V. GrecoUniversità di Catania, ItalyINFN-LNS

Quark-Gluon Plasma Dynamics in ultra-Relativistic Heavy-Ion Collisions-II

Scuola Di Fisica Nucleare “Raimondo Anni” (IV corso)

Otranto, 1-5 giugno 2009

Hadronization Modified RAA-RCP-V2 for baryon and mesons

Ou

tlin

eHadronization and Open Heavy Flavor

Basic Theory of coalescence (phase –space) coal. vs fragm. - application to RHIC RAA – v2 and B/M in the coalescence mechanism

Heavy Quark interaction in the plasma problematic relation between RAA and v2 presence of heavy-light Qq resonances (lQCD) relevance of Hadronization mechanism

Surprises…

In vacuum p/ ~ 0.3 due to Jet fragmentation

Hadronization has been modifiedHadronization has been modified ppTT < 4-6GeV !? < 4-6GeV !?

PHENIX, PRL89(2003)

Baryon/MesonsBaryon/Mesons

Protons not suppressed

QuenchingQuenching

Au+Au

p+p

Jet quenching should affect both

suppression: evidence of jet quenching before fragmentation

)()(

)()()(

xx

xxx

DD

DD

E791 beam: - hard cc production;- c recombine with d valence from - D enhancement

Braaten, Jia, Mehen: Phys. Rev. Lett. 89, 122002 (2002)

Quark-Antiquark Recombination in the Fragmentation Region K.P. Das & R.C. Hwa: Phys. Lett. B68, 459 (1977):

Rapp and Shuryak, Phys. Rev. D67, 074036 (2003)

Leading Particle EffectReservoir of partons modifies hadronization

Similarly for

at ISR/Fermilab (late ‘70)

In HIC the resorvoir is the thermal bulk!

)(

)(

ucD

dcD

)( ud

=0 from LO fragmentation

beam

Hadronization in Heavy-Ion CollisionsInitial state: no partons in the vacuum but a thermal ensemble of partonsNo direct QCD factorization scale for the bulk: dynamics much less violent (t ~ 4 fm/c)dense parton systems no need for creation and splitting

Parton spectrum

H

Baryon

Meson

Coal.

Fragmentation

V. Greco et al./ R.J. Fries et al., PRL 90(2003)

Fragmentation: energy needed to create quarks from vacuum hadrons from higher pT

partons are already there $ to be close in phase space $

ph= n pT ,, n = 2 , 3 baryons from lower momenta (denser)

Coalescence:

ReCo pushes out soft ReCo pushes out soft physicsphysicsby factors x2 and x3 !by factors x2 and x3 !

Basic TheoryDiscard details of dynamics -> adiabatic approximation:instantaneous projection of initial state onto final cluster

- Go in the momentum frame- Neglect the transverse momentum- Neglect r,p correlations

Wab two parton distribution function

ababMbbaaba

abM qrprprWPd

dN,),,,(

,3

M(r,q) Meson wave function

All fairly good approximationsAt pT > 2 GeV/cxi light con momentum fraction

ababMbbbaaba

aM qrprfprfPd

dN,),(),(

,3

Approximation in FMNB (Hwa-Yang)

CM spin-isospin color factor

fragmenting parton:ph = z p, z<1

recombining partons:p1+p2=ph

Fries, QM’04

baMbbaabaMM xxPxfPxfdxdxVCPd

dN,)()(

3

Specific features of Reco in HICSpecific features of Reco in HICTp

th Aef /

Bpf jet

Tn

pn

nth eAC

1

nnjet pBC BpFjet

Tjet

nTjet

pF

pC )1(n

TpF

CSo eventually Fragmentation takes over …

Need of Coalescence + Fragmentation modelNeed of Coalescence + Fragmentation model

For baryons you will get the same as for mesonsOpposite to the suppression from fragmentation

P-> ∞ or m=0

1 ba xx

TPTPxTxPTp eeee //)1(// Parton Meson

ReCo is very effective for ReCo is very effective for thermal spectrathermal spectra::

More effective than Reco

ReCo is very effective for ReCo is very effective for power law power law spectraspectra::

Coalescence Fragmentation

“The best physicist in the USSR is Yakov Frenkel, who uses in his papers only quadratic equations. I am slightly worse,I sometimes use differential equations.”

L.D.Landau, quoted in BULLETIN OF THE American Mathematical Society 43, Number 4, October 2006, Pag. 563−565

Is coalescence ”too simple”?Is coalescence ”too simple”?

R.J. Fries, V. Greco, P. Sorensen - Ann. Rev. Nucl. Part. Sci. 58, 177 (2008)R.J. Fries, V. Greco, P. Sorensen - Ann. Rev. Nucl. Part. Sci. 58, 177 (2008)

Phase-Space Coalescence (GKL)

)(δ)...,...(),()π2(

σ 111

3

3

i2 iTTnnH

n

iiiq

iiH

T

H ppppxxfpxfpd

dpgpd

dN

)(δ)...,...(),()π2(

σ 111

3

3

i2 iTTnnH

n

iiiq

iiH

T

H ppppxxfpxfpd

dpgpd

dN

fq invariant parton distribution function thermal with radial flow (=0.5r/R) quenched minijets (GLV- L/ = 3.5)

fH hadron Wigner function 2

21

2

21

22

21

2 )()()(2

π9mmppxxf pxM 2

21

2

21

22

21

2 )()()(2

π9mmppxxf pxM

x =p (real free parameter different)

3D-geometry with radial flow space-momentum correlation

npQCD also encoded inquark masses (gluon dressing), mq=0.3 GeV, ms=0.475 GeV.

gH statistical factor color-spin-isospin

gg qq , suppressed by mass(g->qq no dire effects)

If <r2> is fixed results are nearly indipendent on the w.f. shape

ET ~ 740 GeV

T ~ 170 MeV(r)~ 0.5 r/R

GeVfm-3

dS/dy ~ 4800

Bulk matter consistent with hydro, experiments,

lQCD

Bulk matter consistent with hydro, experiments,

lQCD

Parton bulk matter parametersParton bulk matter parametersParton distributions

Experiments

lQCD Tc

like Hydro

L/

T=170 MeV

P. Levai et al., NPA698(02)

quenchedsoft hard

REALITY: one spectrum with correlation kept also at pT < 2 GeV

Hadron from coalescence may follow jet structure (away suppr.)

Coalescence at Coalescence at QCD QCD

phase transitionphase transition

Meson & Baryon Spectra

V. Greco et al., PRL90 (03)202302 PRC68(03) 034904R. Fries et al., PRL90(03)202303 PRC68(03)44902R. C. Hwa et al., PRC66(02)025205

Au+Au @200AGeV (central)ππρ

Proton suppression hidden by coalescence!

sh

GKL FMNB

ReCo dominates up to 4 (meson)6(baryon) GeV/c; Fragmentation + energy loss takes over above.

Baryon/Meson ratio

TAMU

FMNB Hwa-Yang

Strange particlesfrom a common

quark flow

Yields for baryon and mesons were not the only surprise at RHIC

Mass-dependence of v2(pT) suggests common transverse velocity field large

At higher pT v2 for Baryon=Mesons in both - hydrodynamics - jet fragmentation

Again surprise Baryon Again surprise Baryon ≠≠ Mesons : vMesons : v22 larger for Baryons larger for Baryons

Elliptic flow from Hydro

Coalescence carries another features …Coalescence carries another features …

/3)(p3v)(pv

/2)(p2v)(pv

Tq2,TB2,

Tq2,TM2,

Enhancement of vEnhancement of v22Coalescence scalingCoalescence scaling

n

p

nT

2V1

baryons

mesons

Molnar and Voloshin, PRL91 (2003)

2

22)2()(

T

T

q

T

T

M ppd

dNαp

pd

dN

3

22)3()(

T

T

q

T

T

B ppd

dNp

pd

dN

)2cos(v21φ 2

TT

q

TT

q

dpp

dN

ddpp

dN

Considering only momentum spacex - p correlation neglected

narrow wave function

v2 for baryon is larger and saturates at higher pT

(more baryons in plane)

v2q fitted from v2

GKL

Quark number scaling!

Again agreement with Again agreement with unexpected observationunexpected observation

No free parameter !No free parameter !

Better scaling vs KET/nq

0mmKE TT

It is related with energy conservation

- Mass of the hadrons is not relevant- rules out explanations blaming collective motion

- Confirmation v2 develops during partonic phase

Mass or quark number? (1020)

Confirmed also by K*(892) measurements

nq - not a mass effect

Most of flow is partonic

PHENIX, PRL (07)

Rcp~1 with large v2

Coalescence reverts the correlationBetween RAA & v2: both are enhanced

This rules out other explanations:Baryon junctions, hydro+jets

This effect is essential also for thestudy of charm quark interaction

P.Sorensen

RAA–RCP and v2 Correlation

Take home messages from the light sectorTake home messages from the light sector

Hadronization from 2-3 body phase SPACE (pT< 5-6 GeV):

dense medium decrease vacuum role massive quarks close in phase space

hadrons at pt comes from quarks pt/n (shift of soft scale)

Universal elliptic flow (dynamical quarks “visible”): carried by quarks enhanced by coalescence

R.J. Fries, V. Greco, P. Sorensen - Ann. Rev. Part. Sci. 58, 177 (2008)

Result are robust againstUncertainty in resonance,Wave function,higher Fock states. Energy conservation

Ok, but this is really too naive… !?Ok, but this is really too naive… !?1)1)Resonances Resonances (included in GKL)(included in GKL)

2)2)Wave function finite width Wave function finite width

3)3)GluonsGluons ALCOR, GKL : mass suppressed, quark dressing,

splitting Fries-Muller-Bass, PLB618 (05): Higher Fock States

4) 4) Energy ConservationEnergy Conservation not large 17% in GKL, resonances decay & v2

Ravagli-Rapp PLB655(2007) for v2(KET)

5) Entropy Conservation5) Entropy Conservation 15% like energy – mass, resonances, expansion

6) Relation to jet-like correlations6) Relation to jet-like correlations Consistent with ReCo- Fries et al., PRL94, but need

of a transport description

7) Space-momentum correlations affect v7) Space-momentum correlations affect v22

scalingscaling Pratt-Pal PRC71, Molnar nucl-th/0408044 , Greco-Ko

nucl-th/0505061,

Rapp-Ravagli arXiv:0806.2055

Less important at high pT

Stability of Reco results respect

uncertainties in their treatment

high pT the problem suppressed

by m/pT

but even at low pT

is not so drammatic

What happens What happens

to heavy quarks?to heavy quarks?

SPS

LHC

Zhu et al. (2006)

RHIC

Specific of Heavy QuarksSpecific of Heavy Quarks

mmc,bc,b >> >> QCDQCD produced by pQCD processes (out of equil.)

00~~ 1/m1/mc,bc,b << << QGPQGP they go through all the QGP lifetime

mmc,bc,b >> T >> T00 no thermal production no thermal production

eq eq >>QGPQGP >> >> q,gq,g sensitive to interaction (even at low pT)

m >>Tm >>T transport reduced to a Fokker-Planck

lQCD calculation of spectral function(quark loop damped)

Concept of potential V(r) <-> lQCD (also nrEFT) :

QGP <-> lQCDQGP <-> lQCD study sQGPstudy sQGP

Comparing mComparing mHQHQ to to QCD QCD and Tand T

Heavy Quarks in the Quark Gluon PlasmaHeavy Quarks in the Quark Gluon Plasma

2. Open Heavy FlavorD(cq) B(bq) because mq<<mc,b study their spectra means study the scattering of c,b in the medium

-> Spectra: RAA, v2(pT) of open heavy flavor

-> Quarkonium suppression

H. Satz

In the vacuum a potentialmodel gives very good result

Energy Loss for Heavy QuarksEnergy Loss for Heavy Quarks

Elastic Collisional energy loss - till now neglected in the light quark sector

Induced gluon emission - mass effect (“dead cone”)

In perturbative plasma physics:In perturbative plasma physics:

v=p/m >>1/g radiative (bremsstrahlung) is dominantAt 2TC it means p>>1 GeV for charm

pfpi

k

×

Scattering on resonant statesScattering on resonant states - suggestion from lQCD (spectral function & potential model)

pi pf

kac

g

c

What is measured till now is the single e What is measured till now is the single e

Single-Electron Decays D-Mesons

• bottom crossing at 5GeV !? • strategy: fix charm with D-mesons, adjust bottom in e±-spectra

llKD llDB

b/c similar to pQCD Cacciari, Nason, Vogt, PRL95(2005)

the lepton can be reconstructed

N. Armesto et al., PLB637(2006)362S. Wicks et al., nucl-th/07010631(QM06)

lQCD resonant (bound) states persistlQCD resonant (bound) states persistfor QQ and qq -> Qq (D-like) resonant scatteringfor QQ and qq -> Qq (D-like) resonant scattering

lQCD resonant (bound) states persistlQCD resonant (bound) states persistfor QQ and qq -> Qq (D-like) resonant scatteringfor QQ and qq -> Qq (D-like) resonant scattering

RRAA AA , v, v22 of single e – Jet Quenching of single e – Jet Quenching

Radiative energy loss not sufficient

sQGP: non perturbative effect qq

Main Challenge is the in-medium quark interactionMain Challenge is the in-medium quark interaction

A() 2()Asakawa

J/

J/ (p 0) disappearsbetween 1.62Tc and 1.70Tc

“Light”-Quark Resonances

1.4Tc

[Asakawa+ Hatsuda ’03]

Spectral function in lQCDSpectral function in lQCD

Studied in Potential model for J/

- Mannarelli, Rapp - PRC72 (Bruckner-like)

- Alberico, Beraudo, De Pace,

Molinari - PRD 72 & 75

t eq down to 5 fm/c at RHIC !

t eq down to 5 fm/c at RHIC !

Open-Charm Resonances in QGPOpen-Charm Resonances in QGP

• effective model with pseudo/scalar + axial/vector “D-like” mesons [chiral + HQ symmetry]

• cross section ISOTROPICISOTROPIC

Ok, but can it describe ROk, but can it describe RAAAA and v and v22??Ok, but can it describe ROk, but can it describe RAAAA and v and v22??

55 ,,,1

h.c.2

)v1(

cqG DDDcq L

pQCD

“D”QGP- RHIC

Equilibration time

As first test we used an effective model:

2 parameters: GD , mD

The modelThe modelHQ scattering in QGPHQ scattering in QGP

Langevin simulationin Hydro bulk

HadronizationHadronization

Coalescence + Fragmentation

Semileptonic decaySemileptonic decay

RAA & v2 of “non-photonic” e

(with b contamination )

sQGP

c,b quarks

K (D)

e

e

2

,2

,, )(

p

fD

p

pf

t

f bcbcbc

ppkwkdp ),(3

BDbcbcMqbcBDBD DfffC

Pd

Nd,,,,,3

,3c,bc,b

D (B)

23 ),(2

1ppkwkdD

Fromscattering

matrix

• Elastic pQCD

• LDcq

• T-matrix V(r)-lQCD

2Mw

T<<mHQ

Reson.

pQCD

frag)()(|)(|)2(

23

33

ccqqDDD pfpfqqd

pdg

pd

dNE

Prediction forPrediction for vv22 andand RRAAAA with resonance modelwith resonance model fq from , K

Greco,Ko,Levai - PRL90

coalescence+ fragment.

Hees, Greco, Rapp - PRC73(06)

• Simple upscaling of pQCD scattering cannot get

RAA-v2 (Teaney)

• coalescence increases both RAA and v2 (anti-

correlation)• It is worth to pursue the in-medium

resonance idea!

• Simple upscaling of pQCD scattering cannot get

RAA-v2 (Teaney)

• coalescence increases both RAA and v2 (anti-

correlation)• It is worth to pursue the in-medium

resonance idea!

QM’06

Diffusion coefficient from V(r) lQCDDiffusion coefficient from V(r) lQCD

Are there really Are there really hadronic-like resonances?hadronic-like resonances?

dT

dFTFV 1

11

Scattering states included:Singlet + Octet –triplet -sextet

Kaczmarek et al., PPS 129,560(2004)

VGTVT

qg

Q TS

• Equation closed with the equivalent equation in the light sector,here simplified with a constant m and

• Solve in partial wave expansion

VVlQCDlQCD gives resonance states! gives resonance states!

QQQQQ SSSS 0

Brueckner calculation

““Im T”Im T” dominated by meson and diquark channel

V(r) parametrizionby Wong, PRC72(2005)

•RAA is built in the early stage

•V2 in the later stage

• With lQCD- V(r):

less RAA and more V2

v2 generation delayed

lQCD

pQCD

Opposite T-dependence of Opposite T-dependence of F

rictio

n co

effic

ient

Drag and Diffusion from lQCD-Drag and Diffusion from lQCD-V(r)V(r)

ImT increase with temperature compensates

for decreasing scatterer density

One can get both RAA and v2

with no free tunable parameters:

Uncertainties:Uncertainties:- in the parametrizationof V(r)

-in the extraction of V(r) (U vs F)

B suppression larger than the first

expectation from LqbB

T-matrix calculation vs revised PHENIX dataT-matrix calculation vs revised PHENIX data

Essential ALICE (LHC) that will disentangle the two contributions

Hees-Mannarelli-Greco, PRL100 (2008)

Impact of hadronization mechanismImpact of hadronization mechanism

Hees-Mannarelli-Greco, PRL100 (2008)

Impact of hadronization

Improved RAA - V2 correlation

• toward a better agreement with data

• naturally merging into

a coalescence mechanism

Successful model so be more careful:Successful model so be more careful:

-Critical the choice between U=F-TS and F

- Improve consistency between coalescence and fireball evolution

- include radiative energy loss

- disentangle B and D contribution for a safe comparison

(ALICE-LHC)

From the point of view of the shear viscosity

lQCD-quenched

From RHIC to LHC?From RHIC to LHC?For min. bias.For min. bias.

Hydro bulk dN/dy=1100 (dN/dy=2200 for central)

Tinit= 3 Tc

Radial flow max=0.68

V2q light quark =7.5 % (hydro or numerology)

v2q(pT) from a cascade [ Ferini,Colonna, Di Toro,VG]

dN/d2pT of b,c from PYTHIA (ALICE PPR-JPG32)

Resonances off T>2TResonances off T>2Tcc

Calculation not done with lQCD, but h.c.2

)v1(

cqG DDDcq L

Borghini-Wiedemann,JPG3508)

From RHIC to LHC - RFrom RHIC to LHC - RAAAA

RHIC LHC

Suppression: RAA similar at RHIC and LHC!

Harder initial spectra at LHCResonance ineffective (“melted” T>2Tc) at early stage!

bottom

charm charm

bottom

For 3-body scattering opposite behavior !For 3-body scattering opposite behavior !

From RHIC to LHC – vFrom RHIC to LHC – v2 electrons2 electrons

v2 similar at RHIC and LHC!

Resonance effective when anisotropy is reduced Strong drag with the bulk flow at later stage! v2 slightly higher at low pt

RHIC LHC

from D only

ALICE

For 3-body scattering opposite behavior !For 3-body scattering opposite behavior !

Ideal Hydrodynamics works wellIdeal Hydrodynamics works well: good description of dN/dpT , v2(pT) mass-ordering & v2(pT)/ scaling

Jet-quenching (gluon-radiation) observedJet-quenching (gluon-radiation) observed: hadrons RAA <<1 and flat in pT

photons no quenching

Hadronization modifiedHadronization modified: B/M ratio consistent with quark coalescence v2(pT) scales with the number of quarks

pT <2 GeV

Heavy QuarksHeavy Quarks: not expected small RAA and large v2

RAA and v2 not accounted by jet quenching

2<pT <6 GeV

pT >6 GeV

Picking-up 3+1 results at Picking-up 3+1 results at RHIC RHIC

Perfect fluidPerfect fluid

Quarks degreesQuarks degreesof freedomof freedom

mT >1.5 GeV

Hadronic-likeHadronic-likeresonancesresonances

High opacityHigh opacity

We have not just a bunch of particles, but a We have not just a bunch of particles, but a transient state of high energy plasma withtransient state of high energy plasma with - Strong collective phenomena- Strong collective phenomena in conditions in conditions

similar to those 10similar to those 10-5-5 s after the Big Bang s after the Big Bang~~15 GeV/fm15 GeV/fm33 >> >> c c ~ ~ 350 MeV 350 MeV /s /s ~0.1 (lQCD)~0.1 (lQCD)

- Hadronization is modified - Hadronization is modified and thereand there

evidences ofevidences of quark degrees of freedom quark degrees of freedom

- Very opaque to jets- Very opaque to jets

-sQGP-sQGP

Picking-up four main results at RHIC Picking-up four main results at RHIC Viscous Hydrodynamics works well Hydrodynamics works well ((pptt<1.5 GeV<1.5 GeV)):

good description of dN/dpT , v2(pT) what’s the value of shear viscosity /s ? Bulk viscosity?

Jet-quenching (gluon-radiation) observed Jet-quenching (gluon-radiation) observed ((pptt>6 GeV>6 GeV)): all hadrons RAA <<1 and flat in pT, suppression is jet-like Mach-cone like correlation observed at pt<4 GeV What is the nature of the double peak structure? Elastic contribution, time dependendence, flavor changing…

Hadronization is modified Hadronization is modified ((1.5<p1.5<ptt<6 GeV<6 GeV)): B/M anomalous ratio and v2(pT) quark number scaling

is the v2(pt) consistent with the /s of sQGP?

Heavy quarks strongly interactingHeavy quarks strongly interacting: small RAA large v2 (hard to get both) pQCD fails

presence of hadronic-like resonances + need of coalescence need of lQCD spectral function, measurement of D and B

separately

What we have found and what we expect at LHC!What we have found and what we expect at LHC!

Develop a transport to control viscosities effect,

study the jet-bulk cone, chiral mass generation lQCD spectral function with widths for heavy hadrons Microscopic structure of sQGP (for HQ it’s closer) Determine shear viscosity and its temperature dependence (->LHC J/ suppression-regeneration is not clear (->LHC Mechanism of jet quenching is not clear (->LHC color effect) Scaling with quark number should persist Measure of d.of. By mean of thermal radiation

-> direct probe of lQCd equation of state new universal QCD phase at high energy CGC ? (-> LHC …

It will take a lot of other Raimondo Anni Nuclear Physics School…It will take a lot of other Raimondo Anni Nuclear Physics School…

Back-up

Energy ScanEnergy Scan

p+/ increase by 20%p/ decrease slight decrease

@62GeV without changing any @62GeV without changing any coalescence parameter!coalescence parameter!

LHCDepends on the balanceBetween jet-quenchingAnd radial flow

A wider range for Recois envisaged

Fries et al, EPJ(2005)

GKV,PRC71

Open Heavy FlavorOpen Heavy Flavor

to see Hidden Flavorto see Hidden Flavor

J/J/ & Y & Y D,B common underlying HQ distribution D,B common underlying HQ distribution

JJ// suppressionsuppression

cc bound state, M = 2.9 GeV

ee

Quarkonium suppression In a QGP enviroment:In a QGP enviroment: (Matsui-Satz ‘86)• Color charge is subject to screening of the medium

qq interaction is weakened (short range)• Linear string term vanish in the confined phase (T) 0 deconfinement (long range)

Coulomb Yukawa

D

r

effeff err

V

0 doesn’t mean no bound !

rrVconf )(

CTV /

CTr

Tc

4Tc

Screening Effect

• Abelian

• Non Abelian

r

TgV cc

4

)(

4

2

One loop pQCD

13/2 TgD)(

2

)(

2

1 T

r

eff Der

T

rH

0)(

dr

rdEBohr

eff

D r2.12.1

Bound state

Bound is not Tc !

MeVT eff

Bound 2109

2

84.0

MeV150

Associated suppression of charmonium resonances ’c , …

as a “thermometer”, like spectral lines for stellar interiors

NUCLEAR ABSORBTIONNUCLEAR ABSORBTION pre-equilibrium cc formation time and absorbtion by comoving hadrons

HADRONIC ABSORBTIONHADRONIC ABSORBTION rescattering after QGP formation

DYNAMICAL SUPPRESSIONDYNAMICAL SUPPRESSION (time scale, g+J/ cc,…)

pA (models)abs ~ 6 mb

DDhJ ,...),,(/

J/

J/

J/

J/ J/

J/

’

’

J/

J/

J/

J/ J/

J/

’

’

J/

J/

J/

J/…

…

…

…

…

J/

J/

J/

J/ J/

J/

Il mezzo (confinato/deconfinato) influisce in Il mezzo (confinato/deconfinato) influisce in modo diverso sui differenti stati del charmonio.modo diverso sui differenti stati del charmonio.

Proprieta` diverse (energia di legame, raggio) Proprieta` diverse (energia di legame, raggio) implicanoimplicano

sezioni d’urto diverse per interazioni con adroni e sezioni d’urto diverse per interazioni con adroni e diverse temperature di dissociazione nel plasma. diverse temperature di dissociazione nel plasma.

dirdirdirJJ SSSS '// 1.03.06.0

Spiegazioni ?Spiegazioni ? Sono stati proposti modelli che riescono a Sono stati proposti modelli che riescono a

riprodurre piuttosto bene la soppressione riprodurre piuttosto bene la soppressione osservata assumendo la formazione di una fase osservata assumendo la formazione di una fase deconfinata in urti centrali Pb-Pb e In-In.deconfinata in urti centrali Pb-Pb e In-In.

Nel 2005 sono stati pubblicati anche i dati Nel 2005 sono stati pubblicati anche i dati sperimentali di RHIC (PHENIX)sperimentali di RHIC (PHENIX)

Una grossa sorpresa e` stata l’osservare una Una grossa sorpresa e` stata l’osservare una soppressione confrontabile con quella misurata ad soppressione confrontabile con quella misurata ad SPS e praticamente indipendente dall’energia !SPS e praticamente indipendente dall’energia !

(NB: A RHIC attenzione alla rigenerazione !)(NB: A RHIC attenzione alla rigenerazione !)

Comparison to theory (II)Comparison to theory (II)

Models that were successful in describing SPS datafail to describe data at RHIC

- too much suppression -

Comparison to theory (III)Comparison to theory (III)

Adding recombination: much better agreement with the data

2

ψ/ ccJ NN

Spiegazione con il QGPSpiegazione con il QGP La soppressione osservata a SPS e RHIC e` dovuta esclusivamente La soppressione osservata a SPS e RHIC e` dovuta esclusivamente

alla rimozione delle componenti alla rimozione delle componenti ’ e ’ e cc , perche’ la densita` di , perche’ la densita` di

energia raggiunta non e` ancora sufficiente a dissolvere la J/energia raggiunta non e` ancora sufficiente a dissolvere la J/ diretta:diretta:

La soppressione della J/La soppressione della J/ si vedra` a LHC ! si vedra` a LHC !

Or now recombination is large at RHIC and at LHC we will see Or now recombination is large at RHIC and at LHC we will see J/J/enhancementenhancement

dirdirdirJJ SSSS '// 1.03.06.0

Spectral function from lQCD and improvement of potential models Will be essential together with the LHC data

Regeneration is revealed in : - pt spectra - elliptic flow

Quarkonium Heavy-Quark

Till now we have looked only at J/ yieldyield, but thanks to such a strong collective dynamics …

Greco, Ko, Rapp PLB595(2004)

Jcoal.

No feed-downNo direct contr.

pT- Quarkoniafrom regeneration

consistent with Open!?

Suppression only

v2Y from v2D :measure of

Ncoal/NINI

Coalecence only

Summary about heavy flavorSummary about heavy flavor

RAA - v2e correlation for HQ entails:

- no pQCD T dependence of c and b diffusion - presence of Q-q resonances (start link to lQCD) - Relevance of hadronization by coalescence

Similar RAA & v2 at RHIC- LHC:

- if from RHIC to LHC a new QGP phase is

created !

New stage of Quarkonium probe : - Consistency of D and J/Y @ RHIC:

dN/dpT & v2 (pT) decisive contribution to

J/ issues

Charm close to thermalization (th ~ QGP) at RHIC energy

Greco, Ko, Rapp-PLB595

Open FlavorOpen Flavor

HiddenHidden

)(v

/

,2

,

Tbc

Tbc

p

dpdN

LHCLHCALICEALICE

This will be one of the field that will develope more at LHC!