Post on 19-Mar-2016
description
1
A Free Electron Laser Project at A Free Electron Laser Project at LNFLNF
Massimo FerrarioMassimo FerrarioINFN - LNFINFN - LNF
& the SPARC/X Team& the SPARC/X Team
QuickTime™ and aTIFF (Uncompressed) decompressor
are needed to see this picture.
QuickTime™ and aTIFF (Uncompressed) decompressor
are needed to see this picture.
Catania 30 Marzo – 2 Aprile 2005
2
SPARC/X TeamSPARC/X TeamD. Alesini, S. Bertolucci, M.E. Biagini, R. Boni, M. Boscolo, M. Castellano, A. Clozza, G. D. Alesini, S. Bertolucci, M.E. Biagini, R. Boni, M. Boscolo, M. Castellano, A. Clozza, G. Di Pirro, A. Drago, A. Esposito, M. Ferrario, V. Fusco, A. Gallo, A. Ghigo, S. Guiducci, Di Pirro, A. Drago, A. Esposito, M. Ferrario, V. Fusco, A. Gallo, A. Ghigo, S. Guiducci, M. Incurvati, C.Ligi, F.Marcellini, C. Milardi,M. Incurvati, C.Ligi, F.Marcellini, C. Milardi, ,, L. Pellegrino, M. Preger, P. Raimondi, R. L. Pellegrino, M. Preger, P. Raimondi, R. Ricci, C. Sanelli, M. Serio, F. Sgamma, B.Spataro, A. Stecchi, A. Stella, F. Tazzioli, C. Ricci, C. Sanelli, M. Serio, F. Sgamma, B.Spataro, A. Stecchi, A. Stella, F. Tazzioli, C. Vaccarezza, M. Vescovi, C. Vicario, M. ZobovVaccarezza, M. Vescovi, C. Vicario, M. Zobov (INFN /LNF)(INFN /LNF)F. Alessandria, I. Boscolo, F. Broggi, S.Cialdi, C. DeMartinis, D. Giove, C. Maroli, F. Alessandria, I. Boscolo, F. Broggi, S.Cialdi, C. DeMartinis, D. Giove, C. Maroli, V. Petrillo, M. Romè, L. Serafini, V. Petrillo, M. Romè, L. Serafini, (INFN /Milano) (INFN /Milano) D. Levi, M. Mattioli, G. Medici, P. Musumeci D. Levi, M. Mattioli, G. Medici, P. Musumeci (INFN /Roma1)(INFN /Roma1)L. Catani, E. Chiadroni, A. Cianchi, D. Moricciani, C. Schaerf L. Catani, E. Chiadroni, A. Cianchi, D. Moricciani, C. Schaerf (INFN /Roma2)(INFN /Roma2)M. Migliorati, A. Mostacci,M. Migliorati, A. Mostacci, L. PalumboL. Palumbo (Univ. La Sapienza)(Univ. La Sapienza)F. Ciocci, G. Dattoli, A. Dipace, A. Doria, F. Flora, G.P. Gallerano, L. Giannessi, F. Ciocci, G. Dattoli, A. Dipace, A. Doria, F. Flora, G.P. Gallerano, L. Giannessi, E.Giovenale, G. Messina, P.L. Ottaviani, S. Pagnutti, G. Parisi, L. Picardi, M. E.Giovenale, G. Messina, P.L. Ottaviani, S. Pagnutti, G. Parisi, L. Picardi, M. Quattromini, Quattromini, A. RenieriA. Renieri, G. Ronci, C. Ronsivalle, M. Rosetti, E. Sabia, M. Sassi, A. , G. Ronci, C. Ronsivalle, M. Rosetti, E. Sabia, M. Sassi, A. Torre, A. ZucchiniTorre, A. Zucchini (ENEA/FIS)(ENEA/FIS)
J. B. Rosenzweig, S. Reiche J. B. Rosenzweig, S. Reiche (UCLA)(UCLA)
P. Bolton, D. Dowell, P.Emma, P. Krejick, C. Limborg, D. Palmer P. Bolton, D. Dowell, P.Emma, P. Krejick, C. Limborg, D. Palmer (SLAC)(SLAC)
3
Free Electron Laser Free Electron Laser SPARC - SPARXINO - SPARXSPARC - SPARXINO - SPARX
4
Undulator RadiationUndulator Radiation
€
β⊥ ≈Kγ
= e˜ B uλ u
2πγmc 2
5
Relativistic MirrorsRelativistic Mirrors
€
λu' = λ u
γ //
€
λrad' = λ u
'
€
λrad ≈ λ u
2γ //2
€
1γ //
2 = 1γ 2 + β⊥
2
€
λrad ≈ λ u
2γ 2 1+ K 2( )€
γ// = 11− β //
2
Counter propagating pseudo-Counter propagating pseudo-radiationradiation
Compton back-scattered Compton back-scattered radiation in the moving mirror radiation in the moving mirror
frameframe
Doppler effect in the laboratory Doppler effect in the laboratory frameframe
TUNABILITYTUNABILITY
6Radiation Simulator – T. Shintake, @ http://www-xfel.spring8.or.jp/Index.htm
QuickTime™ and aMicrosoft Video 1 decompressorare needed to see this picture.
7
Due to the finite duration the radiation is not monochromatic but contains a frequency spectrum which is obtained by Fourier transformation of a truncated plane wave
€
Lpulse = Nuλ rad
8
€
ξ
€
I ω( )∝ sinξξ
⎛ ⎝ ⎜
⎞ ⎠ ⎟2
€
ξ =ΔωTpulse
2= πNw
ω −ωres
ωres
€
Δωω
≈1
Nw
Spectral IntensitySpectral Intensity
Line width
9
€
P1 = e2
6πεoc3 γ 4˙ v ⊥
2
€
PT = Nee2
6πεoc3 γ 4˙ v ⊥
2
€
PT = Ne2e2
6πεoc3 γ 4˙ v ⊥
2
Peak power of accelerated charge:
different electrons radiate indepedently hence the total power depends linearly on the number Ne of electrons per bunch:
Incoherent Spontaneous Radiation Power:
Coherent Stimulated Radiation Power:
WE NEED micro-BUNCHING !
10
Can there be a continuous energy transfer from electron beam to light wave? The electron beam acts as a dielectric medium which slows down the phase velocity of the ponderomotive field compared to the average electron longitudinal velocity. Hence resonant electrons bunch around a phase corresponding to gain.
Newton Lorentz Equations
Maxwell Equations
€
J⊥
€
E rad ,BwQuickTime™ and a
Microsoft Video 1 decompressorare needed to see this picture.
The particles within a micro-bunch radiate coherently. The resulting strong radiationfield enhances the micro-bunching even further. Result: collective instability, exponential growth of radiation power.
11
Free Electron LaserFree Electron LaserSelf-Amplified-Spontaneous-EmissionSelf-Amplified-Spontaneous-Emission
(No Mirrors)(No Mirrors)
12
SASE Saturation Results
TTF-FELDESY
98 nm
Since September 2000:3 SASE FEL’s demonstrate saturation
LEUTLAPS/ANL385 nm
September 2000 September 2000
VISAATF/BNL840 nm
March 2001
⎟⎟⎠⎞
⎜⎜⎝⎛
=GLzP
zP exp9
)( 0
13
TTF FEL
LEUTLE
14
SASE Longitudinal coherence
The radiation “slips” over the electrons for a distance Nuλrad
ζ
independent processes
€
Nuλ radSlippage length
15
QuickTime™ and aMicrosoft Video 1 decompressorare needed to see this picture.
SASE
Courtesy L. Giannessi (Perseo in 1D mode http://www.perseo.enea.it)
16
QuickTime™ and aMicrosoft Video 1 decompressorare needed to see this picture.
SEEDING
Courtesy L. Giannessi (Perseo in 1D mode http://www.perseo.enea.it)
17R. Saldin et al. in Conceptual Design of a 500 GeV e+e- Linear Collider with Integrated X-ray Laser Facility, DESY-1997-048
FEL Electron Beam Requirements:FEL Electron Beam Requirements:High Brightness BHigh Brightness Bnn => => High Peak Current & Low High Peak Current & Low
EmittanceEmittance
€
Bn = 2Iεn
2Bn
€
λrMIN ∝σ δ
1+ K 2 2( )γBnK
2 γ Bn
K2
€
Lg ∝γ 3 2
K Bnn 1+ K 2 2( )Bn
energy energy
spreadspread
undulator undulator
parameterparameter
minimum minimum radiation radiation wavelengthwavelength
gain gain lengtlengthh
18
SPARC - SPARXINO - SPARXSPARC - SPARXINO - SPARX
19
SPARC ProjectSPARC Project 7.5 +2.5 7.5 +2.5 M€M€ (MIUR+INFN)(MIUR+INFN)
R&D program towards high brightness eR&D program towards high brightness e--
beam for SASE-FEL’sbeam for SASE-FEL’sSPARX Phase ISPARX Phase I 10 + 2.35 10 + 2.35 M€M€
(MIUR+INFN)(MIUR+INFN)- R&D towards an X-ray FEL-SASE source - R&D towards an X-ray FEL-SASE source - Test Facility at 10 nm with the Da- Test Facility at 10 nm with the Dane ne
Linac (Linac (SPARXINOSPARXINO))
SPARX Phase IISPARX Phase II 12 12 M€ M€ ? ? (MIUR)(MIUR)- Linac energy up-grade (1.5 GeV ?) -> 2 - Linac energy up-grade (1.5 GeV ?) -> 2
nm ?nm ?
20
SPARC
DESYBNL
UCLA
SLAC
UE
MOU
MOU
EEUURROOFFEELL
1 1 M€M€
21
QuickTime™ and aTIFF (Uncompressed) decompressorare needed to see this picture.
22€
Bn = 2Iεn
2B
bunch bunch compressorscompressorsRF & magneticRF & magnetic
Pulse ShapingPulse ShapingNew Working New Working PointPoint
How to increase eHow to increase e-- Brightness Brightness
23
Laser Pulse Shaping with “Dazzler” experiments
Slow Axis (mode 2)
Fast Axis(mode 1)
Acousticwave
24
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
3.5
0 2 4 6 8 10Z_[m]
GunLinac
rms beam size [mm]rms norm. emittance [um]
-0.04
-0.02
0
0.02
0.04
0 0.001 0.002 0.003 0.004 0.005 0.006
z=0.23891
Pr
R [m]
-0.05
0
0.05
0 0.0008 0.0016 0.0024 0.0032 0.004
z=1.5
Pr
R [m]
-0.04
-0.02
0
0.02
0.04
0 0.0008 0.0016 0.0024 0.0032 0.004
z=10
pr_[rad]
R_[m]
0
0.0005
0.001
0.0015
0.002
0.0025
0.003
0.0035
0.004
-0.003 -0.002 -0.001 0 0.001 0.002 0.003
z=0.23891
Rs [m]
Zs-Zb [m]
0
0.0005
0.001
0.0015
0.002
0.0025
0.003
0.0035
0.004
-0.003 -0.002 -0.001 0 0.001 0.002 0.003
Z=10
Rs [m]
Zs-Zb [m]
0
0.0005
0.001
0.0015
0.002
0.0025
0.003
0.0035
0.004
-0.003 -0.002 -0.001 0 0.001 0.002 0.003
z=1.5
Rs [m]
Zs-Zb [m]
Final emittance = 0.4 m
Matching onto the Local Emittance Max., “Ferrario Working Point” also adopted by LCLS and TESLA-
XFEL injectors
Emittance Compensation: Emittance Compensation: Controlled Damping of Plasma OscillationsControlled Damping of Plasma Oscillations
25
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 160.1
1
10
100
1 .1031 .1041 .1051 .1061 .1071 .108
Z ()
Poωer (W)
Radiation power growth along the undulator @ 530 nmRadiation power growth along the undulator @ 530 nm
UNDULATOR
Undulator period (cm) 2.8Undulator parameter k 2.143Undulator gap (mm) 9.25# Undulator sections 6# Undulator periods per section 78Drift length between undulator sections (cm) 36.5Additional quadrupole gradient (T/m) 5.438Additional quadrupole length (cm) 8.4FEL radiation wavelength (fundamental, nm) 499.6Average beta function (m) 1.516Expected saturation length (m) < 12
GENESIS simulation of the SPARC SASE-GENESIS simulation of the SPARC SASE-FELFEL
26
Coherent Synchrotron Radiation (CSR)Coherent Synchrotron Radiation (CSR)
Powerful radiation generates energy spread in bendsPowerful radiation generates energy spread in bends
Causes bend-plane emittance growthCauses bend-plane emittance growth Energy spread breaks achromatic systemEnergy spread breaks achromatic system
Δ = 0
ΔΔx = Rx = R1616((ss))ΔΔE/EE/E
bend-plane emittance growthbend-plane emittance growth
ee––RR
zz
coherent radiation coherent radiation forfor λλ zz
overtaking length:overtaking length: L L00 (24 (24zzRR22))1/31/3
Δ 0
sΔx
LL00
λλ
27
14.5 m1.5m
20º1.5 m D
10.0 m 6.0 m
Undulator
GunSolenoids
Velocity BunchingVelocity Bunching
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
-100 -80 -60 -40 -20 0
HSCREEN.OUT
I_[A]
TW_phase_[deg]
Longitudinal Longitudinal FocusingFocusing
28
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
0 2 4 6 8 10Z_[m]
GunLinac
rms norm. emittance [um]beam current [kA]
-150
-100
-50
0
50
100
-2 -1.5 -1 -0.5 0 0.5 1 1.5 2
z=0.3
DE_[KeV]
DZ_[mm]
-1500
-1000
-500
0
500
1000
-2 -1.5 -1 -0.5 0 0.5 1 1.5 2
z=1.5
DE_[KeV]
DZ_[mm]
-4000
-2000
0
2000
4000
6000
-2 -1.5 -1 -0.5 0 0.5 1 1.5 2
z=4.5
DE_[KeV]
DZ_[mm]
-2 -1.5 -1 -0.5 0 0.5 1 1.5 2
z=10
Bunching
1
0
Dz [mm]
-2 -1.5 -1 -0.5 0 0.5 1 1.5 2
z=0.3
Bunching
1
0
Dz [mm]
-2 -1.5 -1 -0.5 0 0.5 1 1.5 2
z=3
Bunching
1
0
Dz [mm]
-2 -1.5 -1 -0.5 0 0.5 1 1.5 2
z=4.5
Bunching
1
0
Dz [mm]
-4000
-2000
0
2000
4000
6000
-2 -1.5 -1 -0.5 0 0.5 1 1.5 2
z=10
DE_[KeV]
DZ_[mm]
-3000
-2000
-1000
0
1000
2000
3000
-2 -1.5 -1 -0.5 0 0.5 1 1.5 2
z=3
DE_[KeV]
DZ_[mm]
-2 -1.5 -1 -0.5 0 0.5 1 1.5 2
z=1.5
Bunching
Dz [mm]
1
0
z
pz
z
29
+ ChannellingChannelling
MAMBO
30
The Frascati Laser for Acceleration and Multidisciplinary The Frascati Laser for Acceleration and Multidisciplinary ExperimentsExperiments
laser pulseslaser pulses: 50 fs, 800 nm >100 TW @10 50 fs, 800 nm >100 TW @10 HzHz
31
EEx x 22γγ22laslas (1- (1-coscos))
Produzioni di impulsi X : 101099 fotoni/s fotoni/s,
3 ps, monocromatici monocromatici tunabili nel range 20 keV - 1 MeV20 keV - 1 MeV
• Studi di tecniche di mammografia (e angiografia coronarica) • Studi di single molecule protein cristallography.
€
NX ∝ ΣT fN
e − Nhν
σ coll2 = 2 ⋅109 / 11
32
εn ≤ γΔnpnp
λp2π
33
34
QuickTime™ and aTIFF (Uncompressed) decompressorare needed to see this picture.
35
Energy [GeV]
λcr [nm]
I = 1 kAI = 1 kAK = 3K = 3e e = 0.1 %= 0.1 %
eenn=4=4
eenn=1=1
SPARC Injector + DASPARC Injector + DANE LinacNE LinacSPARXINOSPARXINO
a <10 nm SASE FEL source at LNFa <10 nm SASE FEL source at LNF
36
600 MeV8 sections
SPARC150 MeV IV
45 MW 45 MW 45 MW 45 MW
1075 MeV e-
DAFNE-LINAC SPARXINO + DAFNE2
PC
150 MeV
45 MW
NEW COMPONENTS
4 RF STATIONS + SLED
MAGN. COMPRESSOR
4 ACC. SECT. + IV ARM CAV
SPARC
1050 MeV E+
45 MW
475 MeV e-
75 MeV 150 MeV
45 MW
1225 MeV e-
Gper DAFNE2
250 MeVDAFNE-Linac
low energy section
45 MW
37
The SPARXINO PhysicsThe SPARXINO Physics
38
Scientific case: Workshop planned on 9/10 May 05
• Atomic, molecular and cluster physics• Plasma and warm dense matter• Condensed matter physics• Material science• Femtosecond chemistry• Life science• Single Biological molecules and clusters• Imaging/holography• Micro and nano lithography
39
QuickTime™ and aTIFF (Uncompressed) decompressorare needed to see this picture.
€
ΔE ≈ hΔt
Classical VacuumClassical Vacuum Quantum VacuumQuantum Vacuum
a sizeable rate for spontaneous pair production requires a sizeable rate for spontaneous pair production requires extraordinary strong electric field strengths of order or above the extraordinary strong electric field strengths of order or above the Schwinger critical valueSchwinger critical value
QED test: QED test: Boiling the VacuumBoiling the Vacuum
40
Quantum VacuumQuantum Vacuum
Perturbing field and probe light do not "mix" Perturbing field and probe light do not "mix" and the exiting probe photons are unchangedand the exiting probe photons are unchanged
The perturbing field "changes" the structure of The perturbing field "changes" the structure of the quantum vacuum: probe light and field now the quantum vacuum: probe light and field now "mix" and exiting photon carry information on "mix" and exiting photon carry information on the structure of the vacuum.the structure of the vacuum.
The properties of the QUANTUM VACUUM are The properties of the QUANTUM VACUUM are recorded in the polarisation state of the probe light, recorded in the polarisation state of the probe light, which has changed from linear to elliptical. This which has changed from linear to elliptical. This phenomenon is also called Vacuum Magnetic phenomenon is also called Vacuum Magnetic BirefringenceBirefringence
Classical VacuumClassical Vacuum
QED test: QED test: Vacuum Magnetic BirefringenceVacuum Magnetic Birefringence G. Cantatore (INFN -Trieste) http://www.ts.infn.it/experiments/pvlas/quantum.htmlG. Cantatore (INFN -Trieste) http://www.ts.infn.it/experiments/pvlas/quantum.html
41
• Measurement schematic
• Relevant requirements– high magnetic field strength– long optical path in the magnetic region– high photon energy/high photon flux– low background/high signal to noise ratio
QED test: QED test: Vacuum Magnetic BirefringenceVacuum Magnetic Birefringence
42FERMIFERMI40 nm ==> 10 nm ==> ?40 nm ==> 10 nm ==> ?
MAMBOMAMBO
2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 20122009 2010 2011 2012
TTF-IITTF-II6 nm6 nm
LCLSLCLS0.1 nm0.1 nm
TESLATESLAX-FELX-FEL0.1 nm0.1 nm
SASESASE Seeding AngstromAngstrom
+ ChannellingChannelling
SPARX-I => Test Facility SPARX-I => Test Facility => => SPARX-II SPARX-II (SPARXINO)(SPARXINO)R&D X-FELR&D X-FEL 10 nm 10 nm 2 nm2 nm
43
The following workshop was approved by ICFA at its meeting Feb 10-11,2005 in Vancouver:
Physics and Applications Physics and Applications of High Brightness Electron Beamsof High Brightness Electron Beams
Erice, Sicily, Italy, October 9-14, 2005Erice, Sicily, Italy, October 9-14, 2005Organizers: L. Palumbo (Univ. Roma), J. Rosenzweig (UCLA), L. Serafini(INFN-Milano).