CLIL Fioriti Gabriel
Gizzarelli Mariano Mastrangelo Emanuela
Palena Federico Rodini Nicolas
Neoclassicism
The artistic style known as "Neoclassicism" was the
predominant movement in European art and architecture
during the late 18th and early 19th centuries.
It reflected a desire to rekindle the spirit and forms of
classical art from ancient Greece and Rome.
Neoclassicism was also, in part, a reaction against the
ostentation of Baroque art and Rococò, stimulated by the
discovery of Roman ruins at Herculaneum and Pompeii, along
with publication in 1755 of the highly influential
book Thoughts on the Imitation of Greek Works of Art, by
the German art historian and scholar Johann Winckelmann. A
fundamental step was the Grand Tour that was an important
artistic experience made by famous painters, sculptors and
architects who spread this art in all Europe.
Neoclassical works were serious,
unemotional, and heroic.
Neoclassical painters depicted
subjects from Classical literature
and history, as used in
classic Greek art and
Republican Roman art.
Neoclassical topics are: beauty,
harmony, balance.
Founders and famous artists of Neoclassicism include
Anton Raphael Mengs, Jacques –Louis David, Antonio
Canova, Robert Adam, Giuseppe Piermarini, Leo Von
Klenze.
.
•He was born in 1748 in Paris, France;
•At 18 years old, the gifted artist began
to attend the Royal Academy of art and
sculpture;
•In 1774 he won the “Prix de Rome”;
•In 1775 he went to Rome and studied
the Italian masterpieces, in particular
those of Renaissance, Baroque and the
ruins of Ancient Rome; After these
experiences he broke with the previous
training, he acquired Raphael’s view
considered as a model of style, nobility
and Classical arts;
.
Jacques-Louis David
•In 1784 he painted his most famous oil
on canvas “The Oath of Horatii”
considered the manifesto of
Neoclassicism;
•He took part in the French revolution as
a Jacobite. When Robespierre died
Jacques-Louis David was imprisoned.
Here he drew his famous “Marie
Antoinette on the Way to the Guillotine”;
•He worked for Napoleon and he
became “first artist of the imperator”, after
Napoleon’s death he was exiled in
Bruxelles where he died on 29th
Decembre 1825.
The Oath of the Horatii represents the moment before the fight between Curati and
Horatii. The story of Oath of the Horatii came from Roman history involving a conflict
between the Romans and a rival group from Alba. Rather than continue a war, they elect
three soldiers to solve their dispute. The Romans select the Horatii and the Albans select
the Curati. In the painting we can see the moment of the Oath of the Horatii when they
promise to defend Rome. To tell the story of the Oath, David created a rigorously
organized painting with a scene set in a Roman atrium dominated by three arches at the
back.
The Oath of the Horatii
We see a group of three young men framed by the first arch. One of the
women on the right of the painting is Camilla, sister of the three Horatii who
is married to one of Curati and is desperate because she knows that whatever
happens she will lose or her brothers or her husband. Sabina is married to a
Horatii brother and resting her head upon Camilla. The mother of Horatii
covers two young children with a dark veil, as an ill omen of death. The
contrasts between the bodies show not only the differences between the roles
of the men and women in society, but also the two sides to war: honor and
celebration on one side, anguish and misfortune on the other. This opera was
considered the manifesto of Patriotism.
The Crystal Palace was built by the architect Joseph Paxton to house the great
exhibition of 1851.
In January 1850 a committee was formed to choose the design for a temporary
exhibition building that would show the latest technologies and innovations from
around the world: The “Great Exhibition of the Works of Industry of all Nations.”
Impressed by the low cost proposal, the committee accepted Paxton’s innovative
plan, leaving only 8 months for construction, which began immediately in Hyde Park.
The Crystal Palace
The crystal palace was made almost exclusively of glass and iron.
All parts were prefabricated and easy to erect, and every modular unit
was self supporting, allowing the workers freedom in assembling the
pieces. Thanks to Paxton’s simple and brilliant design, the structure
was completed within 5 months.
The construction consists of a central nave over half a kilometer long.
The nave is cut by a transept which is covered by a barrel vault.
The method of construction was a breakthrough in technology and
design, and paved the way for more sophisticated pre-fabricated design.
When the exhibition was closed 6 months later, the structure was
reassembled in the south London suburb of Sydenham Hill.
Tragically, the building was destroyed in a fire in 1936.
The impressionism was a French art movement which marked a
momentary break from tradition in European painting. Developing in Paris
in the 1860s , its influence spread throughout Europe and eventually in the
United States.
They were artists who rejected traditional painting. The impressionists
refused the official government-sanctioned exhibitions, or salons, and were
consequently shunned by academic art institutions.
Impressionists aimed to capture the momentary, sensory effect of a scene,
the impression of objects made in the eye in an instant. To achieve this
effect, many impressionist artists moved from the studio to the streets and
countryside, painting “en plain air”.
Impressionism
The Impressionists loosened their brushwork and
lightened their palettes to include pure, intense colors.
They abandoned traditional linear perspective and
avoided the clarity of form that had previously served to
distinguish the more important elements of a picture from
the lesser ones. .
Picking up on the ideas of Gustave Courbet, the
Impressionists aimed to extend the possible subjects for
paintings. Getting away from depictions of idealized forms
and perfect symetry, but rather concentrating on the world
as they saw it. The world appeared imperfect.
Part of the Impressionist idea was to
capture a split second of life, a moment in
time on the canvas: the impression.
Scientific thought at the time was
beginning to recognize that what the eye
perceived and what the brain understood
were two different things. The
Impressionists sought to capture the
optical effects of light to convey the
passage of time, changes in weather, and
other shifts in the atmosphere in their
canvases. Their art did not rely on
realistic depictions.
Claude Monet Claude Monet was born in Paris, in 1840. At the age of five
he moved to Le Havre.
When he was fifteen he became popular as a caricaturist.
He was influenced by Eugene Boudin, an important
painters of landscape that introduced to Monet the outdoor
painting. Infact from this moment he preferred the ‘En
Plain Air’ paintings, studying the various effects of changing
lights in different moments of the day and of the year.
His military service in Algeri helped him to develop his
knowledge of colours and lights of Africa beginning to love
the nature.
He studied in Paris at the Accademie Suisse where he met
Pisarro and Cezanne. He worked also with students of
Ingres and he met Sisley, Bazille and Renoir.
Then he moved to London during the Franco-Prussian war
organizing some exhibitions but with little recognition.
In 1892 he married and after years of poverty he became
famous, travelling around Europe until his death in 1926.
Impression, Sunrise This famous painting of 1872, Impression, Sunrise, was created from a scene in
the port of Le Havre. Monet depicts a mist, which provides a hazy background
to the piece set in the French harbor. The orange and yellow hues contrast
brilliantly with the dark vessels. It is a striking and candid work that shows the
smaller boats in the foreground almost being propelled along by the movement
of the water. The horizon has disappeared and the water, sky, and reflections
have all merged together. The buildings and ships in the background are only
vague shapes and the red sun dominates the painting. His aim was not to create
an accurate landscape, but to record the impressions formed while looking at
that landscape.
From the 15th April to 15th May 1874, Monet
exhibited his work together with Camille
Pissarro, Alfred Sisley, Édouard Manet, Paul
Cézanne, Edgar Degas, and some other thirty
artists. They organized their exhibition on
their own as they were usually rejected at the
Paris Salon. Most visitors were disgusted and
even outraged over such a graffiti.
Pablo Picasso and Cubism
Pablo Picasso was born in Malaga,
Spain, in October of 1881. In 1901
he went to Paris, which he found as
the ideal place to pratice new style
and experiment with a variety of art
forms.
During his stay in Paris, Pablo
Picasso was constantly updating his
style; he worked from the blue
period, the rose period, African
influenced style, to cubism,
surrealism, and realism.
Picasso did not feel that art should copy nature. He felt no obligation to remain tied to the more traditional artistic techniques of perspective, modeling and felt two-dimensional object. Cubism involves different ways of seeing, or perceiving, the world around us. Picasso believed in the concept of relativity – he took into account both his observations and his memories when creating a Cubist image. He felt that we do not see an object from one angle or perspective, but rather from many angles selected by sight and movement.
Picasso became fascinated with the process of
construction and deconstruction, a fascination that
is evident in his Cubist works. When creating these
Cubist pieces, Picasso would simplify objects into
geometric components and planes that may or may
not add up to the whole object as it would appear in
the natural world. He would distort figures and
forms and simultaneously depict different points of
view on one plane.
Picasso actively created works of Cubist art for around
ten years. Within this time span, his Cubist style
evolved from Analytical Cubism (1907-1912) to
Synthetic Cubism (1913-1917). With Analytical
Cubism, Picasso utilized a muted color palette of
monochromatic browns, grays, and blacks and chose to
convey relatively unemotional subject matters such as
still lives and landscapes , but he did not yet
incorporate elements of texture and collage.
With Synthetic Cubism, Picasso incorporated texture,
patterning, text, and newspaper scraps into his Cubist
works. While he still portrayed relatively neutral
subjects such as musical instruments, bottles, glasses,
pitchers, newspapers, playing cards, and human faces
and figures, his technique had progressed to the point
where he was consistently including elements of
collage. With Synthetic Cubism, Picasso redefined the
visual effect of his original Cubist technique and
incorporated new materials, paving the way for the
artistic avant-garde movement to ignite throughout
Europe. Cubism is renowned as a groundbreaking
artistic movement in and of its own right, yet it also
influenced generations of artists to follow, shaping the
very history of art. .
Guernica is a mural-sized oil painting on canvas by Spanish artist Pablo Picasso. It was
completed in June 1937. The painting was created in response to the bombing of Guernica,
a Basque Country village in northern Spain, by Nazi German and Fascist Italian warplanes
at the request of the Spanish Nationalists. The painting became famous and widely
acclaimed, and it helped bring worldwide attention to the Spanish Civil War. In January
1937, the Spanish Republican government commissioned Picasso to create a large mural
for the Spanish display at the Exposition Internationale des Arts et Techniques dans la Vie
Moderne at the 1937 World's Fair in Paris.
Guernica
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In January 1937, the Spanish Republican government commissioned Picasso to
create a large mural for the Spanish display at the Exposition Internationale des Arts
et Techniques dans la Vie Moderne at the 1937 World's Fair in Paris.
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The scene presents on the left, a wide-eyed bull
standing over a woman grieving over a dead child in
her arms. The large gaping wound in the horse's side
is one of the major focuses of the painting. Under
the horse there is a dead dismembered soldier; his
hand on a severed arm still grasps a shattered sword,
near a flower, a symbol of hope. On the open palm
of the dead soldier’s hand there is a stigma, a symbol
of martyrdom derived from the stigmata of Christ. A
light bulb blazes in the shape of an evil eye over the
suffering horse's head (the bare lamp of the torturer's
cell). To the upper right of the horse, a frightened
female figure, who seems to be witnessing the scenes
before her, appears to have floated into the room
through a window. Her arm, also floating in, carries a
flame-lit lamp. The lamp is positioned very close to
the bulb, and is a symbol of hope, clashing with the
lightbulb. On the right there Is a woman surrounded
by flames suffering and burning in the fire over a
floating female figure. She looks up blankly into the
blazing light bulb.
SOURCES:
www.wikipedia.org
www.storiadellarte.com
www.frammentiarte.it
www.louvre.fr
www.biography.com
www.victorianweb.org
www.britannica.com
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