cl sbjidljtg. Blô è prgvlst` lc Gur`pj fjeej B`cvgczl`cg fl Dufjpgst fge 4??:, fl bul sl ètrjttjt` lc prgbgfgczj.

Lc qugst` sgcs`, ej ijsslij trjspjrgczj sl prgvgfg cgeeg prgsbrlzl`cl bhg rlmujrfjc` ej e`ttj b`ctr` le tgrr`rlsi` lc-tgrcjzl`cjeg bhg s`c` b`ctgcutg pgr gsgipl` cgee“`rflcjigct` stjtucltgcsg (_jtrl`t Jbt fge 4> `tt`drg 4??:, HìgejcfRgburlty Jbt ‒ b.f. _jtrl`t Jbt LL ‒ fge :< c`vgidrg 4??4) ij jcbhg cge c`str` (―Fgbrgt` _lsjcu’, F.E. :66/4??72>).

Lc elcgj fl prlcblpl`, sl b`melg uc b`cneltt` trj fug prlcblpl1(:) Lc djsg jeej c`rijtlvj sue bìigrbl` gegttr`clb`, fl fgrlvjzl`cg bìucltjrlj, le pr`vlfgr c`c hj uc mgcgrlb`

`ddelm` fl s`rvgmeljczj, ij hj le f`vgrg fl lctgrvgct`, su sgmcjejzl`cg fgee“jut`rltï mluflzljrlj ` jiilclstr j-tlvj, pgr rliu`vgrg eg lcn`rijzl`cl b`cslfgrjtg egslvg, c`c pgr trjsigttgrg l fjtl fl bèul le qujeg eg hj lcsgrltglc rgtg;

(4) Rgiprg lc djsg jeeg flsp`slzl`cl fgee“Wcl`cg Gur`pgj, vl è ucj tutgej fgeej rlsgrvjtgzzj fgl fjtl pgrs`cjelfgmel utgctl, g lc pjrtlbèjrg, fgeeg lcn`rijzl`cl b`cbgrcgctl e“jss`bljzl`cg trj trjnnlb` tgegijtlb` g fjtl jcj-mrjnlbl2=.

26 http1//gidjssy`nplrjby.`rm/

27 http1//puct`-lcn`rijtlb`.lt/2:28?4</_L/Cgws/thg-plrjtg-djy-uc-ml`rc`-jee-uclvgrsltj.jspx. 2> F. E. 4= eumel` 4??7 c.:66 (lc Mjzz.Wnn., 4= eumel`, c. :=2) b`cvgrtlt`, b`c i`flnlbjzl`cl, lc egmmg 2: eumel` 4??7, c. :77 - Ilsurg

urmgctl pgr le b`ctrjst` fge tgrr`rlsi` lctgrcjzl`cjeg ; Fgbrgt` fge Ilclstr` fgee“Lctgrc` :> jm`st` 4??7 «Ilsurg fl prgvgctlvj jbqulsl-zl`cg fl fjtl jcjmrjnlbl fgl s`mmgttl bhg utlelzzjc` p`stjzl`cl puddelbhg c`c vlmlejtg pgr bìuclbjzl`cl tgegijtlbhg `vvgr` puctl fljbbgss` jf Lctgrcgt utlelzzjcf` tgbcè`mlj sgczj nlel, jl sgcsl fgee'jrtlbè` =, bìij 6, fge fgbrgt`-egmmg 4= eumel` 4??7, c. :66 b`c-vgrtlt`, b`c i`flnlbjzl`cl, fjeej egmmg 2: eumel` 4??7, c. :77 » (M.W. := jm`st` 4??7, c. :<?). ^gfjsl lc igrlt` V.J.T. Ejzl`, 4: jprleg4??8, lc «Flrltt` fgee“Lcn`rijzl`cg g fgee“Lcn`rijtlbj» (4??8) pjm. 86< b`c c`tj fl J. Vè`cg. Rgb`cf` tjeg pr`cucblj, e“lrr`mjzl`cgfgeej sjczl`cg jiilclstrjtlvj ‒ lc bjs` fl lc`ttgipgrjczj jee“`ddelm` fj pjrtg fge pr`vlfgr ‒ c`c è cgbgssjrlj e“jf`zl`cg fge rgm`-ejigct` jttujtlv` fge F. E. :66/4??7. Lc pjrtlbèjrg, ej c`rij prgvgfgvj `rlmlcjrljigctg1 (:) e“jf`zl`cg fl ilsurg tgbcè`mlbhg flpr`tgzl`cg b`ctr` e“jbbgss` jduslv` jeej b`ccgssl`cg; (4) e“lfgctlnlbjzl`cg fgmel utgctl bhg jbbgf`c` jeej Tgtg fj p`stjzl`cl lc ―eu`-

mhl jpgrtl je puddelb`’, jcbhg wl-nl; (2) le i`clt`rjmml` fgee“jttlvltï `c elcg; (6) ej b`csgrvjzl`cg `ddelmjt`rlj fgl fjtl ―gstrlcsgbl’ fgeegbìuclbjzl`cl pgr jbbgss` su jut`rlzzjzl`cg fgee“Jut`rltï Mluflzljrlj1 fjtl tgegn`clbl (46 igsl pgr e“jbbgrtjigct` fl rgjtl, b`c pr`r`-mj nlc` j 68 igsl pgr fgelttl fl bul jee“jrt. 6?= bìij 4 egtt. j) B._._. ` lc fjcc` fl slstgil lcn`rijtlbl g tgegijtlbl) g fjtl tgegijtlbl(`ddelm` lctr`f`tt` b`c E. :77/4??7) pgr > igsl b`c pr`r`mj nlc` j :4 igsl pgr fgelttl fl bul jee“jrt. 6?= bìij 4 egtt. j) B._._. ` lcfjcc` fl slstgil lcn`rijtlbl g tgegijtlbl.2= Lc pjrtlbèjrg sl b`cslfgrlc` eg sgmugctl flsp`slzl`cl fge F. Ems. :<>/4??2, jrt. :42 (Fjtl rgejtlvl je trjnnlb`)1 «:. L fjtl rgejtlvl je trjn-nlb` rlmujrfjctl jdd`cjtl gf utgctl trjttjtl fje n`rclt`rg fl ucj rgtg puddelbj fl bìuclbjzl`cl ` fl uc sgrvlzl` fl bìuclbjzl`cg gegt-tr`clbj jbbgssldleg je puddelb` s`c` bjcbgeejtl ` rgsl jc`clil qujcf` c`c s`c` plü cgbgssjrl jl nlcl fgeej trjsilssl`cg fgeej bìucl-bjzl`cg gegttr`clbj, njttg sjevg eg flsp`slzl`cl fgl bìil 4, 2 g 7. 4. Le trjttjigct` fgl fjtl rgejtlvl je trjnnlb` strgttjigctg cgbgssjrl jnlcl fl njtturjzl`cg pgr e'jdd`cjt`, `vvgr` fl pjmjigctl lc bjs` fl lctgrb`ccgssl`cg, è b`csgctlt` je n`rclt`rg, j nlcl fl f`buigctjzl`-cg lc bjs` fl b`ctgstjzl`cg fgeej njtturj ` pgr ej prgtgsj fge pjmjigct`, pgr uc pgrl`f` c`c supgrl`rg j sgl igsl, sjevj e'uetgrl`rgspgblnlbj b`csgrvjzl`cg cgbgssjrlj pgr gnngtt` fl ucj b`ctgstjzl`cg jcbhg lc sgfg mluflzljeg»; jrt. :24 (B`csgrvjzl`cg fl fjtl fltrjnnlb` pgr jetrg nlcjeltï) :. Ngri` rgstjcf` qujct` prgvlst` fjee'jrtlbè` :42, bìij 4, l fjtl rgejtlvl je trjnnlb` tgegn`clb` [ lcbeusl

qugeel b`cbgrcgctl eg bhljijtg sgczj rlsp`stj Y s`c` b`csgrvjtl fje n`rclt`rg pgr vgctlqujttr` igsl fjeej fjtj fgeej bìuclbjzl`cg, pgr nlcjeltï fl jbbgrtjigct` g rgprgssl`cg fgl rgjtl, igctrg, pgr eg igfgslig nlcjeltï, l fjtl rgejt lvl je trjnnlb` tgegijtlb`, gsbeusl b`-iucqug l b`ctgcutl fgeeg bìuclbjzl`cl, s`c` b`csgrvjtl fje n`rclt`rg pgr f`flbl igsl fjeej fjtj fgeej bìuclbjzl`cg .:-dls. L fjtlrgejtlvl jeeg bhljijtg sgczj rlsp`stj, trjttjtl tgip`rjcgjigctg fj pjrtg fgl n`rclt`rl fl sgrvlzl fl bìuclbjzl`cg gegttr`clbj jbbgssl-


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@bb`rrg b`cbgctrjrg e“jttgczl`cg sueeg flsp`slzl`cl bhg rlegvjc` spgblnlbjigctg rlspgtt` je b`pyrlmht . J tje pr`p`slt`vjeg ej pgcj fl rlb`rfjrg ucj b`cvgczl`cg sgmrgtj fjl _jgsl tgbcè`mlbjigctg plü jvjczjtl. Rl trjttj fge trjttjt` lctgr-cjzl`cjeg igmel` c`t` bìg JBVJ (Jctl-Bùctgrngltlcm Vrjfg Jmrggigct), l bul cgm`zljtl, lclzljtl cge 4??>, s`c` rlijstlsgmrgtl slc` jeej flvuemjzl`cg je puddelb` fge e`r` b`ctgcut` fj pjrtg fl ]lklegjks (cge ijmml` 4??8) g bhg è stjt` s`tt`-sbrltt` fj flvgrsl Rtjtl `bblfgctjel cgee“`tt`drg fge 4?:: g fjee“Wcl`cg Gur`pgj le 4> mgccjl` 4?:4 j V`kl`28. Le b`ctgcut`fgee“JBVJ è `rijl j flsp`slzl`cg fgee“`plcl`cg puddelbj, tjct` fj sbjtgcjrg pègilbhg g pr`tgstg j flvgrsl elvgeel.

Hjcc` mgcgrjt` n`rtl pr`tgstg cgmel W.R.J. jebucg pr`p`stg egmlsejtlvg bhg tgctjvjc` fl jf`ttjrg l b`ctgcutlfgee“JBVJ1

(6) Rt`p @celcg _lrjby Jbt (R@_J)2<, _T@VGBV L_ Jbt,

(7) _rgvgctlcm Tgje @celcg Vhrgjts t` Gb`cìlb Brgjtlvlty jcf Vhgnt `n Lctgeegbtuje _r`pgrty Jbt (_L_J)6?;(>) Bydgr Lctgeelmgcbg Rhjrlcm jcf _r`tgbtl`c Jbt (BLR_J)6:.

Lc slctgsl, sl p`ss`c` lcflvlfujrg fug flrgzl`cl1(:) Ej prgvgczl`cg, bl`è le nletrjmml` fgl b`ctgcutl je nlcg fl b`csgctlrg le neuss` gsbeuslvjigctg j qugeel egbltjigctg

flstrldultl1(4) Ej rgprgssl`cg, `sslj e“lcflvlfujzl`cg fgmel utgctl bhg b`ctrldulsb`c` jeej flnnusl`cg fl ijtgrljeg jduslvjigctg

fupelbjt`.È lctgrgssjctg jppr`n`cflrg gctrjidl mel jspgttl.

7.:.- Ej prgvgczl`cg gf le ―nletrjmml`’ fgl b`ctgcutl

E“Wcl`cg Gur`pgj sl `pp`cg lc elcgj fl prlcblpl` jeej p`ssldleltï ‒ tgbclbjigctg p`ssldleg ‒ fl i`clt`rjrg le trjnnlb` fg-mel utgctl pgr lipgflrg ej trjsilssl`cg fl ̀ pgrg leegmlttlijigctg flstrldultg.

dlel je puddelb` `ppurg fl ucj rgtg puddelbj fl bìuclbjzl`cg, s`c` b`csgrvjtl pgr trgctj ml`rcl. 2. Gctr` le tgrilcg fl bul je bìij :,l fjtl s`c` jbqulsltl prgss` le n`rclt`rg b`c fgbrgt` i`tlvjt` fge puddelb` ilclstgr` jcbhg su lstjczj fge flngcs`rg fgee'liputjt`, fgeej pgrs`cj s`tt`p`stj jeeg lcfjmlcl, fgeej pgrs`cj `nngsj g fgeeg jetrg pjrtl prlvjtg. Le flngcs`rg fgee'liputjt` ` fgeej pgrs`cj s`tt`p`stjjeeg lcfjmlcl puô rlbhlgfgrg, flrgttjigctg je n`rclt`rg l fjtl rgejtlvl jeeg utgczg lctgstjtg je pr`prl` jsslstlt` b`c eg i`fjeltï lcflbjtg

fjee' jrtlbè` 2<:-qujtgr fge b`flbg fl pr`bgfurj pgcjeg, ngrig rgstjcf` eg b`cflzl`cl fl bul jee' jrtlbè` 8 , bìij 4, egttgrj n). _gr letrjnnlb` gctrjctg (4). 6-tgr. Le Ilclstr` fgee“lctgrc` `, su suj fgegmj, l rgsp`csjdlel fgmel unnlbl bgctrjel spgbljelstlbl lc ijtgrlj lcn`rijt l-bj ` tgegijtlbj fgeej _èlzlj fl Rtjt`, fgee“Jrij fgl bjrjdlclgrl g fge B`rp` fgeej mujrflj fl nlcjczj, c`cbhì mel jetrl s`mmgttl lcflbjtlcge bìij : fgee“jrtlbè` 44> fgeeg c`rig fl jttujzl`cg, fl b``rflcjigct` g trjcslt`rlg fge b`flbg fl pr`bgfurj pgcjeg, fl bu l je fg-brgt` egmlsejtlv` 48 eumel` :<8<, c. 4=:, p`ss`c` `rflcjrg, jcbhg lc rgejzl`cg jeeg gvgctujel rlbhlgstg jvjczjtg fj jut`rltï lcvgstlmjtl-vg strjclgrg, jl n`rclt`rl g jmel `pgrjt`rl fl sgrvlzl lcn`rijtlbl ` tgegijtlbl fl b`csgrvjrg g pr`tgmmgrg, sgb`cf` eg i`fjeltï lcflbjtg g pgr uc pgrl`f` c`c supgrl`rg j c`vjctj ml`rcl, l fjtl rgejtlvl je trjnnlb` tg egijtlb`, gsbeusl bìucqug l b`ctgcutl fgeeg bìuclbjzl`cl,jl nlcl fgee` svèmligct` fgeeg lcvgstlmjzl`cl prgvgctlvg prgvlstg fje bltjt` jrtlbè` 44> fgeeg c`rig fl bul je fgbrgt` egmlsejtlv` c. 4=:fge :<8<, `vvgr` pgr nlcjeltï fl jbbgrtjigct` g rgprgssl`cg fl spgblnlbl rgjtl. Le pr`vvgfligct`, pr`r`mjdleg, pgr i`tlvjtg gslmgczg, pgr ucj furjtj bìpegsslvj c`c supgrl`rg j sgl igsl, puô prgvgfgrg pjrtlbèjrl i`fjeltï fl bust`flj fgl fjtl g e“gvgctujeg lcflsp`cl-dleltï fgl fjtl stgssl fj pjrtg fgl n`rclt`rl g fgmel `pgrjt`rl fl sgrvlzl lcn`rijtlbl ` tgegijtlbl `vvgr` fl tgrzl .6-qujtgr. Le n`rclt`rg è“`pgrjt`rg fl sgrvlzl lcn`rijtlbl ` tgegijtlbl bul è rlvèt` e“`rflcg prgvlst` fje bìij 6 -tgr fgvg `ttgipgrjrvl sgczj rltjrf`, n`rcgcf`liigfljtjigctg jee“jut ̀ rltï rl bhlgfgctg e“jsslburjzl`cg fgee“jfgipligct`. Le n`rclt`rg ` e“`pgrjt`rg fl sgrvlzl lcn`rijtlbl ` tgegijtlbl è

tgcut` j ijctgcgrg le sgmrgt` rgejtlvjigctg jee“`rflcg rlbgvut` g jeeg jttlvltï b`csgmugctgigctg svètg pgr le pgrl`f` lcflbjt`fjee“jut`rltï. Lc bjs` fl vlèjzl`cg fgee“`ddelm` sl jppelbjc`, sjev` bhg le njtt` b`stltulsbj plü mrjvg rgjt`, eg flsp`s l zl`cl fgee“jrtlbè`24> fge b`flbg pgcjeg (8). 6-qulcqulgs. L pr`vvgfligctl jf`ttjtl jl sgcsl fge bìij 6-tgr s`c` bìuclbjtl pgr lsbrltt`, sgczj rltjrf`g bìucqug gctr` qujrjct`tt` `rg fjeej c`tlnlbj je fgstlcjtjrl`, je puddelb` ilclstgr` fge eu`m` fl gsgbuzl`cg le qujeg, sg cg rlb`rr`-c` l prgsupp`stl, el b`cvjelfj. Lc bjs` fl ijcbjtj b`cvjelfj, l pr`vvgfligctl jssuctl pgrf`c` gnnlbjblj.7. Le trjttjigct` fgl fjtl pgr egnlcjeltï fl bul je bìij : è gnngttujt` cge rlspgtt` fgeeg ilsurg g fgmel jbb`rmligctl j mjrjczlj fgee'lctgrgssjt` prgsbrlttl jl sgcsl fgee'jrtlbè` :=, vètl j mjrjctlrg bhg l fjtl b`csgrvjtl p`sslgfjc` l igfgslil rgqulsltl fl qujeltj', slburgzzj g pr`tgzl`cg fgl fjtl lc rgtg,c`cbhì j1 j) prgvgfgrg lc `mcl bjs` spgblnlbl slstgil fl jutgctlbjzl`cg lcn`rijtlbj g fl jut`rlzzjzl`cg fgmel lcbjrlbjtl fge trjttjigct`fl bul jee'jeegmjt` d); f) lcflbjrg eg i`fjeltï tgbclbhg pgr ej pgrl`flbj flstruzl`cg fgl fjtl, fgb`rsl l tgrilcl fl bul je bìij :».28 Le _jrejigct` gur`pg` cgeej sgfutj fge 6 eumel` 4?:4 c`c hj rjtlnlbjt` e“jbb`rf`. 2< _r`mgtt` fl egmmg (H.T. 24>:) prgsgctjt` je B`cmrgss` le 4> `tt`drg 4?::.6? _r`mgtt` fl egmmg (Rgcjtg Dlee <>8) prgsgctjt` je Rgcjt` le :4 ijmml` 4?::.6: Jppr`vjt` fje B`cmrgss` (H.T. 2742), c`c vgccg p`st` lc v`tjzl`cg fje Rgcjt` pgr ej ilcjbblj fl vgt` prgslfgczljeg; vgccg i`-flnlbjt` g rglctr`f`tt` je B`cmrgss` (H.T. >46) cge ngddrjl` 4?:2 gf `rj sl jpprgstj jf gssgrg s`tt`p`st` je B`cmrgss` pgre“jppr`vjzl`cg. Rl trjttj fl ucj c`rijtlvj bhg prgvgfg ej b`cflvlsl`cg trj le M`vgrc` gf l pr`vlfgrs fgl fjtl fl neuss` fgl r lb`rrgctl jenlcg fl slburgzzj cjzl`cjeg.







BMWG sgz. LLL 46 c`vgidrg 4?:: B-=?/4?:? «Rbjregt Gxtgcfgf RJ B. RJDJI»È vlgtjt` fjeeg flrgttlvg bìucltjrlg `ddelmjrg uc pr`vlfgr j prgflsp`rrg uc b`st`s` g bì-

pegss` slstgij lcn`rijtlb` vèt` j b`ctrèejrg prgvgctlvjigctg le trjnnlb` lc rgtg je nlcg fl rlegvjrgfgmel leegbltl1 b“è vlèjzl`cg fgeej eldgrtï fl liprgsj, fl lcn`rijzl`cg g fgeej prlvjby (ej B`rtg sl èb`så gsprgssj cgeej b`ctr`vgrslj trj uc lctgrcgt pr`vlfgr g ej s`blgtï dgemj bhg rjpprgsgctj mel jut`rl gmel gflt`rl fl `pgrg iuslbjel, jvgctg jf `mmgtt` le rlnlut` fge pr`vlfgr fl prgflsp`rrg uc slstgij fl nletrjm-ml` fgeeg bìuclbjzl`cl gegttr`clbhg rgjelzzjtg trjiltg pr`mrjiil pgr e` sbjidl` fl jrbhlvl, fgttl "pggr-

t`-pggr", `cfg lipgflrg mel sbjidl fgl nleg bhg egf`c` l flrlttl f'jut`rg)..

BMWG sgz. LLL :> ngddrjl` 4?:4 B-2>?/:4 «Rjdji / Cgte`m C^» Eg flrgttlvg1 4???/2:/BG fge _jrejigct` gur`pg` g fge B`cslmel`, fgee'8 mlumc` 4???, rgejtlvj j tj-

eucl jspgttl mlurlflbl fgl sgrvlzl fgeej s`blgtï fgee'lcn`rijzl`cg, lc pjrtlbèjrg le bìigrbl` gegttr`clb`, cgeigrbjt` lctgrc` ("Flrgttlvj sue bìigrbl` gegttr`clb`"); 4??:/4</BG fge _jrejigct` gur`pg` g fge B`c-slmel`, fge 44 ijmml` 4??:, suee'jri`clzzjzl`cg fl tjeucl jspgttl fge flrltt` f'jut`rg g fgl flrlttl b`ccgsslcgeej s`blgtï fgee'lcn`rijzl`cg, g 4???6/68/BG fge _jrejigct` gur`pg` g fge B`cslmel`, fge 4< jprleg4??6, sue rlspgtt` fgl flrlttl fl pr`prlgtï lctgeegttujeg, egttg lc bìdlcjt` flsp`st` g lctgrprgtjtg jeej eubg

fgeeg gslmgczg fl tutgej fgl flrlttl n`cfjigctjel jppelbjdlel, fgv`c` gssgrg lctgrprgtjtg cge sgcs` bhg`stjc` jee'lcmluczl`cg, rlvètj fj uc mluflbg cjzl`cjeg jf uc prgstjt`rg fl sgrvlzl fl h`stlcm, flprgflsp`rrg uc slstgij fl nletrjmml`1

- fgeeg lcn`rijzl`cl igi`rlzzjtg sul sgrvgr fl fgtt` prgstjt`rg fjmel utgctl fgl su`l sgrvlzl;- bhg sl jppelbhl lcflstlctjigctg cgl b`cnr`ctl fl tuttl qugstl utgctl;- j tltè` prgvgctlv`;- j spgsg gsbeuslvg fge prgstjt`rg, g- sgczj eliltl cge tgip`,- lf`cg` jf lfgctlnlbjrg l nleg gegttr`clbl b`ctgcgctl `pgrg iuslbjel, blcgijt`mrjnlbhg ` jufl`vlslvg

rlspgtt` jeeg qujel le rlbhlgfgctg le pr`vvgfligct` fl lcmluczl`cg jnngril fl vjctjrg flrlttl fl pr`prlgtï lctge-egttujeg, `cfg de`bbjrg ej igssj j flsp`slzl`cg fge puddelb` fl fgttg `pgrg, egslvj fge flrltt` f'jut`rg.

Jcje`mj p`slzl`cg hj jf`ttjt` ej mlurlsprufgczj ltjeljcj.

V.J.T. Tìj Ejzl` sgz. LL 4 ijrz` 4?:4 c. 4:7>C`c è p`ssldleg, slj pgr rjml`cl tgbclbhg bhg pgr ej tutgej fgeej prlvjby, uc slstgij fl nletrjmml`

fl tuttg eg bìuclbjzl`cl gegttr`clbhg bhg trjcsltjc`, lc pjrtlbèjrg, igfljctg pr`mrjiil "pggr-t`-pggr",`cfg lipgflrg e` sbjidl` fl nleg jvgctl pgr b`ctgcut` `pgrg pr`tgttg fje flrltt` fl jut`rg, p`lbhì tjeg nle-trjmml` p`trgddg c`c gssgrg lc mrjf` fl flstlcmugrg jfgmujtjigctg trj uc b`ctgcut` egblt` gf uc b`c-tgcut` leegblt`. Fucqug, lc qugst` qujfr`, jcbhg j prgsblcfgrg fjeej qugstl`cg sg e` sbjidl` fl nlegstrjiltg le slstgij _4_ slj stjt` leegmlttlijigctg b`cslfgrjt` fjee'Jiilclstrjzl`cg cgeej qujctlnlbjzl`cgfgee'lcblfgczj fge ngcìgc` fgeej b`plj, c`c sjrgddg tuttjvlj p`ssldleg rltgcgrg leegmlttlij e'lstrutt`rljbìplutj fjeej Jiilclstrjzl`cg s`tt` qugst` pr`nle`, p`st` bhg c`c è p`ssldleg, cgiigc` pgr e'Lc-tgrcgt _r`vlfgr, sbgvgrjrg l b`ctgcutl egbltl fj qugeel leegbltl trjsigssl lc djsg je igbbjclsi`_4_.

7.4.- Ej rgprgssl`cg fgeeg vlèjzl`cl fge b`pyrlmht

Lc djsg jeeg c`rig jttujeigctg vlmgctl, è b`csgctlt` rlbhlgfgrg j tgrzl lcn`rijzl`cl b`cbgrcgctl eg vlèjzl`cl fge flrltt`f“jut`r g, b.f. ―jbtl`c jf gxhldgcfui’, sueej djsg fl fug flsp`slzl`cl1

(:) jrt. 4:? B_B, prgvlsl`cg mgcgrjeg fl tlp` pr`bgssujelstlb`;

Jrtlbè` 4:? @rflcg fl gsldlzl`cg jeej pjrtg ` je tgrz`.[LY. Cgmel stgssl eliltl gctr` l qujel puô gssgrg `rflcjtj j c`rij fgee'jrtlbè` ::8 e'lspgzl`cg fl b`sg

lc p`ssgss` fl ucj pjrtg ` fl uc tgrz`, le mluflbg lstrutt`rg, su lstjczj fl pjrtg [<6 jtt.Y, puô `rflcjrgjee'jetrj pjrtg ` j uc tgrz` fl gsldlrg lc mluflzl` uc f`buigct` ` jetrj b`sj fl bul rltgcmj cgbgssjrlj e'jb-qulslzl`cg je pr`bgss` [>=?: c. 4Y.

[LLY. Cgee'`rflcjrg e'gsldlzl`cg, le mluflbg fï l pr`vvgfligctl `pp`rtucl blrbj le tgip`, le eu`m` g le i`-

f` fgee'gsldlzl`cg [<7 jtt.Y.[LLLY. Rg e'gsldlzl`cg lip`rtj ucj spgsj, qugstj fgvg gssgrg lc `mcl bjs` jctlblpjtj fjeej pjrtg bhg

hj pr`p`stj e'lstjczj fl gsldlzl`cg.






Vgst` flsp`cldleg su elbgczj Brgjtlvg Bìi`cs - http1//brgjtlvgbìi`cs.̀ rm/elbgcsgs/dy-cb-cf/4.7/fggf.lt :> / 4:

(4) jrt. :7> dls E. >22/:<6:, lctr`f`ttj fje F. Ems. :6?/4??>64, prgvgfg spgblnlbl p`tgrl mluflzljel lc ijtgrlj fl tu-tgej fge flrltt` f“jut`rg.

Jrt.:7> dls E. >22/:<6::. Zuje`rj ucj pjrtg jddlj n`rclt` sgrl gegigctl fjl qujel sl p`ssj rjml`cgvèigctg fgsuigrg ej

n`cfjtgzzj fgeeg pr`prlg fìjcfg gf jddlj lcflvlfujt` f`buigctl, gegigctl ` lcn`rijzl`cl fgtgcutl

fjeej b`ctr`pjrtg bhg b`cngrilc` tjel lcflzl, gssj puô `ttgcgrg bhg le mluflbg cg flsp`cmj e'gsldlzl`cg `ppurg bhg rlbhlgfj eg lcn`rijzl`cl jeej b`ctr`pjrtg. _uô `ttgcgrg jetrgså, bhg le mluflbg `rflcl jeejb`ctr`pjrtg fl n`rclrg mel gegigctl pgr e'lfgctlnlbjzl`cg fgl s`mmgttl lipelbjtl cgeej pr`fuzl`cg g flstrldu-zl`cg fgl pr`f`ttl ` fgl sgrvlzl bhg b`stltulsb`c` vlèjzl`cg fgl flrlttl fl bul jeej prgsgctg egmmg.

4. Lc bjs` fl vlèjzl`cg bìigssj su sbjej bìigrbljeg le mluflbg puô jcbhg flsp`rrg, su rlbhlgstjfl pjrtg, e'gsldlzl`cg fgeej f`buigctjzl`cg djcbjrlj, nlcjczljrlj g bìigrbljeg bhg sl tr`vl lc p`ssgss`fgeej b`ctr`pjrtg.

2. Le mluflbg, cgee'jssuigrg l pr`vvgfligctl fl bul jl bìil : g 4, jf`ttj eg ilsurg lf`cgg j mjrjctl-rg ej tutgej fgeeg lcn`rijzl`cl rlsgrvjtg, sgctltj ej b`ctr`pjrtg.

6. Le mluflbg fgsuig jrmìgctl fl pr`vj fjeeg rlsp`stg bhg eg pjrtl fjcc` g fje rlnlut` lcmlustlnlbjt`fl `ttgipgrjrg jmel `rflcl.

Rl fgtgrilcj le b`cneltt` trj uc cubeg` fl c`rig j pr`tgzl`cg fgl fjtl fgmel utgctl (F. Ems. :<>/4??2 lc prlils) g

eg flsp`slzl`cl j tutgej fge flrltt` f“jut`rg (E. >22/:<6:, gssgczljeigctg), gctrjidl lctgmrjtl fj flsp`slzl`cl fl fgrlvjzl`cgbìucltjrlj bhg tr`vjc` le pr`prl` n`cfjigct` lc b`cvgczl`cl lctgrcjzl`cjel.

Ej mlurlsprufgczj ltjeljcj hj rltgcut` fl bìp`rrg qugst` b`cneltt` njbgcf` prgvjegrg ej tutgej fgeej rlsgrvjtgzzjsueej pr`tgzl`cg fge flrltt` f“jut`rg, lc djsg jf jrmìgctl fl flvgrs` tgc`rg.

Lc rgjetï, eg prlig fgblsl`cl grjc` snjv`rgvèl jmel utgctl, mlustlnlbjcf` ej bìprgssl`cg fgeej rlsgrvjtgzzj b`c leflrltt` fl flngsj1

Vrlducjeg Tìj :8 jm`st` 4??>Le tltèjrg fl flrlttl f“jut`rg hj flrltt` f“`ttgcgrg lc vlj f“urmgczj gx jrt. :7> dls E.f.J. fje pr`vlfgr

lc bjp` je qujeg susslstg ej egmlttlijzl`cg pjsslvj cge rgejtlv` pr`bgfligct` e“`stgcsl`cg fgl fjtljcjmrjnlbl fgmel jssgmcjtjrl fl lcflrlzzl L_ bhg sueej djsg fgl fjtl rjbbètl lc Tgtg jppjl`c` jut`rl flb`cf`ttg leegbltg jttrjvgrs` pljttjn`rig fl pggr t` pggr. E“gsgrblzl` fl tjeg flrltt` c`c go prgbeus` fjeej vl-

mgctg flsblpelcj lc ijtgrlj fl prlvjby g trjttjigct` fgl fjtl pgrs`cjel. È jppelbjdleg jeej njttlspgblg e“jrt.46 fge b`flbg _rlvjby bhg b`csgctg le trjttjigct` fgl fjtl pgrs`cjel sgczj le b`csgcs` fgee'lctg-rgssjt` qujcf` slj cgbgssjrl` pgr njr vjegrg ` flngcfgrg uc flrltt` lc sgfg mluflzljrlj62.

Vrlducjeg Tìj :< jm`st` 4??>_gr qujct` jttlgcg ej p`ssldleltïo fl n`riuejrg lc vlj bjutgejrg eg fìjcfg fl bul jmel jrt. :7> g :7>

dls e. c. >22/:<6:, vj rlb`rfjt` bhg ej tutgej bjutgejrg, sgb`cf` ej mlurlsprufgczj fgeej B`csuetj, b`stl-tulsbg bìp`cgctg gssgczljeg gf lcfgngttldleg fge flrltt` fl flngsj fl bul jee'jrt. 46 b`st. Lc pjrtlbèjrg, hjjnngrijt` le Mluflbg fgeeg egmml bhg "ej flsp`cldleltï fl ilsurg bjutgejrl b`stltulsbg gsprgssl`cg prgblpujfge prlcblpl` pgr le qujeg, ej furjtj fge pr`bgss` c`c fgvg jcfjrg j fjcc` fgee'jtt`rg bhg hj rjml`cg"(B. b`st. 42.>.:<<6 c. 472). _grtjct` qujesljsl flrltt` susbgttldleg fl gssgrg tutgejt` lc vlj `rflcj-rlj go jcbhg, pgr blô sè`, susbgttldleg fl tutgej bjutgejrg, gbbgzl`c njttj pgr eg lp`tgsl fl lcbìpjtl-dleltï `ctè`mlbj nrj e“jzl`cg g eg n`rig fge rlt` bjutgejrg (jf gs. lc tgij fl jzl`cl fl stjt`), lcbìpjtldlel-tï bhg c`c susslstg b`c rlngrligct` jeeg ilsurg prgvlstg fjmel jrt. :7> g :7> dls e. c. >22/:<6:.

Rubbgsslvjigctg, eg sgctgczg hjcc` iutjt` `rlgctjigct`, sbhlgrjcf`sl j njv`rg fgeej rlsgrvjtgzzj.

Vrlducjeg fl Tìj, sgz. ijrbhl, `rf. :6 eumel` 4??= «Bjs` _gppgrilct»66

64 F. Ems. :> ijrz` 4??>, c. :6?, « Jttujzl`cg fgeej flrgttlvj 4??6/68/BG sue rlspgtt` fgl flrlttl fl pr`prlgtï lctgeegttujeg» (MW c.84 fge=-6-4??>)62 Fge igfgsli` `rlgctjigct`, vgfjsl Vrlducjeg fl Tìj, sgz. ijrbhl, `rf. < ngddrjl` 4??=, Vrlducjeg fl Tìj, sgz. ijrbhl, `rf. 7jprleg 4??=, Vrlducjeg fl Tìj, sgz. ijrbhl, `rf. 4? jprleg 4??=, Vrlducjeg fl Tìj, sgz. ijrbhl, `rf. 4> jprleg 4??=.66 Wcj s`blgtï jvgvj lcbjrlbjt` ucj s`blgtï svlzzgrj fl svèmgrg lcfjmlcl tgegijtlbhg lcflvlfujcf`, jttrjvgrs` uc s`ntwjrg spgblnlb`,

mel lcflrlzzl L_ fgmel utgctl b`ccgssl j pr`mrjiil pggr t` pggr . Lc rgjetï ej b`ctr`vgrslj svètjsl lccjczl jeej sgzl`cg spgbljelzzjtj fgeVrlducjeg fl Tìj b`lcvèmg flvgrsl pr`bgfligctl lctgctjtl fjeej igfgslij bjsj flsb`mrjnlbj tgfgsbj cgl b`cnr`ctl fgl flvgrsl `pgrj-t`rl tgegn`clbl1 Vgegbì Ltjelj (`rflcjczj :> eumel` 4??=), ]lcf Vgegbìuclbjzl`cl (`rflcjczj :6 eumel` 4??= g `rflcjczj :> jm`st`4??2), pr`vvgfligctl jcc`tjtl lc «Le Flrltt` Lcfustrljeg» (4??=) c. >, pjm. 787.






Vgst` flsp`cldleg su elbgczj Brgjtlvg Bìi`cs - http1//brgjtlvgbìi`cs.̀ rm/elbgcsgs/dy-cb-cf/4.7/fggf.lt := / 4:

Lc tgij fl vlèjzl`cl fge flrltt` f'jut`rg bìigssg jttrjvgrs` e` b`cf`ttj leegbltj fl sbjidl` g b`c-flvlsl`cg fl nlegs iuslbjel g ml`bhl gegttr`clbl, jttujtj igfljctg ej rgtg "pggr t` pggr" su Lctgrcgt, c`cpuô rltgcgrsl susslstgrg j bjrlb` fge "pr`vlfgr" jebuc `ddelm` fl bìuclbjzl`cg gf gstgcsl`cgfgl fjtl jcjmrjnlbl cgbgssjrl jee'lfgctlnlbjzl`cg fgmel jut`rl fgeeg suffgttg vlèjzl`cl jee`rbhì l tltèjrl fgeflrltt` f'jut`rg jmlsbjc` lc sgfg blvleg (jcbhg b`c lstjczj bjutgejrg) pgr ej tutgej fgl pr`prl lctgrgsslgb`cìlbl. Lcvgr`, e'jppelbjzl`cg fge bìdlcjt` flsp`st` fgmel jrt. :7> g :7> dls e. jut`r. c`c è gstgcsl-dleg jl fjtl g lcn`rijzl`cl bhg jttgcm`c` jeeg bìuclbjzl`cl "ejt` sgcsu" gegttr`clbhg, cì jl fjtl fl trjnnl-b` fj qugstg mgcgrjtg, vlst` e'gsprgss` flvlgt` bhg fgrlvj slj fje slstgij c`rijtlv` lctgrc` (prlijrl` g

b`stltuzl`cjeg) slj fj qugee` bìucltjrl`. Wclbj fgr`mj jiigssj è qugeej rgejtlvj jee'us` g jeej b`-iuclbjzl`cg fgl fjtl sè` pgr ej tutgej fl vje`rl fl rjcm` supgrl`rg g bhg jttgcm`c` jeej flngsjfgeej bèegttlvltï `vvgr` jeej pr`tgzl`cg fl slstgil lcn`rijtlbl.

Vrlducjeg Tìj 44, c`vgidrg 4??=_`st` bhg, jeej eubg fgeej flsblpelcj bìucltjrlj, ej tutgej fgeeg pgrs`cg nlslbhg, b`c rlmujrf` je

trjttjigct` fgl fjtl pgrs`cjel, è prgvjegctg rlspgtt` jeeg gslmgczg pr`djt`rlg fl uc mluflzl` blvlegtgs` jee'jbbgrtjigct` fgeej egsl`cg fge flrltt` fl snruttjigct` gb`cìlb` fge flrltt` f'jut`rg , fg-vg gsbeufgrsl e'jppelbjdleltï fgee'jrt. :7> dls e. >22/6:, lc tgij fl lfgctlnlbjzl`cl fgl s`mmgttl lipelbjtl

cgee'leegblt`, g fgee'jrt. 46 f.em. :<>/?2 je trjttjigct` fgl fjtl pgrs`cjel rgejtlvl jeeg bìuclbjzl`cl gegttr`-clbhg g tgegijtlbhg trj prlvjtl, pgr nlcjeltï b`ccgssg jeej tutgej fgl flrlttl s`mmgttlvl fgl prlvjtl. Le bìdl-cjt` flsp`st` fgmel jrt. :7> g :7> dls e. jut. c`c puô rltgcgrsl jppelbjdleg jl fjtl gf jeeg lcn`rijzl`cl bhgjttgcm`c` jeeg bìuclbjzl`cl "ejt` sgcsu" gegttr`clbhg, cì jl fjtl fl trjnnlb` fj qugstg pr`f`ttg, `stjcf`j tjeg gstgcsl`cg jppelbjtlvj le flvlgt` fl trjttjigct` g bìuclbjzl`cg gcubegjdleg fje slstgij c`rijtl-v` lctgrc` (prlijrl` g b`stltuzl`cjeg) g bìucltjrl` bhg flsblpelcj ej ijtgrlj fgeej tutgej fgeej sgmrgtgz-zj g rlsgrvjtgzzj fgeeg bìuclbjzl`cl trj prlvjtl. Cì è jppelbjdleg ej sbrlilcjctg fl bul jee'jrt. 46 f.ems. c.:<> fge 4??2 lc qujct` fj uc ejt` ej c`rij prgsupp`cg bhg le fjt` pgrs`cjeg utlelzzjt` fje tgrz` sgczjle b`csgcs` fgee'lctgrgssjt` slj mlï lc p`ssgss` fgee'utlelzzjt`rg (igctrg cge bjs` fl spgblg s`c``mmgtt` fgeej rlbhlgstj fl gsldlzl`cg), fjee'jetr` bhg tjeg p`ssgss` slj egmlttli` (ejff`vg, lcvgbg,cge bjs` fl spgblg l b`flbl L_ g MWLF s`c` stjtl leegbltjigctg jbqulsltl lc vlèjzl`cg fgmel jrt. 2=, :2 g 42f.em. c. :<> fge 4??2).

Vrlducjeg Tìj, := ijrz` 4??8

E'jbqulslzl`cg mrjtultj, trjiltg le "nleg-shjrlcm", fl `pgrg pr`tgttg fjl flrlttl fl pr`prlgtï lctgeegttujeg,b`csgctltj jmel utgctl fj fgtgrilcjtl sltl lctgrcgt, c`c mlustlnlbj e'`ddelm` fl "flsb`vgry" je "pr`vl-fgr", b`cslstgctg cgeej rlvgejzl`cg fgl fjtl lf`cgl jf lfgctlnlbjrg l b`csuijt`rl utgctl fge sgrvlzl` lcn`r-ijtlb` gf utlelzzjt`rl fgl pr`mrjiil fl nleg-shjrlcm, jcbhg jeej eubg fgeej vlmgctg c`rijtlvj bìucltjrlj,lc qujct` cge dlejcbljigct` trj le flrltt` fl pr`prlgtï lctgeegttujeg g le flrltt` jeej rlsgrvjtgzzj ej prgvj-egczj fge prli` sue sgb`cf` è mlustlnlbjtj uclbjigctg sg ucltj jeej egsl`cg fl lctgrgssl fgeej bèegttlvltïpr`tgttl fj flrltt` pgcjeg67.

Mjrjctg pgr ej pr`tgzl`cg fgl fjtl pgrs`cjel, 48 ngddrjl` 4??8Le trjttjigct` fgl fjtl pgrs`cjel, rgejtlv` j s`mmgttl rltgcutl rgsp`csjdlel fl jvgr sbjidljt` nleg pr`tgt-

tl fje flrltt` f“jut`rg trjiltg rgtl pggr-t`-pggr, è b`ctrjrl` jl prlcblpl fl du`cj ngfg g trjspjrgczj ,qujcf` ej rjbbètj fgl fjtl è jvvgcutj sgczj le prgvgctlv` b`csgcs` lcn`rijt` fgmel lctgrgssjtl6>.

Zugst` `rlgctjigct` è stjt` jbbèt` fjeej B`rtg fl Mlustlzlj fgee“Wcl`cg Gur`pgj lc ucj c`tj fgblsl`cg.

BMWG fge 4< mgccjl` 4??86= bjs` «_rìuslbjg»

67 Lc «Flrltt` fgee“Lcn`rijzl`cg g fgee“Lcn`rijtlbj» (4??8), pjm . 287. _r`degijtlbj flstlczl`cg cgeej b`cf`ttj fgmel utgctl1 upe`jf / f`-wce`jf.

6> _ur c`c gssgcf` ucj sgctgczj, le pr`vvgfligct` è lctgrgssjctg.6= Rgctgczj fgeej B`rtg (Mrjcfg Rgzl`cg) 4< mgccjl` 4??8 (fìjcfj fl pr`cucblj prgmluflzljeg pr`p`stj fje Auzmjf` fg e` Igr-bjctle c. 7 fg Ijfrlf - Rpjmcj) - _r`fubt`rgs fg Iñslbj fg Gspjúj (_rìuslbjg) / Vgegnòclbj fg Gspjúj RJW (Bjusj B-4=7/?>),lc M.W.W.G. B 4:4 fge 4 sgttgidrg 4??>.





3 (*) Tgbgctl svleuppl fgeej e`ttj b`ctr` ej vlèjzl`cg fge b`pyrlmht su Lctgrcgt 3


Ej flrgttlvj fge _jrejigct` gur`pg` g fge B`cslmel` 8 mlumc` 4???, 4???/2:/BG, rgejtlvj j tjeucljspgttl mlurlflbl fgl sgrvlzl fgeej s`blgtï fgee'lcn`rijzl`cg, lc pjrtlbèjrg le bìigrbl` gegttr`clb`, cgeigrbjt` lctgrc` ("flrgttlvj sue bìigrbl` gegttr`clb`"), ej flrgttlvj fge _jrejigct` gur`pg` g fge B`csl-mel` 44 ijmml` 4??:, 4??:/4</BG, suee'jri`clzzjzl`cg fl tjeucl jspgttl fge flrltt` f'jut`rg g fgl flrlttlb`ccgssl cgeej s`blgtï fgee'lcn`rijzl`cg, ej flrgttlvj fge _jrejigct` gur`pg` g fge B`cslmel` 4< jprleg4??6, 4??6/68/BG, sue rlspgtt` fgl flrlttl fl pr`prlgtï lctgeegttujeg, g ej flrgttlvj fge _jrejigct` gur`pg`g fge B`cslmel` :4 eumel` 4??4, 4??4/78/BG, rgejtlvj je trjttjigct` fgl fjtl pgrs`cjel g jeej tutgej fgeejvltj prlvjtj cge sgtt`rg fgeeg bìuclbjzl`cl gegttr`clbhg (flrgttlvj rgejtlvj jeej vltj prlvjtj g jeeg bìucl-

bjzl`cl gegttr`clbhg), c`c lip`cm`c` jmel Rtjtl igidrl, lc ucj sltujzl`cg bìg qugeej `mmgtt` fgeejbjusj prlcblpjeg, fl lstltulrg uc `ddelm` fl bìuclbjrg fjtl pgrs`cjel pgr mjrjctlrg e'gnngttlvj tutgejfge flrltt` f'jut`rg cge b`ctgst` fl uc pr`bgfligct` blvleg . Vuttjvlj, le flrltt` bìucltjrl` rlbhlgfgbhg l fgttl Rtjtl, lc `bbjsl`cg fgeej trjsp`slzl`cg fl tjel flrgttlvg, jddljc` burj fl n`cfjrsl su uc'lctgr-prgtjzl`cg fgeeg igfgslig tjeg fj mjrjctlrg uc mlust` gquleldrl` trj l flvgrsl flrlttl n`cfjigctjel tutg-ejtl fjee'`rflcjigct` mlurlflb` bìucltjrl`. Lcètrg, lc sgfg fl jttujzl`cg fgeeg ilsurg fl rgbgpligct`fgeeg fgttg flrgttlvg, eg jut`rltï g l mluflbl fgmel Rtjtl igidrl fgv`c` c`c sè` lctgrprgtjrg le e`r` flrltt`cjzl`cjeg lc i`f` b`cn`rig j tjel flrgttlvg, ij jcbhg gvltjrg fl n`cfjrsl su uc'lctgrprgtjzl`cg flgssg bhg gctrl lc b`cneltt` b`c l fgttl flrlttl n`cfjigctjel ` b`c mel jetrl prlcblpl mgcgrjel fge flrltt` b`-iucltjrl`, bìg, jf gsgipl`, le prlcblpl` fl pr`p`rzl`cjeltï».

Fl rgbgctg è stjtj rgbgctgigctg jppr`vjtj ej Egmmg fgegmj68 pgr le rgbgpligct` fgeej Flrgttlvj Gur`pgj ―_jbbhgtt`Vgegbì’6<, ej qujeg gssgczljeigctg1

(:) Jnngrij bhg «e'jspgtt` plü lip`rtjctg fj jnnr`ctjrg è ej pgrslstgctg ijcbjczj fl uc igrbjt` uclb` fgeeg bìucl-bjzl`cl gegttr`clbhg» (b`cslfgrjcf` 4)1 blô slmclnlbj bhg `mcl uetgrl`rg vje`rg vl è sud`rflcjt`;

(4) Lctr`fubg uc“jnngrijzl`cg fl prlcblpl` jequjct` gqulv`bj1 «Tlb`c`sbgcf` bhg Lctgrcgt è gssgczljeg pgr e'lstru-zl`cg g e'gsgrblzl` prjtlb` fgeej eldgrtï fl gsprgssl`cg g e'jbbgss` jee'lcn`rijzl`cg, qujesljsl rgstrlzl`cg lip`stjjee'gsgrblzl` fl tjel flrlttl n`cfjigctjel f`vrgddg gssgrg b`cn`rig jeej B`cvgczl`cg gur`pgj pgr ej sjevjmujrfljfgl flrlttl fgee'uì` g fgeeg eldgrtï n`cfjigctjel. _gr qujct` rlmujrfj tjel tgil, ej Bìilssl`cg f`vrgddg jvvljrguc'jiplj b`csuetjzl`cg puddelbj» (b`cslfgrjcf` 2 dls)1 cg fgrlvj bhg c`c sl cgmj lc jstrjtt` e“jiilssldleltï fgeegrgstrlzl`cl, qujsl bhg ej B.G.F.W. n`ssg uc rgmèjigct` fgl vlcbèl g c`c le n`cfjigct` b`cvgczl`cjeg fgeeg eldgr-tï;

(2) Lstltulsbg le DGTGB (D`fy `n Gur`pgjc Tgmuejt`rs n`r Gegbtr`clb Bìiuclbjtl`cs, `sslj @rmjclsi` fgl rgmèjt`-rl gur`pgl fgeeg bìuclbjzl`cl gegttr`clbhg), b`c le bìplt` fl jiilclstrjrg e` spgttr` rjfl` g eg rgtl tgegijtlbhg1

fj gss` flpgcfgrï bljsbucj jut`rltï cjzl`cjeg; (6) Jnngrij bhg1 «c`c p`ss`c` gssgrg lip`stg eliltjzl`cl jl flrlttl g jeeg eldgrtï n`cfjigctjel fgmel utgctl nlcjel, lcjssgczj fl ucj fgblsl`cg prgelilcjrg fj pjrtg fgee'jut`rltï mluflzljrlj, lc pjrtlbèjrg j c`rij fgee'jrtlbè` ::fgeej Bjrtj fgl flrlttl n`cfjigctjel fgee'Wcl`cg gur`pgj, sueej eldgrtï fl gsprgssl`cg g fl lcn`rijzl`cg, jf gbbg-zl`cg fge bjs` lc bul vl slj ucj ilcjbblj pgr ej slburgzzj puddelbj g e'lctgrvgct` fgee'jut`rltï mluflzljrlj slj sub-bgsslv`» (jrt. 4 bìij 4, egtt. n dls), fgelcgjcf` uc igbbjclsi` fl lctgrvgct` urmgctg bhg prgvgfg e“jzl`cgfgee“Jut`rltï fl _uddelbj Rlburgzzj g subbgsslvjigctg e“lctgrpgee` fgee“Jut`rltï Mluflzljrlj1 blô gsbeufg, jeigc`pgr `rj, bhg e“utgctg p`ssj gssgrg flsb`ccgss` flrgttjigctg fje pr`vlfgr .

>.- (*) Tgbgctl svleuppl fgeej e`ttj b`ctr` ej vlèjzl`cg fge b`pyrlmht su Lctgrcgt

È lctgrgssjctg tgctjrg fl lcf`vlcjrg qujel sljc` eg pr`spgttlvg nuturg lc tgij fl b`ctrjst` jeej b`ctrjnnjzl`cg `c elcg,

pr`prl` pgrbhì sl trjttj fl ucj qugstl`cg pjrtlbèjrigctg fgelbjtj lc bul gigrmg uc b`cneltt` trj vje`rl n`cfjigctjelfgee“`rflcjigct`.

J tje pr`p`slt` è utleg njrg rlngrligct` jf jebucl pr`vvgfligctl rgbgctl bhg p`ss`c` fjrg e“lfgj fgl pr`sslil svleuppl.

68 E. :7 flbgidrg 4?:: c. 4:= (lc Mjzz. Wnn., 4 mgccjl` 4?:4, c. :), Flsp`slzl`cl pgr e'jfgipligct` fl `ddelmhl fgrlvjctl fjee'jppjrtg-cgczj fgee'Ltjelj jeeg Bìucltï gur`pgg - Egmmg bìucltjrlj 4?:? , jrt. :?, _rlcblpl g brltgrl flrgttlvl pgr e“jttujzl`cg fgeeg flrgttlvg4??</:2>/BG fge _jrejigct` gur`pg` g fge B`cslmel`, fge 47 c`vgidrg 4??<, g 4??</:6?/BG fge _jrejigct` gur`pg` g fge B`csl-mel`, fge 47 c`vgidrg 4??<, lc ijtgrlj fl bìuclbjzl`cl gegttr`clbhg.6< FLT 4??</:6?/BG fge 47 c`vgidrg 4??< rgbjctg i`flnlbj fgeeg flrgttlvg 4??4/4:/BG bhg lstltulsbg uc qujfr` c`rijtlv` bìucgpgr eg rgtl gf l sgrvlzl fl bìuclbjzl`cg gegttr`clbj, 4??4/:</BG rgejtlvj jee“jbbgss` jeeg rgtl fl bìuclbjzl`cg gegttr`clbj g je eg rls`r-sg b`rrgejtg, g jee“lctgrb`ccgssl`cg fgeeg igfgslig g 4??4/4?/BG rgejtlvj jeeg jut`rlzzjzl`cl pgr eg rgtl g l sgrvlzl fl bìuclbjzl`cggegttr`clbj (MWWG E 22=/2= fge :8/:4/4??<).





3 (*) Tgbgctl svleuppl fgeej e`ttj b`ctr` ej vlèjzl`cg fge b`pyrlmht su Lctgrcgt 3

Vgst` flsp`cldleg su elbgczj Brgjtlvg Bìi`cs - http1//brgjtlvgbìi`cs.̀ rm/elbgcsgs/dy-cb-cf/4.7/fggf.lt :< / 4:

Lc s`stjczj, ej rgprgssl`cg sl ml`bj jttrjvgrs` flsp`slzl`cl bhg njv`rlsb`c` uc lctgrvgct` rjplf` ij ―c`c lcvjslv`’,bhg gelilcj fjeej blrbèjzl`cg le ijtgrljeg jduslvjigctg lcsgrlt` lc rgtg utlelzzjcf` pr`bgfurg bjutgejrl scgeeg g fl bjrjt-tgrg jiilclstrjtlv`, ejsbljcf` p`l jee“jut`rltï mluflzljrlj ucj fgblsl`cg cge igrlt` gf uc gvgctujeg b`ctrèe` fl egmjeltï.

>.:.- Ej egmlsejzl`cg nrjcbgsg g le slstgij ― 2-strlkgs-ùt’

Lc Nrjcblj, lc pjrtlbèjrg cge 4??<, è stjtj jf`ttjtj ucj c`rijtlvj bhg prgvgfg1

(:) Lstltuzl`cg fl ucj jut`rltï HJF@_L (jrt. 7), bhg lrr`mj eg sjczl`cl g cgm`zlj eg trjcsjzl`cl;(4) Ej bìpgtgczj fge Vrlducje fg mrjcfg Lstjcbgs pgr pr`vvgfligctl lcldlt`rl;(2) E“`ddelm ̀fl s`rvgmeljczj fgl pr`vlfgrs (jrt. ::);

(6) Rlstgij fgl ―2 strlkg’1 j. Lcvlt` jee“utgctg j b`cn`rijrsl jeej egmmg d. B`cf`ttj rlpgtutj gctr` > igsl subbgsslvl -3 cu`v` lcvlt` (rjbbìjcfjtj J/T)

b. B`cf`ttj rlpgtutj gctr` uc jcc` subbgsslv` -3 flvgrsg b`csgmugczg1l. _r`bgfligct` pgr sjczl`cg jiilclstrjtlvj b`c1

:. R`spgcsl`cg jbbgss` j Lctgrcgt pgr 4 igsl b`c `pgrjt`rg

4. Lcldlt`rlj jf jbbgfgrg j Lctgrcgt b`c jetrl `pgrjt`rlll. Vrjcsjzl`cg b`c1

:. _jmjigct` sjczl`cg

4. R`spgcsl`cg jbbgss` plü rlf`ttjVjeg c`rij è stjtj flbhljrjtj dgc prgst` lcb`stltuzl`cjeg7?.

>.:.- Eg rgbgctl lcc`vjzl`cl fge egmlsejt`rg ltjeljc`1 le Tgmèjigct` JMB@I lc vlm`rg fje :¿ jprleg 4?:6

Lc Ltjelj mlï lc pjssjt` grj stjtj prgsgctjtj g p`l bjssjtj lc sgfg pjrejigctjrg ucj pr`p`stj fl i`flnlbj jee“jrt. :> fgeF. Ems. =?/4??2 (J.B. 6>42), b`c ej qujeg sl prgvgfgvj e“lctr`fuzl`cg fge igbbjclsi` ―c`tlbg jcf tjkg f`wc’, le qujeg sljrtlbèj lc i`f` bhg qujcf` uc utgctg sgmcjej ucj vlèjzl`cg fge b`pyrlmht je pr`vlfgr, qugst` f`vrgddg lipgflrg ej vl-sldleltï fge ijtgrljeg lcflbjt` g jttlvjrg ucj pr`bgfurj mluflzljeg j tutgej fgee“utgctg bhg hj lcsgrlt` eg lcn`rijzl`cl lc Tg-

tg.Fl rgbgctg b`c ej Fgeldgrj fgee“Jut`rltï pgr eg Mjrjczlg cgeeg Bìuclbjzl`cl c. >8?/:2/B@CR fge :4 flbgidrg 4?:2 è

stjtj lctr`f`tt` uc rgmèjigct` bhg flsblpelcj uc pr`bgfligct` jiilclstrjtlv` b`cbgrcgctg ej rli`zl`cg fl ijtgrljegjduslvjigctg rgs` flsp`cldleg lc rgtg. Ej flsblpelcj sl rlvèmg gsbeuslvjigctg jl pr`vlfgrs g qulcfl c`c rlmujrfj mel utgctl.

Le pr`bgfligct` sl strutturj lc qugstg njsl1(:) Lstjczj jee“Jut`rltï Mjrjctg, bhg fgblfg gctr` = ml`rcl (jrt. >);

(4) Lstrutt`rlj fj pjrtg fge Mjrjctg, le bul jvvl` è bìuclbjt` je s`mmgtt` bhg vlgcg liputjt` fgeej vlèjzl`cg jl nlcl flb`csgctlrmel fl prgflsp`rrg b`ctr`fgfuzl`cl bhg fgv`c` gssgrg prgsgctjtg gctr` 7 ml`rcl (jrt. =);

(2) Gsltl p`ssldlel (cge igrlt`)1

j. Jfgmujigct` sp`ctjcg` jee“lstjczj fj pjrtg fge pr`vlfgr lcbèpjt` fgeej vlèjzl`cg;

d. Jrbhlvljzl`cg fgee“lstjczj; b. @rflcg fgee“Jut`rltï (gctr` 27 ml`rcl) rlvèt` je pr`vlfgr fl rliu`vgrg le ijtgrljeg (sg le mgst`rgfgl b`ctgcutl è rgslfgctg lc Ltjelj) ` lcldlrg e“jbbgss` fj pjrtg fgmel utgctl (sg le mgst`rg fgl b`ctgcutl èrgslfgctg jee“gstgr`) gctr` 2 ml`rcl;

(6) Cgl bjsl fl pjrtlbèjrg mrjvltï, è prgvlstj ucj pr`bgfurj jddrgvljtj (jrt. <).

>.4.- Ej sgctgczj BMWG 8 jprleg 4?:6 «Flmltje Tlmhts Lrgejcf, Rgltelcmgr g jetrl» sueej b`csgrvjzl`cg fgl fjtl

B`c sgctgczj BMWG fgee“8 jprleg 4?:6 cgeeg bjusg rlucltg B-4<2/:4 g B7<6/:4 è stjtj flbhljrjtj leegmlttlij7: ej Flrgt-tlvj 46/4??>74 bhg flsblpelcj ej b`csgrvjzl`cg fgl fjtl sue trjnnlb` tgegijtlb` fgmel utgctl.

7? Fgblsl`cg B`csgle B`cstltutl`ccge fg Nrjcbg, :? mlumc` 4??<, c. 78?, lc ―N`r` Ltjeljc`’ , L^, 6=4. Flbhljrjzl`cg fl lcb`stltuzl`cjeltïfgeej Egmmg cge tgst` jppr`vjt` le :2 ijmml` 4??<1





3 B`cbeusl`cl 3

Vgst` flsp`cldleg su elbgczj Brgjtlvg Bìi`cs - http1//brgjtlvgbìi`cs.̀ rm/elbgcsgs/dy-cb-cf/4.7/fggf.lt 4? / 4:

Lc ijsslij slctgsl1(:) Ej flrgttlvj pgrigttgvj ej ―Fjtj Tgtgctl`c’, `sslj ej b`csgrvjzl`cg fgl fj tl fgmel utgctl fl sgrvlzl tgegijtlbl b`c-

bgrcgctl1 (:) le trjnnlb`; (4) e“udlbjzl`cg; (2) e“lfgctlnlbjzl`cg fgeeg utgczg. (4) Eg b`rtl b`stltuzl`cjel lrejcfgsg g justrljbj hjcc` lcvgstlt` ej BMWG fgeej rlbhlgstj fl gsjilcjrg qugstg flsp`sl-

zl`cl jeej eubg fgeej Bjrtj fgl Flrlttl N`cfjigctjel fgeej WG.(2) Ej BMWG hj rlegvjt` bhg e“lcslgig fl qugstg trg tlpè`mlg fl fjtl b`csgctg fl `ttgcgrg lcn`rijzl`cl prgblsg sumel

utgctl.(6) Fje iìgct` bhg ej Flrgttlvj lip`cg ej b`csgrvjzl`cg fl qugstl fjtl pgr eucm` tgip`, sl vgrlnlbj ucj mrjvg lcmg-

rgczj cgeej vltj prlvjtj fgl blttjflcl, sgczj bhg qugstl cg sljc` jfgmujtjigctg lcn`rijtl.(7) Ej flrgttlvj c`c b`csgctg fl prgcfgrg b`c`sbgczj fge b`ctgcut` fgeeg bìuclbjzl`cl, trjttjcf`sl sètjct` fl ―fjtl

gstgrcl’ jl igssjmml g lcvgbg pgrigttg fl bìdjttgrg ej brlilcjeltï, sb`p` b`cn`rig jee“lctgrgssg puddelb`. (>) Eg flsp`slzl`cl tuttjvlj c`c s`c` sunnlblgctgigctg prgblsg g qulcfl le b`ctrèe` lc igrlt` c`c è rlm`r`s` bìg sj-

rgddg rlbhlgst` fjmel lctgrgssl lc ml`b`. Lc pjrtlbèjrg1j. Ijcbj ucj flnngrgczljzl`cg j sgb`cfj fgeeg lp`tgsl fl rgjt`;d. Ijcbj ucj prgvlsl`cg bhg l fjtl p`ssjc` gssgrg utlelzzjtl sè` pgr pgrsgmulrg l rgjtl plü mrjvl, sgczj fg-

nlclrg qujel gssl sljc` ` l brltgrl b`c bul l slcmèl Rtjtl igidrl p`ssjc` prgvgfgrg bìg tjel.b. Ijcbj ucj mjrjczlj mlurlsflzl`cjeg ` jiilclstrjtlvj cgeej pr`bgfurj fl jbbgss` jl fjtl;f. Ijcbj ucj fgtgrilcjzl`cg fgl brltgrl fl furjtj, bhg jstrjttjigctg rlijcm`c` prgvlstl fj > j 46 igsl;

g. Cgee“jppelbjzl`cg fgeeg ilsurg fl slburgzzj sl b`csgctg jmel `pgrjt`rl fl bìplgrg vjeutjzl`cl fl bjrjttgrggb`cìlb`.

n. C`c sl rlbhlgfg bhg ej b`csgrvjzl`cg fgl fjtl jvvgcmj jee“lctgrc` fge tgrrlt`rl` fgee“Wcl`cg Gur`pgj.

=.- B`cbeusl`cl

Rl puô b`cbeufgrg trjbbljcf` jebucg elcgg tgcfgczljel. Cge pr`ssli` nutur` sl puô rjml`cgvèigctg prgvgfgrg(:) Gstgcsl`cg fge b`ctrèe` tgbcè`mlb` sue b`pyrlmht igfljctg slstgil gegttr`clbl lcb`rp`rjtl cgeeg `pgrg stgssg

(IV_);

(4) Wcln`rijzl`cg fgmel struigctl mlurlflbl fl tutgej fgeej pr`prlgtï lctgeegttujeg j elvgee` i`cfljeg;(2) Lip`slzl`cg jl pr`vlfgrs fgee“`cgrg fl b`ctrèejrg mel utgctl, ij lrr`mjzl`cg fl sjczl`cl b`ctgcutg;(6) Fgrlvj ―lfgè`mlbj’ fgeej vlèjzl`cg fge b`pyrlmht 1 f`p` ―le igzz` è le igssjmml`’ fl IbEuhjcc, ―ej vlèjzl`cg fge

igzz` è le igssjmml`’.

8.- _rlcblpjel rlngrligctl

DJTJC, _JWE, @c Flstrldutgf Bìiuclbjtl`cs Cgtw`rks1 TJCF, :<>4, _-4>4>.

DHWRHJC, J.K., TNB ::6. Nleg Vrjcsngr _r`t`bè , :<=:.

NLGEFLCM, T. , W. B. LT^LCG, A. MGVV\R, A. B. I@MWE, H. NT\RV\K, E. IJRLCVGT, _. EGJBH G VLI DGTCGTR-EGG, TNB 4>:>.Hypgrtgxt Vrjcsngr _r`t`bè -- HVV_/:.:, :<<<.

_@RVGE, A@C G A.K. TG\C@EFR, TNB <7<. Nleg Vrjcsngr _r`t`bè (NV_), :<87.

TLBBL@, M. I., R`blje Cgtw`rk g rgsp`csjdleltï blvleg, lc «Flrltt` fgee“lcn`rijzl`cg g fgee“lcn`rijtlbj», c. 6 (4?:?), pp. 87<.

7: Le bìuclbjt` stjipj g mel `rmjcl fl bìuclbjzl`cg rlp`rtjc` e“gsprgssl`cg ―lcvjelfltï’ ij sl rltlgcg fl p`tgr usjrg plü pr`prljigctg

e“gsprgssl`cg ―egmlttliltï’. 74 Tlmujrfjctg ej b`csgrvjzl`cg fl fjtl mgcgrjtl ` trjttjtl cgee“jidlt` fgeej n`rclturj fl sgrvlzl fl bìuclbjzl`cg gegttr`clbj jbbgssldlelje puddelb` ` fl rgtl puddelbhg fl bìuclbjzl`cg g bhg i`flnlbj ej flrgttlvj 4??4/78/BG , lc M.W.W.G. E :?7 fge :2.6.4??>, pjmm. 76->2.





3 _rlcblpjel rlngrligctl 3

10 2013 2014 Comunicazione “molti -> molti”: condivisione, copyright, peer to peer

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