Post on 15-Sep-2018
Strutture produttive, tecnologia ed
economia
ECONOMIA STRUTTURALE E
NUOVA INDUSTRIA
Patrizio Bianchi
UNIVERSITA di FERRARA e REGIONE EMILIA ROMAGNA
1
Accademia Nazionale dei Lincei
Fondazione Edison
19 ottobre 2017
Economia strutturale e
nuova industria
Patrizio Bianchi and Sandrine Labory
Industrial Policy for the Manufacturing Revolution
Edward Elgar Pu., forthcoming
2
La political economy del cambiamento strutturale
la Scuola italiana di Cambridge, Scazzieri sulla Traversa di Hicks
La centralità della produzione e della organizzazione della
produzione e del concetto stesso di manifattura in relazione alle
trasformazioni del mercato inteso come insieme delle interrelazioni
che strutturano la società
Industria come l’insieme delle condizioni materiali ed immateriali
che abilitano la produzione, il ruolo della tecnoscienza
«As it is the power of exchanging that gives
occasion to the division of labour, so the
extent of this division must always be limited
by the extent of the power, or, in other
words, by the extent of the market»
A.Smith, The Wealth of Nations, I, 3, 1776
globalization Industry 4.0
Il punto di partenza
Market power
4 Cambia l’ extent of the market
-6
-4
-2
0
2
4
6
8
10
Real GDP Growth (annual % change), 1980 - 2014
Advanced economies Emerging and developing economies World
Berlin Wall Fall Twin Towers
Attack, Doha
agreement, EMU
Lehman
Brothers
Failure
5
0
2000
4000
6000
8000
10000
12000
14000
16000
18000
20000
Advanced economies
Emerging and DevelopingAsia
World
Globalisation
Digital globalisation
Export of goods annual billion US (fonte IMF)
6
Mobile data traffic by application type monthly exabyte
(Ericcson)
7
Manufacturing gross value and annual value rate of
gross value added 2004 – 2014
8
Global mobile data trafic forecast and devices
(fonte Cisco, 2017)
9
0
50
100
150
200
250
0
500000
1000000
1500000
2000000
2500000
2013 2014 2015 2018
America
Asia
Europe
Total
World annual
supply of industrial
robots (ooo)
Estimated total
stock of
industrial
robots
Source:
International
Federation of
Robotics, 2016
10
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
Manufacturing
Value added,
Current billion $
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
China
Germany
France
United Kingdom
Italy
Japan
United States
Manufacturing Value
Added as a
Percentage of GDP
11
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
2004 2014
OTHER G20
COUNTRIES
OTHER COUNTRIES
SOUTH KOREA
USA
JAPAN
CHINA
EU 28
Share of world
patent applications
0
200000
400000
600000
800000
1000000
1200000
198
5
198
7
198
9
199
1
199
3
199
5
199
7
199
9
200
1
200
3
200
5
200
7
200
9
201
1
201
3
201
5
China
Germany
France
United Kingdom
European Union
Korea, Rep.
United States
Patent
applications,
residents, 1985 to
2015
GLOBAL MEGATRENDS
DEMOGRAPHIC GROWTH Vs. SCARCITY OF RESOURCES
➢ Increase in the productivity of land, capital and labour
DISPARITIES AND INEQUALITY INSIDE THE GLOBAL ECONOMY
➢ capacity to give answer to personal and community needs
CLIMATE CHANGE AND URBANIZATION MOVEMENT
➢ government of global, collective, community needs
in the globalization era also the
problems are globalized
Environmental
social
economic
political
If Global goals are the new
extent of the market in the
globalization era,
Industry 4.0 must be considered
as the new division of labour of
the globalization era
16 Industry 4.0 cannot be seen only from a technological perspective,
but also by analysing the economic, social,
political, environmental impact
that the adoption of enabling and
converging technologies involves
and evaluating
the ability to provide appropriate and
customized responses to emerging global
needs
The first industrial revolution
political revolution: Glorious revolution 1688-9
cultural revolution: Locke 1690
scientific revolution: Newton 1687
17
In the new bourgeois society,
individuals assert themselves in
politics using all production
technologies
CONVERGENCE OF TECHNOLOGIES IN A
SCIENTIFIC AND TECHNOLOGICAL
COMPETITION AMONG COUNTRIES
Industrial revolution periods Political identity Reference technology/ SCIENCE
1 industr.rev. 1730 - 1880 Nation states Steam power
GRAVITY
2 industr. Rev. 1880 - 1950 Nationalism and imperialism
Electricity and automotiveRELATIVITY
3 industr. Rev. 1950 - 2000 Bipolar world Electronics and informaticsQUANTISTIC
4. industr. Rev. 2000 globalization Hyperconnection
high
medium high
craft
production
Fordist
production
medium
low
low
Volumes of
production
Product
Differentiation
Flexible
production
Industry
4.0
Product definition
high
medium
low medium high
scale
low
scope
Rigid mass
production
Flexible mass
production
Customized
individual
production
Customized
mass
production
Process organization
RIGID MASS PRODUCTION
homogeneous product price competition
FLEXIBLE MASS PRODUCTION
differentiated product no-price competiton
CUSTOMIZED MASS PRODUCTION
personal needs competition
Organization of production and model of competition
22
Enabling technologies
Additive manufacturing
Digital manufacturing
Virtual reality
Second generation robots
Internet of things
Big data
Artificial intelligence
I 4.0
Convergence of
complementary
technologies
23
production
Pre-
productionPost-
production
R&D - PROD. LOGISTICS
(supply chain organization)
MARKET PROMOTION
SALES (e-commerce)
SALE LOGISTICS
MARKET ASSISTANCE
FULL INTEGRATION
PRODUCTION / SERVICES
industrial revolution has been seen as a
traverse from a state determined by a capital
structure, to another one
This transition not only requires appropriate skills
to design, manage and implement the change
of production organization,
but also to understand the changes in
demand, and at the same time the
opportunities offered by science
RIGID MASS PRODUCTION
individual fragmented tasks
FLEXIBLE MASS PRODUCTION
from unmanned factory to japanese
kaizen
DIGITAL MASS CUSTOMIZATION
always connected interactive team
Organization of production and labour structure
26People , technologies and labour in
the Industry 4.0 era
Job destruction and job creation
Inside the factory: more team work, more
virtual design, worker consciusness
inside the society: discovery new social needs,
global challenges vision
Inside the company: more client needs
understanding, more value chain networking,
more transversal competences, more
institutional capacity
Which skill, dexterity and judgement
for Industry 4.0?
Digital competences, but not only technical
skills and dexterity for «work done», but also
competences for judgements for «work to be
done»
To understand and manage the variety of
emerging needs and transform needs in
production
And competences to work together,
promoting collective intelligence,
comprehension and creativity
LINKAGES, SPECIALIZATION AND
COMPLEMENTARITY MANAGEMENT
Re-shape ecosystems
Re-imagine organizations
Re-invent performance management
TRANSFORMATION MANAGEMENT
DYNAMIC CAPABILITIES / DEEP LEARNING
RESEARCH
TECHNO-SCIENCE
COMMUNITY
PRODUCTION
Education
and
training
Social intangible capital,
resilience and the role of
education
Policies to promote opportunities for developing skills and rights together through a collaboration between institutions, social organizations and citizens.
The central role of
education for improving
social belonging and
stressing the value of
human resources for a
social sustainable
development.
SOCIAL INNOVATION
PRODUCTION CYCLE
STAGES ARE
LOCATED
ACCORDING TO THE
AGGLOMERATION
ADVANTAGES
OFFERED BY THE
DIFFERENT TERRITORIES
DIFFERENT FORMS OF PRODUCTION STAY
TOGETHER IN THE GLOBAL MARKET
BUT THE HEAD OF THE VALUE CHAIN IS LOCATED
WHERE WE ESTABLISH THE CORE OF THE
TECHNOSYSTEM
Big data
Bologna
Technopole
32 Big data and the role of platforms
The hyperconnection paradox and
the new monopolization risks
Dynamic
Capabilities new public goods/
differentiated services
Structural change and the New industry
Extent of the market, division of labour, market power
P.Bianchi, S,Labory, 2011
Production
Transformation
Dynamic ecosystem
Multilevel government
Coordination entry/exit OPEN
Capabilities new public goods/
differentiated services
capital services
Education regulationTechnoscience
For Human
Development
Babbage Conference,
Cambridge 27 -28 sept. 2017
35
Roma 19 ottobre 2017