06-2013-2014-Comunicazione 1 -> molti: Libertà di espressione in Rete

7/22/2019 06-2013-2014-Comunicazione 1 -> molti: Libertà di espressione in Rete

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]lcvmrsctä bmgac Utubc bc ]bclm < Bcpkrtcfmltj bc Uecmlzm gcurcbce`m < Clijrfktcek Gcurcbcek --< Ejfulcekzcjlm ; -< fjatc (5) ?4;5-<?4;2

Rmstj bcspjlcocam su acemlzk Ermktcvm Ejffjls - `ttp8//ermktcvmejffjls.jrg/acemlsms/oy-le-lb/?.=/bmmb.ct ; / ?7

Ejfulcekzcjlm ; -< fjatc8 Acomrtä bc msprmsscjlm cl _mtm

;.- Trmfmssk ................................................................................................................................................................................................................. ? ?.- Cltrjbuzcjlm kaak amzcjlm8 ak tutmak bmc ‑bcrcttc bmaak pmrsjlk‖ cl gmlmrkam ........................................................................................... ? 5.- Klkacsc bmc sclgjac bcrcttc bmaak pmrsjlk ........................................................................................................................................................... 5

5.;.- (*) Ca bcrcttj ka ljfm ..................................................................................................................................................................................... 5 5.?.- (*) Bcrcttj kaa–cbmltctä pmrsjlkam8 ca ‑eksj Ymrjlmsc‖ ............................................................................................................................ = 5.5.- Ca bcrcttj kaa–jljrm, ak bciikfkzcjlm m ca ‑bmekajgj bmc gcjrlkacstc‖ ..................................................................................................... 9 5.2.- Bcrcttj kaa–cffkgclm ..................................................................................................................................................................................... 0

2.- Cltmrlmt m ak bciikfkzcjlm jl aclm ................................................................................................................................................................... ;; 2.;.- Ak bcrmttcvk murjpmk 5;/?44;, EG]M ?= jttjorm ?4;;, ekusm rculctm E-=43/43 m ;9;/?4;4 ......................................................... ;? 2.?.- Ak gcurcsprubmlzk ctkacklk ........................................................................................................................................................................ ;5 2.5.- (*) Cpjtmsc pkrtcejakrc bc bciikfkzcjlm jl aclm ........................................................................................................................................ ;2

2.5.;.- Ak bciikfkzcjlm ‑kutjfktcek‖ bk pkrtm bmc fjtjrc bc rcemrek ................................................................................................... ;2 2.5.?.- Ak bciikfkzcjlm bk pkrtm bc utmltc kljlcfc ................................................................................................................................. ;7

2.2.- (*) [umstcjlc prjemburkac suaak bciikfkzcjlm8 ca B. Ags. ?0/?4;4 m ak fmbckzcjlm ......................................................................... ;7 =.- (*) Ca prjoamfk bma Bcgctka bcvcbm lma rkppjrtj trk tmeljajgck m bcfmlscjlm sjeckam ........................................................................ ;3

=.;.;.- Ljzcjlm bc Bcgctka bcvcbm ............................................................................................................................................................... ?4 =.;.?.- [ukacicekzcjlm bma Bcgctka bcvcbm8 c ‐Bcrcttc ufklc– .................................................................................................................... ?? =.;.5.- Jssmrvkzcjlc sua Bcgctka bcvcbm ...................................................................................................................................................... ?2

9.- Trclecpkac rcimrcfmltc ......................................................................................................................................................................................... ?=

C pkrkgrkic mvcbmlzcktc ejl ca smglj (*) ejstctucsejlj ‑Kpprjijlbcfmltj‖ m pmrtkltj sjlj jggmttj bmaprjgrkffk b–mskfm pmr gac stubmltc bc Gcurcsprubmlzk m Uecmlzm gcurcbce`m, ljl pmr gac stubmltc bcUecmlzm bmc Umrvczc gcurcbcec puooacec m prcvktc.

http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/2.5/deed.it




< Trmfmssk <

Rmstj bcspjlcocam su acemlzk Ermktcvm Ejffjls - `ttp8//ermktcvmejffjls.jrg/acemlsms/oy-le-lb/?.=/bmmb.ct ? / ?7

;.- Trmfmssk

Krgjfmltj bc qumstk amzcjlm à ak rmspjlskocactä bmaa–utmltm pmr clijrfkzcjlc e`m ejstctucsejlj msmreczcj bmaak suk a c-omrtä bc clijrfkzcjlm j bc msprmsscjlm, e`m ― jatrm kb mssmrm tutmaktk ejstctuzcjlkafmltm, krt. ?4 ― pmr bmtmrfclktm ektm-gjrcm bc sjggmttc (pmr msmfpcj c gcjrlkacstc) ejclecbm ejl ul–kttcvctä mejljfcek.

Ca pmrejrsj krgjfmltktcvj strutturktj pmr qumstk amzcjlm à ca smgumltm8

(;) prmfmssk kaak amzcjlm8 ak tutmak bmc ‑bcrcttc bmaak pmrsjlk‖

;. (ejltmstj) rce`ckfj kaak ljzcjlm bc acomrtä ‑lmgktcvk‖ ?. (rclvcj) rcfklbj kaak bcstclzcjlm ‑bcrcttc ufklc‖ / ‑bcrcttj bmaa–ujfj‖

5. (spmecicekzcjlm) c bcrcttc bmaak pmrsjlk ejlscbmrktc cl qumstk smbm, mamlej8

;. bcrcttj ka ljfm?. bcrcttj kaak rmputkzcjlm5. bcrcttj bc cffkgclm

2. bcrcttj kaak rcsmrvktmzzk

(?) bcrcttj ka ljfm mb kaak rmputkzcjlm8 c rcimrcfmltc ljrfktcvc pmr ak tutmak bkaak bciikfkzcjlm;. prmfmssk bmiclctjrck

;. bcrcttj ecvcam?. bcrcttj pmlkam

?. cltmrlmt m ak bciikfkzcjlm jl aclm

;. rmgcfm gmlmrkam?. cpjtmsc pkrtcejakrm8 ak bciikfkzcjlm ‑kutjfktcek‖ bk pkrtm bmc fjtjrc bc rcemrek5. cpjtmsc pkrtcejakrm8 ak bciikfkzcjlm bk pkrtm bc utmltc kljlcfc

5. qumstcjlc prjemburkac -< fmbckzcjlm

(5) bcrcttj kaa–cffkgclm

;. rmgcfm gmlmrkam?. rcimrcfmltj ka ejltmstj bmaak rmtm

(2) bcrcttj kaak rcsmrvktmzzk;. ak rcsmrvktmzzk bmaa–utmltm lmc ejlirjltc bma prjvcbmr -< rclvcj kaam amzcjlc suc sjecka lmtwjrn

?. ak rcsmrvktmzzk bmaa–utmltm vmrsj katrc utmltc -< rclvcj kaak prjsscfk amzcjlm

?.- Cltrjbuzcjlm kaak amzcjlm8 ak tutmak bmc ‑bcrcttc bmaak pmrsjlk‖ cl gmlmrkam

Tmr ak ejaajekzcjlm bma ejrsj ― m pmr ulk ejrrmttk cfpjstkzcjlm bma prjoamfk ― ljl sc puÿ prmseclbmrm bk kaeulmprmfmssm bc ekrkttmrm tmjrmtcej m bk kaeulm bmiclczcjlc prmacfclkrc.

À mvcbmltm e`m cl qumstk smbm ljl sc puÿ e`m ejfpcmrm kaeulc emllc bc rce`ckfj j bc rclvcj.Cl gmlmrkam, c ‑bcrcttc‖, ejsá ejfm skrkllj mspjstc bc smguctj, sjlj ejlicgurktc bkaak quksc tjtkactä bmaak gcurcsprubmlzkcl tmrfclc bc ‑bcrcttc bc acomrtä‖, m ikllj rcimrcfmltj bc sjactj kaak ljzcjlm bc ‑ acomrtä lmgktcvk‖, ecjà kaak purk kutjbmtmrfclk-zcjlm bma vjamrm.

Kaaj stmssj fjbj, à jppjrtulj rce`ckfkrm ak bcstclzcjlm trk ‑bcrcttc ufklc‖ m ‑bcrcttj bmaa–ujfj‖, k smejlbk e`m sc ikeeckrcimrcfmltj kaak icgurk bmaa–‑clbcvcbuj‖ j bmaak ‑pmrsjlk‖;. Mfmrgm, sjttj qumstj prjicaj, ak bcseusscjlm suaak pjrtktk bmaa–krt.? Ejst, ca qukam ‑rcejljsem‖ c bcrcttc ‑clvcjakocac‖ bmaak pmrsjlk m ejlsmltm cl tka fjbj bc ‑cltrjburrm‖ kaa–cltmrljbmaa–jrbclkfmltj ejstctuzcjlkam ‑lujvc‖ bcrcttc ijlbkfmltkac.

Krt. ?. Ejst.Ak _mpuooacek rcejljsem m gkrkltcsem c bcrcttc clvcjakocac bmaa'ujfj, sck ejfm sclgjaj sck lmaam ijrfk-

zcjlc sjeckac jvm sc svjagm ak suk pmrsjlkactä, m rce`cmbm a'kbmfpcfmltj bmc bjvmrc clbmrjgkocac bc sjacbk-

rcmtä pjactcek, mejljfcek m sjeckam.

; BKLCAJ EKURMAAKLJ, _kzcjlkacsfj m bcrcttc ufklc8 bmaa'kltcicajsjick pjactcej-gcurcbcek bmaak fjbmrlctk ̄, Rjrclj8 G. Gckppce`maac ?445





< Klkacsc bmc sclgjac bcrcttc bmaak pmrsjlk <

Rmstj bcspjlcocam su acemlzk Ermktcvm Ejffjls - `ttp8//ermktcvmejffjls.jrg/acemlsms/oy-le-lb/?.=/bmmb.ct 5 / ?7

Upmeciceklbj ca bcsejrsj sjttj ca prjicaj bmaak fjbkactä bc tutmak, à katrmttkltj bjvmrjsj keemllkrm ka ikttj e`m sc trkttk bcbcrcttc ‑pmrsjlkacsscfc‖, c qukac gjbjlj bc pkrtcejakrc gkrklzcm cl qukltj rctmlutc bc strmttk clmrmlzk kaak pmrsjlk bma tctj akrm.

Uc puÿ keemllkrm, cl vck bma tuttj gmlmrkam, e`m lma vcgmltm jrbclkfmltj gcurcbcej ak tutmak bc tkac bcrcttc à ijrlctk kttrk-vmrsj aj strufmltj tmelcej bmaak rmspjlskocactä ecvcam mxtrkejltrkttukam, krt. ?425 EE, mb cl pkrtcejakrm bkaa–cltmrprmtkzcjl mmstmlscvk bmaak ljzcjlm bc kltcgcurcbcectä e`m à rmqucsctj bmaa–keemrtkfmltj bmaa–caamectj kqucacklj. Cl fksscfk scltmsc, akejlbjttk sc rctcmlm caamectk ljl sjaj quklbj à clcurck ― vcmtktk ― fk kle`m quklbj à ljl curm ― jssck quklbj ambm pjsc-zcjlc gcurcbce`m sjggmttcvm rcejljsecutm ― lmc tmrfclc bc euc sjprk ― kle`m k acvmaaj ejstctuzcjlkam.

Cl qumstk smbm ec sc ejlemltrk su kaeulc bc qumstc bcrcttc, rkggruppktc pmr ejfjbctä mspjsctcvk ejfm smgum8(;) bcrcttj kaa'cbmltctä pmrsjlkam, bcrcttj ka ljfm mb kaak rmputkzcjlm

(?) bcrcttj bc cffkgclm

(5) bcrcttj kaak rcsmrvktmzzk m bcrcttj kaa'joacj.Uc trkttmrä cljatrm bc ul bcrcttj uatmrcjrm, ejlemrlmltm a–usj bmaam tmeljajgcm. À ca tmfk bma ‑Bcgctka bcvcbm‖.

5.- Klkacsc bmc sclgjac bcrcttc bmaak pmrsjlk

Trcfk bc mltrkrm lma fmrctj bmaam qumstcjlc rmaktcvm kaak _mtm à jppjrtulj kafmlj keemllkrm kgac cstctutc gcurcbcec ejcl-vjatc lmaam rmaktcvm prjoamfktce`m.

K tka iclm, pmrÿ, ljl sc puÿ mltrkrm lma fmrctj bmaam ljzcjlc ejsá ejfm svcauppktm bkaak bjttrclk ejltmfpjrklmk, pmr-tkltj skrä clbcspmlskocam prmlbmrm ejfm tmrfclc bc rcimrcfmltj am bmecscjlc bmaak gcurcsprubmlzk.

5.;.- (*) Ca bcrcttj ka ljfm

Uc puÿ cltrjburrm ca bcrcttj ka ljfm k pkrtcrm bkaak ljrfk ejstctuzcjlkam e`m aj prmvmbm. Ak bcspjsczcjlm rce`ckfk kaakfmfjrck ca pmrcjbj stjrcej cffmbcktkfmltm prmembmltm kaa–cltrjbuzcjlm bc tkam ljrfk, cl euc am pmrsjlm vmlcvklj prcvktmbc tkam prmrjgktcvk m clbcvcbuktm cl oksm k lufmrc j scgam ejl aj sejpj bc prjvjekrm ufcackzcjlm mb kacmlkzcjlm.

Krt. ?? Ejst.Lmssulj puÿ mssmrm prcvktj, pmr fjtcvc pjactcec, bmaak ekpkectä gcurcbcek, bmaak ecttkbclklzk, bma lj-

fm.

Bjvrmoom ikr rciamttmrm e`m tkac mpcsjbc sc vmrcicekrjlj ljljstkltm ca bcrcttj pjsctcvj prmvmbmssm msprmsskfmltm ak tutmakbma ljfm.

Krtcejaj 7 Ejbcem EcvcamRutmak bma bcrcttj ka ljfm.^CV. Ak pmrsjlk, kaak qukam sc ejltmstc ca bcrcttj kaa'usj bma prjprcj ljfm j e`m pjssk rcsmltcrm prmgcu-

bczcj bkaa'usj e`m katrc clbmoctkfmltm lm ikeeck, puÿ e`cmbmrm gcubczckafmltm ak emsskzcjlm bma ikttj am-scvj, skavj ca rcskrecfmltj bmc bkllc.

^CCV. A'kutjrctä gcubczckrck puÿ jrbclkrm e`m ak smltmlzk sck puooacektk cl ulj j pcó gcjrlkac ^;?4e.p.e.V.

Uc pjssjlj rclvmlcrm smltmlzm rmemltc e`m msprcfjlj e`ckrkfmltm ca ejlemttj rmaktcvj ka bcrcttj ka ljfm.

Ejrtm kppmaaj Fcaklj 4? ljvmform ;30? cl _msp. ecv. m prmv. ;305, ;?;.Ca ljfm bc ulk pmrsjlk icscek bmvm mssmrm ejlscbmrktj ejfm scfojaj bmaa'cltmrk pmrsjlkactä

bmaa'clbcvcbuj fjrkam, cltmaamttukam m sjeckam8 a'usj bma ljfm katruc bmvm ejlscbmrkrsc caamectj quklbjsck tkam bk clecbmrm lmgktcvkfmltm suaak pmrsjlkactä bma sjggmttj e`m ejl mssj sc cbmltcicek..

Eksskzcjlm ecvcam smz. CCC ?? jttjorm ;302 l. =525 cl Gcust. ecv. Fkss. ;302, ikse. ;4Tmre`ã sc ikeeck aujgj kaak tutmak prmvcstk bkaa'krt. 7 e.e. ljl à lmemsskrcj e`m ca ljfm katruc vmlgk

usurpktj lmaak suk cltmrmzzk, ejl ak ejlsmgumlzk e`m kle`m a'usj clbmoctj bc sjaj ulk pkrtm bma ej-gljfm puÿ ejstctucrm mamfmltj suiicecmltm pmr jttmlmrm - lma ejlejrsj bmgac katrc rmqucsctc - a'clcoc tjrck,quklbj ak pkrtm bma ejgljfm usurpktk, pmr ak rcsjlklzk stjrcek e`m `k kequcstktj, sck bjtktj bc pkrtcej-akrm ijrfk clbcvcbukaczzkltm ulj spmecicej eksktj j quklbj, pcó cl gmlmrkam, mscstm ulk ejlbczcjlm bcejlijlbcocactä ejl rcimrcfmltj kaa'kfocmltm, ka aujgj, kaa'kttcvctä j kb katrm ecrejstklzm cl euc vmlgk ikttjusj bma ljfm katmrktj. A'keemrtkfmltj ejfpcutj cl prjpjsctj bka gcubcem bma fmrctj ecrek ak iulzcjlm cl-bcvcbukaczzkltm bmaak pkrtm bma ejgljfm usurpktk à clemlsurkocam cl smbm bc amgcttcfctä, jvm sck ejl-grukfmltm m ejrrmttkfmltm fjtcvktj.







Uc jssmrvc ak prjoamfktcectä bma bcrcttj ka ljfm cltmsj lmaak suk iulzcjlm bc strufmltj bc cbmltcicekzcjlm bmaak pmrsj-lk icscek ― a–clbcvcbuj mfpcrcej ― e`m vcmlm prjeakfktj ejfm bcrcttj kssjautj, fk ak euc kttrcouzcjlm mb ca euc ekfockfmltjà sjggmttc ka vkgacj bmaa–Kutjrctä prmimttczck.

Kle`m qumstj kspmttj bjvrmoom ikr rciamttmrm, bka pultj bc vcstk bma rkppjrtj trk ca bcrcttj bmaa–clbcvcbuj ― m bmc sujc gm-lctjrc ― lmaak sematk bma ljfm ― m qumaaj bmaa–jrbclm puooacej.

B.T._. 5 ljvmform ?444, l. 539 (cl Uuppa. jrbclkrcj kaak Gkzz. ]ii., 54 bcemform, l. 545). ―

_mgjakfmltj pmr ak rmvcscjlm m ak smfpacicekzcjlm bmaa'jrbclkfmltj bmaaj stktj ecvcam, kljrfk bmaa'krtcejaj ?, ejffk ;?, bmaak amggm ;= fkggcj ;337, l. ;?7. (URKRJ ECYCAM)

Krtcejaj 52 (Acfctc kaa'kttrcouzcjlm bma ljfm);. À vcmtktj cfpjrrm ka okfoclj aj stmssj ljfm bma pkbrm vcvmltm, bc ul irktmaaj j bc ulk sjrmaak vc-

vmltc, ul ejgljfm ejfm ljfm, ljfc rcbcejac j vmrgjgljsc.?. C ljfc strklcmrc e`m sjlj cfpjstc kc okfoclc kvmltc ak ecttkbclklzk ctkacklk bmvjlj mssmrm

msprmssc cl amttmrm bmaa'kaikomtj ctkacklj, ejl ak mstmlscjlm kaam amttmrm8 H, N, P, S, W m, bjvm pjsscoc am,kle`m ejl c smglc bckerctcec prjprc bmaa'kaikomtj bmaak aclguk bc jrcgclm bma ljfm.

5. Kc icgac bc euc ljl sjlj ejljsecutc c gmlctjrc ljl pjssjlj mssmrm cfpjstc ljfc j ejgljfc e`m ike-ecklj cltmlbmrm a'jrcgclm lkturkam, j ejgljfc bc cfpjrtklzk stjrcek j kppkrtmlmltc k ikfcgacm pkrtcejakr-fmltm ejljsecutm lma aujgj cl euc a'kttj bc lksectk à ijrfktj.

2. Um ca bce`ckrkltm cltmlbm bkrm ka okfoclj ul ljfm cl vcjakzcjlm bma bcvcmtj stkocactj lma ejffk ;

j cl vcjakzcjlm bmaam clbcekzcjlc bma ejffk ?, a'uiiceckam bmaaj stktj ecvcam aj kvvmrtm bma bcvcmtj, m, sm cabce`ckrkltm pmrscstm lmaak suk bmtmrfclkzcjlm, rcemvm ak bce`ckrkzcjlm, ijrfk a'kttj bc lksectk m, clijr-fklbjlm ca bce`ckrkltm, lm bä cffmbcktkfmltm ljtczck ka prjeurktjrm bmaak _mpuooacek kc iclc bma prj-fjvcfmltj bma gcubczcj bc rmttcicekzcjlm.

Krtcejaj 03 (Fjbcicekzcjlc bma ljfm j bma ejgljfm);. Ukavj qukltj bcspjstj pmr am rmttcicekzcjlc, e`culqum vujam ekfockrm ca ljfm j kggculgmrm ka

prjprcj ul katrj ljfm jvvmrj vujam ekfockrm ca ejgljfm pmre`ã rcbcejaj j vmrgjgljsj j pmre`ã rcvmakjrcgclm lkturkam, bmvm ikrlm bjfklbk ka prmimttj bmaak prjvcleck bma aujgj bc rmscbmlzk j bc qumaaj lmaakeuc ecrejserczcjlm à sctuktj a'uiicecj bmaaj stktj ecvcam bjvm sc trjvk a'kttj bc lksectk ka qukam ak rce`cmstk scrcimrcsem.

?. Lmaak bjfklbk sc bmvm clbcekrm ak fjbcicekzcjlm e`m sc vujam kppjrtkrm ka ljfm j ka ejgljfmjppurm ca ljfm j ca ejgljfm e`m sc cltmlbm kssufmrm.

5. Cl lmssul eksj puÿ mssmrm rce`cmstk a'kttrcouzcjlm bc ejgljfc bc cfpjrtklzk stjrcek j ejfulqum

tkac bk clburrm cl mrrjrm ecrek a'kppkrtmlmlzk bma rce`cmbmltm k ikfcgacm caaustrc j pkrtcejakrfmltm ljtm lmaaujgj cl euc sc trjvk a'kttj bc lksectk bma rce`cmbmltm j lma aujgj bc suk rmscbmlzk.

Cltmrmsskltm, sjttj qumstj prjicaj, qukltj sc puÿ rcamvkrm k prjpjsctj bma ljfm ‑Klbrmk‖, bc euc sc bcseutm a–kttrcouzcjlmk pmrsjlm bc smssj imffclcam.

Rrcoulkam Ykrmsm ?5 augacj ?4;4 Gcur. fmrctj ?4;;, ?, 249Ca bcrcttj ka ljfm à ul bcrcttj sjggmttcvj clejfprcfcocam bmaak pmrsjlk, ak qukam, ljl puÿ semgacmr-

aj ka fjfmltj bmaak lksectk, sjlj c sujc rkpprmsmltkltc amgkac, cl gmlmrm gmlctjrc, k prjvvmbmrvc. Bmttksematk bmvm mssmrm msmrectktk lmaa'cltmrmssm bma icgacj, ejstctumlbj ca ljfm ca scfojaj bmaa'cbmltctäpmrsjlkam, e`m bmvm ejrrcspjlbmrm ka smssj. À cljatrm vcmtktk a'kssmglkzcjlm bc ljfc rcbcejac j vmr-gjgljsc. [ukltj ka ljfm Klbrmk, kvmltm cl Ctkack vkamlzk fkse`cam, a'kttrcouzcjlm kb ulk pmrsjlk bc

smssj imffclcam, cfpacek ak smglkakzcjlm bk pkrtm bmaa'uiiceckam bc stktj ecvcam ka Trjeurktjrm bmaak _m-puooacek, ca qukam pjträ clstkurkrm ul gcubczcj bc rmttcicekzcjlm k smguctj bma qukam bmecbmrm bc kltmpjr-rm kb Klbrmk ul jljfkstcej imffclcam. Lmssul prjoamfk bc tkam gmlmrm sc sjaamvk qukajrk ca bmstclktk-rcj bma ljfm kequcstc ak lkzcjlkactä ba pkmsm bc prjvmlcmlzk. Cl tka eksj sc kppace`mrä ak amggm lkzcjlkambma sjggmttj

Eksskzcjlm ecvcam smz. C ?4 ljvmform ?4;? l. ?450=Ca ljfm Klbrmk `k lkturk smssukafmltm lmutrk> clikttc, cl lufmrjsc ejltmstc lkzcjlkac strklcmrc,

murjpmc mb mxtrkmurjpmc, tkam ljfm `k ulk vkamlzk oculcvjek, pjtmlbj clbciimrmltmfmltm mssmrm utcacz-zktj pmr sjggmttc imffclcac m fkse`cac. Tmrtkltj, ak lkturk smssukafmltm lmutrk bma ljfm Klbrmk, ulctkka rcejljsecfmltj bma bcrcttj b'cfpjrrm ul ljfm bc prjvmlcmlzk strklcmrk ka prjprcj icgacj fcljrmlmc acfctc bma rcspmttj bmaak bcglctä pmrsjlkam , ejsá ejfm bmiclctk lmaa'krt. 52, prcfj ejffk, m 5=b.p.r. l. 539 bma ?444, ikllj sá e`m tkam ljfm pjssk mssmrm kttrcouctj kle`m kb ulk pmrsjlk bc smssjimffclcam.






Rmstj bcspjlcocam su acemlzk Ermktcvm Ejffjls - `ttp8//ermktcvmejffjls.jrg/acemlsms/oy-le-lb/?.=/bmmb.ct = / ?7

À bc pkrtcejakrm rcacmvj ejfm ca bcrcttj tutmac ejfm cltmrmssm puooacej ljl sjatkltj a–cbmltcicekzcjlm bma sjggmttj, fk k l-e`m ak ejltcluctä lmaak iulzcjlm cbmltcicektrcem bma ljfm m quclbc a–cffutkocactä bma ljfm, k prmseclbmrm bkc fjtcvc e`m cl-buejlj k e`cmbmrlm ak fjbcicek.

R.K._. Fcaklj Ajfokrbck smz. C, ;4 gmllkcj ?4;;, l. 7 cl Gcur. fmrctj ?4;;, 5, 05=

À caamgcttcfj, pmr vcjakzcjlm bmaa'krt. 03 b.T._. 5 ljvmform ?444 l. 539, ca bmermtj ejl ca qukam ca Trm-imttj, prjlulecklbj suaa'cstklzk bc ul ecttkbclj cltmsk kb jttmlmrm ak fjbcicek bma suj ljfm, pmr kssu-

fmrm ul ljfm cbmltcej k qumaaj bc ul kfcej bmiultj vmrsj ca qukam lutrcvk ul prjijlbj smltcfmltjbc kiimttj m bc rcejljsemlzk, a'`k rmspcltk fjtcvklbj ca bclcmgj ejl ak lmemssctä bc tutmakrm a'cltmrmssmpuooacej k e`m c ljfc rcfklgklj cffutktc lma tmfpj?.

R.K._. Rjrclj Tcmfjltm smz. C ;= bcemform ?442 l. 594;Kle`m sm ljl à ejlicgurkocam ul vmrj m prjprcj bcrcttj sjggmttcvj ka futkfmltj jb kaa'kggcultk bma

ejgljfm, tkam cstklzk puÿ ejfulqum mssmrm sjttjpjstk ka vkgacj bmaa'kffclcstrkzcjlm, ak qukam bmvmclbcekrm rkgcjlc bc puooacej cltmrmssm, mvmltukafmltm jstktcvm kaa'keejgacfmltj bmaak rce`cmstk, m ljl pj-trmoom acfctkrsc k fjtcvkrm ul bclcmgj ejl rcimrcfmltj ka ejgljfm pktmrlj qukam ulcej mamfmltj cbmltc-icektcvj bmaak pmrsjlk, bktj e`m sciikttj prclecpcj ljl à bmsufcocam bka vcgmltm scstmfk ljrfktcvj (lmaeksj bc spmecm, ca icgacj kbjttcvj kvmvk e`cmstj bc kggculgmrm, pmr fjtcvc bc rcejljsemlzk, ka ejgljfm pk-tmrlj qumaaj fktmrlj).

R.K._. Gmljvk Acgurck smz. C 5 fkggcj ;333 l. ?4; cl Ijrj Kff. ?444, 303 (s.f.)Ca prclecpcj b'cffutkocactä bma ejgljfm à pjstj sck k prmscbcj bmaa'cbmltcicekocactä bc ul bmtmrfclk-

tj sjggmttj sck k tutmak bmaa'cstctutj ikfcackrm8 mssj à pmrtkltj bmrjgkocam sjaj cl prmsmlzk bc ul cltmrms-sm prcvktj bc meemzcjlkam vkamlzk m ljl prcvj bc ul qukae`m rcacmvj puooacecstcej.

R.K._. Ymlmtj smz. C ;0 jttjorm ;33= l. ;?=9 cl Ijrj Kff. ;339, ;5?4 (s.f.)Kc smlsc bmgac krt. ? m ?? ejst., m bmaa'krt. ;=5 r.b. 3 augacj ;353 l. ;?50, ca ejgljfm ejstctucsem ljl

sjaj strufmltj bc cbmltcicekzcjlm bma ecttkbclj, fk kle`m kttrcoutj bmaak pmrsjlkactä e`m msprcfm akvctk bc rmakzcjlm bma sjggmttj mb kaak qukam puÿ mssmrm kbmguktj fmbckltm fjbcicek bmaa'jrcgclkrcj ej-gljfm.

Ljl sc puÿ mvctkrm bc rcpjrtkrm ak ljrfk clercfclktrcem e`m pulcsem ejlbjttm caamectm cl tka smlsj.

Krtcejaj 232 ET Ujstctuzcjlm bc pmrsjlk.^CV. E`culqum, ka iclm bc prjeurkrm k sã j kb katrc ul vkltkggcj j bc rmekrm kb katrc ul bkllj, clbuem

tkaulj cl mrrjrm, sjstctumlbj caamgcttcfkfmltm ak prjprck kaa'katruc pmrsjlk, j kttrcoumlbj k sã j kb katrcul ikasj ljfm, j ul ikasj stktj, jvvmrj ulk qukactä k euc ak amggm kttrcoucsem miimttc gcurcbcec, à pulctj,sm ca ikttj ljl ejstctucsem ul katrj bmacttj ejltrj ak imbm puooacek, ejl ak rmeauscjlm iclj kb ul kllj ^239>;;55 e. lkv.V

5.?.- (*) Bcrcttj kaa–cbmltctä pmrsjlkam8 ca ‑eksj Ymrjlmsc‖

Jeejrrm ejfpcmrm ul pkssj uatmrcjrm rcspmttj kaak tutmak bma ljfm. Ak tutmak gcurcbcek ljl sc imrfk kaa–cbmltcicekzcjlmbma sjggmttj ― pmrsjlk icscek ― fk sc mstmlbm kle`m kaak ejrrmttk rkpprmsmltkzcjlm bmaam sum ekrkttmrcstce`m icsce`m, cltma-amttukac, ekrkttmrckac. Uc rcpjrtk bc smguctj qumaak e`m à ak fkssc fk bmaak smltmlzk ‑ekpjstcpctm‖ sua tmfk, rmaktcvk ka eksj‑Ymrjlmsc‖.

? Ak rce`cmstk mrk fjtcvktk bk smltcfmltj bc prjijlbj kiimttj m grktctubclm vmrsj ul ecttkbclj kustrckej bc ljfm Wkat`mr, jrfkc bmiul-tj, e`m fjatc kllc prcfk gac kvmvk skavktj ak vctk tuiiklbjsc cl fkrm mb mvctklbjgac bc kllmgkrm m e`m kvmvk e`cmstj kaa–cstkltm bc kg-gculgmrm ka prjprcj ljfm ak amttmrk «`¾ trk ak «t¾ m ak «r¾. Ca Trmimttj kvmvk lmgktj rce`ckfklbj a'cltmrmssm puooacej k e`m c ljfc rc-fklgklj cffutktc lma tmfpj.







Eksskzcjlm ecvcam smz. C ?? gcuglj ;30= l. 5793 Gcust. ecv. Fkss. ;30=, ikse. 9, Gcust. ecv.;30=, C,5423 (ljtm)., Ijrj ct. ;30=, C,??;;., Bcr. clijrfktcek ;30=, 39= (ljtk).

A'cltmrmssm bmaak pmrsjlk, icscek j gcurcbcek, k prmsmrvkrm ak prjprck cbmltctä pmrsjlkam, lma smlsj bccffkgclm sjeckam, ecjà bc ejkemrvj bc vkajrc (cltmaamttukac, pjactcec, rmacgcjsc, prjimsscjlkac mee.) rcamvkltclmaak rkpprmsmltkzcjlm e`m bc mssk vcmlm bktk lmaak vctk bc rmakzcjlm, ljle`ã, ejrrmaktcvkfmltm, kb cl-sjrgmrm ejltrj ejfpjrtkfmltc katruc e`m fmljfclj tkam cffkgclm, pur smlzk jiimlbmrm a'jljrm j ak rm-putkzcjlm, jvvmrj ambmrm ca ljfm j a'cffkgclm icscek, bmvm rctmlmrsc qukacicekocam ejfm pjsczcjlm bc bcrct-

tj sjggmttcvj, kaak strmguk bmc prclecpc icssktc bkaa'krt. ? ejst. cl tmfk bc bcimsk bmaak pmrsjlkactä lmaakejfpamssctä mb ulctkrcmtä bc tuttm am sum ejfpjlmltc, mb cljatrm tutmakocam cl kppacekzcjlm klkajgcek bmaakbcsecpaclk bmttktk bkaa'krt. 7 e.e. ejl rcgukrbj ka bcrcttj ka ljfm, ejl ak ejlsmgumltm mspmrcocactä, ejltrj csubbmttc ejfpjrtkfmltc, bc kzcjlm clcoctjrck m bc rcskrecfmltj bma bkllj, ljle`ã pjsscocactä bc jttmlmrm,kc smlsc bma ejffk ? bma ectktj krt. 7, ak puooacekzcjlm bmaak smltmlzk e`m keejagk ak bjfklbk, jvvmrj,sm sc trkttc bc amscjlm vmrcicektksc k fmzzj bmaak stkfpk, kle`m ak puooacekzcjlm bc ulk rmttcicek k ljrfkbmaa'krt. 2? bmaak a. = kgjstj ;30; l. 2;9. (Lmaak spmecm, ul'cltmrvcstk ejlemssk bka bcrmttjrm bmaa'cstctutjlkzcjlkam pmr aj stubcj m ak eurk bmc tufjrc mrk stktk utcaczzktk, fmbckltm suobjak mstrkpjakzcjlm bc ka-eulm irksc bka ejfpamsscvj ejltmstj, pmr kvvkajrkrm ulk ekfpkglk prjfjzcjlkam bmaak vmlbctk bc scgk-rmttm amggmrm, ejfm sm quma bcrmttjrm, klzce`ã ejltrkrcj kb jglc usj bc tkokeej, sc ijssm fklcimstktj clsmlsj ikvjrmvjam ka ejlsufj bc bmttm scgkrmttm. Ak U.E., rcsuatklbj keemrtktj bka gcubcem bma fmrctj e`msciikttk utcaczzkzcjlm bmaa'cltmrvcstk bcstjremvk a'cffkgclm sjeckam bmaa 'cstctutj m bma suj bcrmttjrm, cl rmak-zcjlm kaak ajrj ejstkltm jpmrk bc prmvmlzcjlm bmc tufjrc m bc ekfpkglk ejltrj ca iufj, `k rctmlutj ejr-rmttkfmltm keejrbktk bka prmbmttj gcubcem ak tutmak ejltmfpaktk bkaa'krt. 7 e.e., mlulecklbj ca prclecpcj bc

euc sjprk).

5

5.5.- Ca b crcttj kaa–jljrm, ak bc iikfkzcjlm m ca ‑bmekajgj bmc gcjrlkacstc‖

Klejrk bcvmrsk à ak ejlscbmrkzcjlm e`m ca sjggmttj ― ejrrmttkfmltm cbmltcicektj m rkpprmsmltktj lmaam qukactä miimttc-vkfmltm pjssmbutm ― gjbm lmaak vctk sjeckam.

_cprmlbmlbj ulk bcstclzcjlm trkbczcjlkam lma bcrcttj pmlkam (Kltjacsmc) sc bcstclgum8;. jljrm, ejfpamssj bmaam ejlbczcjlc bk euc bcpmlbm ca vkajrm sjeckam bmaak pmrsjlk

?. bmejrj, clscmfm bmaam bjtc icsce`m, cltmaamttukac m sjeckac bmaak pmrsjlk[umstc kspmttc sc bcstclgujlj cl bum ejfpjlmltc8

;. ak ejsecmlzk e`m eckseulj `k bc sm stmssj -< mamfmltj sjggmttcvj?. ak ejlscbmrkzcjlm bk pkrtm bmc tmrzc -< mamfmltj jggmttcvj

Ujttj qumstj prjicaj, rcamvk a–krt. =3= ET8

Krtcejaj =3= Bciikfkzcjlm.^CV. E`culqum, iujrc bmc eksc clbcektc lmaa'krtcejaj prmembmltm, ejfulceklbj ejl pcó pmrsjlm jiimlbm

a'katruc rmputkzcjlm, à pulctj ejl ak rmeauscjlm iclj k ul kllj j ejl ak fuatk iclj k ;.45? murj.^CCV. Um a'jiimsk ejlscstm lmaa'kttrcouzcjlm bc ul ikttj bmtmrfclktj, ak pmlk à bmaak rmeauscjlm iclj k

bum kllc, jvvmrj bmaak fuatk iclj k ?.49= murj (;).^CCCV. Um a'jiimsk à rmektk eja fmzzj bmaak stkfpk ^=7-=0-ocs, =39-ocsV j ejl qukascksc katrj fmzzj bc

puooacectä ^9;=-ocsV, jvvmrj cl kttj puooacej ^?933 e.e.V, ak pmlk à bmaak rmeauscjlm bk smc fmsc k trm kllc

j bmaak fuatk ljl climrcjrm k =;9 murj.^CYV. Um a'jiimsk à rmektk k ul Ejrpj pjactcej, kffclcstrktcvj j gcubczckrcj, j kb ulk suk rkpprmsml-tklzk, j kb ulk Kutjrctä ejstctuctk cl ejaamgcj ^52?V, am pmlm sjlj kufmltktm ^92, =39-=33V.

Uc puÿ miimttukrm ulk ormvm klkacsc bmaak ikttcspmecm ercfcljsk.Mamfmltc bmaak ikttcspmecm bc rmktj8;. jiimsk kaak rmputkzcjlm katruc

?. cl kssmlzk bmaak pmrsjlk jiimsk (icscekfmltm ljl prmsmltm) -< bciimrmlzk rcspmttj kaa–clgcurck 5. ejfulcekzcjlm k pcó pmrsjlm (bciiuscjlm) -< fjbkactä bc ejfulcekzcjlm mssmlzckam kaa–cltmgrkzcjlm bma rmktj.

5 Cltmrmsskltm, pmre`ã ‑prmejrrctrcem‖, à kle`m ak bmecscjlm Trmturk bc _jfk bma 9 fkggcj ;372 (cl Gcurcsprubmlzk ctkacklk, ;37 =, p.=;2).







Krt.;5 Tmlm pmr ak bciikfkzcjlm Amggm 0 imoorkcj ;320, l. 27 (cl Gkzz. ]ii., ?4 imoorkcj, l.25). - Bcspjsczcjlc suaak stkfpk

Lma eksj bc bciikfkzcjlm ejffmssk eja fmzzj bmaak stkfpk, ejlscstmltm lmaa'kttrcouzcjlm bc ul ikt-tj bmtmrfclktj, sc kppacek ak pmlk bmaak rmeauscjlm bk ulj k smc kllc m qumaak bmaak fuatk ljl climrcjrm kacrm =44.444 (;).

Ejrtm bc Eksskzcjlm 7/;?/?4;? ― ;3/?/?4;5 l. 04;;

Tmr pjtmr cltmgrkrm ca rmktj bc bciikfkzcjlm trkfctm pjstk mamttrjlcek à lmemsskrcj e`m ca fmsskggcjbciikfktjrcj rkggculgk ulk paurkactä bc sjggmttc, ljl mssmlbj suiicecmltm e`m ca fmsskggcj koock rkg-gcultj ul sjak pmrsjlk e`m pjc a–koock ejfulcektj kaak pmrsjlk jiimsk.

Ecrejstklzm kggrkvkltc prjprcm8

;. kttrcouzcjlm bc ikttj bmtmrfclktj?. utcaczzj bma fmzzj bmaak stkfpk ‑j katrj fmzzj bc puooacectä‖

5. jiimsk k Ejrpj pjactcej, kffclcstrktcvj j gcubczckrcj

Ejfm sc vmbm, à fjatj ikecam e`m ak bciikfkzcjlm ejfpcutk su cltmrlmt sck bjppckfmltm kggrkvktk, pmre`ã8

(;) kttrcoucrm ul ikttj spmecicej à pcuttjstj ejfulm, fk à katrmttkltj ejfulm ul–jiimsk bc tcpj ‑clbcrmttj‖

Ekss. ;0 imoorkcj ?445 Ekss. pml. ?445, 53=9 (ljtk bc8 EKR]AAJ)Tmrimzcjlk ak ikttcspmecm bc bciikfkzcjlm kggrkvktk kc smlsc bmaa'krt. =3= ejffk 5 e.p. ak ermkzcjlm

bc ul sctj Cltmrlmt, rmekltm fmsskggc mb cffkgclc bka ejltmlutj mrjtcej, ka qukam vcmlm kssjecktj ca lj-fm m ca rmekpctj tmamijlcej bc pmrsjlk rmkafmltm mscstmltm, kaaj sejpj bc krrmekram j ejlsmltcrm k tmrzcfjamstcm m ljeufmltj kaak rmputkzcjlm.

(?) Cltmrlmt à ul ‑fmzzj bc puooacectä‖, kle`m sm ljl ejstctucsem pcmlkfmltm ― ejfm koockfj vcstj lmaam amzcjlc prm-embmltc ― vmrk m prjprck ‑stkfpk‖.

Eksskzcjlm pmlkam smz. Y ; augacj ?440 l. 5;53? Gucbk ka bcrcttj ?440, 24, 07 (s.f.), Bcr. cl-

ijrfktcek ?440, 9, 040Ak bciikfkzcjlm trkfctm cltmrlmt ejstctucsem ul'cpjtmsc bc bciikfkzcjlm kggrkvktk kc smlsc bmaa'krt.=3=, ejffk 5, e.p., cl qukltj ejffmssk ejl katrj (rcspmttj kaak stkfpk) fmzzj bc puooacectä. Bmarmstj, mssmlbj cltmrlmt ul pjtmltm fmzzj bc bciiuscjlm bc ljtczcm, cffkgclc mb cbmm (kafmlj qukltj akstkfpk, ak rkbcj m ak tmamvcscjlm), kle`m kttrkvmrsj tkam strufmltj bc ejfulcekzcjlm sc mstrclsmek ca bcrct-tj bc msprcfmrm am prjprcm jpclcjlc, tutmaktj bkaa'krt. ?; ejst., e`m, pmr mssmrm amgcttcfj, bmvm mssmrmmsmrectktj rcspmttklbj am ejlbczcjlc m c acfctc bmc bcrcttc bc erjlkek m bc erctcek.

Um à vmrj e`m vc sjlj bcrcttc pmrsjlkacsscfc bmaa–clbcvcbuj, à vmrj kle`m e`m mscstm lma ljstrj jrbclkfmltj ― trkak-secklbj am qumstcjlc tmjrmtce`m ― ak acomrtä bc msprmsscjlm.

[umstc bum ‑prclecpc‖ ― akseckfj klejrk cl sjspmsj ca prjoamfk bmaak bmiclczcjlm ― pjssjlj mltrkrm cl ejliacttj, lmafjfmltj cl euc ca sjggmttj ka qukam sc rcimrcsem ak ljtczck sc rctcmlm tutmaktj bkaa–msprmsscjlm acomrkfmltm fklcimstktk bkkatrc. Ujttj qumstj prjicaj, sm ljl à ca prjoamfk prclecpkam bmaak ‑Ujecmtä bmaa–clijrfkzcjlm‖, emrtkfmltm à qumaaj e`m `kbktj kbctj ka fkggcjr ejltmlzcjsj (kle`m pmre`ã, akbbjvm vc à acomrtä bc stkfpk, tmlbmlzckafmltm e–à kle`m ak pjsscocactäbc rcejrrmrm cl gcubczcj katrmttkltj acomrkfmltm).

Ak gcurcsprubmlzk cltjrlj kaak fmtä bmgac kllc Jttkltk à gcultk k ijrfuakrm ca e.b. ‑bmekajgj bmc gcjrlkacstc‖8 sc trkttk bctrm erctmrc e`m, sm rcspmttktc, ejlsmltjlj bc msmrectkrm ca bcrcttj bc erjlkek smlzk rmspjlskocactä pmr vcj akzcjlm bmc ‑bcrcttc bma-ak pmrsjlkactä‖ mb cl pkrtcejakrm bma bcrcttj kaak rmputkzcjlm.

[umstc erctmrc sjlj8(;) Ymrctä -< kle`m putktcvk

(?) Tmrtclmlzk(5) Ejltclmlzk ijrfkamBc smguctj sc rcpjrtklj am fksscfm bmaam smltmlzm e`m pmr prcfm ac `kllj mlueamktc.







Eksskzcjlm pmlkam smz. ul. 54 gcuglj ;302 cl Ijrj ct. ;302, CC,=5; (ljtk).Trmfmssj e`m ca bcrcttj bc erjlkek à msmrectktj amgcttcfkfmltm quklbj rcsuatk ejltmlutj mltrj c rcgj-

rjsc acfctc bmaak vmrctä jggmttcvk, bmaak pmrtclmlzk m bmaak ejltclmlzk ijrfkam bmc ikttc lkrrktc, m pjstje`m ljl à bulqum suiicecmltm ikrm rcimrcfmltj sjatkltj kaa'kttmlbcocactä bmaak ijltm qukam msprmsscjlm bculk vkautkzcjlm sjggmttcvk m prjokocacstcek, lm ejlsmgum e`m ljl mscstjlj ijltc clijrfktcvm prcvcamgcktm(m, tkltj fmlj, ljrfktcvkfmltm prmbmtmrfclktm), tkac ecjà, bk svclejakrm ca erjlcstk bkaa'jlmrm8 k) bcmskfclkrm, ejltrjaakrm m vmrcicekrm c ikttc - jggmttj bmaak suk lkrrkzcjlm - cl iulzcjlm bmaa'kssjavcfml-

tj bk pkrtm suk, bmaa'jooacgj clbmrjgkocam bc rcspmttkrm ak vmrctä sjstklzckam bmgac stmssc> o) bc bkrm akprjvk bmaak eurk bk auc pjstk lmgac keemrtkfmltc mspacektc pmr vclemrm jglc buoocj mb clemrtmzzk prj-spmttkocac cl jrbclm k qumaak vmrctä (lmaak spmecm, sc à mseausj e`m ak _.K.C., kaak qukam ca gcjrlkacstk kvmvkkttcltj ak ljtczck, ijssm ijltm bc clijrfkzcjlm ejsá kttmlbcocam bk msjlmrkraj bkaa'jlmrm bc ejltrjaakrm,kaa'jrcgclm, ak vmrctä bmaak ljtczck puooacektk).

Eksskzcjlm ecvcam smz. C, ;0 jttjorm ;302 l. =?=3 Gcust. ecv. Fkss. ;302, ikse. ;4, Gcust. ecv.;302, C,?32; (ljtm)., Ijrj ct. ;302, C,?7;;.

Ca bcrcttj bc stkfpk, m ecjà ak acomrtä bc bciijlbmrm kttrkvmrsj ak stkfpk ljtczcm m ejffmltc, sklectj claclmk bc prclecpcj bkaa'krt. ?; ejst. m rmgjaktj bkaak a. 0 imoorkcj ;320 l. 27, à amgcttcfj quklbj ejlejrrj-lj am smgumltc trm ejlbczcjlc8 k) utcactä sjeckam bmaa'clijrfkzcjlm> o) vmrctä (jggmttcvk j kle`m sjatkltjputktcvk, pure`ã iruttj bc ul smrcj m bcacgmltm akvjrj bc rcemrek) bmc ikttc mspjstc, e`m ljl à rcspmttktkquklbj, pur mssmlbj vmrc c sclgjac ikttc rcimrctc, scklj, bjajskfmltm j kle`m sjatkltj ejapjskfmltm, tk-ecutc katrc ikttc, tkltj strmttkfmltm rcejaamgkocac kc prcfc bk futkrlm ejfpamtkfmltm ca scglcicektj> e) ijrfkecvcam bmaa'mspjsczcjlm bmc ikttc m bmaak ajrj vkautkzcjlm, ecjà ljl meembmltm rcspmttj kaaj sejpj clijrfktc-vj bk ejlsmgucrm, cfprjltktk k smrmlk jocmttcvctä kafmlj lma smlsj bc mseaubmrm ca prmejlemttj cltmltjbmlcgrktjrcj m, ejfulqum, cl jglc eksj rcspmttjsk bc quma fclcfj bc bcglctä euc `k smfprm bcrcttj kle`mak pcó rcprjvmvjam bmaam pmrsjlm, sá bk ljl mssmrm fkc ejlsmltctk a'jiimsk trcvckam j crrcbmltm c pcó ufklcsmltcfmltc. Ak ijrfk bmaak erctcek ljl à ecvcam quklbj ljl à cfprjltktk k amkam e`ckrmzzk, quklbj ecjà cagcjrlkacstk rcejrrm ka sjttcltmsj skpcmltm, kgac keejstkfmltc suggmstcjlkltc, ka tjlj sprjpjrzcjlktkfmltmseklbkaczzktj m sbmglktj j ejfulqum kaa'krtcicecjsk m scstmfktcek brkffktczzkzcjlm ejl euc sc rcimrc-sejlj ljtczcm lmutrm, kaam vmrm m prjprcm clsclukzcjlc. Cl tkac cpjtmsc a'msmreczcj bma bcrcttj bc stkfpk puÿejstctucrm caamectj ecvcam kle`m jvm ljl ejstctucsek rmktj.

[umstc erctmrc sc kppaceklj kle`m kaam ejfulcekzcjlc jl aclm8

Rrcoulkam Ak Upmzck ;4 kprcam ?443 cl _cv. pml. ?443, ;4, ;;=0Cl tmfk bc bciikfkzcjlm trkfctm cltmrlmt, am jpclcjlc vmcejaktm "jl-aclm" rcsuatklj rcspmttjsm bma bcrcttjbc erjlkek m bc qumaaj bc erctcek qukajrk jssmrvclj c acfctc rkpprmsmltktc bkaak rcamvklzk sjeckam bmaa'krgj-fmltj, bkaak vmrctä jocmttcvk bmc ikttc rcimrctc m bka rcspmttj bmaak ejltclmlzk lmaam msprmsscjlc utcaczzktm,e`m vk keemrtktk bka gcubcem bc fmrctj.

5.2.- Bcrcttj kaa–cffkgclm

Ejltrkrckfmltm kaa–jpclcjlm ejfulm, a–utcaczzj bmaam cffkgclc katruc ljl à acomrj m a–kousj bmaa–cffkgclm bc katrm pmr-sjlm puÿ bmtmrfclkrm ca rcejrsj kb ulk clcoctjrck gcubczckam.

Krtcejaj ;4 Ejbcem Ecvcam Kousj bmaa'cffkgclm katruc.^CV. [ukajrk a'cffkgclm bc ulk pmrsjlk j bmc gmlctjrc, bma ejlcugm j bmc icgac sck stktk mspjstk j

puooacektk iujrc bmc eksc cl euc a'mspjsczcjlm j ak puooacekzcjlm à bkaak amggm ejlsmltctk, jvvmrj ejlprmgcubczcj ka bmejrj j kaak rmputkzcjlm bmaak pmrsjlk stmssk j bmc bmttc ejlgcultc, a'kutjrctä gcubczckrck,su rce`cmstk bmaa'cltmrmssktj, puÿ bcspjrrm e`m emssc a'kousj, skavj ca rcskrecfmltj bmc bkllc.

C eksc cl euc à ejlsmltctk ak bcvuagkzcjlm bmaa–cffkgclm bc ul sjggmttj sj lj bcsecpaclktc bkaak Amggmsua bcrcttj b–kutjrm.

Ak ejaajekzcjlm à pkrtcejakrfmltm suggmstcvk, pmre`ã clbcek ejfm ca Amgcsaktjrm bmgac kllc [ukrkltk ejlempcvk caprjoamfk bmaak lksemltm sjecmtä bmc fkss fmbck.

Krt. 39 A. 955/;32;Ca rctrkttj bc ulk pmrsjlk ljl puÿ mssmrm mspjstj, rcprjbjttj j fmssj cl ejffmrecj smlzk ca ejl-

smlsj bc qumstk, skavm am bcspjsczcjlc bmaa'krtcejaj smgumltm.

Bjpj ak fjrtm bmaak pmrsjlk rctrkttktk sc kppaceklj am bcspjsczcjlc bma smejlbj, tmrzj m qukrtjejffk bmaa'krt. 35.







Krt. 37 A. 955/;32;Ljl jeejrrm ca ejlsmlsj bmaak pmrsjlk rctrkttktk quklbj ak rcprjbuzcjlm bmaa'cffkgclm à gcustcic-

ektk bkaak ljtjrcmtä j bkaa'uiicecj puooacej ejpmrtj, bk lmemssctä bc gcustczck j bc pjaczck, bk sejpc secmltc-icec, bcbkttcec j euaturkac, quklbj ak rcprjbuzcjlm à ejaamgktk k ikttc, kvvmlcfmltc, emrcfjlcm bc cltmrmssm

puooacej j svjatcsc cl puooacej.Ca rctrkttj ljl puÿ tuttkvck mssmrm mspjstj j fmssj cl ejffmrecj, quklbj a'mspjsczcjlm j fmssk cl

ejffmrecj rme`c prmgcubczcj kaa'jljrm, kaak rcputkzcjlm jb kle`m ka bmejrj lmaak pmrsjlk rctrkttktk.

Cl fksscfk scltmsc, a–cffkgclm bc ulk pmrsjlk puÿ ecrejakrm suaak oksm bc bcvmrsc tctjac8

;. Ejlsmlsj bma ‑rctrkttktj‖>

?. Ljtjrcmtä j uiicecj puooacej>5. Lmemssctä bc gcustczck j pjaczck>2. Uejpc secmltcicec, bcbkttcec j euaturkac>

=. Mvmltc bc cltmrmssm puooacej j svjatc cl puooacej.

Tmr cltkltj sc jssmrvc ejfm a–cltmlscvj utcaczzj bmaam cffkgclc rmlbk pkrtcejakrfmltm bmacektm am qumstcjlc e`m lm sjr-gjlj.

Eksskzcjlm ecvcam smz. CCC ;; fkggcj ?4;4 l. ;;5=5 cl Gcust. ecv. Fkss. ?4;4, =, 7;9, _cv. bcr.clb. ?4;4, 9, CC, 277 (s.f.)

Cl tmfk bc kutjrczzkzcjlm bmaa'cltmrmssktj kaak puooacekzcjlm bmaak prjprck cffkgclm, am cpjtmsc prm-vcstm bkaa'krt. 37 a. ?? kprcam ;32; l. 955, rcejrrmlbj am qukac a'cffkgclm puÿ mssmrm rcprjbjttk smlzk c aejlsmlsj bmaak pmrsjlk rctrkttk, sjlj gcustcicektm bkaa'cltmrmssm puooacej kaa'clijrfkzcjlm> bc ejlsmguml-zk, kvmlbj ekrkttmrm bmrjgktjrcj bma bcrcttj kaak cffkgclm, qukam bcrcttj clvcjakocam bmaak pmrsjlk tutmaktjbkaak Ejstctuzcjlm, sjlj bc strmttk cltmrprmtkzcjlm. (Lmaak spmecm, ak U.E. `k ekssktj ak smltmlzk cfpu-glktk, e`m kvmvk mseausj ak lmemssctä bma ejlsmlsj bmaa'cltmrmssktj, rctmlmlbj e`m ljl kvmssm iclc bcauerj, fk sejpc "bcbkttcec j euaturkac", prmvcstc bka subbmttj krt. 37, ak puooacekzcjlm bmaa'cffkgclm bc

ul mx kaacmvj bc ulk seujak bc bklzk lmaak ajeklbclk prjfjzcjlkam bc ulj spmttkejaj k pkgkfmltj bmaak stmssk seujak).

Tmr qukltj ejlemrlm ak tutmak bma bcrcttj bc cffkgclm, ca fkggcjr prjoamfk e`m sc rcsejltrk ― kle`m lmaak prkssc ― àqumaaj bc ijrfk.

Ak ljrfk stkocacsem clikttc ca rmqucsctj bmaak ijrfk sercttk kb prjoktcjlmf.

Krt.;;4 A. 955/;32;Ak trksfcsscjlm bmc bcrcttc bc utcaczzkzcjlm bmvm mssmrm prjvktk pmr csercttj.

Ak gcurcsprubmlzk `k prmecsktj, cl fmrctj, e`m ca rmqucsctj bmaak ijrfk sercttk rcgukrbk sjatkltj c bcrcttc bc siruttkfmltj

mejljfcej. Bc ejlsmgumlzk pmr ca ejlsmlsj bma sjggmttj rctrkttktj à suiicecmltm ak ijrfk tkectk.

Eksskzcjlm ecvcam smz. CCC 49 fkggcj ?4;4 l. ;43=7Kc iclc bmaak mspjsczcjlm, rcprjbuzcjlm j fmssk cl ejffmrecj bc ul rctrkttj ijtjgrkicej bc ulk pmrsj-

lk à suiicecmltm ca ejlsmlsj bma tctjakrm, kle`m tkectj, kttmsj e`m pmr ak suk fklcimstkzcjlm ljl sjljrce`cmstm ijrfm pkrtcejakrc bkaa'krt. 39 a. ?? kprcam ;32; l. 955, fmltrm a'krt. ;;4 bmaak subbmttk amggm, caqukam rce`cmbm ak ijrfk sercttk pmr ak prjvk bmc ejltrkttc kvmltc kb jggmttj ak trksfcsscjlm bmc bcrcttc bc utc-aczzkzcjlm bmaa'cffkgclm, à vjatj ulcekfmltm k bcsecpaclkrm c ejliacttc trk prmtmsc tctjakrc bma fmbmscfj bc-rcttj bc siruttkfmltj bmaam cffkgclc.

Eksskzcjlm ecvcam smz. CCC 49 fkggcj ?4;4 l. ;43=7






Rmstj bcspjlcocam su acemlzk Ermktcvm Ejffjls - `ttp8//ermktcvmejffjls.jrg/acemlsms/oy-le-lb/?.=/bmmb.ct ;4 / ?7

Kc iclc bmaak mspjsczcjlm, rcprjbuzcjlm j fmssk cl ejffmrecj bc ul rctrkttj ijtjgrkicej bc ulk pmrsj-lk à suiicecmltm ca ejlsmlsj bma tctjakrm, kle`m tkectj, kttmsj e`m pmr ak suk fklcimstkzcjlm ljl sj-lj rce`cmstm ijrfm pkrtcejakrc bkaa'krt. 39 a. ?? kprcam ;32; l. 955, fmltrm a'krt. ;;4 bmaak subbmttk amggm,ca qukam rce`cmbm ak ijrfk sercttk pmr ak prjvk bmc ejltrkttc kvmltc kb jggmttj ak trksfcsscjlm bmc bcrcttcbc utcaczzkzcjlm bmaa'cffkgclm, à vjatj ulcekfmltm k bcsecpaclkrm c ejliacttc trk prmtmsc tctjakrc bma fmbm-scfj bcrcttj bc siruttkfmltj bmaam cffkgclc.

Umgumlbj qumstj clbcrczzj gcurcsprubmlzckam, pmrÿ, sc gculgm kb msctc clsjbbcsikemltc.Ca ejlsmlsj, clikttc, puÿ rcgukrbkrm bmtmrfclktm fjbkactä bc utcaczzj bmaa–cffkgclm, jppurm ulk bmtmrfclktk ijrfk c ec r-

ejakzcjlm, jppurm a–mseauscjlm bkaak ecrejakzcjlm j bkaak rcprjbuzcjlm. Cl fkleklzk bc ulk ijrfk msprmssk, ljl à pjss c-ocam clbcvcbukrm sm vc sck ca ejlsmlsj j c sujc acfctc.

Eksskzcjlm ecvcam smz. C 4; smttmform ?440 l. ?;33=Kc iclc bmaak puooacekzcjlm bc ul rctrkttj ijtjgrkicej bc ulk pmrsjlk à lmemsskrcj, k ljrfk bmaa'krt. 39

a. l. 955 bma ;32;, ca suj ejlsmlsj, smppurm fklcimstktj tkectkfmltm, ca qukam puÿ, ejfm jglc katrkijrfk bc ejlsmlsj, mssmrm ejlbczcjlktj bk acfctc sjggmttcvc (cl rmakzcjlm kc sjggmttc cl ikvjrm bmc qukacà prmstktj) jb jggmttcvc (cl rcimrcfmltj kaam fjbkactä bc bcvuagkzcjlm). Lm ejlsmgum e`m ca ejlsmlsj kaakpuooacekzcjlm bma prjprcj rctrkttj ijtjgrkicej su ulk j su bmtmrfclktm rcvcstm ljl ejlsmltm ak puooac-ekzcjlm fmbmscfk su rcvcstm bcvmrsm bk qumaam kutjrczzktm.

Uc rcsejltrk cljatrm ulk prjluleck cl euc ca bcpmlbmltm ejlsmrvk ca bcrcttj kaak prjprck cffkgclm lmc ejlirjltc bma bktjrmbc akvjrj

Ejrtm kppmaaj Ojajglk ; kgjstj ?449 l. 324

A'utcaczzkzcjlm bmaa'cffkgclm bc ul bcpmlbmltm puooacej, sjttj ijrfk bc skgjfm bc ekrtjlm bmaambcfmlscjlc bc ul ujfj cl bcvcsk bk vcgcam uroklj, smlzk ca ejlsmlsj bmaa'kvmltm bcrcttj, pur iclkaczzktk ka-ak tutmak bmaak sceurmzzk puooacek (lmaak ikttcspmecm bmaak sceurmzzk strkbkam), bmvm rctmlmrsc usj clbmoctjmb caamgcttcfj e`m ejfpjrtk k ekrcej bmaak p.k. a'jooacgj bc rcskrecfmltj bmc bkllc suoctc bka bcpml-bmltm. Clikttc, kttmsk ak lkturk pmrsjlkacsscfk mb clkacmlkocam bma bcrcttj kaa'cffkgclm, ak fmrk mscstmlzkbma rkppjrtj bc akvjrj trk a'Kffclcstrkzcjlm ejfulkam m ca vcgcam uroklj, ljl kutjrczzk bc pmr sã, cl bc-imttj bma ejlsmlsj msprmssj j tkectj bc qumst'uatcfj, aj siruttkfmltj bmaa'cffkgclm bma akvjrktjrm. Cl sj-stklzk sc pjtrmoom rctmlmrm a'kffclcstrkzcjlm puooacek msmltm bk rmspjlskocactä sjaj akbbjvm qumstk

rcusecssm k bcfjstrkrm e`m, lma ejltrkttj bc akvjrj sjttjsercttj ejl ca bcpmlbmltm, sck stktk kppj-sctkfmltm clsmrctk ulk eakusjak ejl ak qukam ca bcpmlbmltm, mseauscvj tctjakrm bma bcrcttj kaa'cffkgclm,lm kvmvk kutjrczzktj a'cfpcmgj lmaa'kfoctj bc clczcktcvm rcmltrkltc lmc prjgmttc pmr ak sceurmzzk strkbkam.

Ak prmsmlzk bma ejlsmlsj tkectj vcmlm kssultk suaak oksm bma ejfpjrtkfmltj bma sjggmttj rctrkttktj. Uc trkttk mvcbml-tmfmltm bc ulk vkautkzcjlm mstrmfkfmltm jpclkocam.

Eksskzcjlm ecvcam smz. C ;7 imoorkcj ?442 l. 54;2Cl tmfk bc kutjrczzkzcjlm bktk bkaa'cltmrmssktj kaak puooacekzcjlm bmaak prjprck cffkgclm, à bk

mseaubmrm e`m a'kutjljfck prcvktk koock ul'mstmlscjlm bcvmrsk k smejlbk bmaak ijrfk, msprmssk j tkec-tk, prmsematk pmr ak fklcimstkzcjlm bma ejlsmlsj8 aä bjvm vc scklj, c acfctc ljl ejlbczcjlklj ak vkacbctä,fk ecrejsercvjlj a'miicekeck bma ejlsmlsj, msprmssj j tkectj, kaak puooacekzcjlm, ak qukam bmvm mssmrmejltmlutk lmc acfctc bc tmfpj, bc aujgj m pmr aj sejpj m smejlbj am ijrfm prmvcstc kaa'kttj bma ejlsmlsj,sm qumstj à msprmssj, j bmtmrfclkocac kttrkvmrsj a'cltmrprmtkzcjlm bma ejfpjrtkfmltj bmaak pmrsjlkrctrkttk, sm ca ejlsmlsj à tkectj.

A–kroctrkrcmtä cl euc sejliclk ak vkautkzcjlm gcubczckam puÿ mssmrm ejatk bk qumstk smltmlzk, e`m bmsufm ca ejlsmlsjbka ikttj bc pksskrm lmaa–krmk rcprmsk bk ulk vcbmjekfmrk8

Rrcoulkam Omlmvmltj 42 augacj ?440Ca ejlsmlsj cfpacectj kaak bcvuagkzcjlm bmaa'cffkgclm puÿ mssmrm bmsultj bk "iketk ejleaubmltck",

qukam ca ejfpjrtkfmltj bmaa'cltmrmssktj m am fjbkac tä bc svjagcfmltj bma ikttj (lmaak spmecm, ak rcejrrmltmkvmvk pkssmggcktj kaam spkaam bmaa'kttjrm prclecpkam bma vcbmj m c fmzzc bc rmgcstrkzcjlm ejlsmltcvkljbc clbcvcbukrm ca ekfpj bmaak rcprmsk).

Cl fksscfk scltmsc8





< Cltmrlmt m ak b ciikfkzcjlm jl aclm <

Rmstj bcspjlcocam su acemlzk Ermktcvm Ejffjls - `ttp8//ermktcvmejffjls.jrg/acemlsms/oy-le-lb/?.=/bmmb.ct ;; / ?7

- ak gcurcsprubmlzk smfork quksc ejlscbmrkrm am cpjtmsc cl euc sc prmseclbm bka ejlsmlsj ejfm ‑iclzcjlc gcurcbce`m‖, r c-tmlmlbj quksc cl mssm cltmgrktj ul ejlsmlsj tkectj.

- trkaksecklbj am cpjtmsc pkrtcejakrc, ca ejlsmlsj bma rctrkttktj bmvm susscstmrm m sjprkttuttj bmvm mssmrm prjvktj cl eksjbc ejltmstkzcjlc. Ejsk bciicecam, sm ca ejlsmlsj à tkectj.

Bc ejlsmgumlzk8

Cl prktcek sc pjssjlj vmrcicekrm trm cpjtmsc8

- sm ulk ijtjgrkick à bmstclktk kb usc prcvktc, ec sc puÿ keejltmltkrm bc ul ejlsmlsj tkectj bk pkrtm bc ejauc e`m à rc-trktttktj -< krt. 39 A. 955/;32;

- sm clvmem a–cffkgclm à bmstclktk kaak ecrejakzcjlm (su Cltmrlmt, pmr msmfpcj), kaajrk mltrklj cl gcjej c bcrcttc bcsiruttkfmltj mejljfcej m quclbc à lmemsskrck pmr ca ejlsmlsj ak ijrfk sercttk kb prjoktcjlmf

-< krt. ;;4 A. 955/;32;

- KRRMLXCJLM8 sm a–cffkgclm vcmlm kssjecktk k bktc «smlscocac¾ bma rctrkttktj, kaajrk jeejrrm ak ijrfk sercttk à rc-

e`cmstk kb suostkltckf -< B. AGU. ;39/?445

[umst–uatcfj mamfmltj ec cfpjlm bc rclvckrm ak trkttkzcjlm bma bcrcttj bc cffkgclm lmc sjecka lmtwjrns ka fjfmltj cleuc sc kiirjltmrä ak ejfulcekzcjlm ‑fjatc / fjatc‖. Clikttc, rcamvk kle`m ak bcsecpaclk cl fktmrck bc bktc pmrsjlkac, smkaa–cffkgclm sc rcejaamgk a–cbmltctä bc ulk pmrsjlk, kaak auem bmaak qukam kaeulc sjstmlgjlj sck amectj utcaczzkrm lmaa–kfoct jbmaa–kttcvctä gcjrlkacstcek ― k bmtmrfclktm ejlbczcjlc ― am cffkgclm clsmrctm bkgac utmltc bc ul sjecka lmtwjrn k prmseclbmrmbka ajrj ejlsmlsj2.

2.- Cltmrlmt m ak bciikfkzcjlm jl aclmEc sjlj cpjtmsc cl euc a–utmltm ― kle`m clkvvmrtctkfmltm ― fmttm k bcspjsczcjlm bmgac katrc bktc e`m ac rcgukrbklj m e`m

susectklj ulk rmkzcjlm sikvjrmvjam, pmre`ã ejlscbmrktc amscvc.Cl qumstk smbm vkam ak pmlk sjttjaclmkrm e`m a–utmltm fjatj spmssj ljl sc rmlbm ejltj bmaa–miimttcvk grkvctä bmaak suk

ejlbjttk, e`m puÿ kvvmlcrm ejl a–clsmrcfmltj bc tmstj kttrkvmrsj bcvmrsc scstmfc (sctc wmo, usmlmt, ijrufs, ‑oke`me`m‖ bcsjecka lmtwjrns). Ka bc aä bc qumstj, e`m puÿ mssmrm ul fmrj rcacmvj sjecjajgcej, vc sjlj uatmrcjrc qumstcjlc e`m bcpmlbjljbka fmzzj utcaczzktj, mb katrm e`m rcgukrbklj clvmem pkrtcejakrc ecrejstklzm.

Ec sjlj bum prjoamfc ijlbkfmltkac8(;) A–mamfmltj tmelcej. Jeejrrm e`cmbmrsc e`c sck miimttcvkfmltm ca sjggmttj kttcvj bmaak bciikfkzcjlm. Trmlbckfj ca

eksj acfctm bc ul sjggmttj e`m clsmrcsek ul–jiimsk su ul sctj e`m ljl vcmlm vcsctktj bk kaeul utmltm. Uc trkttk bculk bciikfkzcjlm: Bka pultj bc vcstk tmelcej, k gmlmrkrm ca fmsskggcj à ak rce`cmstk bc ejllmsscjlm bk pkrtm bm-

gac utmltc. Cl ul emrtj smlsj, sjlj c vcsctktjrc bma sctj e`m bmtmrfclklj ak bcvuagkzcjlm bc ul bktj m quclbc ak ecrej-akzcjlm bmaam jiimsm.

(?) A–mamfmltj ejfulcektcvj. ]l sctj Cltmrlmt puÿ mssmrm vcsctktj bk utmltc bc tuttj ca fjlbj. Um bcstclguckfj trk‑pkmsm bc jrcgclm‖ (qumaaj bma tctjakrm bma sctj j ejfulqum bmaa–utmltm e`m clsmrcsem cl rmtm am clijrfkzcjlc) m ‑pkm-sm bc bmstclkzcjlm‖ (qumaaj bmaa–utmltm e`m sc rctcmlm amsj), s c pjssjlj clbcvcbukrm bcvmrsc prjoamfc8

(;) Cl oksm k qukam amggm ulk ejlbjttk bjvrmoom bcrsc caamectk: Tjtrmoom kvvmlcrm e`m lma ‑pkmsm bc jrcgclm‖, pmrmsmfpcj, ljl sck prmvcstk ejfm caamectj ak ejlbjttk pulctk lma ‑pkmsm bc bmstclkzcjlm‖.

(;) Bjvm kvvcmlm ak ejlbjttk caamectk:(?) Bjvm kvvcmlm ca bkllj:(5) K qukam gcubcem ikrm rcejrsj pmr jttmlmrm gcustczck (m ul rcskrecfmltj):

2 K. R_JRRK, Ujecka lmtwjrn m tutmak bmaa–cffkgclm, cl «Ca Bcrcttj clbustrckam¾, l. 5 (?4;4).






Rmstj bcspjlcocam su acemlzk Ermktcvm Ejffjls - `ttp8//ermktcvmejffjls.jrg/acemlsms/oy-le-lb/?.=/bmmb.ct ;? / ?7

Am qumstcjlc skrkllj mspjstm k pkrtcrm bk eksc ejlermtc, bc pkrtcejakrm cltmrmssm pmre`ã rmemltc.Lmaak smzcjlm bc kpprjijlbcfmltj skrkllj mspjstc cljatrm bum eksc pkrtcejakrc8(;) A–cpjtmsc cl euc ljl vc à kaeul sjggmttj bmtmrfclktj clbcvcbukocam ejfm fcttmltm bmaak bciikfkzcjlm>

(?) A–cpjtmsj cl euc ca fcttmltm à kljlcfj.

2.;.- Ak bcrmttcvk murjpmk 5;/?44;, EG]M ?= jttjorm ?4;;, ekusm rculctm E-=43/43 m ;9;/?4;4

Ak bmecscjlm rcgukrbk bum bcstcltm ejltrjvmrscm, rculctm pmre`ã rmaktcvm mltrkfom k qumstcjlc ejlemrlmltca–kppacekzcjlm bma _mgjakfmltj ]M 22/?44; m bmaak bcrmttcvk «sua ejffmrecj mamttrjlcej¾ cl fktmrck bc tutmak bmc bcrcttcbmaak pmrsjlkactä bmgac utmltc m cltrjbjttm su rcejrsj bjfklbk bc prjluleck prmgcubczckam kc smlsc bmaa–krt. ?97 RI]M.

- ekusk =43/?443

Rczcj lma ;335 vcmlm ejlbkllktj cl Gmrfklck pmr a–jfcecbcj bc ul pmrsjlkggcj ikfjsj cl ejlejrsj ejl ca ir ktmaaj. ]lsctj kffclcstrktj bk ulk sjecmtä ejl smbm cl Kustrck fkltcmlm k bcspjsczcjlm bmgac utmltc sclj ka ;0 gcuglj ?447 ak ljtc-zck ejlemrlmltm ak prmsmltkzcjlm bmaa–kppmaaj bk pkrtm bmc ejlbkllktc. Cl smguctj kaak rce`cmstk bc macfclkzc jlm bk pkrtm bcRczcj, ca tctjakrm bma sctj macfclk am ljtczcm. Rczcj bciicbk cljatrm ca fmbmscfj sctj k ljl rcpjrtkrm cl iuturj ca suj ljfm pmrmstmsj, fk sjaj pmr am clczckac. Lma ?440 Rczcj vcmlm kffmssj kaak acomrkzcjlm ejlbczcjlkam. Lmaaj stmssj kllj, mgac ejl-vcmlm ak sjecmtä bkvkltc k ul gcubcem cl Gmrfklck.

Ak sjecmtä ejlvmlutk meempcsem a–clejfpmtmlzk bma gcubcem tmbmsej, kvmlbj mssk ak smbm cl Kustrck.

- ekusk ;9;/?4;4

]l pmrsjlkggcj ikfjsj irklemsm ejlvcmlm cl gcubczcj cllklzc ka trcoulkam bc Tkrcgc ul mbctjrm clgamsm, rctmlmlbjaj rm-spjlskocam pmr ak vcjakzcjlm bmaak prjprck vctk prcvktk, kvmlbj ul suj qujtcbcklj (Uulbky Fcrrjr) puooacektj kaeulc bmttk-gac bc ulk suk suppjstk rmakzcjlm ejl ulk ekltkltm kustrkacklk (Nyacm Fcljgum).

Ak sjecmtä ejlvmlutk meempcsem a–clejfpmtmlzk bma gcubcem irklemsm, kvmlbj mssk smbm cl Gr kl Ormtkglk.

Krgjfmltc utcaczzktc bkaak EG]M8

;.

Ca _mgjakfmltj 22/?44; ejlemrlm ak ejfpmtmlzk gcurcsbczcjlkam, ca rcejljsecfmltj m msmeuzcjlm bmaam bmecscjlccl fktmrck ecvcam m ejffmreckam=, mb cl pkrtcejakrm kaa–krt. = e. 5 sc prmvmbm ul erctmrcj bc ejfpmtmlzk spmecicejcl eksj bc caamectc ecvcac, «ca aujgj cl euc a–mvmltj bklljsj à kvvmlutj j puÿ kvvmlcrm¾, ejl ca qukam sc bmrjgk kaprclecpcj bc ejfpmtmlzk bma bjfcecacj bma ejlvmlutj.

?. Rkam aujgj puÿ ejclecbmrm sck ejl qumaaj cl euc à kvvmlutj ca ikttj, sck ejl qumaaj lma qukam sc à vmrcicektj miimttc-vkfmltm ca bkllj.

5. Umejlbj ak gcurcsprubmlzk bmaak EGEM, ca bkllmggcktj puÿ cltrjburrm gcubczcj lmaaj Utktj fmforj bjvm `k smbma–mbctjrm, jvvmrj cl ulj Utktj fmforj lma qukam ak puooacekzcjlm sck stktk bciiusk . Lma prcfj eksj ca gcubcem àejfpmtmltm k bmecbmrm bc tuttc c bkllc, lma smejlbj sjaj bc qumaac e`m sc sjlj vmrcicektc cl tkam jrbclkfmltj.

2. «Ruttkvck, ejfm rcamvktj tkltj bkc gcubcec bma rclvcj qukltj bkaak fkggcjrklzk bmaam pkrtc m bmgac cltmrmssktc e`m`kllj prmsmltktj jssmrvkzcjlc kaak Ejrtm, ak fmssk cl rmtm bc ejltmlutc su ul sctj Cltmrlmt sc bcstclgum bkaakbciiuscjlm ecrejsercttk tmrrctjrckafmltm bc ul fmzzj bc ejfulcekzcjlm qukam ulk stkfpk, gckee`ã, cl vckbc prclecpcj, mssk fcrk kaa – uocquctä bc bmttc ejltmlutc . [umstc pjssjlj mssmrm ejlsuatktc cstkltklmkfmltm bkul lufmrj clbmiclctj bc cltmrlkutc, jvulqum ka fjlbj, clbcpmlbmltmfmltm bk qukascksc cltmlzcjlm bma ajrj mfct-tmltm cl jrbclm kaak ajrj ejlsuatkzcjlm ka bc aä bma prjprcj Utktj fmforj bc stkocacfmltj m ka bc iujrc bma prjprcjejltrjaaj¾ (§. 2=). Uc ljtc e`m a–krgjfmltj utcaczzktj bkc gcubcec prmseclbm bkaak ejlscbmrkzcjlm bmaak ‑fktmrckactä‖bma suppjrtj pmr ejlemltrkrsc suaa–keemsscocactä.

=. Bka fjfmltj e`m ca aujgj bjvm sc vmrcicek ca bkllj bc ulk puooacekzcjlm amscvk bmc bcrcttc bmaak pmrsjlkactä à qumaajbma «emltrj bc cltmrmssc ¾ bma ejlvmlutj, aá sc rctcmlm ejfpmtmltm ca gcubcem.

9. [uclbc pmr qukltj ejlemrlm ak ejfpmtmlzk bma gcubcem, « A–krt. =, pultj 5, bma rmgjakfmltj (EM) bma Ejlscgacj? ? bcemform ?444, l. 22/?44;, ejlemrlmltm ak ejfpmtmlzk gcurcsbczcjlkam, ca rcejljsecfmltj m a–msmeuzcjlm bmaambmecscjlc cl fktmrck ecvcam m ejffmreckam, bmvm mssmrm cltmrprmtktj lma smlsj e`m, cl eksj bc kssmrctk vcjakzcjlmbmc bcrcttc bmaak pmrsjlkactä pmr fmzzj bc ejltmlutc fmssc cl rmtm su ul sctj Cltmrlmt, ak pmrsjlk e`m sc rctcmlm am-

sk `k ak ikejatä bc mspmrcrm ul–kzcjlm bc rcskrecfmltj, pmr ak tjtkactä bma bkllj ekgcjlktj, j bclklzc kc

= Cl G.].E.M. ?44;, A ;?, pkg. ;.







gcubcec bmaaj Utktj fmforj bma aujgj bc stkocacfmltj bma sjggmttj e`m `k mfmssj tkac ejltmlutc, j bclklzc kc gcubcec bmaaj Utktj fmforj cl euc sc trjvk ca prjprcj emltrj b–cltmrmssc . Cl aujgj bc ul–kzcjlm bc rcskre c-fmltj pmr ak tjtkactä bma bkllj ekgcjlktj, tkam pmrsjlk puÿ katrmsá mspmrcrm ul–kzcjlm bclklzc kc gcubcec bc jglcUtktj fmforj sua euc tmrrctjrcj ul–clijrfkzcjlm fmssk cl rmtm sck keemsscocam jppurm aj sck stktk. [umstc uatcfcsjlj ejfpmtmltc k ejljsemrm bma sjaj bkllj ekgcjlktj sua tmrrctjrcj bmaaj Utktj fmforj bma gcubcem kbctj¾.

7. Cljatrm, sc rctcmlm bc rmgjak jpmrkltm qumaak bc kppkrtmlmlzk bma prmstktjrm bc smrvczc.

0.

Ruttkvck, ecÿ ljl pj– klbkrm k bcsekpctj bmaak acomrk ecrejakzcjlm bmc smrvczc, lma fjfmltj cl euc ca prmstktjrm b j-vmssm rcvjagmrsc k fmrektc ejfprmsc cl katrc Utktc fmforc.3. Bc ejlsmgumlzk, pmr qukltj rcgukrbk clvmem ak amggm kppacekocam8 «A–krt. 5 bmaak bcrmttcvk bma Tkrakfmltj mur j-

pmj m bma Ejlscgacj 0 gcuglj ?444, ?444/5;/EM, rmaktcvk k tkaulc kspmttc gcurcbcec bmc smrvczc bmaak sjecmtäbmaa–clijrfkzcjlm, cl pkrtcejakrm ca ejffmrecj mamttrjlcej, lma fmrektj cltmrlj («bcrmttcvk sua ejffmrecj mamttrjlc-ej¾), bmvm mssmrm cltmrprmtktj lma smlsj e`m mssj ljl cfpjlm ul rmempcfmltj cl ijrfk bc ljrfk spmecicek bcejliacttj. Ljlbcfmlj, pmr qukltj kttcmlm kaa–kfoctj rmgjakfmltktj, gac Utktc fmforc bmvjlj kssceurkrm e`m, ikttmskavm am bmrjg`m kutjrczzktm kaam ejlbczcjlc prmvcstm bkaa–krt. 5, l. 2, bmaak bcrmttcvk ?444/5;, ca prmstktjrm bc ulsmrvczcj bma ejffmrecj mamttrjlcej ljl sck kssjggmttktj k prmserczcjlc pcó rcgjrjsm bc qumaam prmvcstm bka bcrcttj sjstklzckam kppacekocam lmaaj Utktj fmforj bc stkocacfmltj bc tkam prmstktjrm¾.

Cl sjstklzk, e`c sc rctcmlm amsj puÿ kgcrm8;. Umejlbj ak prjprck amggm, sm ljl pcó grkvjsk pmr ca tctjakrm bma sctj>

?. Trmssj ca prjprcj Ijrj.

2.?.- Ak gcurcsprubmlzk ctkacklk

Cl qumstj eksj à ljtmvjam ak ejliuscjlm trk rmgcstrkzcjlm bc ul ljfm k bjfclcj m clsmrcfmltj bc pkgclm wmo.

Eksskzcjlm pmlkam smz. Y ;7 ljvmform ?444 l. 272; Ekss. pml. ?44;, ;05? (ljtk bc8 TM_]-UCK), Bkllj m rmsp. ?44;, 94? (ljtk bc8 UK_KYKAAM)

Ca gcubcem ctkacklj à ejfpmtmltm k ejljsemrm bmaak bciikfkzcjlm ejfpcutk fmbckltm a'clsmrcfmltj

lmaak rmtm tmamfktcek (cltmrlmt) bc irksc jiimlscvm m/j cffkgclc bmlcgrktjrcm, kle`m lma eksj cl euc ca sctjwmo sck stktj rmgcstrktj kaa'mstmrj m pure`ã a'jiimsk sck stktk pmrempctk bk pcó iructjrc e`m sc trjvclj clCtkack> clvmrj, cl qukltj rmktj bc mvmltj, ak bciikfkzcjlm sc ejlsufk lma fjfmltj m lma aujgj cl eucc tmrzc pmrempcsejlj a'msprmsscjlm clgcurcjsk.

Ejrtm bc Eksskzcjlm, Umzcjlm ; Tmlkam, Umltmlzk ?9 kprcam ?4;;, l. ;9547Cl tmfk bc ejfpmtmlzk pmr tmrrctjrcj lmc eksc bc bciikfkzcjlm vck Cltmrlmt, kttmsk ak bciicejatä bc utcacz-

zkrm erctmrc jggmttcvc ulcec, clbcvcbuktc smejlbj am rmgjam gmlmrkac bmttktm bkgac krtcejac 0 m 3, ejffk ?´,bma Epp, ejfm qumaac bc prcfk puooacekzcjlm, bc cffcsscjlm bmaak ljtczck lmaak rmtm, bc keemssj bma prcfjvcsctktjrm, bc ejaajekzcjlm bma smrvmr, ca gcubcem ejfpmtmltm pjträ mssmrm clbcvcbuktj kc smlsc bmaa'krtcejaj3, ejffk ?´, bma Epp e`m aj clbcek cl qumaaj bmaak rmscbmlzk, bmaak bcfjrk j bma bjfcecacj bmaa'cf-putktj.

Ejrtm bc Eksskzcjlm, Umzcjlm ; Tmlkam, Umltmlzk ?9 kprcam ?4;;, l. ;9547Ca ajeus ejffcssc bmacetc bmaak bciikfkzcjlm tmamfktcek à bk clbcvcbukrm cl qumaaj cl euc am jiimsm m am

bmlcgrkzcjlc sjlj pmrempctm bk pcó iructjrc bmaak rmtm m, bulqum lma aujgj cl euc ca ejaamgkfmltj vcmlmkttcvktj m ecÿ kle`m lma eksj cl euc ca sctj wmo sck stktj rmgcstrktj kaa'mstmrj, pmre`ã a'jiimsk sck stktkpmrempctk bk pcó iructjrc e`m sc trjvklj cl Ctkack. Yk uatmrcjrfmltm prmecsktj e`m, rcspmttj kaa'jiimskbmaak rmputkzcjlm katruc rmkaczzktk vck cltmrlmt, kc iclc bmaa'clbcvcbukzcjlm bmaak ejfpmtmlzk, sjlj clutc-aczzkocac, cl qukltj bc bciicecacsscfk sm ljl cfpjsscocam clbcvcbukzcjlm, c erctmrc jggmttcvc ulcec, qukac, kbmsmfpcj, qumaac bc prcfk puooacekzcjlm, bc cffcsscjlm bmaak ljtczck cl rmtm, bc keemssj bma prcfj vcsctktj-rm> pmr mltrkfom am rkgcjlc mspjstm ljl à lmppurm utcaczzkocam qumaaj bma a ujgj cl euc à sctuktj ca smr-vmr (e`m puÿ trjvkrsc cl qukascksc pkrtm bma fjlbj), cl euc ca prjvcbmr kaajek ak ljtczck.

Eksskzcjlm pmlkam smz. C ;= fkrzj ?4;; l. ;9547

Ak ejfpmtmlzk pmr tmrrctjrcj pmr ca rmktj bc bciikfkzcjlm, ejffmssj fmbckltm ak bciiuscjlm bc ljtc-zcm amscvm bmaa'katruc rmputkzcjlm kaajektm cl ul sctj bmaak rmtm "Cltmrlmt", vk bmtmrfclktk cl ijrzk bma erctm-rcj bma aujgj bc bjfcecacj bmaa'cfputktj, cl kppacekzcjlm bmaak rmgjak suppamtcvk stkocactk bkaa'krt. 3,ejffk ?, e.p.p.

Bce`ckrk ejfpmtmlzk, Rrco. Uksskrc, ?2/4=/?4;4







Eksskzcjlm pmlkam smz. Y 2 kprcam ?440 l. ;9?9?, cl Ekss. pml. ?443, 2, ;=2=Kc iclc bmaa'cltmgrkzcjlm bma bmacttj bc bciikfkzcjlm (krt. =3= e.p.), sc bmvm prmsufmrm ak susscstmlzk

bma rmqucsctj bmaak ejfulcekzcjlm ejl pcó pmrsjlm qukajrk ca fmsskggcj bciikfktjrcj sck clsmrctj cl ulsctj cltmrlmt pmr suk lkturk bmstclktj kb mssmrm ljrfkafmltm vcsctktj cl tmfpc ksskc rkvvceclktcbk ul lufmrj clbmtmrfclktj bc sjggmttc, qukam à ca eksj bma gcjrlkam tmamfktcej, klkajgkfmltm kqukltj sc prmsufm lma eksj bc ul trkbczcjlkam gcjrlkam k stkfpk, luaak rcamvklbj a'kstrkttk m tmjrcekpjsscocactä e`m mssj ljl sck kequcstktj m amttj bk kaeulj.

Eksskzcjlm pmlkam smz. CC ?; imoorkcj ?440 l. 597?;Ca rmktj bc bciikfkzcjlm ejlscstmltm lmaa'cffcsscjlm lmaak rmtm Cltmrlmt bc irksc jiimlscvm m/j cffkgc-

lc bmlcgrktjrcm, bmvm rctmlmrsc ejffmssj lma aujgj cl euc am jiimsm m am bmlcgrkzcjlc sjlj pmrempctm bkpcó iructjrc bmaak rmtm, pur quklbj ca sctj "wmo" sck rmgcstrktj kaa'mstmrj.

_cgmttk, Kpp. A'Kqucak, ?3 fkggcj ?447

Rrcoulkam Rmrkfj 9 imoorkcj ?44? cl Gcur. fmrctj ?445, ;279Kaajre`ã ljl vmlgk rkggcultk ak prjvk bmaak rmkaczzkzcjlm bmaa'mvmltj, rkpprmsmltktj bkaak miimttcvk

bciiuscjlm bma fmsskggcj ejl pmremzcjlm bk pkrtm bc pcó pmrsjlm, bcvmrsm bkaak pmrsjlk jiimsk, bmvm rc-tmlmrsc susscstmltm ulk fmrk cpjtmsc bc tmltktcvj, cl qukltj ejl a 'kpmrturk bma sctj m a'clsmrcfmltj bmcfmsskggc jiimlscvc sc rmkaczzk ulk ejlbjttk cbjlmk tmelcekfmltm m vjatk cl fjbj ljl mqucvjej k bci-ijlbmrac.

Rrcoulkam Rmrkfj 54 gmllkcj ?44? cl Gcur. fmrctj ?44?, 77?Kaajre`ã ak ejlbjttk bciikfktjrck vmlgk pjstk cl mssmrm ejl a 'utcaczzkzcjlm bc ul sctj cltmrlmt, à lm-

emsskrck ak prjvk bmaak rmkaczzkzcjlm bmaa'mvmltj rkpprmsmltktj bkaak miimttcvk bciiuscjlm bma fmsskg-gcj ejl pmremzcjlm bk pkrtm bc pcó pmrsjlm, m quclbc ak ecrejstklzk e`m miimttcvkfmltm bmc vcsc tktjrc ec-omrlkutcec9 scklj mltrktc lma sctj.

2.5.- (*) Cpjtmsc pkrtcejakrc bc bciikfkzcjlm jl aclm

2.5.;.- Ak bciikfkzcjlm ‑kutjfktcek‖ bk pkrtm bmc fjtjrc bc rcemrek

Bka fjfmltj cl euc sc pkrak bc rmspjlskocactä gcurcbcek, ejlscbmrktj e`m ca bcrcttj `k ejfm ekrkttmrm qumaaj bmaak cltmr-

pmrsjlkactä, mvcbmltmfmltm à lmemsskrcj e`m vc scklj bum sjggmttc8 a–kgmltm m ak pmrsjlk jiimsk, jssck a–kttjrm m ca ejlvm-lutj.Uc sjlj vmrcicektc eksc cl euc ak pkrtcejakrctä bmaak ikttcspmecm à bktk bka ikttj e`m ak bciikfkzcjlm à kvvmlutk cl fjbj

kutjfktcej, k ekusk bc ul fmeeklcsfj bc iulzcjlkfmltj bma fjtjrm bc rcemrek, e`m kssjeck cl fjbj kutjfktcej msprms-scjlc amttmrkac ca euc scglcicektj ‑amscvj‖ ljl vcmlm mvcbmltmfmltm ejatj bka scstmfk bc makojrkzcjlm.

Uc trkttk cl pkrtcejakrm bmaak iulzcjlm ‑Gjjgam Uuggmst Umkre`‖, jssck bma ‑ejfpamtkfmltj kutjfktcej‖.

Bc smguctj sc rcpjrtk ul orklj bmaak smzcjlm bc suppjrtj

9 Ljtkrm a–msprmsscjlm amttmrkam.






Rmstj bcspjlcocam su acemlzk Ermktcvm Ejffjls - `ttp8//ermktcvmejffjls.jrg/acemlsms/oy-le-lb/?.=/bmmb.ct ;= / ?7

Ejfm jpmrk ak iulzcjlm bc ejfpamtkfmltj kutjfktcejFmltrm bcgctc, a'kagjrctfj bc Gjjgam prmvmbm m vcsukaczzk am qumry bc rcemrek cl oksm kaam kttcvctä bc rc-

emrek bmgac katrc utmltc. [umstm qumry vmlgjlj bmtmrfclktm cl fjbj kagjrctfcej cl oksm k ulk smrcm bcikttjrc kssjautkfmltm jggmttcvc (ejfm ak pjpjakrctä bmc tmrfclc bc rcemrek), smlzk kaeul cltmrvmltjufklj. Ruttm am qumry prmvcstm vcsukaczzktm sjlj stktm bcgctktm cl prmembmlzk bk utmltc Gjjgam. Ca smt bcbktc bmaak iulzcjlm bc ejfpamtkfmltj kutjfktcej vcmlm kggcjrlktj spmssj cl fjbj bk jiircrm qumry bc rc-emrek lujvm m cl kufmltj. Cljatrm, sm `kc msmguctj a'keemssj ka tuj keejult Gjjgam m `kc kttcvktj ak

Erjljajgck wmo, pjtrmoomrj mssmrm vcsukaczzktm qumry bc rcemrek oksktm su rcemre`m pmrtclmltc e`m `kcmsmguctj cl pkssktj7.

Um sc vcsctk ak smzcjlm bc suppjrtj, sc puÿ amggmrm ul ijrf bc ejltkttj rmaktcvj kaa–mvmltukactä e`m ca fjtjrm bc rcemrekrmstctucsek clijrfkzcjlc caamectm k e`c aj ejlsuatk.

_cfjzcjlm bc ejltmlutc bk Gjjgam[umstj strufmltj gucbmrä lmaak prjemburk bc smglkakzcjlm bc ejltmlutc e`m sc rctcmlm bmooklj ms-

smrm rcfjssc bkc smrvczc bc Gjjgam kc smlsc bmaam amggc vcgmltc. Ejl ak ejfpcakzcjlm bc qumstj fjbuaj ec scpjträ kssceurkrm e`m bcspjrrmfj bc tuttm am clijrfkzcjlc lmemsskrcm pmr miimttukrm keemrtkfmltc cl fmrc-tj kaak rce`cmstk spmecicek m rcsjavmrm ak qumstcjlm lma pcó ormvm tmfpj pjsscocam.

Rmlmrm prmsmltm e`m ulk ejpck bc jglc ljtcicek amgkam e`m rcemvckfj vcmlm clvcktk k ul pkrtlmr bc

tmrzm pkrtc pmr mssmrm puooacektk m e`cjsktk. Ak ljtcicek (prcvk bmc bktc pmrsjlkac) vmrrä katrmsá cljatrktk kasctj E`caaclg Miimets (`ttp8//www.e`caaclgmiimets.jrg) pmr ak puooacekzcjlm. Tmr ul msmfpcj bc tkam puooac-ekzcjlm, vcsctkrm ak pkgclk kaa'clbcrczzj`ttp8//www.e`caaclgmiimets.jrg/cltmrlktcjlka/ljtcem.egc:LjtcemCB6;094.

Cl eksj ijssmrj cltmrmssktc pcó prjbjttc Gjjgam, tmlmrm prmsmltm e`m à lmemsskrcj prmsmltkrm ulkljtcicek pmr jglc prjbjttj cltmrmssktj.

Cl prmsmlzk bc ul prjoamfk amgkam spmecicej rcgukrbkltm SjuRuom, vcsctkrm qumstj acln pmr uatmrcjrcclijrfkzcjlc. Uc prmgk bc ljl utcaczzkrm qumstj strufmltj pmr smglkakrm prjoamfc rmaktcvc k SjuRuom.

[ukam prjbjttj Gjjgam à jggmttj bmaak rce`cmstk:KbUmlsmKbWjrbsGjjgam TakyOajggmr/OajgspjtGjjgam+Gfkca

Gjjgam CffkgclcjrnutTceksk_cemrek GjjgamSjuRuomGukrbk katrc prjbjttc

Rcmlc prmsmltm e`m ulk ejpck bc eckseulk ljtcicek amgkam e`m rcemvckfj vcmlm clvcktk ka prjgmttjE`caaclg Miimets ( `ttp8//www.e`caaclgmiimets.jrg ) k sejpj bc puooacekzcjlm m klljtkzcjlm. E`caaclg Miimetsrmbcgmrä am clijfkzcjlc pmrsjlkac bc ejltkttj bma fcttmltm (kb. ms. lufmrj bc tmamijlj, mfkca m clbcrczzj).

Tmr ul msmfpcj bc tkam puooacekzcjlm, vcsctk ak pkgclk kaa'clbcrczzj`ttp8//www.e`caaclgmiimets.jrg/cltmrlktcjlka/ljtcem.egc:LjtcemCB6;094.

Upmecicekrm ak lkturk bmaak rce`cmstk- Am fcm clijrfkzcjlc pmrsjlkac rcsmrvktm sjlj vcsukaczzktm lmc rcsuatktc bc rcemrek (kb ms. ljfm, clbc-

rczzj, lufmrj bc tmamijlj, ekrtmaam eaclce`m)

- Kaeulc bmc ejltmlutc e`m fc prmjeeupklj sjlj gcä stktc rcfjssc bka wmofkstmr fk sjlj klejrkvcsukaczzktc irk c rcsuatktc bc rcemrek- @j trjvktj ul sctj e`m stk kbjttklbj ul ejfpjrtkfmltj sjspmttj- Yjrrmc e`m am clijrfkzcjlc mrrktm j cfprmecsm vmlcssmrj rcfjssm bkc rcsuatktc bc rcemrek- Ca fcj ljfm m ejgljfm j ca ljfm bmaak fck kzcmlbk sjlj vcsukaczzktc cl ul sctj pmr kbuatc e`m

gmlmrk spkf lmc rcsuatktc bc rcemrek bc Gjjgam- ]lk pkgclk vcsukaczzktk lmc rcsuatktc bc rcemrek bc Gjjgam stk vcjaklbj c bcrcttc suc fkre`c bmaak fck

sjecmtä- ]lk j pcó pkgclm bma fcj sctj sjlj stktm rcfjssm k ekusk bc ul rmeakfj amgkam m vjrrmc e`m vm-

lcssmrj rcprcstclktm.- @j ul prjoamfk amgkam ljl fmlzcjlktj irk qumaac prmembmltc

Miimttukrm ulk sematk bkaam smgumltc jpzcjlc- @j trjvktj ejltmlutc e`m pjtrmoomrj vcjakrm ca fcj ejpyrcg`t- Ujlj cl pjssmssj bc ulk bmecscjlm bma trcoulkam e`m bce`ckrk a'caamgcttcfctä bc kaeulc ejltmlutc (kb

msmfpcj cl ejlsmgumlzk bc ulk ekusk pmr vcjakzcjlm bma ejpyrcg`t j bc ul fkre`cj)

7 `ttp8//suppjrt.gjjgam.ejf/wmosmkre`/ocl/klswmr.py:`a6ct&klswmr6;49?54 (ejlsuatktj ca ?7/5/;?)


http://support.google.com/websearch/bin/answer.py?hl=it&answer=106230









- @j clbcvcbuktj ejltmlutc bciikfktjrc lmc rcsuatktc bc rcemrek bc Gjjgam- Yjrrmc smglkakrm ul prjbjttj j smrvczcj e`m maubm c fmeeklcsfc bc prjtmzcjlm bma ejpyrcg`t0

Cl jglc eksj, ak qumstcjlm à bcseussk k acvmaaj gcubczckrcj k acvmaaj cltmrlkzcjlkam3.

K tka prjpjsctj, fmrctk bc mssmrm rcejrbktk ak rmemltcsscfk smltmlzk bma Rrcoulkam bc Fcaklj bma 5;/5/?4;;.

Ak ejltrjvmrsck à stktk jggmttj bc ul prjvvmbcfmltj bc urgmlzk krt. 744 ETE m pjc bc ul rmeakfj. Cl mltrkfoc c eksc ca

gcubcem `k kbmrctj kaak pjsczcjlm bma bciikfktj e`m mrk rcejrsj ka Rrcoulkam pmr bjfklbkrm ul jrbclm bc rcfjzcjlmbmaa–kssjeckzcjlm trk ca suj ljfm m am pkrjam ‑truiik‖ m ‑truiiktjrm‖.

Ca bciikfktj kvmvk clgcultj k Gjjgam bc rcfujvmrm a–kssjeckzcjlm kutjfktcek. Gjjgam sc mrk bcimsk sjstmlmlbj bc svjagmrm ak iulzcjlm bc smfpacem pckttkijrfk bc `jstclg (krt. ;9 B. Ags. 74/?445) m

bc ijrlcrm smfpacemfmltm ul smrvczcj bc ejfpamtkfmltj kutjfktcej.Bma rmstj, ljl ejstctucsem jooacgj bc cltmrvmltj ak fmrk bciicbk bk pkrtm bc e`c sc rctcmlm amsj, ejfm sc rcekvk bkaak amttu-

rk bma tmstj ljrfktcvj.Ca prcfj rcejrsj à stktj keejatj (jrbclklzk ?;-?= gmllkcj ?4;;, ljtcicektk ca 7/?/?4;;).Gjjgam `k prmsmltktj rmeakfj (krt. 993 tmrbmecms ETE) fmltrm ca bciikfktj `k rmscstctj lma rmaktcvj gcubczcj.Gjjgam `k sjstmlutj e`m am kssjeckzcjlc vcsukaczzktm ljl sjlj ‑prjbjttj‖ bma sjitwkrm, fk bmaam rcemre`m bmgac utmltc.

Ca gcubcem cl smbm bc rmeakfj `k sjstmlutj e`m ca prjvcbmr ljl puÿ mscfmrsc bk rmspjlskocactä pmr ca iulzcjlkfmltj bmasjitwkrm utcaczzktj. Um à vmrj e`m Gjjgam ljl à ul ejltmlt prjvcbmr , m quclbc ljl puÿ mssmrgac cfputktj ul ejltmlutjcaamectj cl qukae`m pkgclk wmo, à vmrj kle`m e`m à rmspjlskocam bmaa–kooclkfmltj bmaam pkrjam. K Gjjgam bmvm mssmrmkbbmoctktj ul trkttkfmltj bc bktc gcä mscstmltc ― e`m quclbc ljl `k prjbjttj bcrmttkfmltm ― e`m `k ul miimttj amscvj.

À cltmrmsskltm e`m ca bciikfktj ljl kvmssm e`cmstj ul ejltrjaaj kltmrcjrm ― ulk ‑emlsurk‖ ― fk sueemsscvj, rmaktcvk-fmltm kaak ljl amscvctä bma prjbjttj bma trkttkfmltj bmc bktc.

Mb à scglcicektcvj e`m ak tutmak sck stktk ejlemssk kle`m sm c rcsuatktc miimttcvkfmltm vcsukaczzktc ljl bmtmrfclkvkljul miimttj amscvj.

Rrcoulkam Fcaklj 5; fkrzj ?4;; cl _msp. ecv. m prmv. ?4;;, 9, ;5?4 (s.f.) (ljtk bc8 TM_JL)Bmvm ejlscbmrkrsc bciikfktjrck ak smfpacem kssjeckzcjlm ka ljfm bc ulk pmrsjlk ejl am pkrjam

"truiik" m "truiiktjrm", jpmrktk bka fjtjrm bc rcemrek kttrkvmrsj ca smrvczcj wmo smkre` bmljfclktj Uug-

gmst/Kutjejfpamtm. Bcikttc, a'utmltm e`m amggm tkam kooclkfmltj à clbjttj cffmbcktkfmltm k buoctkrmbmaa'cltmgrctä fjrkam bma sjggmttj ca euc ljfm kppkrm kssjecktj k tkac pkrjam mb k sjspmttkrm ulk ejl-bjttk ljl amectk bk pkrtm bmaaj stmssj. Lã kppkrm cbjlmk k svujtkrm a'kooclkfmltj cl jggmttj bma rctmlu-tj ejltmlutj amscvj, ak ecrejstklzk e`m c rcsuatktc bc rcemrek ejrrmaktc kc bum suggmrcfmltc bc rcemrekbc euc sc trkttk - ulk vjatk kttcvktk ak rcemrek stmssk - scklj jocmttcvkfmltm bma tuttj prcvc bc ejl-tmlutc jiimlscvc. Ca sjitwkrm e`m ejlsmltm a'keemssj ka smrvczcj "Uuggmst/Kutjejfpamtm" ejstctucsem ulc-ekfmltm ul'kgmvjakzcjlm jiimrtk bk Gjjgam kc sujc utmltc, ak euc mvmltukam fjbcicek m/j macfclkzcjlmljl ejfprcfmrmoom cl kaeul fjbj ak acomrtä bmgac stmssc bc keembmrm kaam rcemre`m jiimrtm bka fjtjrm bcrcemrek Gjjgam - kaak stmssk fklcmrk bc qukltj keekbm pmr gac katrc fjtjrc bc rcemrek. Tmr tkam rkgcjlm à carcsuatktj cfprjprcj jttmlutj ejl a'kppacekzcjlm bc bmttj scstmfk k bmtmrfclkrm ak rmspjlskocactä bc e`c bma-aj stmssj sc kvvkam - crrcamvkltm mssmlbj, cl tkam prjspmttcvk, a'kssmlzk bc jglc cltmlzcjlkac tä amscvk lmaprjvcbmr e`m aj utcaczzk. Ak rctmlutk vkamlzk bciikfktjrck bmaa'kssjeckzcjlm bc pkrjam e`m rcgukrbk ca rm-eakfktj à cllmgkocafmltm bc pmr sã ijrcmrk bc bkllc ka suj jljrm, kaak suk pmrsjlk mb kaak suk prjims-scjlkactä. Ak pjtmlzckactä amscvk bmaak ejlbjttk kbbmoctktk kaak rmeakfkltm - susemttcocam, pmr ak suk pmeu-

ackrm lkturk m pmr am fjbkactä ejl euc vcmlm rmkaczzktk, bc clgrkvmsemlzk ejl ca pksskrm bma tmfpj stkltmak ljtjrck irmqumlzk m bciiuscjlm bmaa'cfpcmgj bma fjtjrm bc rcemrek Gjjgam - gcustcicek ca amgcttcfj keej-gacfmltj, bk pkrtm bma gcubcem bc prcfm eurm, bma rcejrsj cl vck b'urgmlzk purm sjttj ca prjicaj bma "pmrceu-auf cl fjrk"> kle`m cl ejlscbmrkzcjlm bmaak bciicejatä jocmttcvk bc prjvkrm m quclbc acqucbkrm ca bkllj lma-ak suk miimttcvk ejlscstmlzk, kvutj rcgukrbj katrmsá kaak ecrejstklzk e`m ca rmeakfktj utcaczzk ca wmo pmr akprjprck kttcvctä prjimsscjlkam.

0 `ttp8//suppjrt.gjjgam.ejf/ocl/stktce.py:`a6ct&ts6;;;234=&pkgm6ts.es (ejlsuatktj ca ?7/5/;?)3`ttp8//www.t`mclqucrmr.lmt/clqucrmr/lmws/?;959?2/gjjgam-emksm-kutj-ejfpamtm- hkpkl:WR.rssZi6@jfm&WR.rssZk6Gjjgam+fust+emksm+kutj-ejfpamtm+cl+Hkpkl


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2.5.?.- Ak bciikfkzcjlm bk pkrtm bc utmltc kljlcfc

]l uatmrcjrm prjicaj prjoamfktcej bmrcvk bkaak pjsscocactä pmr gac utmltc bc clsmrcrm ejltmlutc cl ijrfk kljlcfk.Ujttj qumstj kspmttj, rcamvklj bum qumstcjlc8(;) ak prjtmzcjlm bmaa–kljlcfktj, e`m ljl vcmlm ejlemssk bkaa–jrbclkfmltj. Cl qumstj smlsj fcactk pmr msmfpcj

a–jrbclklzk mx krt. 744 ETE bma Rrcoulkam bc Icrmlzm bma ;5 jttjorm ?443, e`m `k clcoctj ka tctjakrm bma ijruf bc bc i-ijlbmrm uatmrcjrfmltm ca ejltmlutj clijrfktcvj bciikfktjrcj.

(?) Ak pjsscocactä bc ejfpcmrm clbkgclc rmaktcvm kaa–clbcrczzj CT, m ak vkamlzk bc qumst–uatcfj lmaa–clbcvcbukzcjlmbmaa–utmltm e`m ejfpcm ak bciikfkzcjlm. Bk qumstj pultj bc vcstk, sc kiimrfk e`m a–clbcrczzj CT ejstctucsek vkacbkprjvk bmaa–cbmltcicekzcjlm bmaa–utmltm, smoomlm tkam strufmltj ejlsmltk bc clbcvcbukrm bcrmttkfmltm ul ekaejaktj-rm, m a–utmltm sjaj cl vck clbcrmttk.

Eksskzcjlm pmlkam smz. Y 4; bcemform ?4;4 l. 00?2 Bcrcttj & Gcustczck ?4;;Ca ejbcem lufmrcej CT ejstctucsem vkacbk prjvk pmr keemrtkrm ak rmspjlskocactä pmlkam pmr bciikfk-

zcjlm k ekrcej bc ul sjggmttj e`m jpmrk su ul ijruf wmo clvmmlbj m bciikfklbj sjggmttc tmrzc (lmaakspmecm, ak Ejrtm `k rctmlutj crrmkam m crrkzcjlkam a'kssultj b cimlscvj smejlbj euc ul sjggmttj tmrzj scijssm cfpmglktj k trksijrfkrm ul amectj fmsskggcj bmaa'cfputktj cl ulj strufmltj kggrmsscvj m amscvjbmaak rmputkzcjlm bmaam pmrsjlm jiimsm, kttmsj e`m ca lufmrj cbmltcicektcvj suaak rmtm cltmrlmt fjlbckam à

kssmglktj cl vck mseauscvk kb ul bmtmrfclktj ejfputmr ejllmssj>ul katrj utmltm bmaam rmtm, pmr rmkacz-zkrm a'cltrjfcsscjlm fjbcicektcvk, kvrmoom bjvutj ejljsemrm mskttkfmltm c bmttkgacktc pkrtcejakrc bc tmfpcm fjbkactä bmaak ejllmsscjlm cl euc cltrjfmttmrsc m, cljatrm, kvrmoom bjvutj ejfpcmrm ulk ejfpamssk mbciicecam smrcm bc cltmrvmltc iclkaczzktc kaa'macfclkzcjlm bc trkeem bmaa'crrmgjakrm cltmrvmltj clvkscvj).

[umstk smltmlzk puÿ mssmrm fmssk cl rmakzcjlm ejl ulk prmembmltm, rmaktcvk kaak bcspjlcocactä bma gmstjrm bc Cltmrlmtpjclt. Ca ejlemttj ijlbkfmltkam à ca ejltrjaaj bmaam rcsjrsm rmaktcvm ka ekaejaktjrm bka qukam à pkrtctj ca fmsskggcj bciikfktj-rcj.

Eksskzcjlm pmlkam smz. Y ;; ljvmform ?440 l. 9429 cl Ijrj ct. ?443, ;4, CC, =9?

Ljl susscstm ak rmspjlskocactä bma gmstjrm bc ul pultj cltmrlmt (ejscbbmttj "cltmrlmt pjclt") k tctjaj bcbciikfkzcjlm pmr ljl kvmrm cfpmbctj a'mvmltj (krt. 24, ejffk ?, m =3= e.p.) qukajrk a'utmltm clvcc ulk m-fkca kvmltm ejltmlutj bciikfktjrcj, cl qukltj ca gmstjrm ljl sjaj ljl `k kaeul pjtmrm bc ejltrjaaj m,

quclbc, kaeulk ejljsemlzk sua ejltmlutj bmaak pjstk mamttrjlcek clvcktk, fk gac à kbbcrctturk cf-pmbctj bc prmlbmrlm ejltmzzk - mx krt. 9;7 quktmr e.p. e`m vcmtk a'cltmremttkzcjlm irkubjamltk bc scstmfcclijrfktcec m tmamfktcec - fmltrm `k a'jooacgj bc cbmltcicekrm gac utmltc e`m ikeecklj usj bma tmrfclkam kcsjac iclc bmaak prjvk bmaa'utcaczzkzcjlm m ljl pmr cfpmbcrm a'mvmltukam rmktj.

Bce`ckrk clkffcsscocam,Kpp. Tmrugck, ;0 gmllkcj ?440

2.2.- (*) [umstcjlc prjemburkac suaak bciikfkzcjlm8 ca B. Ags. ?0/?4;4 m ak fmbckzcjlm

Tuÿ mssmrm cltmrmsskltm rcimrcrm bmgac svcauppc uatmrcjrc ejlemrlmltc ak bciikfkzcjlm, kle`m ejl ulk prjspmttcvk ejfpk-rktcstcek.

Cl Ctkack à stktk cltrjbjttk ak fmbckzcjlm lmaam ejltrjvmrscm ecvcac kttclmltc ak fktmrck.

B. Ags. 2 fkrzj ?4;4 l. ?0 (cl Gkzz. ]ii., = fkrzj, l. =5). - Kttukzcjlm bmaa'krtcejaj 94 bmaakamggm ;0 gcuglj ?443, l. 93, cl fktmrck bc fmbckzcjlm iclkaczzktk kaak ejlecackzcjlm bmaam ejltrj-vmrscm ecvcac m ejffmreckac.

Krtcejaj = Ejlbczcjlm bc prjembcocactk' m rkppjrtc ejl ca prjemssj







;. E`c cltmlbm msmrectkrm cl gcubczcj ul'kzcjlm rmaktcvk kb ulk ejltrjvmrsck cl fktmrck bc ejlbjfc-lcj, bcrcttc rmkac, bcvcscjlm, sueemsscjlc mrmbctkrcm, pkttc bc ikfcgack, ajekzcjlm, ejfjbktj, kiicttj bc kzcml-bm, rcskrecfmltj bma bkllj bmrcvkltm bkaak ecrejakzcjlm bc vmcejac m lktkltc, bk rmspjlskocactk' fmbcek mbk bciikfkzcjlm ejl ca fmzzj bmaak stkfpk j ejl katrj fmzzj bc puooacectk', ejltrkttc kssceurktcvc,oklekrc m iclklzckrc, m' tmlutj prmacfclkrfmltm k mspmrcrm ca prjembcfmltj bc fmbckzcjlm kc smlscbma prmsmltm bmermtj jvvmrj ca prjembcfmltj bc ejlecackzcjlm prmvcstj bka bmermtj amgcsaktcvj 0 jttjorm?447, l. ;73, jvvmrj ca prjembcfmltj cstctuctj cl kttukzcjlm bmaa'krtcejaj ;?0-ocs bma tmstj ulcej bmaam amg-gc cl fktmrck oklekrck m ermbctczck bc euc ka bmermtj amgcsaktcvj ;´ smttmform ;335, l. 50=, m sueemsscvm

fjbcicekzcjlc, pmr am fktmrcm cvc rmgjaktm. A'mspmrcfmltj bma prjembcfmltj bc fmbckzcjlm m' ejlbc-zcjlm bc prjembcocactk' bmaak bjfklbk gcubczckam. A'cfprjembcocactk' bmvm mssmrm meempctk bka ejlvm-lutj, k pmlk bc bmekbmlzk, j rcamvktk b'uiicecj bka gcubcem, ljl jatrm ak prcfk ubcmlzk. Ca gcubcem jvm rcam-vc e`m ak fmbckzcjlm m' gck' clczcktk, fk ljl sc m' ejleausk, icssk ak sueemsscvk ubcmlzk bjpj ak sekbml-zk bma tmrfclm bc euc kaa'krtcejaj 9. Kaaj stmssj fjbj prjvvmbm quklbj ak fmbckzcjlm ljl m' stktk mspm-rctk, kssmglklbj ejltmstukafmltm kaam pkrtc ca tmrfclm bc quclbcec gcjrlc pmr ak prmsmltkzcjlm bmaak bj-fklbk bc fmbckzcjlm. Ca prmsmltm ejffk ljl sc kppacek kaam kzcjlc prmvcstm bkgac krtcejac 57, ;24 m ;24-ocs bma ejbcem bma ejlsufj bc euc ka bmermtj amgcsaktcvj 9 smttmform ?44=, l. ?49, m sueemsscvm fjbcic-ekzcjlc.

?. Imrfj qukltj prmvcstj bka ejffk ; m skavj qukltj bcspjstj bkc ejffc 5 m 2, ca gcubcem, kle`mcl smbm bc gcubczcj bc kppmaaj, vkautktk ak lkturk bmaak ekusk, aj stktj bmaa'cstruzcjlm m ca ejfpjrtk-fmltj bmaam pkrtc, puj' clvctkrm am stmssm k prjembmrm kaak fmbckzcjlm. A'clvctj bmvm mssmrm rcvjatjkaam pkrtc prcfk bmaa'ubcmlzk bc prmecskzcjlm bmaam ejleauscjlc jvvmrj, quklbj tkam ubcmlzk ljl m' prmvc-stk, prcfk bmaak bcseusscjlm bmaak ekusk. Um am pkrtc kbmrcsejlj kaa'clvctj, ca gcubcem icssk ak sueemsscvkubcmlzk bjpj ak sekbmlzk bma tmrfclm bc euc kaa'krtcejaj 9 m, quklbj ak fmbckzcjlm ljl m' gck' stktk kv-vcktk, kssmglk ejltmstukafmltm kaam pkrtc ca tmrfclm bc quclbcec gcjrlc pmr ak prmsmltkzcjlm bmaak bjfkl-bk bc fmbckzcjlm.

5. Aj svjagcfmltj bmaak fmbckzcjlm ljl prmeaubm cl jglc eksj ak ejlemsscjlm bmc prjvvmbcfmltcurgmltc m ekutmakrc, lm' ak trkserczcjlm bmaak bjfklbk gcubczckam.

2. C ejffc ; m ? ljl sc kppaceklj8k) lmc prjembcfmltc pmr clgculzcjlm, cleausk a'jppjsczcjlm, iclj kaak prjluleck suaam cstklzm bc ejl-

emsscjlm m sjspmlscjlm bmaak prjvvcsjrck msmeuzcjlm>o) lmc prjembcfmltc pmr ejlvkacbk bc acemlzk j sirkttj, iclj ka futkfmltj bma rctj bc euc kaa'krtcejaj

997 bma ejbcem bc prjemburk ecvcam>e) lmc prjembcfmltc pjssmssjrc, iclj kaak prjluleck bmc prjvvmbcfmltc bc euc kaa'krtcejaj 745, tmrzj

ejffk, bma ejbcem bc prjemburk ecvcam>b) lmc prjembcfmltc bc jppjsczcjlm j clecbmltkac bc ejglczcjlm rmaktcvc kaa'msmeuzcjlm ijrzktk>m) lmc prjembcfmltc cl ekfmrk bc ejlscgacj>i) lmaa'kzcjlm ecvcam msmrectktk lma prjemssj pmlkam.

=. Imrfj qukltj prmvcstj bka ejffk ; m skavj qukltj bcspjstj bkc ejffc 5 m 2, sm ca ejltrkttj, ajstktutj jvvmrj a'kttj ejstctutcvj bmaa'mltm prmvmbjlj ulk eakusjak bc fmbckzcjlm j ejlecackzcjlm m ca tml-tktcvj ljl rcsuatk mspmrctj, ca gcubcem j a'kroctrj, su meemzcjlm bc pkrtm, prjpjstk lmaak prcfk bcimsk, kssm-glk kaam pkrtc ca tmrfclm bc quclbcec gcjrlc pmr ak prmsmltkzcjlm bmaak bjfklbk bc fmbckzcjlm m icssk aksueemsscvk ubcmlzk bjpj ak sekbmlzk bma tmrfclm bc euc kaa'krtcejaj 9. Kaaj stmssj fjbj ca gcubcem j a'kr-octrj icssk ak sueemsscvk ubcmlzk quklbj ak fmbckzcjlm j ca tmltktcvj bc ejlecackzcjlm sjlj clczcktc, fkljl ejleausc. Ak bjfklbk m' prmsmltktk bkvkltc kaa'jrgklcsfj clbcektj bkaak eakusjak, sm csercttj lma rm-gcstrj, jvvmrj, cl fkleklzk, bkvkltc kb ul katrj jrgklcsfj csercttj, imrfj ca rcspmttj bma erctmrcj bc euckaa'krtcejaj 2, ejffk ;. Cl jglc eksj, am pkrtc pjssjlj ejlejrbkrm, sueemsscvkfmltm ka ejltrkttj j kaajstktutj j kaa'kttj ejstctutcvj, a'clbcvcbukzcjlm bc ul bcvmrsj jrgklcsfj csercttj.

9. Bka fjfmltj bmaak ejfulcekzcjlm kaam katrm pkrtc, ak bjfklbk bc fmbckzcjlm prjbuem suaak prm-serczcjlm gac miimttc bmaak bjfklbk gcubczckam. Bkaak stmssk bktk, ak bjfklbk bc fmbckzcjlm cfpmbcsemkatrmsc' ak bmekbmlzk pmr ulk sjak vjatk, fk sm ca tmltktcvj ikaacsem ak bjfklbk gcubczckam bmvm mssmrmprjpjstk mltrj ca fmbmscfj tmrfclm bc bmekbmlzk, bmejrrmltm bka bmpjsctj bma vmrokam bc euc kaa 'krtcejaj

;; prmssj ak smgrmtmrck bmaa'jrgklcsfj.

Uua pultj, sc à mseausj e`m ak ljrfk sc kppace`c kb ulk cpjtmsc bc bciikfkzcjlm fmbckltm tmamijlj.Ak fjtcvkzcjlm rcpjsk smfprm suaak bcstclzcjlm trk ejfulcekzcjlm tmamfktcek m bcstrcouzcjlm ekrtkemk e`m à gcä stktk

rmvjektk cl buoocj lmaam amzcjlc prmembmltc.

Rrcoulkam Ykrmsm ?4 bcemform ?4;; l. 9739A–clvcj bc ul fmsskggcj bc tmstj trkfctm tmamijlj emaauakrm à mqucpkrkocam kb ulk tmamijlktk, pmr-

tkltj ak bciikfkzcjlm trkfctm qumstj fjbj bc ejfulcekzcjlm, ljl puÿ mssmrm bmiclctk k fmzzj stkfpk mb à, pmrecÿ, prcvk bc puooacectä. Ljl susscstm, quclbc, a–jooacgj bc fmbckzcjlm mx krt. =, ejffk ;, B.ags?0/;4.

Ak Ejrtm Ejstctuzcjlkam ejl bmecscjlm bma ?2/;4/?4;? `k bce`ckrktj clejstctuzcjlkam ak fmbckzcjlm jooacgktjrck bc eucka B. Ags. ?0/?4;4, ejl ecÿ vmlcvk k ekbmrm ca ‑icatrj‖ kroctrkam rcspmttj kaak bjfklbk gcubczckam.





< (*) Ca prjoamfk bma Bcgctka bcvcbm lma rkppjrtj trk tmeljajgck m bcfmlscjlm sjeckam <


Uueemsscvkfmltm ejl ca Bmermtj bma ''ikrm'' ak fmbckzcjlm jooacgktjrck à stktk rcprcstclktk;4 mb jrk à prmvcstk bkaa–krt. =e. ; ocs bma B. Ags. ?0/?4;4.

Ejlirjltj trk ak ljrfk bce`ckrktk clejstctuzcjlkam m ak ljrfk rcprcstclktk8

E`c cltmlbm msmrectkrm cl gcubczcj ul'kzcjlm rmaktcvk kb ulk ejltrjvmrsckcl fktmrck bc ejlbjfclcj, bcrcttc rmkac, bcvcscjlm, sueemsscjlc mrmbctkrcm,pkttc bc ikfcgack, ajekzcjlm, ejfjbktj, kiicttj bc kzcmlbm, rcskrecfmltjbma bkllj bmrcvkltm bkaak ecrejakzcjlm bc vmcejac m lktkltc, bk rmspjlsk-ocactk' fmbcek m bk bciikfkzcjlm ejl ca fmzzj bmaak stkfpk j ejl katrjfmzzj bc puooacectk', ejltrkttc kssceurktcvc, oklekrc m iclklzckrc, m' tmlutjprmacfclkrfmltm k mspmrcrm ca prjembcfmltj bc fmbckzcjlm kc smlsc bmaprmsmltm bmermtj jvvmrj ca prjembcfmltj bc ejlecackzcjlm prmvcstj bkabmermtj amgcsaktcvj 0 jttjorm ?447, l. ;73, jvvmrj ca prjembcfmltj cstctuc-tj cl kttukzcjlm bmaa'krtcejaj ;?0-ocs bma tmstj ulcej bmaam amggc cl fktm-rck oklekrck m ermbctczck bc euc ka bmermtj amgcsaktcvj ;´ smttmform ;335,l. 50=, m sueemsscvm fjbcicekzcjlc, pmr am fktmrcm cvc rmgjaktm. A'mspm-rcfmltj bma prjembcfmltj bc fmbckzcjlm m' ejlbczcjlm bc prjembcocactk'bmaak bjfklbk gcubczckam.

A'cfprjembcocactk' bmvm mssmrm meempctk bka ejlvmlutj, k pmlk bc bmek-bmlzk, j rcamvktk b'uiicecj bka gcubcem, ljl jatrm ak prcfk ubcmlzk. Ca gcu-bcem jvm rcamvc e`m ak fmbckzcjlm m' gck' clczcktk, fk ljl sc m' ejleausk,icssk ak sueemsscvk ubcmlzk bjpj ak sekbmlzk bma tmrfclm bc euc kaa'krtc-ejaj 9. Kaaj stmssj fjbj prjvvmbm quklbj ak fmbckzcjlm ljl m' stktkmspmrctk, kssmglklbj ejltmstukafmltm kaam pkrtc ca tmrfclm bc quclbcecgcjrlc pmr ak prmsmltkzcjlm bmaak bjfklbk bc fmbckzcjlm. Ca prmsmltmejffk ljl sc kppacek kaam kzcjlc prmvcstm bkgac krtcejac 57, ;24 m ;24-

ocs bma ejbcem bma ejlsufj bc euc ka bmermtj amgcsaktcvj 9 smttmform?44=, l. ?49, m sueemsscvm fjbcicekzcjlc.

;-ocs. E`c cltmlbm msmrectkrm cl gcubczcj ul'kzcjlm rmaktcvk k ulk ejltrj-vmrsck cl fktmrck bc ejlbjfclcj, bcrcttc rmkac, bcvcscjlm, sueemsscjlc mrmbc-tkrcm, pkttc bc ikfcgack, ajekzcjlm, ejfjbktj, kiicttj bc kzcmlbm, rcskrec-fmltj bma bkllj bmrcvkltm bk rmspjlskocactk' fmbcek m sklctkrck m bkbciikfkzcjlm ejl ca fmzzj bmaak stkfpk j ejl katrj fmzzj bc puooacectk',ejltrkttc kssceurktcvc, oklekrc m iclklzckrc, m' tmlutj, ksscstctj bkaa'kv-vjektj, prmacfclkrfmltm k mspmrcrm ca prjembcfmltj bc fmbckzcjlm kcsmlsc bma prmsmltm bmermtj jvvmrj ca prjembcfmltj bc ejlecackzcjlm prm-vcstj bka bmermtj amgcsaktcvj 0 jttjorm ?447, l. ;73 , jvvmrj ca prjembc-fmltj cstctuctj cl kttukzcjlm bmaa'krtcejaj ;?0-ocs bma tmstj ulcej bmaamamggc cl fktmrck oklekrck m ermbctczck bc euc ka bmermtj amgcsaktcvj ;´ smt-tmform ;335, l. 50=, m sueemsscvm fjbcicekzcjlc, pmr am fktmrcm cvc rm-gjaktm. A'mspmrcfmltj bma prjembcfmltj bc fmbckzcjlm m' ejlbczcjlm bcprjembcocactk' bmaak bjfklbk gcubczckam.

Ak prmsmltm bcspjsczcjlm `k miicekeck pmr c qukttrj kllc sueemsscvc

kaak bktk bmaak suk mltrktk cl vcgjrm. Ka tmrfclm bc bum kllc bkaakfmbmscfk bktk bc mltrktk cl vcgjrm m' kttcvktj su clczcktcvk bma Fc-lcstmrj bmaak gcustczck ca fjlctjrkggcj bmgac msctc bc tkam spmrcfml-tkzcjlm.

A'cfprjembcocactk' bmvm mssmrm meempctk bka ejlvmlutj, k pmlk bc bmek-bmlzk, j rcamvktk b'uiicecj bka gcubcem, ljl jatrm ak prcfk ubcmlzk. Ca gcu-bcem jvm rcamvc e`m ak fmbckzcjlm m' gck' clczcktk, fk ljl sc m' ejleausk,icssk ak sueemsscvk ubcmlzk bjpj ak sekbmlzk bma tmrfclm bc euc kaa'krtcejaj 9 . Kaaj stmssj fjbj prjvvmbm quklbj ak fmbckzcjlm ljl m'stktk mspmrctk, kssmglklbj ejltmstukafmltm kaam pkrtc ca tmrfclm bcquclbcec gcjrlc pmr ak prmsmltkzcjlm bmaak bjfklbk bc fmbckzcjlm. Caprmsmltm ejffk ljl sc kppacek kaam kzcjlc prmvcstm bkgac krtcejac 57 ,

;24 m ;24-ocs bma ejbcem bma ejlsufj bc euc ka bmermtj amgcsaktcvj 9smttmform ?44=, l. ?49 , m sueemsscvm fjbcicekzcjlc.

=.- (*) Ca prjoamfk bma Bcgctka bcvcbm lma rkppjrtj trk tmeljajgck m bcfmlscjlm sjeckam

Um sc ejlscbmrklj am smgumltc bmecscjlc, ljl sc ejfprmlbm sm miimttcvkfmltm cl Ctkack ak ejllmsscjlm tmamijlcek sckejlscbmrktk j fmlj ul ‑bcrcttj‖.

Rrcoulkam Fjltmpuaecklj ?4/4?/?443A–utmltm rcfkstj k aulgj smlzk tmamijlj k ekusk bc ul rctkrbj bma gmstjrm lma trksajej bmaak aclmk `k

bcrcttj ka rcskrecfmltj bma bkllj mscstmlzckam bmrcvkltm bkaak prcvkzcjlm bma smrvczcj tmamijlcej bjvutk k

ejapmvjam clmrzck bmaa–kzcmlbk. Cl tkam cpjtmsc sc ejlicgurk, clikttc, ak fmljfkzcjlm bmc bcrcttc bmaa–utmltmkaak acomrtä bc ejfulcekzcjlm bc euc kaa–krt. ;= ejst. m bc fklcimstkzcjlm bma pmlscmrj bc euc kaa–krt. ?;ejst.

Rrcoulkam _jfk 4=/49/?443 ;?535 cl Gcur. fmrctj ?443, ;;, ?792 (s.f.) (ljtk bc8 BC FK_XCJ)

Trmfmssj e`m ca rcskrecfmltj bma bkllj mscstmlzckam, lmaa'kttukam kssmttj gcurcsprubmlzckam, à kf-fmssj k ejlbczcjlm e`m ca bkllj sck kbmguktkfmltm bmbjttj m prjvktj, ca bcstkeej bma tmamijlj ljl puÿmssmrm bc rmgjak ejlscbmrktj qukam ijltm gmlmrktrcem bc bkllj mscstmlzckam pjce`ã kb mssj puÿ kgmvja-fmltm jvvckrsc cl pje`c fclutc m ejl pje`m bmeclm bc murj fulmlbjsc bc ul tmamijlj emaauakrm, ejl ejl-smgumltm kppacekocactä bmaa'krt. ;??7 e.e.

;4 Bmermtj Amggm l. 93 bma ?; gcuglj ?4;5 ejlvmrtctj ejl A. 3 kgjstj ?4;5 l. 30 (cl Uuppa. jrbclkrcj l. 95 kaak Gkzz.]ii., ?4 kgjstj ?4;5, l. ;32






Rmstj bcspjlcocam su acemlzk Ermktcvm Ejffjls - `ttp8//ermktcvmejffjls.jrg/acemlsms/oy-le-lb/?.=/bmmb.ct ?4 / ?7

Cl miimttc, a–keemssj kaak rmtm pjtrmoom mssmrm ejlscbmrktj ejfm ul bcrcttj clkacmlkocam, ka pkrc bmgac katrc bcrcttc tutmakt cbkaam Ejstctuzcjlc.

À oml vmrj e`m smlzk ak tmeljajgck ljl mscstm ‐ejlbcvcscjlm bc rcsjrsm– m smlzk ak sjeckactä ljl vc sjlj cltmrajeutjrcejl euc bckajgkrm, fk à kle`m vmrj e`m ecÿ e`m sc rce`cmbm kaa–clbcvcbuj, pmr rmlbmrm pcmlk, tjtkam m bmiclctcvk ak suk pkr-tmecpkzcjlm kaak ejfulctä sjeckam, à bc ejlbcvcbmrm ― kle`m m sjprkttuttj sjttj ca prjicaj cbmjajgcej ― ak tmlscjlm ka Trj-grmssj m cl pkrtcejakrm ca euatj bmaa–clljvkzcjlm tmeljajgcek.

Jrk, ca Bcgctka bcvcbm sc ejaajek prjprckfmltm lma fjfmltj cl euc ak scltmsc trk tmeljajgck m sjeckactä à prmicgurktk, ku-spcektk, ijrsm cffclmltm, fk bc ikttj ljl klejrk ejfpcutk> quclbc sc rcvmak lmemsskrcj, pmr ejlsmgucrm ca rcsuatktj bmaakrmkaczzkzcjlm bmaak ‐Ujecmtä bmaa–Clijrfkzcjlm–, clbcvcbukrm m rcfujvmrm am bciicejatä e`m sc irkppjlgjlj;;. M pjce`ã, ejfmsc à jssmrvktj cl prmembmlzk, lmaak ‐Ujecmtä bmaa–Clijrfkzcjlm– sc trjvklj bum kspmttc sjstklzckafmltm bciimrmltc ― ulj rc-gukrbk ak fmrk ‐kaikomtczzkzcjlm clijrfktcek–, a–katrj ak ejlbcvcscjlm bmaak ‐euaturk clijrfktcek– ― à mvcbmltm e`m kle`m gacjstkejac kppkrtmlgjlj k bum ektmgjrcm bcvmrsm, m ejsá kle`m c rcfmbc.

Jeejrrm pmrÿ bjfklbkrsc sm ak pjsscocactä bc supmrkrm aj ‐svkltkggcj sjeckam– e`m ejlscstm lmaak bciicejatä bc keembmrmj ejfulqum bc utcaczzkrm ak tmeljajgck clijrfktcek ejstctucsek ul ‐bcrcttj– k euc puÿ ikrm kppmaaj e`c à ‐svkltkggcktj–. Cl katrctmrfclc, à mvcbmltm a–utcactä m a–jppjrtulctä bc kvvkamrsc bmaam tmeljajgcm clijrfktce`m, mb à katrmttkltj jvvcj e`m sck kusp c-ekocam ulk fkggcjrm bciiuscjlm sjeckam bc tkac kocactä, fk ecÿ ljl scglcicek lmemsskrckfmltm e`m a–jrbclkfmltj gcurcbcejgkrkltcsek ak sjbbcsikzcjlm bc tkac mscgmlzm. B–katrk pkrtm jeejrrm kle`m rcejljsemrm e`m, kaak auem bc qukltj sc à jssm r-vktj cl fmrctj kaak ejlemzcjlm bc stkfpj tmeljerktcej sjttjstkltm kaak ‐Ujecmtä bmaa–Clijrfkzcjlm–, kssufm ul scglcicektj

cbmjajgcej oml prmecsj kle`m ak ejlicgurkzcjlm ejfm pjsczcjlm gcurcbcek sjggmttcvk bmaak prmtmsk bc keembmrm kaam tmelj-ajgcm clijrfktce`m. À bcvmrsj, clikttc, e`m a–jrbclkfmltj gcurcbcej prjtmggk ak rcvmlbcekzcjlm bma sclgjaj cl qukltj lkturkammsprmsscjlm bmaak suk pmrsjlkactä;?, jppurm pmre`ã ak rctmlgk ejlijrfm ka fjbmaaj bc sjecmtä pjstk ejfm jocmttcvj bkpmrsmgucrm.

Cl scltmsc, pmr pjtmr svjagmrm ejfpcutkfmltm a–krgjfmltj, jeejrrm8 (;) clbcvcbukrm ak l jzcjlm bc Bcgctka bcvcbm lmc sujctrkttc mssmlzckac> (?) qukacicekrm ca Bcgctka bcvcbm bka pultj bc vcstk gcurcbcej, ejl pkrtcejakrm rcimrcfmltj ka ejltmstj bmc ‐bcrcttcufklc–> (5) jiircrm ul pkljrkfk ca pcó pjsscocam kggcjrlktj bmc rcfmbc prjpjstc pmr ca supmrkfmltj bma Bcgctka bcvcbm> (2)ejaajekrm c rcfmbc kaa–cltmrlj bma ejltmstj cl euc sc trjvklj, pmr trkrlm am jppjrtulm jssmrvkzcjlc.

=.;.;.- Ljzcjlm bc Bcgctka bcvcbm

À utcam pkrtcrm bk kaeulm ejlscbmrkzcjlc cl pultj bc ikttj. Ljl sc puÿ lmgkrm e`m vc scklj ljtmvjac m bciiusm bciicejatä bckeemssj kaam tmeljajgcm bmaa–clijrfkzcjlm mb kaam rcsjrsm e`m ejl ecÿ sc rmlbjlj bcspjlcocac. Bk rmemltc stubc rcsuatk e`m,pmr msmfpcj, cl Murjpk quksc ul tmrzj bmc ecttkbclc (;=4 fcacjlc bc pmrsjlm) ljl `k fkc utcaczzktj Cltmrlmt ;5 m, cl Ctkack, sj-aj ulk ikfcgack su bum bcspjlm bc ul keemssj kaak _mtm ;2. A–clbcspjlcocactä bmaam rcsjrsm clijrfktce`m clecbm cl pkrtcejakrmsuaam cfprmsm m rkpprmsmltk ul grkvm jstkejaj kaaj svcauppj mejljfcej mb ka omlmssmrm bmaak sjecmtä lma suj ejfpams-sj;=. À cllmgkocam e`m sc trkttk bc ul prjoamfk bc pkafkrm cfpjrtklzk.

A–msprmsscjlm Bcgctka bcvcbm trjvk jrcgclm cl kaeulc stubc bma Bcpkrtcfmltj bma Ejffmrecj bmgac Utktc ]lctc b–Kfmrcekmakojrktc cltjrlj kaak fmtä bmgac kllc Ljvkltk;9 mb ca suj scglcicektj à stktj makojrktj k acvmaaj cltmrlkzcjlkam lmgac kllcsueemsscvc. Lma ?44; a–Jrgklczzkzcjlm pmr ak Ejjpmrkzcjlm m aj Uvcauppj Mejljfcej (JEUM) aj `k bmiclctj8 «t`m gkp om-twmml clbcvcbukas, `jusm`jabs, ousclmssms klb gmjgrkp`ce krmks kt bciimrmlt sjecj-mejljfce amvmas wct` rmgkrb tj t`mcr

;; Tmr kpprjijlbcfmltc sua pmrejrsj kbjttktj k acvmaaj cltmrlkzcjlkam, Eir. Wjrab Uuffct jl t`m Clijrfktcjl Ujecmty (WUCU), cstctuctj cloksm kb ulk _csjauzcjlm bmaa–Kssmfoamk Gmlmrkam bmaam Lkzcjlc ]lctm l. =9/;05 bma ?; bcemform ?44; m svjatjsc cl bum iksc, ak prc-fk k Gclmvrk bka ;4 ka ;? bcemform ?445, ak smejlbk k Rulcsc bka ;9 ka ;0 ljvmform ?44=.

;? K oml vmbmrm, lmaa–jttcek fjbmrlk pcó prmecskfmltm ak prmtmsk bmaa–clbcvcbuj bjvrmoom mssmrm tutmaktk sjaj mb mseauscvkfmltm pmr-e`ã ijlbktk su ul–jpzcjlm, ecjà msprmsscjlm bc vjajltä e`m sc pjlm ejfm kssjautk m bmiclctcvk m ljl mspjlm am rkgcjlc e`m lm stkl-lj kaak oksm. Rkam cfpjstkzcjlm mfmrgmrä pcó kvkltc, k prjpjsctj bma rkppjrtj trk bcrcttc ufklc m Bcgctka Bcvcbm.

;5 EJF(?4;4) ?2= bmi/? bma ?9 kgjstj ?4;4, ]l–kgmlbk bcgctkam murjpmk, p. ?7.;2 Eir. `ttp8//iuturjbmaakrmtm.ijrufpk.ct, rkppjrtj prmsmltktj ca ?4 kprcam ?4;4 kaak CP Ejffcsscjlm Rrkspjrtc, Tjstm m Rmamejfulcek-zcjlc bmaak Ekfmrk bmc Bmputktc.

;= Uc pmlsc sjatkltj kaam bciicejatä rmaktcvm k prjbuzcjlm, bcstrcouzcjlm m prjfjzcjlm bmc pr jbjttc m bmc smrvczc kaa–cltmrlj bc ul fmrektj

cl euc c ejlejrrmltc pjssjlj kttclgmrm k okssj ejstj kb ul jrczzjltm quksc sejliclktj bc jppjrtulctä ejffmreckac.;9 Ikaaclg t`rjug` t`m lmt8 K survmy ji ‑`kvm ljts‖ cl rurka klb urokl Kfmrcek (;33=)> Ikaaclg t`rjug` t`m lmt CC8 Lmw bktk jl t`m bcgc-tka bcvcbm (;330)> Ikaaclg t`rjug` t`m lmt8 Rjwkrbs bcgctka cleauscjl (?444)> K lktcjl jlaclm8 @jw Kfmrcekls krm mxpklbclg t`mcr usmji t`m Cltmrlmt (?44?)






Rmstj bcspjlcocam su acemlzk Ermktcvm Ejffjls - `ttp8//ermktcvmejffjls.jrg/acemlsms/oy-le-lb/?.=/bmmb.ct ?; / ?7

jppjrtulctcms tj keemss clijrfktcjl klb ejffulcektcjl tme`ljajgcms (CERs) klb t`mcr usm ji t`m Cltmrlmt ¾;7. K qumstc bumprjicac ― a–keemssj kaak _mtm (e`m sc pjtrmoom clbcekrm ejfm a–kspmttj ‐jggmttcvj–), m a– utcaczzj bc Cltmrlmt (ka qukam clvmem ecsc puÿ rcimrcrm ejfm a–keemzcjlm ‐sjggmttcvk–) ― lma ejrsj bma tmfpj à stktj kggcultj ul tmrzj ― e`m pjtrmffj clbcekrmejfm prjicaj ‐iulzcjlkam– ― ejlemrlmltm ak ejlskpmvjamzzk, bk pkrtm bmaa–utmltm, bmaam fjbkactä ejl euc uskrm am tmeljaj-gcm;0. [umstc trm kspmttc vmlgjlj scltmtcekfmltm clbcektc ejfm8 keemss, sncaas, uskgm;3. Ykam ak pmlk bc prmecskrm e`m kt-tukafmltm ec sc rcimrcsem ka imljfmlj ejfpamsscvkfmltm cltmsj ejl ca tmrfclm Bcgctka Clmqukactcms, fmltrm ejl Bcgctka bcvc-bm vcmlm clbcektj sjatkltj ca prcfj kspmttj, qumaaj ‐jggmttcvj–, ejlemrlmltm a–keemssj?4.

Jeejrrm ljtkrm e`m ak rcejstruzcjlm sjecjajgcek bma imljfmlj ejlimrfk ak prjoamfktcectä bma lmssj trk tmeljajgck msjecmtä ejsá ejfm clbcvcbuktj sjprk. K smejlbk bmc ikttjrc bmtmrfclkltc, sc clbcvcbuklj bcvmrsm fklcimstkzcjlc bc Bcgctkabcvcbm?;8 (;) bjfmstce bcgctka bcvcbm8 bcsmgukgacklzm sjeckac trk clbcvcbuc kppkrtmlmltc k bcvmrsm ektmgjrcm sjeckac kaa–cltmrljbma fmbmscfj gruppj sjeckam, ejrrmaktm k bciimrmlzm cl tmrfclc bc8 rmbbctj (rcee`c/pjvmrc)> gmlmrm (fkse`cam/imffclcam)> mtä(gcjvklm/klzcklj??)> euaturk?5> kppkrtmlmlzk mtlcek> prjvmlcmlzk tmrrctjrckam> katrm qukactä pmrsjlkac (prjimsscjlm, bcskocac-tä?2)> (?) ‐Cltmrlktcjlka bcgctka bcvcbm–8 bciimrmlzm trk bcvmrsc Utktc j rmgcjlc gmjgrkice`m (sjecmtä tmeljajgcekfmltm kvklzk-tm/Tkmsc krrmtrktc)?=.

;7 JMEB, ]lbmrstklbclg t`m Bcgctka Bcvcbm, Tkrcgc8 JMEB, ?44; (Bcgctka Mejljfy Tkpmrs, l. 23), p. =. Lma ?4;4 a–Cltmrlktcjlka Rmam-ejffulcektcjl ]lcjl (CR]) clvmem aj ejlljtkvk ejfm smgum8 «k rmaktcvm ejlempt ks ct ejfpkrms t`m amvma ji CER bmvmajpfmlt cl kejultry, jr grjup ji ejultrcms, wct` t`kt cl kljt`mr kt k emrtkcl pjclt cl tcfm ¾ CR], Fmksurclg t`m Clijrfktcjl Ujecmty , rkppjrtj rmak-

tcvj kaa–kllj ?4;4, Gclmvrk8 CR], p. 24. [umstk bmiclczcjlm, smoomlm pcó rmemltm, ljl à utcam kaa–klkacsc pjce`ã meemsscvkfmltm gml m-rcek ― sc ejlscbmrk clikttc sjatkltj aj ‐svcauppj– bmaam ejllmsscjlc ― fk à cltmrmsskltm e`m vmlgk prmecsktj ca ekrkttmrm ‐rmaktcvj– bmaejlemttj.

;0 Tmr kpprjijlbcfmltc sugac kspmttc stktcstcec m suc erctmrc fmtjbjajgcec bc rcamvkzcjlm, Eir. ML_CEJ IM__J, LKRKACM E. @MAOCG m H. _KFJL GCA-GK_ECK, R`m rjam ji CR actmrkey cl bmiclclg bcgctka bcvcbm pjacey lmmbs, cl «Gjvmrlfmlt Clijrfktcjl [ukrtmray¾ ?0, l. ;(?4;;)> R@J_URML O]UE@, Ekpkocactcms cl, ekpkocactcms jut8 jvmrejfclg bcgctka bcvcbms oy prjfjtclg ejrpjrktm ectczmls`cp klb ikcr CER ,cl «Mt`ces klb Clijrfktcjl Rme`ljajgy¾ ;5, l. 2 (?4;4)> FK_ÆK _JUKAÆK YCEMLRM m KLK HMUØU AÕTMX, Kssmssclg t`m rmgcjlka bcgctkabcvcbm kerjss t`m Murjpmkl ]lcjl-?7 , cl «Rmamejffulcektcjls Tjacey¾ 5=, l. 5 (?4;;)

;3 ]lk rcejstruzcjlm katmrlktcvk, fkggcjrfmltm scltmtcek, bcstclgum trk icrst-jrbmr bcgctka bcvcbm m smejlb-jrbmr bcgctka bcvcbm8 ca prcfjejlemrlm ak pjsscocactä ‐fktmrckam– bc keemssj kaak rmtm, ca smejlbj clvmem rcgukrbk ca fjbj cl euc am rcsjrsm vmlgjlj utcaczzktm m quclbcejfprmlbm sck ak pjsscocactä bc utcaczzkrm ak rmtm, sck am kocactä tmelce`m. Ca prjoamfk ejlemrlm cl sjstklzk ak ekpkectä bma sclgjaj bcclermfmltkrm am prjprcm ijltc clijrfktcvm kequcsmlbj cl tka fjbj ulk fkggcjrm ejlskpmvjamzzk erctcek lmaak pkrtmecpkzcjlm kaam sema-

tm pjactce`m bmaak prjprck ejfulctä, Eir. M]LHCL

NCF

, OS]LGRKM

AMM

m LC_]T

F. F

MLJL, Ujecka wmaikrm cfpacektcjls ji t`m bcgctkabcvcbm, cl «Gjvmrlfmlt Clijrfktcjl [ukrtmray¾ ?9, l. ? (?443). ]lk vcscjlm pcó klkactcek sc oksk suaak clbcvcbukzcjlm bmaam bcvmrsm

kocactä rce`cmstm kaa–utmltm cl _mtm ― Cltmrlmt sncaas ― m bcstclgum am kocactä rmaktcvm ka fmzzj (Fmbcuf-rmaktmb Cltmrlmt sncaas) bk qumaamrmaktcvm ka ejltmlutj (Ejltmlt-rmaktmb Cltmrlmt sncaas), KAMPKLBM_ H. K. F. YKL BM]_UML, HKL K. G. F. YKL BCHN m JUEK_ TMRM_U,_mt`clnclg Cltmrlmt sncaas8 R`m ejltrcoutcjl ji gmlbmr, kgm, mbuektcjl, Cltmrlmt mxpmrcmlem, klb `jurs jlaclm tj fmbcuf- klb ejltmlt-rmaktmb Cltmrlmt sncaas, cl «Tjmtces¾ 53, l. ? (?4;;). Katrc klejrk utcaczzklj ulk vcscjlm pcó kbmrmltm kaam pjtmlzckactä ejfulcektcvmbmaak _mtm m bcstclgujlj k smejlbk e`m a–utmltm kequcscsek am ejljsemlzm suiicecmltc pmr rcemvmrm am clijrfkzcjlc jppurm qumaam lm-emsskrcm k prjburam m quclbc k pkrtmecpkrm kttcvkfmltm kaa–makojrkzcjlm ejaamttcvk, HML UE@_KBCM, R`m bcgctka prjbuetcjl gkp8 R`mbcgctka bcvcbm klb Wmo ?.4 ejaacbm, cl «Tjmtces¾ 53, l. ? (?4;;).

?4 Cl qumstk smbm sc utcaczzk Bcgctka bcvcbm kb clbcekrm ca imljfmlj lma suj ejfpamssj ― m quclbc, cl sjstctuzcjlm bc Bcgctka Clmqukactcms ― pmre`ã pcó prmglkltm. Ca prcfj tmrfclm rmlbm a–cbmk, clikttc, bc ul ‐bcstkeej–, ulk bcstklzk trk ak sctukzcjlm ejlscbmrktk mb ca pultj bckrrcvj, e`m vcmlm rctmlutj ‐jttcfkam–. Tmrkatrj, Bcgctka clmqukactcms ik rcimrcfmltj kb ulk ljzcjlm bc ‐ugukgacklzk– e`m à, k oml vmbmrm,kstrkttk m gmlmrcek. Tmr ulk kpprjeecj erctcej sua pultj, eir8 H KL K. G. F. YKL BCHN, Bcgctka bcvcbm rmsmkre`, ke`cmvmfmlts klb

s`jrtejfclgs, cl «Tjmtces¾ 52, l. 2-= (?449).?; Ak ejfpamssctä bma imljfmlj à ijltm bc bcseusscjlc kle`m cl fmrctj kaak fmtjbjajgck bc rcamvkzcjlm stktcstcek, e`m bk kllc à jrcml-tktk k ejlscbmrkrm ulk paurkactä bc vkrckocac, Eir. HJ@L EK_AJ OM_RJR, R`m fuatcpam bcfmlscjls ji t`m bcgctka bcvcbm8 fjrm t`kl t`mtme`ljajgy ‐`kvms– klb ‐`kvm ljts– , cl «Gjvmrlfmlt Clijrfktcjl [ukrtmray¾ ?4, l. ? (?445). Uc kssufm mssmlzckafmltm e`m ak tmelj-ajgck kgcsek suaak strutturk sjeckam cl trm bcvmrsc fjbc8 (;) rcprjbuem am bcsmgukgacklzm> (?) clermfmltk am bcsmgukgacklzm mscstmltc> (5)prjbuem uatmrcjrc m bcvmrsm bcsmgukgacklzm.

?? Eir. cl pkrtcejakrm KR@MLK FEAMKL, Mt`ceka irjltcmrs ji CER klb jabmr usmrs8 euaturka, prkgfktce klb mt`ceka cssums, cl «Mt`ces klbClijrfktcjl Rme`ljajgy¾ ;5, l. 2 (?4;;).

?5 Ak bciimrmlzk lma acvmaaj cl tmrfclc bc cstruzcjlm pkrm scglcicektcvk ljl tkltj cl tmrfclc bc keemssj, qukltj ejl rcimrcfmltj kaak ekpkec-tä.

?2 K qumstj prjpjsctj, vkam ak pmlk bcstclgumrm trk ‐keemsscocactä–, e`m rcgukrbk ak pjsscocactä bk pkrtm bmgac utmltc bc mstmlbmrm ca pcópjsscocam a–kfoctj bc rcsjrsm clijrfktcvm k bcspjsczcjlm, m ‐uskocactä–, e`m clvmem ejlemrlm a–mstmlscjlm bmaam ektmgjrcm bc utmltc e`m

pjssjlj irucrm bc tkac rcsjrsm (kb msmfpcj, c bcskocac). [umstk smejlbk ljzcjlm vcmlm bmiclctk «a'miicekeck, a'miicecmlzk m ak sjbbcsikzcj-lm ejl euc bmtmrfclktc utmltc rkggculgjlj bmtmrfclktc jocmttcvc cl bmtmrfclktc ejltmstc¾ CUJ 3?2;-;;8;330. ?= Ujttj qumstj prjicaj à cltmrmsskltm rcpjrtkrm c rcacmvc ijrfuaktc ― kaak auem bmaa–jpmrk bc Krfklb Fkttmakrt, Ak ejfulcekzcjlm Fjlbj,Fcaklj, Ca Ukggcktjrm, ;332 ― cl fmrctj kgac miimttc fkerjmejljfcec bmaa–cltrjbuzcjlm bmaam tmeljajgcm bc ejfulcekzcjlm k bcstklzk lma






Rmstj bcspjlcocam su acemlzk Ermktcvm Ejffjls - `ttp8//ermktcvmejffjls.jrg/acemlsms/oy-le-lb/?.=/bmmb.ct ?? / ?7

B–katrk pkrtm, ak ejfoclkzcjlm bc qumstc ikttjrc bmtmrfclk prclecpkafmltm bum miimttc prmgcubczcmvjac8 (;) kaa–cltmrlj bcqumstj ‐ekpctkacsfj clijrfkzcjlkam–, ak fkleklzk bc clijrfkzcjlc cfpmbcsem e`m am sematm bc vctk mb mejljfce`m vmlgkljprmsm ejl ulk pcmlk ejlskpmvjamzzk bmaam ecrejstklzm m quclbc ljl scklj cbjlmm k rcspjlbmrm kaam rmkac mscgmlzm clbcvc-bukac j ejaamttcvm?9> (?) lmaak ejlicgurkzcjlm ‐rmtcejakrm– bmaam rmakzcjlc cltmrsjggmttcvm, kaeulc vmlgjlj mseausc bkc ecreuctcclijrfktcvc m, bc ejlsmgumlzk, bkaam rmakzcjlc sjeckac, e`m ka ejltmfpj sc strutturklj su amgkfc prmekrc, tmfpjrklmc m akoc-ac, m e`m quclbc bmtmrfclklj ul smlsj bc clsceurmzzk kle`m cl ejajrj e`m lm sjlj ejclvjatc (lmtwjrnmb clbcvcbukacsf)?7.

K tka prjpjsctj, pmr prjembmrm lma bcsejrsj à cltmrmsskltm ejfpcmrm uatmrcjrc jssmrvkzcjlc cl fmrctj kc ejfpjlmltc bmaBcgctka bcvcbm ― keemss, sncaas m uskgm ― mb ca rkppjrtj trk tmeljajgck m sjecmtä ejsá ejfm ejlicgurktj cl prmembmlzk. Cl-ikttc8 (;) sm à vmrj e`m a–keemssj bmaak _mtm ejstctucsem ul ijrfcbkocam strufmltj bc prjfjzcjlm pmrsjlkam m bc svcauppjsjeckam, tuttkvck smfork mvcbmltm e`m ecÿ, cl qukltj tkam, ljl rcejfpjlm sctukzcjlc bc mfkrgclkzcjlm pmrsjlkam> (?) sm àvmrj e`m a–kequcsczcjlm bc ejfpmtmlzm clijrfktce`m ejlsmltm bc irucrm bmaam rcsjrsm bcspjlcocac, ljl à sejltktj e`m ul cl-bcvcbuj ‐sjecjajgcekfmltm ikvjrctj– ― pmr msmfpcj8 fkse`cj, omlmstkltm, gcjvklm m ejatj ― sc trksijrfc cl ul utmltm ‐ejl-skpmvjam– bmaam mscgmlzm bmaak ejaamttcvctä lmaa–utcaczzj bmaam tmeljajgcm, oml pjtmlbj siruttkrm am sum ejljsemlzm pmr iclcejltrkrc ka omlm bmaak sjecmtä. Cl katrc tmrfclc, rcmfmrgm ca rkppjrtj trk ‐kaikomtczzkzcjlm clijrfktcek– m ‐euaturk clijrfktcek–,lmc tmrfclc sjprk clbcvcbuktc, m sjprkttuttj ak tmlbmlzk k vmcejakrm ak smejlbk kttrkvmrsj ak prcfk.

Bc ejlsmgumlzk, pmr uskgm sc vcmlm kb cltmlbmrm ak ‐ejlskpmvjamzzk– ljl tkltj bmaak tmeljajgck, qukltj bma suj sc-glcicektj> ljl ec sc rcimrcsem, cl katrc tmrfclc, ka fjbj bc ‐ejlbcvcscjlm– bma iaussj bc clijrfkzcjlc, fk ka ‐ejclvjagcfmltj– lmaprjemssj bc makojrkzcjlm ejaamttcvk bma fjbmaaj euaturkam bmaak ‐Ujecmtä bmaa–Clijrfkzcjlm– m quclbc kaa–‐kbmscjlm– kc vkajrc

cbmjajgcec sjttjstkltc.Cl ejleauscjlm ca Bcgctka bcvcbm, ejsá ejfm ejfulmfmltm prjspmttktj, sc rcvmak ul ejlemttj prjoamfktcej. Mssj rkp-

prmsmltk, clikttc, ak bcstklzk e`m smpkrk ak sjecmtä ejltmfpjrklmk bkaak ‐Ujecmtä bmaa–Clijrfkzcjlm– m e`m bmvm mssmrmejafktk pmr rmkaczzkrm qumst–uatcfk. À fjatj scglcicektcvj e`m a–CR] msprmsskfmltm bck ulk ejlljtkzcjlm ‐rmaktcvcstcek– bmaBcgctka bcvcbm pmre`ã ecÿ msprcfm pcmlkfmltm ak ‐fcstcek bmaa–clljvkzcjlm– kaak qukam sc ikemvk rcimrcfmltj lmaak pkrtm cl-trjbuttcvk. Cl miimttc, a–kvklzkfmltj vmrsj ak ‐Ujecmtä bmaa–Clijrfkzcjlm– vcmlm rkpprmsmltktj ejfm ulk bcrmzcjlm ‐jooacgk-tk– ― bka pultj bc vcstk pjactcej, sjeckam, clbcvcbukam ― fk qumstk spcltk mtcek cl rmkatä sc sjrrmggm su ulk tmlscjlm e`m àkrtmikttk, pmre`ã cbmjajgcek, m e`m vcmlm ‐rmaktcvczzktk– prjprcj pmre`ã bmvm ejltclukfmltm trjvkrm ca fjbj bc rclljvkrsc ― spjstklbj ejltclukfmltm cl kvkltc a–jocmttcvj ― pmr ljl mskurcrm ak suk ekrcek prjpuascvk.

=.;.?.- [ukacicekzcjlm bma Bcgctka bcvcbm8 c ‐Bcrcttc ufklc–

À fjatj cltmrmsskltm qukacicekrm gcurcbcekfmltm ak prmtmsk bma sclgjaj ejlsjecktj rmaktcvk ka supmrkfmltj bma Bcgctkabcvcbm. Ecÿ ejlsmltm clikttc bc ejfprmlbmrm fmgacj a–cbmjajgck sjttjstkltm kaam kzcjlc pjactce`m cltrkprmsm bkaa–]lcjlm M u-rjpmk m bkgac Utktc.

Jeejrrm bcstclgumrm prmacfclkrfmltm, kaa–cltmrlj bma ekfpj bmc ‐Bcrcttc ufklc–?0, bcvmrsm ‐gmlmrkzcjlc–?38 (;) bcrcttc bcprcfk gmlmrkzcjlm, e`m ejfprmlbjlj c bcrcttc ecvcac (acomrtä ‐bk– cltmrimrmlzm bkaaj Utktj) m c bcrcttc pjactcec (acomrtä ‐bc– pkrtmec-

rkppjrtj trk ‐emltrj– m ‐pmrcimrck– bma fjlbj8 «sm lma ;044 am bciimrmlzm lma prjbjttj lkzcjlkam mrklj ‑trkseurkocac‖, m ‑ca rkppjrtj‖ lma-ak rcee`mzzk trk emltrc m pmrcimrcm ‑mrk bc bum k ulj‖, lma ;004, lmaa–mtä bma ekvj trklsjemklcej, ‑skrä bc trm k ulj‖, pmr krrcvkrm cliclm‑k smttm k ulj lma ;374‖¾ KLB_MK FCEJLC, _mtc8 jrcgclc m strutturk bmaak lmtwjrn sjecmty , _jfk8 Aktmrzk (Acorc bma tmfpj Aktmrzk>2=9) ?4;;, p. 5=.

?9

Eir. FKL]MA EKURMAAU, R`m cltmrlmt gkakxy8 rmiametcjls jl t`m cltmrlmt, ousclmss, klb sjecmty (?44;), Gkakssck cltmrlmt , Fcaklj8Imatrclmaac ?44?.?7 _JOM_RK O_KEECKAM, Bjllm lmaak rmtm8 bcsugukgacklzm bcgctkac bc gmlmrm, Fcaklj8 IrklejKlgmac (Ujecjajgck> 907) ?4;4, p. ;5-?4.?0 À omlm prmecskrm e`m c ‐Bcrcttc ufklc– sc bcstclgujlj ejlemttukafmltm bkc ‐Bcrcttc bmaa–ujfj–. Uc pkrak bc ‐Bcrcttc bmaa–ujfj– pmr clbcekrmqukltj sck ejlsjlj kaa–ujfj cltmsj ejfm pmrsjlk lma smlsj eaksscej bma tmrfclm8 bjtktj bc ul–mssmlzckam rkzcjlkactä m quclbc ekpk-em bc rcejljsemrm ak prjprck ‐bktctä– kaa–cltmrlj bc ul jrbclm fmtkicscej cl euc à e`ckrk ak bcstclzcjlm trk ‐omlm– m ‐fkam– m, lma ekfpjgcurcbcej, trk ‐gcustczck– m ‐clgcustczck–, ejsá ejfm mspacektc bkaam rmgjam bc ‐bcrcttj lkturkam–. [umstm uatcfm ejlsmltjlj kgac ujfclc, rculc-tc lmaak ejfulctä pjactcek, bc gculgmrm ka ‐omlm ejfulm– tmrrmlj m sjprkttuttj ka sjffj ‐omlm spcrctukam–. Kaa–jppjstj, pmr ‐Bcrcttc ufk-lc– ― svcauppktc suaak sejrtk bmaam fjbmrlm ‐Bce`ckrkzcjlc bmc bcrcttc– ― sc cltmlbjlj qumaac e`m, suaak sejrtk bma gcuslkturkacsfj fjbmr-lj, a–clbcvcbuj rcvmlbcek ejfm fklcimstkzcjlm bmaak prjprck ‐acomrtä lmgktcvk– ― ejsá ekrkttmrczzktk cl qukltj fklekltm bc acfctkzcjlce`m ljl bcpmlbklj bkaak vjajltä bma sjggmttj ― lmc ejlirjltc bmc sujc kltkgjlcstc, e`m sjlj tkltj c sujc scfcac qukltj ca Ujvrklj, caqukam clekrlk ca sjggmttj mgmfjlm bmaak simrk ejaamttcvk. Uuaak bciimrmlzk `k pkrtcejakrfmltm clscstctj BKLCAJ EKURMAAKLJ, A–ctclmrkrcjstjrcej bmc Bcrcttc ufklc8 mpciklck bc ulk ejltrkbbczcjlm m bc ulk mscgmlzk , cl BKLCAJ EKURMAAKLJ, Ak vmrctk ̄ bmaak pjactcek, Lkpjac8

Mbczcjlc secmltcice`m ctkacklm (Bm "Ak Ercskacbm"> ?=) ?44?, p. ;;3. Cl pkrtcejakrm suaak vmrscjlm fjbmrlk, Eir. Cb, _kzcjlkacsfj m bcrcttcufklc8 bmaa'kltcicajsjick pjactcej-gcurcbcek bmaak fjbmrlctk ̄, ect., p. 32-;44, cl euc sc bcstclgujlj pmrkatrj acomrtä ‐bc ejsecmlzk–, ejmrmlzkbmaak vjajltä ejl sm stmssk m quclbc fklcimstkzcjlm bmc ‐Bcrcttc ufklc–, m acomrtä ‐bmaak e jsecmlzk–, vmrk m prjprck tmstcfjlcklzk bmaakamggm fjrkam cltmrcjrm, kbmrmltm kaa–jppjstk prjspmttcvk bmc ‐Bcrcttc bmaa–ujfj–> pmr ul kpprjijlb cfmltj, Eir. Cb, Ak rkzcjlkactä bmaak







pkrm kaak vctk pjactcek)> (?) bcr cttc mejljfcec, sjeckac m euaturkac (acomrtä ‐trkfctm– aj Utktj)> (5) bcrcttc bc tmrzk gmlmrkzcjlm 54,kaa–cltmrlj bmc qukac sc bcstclgujlj qumaac bmrcvkltc bkaak ejlbczcjlm bma Rmrzj Fjlbj (kutjbmtmrfclkzcjlm mejljfcek, s j-eckam m euaturkam, bcrcttj kaaj svcauppj mejljfcej m sjeckam, bcrcttj k pkrtmecpkrm kc omlmicec bmrcvkltc bka pktrcfjlcj ejfu-lm bma gmlmrm ufklj), jppurm bcpmlbmltc bkaam kttukac ejlbczcjlc bmgac Utktc ejltmfpjrklmc (bcrcttj kaak pkem, bcrcttj kb ulkfocmltm sklj mb mqucacorktj, bcrcttj kaa –kcutj ufklctkrcj cl eksj bc bcskstrj)> (2) bcrcttc bc qukrtk gmlmrkzcjlm5;8 bcrcttc bmcejlsufktjrc> bcrcttc bmgac utmltc> bcrcttc bmc rcspkrfcktjrc> bcrcttc bmc fjrmltc> bcrcttc bmgac mforcjlc> bcrcttc bmaam gmlmrkzcjlc iutu-rm.

À pkecicej e`m am qumstcjlc kttclmltc ka Bcgctka bcvcbm sc clsmrcsejlj kaa–cltmrlj bmaam uatcfm gmlmrkzcjlc ― ak tmrzk, j akqukrtk, k smejlbk bmaak rcejstruzcjlm tmjrcek kbjttktk ― clscmfm kaak ‐acomrtä bmaa–clijrfkzcjlm–5?. Ujttj qumstj prjicaj,smfork lkturkam sjstmlmrm e`m ca ijlbkfmltj lmaam clczcktcvm puooace`m bc ejltrkstj ka Bcgctka bcvcbm pjssk mssmrm clbcvc-buktj lma prclecpcj bc mgukgacklzk sjstklzckam bc euc kaa–krt. 5 ejffk ? bmaak Ejstctuzcjlm 55. Cl miimttc, ak ecrejakzcjlm bmaamcbmm m bmaam ljtczcm rce`cmbm prmacfclkrfmltm e`m gac clbcvcbuc koocklj ak pjsscocactä bc keembmrm kc fmzzc bc ejfulcekzcj-lm (keemss), kequcscseklj am ejfpmtmlzm tmelce`m lmemsskrcm (sncaas), m irucseklj cl fjbj miicekem bmgac strufmltc (usk-gm). Ejfpctj bmaa–jrbclkfmltj à qumaaj bc «rcfujvmrm gac jstkejac¾, ejfm rmectk ca tmstj bmaa–krtcejaj, kaa–msmreczcj bmaam a c-omrtä clbcvcbukac, quclbc bc rcfmbckrm ka Bcgctka bcvcbm.

Jeejrrm pmrÿ smglkakrm e`m c rcfmbc ka Bcgctka bcvcbm m ak tutmak bmaak ‐acomrtä bc clijrfkzcjlm– rmstklj lmttkfmltm sm-pkrktc, m ecÿ pmr kafmlj bum jrbclc bc rkgcjlc8 (;) ak acomrtä bc clijrfkzcjlm tutmak a–msprmsscjlm bmaa–clbcvcbuj k prmseclbm-rm bka fmzzj utcaczzktj, clikttc à clbciimrmltm e`m ca pmlscmrj vmlgk fklcimstktj kttrkvmrsj ak _mtm j fmbckltm c trkbczcjlkac

fkss fmbck> (?) ak rcfjzcjlm bma Bcgctka bcvcbm rcgukrbk gac strufmltc clijrfktcec, fk ljl ca ejltmlutj bmaam ejfulcekzcjlcvmcejaktm. Bc ejlsmgumlzk, sc puÿ kffmttmrm e`m ulj Utktj pjssk tutmakrm ak acomrtä bc msprmsscjlm smlzk clvmstcrm cl

pjactcek, Lkpjac8 Mbczcjlc Uecmltcice`m Ctkacklm (Ak Ercskacbm. Bcseusscjlc ;=.=) ;335, p. ?=-22. Rrk am bum pjsczcjlc ljl pjssjlj bkrsctmjrcm cltmrfmbcm, pjce`ã mssm bmrcvklj bk kltctmtce`m vcscjlc kltrjpjajgce`m.?3 A–cbmk e`m c ‐Bcrcttc ufklc– pjssklj mssmrm eaksscicektc cl ‐gmlmrkzcjlc– rce`ckfk ljl sjaj ulk scstmfkzcjlm tmjrcek fk kle`m m sj-prkttuttj ulk prjspmttcvk stjrcecstcek scl bkaak suk ijrfuakzcjlm clczckam bk pkrtm bc Nkrma Ykskn lma ;377. Cl katrc tmrfclc, c ‐Bcrcttcufklc– skrmoomrj ca prjbjttj bc ul bmtmrfclktk mpjek m ak ajrj mvjauzcjlm ― j fmgacj ‐gmrfclkzcjlm– ― bjvrmoom mssmrm ejlscbmrktkprjprckfmltm ejfm ulk ‐lmemssctä– bmttktk bkaak stjrck. [umstk prjspmttcvk à kppacektk lma ekfpj tmeljajgcej rcejlbuemlbj ak acomr-tä rmaktcvk kaa–clijrfkzcjlm lma ljvmrj bmaam ‐mtä bmc bcrcttc–. [umstj kppultj à ca tctjaj ― bk euc sc ejgacm a–cfprjltk stjrcecstcek ― bmaak

emamorm jpmrk LJ_OM_RJ OJOOCJ, A'mtä bmc bcrcttc , Rjrclj8 G. Mclkubc ;334. Tmr kpprjijlbcfmltj, Eir. ]FOM_RJ YCLEMLRC, Bcrcttc mbcglctä ufklk, _jfk8 GAI mbctjrc Aktmrzk (Acorc bma tmfpj Aktmrzk> 2?9) ?443, p. ==.54 K qumstk ‐gmlmrkzcjlm– vmlgjlj rcejlbjttc gmlmrkafmltm c bcrcttc kttrcouctc kgac clbcvcbuc ljl bcrmttkfmltm, fk cl vcrtó bmaak ajrj kp-pkrtmlmlzk k bmtmrfclktm ektmgjrcm sjeckac m, cl icl bmc ejltc, bma rcejljsecfmltj bc ulj stktus. Ojoocj msprcfm ak suk pmrpamssctä clfmrctj, sck ejl rcimrcfmltj ka prjicaj ‐tmjrmtcej– sck rmaktcvkfmltm ka ‐ejltmlutj– (LJ_OM_RJ OJOOCJ, Cltrjbuzcjlm, cl LJ_OM_RJ

OJOOCJ, A'mtä bmc bcrcttc , Rjrclj8 G. Mclkubc ;334, p. PCY). Tmr qukltj rcgukrbk ca prcfj kspmttj, Ojoocj rcpjrtk ak tmsc bmaaj spkgljajHmkl _cvmrk, ca qukam rcbuem tkac prmtmsm k fmrm ‐kspcrkzcjlc– prcvm bc miimttcvk ejlscstmlzk gcurcbcek. Cl fmrctj ka smejlbj jrbclm bc erc-tcectä, Ojoocj pmr ul vmrsj rce`ckfk klejrk _cvmrk, ca qukam ejfprmlbm cl tkam ektmgjrck «lujvc bcrcttc c bcrcttc bc sjacbkrcmtä, ca bcrcttj ka-aj svcauppj, kaak pkem cltmrlkzcjlkam, k ul kfocmltm prjtmttj, kaak ejfulcekzcjlm¾ ( cocbmf, p. PCY ljtk 3)> pmr katrj vmrsj gac ejl-trkppjlm K.M. Tãrmz Auûj, e`m clvmem kttrcoucsem «ca bcrcttj kaak pkem, c bcrcttc bmc ejlsufktjrc, kaak qukactä bmaak vctk, kaak acomrtä clijr-fktcek, m ejllmttm ca ajrj sjrgmrm kaaj svcauppj bc lujvm tmeljajgcm¾ (cocbmf)> cljatrm Ojoocj stmssj ejlimrcsem kaak ‐qukrtk gmlmrk-zcjlm– ca ejfpctj bc gkrkltcrm a–ujfj ejltrj am komrrkzcjlc bmaak fklcpjakzcjlm gmlmtcek, e`m ejfulqum bjvrmoom rcmltrkrm kaa–cltmrljbmaam prjoamfktce`m kiimrmltc kaak tmeljajgck (cocbmf, p. PY). Katrjvm ca icajsjij tjrclmsm rcejfprmlbm tkac gkrklzcm kaa–cltmrlj bmc bcrcttcbc ‐lujvk gmlmrkzcjlm–, smlzk pcó lmffmlj clbcekrm ul lufmrj jrbclkam (Cb, C bcrcttc bmaa–ujfj, jggc , ect., p. ?97).

5; Kaeulc buoctklj e`m c bcrcttc bc ‐uatcfk gmlmrkzcjlm– pjssklj mssmrm gcurcbcekfmltm qukacicektc ― jssck, e`m sc trkttc bc vmrc m prjprc‐bcrcttc– ― vkamlbj mssc ka pcó ejfm kspcrkzcjlc ejlbcvcsm k acvmaaj cltmrlkzcjlkam, K.F. EMUKLJ, vjem ‑Gmlmrkzcjlc bc bcrcttc‖ , Bcrcttcufklc 8 euaturk bmc bcrcttc m bcglctä bmaak pmrsjlk lmaa'mpjek bmaak gajokaczzkzcjlm , k eurk bc Fkremaaj Iajrms, Yja. ; Bczcjlkrcj (K-G), 9vjas., Rjrclj8 ]RMR ?447, p. 94?. Umejlbj katrc, c bcrcttc bc ‐qukrtk gmlmrkzcjlm– sc pjtrmoomrj ejlscbmrkrm vmrm m prjprcm pjsczcjlcgcurcbce`m sjggmttcvm, fk ljl fmrctmrmoomrj ul–kutjljfk ejlscstmlzk ektmgjrckam, mssmlbj smfpacemfmltm ul–uatmrcjrm mvjauzcjlmbmaak tmrzk gmlmrkzcjlm, I_KLEMUEJ _CEEJOJLJ, Ormvc ljtm suc bcrcttc ufklc bmaak qukrtk gmlmrkzcjlm, Acomr kfcejruf cl jljrm bcYcttjrcj Irjsclc , Yja. ?. Utubc gcurcbcec, ? vjas., Fcaklj8 K. Gcuiirà (Tuooacekzcjlc bmaak Ikejatä bc secmlzm pjactce`m - ]lcvmrsctä bcEktklck) ;330, p. ?=;.

5? Lmaa–cfpjsscocactä bc trkttkrm tkam prjicaj cl qumstk smbm, Eir. kafmlj8 K. AJCJBCEM, vjem Clijrfkzcjlm (bcrcttj kaak), cl Mleceajpmbckbma Bcrcttj, vja. PPC, Fcaklj8 Gcuiirà ;374, p. 27? K. Ajcjbcem, vjem ‑Clijrfkzcjlm (bcrcttj kaak)‖ , cl Kk. Yv., Mleceajpmbck bma bcrcttj,PPC, Fcaklj, Gcuiirà, ;374, p. 27?> KLRJLCJ OMYM_M m K]G]URJ EM__C, Ca bcrcttj bc clijrfkzcjlm m c bcrcttc bmaak pmrsjlk8 ca ejliacttj

bmaak acomrtä bc pmlscmrj ejl a'jljrm, ak rcsmrvktmzzk, a'cbmltctä pmrsjlkam , ? mb., Fcaklj8 Gcuiirà ?449, p. 57-20.55 Cl qumstj smlsj, mssmlzckafmltm, K. FKCJLE@C, Bcgctka Bcvcbm. C lujvc klkaikomtc , Kttc bma ejlvmglj Bcrcttj puooacej m bcrcttj prcvktjlmaak rmtm bmaam lujvm tmeljajgcm bma ?9 gcuglj ?443 svjatjsc k Tcsk k eurk bc Ektmrclk Furgj, _jomrtj _jfojac, Rczcklj E`meejac,Auecklj Oruseugack m Lcejak Tcglktmaac, Tcsk8 Taus (Ocoacjtmek. Kttc bc ejlvmglc) ?4;4.







lujvm tmeljajgcm, jppurm rcfujvmrm bmiclctcvkfmltm ca Bcgctka bcvcbm, fk rmprcfmrm ka ejltmfpj ak acomrtä bc msprmsscjlm,pmr msmfpcj kttrkvmrsj scstmfc mamttrjlcec bc fjlctjrkggcj m emlsurk52.

A–jssmrvkzcjlm bk uatcfj ejfpcutk à fjatj scglcicektcvk, pmre`ã rcprjpjlm ulj bmc prjoamfc rmaktcvc kaak ‐Ujecmtäbmaa–Clijrfkzcjlm– e`m sjlj stktc keemllktc lmaak pkrtm cltrjbuttcvk. Ak ‐euaturk clijrfktcek–, cltmsk ejfm ‐pkrtmecpkzcjlm–kaa–makojrkzcjlm ejaamttcvk bmaam clijrfkzcjlc, ljl lmemsskrckfmltm ejfprmlbm cl sã ak gkrklzck bmaak acomr tä bc msprms-scjlm. Uc gculgm, cl icl bmc ejltc, kb ul ejliacttj irk bcrcttc ― mvcbmltmfmltm crrmsjauocam ― e`m à bma rmstj cltrclsmej lmaakstmssk fjbmrlk ejlicgurkzcjlm bmaa–jrbclkfmltj gcurcbcej, e`m ljl ejltmfpak ul acfctm cltrclsmej kaam ikejatä bc euc scejlembm a–msmreczcj.

=.;.5.- Jssmrvkzcjlc sua Bcgctka bcvcbm

Ujlj clbuoockfmltm fmrctjrcm tuttm am clczcktcvm tmsm k ejafkrm ca bcvkrcj tmeljajgcej kiicle`ã kle`m am pmrsjlm pcósvkltkggcktm pjssklj kequcscrm ul–kbmguktk ‐kaikomtczzkzcjlm clijrfktcek– m omlmi ceckrm pcmlkfmltm bmaam lujvm tmelj-ajgcm bc ejfulcekzcjlm, tuttkvck ljl sc puÿ prmseclbmrm bk kaeulm erctcectä ejlemrlmltc ak ‐euaturk clijrfktcek–, e`m bc s m-guctj sc mluleck ormvmfmltm bcstclgumlbj bcvmrsc prjicac8 (;) a–cfpkttj ejfpamsscvj bmaak ‐euaturk clijrfktcek– suaak struttu-rk sjeckam prmmscstmltm, ejsá ejfm rcsuatkltm bkc rcfmbc ejltrj ca Bcgctka bcvcbm> (?) ca rkppjrtj trk am icgurm bma ‐ecttkbclj– mbmaa–‐utmltm–, lmaak pkrtmecpkzcjlm kaak ‐Ujecmtä bmaa–Clijrfkzcjlm–, ejl rcimrcfmltj kaa–clbcvcbuj ejlermtj> (5) ak qukacicek-zcjlm gcurcbcek ejfm ‐bcrcttj sjggmttcvj– bmaam rcvmlbcekzcjlc clmrmltc ka Bcgctka bcvcbm.

Ejl rcimrcfmltj ka prcfj pultj, sc pjlm ca prjoamfk bmaa–cfprjltk tmeljerktcek bmaak ‐Ujecmtä bmaa–Clijrfkzcjlm–lmaa–kttukam ejlemzcjlm bma Bcgctka bcvcbm, Ejfm sc à keemllktj sjprk, tkam ljzcjlm à ‐rmaktcvk– ka rkppjrtj trk ak sctukzcj-lm mscstmltm m a–jocmttcvj prmicssktj, bulqum rkpprmsmltk ul smfpacem ‐bciimrmlzckam– trk ak prcfk mb ca smejlbj. Ca Bcgctkabcvcbm, pmrtkltj, à prcvj bc ul prjprcj ejltmlutj cl qukltj mssmlzckafmltm iulzcjlkam ka rkggculgcfmltj bma fjbmaaj bcsjecmtä kuspcektj. Rkam rkppjrtj strufmltkam clvmstm kle`m ak ejlscbmrkzcjlm bma suj prmsuppjstj, jssck aj ‐svkltkggcjsjeckam– bk ejafkrm kttrkvmrsj ak tmeljajgck. Tkr m mvcbmltm e`m, cl kstrkttj, ejsá ejfm ulk qukascksc sctukzcjlm bc bcskgcjsjeckam pjssk mssmrm rcejljsecutk ejfm ‐svkltkggcj– fmrctmvjam bc tutmak sjaj sm mb cl qukltj mssk sck clejfpktcocam ejlca fjbmaaj tmeljerktcej prjpjstj, kaaj stmssj fjbj, ak fmbmscfk sctukzcjlm ― j ul–katrk, bcvmrsk j scfcam ― oml pjssk ms-smrm cgljrktk pmr aj stmssj fjtcvj. Trjsmgumlbj jatrm aulgj ak fmbmscfk aclmk krgjfmltktcvk sc puÿ sjstmlmrm e`m,prjprcj pmr a–cfpjstkzcjlm iulzcjlkacstcek e`m ejlbczcjlk ca rcejljsecfmltj bc ulj ‐svkltkggcj sjeckam– ejfm Bcgctka bcvc-bm, pmr ejlvmrsj, lmssulk sctukzcjlm bc vkltkggcj puÿ bcrsc bmiclctcvkfmltm kequcsctk, oml pjtmlbj mssmrm macfclktk

qukajrk sc rcvmac clutcam j ejltrjprjbuemltm pmr ak ‐Ujecmtä bmaa–Clijrfkzcjlm–. Cl qumstj smlsj, a–mamfmltj bmaa–uskgm ― catmrzj prjicaj bma Bcgctka bcvcbm ― puÿ mssmrm ejlscbmrktj rcvmaktjrm bc ulk e`ckrk cfpjstkzcjlm cbmjajgcek.Tmr qukltj ejlemrlm ca smejlbj kspmttj, à cltmrmsskltm rcamvkrm ejfm ak bcfmlscjlm ejaamttcvk vcmlm quksc ejlbczcj-

lktk kaak iruczcjlm bmaak tmeljajgck. Ca ‐ecttkbclj– m a–‐utmltm– bcvmltklj icgurm tuttj sjffktj sjvrkppjlcocac, pmre`ã a–mssmrmfmforj bc ulk ejfulctä pjactcek m a–kvmrm keemssj kaam rcsjrsm clijrfktce`m bmaak fmbmscfk tmlbjlj k ijlbmrsc clul–ulctkrck ijrfk bc ‐pkrtmecpkzcjlm–. Ecÿ rcvmak ljl sjatkltj ak rcbuzcjlm bmaak simrk pjactcek k qumaak mejljfcek, e`m rkp-prmsmltk ul–cpjtmek bma pjsctcvcsfj jttjemltmsej ― ca sclgjaj skrmoom amgcttcfktj k pkrtmecpkrm kc omlmicec bmaak ejaamttcvctäejfm ulk sjrtk bc bcstrcouzcjlm bmgac utcac bmrcvkltc bka prjprcj ejltrcoutj kaak prjbuzcjlm ― fk kle`m ul uatmrcjrm kspmttjprjoamfktcej. Clikttc, qukajrk pmr qukascksc ekusk sjrgmssmrj bciicejatä lmaa–keemssj ka ecreuctj clijrfktcvj, ca sclgjaj pm r-bmrmoom ak pjsscocactä bc msmrectkrm ak prjprck ecttkbclklzk. Jrk, pjce`ã ca ecttkbclj pjtrmoom mssmrm prmgcubcektjlmaa–msmreczcj bmc sujc bcrcttc ljl sjaj bk ekusm bc ekrkttmrm tmelcej (fkaiulzcjlkfmltj bmgac cfpckltc j bmaam kppkrmee`c k-turm) fk kle`m bk ikttjrc mejljfcec, ejfm a–clsjstmlcocactä bmc ejstc rmaktcvc kaak ejllmsscjlm, sc gculgm kb ulk katmrlktcvk

kaqukltj rkbcekam8 j sc gkrkltcsem k tuttc, smlzk bcstclzcjlc, bc keembmrm grktuctkfmltm kaam _mtc bc ejfulcekzcjlm jlbmcltmrkgcrm ejl am strutturm puooace`m, jppurm sc kffmttm trklqucaakfmltm e`m ulk ikseck bc pjpjakzcjlm ― qumaak pcó bmoj-am ― pjssk rcfklmrm ‐jii aclm– , m e`m quclbc ca Bcgctka bcvcbm ljl skrä fkc ejafktj bmiclctcvkfmltm5=.

[umst–uatcfk jssmrvkzcjlm ejlbuem ka tmrzj prjicaj e`m à, pmr emrtc vmrsc, qumaaj pcó prjoamfktcej sjttj a–kspmttj kppa c-ektcvj. Tmr ejfprmlbmrm sm am rcvmlbcekzcjlc rmaktcvm ka Bcgctka bcvcbm scklj miimttcvkfmltm tutmaktm bkgac jrbclkfmltc ― kabc aä bmaak rmtjrcek ― jeejrrm clmvctkocafmltm vmrcicekrm cl e`m tmrfclc mssm kssufklj ulk rcamvklzk gcurcbcek. Bc ejlsm-gumlzk, jeejrrm pjrsc kaeulc cltmrrjgktcvc e`m prmseclbjlj bkaam stktcstce`m bmfjgrkice`m j mejljfce`m, m e`m rcgukrbk-lj clvmem a–cbmltcicekzcjlm bma tctjakrm bmaam pjsczcjlc gcurcbce`m sjggmttcvm, am ikejatä e`m vc sjlj ejltmlutm, am ajrj f jbk-

52 _camvk ak prjoamfktcek UHKKN @]O_MGRUM, R`m bcgctka bcvcbm wct`cl t`m Murjpmkl ]lcjl, cl «Lmw Acorkry Wjrab¾ ;49, l. 5/2 (?44=).

Cl miimttc, pjce`ã skrmoom pcó ikecam pmr ulj Utktj ejltrjaakrm c ecttkbclc fmbckltm strufmltc clijrfktcec, pkrkbjsskafmltm ak rcfjzcjlmbma Bcgctka bcvcbm pjtrmoom mssmrm kle`m iulzcjlkam kaak sjpprmsscjlm bmaak acomrtä bc fklcimstkzcjlm bma pmlscmrj.5= Ljl sc puÿ rcluleckrm ka rcacmvj e`m, smejlbj rmemltc stubc, a–meemsscvk mspjsczcjlm kaak _mtm ejstctucsem ul rcse`cj pmr a–m qucacorcjpscejicscej bmaak pmrsjlk, Eir. L. G. Ekrr. R`m U`kaajws8 W`kt t`m Cltmrlmt cs Bjclg tj Jur Orkcls, Lmw Sjrn, W.W. Ljrtjl, ?4;4.





< Trclecpkac rcimrcfmltc <

Rmstj bcspjlcocam su acemlzk Ermktcvm Ejffjls - `ttp8//ermktcvmejffjls.jrg/acemlsms/oy-le-lb/?.=/bmmb.ct ?= / ?7

actä bc msmreczcj, am ejlsmgumlzm sua pcklj bmaa–jrbclkfmltj gcurcbcej lma suj ejfpamssj. Cl fmrctj, vkam ak pmlk bc bkrmulj sgukrbj ka bcrcttj pjsctcvj mb kaak gcurcsprubmlzk.

Lmaak amgcsakzcjlm, k oml vmbmrm, sc rctrjvk a–mspacectk kiimrfkzcjlm bc «bcrcttj¾ ljl sjaj bmc ecttkbclc, fk kle`m bmaam‐cfprmsm– k «rce`cmbmrm mb jttmlmrm a'usj bmaam tmeljajgcm tmamfktce`m lmaam ejfulcekzcjlc ejl am puooace`m kffclcstrk-zcjlc, ejl c sjggmttc bc euc kaa'krtcejaj ?, ejffk ?, m ejl c gmstjrc bc puooacec smrvczc kc smlsc bc qukltj prmvcstj bka prmsml-tm ejbcem¾59. [umaaj e`m ak ruorcek bmaa–krtcejaj clbcek ejfm «Bcrcttj kaa–usj bmaam tmeljajgcm¾ cfpjlm ulk smrcm bc cltmrrj-gktcvc bc ljl pjej ejltj8 (;) sc trkttk bc ul vmrj m prjprcj ‐bcrcttj–: Um à ul vmrj m prjprcj ‐bcrcttj sjggmttcvj–, sc puÿ rctmlm-rm susscstmltm ul–jooacgkzcjlm m quclbc ul clkbmfpcfmltj: Um sc trkttk bc ul ‐cltmrmssm amgcttcfj–, kaajrk sc puÿ sclbkekrma–jpmrktj bmaak Tuooacek kffclcstrkzcjlm: (?) cl e`m fjbj tkam ‐bcrcttj– à cfputktj kaam ‐cfprmsm–, m pmre`ã ljl bcrmtt k-fmltm kaam ‐pmrsjlm gcurcbce`m–:> (5) qukac sjlj am fjbkactä bc msmreczcj bc tkam ‐bcrcttj–: Bkvkltc kaa–Kutjrctä Gcubczckrck Jr-bclkrck j ka Gcubcem Kffclcstrktcvj: (2) Cl jglc eksj, à ulk pjsczcjlm gcurcbcek sjggmttcvk cbjlmk, lma eksj sck vcjaktk, kijlbkrm ul bcrcttj ka rcskrecfmltj bma bkllj:

]l rkpcbj mskfm bmaam fksscfm gcurcsprubmlzckac ljl ejlsmltm bc kppcklkrm c buooc. Cl kaeulm smltmlzm bc fmrctj scgculgm k qukacicekrm gcurcbcekfmltm ak ejlbczcjlm bc bcskgcj bmtmrfclktk bkaak fklektk ejllmsscjlm tmamijlcek ― pmr bc-sgucbc lmaak ijrlcturk bma smrvczcj bk pkrtm bmgac jpmrktjrc ― rcejaamgklbjak kaak bcseussk icgurk bma ‐bkllj mscstmlzckam–57.Uc trkttk, cl pkrtcejakrm, bc8 «katmrkzcjlc lmaaj svjagcfmltj bmaak vctk qujtcbcklk¾50> bc «fmljfkzcjlm bmc bcrcttc bmaa–utmltmkaak acomrtä bc ejfulcekzcjlm bc euc kaa–krt. ;= Ejst. m bc fklcimstkzcjlm bma pmlscmrj bc euc kaa–krt. ?; ejst .¾53 jssck«lmaa'katmrkzcjlm cl smlsj pmggcjrktcvj bmaak qujtcbcklctä bmaak vctk bmaak pmrsjlk, e`m puÿ fklcimstkrsc sck lmaa'cfpjsscoc-

actä bc svjagmrm ulk prmgrmssk kttcvctä koctukam, sck lmaak lmemssctä bc svjagmrm ulk lujvk kttcvctä¾ 24> jppurm «ljl sjajlmaa'cfpjsscocactä bc bcspjrrm suoctj bma smrvczcj, fk kle`m lmc bcskgc e`m a'utmltm bmvm kiirjltkrm sck pmr prjvvmbmrm bc-vmrskfmltm sck pmr sjaamectkrm ak sjecmtä kb kbmfpcmrm¾2;. K rcgjrm, vkam ak pmlk jssmrvkrm e`m ljl vcmlm bktk rcamvklzkkutjljfk ka Bcgctka bcvcbm bmtmrfclktj bkc bcssmrvczc, sck pmre`ã k iclc rcskrectjrc sc ejlscbmrk ak ‐acomrtä bc clijrfkzcjlm– ― e`m sc à vcstj mssmrm ejlemttj mssmlzckafmltm bcvmrsj ― sck pmre`ã ecÿ e`m rcamvk ljl à ak fkleklzk c ejllmsscjlm tmam-ijlcek, cl qukltj tkam, fk c bcskgc e`m ejlermtkfmltm lm ejlsmgujlj.

[ukltj sjprk pjrtk kb mseaubmrm e`m ca Bcgctka bcvcbm sck ejlicgurkocam ejfm ul vmrj m prjprcj bcrcttj sjggmttcvj, kl-e`m sjttj ca prjicaj rcskrectjrcj.

9.- Trclecpkac rcimrcfmltc

OM_RJR, HJ@L EK_AJ, R`m fuatcpam bcfmlscjls ji t`m bcgctka bcvcbm8 fjrm t`kl t`m tme`ljajgy ‐`kvms– klb ‐`kvm ljts– , cl«Gjvmrlfmlt Clijrfktcjl [ukrtmray¾ ?4, l. ? (?445), pp. ;0=-;3;.

OMYM_M, KLRJLCJ m K]G]URJ EM__C, Ca bcrcttj bc clijrfkzcjlm m c bcrcttc bmaak pmrsjlk8 ca ejliacttj bmaak acomrtä bc pmlscmrjejl a'jljrm, ak rcsmrvktmzzk, a'cbmltctä pmrsjlkam, ? mb., Fcaklj8 Gcuiirà ?449.

OJOOCJ, LJ_OM_RJ, C bcrcttc bmaa–ujfj, jggc , A'mtä bmc bcrcttc , Rjrclj8 G. Mclkubc ;334.

---, Cltrjbuzcjlm, cl LJ_OM_RJ OJOOCJ, A'mtä bmc bcrcttc , Rjrclj8 G. Mclkubc ;334.

---, A'mtä bmc bcrcttc , Rjrclj8 G. Mclkubc ;334.

59 Krt. 5 B. Ags. 7 fkrzj ?44=, l. 0?, Ejbcem bmaa'kffclcstrkzcjlm bcgctkam, cl G.]. ;9 fkggcj ?44=, l. ;;?, U.J. l. 35.57 A–msprmsscjlm ljtjrckfmltm clbcek ulk icgurk bc ‐bkllj–, cltrjbjttk bkaak bjttrclk lmgac uatcfc kllc, rmaktcvk kaak vcjakzcjlm bmc bcrcttcijlbkfmltkac bmaak pmrsjlk rcejljsecutc bkaa–krt. ? bmaak Ejstctuzcjlm m rcskrecocac kc smlsc bmaa–krt. ?4=3 EE. Ak ektmgjrck `k pmrsj aksuk kutjljfck bjgfktcek cl smguctj kb ulk rmemltm prjluleck bmaam Umzcjlc ]lctm ― smltmlzk ;; ljvmform ?440 l. ?937? ― pmrkssufmrm ulk ejlljtkzcjlm fmrkfmltm bmsercttcvk bc kaeulm fklcimstkzcjlc bma ‐bkllj ljl pktrcfjlckam–.

50 Rrcoulkam bc _jfk, = gcuglj ?443.53 Rrcoulkam bc Fjltmpuaecklj, ?4 imoorkcj ?443, cl _mspjlskocactä ecvcam m prmvcbmlzk (?443), =, p. ;;?0, ejl ljtk bc Lmgrj, ljle`ãcl Gcurcsprubmlzk bc fmrctj (?443), ;;, p. ?79= ejl ljtk bc Bc Fkrzcj.

24 Cocbmf. 2; Gcubcem bc pkem bc _jfk, ;; augacj ?445, cl Bkllj m rmspjlskocactä (?442), p. 0=, ejl ljtk bc Bc Ojlk Bm Ukrzklk, ljle`ã cl Gcu-rcsprubmlzk _jfklk (?442), p. ;;0. A–kttjrm jttmlmvk jatrm eclqumemltj murj k tctjaj bc rcskrecfmltj bma bkllj ‐mscstmlzckam– clmrml-tm kb ul bcsgucbj suoctj bkaa–jpmrktjrm tmamijlcej. Eir. lmaaj stmssj smlsj Gcubcem bc pkem bc Ymrjlk, ;9 fkrzj ?444 cl Gcurcspru-bmlzk ctkacklk (?44;), p. ;;=3, ejl ljtk bc Ocaajttk.







O_KEECKAM, _JOM_RK, Bjllm lmaak rmtm8 bcsugukgacklzm bcgctkac bc gmlmrm, Fcaklj8 IrklejKlgmac (Ujecjajgck> 907) ?4;4.

O]UE@, R@J_URML, Ekpkocactcms cl, ekpkocactcms jut8 jvmrejfclg bcgctka bcvcbms oy prjfjtclg ejrpjrktm ectczmls`cp klb ikcrCER , cl «Mt`ces klb Clijrfktcjl Rme`ljajgy¾ ;5, l. 2 (?4;4), pp. 553-5=5.

EKURMAAKLJ, BKLCAJ, Ak rkzcjlkactä bmaak pjactcek, Lkpjac8 Mbczcjlc Uecmltcice`m Ctkacklm (Ak Ercskacbm. Bcseusscjlc ;=.=);335.

---, A–ctclmrkrcj stjrcej bmc Bcrcttc ufklc8 mpciklck bc ulk ejltrkbbczcjlm m bc ulk mscgmlzk, cl BKLCAJ EKURMAAKLJ, Akvmrctk ̄ bmaak pjactcek, Lkpjac8 Mbczcjlc secmltcice`m ctkacklm (Bm "Ak Ercskacbm"> ?=) ?44?.

---, _kzcjlkacsfj m bcrcttc ufklc8 bmaa'kltcicajsjick pjactcej-gcurcbcek bmaak fjbmrlctk ̄, Rjrclj8 G. Gckppce`maac ?445.

EKURMAAU, FKL]MA, R`m cltmrlmt gkakxy8 rmiametcjls jl t`m cltmrlmt, ousclmss, klb sjecmty (?44;), Gkakssck cltmrlmt ,Fcaklj8 Imatrclmaac ?44?.

EMUKLJ, K.F., vjem ‑Gmlmrkzcjlc bc bcrcttc‖ , Bcrcttc ufklc 8 euaturk bmc bcrcttc m bcglctä bmaak pmrsjlk lmaa'mpjek bmaakgajokaczzkzcjlm, k eurk bc Fkremaaj Iajrms, Yja. ; Bczcjlkrcj (K-G), 9 vjas., Rjrclj8 ]RMR ?447.

IM__J, ML_CEJ, LKRKACM E. @MAOCG m H. _KFJL GCA-GK_ECK, R`m rjam ji CR actmrkey cl bmiclclg bcgctka bcvcbm pjacey lmmbs ,cl «Gjvmrlfmlt Clijrfktcjl [ukrtmray¾ ?0, l. ; (?4;;), pp. 5-;4.

@]O_MGRUM, UHKKN, R`m bcgctka bcvcbm wct`cl t`m Murjpmkl ]lcjl , cl «Lmw Acorkry Wjrab¾ ;49, l. 5/2 (?44=), pp. ;92-;7?.

NCF, M]LHCL, OS]LGRKM AMM m LC_]T F. FMLJL, Ujecka wmaikrm cfpacektcjls ji t`m bcgctka bcvcbm, cl «GjvmrlfmltClijrfktcjl [ukrtmray¾ ?9, l. ? (?443), pp. 577-509.

AJCJBCEM, K. , vjem Clijrfkzcjlm (bcrcttj kaak), cl Mleceajpmbck bma Bcrcttj, vja. PPC, Fcaklj8 Gcuiirà ;374.

FKCJLE@C, K., Bcgctka Bcvcbm. C lujvc klkaikomtc , Kttc bma ejlvmglj Bcrcttj puooacej m bcrcttj prcvktj lmaak rmtm bmaam lujvmtmeljajgcm bma ?9 gcuglj ?443 svjatjsc k Tcsk k eurk bc Ektmrclk Furgj, _jomrtj _jfojac, Rczcklj E`meejac,Auecklj Oruseugack m Lcejak Tcglktmaac Tcsk8 Taus (Ocoacjtmek. Kttc bc ejlvmglc> ejaaklk bcrmttk bk ?4;4.

FEAMKL, KR@MLK, Mt`ceka irjltcmrs ji CER klb jabmr usmrs8 euaturka, prkgfktce klb mt`ceka cssums , cl «Mt`ces klb

Clijrfktcjl Rme`ljajgy¾ ;5, l. 2 (?4;;), pp. 5;5-5?9.

FCEJLC, KLB_MK, _mtc8 jrcgclc m strutturk bmaak lmtwjrn sjecmty , _jfk8 Aktmrzk (Acorc bma tmfpj Aktmrzk> 2=9) ?4;;.

_CEEJOJLJ, I_KLEMUEJ, Ormvc ljtm suc bcrcttc ufklc bmaak qukrtk gmlmrkzcjlm , Acomr kfcejruf cl jljrm bc YcttjrcjIrjsclc , Yja. ?. Utubc gcurcbcec, ? vjas., Fcaklj8 K. Gcuiirà (Tuooacekzcjlc bmaak Ikejatä bc secmlzm pjactce`m -]lcvmrsctä bc Ektklck) ;330.

UE@_KBCM, HML, R`m bcgctka prjbuetcjl gkp8 R`m bcgctka bcvcbm klb Wmo ?.4 ejaacbm , cl «Tjmtces¾ 53, l. ? (?4;;), pp. ;2=-;90.

R_JRRK, K., Ujecka lmtwjrn m tutmak bmaa–cffkgclm, cl «Ca Bcrcttj clbustrckam¾, l. 5 (?4;4), pp. ?0?.






YKL BM]_UML, KAMPKLBM_ H. K. F., HKL K. G. F. YKL BCHN m JUEK_ TMRM_U, _mt`clnclg Cltmrlmt sncaas8 R`m ejltrcoutcjl jigmlbmr, kgm, mbuektcjl, Cltmrlmt mxpmrcmlem, klb `jurs jlaclm tj fmbcuf- klb ejltmlt-rmaktmb Cltmrlmt sncaas , cl«Tjmtces¾ 53, l. ? (?4;;), pp. ;?=-;22.

YKL BCHN, HKL K. G. F., Bcgctka bcvcbm rmsmkre`, ke`cmvmfmlts klb s`jrtejfclgs, cl «Tjmtces¾ 52, l. 2-= (?449), pp. ??;-?5=.

YCEMLRM, FK_ÆK _JUKAÆK m KLK HMUØU AÕTMX, Kssmssclg t`m rmgcjlka bcgctka bcvcbm kerjss t`m Murjpmkl ]lcjl-?7 , cl«Rmamejffulcektcjls Tjacey¾ 5=, l. 5 (?4;;), pp. ??4-?57.

YCLEMLRC, ]FOM_RJ, Bcrcttc m bcglctä ufklk, _jfk8 GAI mbctjrc Aktmrzk (Acorc bma tmfpj Aktmrzk> 2?9) ?443.

06-2013-2014-Comunicazione 1 -> molti: Libertà di espressione in Rete

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