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Ndú;hg w;aje,la

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Stata 8

Ndú;h i|yd w;aje,la

fla' pdur wkqrx.

iagdgd Ndú;hg w;aje,la

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mgqk rEmigyka ............................................................................................................ iii j.= igyka ........................................................................................................... iv

1. ye|skaùu ................................................................................................................. 1 2. iagdgd ls%hd;aul lsrSu iy o;a; we;=<;a lsrSu' .................................................. 2

tlafi,a o;a; iagdgd i|yd ,nd .ekSu .............................................................. 4 3. iagdgd i|yd ,nd .;a o;a; ilialsrSu iy ksrSlaIKh ..................................... 6

w¿;a úp,Hhka ks¾uKh lsrSu ............................................................................ 6 mU úp,H ks¾udKh lsrSu ................................................................................... 8 oskhka úp,Hhla f,i we;=<;a lsrSu' ................................................................. 9 úp,H mj;ajd .ekSu fjkia lsrSu ..................................................................... 10

4. f,d.a *hs,a iy vq *hs,a (Log file and Do file) .................................................. 11 vq *hs,a Ndú;dh ................................................................................................. 11

5. *hs,a tlla ilia lr .ekSu ;jÿrg;a .............................................................. 13 o;a;hka úYaf,IKfhaos jeä jYfhka Ndú;d jk úOdk i,luq ..................... 13

6. m%;smdhkh............................................................................................................. 15 l,ams; mrSlaIdj .................................................................................................. 15

7. m%ia;dr ks¾udKh ................................................................................................. 17 ia:ïN m%ia;dr ..................................................................................................... 17 úisrs ;s;a igyk ................................................................................................. 17 m%ia;drh i|yd ku ,nd oSu ............................................................................. 19 f¾Ld m%ia;dr ks¾udKh ...................................................................................... 22 j¾.M,h yd mr;rh olajk m%ia;dr ks¾udKh .............................................. 23 n,hla f,i olajd we;s wfmalaIs; f¾Ldj Quadratic prediction plot .............. 25 uq,hla f,i olajd we;s wfmalaIs; f¾Ldj Fractional polynomial plot ........... 25 mhs m%ia;dr ks¾udKh ......................................................................................... 26 cd,f¾Lh ks¾udKH ............................................................................................. 27 kHdi m%ia;drh .................................................................................................... 28

Wm.%ka;h ..................................................................................................................... 32 iagdgd o;a; úYaf,aIKh i|yd ksoiqk 01 ....................................................... 33 iagdgd o;a; úYaf,aIKh i|yd ksoiqk 02( m%;smdhkh ................................... 37 iagdgd u.ska ,nd .kakd o;a;hka fjk;a meflachka i|yd ,nd .ekSu' ........ 40 iagdgdj, Ndú;d lrk ixfÅ;hkays úOdkhka .................................................. 41 iagdgdj, Ndú;djk fjk;a úOdkhka yd ixfL;hka ........................................ 44 wdYs%; .%ka; kdudj,sh ........................................................................................ 45


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rEmigyka

rEm igyk 1( iagdgd ls%;aul lsrSfïos ,efnk uq,sl ljq¿......................................... 2 rEm igyk 2( iagdgd ,nd fok uq,sl fukqnd¾ .......................................................... 3 rEm igyk 3( iagdgd i|yd o;a; we;=<;a lsrSu ....................................................... 4 rEm igyk 4( iagdgd i|yd úp,Hhka kï lsrSu' ...................................................... 4 rEm igyk 5( iagdgd i|yd Ndú;d l< yels wldrhg tlafi,a *hs,a fiaõ lsrSu' . 4 rEm igyk 6( vq *hs,a Ndú;h .................................................................................. 12 rEm igyk 7( uOHkh wkqj yd ldKav wkqj ia:ïN m%ia;drh .............................. 17 rEm igyk 8( ldKav wkqj úisrs ;s;a igyk .......................................................... 17 rEm igyk 9( úisrs ;s;a igyk yd m%;smdhk f¾Ldj ............................................. 18 rEm igyk 10( úisrs ;s;a igyka lsysmhla tlg Ndú;h' ...................................... 18 rEm igyk 11( úisrs ;s;a igyka l< m%ia;drh ....................................................... 19 rEm igyk 12( ud;Dldj fhdok ,o úisrs ;s;a igyk ........................................... 19 rEm igyk 13( m%ia;drhlg wjYH wfkl=;a igyka fhÿ úisrs ;s;a igyk ......... 20 rEm igyk 14( bfldkñlaia hk f;aï tl Ndú;d l< m%ia;drh' ........................... 21 rEm igyk 15( ;sria w;g ,laI kï l, úisrs ;s;a igyk' ................................. 21 rEm igyk 16( lv brs u.ska iïnkaOl, f¾Ld m%ia;drh' ..................................... 22 rEm igyk 17( f¾Ld m%ia;drh'.................................................................................. 22 rEm igyk 18( j¾.M,h olajk m%ia;drh .............................................................. 23 rEm igyk 19( ,laI my;g brs u.ska iïnkaO l< m%ia;drh .............................. 23 rEm igyk 20( mr;rh olajk m%ia;dr igyk ...................................................... 24 rEm igyk 21( mr;rh ia:ïN u.ska oelaùu ......................................................... 24 rEm igyk 22( mr;rh olajk f¾Ld m%ia;drhla ................................................... 25 rEm igyk 23( f¾Åh fkdjk weia;fïka;= f¾Ldj" fjfiishd;aul nj yd úisrs ;s;a igyk ................................................................................................................... 25 rEm igyk 24 f¾Åh weia;fïka;= Ys%;h iy fjfiishd;aul uÜgï .................... 26 rEm igyk 25( cd,f¾Lh .......................................................................................... 27 rEm igyk 26( jHdma;sh olajk m%ia;dr igyk ...................................................... 27 rEm igyk 27( cd,f¾Lh iy jHdma;s igyk ......................................................... 28 rEm igyk 28( kHdi m%ia;drh ................................................................................. 28 rEm igyk 29( jHdma;sh olajk m%ia;drhla ............................................................. 29 rEm igyk 30( úp,Hfha o;a; jHdma;sh iy m%u;nj ............................................ 29 rEm igyk 31( jHdma;sfha m%u;nj y÷kd .ekSug Ndú;dl< yels m%ia;dr ........... 29 rEm igyk 32( jHdma;sfha m%u;nj y÷kd .ekSug Ndú;dl< yels m%ia;dr ........... 30 rEm igyk 33( jHdma;sfha m%u;nj y÷kd .ekSug Ndú;dl< yels m%ia;dr ........... 30 rEm igyk 34( úp,Hhl jHdma;s igyk úúO jHdma;Ska wkqj' ............................. 31 rEm igyk 35( iagdgd i|yd ,nd .ekSug tlafi, jevigyk ilia lsrSu .......... 33 rEm igyk 36( úYhkaf.a uOHk ,l=Kq wkqj ia:ïN m%ia;drh ............................. 36 rEm igyk 37( iagdgdj, Ndú;dl, yels ixfÅ; j¾.hka .................................... 41 rEm igyk 38( iagdgdj, Ndú;dl, yels ixfÅ;hkays m%udKhka .......................... 41 rEm igyk 39( iagdgdj, Ndú;dl, yels j¾Khka ................................................. 42 rEm igyk 40( iagdgdj, Ndú;dl, yels ixfÅ;j, we;+,; j¾Khka ................ 42 rEm igyk 41( iagdgdj, Ndú;dl, yels ixfÅ;hkays f¾Ld i|yd j¾Khka ....... 43 rEm igyk 42( iagdgdj, Ndú;dl, yels ixfÅ;hkays f¾Ldj, m%udKhka ........... 43


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j.= igyka j.=j 2( iagdgd i|yd Ndú;d l< yels oskhka olajk wdldrhka .............................. 9 j.=j 3( iagdgd ys oskhka ,nd .; yels l%u lsysmhla iy ta i|yd úOdkhka ........ 9


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1. ye|skaùu fujeks .%ka:hla ,sùug ud woyia lf<a iagdgd hkq b;du;a wvq msrsila Ndú;d lrk tfukau jeo.;a mrs.Kl meflachla ms<sn|j yeoerSu i|yd isxy, NdIdfjka m<ú we;s fmd;am;a fkdue;s ksidh' fujeks mrs.Kl meflachla ;ksj bf.k .ekSug wmyiq jQj;a uq,sl u.fmkaùula hgf;a ;ksju yeoersh yels mrs.Kl meflachls' fndfyda úg yrialv o;a; úYaf,aIKfhaos Ndú;d lrk fuu meflach Ndú;d lrkafka jD;sh fõoSka muKls' tia'mS'tia' fuka fuu mrs.Kl meflacho ixLHdkuh .Kkh lsrSï i|yd Ndú;d l< yels w;r fndfyda úg wd¾Ólñ;sl{hka w;r m%p,s; mrs.Kl meflahls' fuysos jeäjYfhka ludkaâ ,súh hq;= ksid uq,skau fuh Ndú;hg .kakd m%oa.,hkaf.a fuu mrs.Kl jevigyk ms<sn|j wm%idohla we;s úh yelsh' flfia fj;;a Ndú;d lsrSu yryd ukd ksmqk;ajhla ,nd .; yels w;r iagdgd meflacfha w¿;ska bosrsm;a lrk meflachkays jeä jYfhka úkafvdia mrsirh hgf;a ls%hd;aul l< yelsh' flfia fj;;a b;du;a myiq blauka l%uh jkafka wjYH lrk ludkaä ghsma lsrSuhs' flfia fj;;a fuu mrs.Kl meflacfhka mD:q, m%fhdack ,nd .ekSug kï ixLHdkh úYh ms<n|j oekqula wjYH fõ' wfkl=;a mrs.Kl meflac yryd ,nd .ekSug fkdyels fndfyda jdis fuu.ska ,nd .; yels w;r fuu mrs.Kl meflacfha we;s wjdiso ke;=jdu fkdfõ' úYd, o;a;fYa%Ks úYaf,aIKh i|yd fuu mrs.Kl jevigyk Ndú;d lsrSug wmyiq ùu fuys we;s tla wjdishls' flfia fj;;a wfkl=;a mrs.Kl meflac yd ii|k l< iagdgd hkq b;du;a m%fhdackj;a mrs.Kl jevigykls' fuysos bosrsm;a lrk úOdkhka Ndú;d l< yelafla iagdgd 8 fyda bka by< kj meflachka ys muKs' Bg jvd merKs meflachka i|ydo fndfyda úg m%ia;drsl úOdkhka yer wfkl=;a úOdkhka id¾:lj ls%hd;aul l< yelsh' fuysos úOdkhka oelaùfïos ;o wl=rska fyj;a bold wl=rska olajd we;af;a iagdgd i|yd ta ta .Kkh lsrSfï os wksjd¾fhka ,nd osh hq;= úOdkhhka fõ' we, wl=rska italic u.ska olajd we;af;a úp,Hhkaf.a kï fõ' Tfí o;a;f.dkqfõ we;=<;a úp,Hh wkqj tajd fjkia l< hq;=h' fuysos .Kkh lsrSï lsysmhla i|yd WodyrK olajd we;' tysos Wml,ams; o;a;hka Ndú;d lr we;s w;r ta ta .Kkh lsrSu úia;r lsrSug .e,fmku o;a;f.dkqjla Ndú;d lrkjdg jvd tlu o;a;f.dkqjlska úOdkhka meyeos,s lsrSug W;aiy lr we;' fndfyda .Kkh lsrSï i|yd oS¾. úia;rhka we;=<;a fkdfõ' ta ksid ta ta .Kkh lsrSï u.ska woyiajk foa iy Tng wjYH .Kkh lsrSï i|yd iagdgd fy,ama Ndú;d lsrSu iqÿiqh' wka;¾cd,h Ndú;d l< yels kï b;d fyd|ska iúia;rd;aulj bosrsm;a lr we;s úYaf,aIKhka ,nd .; yelsh' fuu.ska ixLHdkuh oekqugo tl;=jla lr .; yelsh'


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2. iagdgd ls%hd;aul lsrSu iy o;a; we;=<;a lsrSu' iagdgd Ndú;h ks;r ks;r isÿ lrhs kï fuu meflach b;du;a myiq fukau fjk;a ixLHdkuh meflachkaf.ka ,eìh fkdyels jdis ,nd .; yelsh' iagdgd fndfyda úg ls%hd;aul l< yelsfla úOdk fhoSu yrydh' flfia fj;;a fï jk úg úkafvdia mrsirfha ls%hd;aul jk wdldrhg iagdgd ilia lr we;' iagdgd u.ska tlarlg tla comand tlla muKla ls%hd;ul l< yels jQj;a do file u.ska úOdk lsysmhla ls%hd;aul l< yelsh' iagdgd mrs.Kl meflach ls%hd;aul lsrSu i|yd wfkl=;a mrs.Kl jevigyka fiau we;af;a idudkH l%uhls' fviafgdma ys Short cut tlla we;skï ta u; la,sla lsrSu fyda my; mrsos úkafvdia fukqj Ndú;d lrñka fuu iagdgd jevigyk ls%hd;aul l< yelsh' ta i|yd Tnf.a mrs.Klfha fuu jevigyk ia;dms; lr ;sìh hq;= w;r fuu jevigyk idudkH mqoa., mrs.Klhl ia;dms; l< yelsh' flfia fj;;a fuu mrs.Kl meflach fj<|fmdf<ka fidhd .ekSu ;rula wmyiq jQj;a ixLHdkuh mrs.Kl meflac wvx.= ixhq;a; ;eÜ (CD) j, fuu jevigyko we;=<;a ù ;sìh yel' fuu jevigyk ia:dmkh lsrSfïos isrsh,a wxlh fyda (crack) larela lsrSu wjYH úh yelsh' fndfyd úg larela lsrSu isÿ l< hq;af;a yd¾ä äiala yd iagdgd ia:dmkh lr w;s *hs,a tl ;=< fhÿï meflach iu. we;s larela *hs,a tl ;=< we;s wsestata hk *hs,a tl fldms fmaiaÜ lsrSuhs' tysos fuu *hs,a tl rsfmaf,aia lsrSug wjYHoehs úuik w;r th iy;sl lsrSfïka wk;=rej my; mrsos fuu jevigyk Tnf.a mrs.Klfha ls%hd;aul lrkak' flfia fj;;a oekgu;a fuu jevigyk ia:dmkh lr we;skï by; mshjrhka wjYH fkdfõ' windows programs stataSE 8 fï wdldrfhka mrs.Kl jevigyk ls%hd;aul lsrSu u.ska Tng my; rEmfha oelsh yels ljq¿j ,efí' rEm igyk 1( iagdgd ls%;aul lsrSfïos ,efnk uq,sl ljq¿ fuysos StataResults, Review, Variables iy Stata Command hk ljq¿ újD; ù fkdue;skï my; mrsos tajd újD; lr .; yelsh'

Tn iagdgdj, ls%hd;aul lrk úOdk fuys igyka fõ' kej; tu úOdkhu ,nd .ekSu i|yd ta u; ujqih u.ska la,sla lsrSu m%udKj;a fõ'

Tn iagdgdj, Ndú;d lrk úp,Hhka fuys oelafõ' tajd úOdkhlg miqj fhdod .ekSu i|yd fuu ljq¿fõ úp,Hh ku u; la,sla lsrSu m%udKh;ah

Tn úOdkh fï ljq¿j ;=< we;=<;a lr tkag¾ h;=re tìu m%udKj;a fõ'

Tn iagdgdj, úOdkhka u.ska ,nd .kakd m%;sM,ka olajkafka fuu ljq¿j ;=<h'


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Window u; la,sla lr wjYH lrk Wm ljq¿ újD; lr .kak' fïjd wjYH ia:dkj, leu;s mrsos ujqih u.ska weo f.dia we;yerSu (Drag) lsrSu u.ska ilia lr .; yelsh' rEm igyk 2( iagdgd ,nd fok uq,sl fukqnd¾

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12

1 (Open) iagdgd *hs,a tlla újD;a; lr .ekSug Ndú;d lrhs' 2 (Save) iagdgd *hs,a tlla fiaõ lr .ekSug Ndú;d lrhs' 3 (Print Results) iagdgd m%;sM,hka uqøKh lsrSug Ndú;d lrhs' 4 (Begin Log) f,d.a *hs,a újD;a; lsrSug Ndú;d lrhs' iagdgdj, iuyr

wjia:dj, m%ia;drhka ks¾udkh i|yd ;rula fj,d .; fõ' ta wjia:dfõos fuu whslkh u.ska oelafõ'

5 (Start Viewer) iagdgd i|yd Wmfoia iy iyh ,nd .ekSu i|yd Ndú;d lrhs' 6 (Bring Result Windo to Front) m%;sM, ljq¿j u;=msgg f.k taug Ndú;d lrhs' 7 (Bring Graphg Window to Front) ks¾udKh lr .;a m%ia:drh oelsh fkdyels

kï fï u.ska u;=msgg .; yelsh' 8 (Do File Editor) vq *hs,a ks¾udKh iy kej; fjkia lsrSug Ndú;d lrhs' 9 (Data Editor) o;a; we;=<;a lsrSu yd fjkia lsrSu' 10 (Data Browser) we;=<;a lr we;s o;a;hka kssrSlaIKh lsrSu' 11 (Clear More Condition) hï úOdkhl m%;sM,h tla jr o¾Ykh lsrSug

fkdyels kï tys b;srs fldgia oel .ekSu i|yd fï u; la,sla l< yelsh' 12 (Break) úOdkfha m%;sM,h b;d os.= neúka yd th ksrSlaIKh lsrSug wjYH

fkdjkafka kï fï u; la,sla lsrSu u.ska tu úOdkh keje;aúh yel' újD; lr .;a mrs.Kl jevigykg o;a; we;=<;a lsrSu fyda fjk;a mrs.Kl jevigykla yryd ,nd .ekSu m%:u mshjr fõ' fuysos iagdgd meflach Vertion 7 kï fuysos wkq.ukh lrk ls%hdud¾. ;rula fjkia fõ' Tng ish mrs.Kl meflach b;d myiqfjka version 7 olajd mrsj¾;kh l< yelsh' ta i|yd l< hq;af;a version 7 f,i iagdgd ludkaä ys ghsma lr tkag¾ lsrSuhs' flfia fj;;a wvq j¾Ika tlla Bg by< j¾Ika tllg mrsj¾;kh l< fkdyel' iagdgd version 8 hEu i|yd kej; version 8 f,i we;=<;a lsrSu m%udKj;a fõ' iagdgd i|yd myiqfjka fhdod .; yels o;a; f,i tlafi,a (Excel) yd fglaia (Text Document) *hs,a yryd ,nd .; yelsh' Bg fmr iaggd i|yd o;a; we;=<;a l< yels wdldrh i,ld n,uq' fï i|yd l%u lsysmhls' 1 windows data Editor 2 fukq nd¾ys we;s Data Editor u; la,sla lsrSu 3 Short cut key flá fhÿula jk Ctr + 7 la,sla lsrSug mq¿jk Tng wjYH o;a; fuf,i w;=<;a lrkak' tysos m<uq o;a; fYa%Kshg jïmiska tu we;=<;a lrk o;a; wxlkh fõ' iagdgd ys úp,H var1 f,i olajk w;r wmf.a reÉl;ajh u; fuh fjkia lr .; yelsh' ta i|yd Var1 hkak u; vn,a la,sla lrkak' tysos u;=jk ljq¿j ;=< wjYH lrk úp,Hfha ku olajkak' fuysos úp,Hhla wdrïN úh hq;af;a TkEu wl=rlska fyda _ hk ixfla;fhka muKs' wxl uq,skau fhosh fkdyels w;r úp,Hfha ku w;r iafmaia (Space) ;sìh fkdyel' tfiau 1-32 olajd wl=re yd b,lalï m%udKhla úp,Hhla kï lsrSu i|yd Ndú;d l< yelsh' WodyrKhla f,i First_Co12 f,i kï l<


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yelsh' First Co12 fyda 2First_Co12 hk kï úp,H f,i Ndú;d l< fkdyelsh' úp,H kï lsrSfï fldkafoais mej;sh;a Label hgf;a rsis mrsos tu úp,H úia;r l< yelsh' rEm igyk 3( iagdgd i|yd o;a; we;=<;a lsrSu

rEm igyk 4( iagdgd i|yd úp,Hhka kï lsrSu'

tlafi,a o;a; iagdgd i|yd ,nd .ekSu iagdgd i|yd ,nd .; yelafla csv(MS-DOS) j¾.fha tlafi,a *hs,a ksid fiaõ weia yryd Save by type hkak u.ska tlafi,a *hs,a tl iagdgd i|yd Ndú;d l< yels wdldrhg fiaõ lr .kak' rEm igyk 5( iagdgd i|yd Ndú;d l< yels wldrhg tlafi,a *hs,a fiaõ lsrSu'


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bkamiq my; mrsos úOdkh we;=<;a lsrSu yryd o;a; iagdgd i|yd ,nd .; yelsh' insheet using Locaton\filename.csv C ydä äiala ys we;s Book1.csv hk *hs,a tl iagdgd i|yd ,nd .ekSu i|yd my; mrsos Stata Comand i|yd we;+<;a lsrSu yryd mq¿jk' insheet using C:\Book1.csv text document fyj;a tlaiafgkaIka txt *hs,a i|ydo fuu wdldrfhkau isÿ l< yelsh' insheet using C:\DATA\aaa.txt by; olajd we;af;a iS ys fvgd f*da,avrfha we;s aaa fglaia *hs,a tl iagdgd i|yd ,nd .kakd wdlrhhs' tfiau infile hk úOdkho o;a; we;=,;a lsrSu i|yd Ndú;d lsrSug mq¿jk' fuysos my; mrsos fhosh yel infile using C:\DATA\aaa.txt fuysos file does not contain dictionary f,i mKsúvhla ,nd osh yelsh' tjeks wjia:djl úp,Hhka i|yd kï ,nd oSu isÿ l< hq;=h' wmf.a we;+,;a lrk o;a;hkays úp,Hhka 4la we;ehs is;uq' tajd a, b, c yd d f,i kï lrhs kï my; mrsos ,súh yel' infile a b c d using C:\DATA\aaa.txt iagdgd *hs,a tlla iagdgd i|yd ,nd .ekSug;a l%u lsysmhla ;sfí' ta i|yd File open u.ska fyda úOdkhla f,i use Ndú;d l< yelsh' bkamiq tu *hs,a tl we;s ia:dkh oelaúh hq;=h' use C:\DATA\aaa.dta we;=<;a lsrSu l< yelsh' wm ,nd.;a o;a;hka fyda we;=<;a l< o;a;hka fiaõ lsrSu i|yd file save as u.ska fyda save c:\data\a1.dta f,i fhosh yel' tfiau wm jev lrñka isÜk iagdgd *hs,a tl kej; kej; fiaõ lsrSu i|yd file save u.ska fyda my; mrsos isÿ l< yelsh' save C:\DATA\a12.dta, replace iuyr úYd, *hs,a Stata ys Ndú;d lsrSug wmyiqh' ta i|yd Ndú;d l< yels Wml%uhla kï set memory hkak Ndú;d lsrSug mq¿jk' tfiau Ndú;d lrk YLH;djka ne,Su i|yd memory hkak Ndú;d lsrSug mq¿jk' tfiau blaukska yd ld¾hlaIuj úYd, o;a;hka fuu mrs.Kl meflach Ndú;d lsrSu i|yd compress hk úOdkh Ndú;d l< yelsh' fuu úOdkhka ieuúgu Ndú;d lsrSug Tng wjYH fkdùug mq¿jk' dir Ndú;d lsrSu yryd oekg iagdgd Ndú;d lrk f*da,avrfha we;s *hs,a ms<sn|j úia;r flf¾'


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3. iagdgd i|yd ,nd .;a o;a; ilialsrSu iy ksrSlaIKh fuysos o wmg wjYH jkafka Stata Command ys wmg wjYH úOdkh fhdod tkag¾ h;=r tìuhs' uq,skau wm fhdokafka .Kkh lsrSug wjYH úOdkh jk w;r fojkqj wjYH lrk úp,Hh fyda úp,Hhkaf.a kï we;=<;a l< hq;=h' wm tlska tl ms<sn|j i,ld n,uq' o;a; ms<sn|j úia;r lsrSu i|yd Describe1 describe hkak fhdod .kS' wm úp,Hhkaf.a kï fhdokafka ke;skï ish¿u o;a;hka i|yd úia;r lsrSu olajh' flfia fj;;a iagdgd oS¾. m%ldYhka wfmalaId fkdlrhs' wmg fuu úOdkh ,nd oSug d muKla we;=<;a lsrSuo m%udKj;a fõ' úp,Hhkaf.a oS¾. kï Ndú;d lsrSugo wjYH fkdfõ' wmf.a úp,Hh years kï ta i|yd y muKla we;=<;a lsrSu m%udKj;a fõ' flfia fj;;a tlu wlrej,ska mgka .kakd úp,Hh lsysmhla we;s kï wmg tlsfkflka fjkalr y÷kajd oSu i|yd wl=re lsysmhla we;=<;a lsrSug isÿ fõ' tfiau iuyr úOdkhkaf.ao uq,a wl=r muKla Ndú;d lsrSu m%udKj;a fkdfõ' idudkHfhka wl=re 3laj;a Ndúld lsrSu iqÿiqh' List fuu.ska o;a;hka ta wdldrfhka ksrSlaIKh lsrSug mq¿jk' úYaf,aIKh lsrSug fmr iagdgd i|yd ,nd .;a o;a;hka ksrSlaIKh lsrSu WÑ;h' ta i|yd fuu úOdkh Ndú;d l< yelsh' tfiau Data Browser yryd o fuh isÿ lr .; yelsh' list var1 var2 f,i wjYH lrk úp,Hhka muKla oelaùu yryd tu úp,H muKla n,d .; yelsh' my; úOdkfhka var1 ys m<uq 5 muKla ne,Sug mq¿jk' m<uq 10 ne,Su i|yd kï tys we;s 1/5 fjkqjg 1/10 fhdod .; hq;=h' list var1 in 1/5 tfiau úp,H lsishï fldkafoaishla imqrkafkakï muKla list lsrSug wmg if hkak Ndú;d lsrSug mq¿jk' list var1 if var1>10 fuysos olajd we;af;a ú,Hfha w.h 10g jeä kï tu úp,H ,siaÜ lsrSugh' úp,H lsysmhla jqjo ,siaÜ lsrSug úOdk l< yelsh' list var1 var2 var3 if var1>10 summarize úp,Hhl uq,sl ixLHd;aul o;a;hka ,nd .ekSu i|yd fuu úOdkh ,nd osh yelsh' fuu.ska hï úp,Hhl we;s ksrSlaIK ixLHdj" iïu; wm.ukh" uOHkh" wju w.h iy Wmrsu w.h ,nd .; yelsh' su hkak ghsma lr Tnf.a o;a; fYa%Ksh ms<sn| uq,sl w.hka ,nd .kak' flfia fj;;a b,lalï fkdjk úp,H i|yd fuu .Kkh lsrSu j,x.= fkdfõ' display fuu úOdkh u.ska wmg .Kl hka;%hl ld¾hNdrh iagdgd yryd isÿ lr .; yelsh' wmg 10 j¾.uq,h ,nd .ekSug wjYH kï display = 10^.5 ,nd oSfuka mq¿jk' fï wdldrhg tl;= lsrSï wvqlsrSï iy wfkl=;a .Kkhkao isÿ l< yelsh'

w¿;a úp,Hhka ks¾uKh lsrSu iagdgd u.ska úYaf,aIKh l< yelafla ixLHd;aul o;a; muKla ksid iuyr ldKav.; (Group Variable) o;a;hka b,lalïj,g oeóug wjYH fõ' fï i|yd wmg Ndú;d l< yels l%u lsysmhls' fndfyda úg mU úp,H (Dummy Variables) i|yd fuh wjYH fõ'

1 fuysos hÜka brs we|s wl=r fyda wl=re fhoSfuka fuu úOdk ls%hd;aul l< yels w;r tajd isïm,a wl=rska we;=<;a l< hq;=h' fndfyda úg uq¿ úOdkhu fhoSu wjYH fkdjk w;r uq,a wl=re lsysmh fhoSu m%udKj;a fõ'


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Encode fu.ska wl=rej,ska olajd we;s lsishï o;a; fYa%Kshla ixLHd i|yd mrsj¾;kh l< yelsh' ia;s% mqreI nj o;a;fYa%Ksfha olajd we;af;a wl=rej,ska kï ta i|yd fjk;a ixLHd;aul w.hka wdfrdamKh ù we;s úp,Hhla ks¾udKh lsrSug wjYH kï my; úOdkh Ndú;d l< yelsh' encode gender, gen(ngender) fuysos gender hk úp,Hfha we;af;a wl=re jk w;r wmg summarize úOdkh u.ska lsisÿ .Kkhla tu úp,H i|yd ,nd .; fkdyelsh' ta ksid ngender keu;s kj úp,Hhla ks¾udKh lrk w;r tysoso wm o;a; ,siaÜ l,fyd;a oelsh yelafla wl=rej,skau ks¾udKh ù we;s úp,Hhls'' flfia fj;;a fuysos iudk ldKavhka i|yd b,lalï wdfrdamKh ù we;' ta ksid wmg ngender hkak bosrs .Kkh lsrSï i|yd Ndú;d lsrSug mq¿jk' fuysos iudk ldKav i|yd wxl 1 isg by<g wdfrdamKh fõ' Tng o;a; wdfrdamKh ù we;s wdldrh oek .skSu i|yd Ndú;d l, yels Wml%uhla kï list gender if ngender==1 f,i ghsma lr wxl 1 wdfrdamKh ù we;s ldKavh y÷kd .; yelsh' fuu úOdkh yryd isÿ lr .; yels .Kkhka rdYshls' o;a; fYa%Kshl tl;=j" idudkH wdos fkdfhl=;a .Kkhka ,nd .; yelsh' tajd my; idlÉcd lr we;' Generate fuu úOdkh u.ska wmg kj úp,Hhla ks¾udKh lr .; yelsh' fuysos uq,skau generate hkako bkamiqj wmg ks¾udKh lsrSug wjYH úp,Hfha kuo bka wk;=rej iudk lsrSu;a wfkl=;a .Kkh lsrSï bka wk;=rej;a we;=<;a l< yelsh' WodyrKhla f,i lsishï wdodhula fvd,¾ j,ska olajd we;s w;r wmg th remsh,a j,ska olajd we;s kj úp,Hhla ks¾udKh lsrSug wjYH fõ kï my; mrsos isÿ l< yelsh' generate Rup_Income =Do_Income*105 Rup_Income = wmg ks¾udKh lsrSug wjYH kj úp,Hfha ku fõ' Do_Income = wdodhu fvd,¾ j,ska olajd we;s úp,Hfha ku fõ' fuu úp,H uq,skau o;a; fYa%Ksfha we;=<;aj ;sìh hq;=h' * hkq jeä lsrSfï ,l=K jk we;r 105 f,i i,ld we;af;a wdikak jYfhka úksuh wkqmd;h fõ' Tng fï i|yd .e,fmk w.h fhdod .; yelsh' iuyr wjia:djkaysos wm we;=<;a lr we;s úp,Hhka ixLHd;aul jQj;a iagdgd i,ld we;af;a wl=re úp,Hhla f,i ùug mq¿jk' tysos tu úp,H fjk;a kulska b,lalï úp,Hhla njg m;a lsrSug my; úOdkh Ndú;d lsrSug mq¿jk' gen var1n = real(var1) fuysos real hkq fjrshn,a 1 ys o;a;hka ixLhd;aul o;a; njg mrsj¾;kh lsrSug fok úOdkfha fldgila fõ' úp,Hhka lsysmhla tlg tl;= lsrSu i|yd my; úOdkh Ndú;d lsrSug mq¿jk' gen total= var1n + var2 + var3 tla tla w.hka my;g tl;= lr .ekSu i|yd Ndú;d l< yels úOdkhla kï sum hkak úOdkhg tl;= lsrSuhs' total hkak tlka tl my;g tl;= l< kj úp,Hh cumtotal kï úOdkh my; mrsos úh hq;=h' gen cumtot=sum(total) tfiau fjk;a .Kkh lsrSï i|yd wmg Ndú;d l< yels úOdk folla my; oelafõ' gen Incomeall = Income + Wealth if Sex == “Male” fuysos kjúp,Hhla Incomeall f,i ks¾udKh jk w;r Sex hkak Male kï muKla Income yd Wealth úp,Hhka fol tl;= fõ' Male fkdjk úg Incomeall hk kj úp,Hfha Missing value f,i oelafõ' gen Incomeall = Income if Sex~= “Male” tfiau Sex hkak Male fkdfõ kï Incomeall ys Missing w.hka Income w.hg m;a lsrSug fuu úOdkh Ndú;d lsrSug mq¿jk' fuysos iudk fkdfõ hkak ~= u.ska oelafõ'


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wmg mj;akd wkqms<sfj, wkqj o;a;hka wxlkh lsrSug wjY fõ kï Ndú;d l< hq;af;a _n hk úOdkhhs' th my; mrso ,nd osh hq;=h' gen id=_n wm lsishï wjia:djl wkqms<sfj, fjkia l< fyd;a wmg kej;;a uq,a wkqms<Sfj,g ilia lsrSug fuh Ndú;d l< yels w;r wmg ta ta wjia:djkag wkqjo kej; kej; wxlkh l< yelsh' wm wkqms<sfj, fjkia lf<a kï wmg kej; id wkqj wkqms<Sfj< fjkia lsrSug my; úOdkh Ndú;d l< yelsh' sort id wmg ,e.a w.hka ks¾udKh i|yd fuu wkqms<sfj, olajk úOdkh b;d jeo.;a fõ' wm wkqms<Sfj, olajd we;s kï b;d myiqfjka ,e.a w.hka oelaúh yelsh' gen lagvar1=var1[_n-1] ld, mrsÉfPao folla i|yd ,e.a lsrSu i|yd my; mrsos Ndú;d l< yelsh' gen lag2var1=var1[_n-2]

mU úp,H ks¾udKh lsrSu fï i|yd Ndú;d l< hq;af;a b;d ir, úOdkhls' iagdgd u.ska ta wkqj mU úp,H ks¾udKh lrhs' tab Nationality, gen ( dummy) fuysos cd;Ska 3 l o;a;hka /ia lr we;ehs is;uq' isxy," fou< iy uqia,sï f,i tu cd;s ;=k kï fuysos dummy1, dummy2 yd dummy3 f,i úp,H ;=kla iEfok w;r isxy, kï dummy1=1 jk w;r tfia fkdfõ kï 0 fõ' fou< kï dummy2=1 jk w;r tfia fkdfõ kï 0 fõ' uqia,sï kï dummy3=1 jk w;r tfia fkdfõ kï 0 fõ' lsishï f;drd.;a úp,Hhla i|yd muKla mU úp,Hhla ks¾udKh lsrSu i|yd wkq.ukh l< hq;af;a my; úOdkhhs' gen dummy = ( Nationality=="Sinhala") fuysos Nationality hkak Sinhala kï 1 o tfia fkdfõ kï 0 o fõ' fuysos mU úp,Hh kï lsrSu i|yd Tn úiska úp,Hhla f,i iagdgd meflach ms<s.kakd òkEu kula ,nd oSug mq¿jk' Tn iagdgdys idudkHfhka we;=<;a lrk o;a;hka i,lkafka b,lalï f,ih' Tng lsishï jpk we;=<;a l< hq;= kï isÿ l< hq;af;a my; úOdkh we;=<;a lsrSuhs' gen str10 name= “sri” fuysos 10 hkafkka i|yka jkafka Wmrsu wl=re 10 ixLHdjla tl ksrSlaIKhl we;=<;a l< yels njhs' flfia fj;;a Tn Bg jeä ixLHdjl jpk we;=<;a l<fyd;a iagdgd iajhxls%hju tu fjki isÿ lrhs' *hs,a tfla m%udKh wvq lsrSu i|yd wjYH wl=re m%udKHg jvd úYd, f,i úp,Hh ks¾udKh lr .ekSu t;rï fh!.Hh fkdfõ' lsishï ia:dkhl we;s jpkhla fjkia lsrSug wjYH jkafka kï tysos my; úOdkh Ndú;d l< yelsh' fuysos fkaï hk úp,Hfha 8 jk fma,sfha sri hkak chamara hkak fjkia fõ' replace name = "chamara" in 8 Tng wxlhka we;=<;al< hq;= úp,Hhla w¿;ska ks¾udKh i|yd fhosh hq;af;a gen income =. hkakhs' bka wk;=rej tla tla w.h i|yd w.hka wdfoaY l< yelsh' replace income = 420.25 in 8 fuu w.hka we;=<;a lsrSu Tng Data Editor u.ska o isÿ l< yelsh' lsishï wl=re wvx.= úp,Hhl Tng lsishï fldgila muKla Wmqgd .ekSug wjYHh jkafka kï my; úOdkh Ndú;d l< yelsh' gen name_part =substr( name,2,4) fuysos fkaï hk úp,Hfha fojk wl=f¾ isg wl=re 4 la wvx.= fkaï md¾Ü keu;s kj úp,Hhla ks¾udKh fõ'


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oskhka úp,Hhla f,i we;=<;a lsrSu' oskhka iagdgd i|yd we;=<;a lsrSfïoS j¾Il" udislj" ld¾;=uh" i;s fyda ffoksl f,i bosrsm;a l< yelsh' j.=j 1( iagdgd i|yd Ndú;d l< yels oskhka olajk wdldrhka

var1 var1 var1

2-3-1950 2 3 1950 2,3,1950 12-12-1951 12 12 1951 12,12,1951

13-8-1953 13 8 1953 13,8,1953

14-7-1980 14 7 1980 14,7,1980

28-2-1999 28 2 1999 28,2,1999 f,i we;=<;a lr we;s o;a; fYa%Ksh i,luq' fuys m%:ufhka olajd we;af;a osk jk we;r fojkqjg udi;a f;jkqjg jir;a olajd we;' ta ksid wm fuu o;a; Ndú;d lr w¿;ska year keu;s kj úp,Hhla idok úg iagdgd i|yd wmf.a tu wkqms<sfj< m%:ufhka oelaúh hq;=h' gen year= date(var1, “dmy”) year -3592 -2942 -2332 7500 14303 fufia ,efnk o;a;hka wm my; úOdkh u.ska wmg wjYHh mrsos ld,h olajk úp,Hhla f,i ielish yel' format year %d fuu úOdkh ,nd oSfuka miqj tu w.hka my; mrsos fjkia fõ' iagdgd m<s.kakd wldrhg .Kkh lsrSï i|yd wjYH jk wdldrhg o;a;hka ilia lr .ekSug wmg fuu mshjr wkq.ukh lsrSug isÿ fõ' year 02mar1950 12dec1951 13aug1953 14jul1980 28feb1999 wm okakd mrsos úúO wdldrfhka mqoa.,hka oskhka olajk w;r wmg wjYHh wdldrhg wkqj by; úOdkkhg fjkialï lsrSfuka th isÿlr .; yelsh' fï wdldrfhka o;a;hka fjkia lsrSu u.ska muKla oskhka iïnkaOj .Kkh lsrSï isÿ l< yelsh' j.=j 2( iagdgd ys oskhka ,nd .; yels l%u lsysmhla iy ta i|yd úOdkhka Format Sample date in format %d 11jul1948 %dDlCY 11jul1948 %dDlY 11jul48 %dM_d,_CY July 11, 1948 %dd_M_CY 11 July 1948 %dN/D/Y 07/11/48 %dD/N/Y 11/07/48 %dY/N/D 48/07/11 %dN-D-CY 07-11-1948 .


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Extended Generate (egen) úOdkh Ndú;h

egen count=count( var1) fuysos missing value yer wfklajd .Kkh lrhs' egen maxvar1=max( var1) o;a; fYa%Ksfha by<u w.h ,nd fohs' egen meanvar1=mean( var1) median, min, mode, rank, skew,sd by; olajd we;af;a ;sria f,i o;a;hkaf.a w.hka .Kkhg fhdod .; yels úOdk fõ' my;ska oelafjkafak fma<s f,i o;a;hkaf.a .Kkhka i|yd Ndú;d l< yels úOdk fõ' rmax, rmean, rmode, rmiss, robs, rsd(despite missing valie),rsum(missing consider as 0) my;ska olajd we;af;a lsishï ldKavhl we;s ixLHdj .Kkh lsrSu i|yd Ndú;d l< yels úOdkh fõ' egen count =count( economics) egen count =count( economics),by( dum2) tfiau tla tla ldKavh wkqj uOHkH .Kkh my; oelafõ' egen meand =mean( economics),by( dum2) úp,Hhka iagdgd j, kï lsrSug fldkafoais we;s nj by; olajk ,oS' ta ksid úp,Hhka kï lsrSug wu;rj tau úp,Hhka úia;r lrñka f,n,a f,i wu;r f;dr;=rla we;=<;a l< yelsh' ta i|yd my; úOdkh Ndú;d l< yelsh' label variable age "age of the aplicant" ldKav.; o;a;hla i|yd w.hka we;=<;a lsrSu wjYH úh yel' my; mrsos tu w.h we;=<;a l< yelsh' tysos wm we;=<;a lrkafka úp,Hhl f,n,h i|yd w.hka fõ' label define group 1 "Male" 2 "Female" 3 "N/A" fuu fol w;r fjki n,d .ekSu i|yd my; úOdk fofla m%;sM,hka ksrSlaIKh lrkak' des u.ska o;a;hka ms<sn|j úia;r n,d .kak' ldKav.; o;a;hka i|yd w.hka wdfoaY l< wdldrh oek .ekSu i|yd my; úOdkh Ndú;d lsrSug mq¿jk' label list úp,H mj;ajd .ekSu fjkia lsrSu Keep,Delet and Rename keep var1 var2 var3 var4 fuf,i úOdkh ÿka miq wfkl=la úp,Hhka bj;a ù fuu úp,Hhka y;r muKla b;=re fõ' tfiau wmg wkjYHh úp,Hhla fyda úp,Hhka by;a lsrSug drop var 1 var2 f,i úOdkh Ndú;d lsrSug mq¿jk' úp,Hhl kula fjkia lsrSu i|yd wmg my; úOdkh Ndú;d lsrSug mq¿jk' rename var1 gender fuu úOdkhka i|yd wu;r úOdkhka tl;= lrñka b;d jeo.;a m%;sM, ,efnk f,o o;a;hka ilia lr .; yelsh' WodyrKhla f,i drop if gender == “male”


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4. f,d.a *hs,a iy vq *hs,a (Log file and Do file) #review 4 fuu.ska wjidkhg we;=<;a lrk ,o úOdk 4 n,d.; yelsh' Tn olajk .Kk wkqj th fjkia fõ' #review 20 kï wjika úOdk 20 olajhs' Tn lsishï úOdkhka iagdgd ys ls%hd;aul lsrSfïos tla;rd uÜgulska miq iagdgd úiska uq,skau we;=<;a l< úOdkhkays .Kkh lsrSï u;lfhka bj;a lrhs' tfiau oekg jev lrñka isÜk *hs,a tl jid fjk;a fj,djl jev lrk úg Tng fmr wjia:dfõos .Kkh l< oE oel .ekSug fkdyelsh' ta i|yd ms<shula f,i log file fhdod .; yelsh' fufia f,d.a *hs,a fhdod .;a úg Tng isÿ lrk .Kkh lsrSï kej; jev lrk *hs,a tl jid ouk f;la r|jd .; yelsh' flfia fj;;a fuys wjdishla kï *hs,a tfla úYd,;ajh jeä ùuhs' log using filename log using C:\DATA\log\us90.dta, replace fuf;la we;=<;a lr we;s o;a;hka uld oud kj o;a;hka .nvd lr .kS' log using C:\DATA\log\us90.dta, append jid oud ;snq f,d.a *hs,a tl újD;a; lsrSug;a mj;akd .Kkh lsrSï i|yd w¿;ska isÿlrk .Kkhka we;=<;a lsrSu' wjYHh wjia:djl f,d.a *hs,a jeiSu;a kej; újD;a; lsrSu;a isÿ l< yelsh' log off log on hk úOdk Ndú;d l< yelsh' f,da.a *hs,a tlla jid oeóu i|yd log close hk úOdkh Ndú;d lsrSug mq¿jk' view e:\log.dta fuu úOdkh u.ska wmg f,da.a *hs,a tll we;=<;a o;a; n,d .; yelsh' flfia fj;;a wmg fuu f,d.a *hs,a tll we;s f;dr;=re n,d .ekSu i|yd iagdgd i|yd m%fõY ùu w;HjYHh fkdfõ' idudkHfhka fglaia *hs,a tlla f,i fuh Notepad ys mjd ls%hd;;aul fõ' flfia fj;;a fufia wmg f,d.a *hs,a yryd fiaõ lr .; yelafla Stata Results ljq¿j ;=< olajk m%;sM,hka muK' m%ia;dr wdosh fjku fiaõ lr .ekSu fï ksid wjYH fõ' ta i|yd m%ia;drhla ks¾udKh l< miq my; mrsos wjYH jkafka kï tu m%ia;drh fiaõ lr .; yelsh' File Save Graph....

vq *hs,a Ndú;dh vq *hs,a tlla Ndú;d lsrSfïos wmg wjYH úOdk fjku reialr ;nd ls%hd;aul l< yelsh' ta i|yd wjYH jkafka Do-file Editer ys wjYH úOdkhka we;=<;a lsrSuhs' bka miq th wjYH ia:dkhl fiaõ lr .kak' bka wk;=rej my; úOdkh u.ska tu do *hs,a tl ls%hd;aul l< yelsh' flfia fj;;a fuu úOdk f.dkafkys lsishï jrola we;s úOdkhla wef;d;a tu úOdkfhka bosrshg we;s úOdk ls%hd;aul fkdfõ' do D:\Documents and Settings\K.C.Anuranga\Desktop\1.do fuu *hs,a tl Ndú;fhka Tng úOdk lsysmhla iagdgd ;=< ls%hd;aul lr .ekSfï myiqlu ;sfí' flfia fj;;a fglaia *hs,a tll úOdkhka igyka lr tajd o vq *hs,a tlla f,i ls%hd;aul l< yelsh' iagdgd ;=<ska vq *hs,a ks¾udKh iy ls%hd;aul lsrSu b;d myiqh' Do-file Editer la,sla lr u;=jk ljq¿fõ my; úOdk fol ,nd fokak' su li Tn lsishï o;a; wvqx.= *hs,a tlla újD; lr ;sìh hq;=h' oeka my; oelafjk rEm igyfka olajk 1 hk whslkh u; la,sla lrkak' .Kkh lsrSïj, wjidkh olajdu isÿ lsrSug wxl 2 olajd we;s whslkh la,sla lrkak' Tng fufia úOdk we;=<;a vq *hs,a tl


12

fiaõ lr ;nd wjYH wjia:djl Ndú;hg .ekSu fukau úOdk lsysmhlau tljr ls%hd;aul lsrSug o Ndú;d l< yels nj fmfka' rEm igyk 6( vq *hs,a Ndú;h

12


13

5. *hs,a tlla ilia lr .ekSu ;jÿrg;a sort var1 fuu.ska o;a; fYa%Kshla wkqms<sfj,g ilia l< yels w;r úp,Hhka lsysmhla jQjo Ndú;d lsrSug mq¿jk' sort var1 var2 wm Ndú;d lrk o;a;hka i|yd tu úp,Hhkau we;=<;a ;j;a ksrSlaIK we;=<;a lsrSu i|yd my; úOdkh Ndú;d l< yelsh' append using file o;a;hka wvx.= *hs,aj, wiudk kï j,ska we;s úp,Hhka ;snqKfyd;a isÿ jkafka tajdfha ' oelaùu fyj;a missing f,i oelaùuhs' oekg we;=<;a lr we;s o;a;hka ys ksrSlaIK ixLHdj iudk jQ fjk;a o;a; f.dkqjlska kj úp,Hhka we;=<;a lsrSugo my; úOdkh Ndú;d lsrSug mq¿jk' merge flfia fj;;a fuu úOdkhka Ndú;d lsrSfïos o;a;hka tl;=ùu ksjerosj isÿjk njg j,n,d .ekSu wjYH fõ' fuu úOdkh Ndú;d lsrSug fmr wmg tla m%Odk úp,Hhla f;dard .; hq;= w;r tu úp,H o;a; f.dkq foflysu ;sìu jeo.;ah' wm f;drd.kakd úpd,Hh o;a; f.dkq foflysu wkqms<sfj,g ilia lr .; hq;=h' ta i|yd my; úOdkh Ndú;d l< yelsh' sort var1 merge var1 using filname hï wjia:djl hï lsis úp<Hhl o;a;hka fjkia lsrSula isÿ lrSu wjYH úh yelsh' úfYaIfhka missing value kej; ,eì we;s kï tu o;a;hkaf.ka uq,sl o;a; f.dkqj kej; ilia lsrSu wjYH úh yelsh' ta i|yd my; úOdkh Ndú;d lrkak' ta wkqj my; úOdkh u.ska missing value we;s úp,Hh fjkia fõ' merge var1 using filname,update iuyr wjia:djl missing value j,g wu;rj wfkl=;a w.hkao fjk;a o;a; f.dkqjlg wkqj fjkia lsrSu wjYH jk úgoS my; úOdkh ta i|yd wjYH fõ' merge var1 using filname,update replace u¾Pa úOdkh fhdod .ekSfuka wk;=rej w¿;a _merge f,i úp,Hhla o;a;f.dkqfõ ks¾udKh ù we;s nj ksrSlaIKh l< yelsh' ñka woyia jkafka fuu úOdkh u.ska isÿ l< fjkialu ms<sn|jh' 1 = wm fjkialu lrk o;a; f.dkqfõ ksrSlaIK yd ta i|yd Ndú;d lrk o;a;f.dkqfõ ksrSlaIK iudk fkdfõ' 2 = wm fjkialu lsrSug Ndú;d lrk o;a;f.dkqfõ ksrSlaIK m%Odk o;a; f.dkqfõ ksrSlaIK yd iudk fkdfõ' 3 = o;a;f.dkq foflysu ksrSlaIK iudk fõ' 4 = o;a;f.dkq foflysu ksrSlaIK iudk fõ' m%Odk o;a;f.dkqfõ, missing values fjkia ù we;' 5 = o;a; f.dkq foflysu ksrSlaIK ixLHdj iudk jQj;a m%Odk o;a;f.dkqfõ w.hka yd Ndú;d lrk o;a;f.dkqfõ w.hka iudk fkdfõ' ta wkqj wmg wjYH jkafka w.hka 3" fyda 4 ,eìu nj fmfka' Collapse hk úOdkfhka o;a; moaO;sfha uOHkh wdosh ,nd .; yelsh'

o;a;hka úYaf,IKfhaos jeä jYfhka Ndú;d jk úOdk i,luq

summarize u.ska o;a;hl fyda ish¿u o;a;hkaf.a idrdxY ixLhdkuh .Kkh lsrSula ,nd .; yelsh' flfia fj;;a fuu úOdkhg detail hkak tla lsrSfuka ;j ÿrg;a jeä mqr


14

.Kkh lsrSula ,nd .; yelsh' fuu.ska úp,Hfha jHdma;sh ;jÿrg;a wjfndaO lr .; yelsh' summarize var1 var2 summarize var1 var2, detail úp,Hfha jHdma;sh ;jÿrg;a wjfndaO lr .ekSu i|yd my; úOdkh Ndú;d lsrSug mq¿jk' inspect var1 var2 ixLHdk jHdma;sh ,nd .ekSug tab hkak Ndú;d lrhs' tab var 1 tab var1 var2 óg wu;rj my; úOdkh Ndú;d lsrSfukao jHDma;h ,nd .; yelsh' stem economics 4* | 59 5* | 8 6* | 489 7* | 3466778 8* | 135 fuu.ska olajkafka 45 yd 49 f,i y;,aia .Kka j,aka mgka .kakd folla we;s njhs' 58 tajd we;af;a tlls' fï wdos jYfhka o;a;hkaf.a jHdma;sh olajhs' wmg wjYH ldKav wkqj uq,sl ixLHdkuh .Kkhka ,nd .ekSu i|yd my; úOdkh Ndú;d l< yelsh' ta i|yd uq,skau ldKav.; o;a;h wkqms<sfj,g ilia l< hq;=h' sort sex by sex: sum var1 tfiau fuysos ta ta ldKavh wkqj úp,Hfha idrdxYhla olajk w;r wmg f;drd.;a tla ldKavhl muKla idrxYhla ,nd .ekSu i|yd my; úOdkh Ndú;d l< yelsh' sum incomeafter if gend=="1 Male" ks;r ks;r úp,Hhka ldKavhka Ndú;d lrhs kï ta i|yd tla kula fhdod .; yels w;r fuu.ska kej; kej; tu úp,H ldKavfha ku we;=<;a l< hq;= fkdfõ' ta wkqj os.= úp,Hhka m%udKhla kej; kej; ghsma lsrSu wjYH fkdjkq we;' local macvar var1 var2 var3 var4 sum `macvar’ flfia fj;;a fuysos Ndú;d lr we;s ixfla; ms<sn|j jeä wjOdkhla fhduq l< hq;=h' ~ ,nd f.k we;af;a ~ hk ,l=K we;s h;=frka jk w;r ’ ,nd f.k we;af;a “ we;s h;=frks' wm ,nd ÿka fuu kj úp,Hfha ku wod, ixfÅ;o iu. ksjerosj Ndú;d fkdl<fyd;a isÿ .Kkh lsrSu isÿ fkdfõ'


15

6. m%;smdhkh m%;smdhk m%;sM,hka iagdgd yryd ,nd .ekSu b;du;a myiqh' ta i|yd wjYH jkafka uq,skau m%;smdhk úOdkh;a bka wk;=rej mrdh;a; úp,Hh;a bkamiq iajdh;a; úp,Hh fyda úp,Hkq;a oelaùuhs' reg var1 var2 var3 var4 idudkHfhka iagdgd u.ska m%;smdhkh i|yd wka;xlKavhla ,nd fok w;r wka;xlKavh wjYH fkdfõ kï ta nj úOdkhg tla l< hq;=h' reg var1 var2 var3 var4, nocons óg wu;rj fuu úOdkh iu.u ;j;a jeo.;a úOdkhka ls%hd;aul l< yelsh' wmg m%;smdhkh l< hq;af;a o;a; f.dkqfõ msrsñ md¾Ijhg wod, o;a;hkag muKlakï ta i|yd if hkak fhdod .; yelsh' fuysos sex keu;s úp,Hh 1 u.ska msrsñ md¾Yjh olajk f,i o;a; moaO;sh ilia lr ;sìh hq;=h' reg var1 var2 var3 var4 if sex==1 úYu m%úp,;djh we;s úg Ndú;d l< yels Wml%uhla f,i robust m%;smdhkh o b;d myiqfjka .Kkh l< yelh' reg var1 var2 var3 var4 , robust by; oelajQfha ir, f¾íh m%;smdhkh jk w;r óg wu;rj f,dcsÜ yd fm%dìÜ m%;smdhkhkao fï yryd ,nd .; yelsh' logit var1 var2 var3 var4 flfiaj fj;;a fuysos iajdh;a; úp,Hh fuu wlD;shg iqÿiq jk w.hla úh hq;=h' ^var 1 ys w.h 0 fyda 1 ùu& probit var1 var2 var3 var4 iy iïnkaO;djh .Kkh lsrSu i|y my; úOdkh Ndú;d l< yels w;r tu.ska iy iïnkaO;d kHdih ,nd foa' corr var1 var2 m%;smdhkhlska wk;=rej idudkHfhka wmg weia;fïka;= w.h iy fodaI moH .Kkh l< yelsh' fuysos my; úOdkhka u.ska ,nd fokafka wjika jrg weia;fïka;= l< m%;smdhkhg wod,jhs' predict yhat tfiau fodaI moh weia;fïka;= lsrSug predict res, residual oekg úúO j¾.fha m%;smdhk l%ufõohka oshqKq lr we;s ksid wmg wjYH m%;smdhkh i|yd iagdgd j, ta ta m%;smdhk j¾.hg wkqj úOdkh ,nd osh hq;=h' fõ i|yd wjYH jk úOkhka fidhd .ekSu i|yd iagdgd Wmldrl Help mdúÉÑ lrkak' tfia ke;skï úOdkh olajk ljq¿fõ help hkak ^ghsma& i|yka lr Tng oek.ekSug wjYH ud;Dldj olajkak' m%;smdhkh i|yd Wmldrlh ,nd .ekSug help reg fyda h r hkak muKla ghsma lr tkag¾ lsrSu m%udKj;a fõ'

l,ams; mrSlaIdj wm weia;fïka;=jla isÿ lsrSfuka wk;=rej fuu meflach yryd b;d myiqfjka l,ams; mrSlaIdj isÿ l< yelsh' fuysos var1=0 hkak mrSlaId lsrSu i|yd ,nd osh hq;af;a test var2 hkak muKs' flfia fj;;a fuu w.h 0 muKla fkdj fjk;a w.hka ie,ls,a,g .ksñkao l,ams; mrSlaIdj l< yelsh' test var2 =0.5 tfiau úp,Hhka foll fyda lsysmhl w.h lsishï w.hlg iudk ùu mrSlaId lsrSug my; úOdkh Ndú;d lsrSug mq¿jk' test var2+var3 = 1


16

fuys by; olajd we;af;a f¾íh l,ams;hka mrSlaId lrk wdldrh fõ' l,ams; mrSlaIdfõos wmg wjYH lrk fjfiishd uÜgu oelaùu yd wfkl=;a m%;smdhkfhaos Ndú;d l< yels úOdkhka Wm.%ka;fha m%;smdhkh hgf;a olajd we;' wmg m%;smdhkhla fkdlr fuu úOdkfhka l,ams; mrSlaIdj isÿ l< fkdyels w;r ta ta m%;smdhkh wkqj Bg .e,fmk l,ams; mrSlaIdjg wod, úOdkh ,nd osh hq;=h' idudkHfhka m%;smdhkhla fkdlr o;a; fYa%Kdhla i|yd t mrSlaIdjla isÿ lsrSugo yelsh' ta i|yd my; úOdkh fhdod .kak' tysos mrSlaId lrkafka úp,H1 ys w.h 80 úuhs' ttest var1=80


17

7. m%ia;dr ks¾udKh

ia:ïN m%ia;dr iagdgd ;=< m%ia;dr ks¾udKh i|yd fyd| bvlvla mj;s' wfkl=;a meflac yryd myiqfjka ks¾udKh lr .; fkdyels m%ia;dr fuu yryd b;d myiqfjka ks¾udKh lr .; yel' graph bar var1 var2 fuu úOdkh u.ska ta ta úp,Hfha uOHkh we;=<;a ia:ïN m%ia;drhla ks¾udKh l< yelsh' lsishï ldKav.; úp,Hhla wkqj fuu m%ia;drh ks¾udKh lsrSug tl;= l< hq;= úOdk fldgi my; oelafõ' graph bar economics sinhala geography, over( gender) rEm igyk 7( uOHkh wkqj yd ldKav wkqj ia:ïN m%ia;drh

020

4060

80

Female Male

mean of economics mean of sinhalamean of geography

óg wu;rj ia:ïN m%ia;drhla úp,Hhka folla wkqj ks¾udKh i|yd Ndú;d l< hq;af;a my; úOdkhhs' twoway (bar subject fcat) ;sria w;g ia:ïN ,nd .ekSu i|yd úOdkh Ndú;d l< yelsh' graph hbar economics sinhala

úisrs ;s;a igyk fuysos o Ndú;d jkafka by; úOdkhg iudk úOdkhls' fuu.skao b; jeo.;a m%ia;dr j¾. lsysmhla ks¾udKh lsrSug mq¿jk' twoway scatter y dex fjk;a úp,Hhla wkqj úisrs ;s;a igyk ks¾udKhg my; úOdkh Ndú;d lrkak' fuu.ska gender wkqj fjka jQ úisrs ;s;a iys; m%ia;dr folla ,efí' twoway scatter economics sinhala, by( gender) rEm igyk 8( ldKav wkqj úisrs ;s;a igyk

4060

80

40 50 60 70 80 40 50 60 70 80

Female Male

Eco

nomics

SinhalaGraphs by Gender


18

;j;a úp,Hhlao wkqj fuu úisrs ;s;a igyk ks¾udKh l< yelsh' twoway scatter economics sinhala, by( gender marage) flfia fj;;a wmg ;sria w;g msysgk m%ia;dr m%udKh ;srKh lsrSug my; úOdkh tla lsrSfuka mq¿jk' twoway scatter y dex, by(sex kwit, cols(2)) fuysos ;sria w;g m%ia;dr folla muKla ;SrKh jk w;r isr;a w;g wfkla m%iaa;dr msysghs' tfiau fuu úisrs ;s;a igyk i|ydu m%;smdhkfha weia;fïka;=.; f¾Ldj ks¾udKh l< yelsh' twoway (scatter y dex) (lfit y dex) twoway (scatter economics ageoa) (lfit economics ageoa) rEm igyk 9( úisrs ;s;a igyk yd m%;smdhk f¾Ldj

4050

6070

8090

Eco

nom

ics/

Fitt

ed v

alue

s

20 22 24 26 28 30age of the aplicant

Economics Fitted v alues

twoway (scatter y dex) (lfit y dex), ytitle(socre of y) o;a; ldKav folla tlu úisrs ;s;a igyk ks¾udKh i|yd my; úOdkh fhdod .; yelsh' twoway (scatter economics sinhala) (scatter geography sinhala) rEm igyk 10( úisrs ;s;a igyka lsysmhla tlg Ndú;h'

4050

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8090

Econ

omic

s/G

eogr

aphy

40 50 60 70 80Sinhala

Economics Geography

fuu úisrs ;s;a igyk i|yd weia;fïka;=.; f¾Ldjkao ks¾udKh l< yelsh' fuysos weia;fïka;=.; f¾Ldjka folla ,nd .; yelsh'


19

twoway (scatter dex y) (scatter lex y) (lfit dex y) (lfit lex y) tfiau úisrs ;s;a igyka ldKavh i|yd o weia;fïka;=.; Ys%;h ks¾udKh l< yelsh' twoway (scatter y dex) (lfit y dex), by(sex kwit ) fujeks m%ia;drhl ;s;a kï lsrSug wjYH jkafka kï ta i|yd my; úOdkh fhdod .; yelsh' twoway (scatter economics sinhala, mlabel ( name)) rEm igyk 11( úisrs ;s;a igyka l< m%ia;drh

m%ia;drh i|yd ku ,nd oSu

graph twoway scatter y dex, title("Scatterplot of Reading and Writing") m%iaa;drfha ku l¿ wl=reka ,nd oSug wjYH jkafka kï t nj my; mrsos oelaúh yelsh' graph twoway scatter y dex, title("Scatterplot of Reading and Writing", color(black) position(12)) fuysos ia:dkh oelaùfïos 12 olajd we;af;a Trf,daiqjl lÜg olajk wdldrhg fõ' my; úOdkfha 5 oelaùfuka Trf,daiqfõ 5 we;s ia:dkhg wkql=,j ud;Dldj ia:dk .; fõ' tfiau m%ia:drh we;=<;o msg;skao hkak rska.a hkak u.ska olajd we;' graph twoway scatter y dex, title("Scatterplot of Reading and Writing", size(large) position(5)) graph twoway scatter economics ageoa, title(Distribution of the marks, size (large) position(12)) rEm igyk 12( ud;Dldj fhdok ,o úisrs ;s;a igyk

4050

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Eco

nom

ics

20 22 24 26 28 30age of the aplicant

Distribution of the marks


20

ud;Dldj" Wm ud;Dldj igukla yd Wmqgd .ekSu wdosh olajk wdldrh' graph twoway scatter y dex, title("Scatterplot of Reading and Writing") subtitle("1996-2002") note(secondary data) caption("www.asia.com") igyk yd Wmqgd .ekSu wdosfhao ia:dkh yd wl=re m%udKh fjkia lsrSu ud;Dldfõ mrsosu fõ' graph twoway scatter y dex, title("Scatterplot of Reading and Writing") subtitle("1996-1999") note(secondary data,size(medium) position(5)) caption("www.asia.com",size(vsmall) position(5)) graph twoway scatter economics sinhala, title("Scatterplot Graph") subtitle("1996-1999") note(secondary data,size(medium) position(5)) caption("www.asia.com",size(vsmall) position(5)) rEm igyk 13( m%ia;drhlg wjYH wfkl=;a igyka fhÿ úisrs ;s;a igyk

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Eco

nom

ics

40 50 60 70 80Sinhala

secondary datawww.asia.com

1996-1999Scatterplot Graph

X yd Y wlaIhkays kï fjkia lsrSu' ta i|yd l< hq;af;a xtitle fyda ytitle hkak Ndú;d lsrSuhs' graph twoway scatter y dex, ytitle(Econ) wlaIhkaf.a ÿr m%udKhka fjkia lsrSu' fuysos idudkHh iagdgd olajk m%udKhg jvd y wlaIH fo.=Khlskao X wlaIh 4 .=Khlskao jeä lr m%ia;drh ks¾udKH lrhs' graph twoway scatter y dex, ysize(2) xsize(4) úisrs ;s;a igyfka ;s;aj, m%udKh yd wlaIhkaf.a m%udKh fjkia lsrSu' idudkH m%udKh fuka fo.=Khlska ,laIhka olajk ;s;l m%udKh fukau uq¿ m%ia;drfha m%udKhu jeä lsrSu i|yd my; úOdkh fhdod .; yelsh' graph twoway scatter y dex, scale(2) fuu úOdkhka Ndú;fhka m%ia;drhl wjYH jk ish¿ úOdk ,nd foñka mrsmq¾K m%ia;drhla ks¾udKh l< yelsh' úfYaIfhka fuu úOdkhkaf.a fldaudj yd jryka ,l=fKa Ndú;h ms<sn|j wjOdkh fhduq lrkak' tu úOdkhka jeros f,i Ndú;d l<fyd;a úOdkhka ksis mrsos ls%hd;aul fkdfõ' graph twoway scatter y dex, scheme(economist) graph twoway scatter economics sinhala, scheme(economist)


21

rEm igyk 14( bfldkñlaia hk f;aï tl Ndú;d l< m%ia;drh'

Eco

nom

ics

40 50 60 70 80Sinhala

by; úOdkh u.ska wmg úúO wdldrfha ilia lsrSï wkqj m%ia;dr ,nd .; yelsh' ialSï lsysmhlau iagdgd ;=< wka;¾.; fõ' Tng iagdgd fy,ama yryd fï ms<sn|j úia;r ,nd .; yelsh' my; úOdkhka ,nd foóka ,efnkakd jQ m%ia;dr ksrSlaIKh lrkak' fuysos economist hkafkka woyia jkafka wd¾Ól úoHd iÕrdfõ Ndú;djk m%ñ;shkag wkqj ks¾udKh lrk m%ia;drh fõ' s2color,s2mono, s2manual, s1rcolor, s1color, s1mono, sj economist ;s;a igykl ;s;aj, yevh" mdg iy m%udKh fjkia lsrSu'2 twoway (scatter y dex, msymbol(square) msize(small) mcolor(black)) ;s;a igyfka ;s;la úia;rd;aul w.h we;=<;a lsrSug my; úOdkh Ndú;d l< yelsh' twoway (scatter y dex if sex ==0, mlabel( sex) mlabposition(12) mlabsize(large) mlabcolor(red)) fuysos .ema úOdkh b;d jeo.;a úh yelsh' tfia fkdjqkfyd;a ;s;a u; úia;rhka oelaùu u.ska m%ia;drfha meyeos,s nj wvq fõ' twoway (scatter y dex if sex ==0, mlabel( sex) mlabangle(90) mlabposition(12) mlabgap(5)) fuysos o;a;hka úia;r lsrSu i|yd sex hk úp,Hh Ndú;d lrk w;r th olajkafka ,laIfha isg wxYl 90 la tkï ;sria w;g jk w;r mlaposition 12 ,nd oSu yryd th ,laIhg yrs by,ska olajk w;r ;s;a yd fuu úia;r lsrSu w;r mr;rh 5 ls' fïjd fjkia lrñka m%ia;dr ks¾udKh lr n,kak' twoway (scatter economics sinhala, mlabel( gender) mlabangle(90) mlabposition(12) mlabgap(5)) rEm igyk 15( ;sria w;g ,laI kï l, úisrs ;s;a igyk'

Fem

ale

Fem

ale

Fem

ale

Fem

ale

Fem

ale

Fem

ale

Fem

ale

Mal

e

Mal

e

Mal

e Mal

e

Mal

e

Mal

e

Mal

e

Mal

e

Mal

e

4050

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Eco

nom

ics

40 50 60 70 80Sinhala

2 Wm.%ka;h ;=< fï i|yd rEm igykla we;=,;a lr we;' Wm .%ka;h 03 n,kak


22

f¾Ld m%ia;dr ks¾udKh fuu my; úOdkh u.ska ,laIhka iïnkaO l< f¾Ld m%ia;drh ,nd .e; yelsh' graph twoway connected conform subject twoway (scatter subject conform, connect(l) sort) fuysos sort hkak Ndú;d fkdlsrSug mq¿jk' kuq;a o;a;hkaf.a wkqms<Sfj,la ;sìu jeo.;ah' tfia fkdjqkfyda;a ks¾udkh jk m%ia;drh wmyeos,s úug mq¿jk' ld,fYa%Ks o;a; i|yd tu úOdkh fkdfhoSug fndfyda úg mq¿jk' twoway (scatter subject fscore, connect(l) clwidth(medthick) clcolor(black) clpattern(dot) sort) twoway (scatter economics sinhala, connect(l) clwidth(medthick) clcolor(black) clpattern(dot) sort) rEm igyk 16( lv brs u.ska iïnkaOl, f¾Ld m%ia;drh'

4050

6070

8090

Econ

omic

s

40 50 60 70 80Sinhala

lv brla u.ska ,laI hd lsrSug fuu úOdkh WmldrS fõ' twoway (scatter subject conform, connect(l) sort cmissing(n)) by; úOdkfhka w.hla fkdue;s úp,Hhka i|yd f¾Ldj hd fkdù mj;S' f¾Ldjlska muKla m%ia:drh ks¾udKh i|yd my; úOdkh Ndú;d l< yelsh' graph twoway line subject conform graph twoway line economics sinhala, sort rEm igyk 17( f¾Ld m%ia;drh'

4050

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Econ

omic

s

40 50 60 70 80Sinhala


23

úisrs ;s;a iy f¾Ld m%ia;drh hk l%u folu tlu m%ia;drhl Ndú;d l< yelsh' twoway (line subject conform) (scatter subject fscore) wmg f¾Ld m%ia;drfhka wdjrKh lrk ,o j¾.M,h olajk m%ia;drhla ks¾udKhg my; úOdkh Ndú;d l< yelsh' graph twoway area conform subject, sort l=vd f¾Ld u.ska m%ia;drh ks¾udKh i|y my; úOdkh fhdod .kS' graph twoway spike conform subject

j¾.M,h yd mr;rh olajk m%ia;dr ks¾udKh graph twoway area economics sinhala, sort rEm igyk 18( j¾.M,h olajk m%ia;drh

graph twoway dropline conform subject graph twoway dropline economics sinhala rEm igyk 19( ,laI my;g brs u.ska iïnkaO l< m%ia;drh

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omic

s

40 50 60 70 80Sinhala


24

by< yd my< w.hka we;s úg tu mr;rh olajk m%ia;drh my; mrsos ,nd .; yelsh' graph twoway rarea subject low t graph twoway rarea BirthRate DathRate year rEm igyk 20( mr;rh olajk m%ia;dr igyk

fuu m%ia;drhu l%u lsysmhlg ,nd .; yelsh' flfia fj;;a ta i|yd wksjd¾fhka úp,Hhka ;=kla wjYH fõ' úfYaIfhka mr;rh jeo.;a jk o;a;hka i|yd fuh Ndú;d l< yelsh' graph twoway rbar subject low t rEm igyk 21( mr;rh ia:ïN u.ska oelaùu

.51

1.5

22.

5B

irthR

ate/

Dat

hRat

e

1980 1985 1990 1995 2000y ear

fufia mr;rh olajk m%ia;dr úúO wdldrhg ks¾udKh lr .; yelsh' ta i|yd Ndú;d l< yels úOdk lsysmhla my; oelafõ' graph twoway rspike subject low t graph twoway rcap subject low t graph twoway rcapsym subject low t graph twoway rscatter subject low t graph twoway rline subject low t graph twoway rconnected subject low t fuu tl tl úOdkh wkqj ks¾udKh lr .; yels m%ia:drhka ms<sn|j wjfndaOhla ,nd .ekSu i|yd ta ta úOdkh wkqj m%ia;dr ks¾udkh lr n,kak'


25

graph twoway rcapsym DathRate BirthRate year rEm igyk 22( mr;rh olajk f¾Ld m%ia;drhla

.51

1.5

22.

5D

athR

ate/

Birt

hRat

e

1980 1985 1990 1995 2000y ear

ir, f¾Åh YS%;hl weia;fïka;=.; f¾Ldj ,nd .ekSu' graph twoway lfit gdpgr consgr jHdma;sh ir,f¾Åh fkdú jl% iajrEmhla .kafka kï th my; mrsos ,nd .ekSug mq¿jk' j¾.c m%ldYkhl kï

n,hla f,i olajd we;s wfmalaIs; f¾Ldj Quadratic prediction plot f¾Åh fkdjk weia;fïka;= f¾Ldj" fjfiishd;aul nj yd úisrs ;s;a igyk ks¾udKh my; mrsos isÿ l< yelsh' graph twoway qfit gdpgr consgr graph twoway (scatter economics sinhala) (qfitci economics sinhala) rEm igyk 23( f¾Åh fkdjk weia;fïka;= f¾Ldj" fjfiishd;aul nj yd úisrs ;s;a igyk

uq,hla f,i olajd we;s wfmalaIs; f¾Ldj Fractional polynomial plot graph twoway fpfit read write


26

fjfiishd;aul nj wkqj by; f¾Ldjka ks¾udKh i|yd by; úOdkhka i|yd we;=<;a l< hq;af;a ci hkakh' graph twoway lfitci gdpgr invgr twoway (lfitci economics ageoa)(scatter economics ageoa) rEm igyk 24 f¾Åh weia;fïka;= Ys%;h iy fjfiishd;aul uÜgï

mhs m%ia;dr ks¾udKh fuysos úp,Hhkaf.a tl;=j we;=<;a úp,Hhka ;=kla ;sìu jeo.;a fõ' graph pie var1 var2 var3

v ar1 v ar2v ar3


27

cd,f¾Lh ks¾udKH cd,f¾Lfha jeo.;a m%fhdack lsysmhlau we;' úfYaIfhkau úp,Hhl jHdma;sh olajk wdldrh wkqj fuu.ska cd,f¾Lh ks¾udKh l< yelsh' graph twoway histogram gdpgr rEm igyk 25( cd,f¾Lh

0.0

1.0

2.0

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4.0

5D

ensit

y

50 60 70 80Economics

Kernel density plot ,nd .ekSu i|yd graph twoway kdensity consgr graph twoway kdensity economics rEm igyk 26( jHdma;sh olajk m%ia;dr igyk

.01

.02

.03

.04

.05

kden

sity

econ

omics

40 50 60 70 80 90x


28

by; m%ia;dr fol tlla u; oelaùfuka jHdma;sh ms<sn| fyd| wjfndaOhla ,efí' hist economics, normal rEm igyk 27( cd,f¾Lh iy jHdma;s igyk

0.0

1.0

2.0

3.0

4.0

5D

ensi

ty

40 50 60 70 80 90Economics

kHdi m%ia;drh fuu m%ia;drh ,nd .ekSu i|yd my; úOdkh Ndú;d lsrSug mq¿jk' graph matrix gdpgr consgr invgr unemp graph matrix economics sinhala geography rEm igyk 28( kHdi m%ia;drh graph star su bject conform fscore

40 60 80

40 60 80

60 80 100

economis

sinhala

geography


29

my; m%ia;drfhka olajkafka úp,Hhkaf.a ksrSlaIK jHdma;shhs' graph box economics sinhala geography rEm igyk 29( jHdma;sh olajk m%ia;drhla

4050

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Economics SinhalaGeography

idudkHfhka jHdma;shl m%u; jHdma;sh y÷kd .ekSu m%;smdhkhlos jeo.;a fõ' wm ta i|yd Ndú;d jk m%ia;drsl l%uh i,luq' my; m%u; jHdma;shl tfia fkdjk jHdma;shl m%ia;drhka olajd we;' kdensity economics, normal rEm igyk 30( úp,Hfha o;a; jHdma;sh iy m%u;nj

0.0

2.0

4.0

6.0

8.1

Dens

ity

0 5 10 15 20nor

Kernel density estimateNormal density

symplot nor symplot nnor rEm igyk 31( jHdma;sfha m%u;nj y÷kd .ekSug Ndú;dl< yels m%ia;dr

02

46

810

Dis

tanc

e ab

ove

med

ian

0 2 4 6 8 10Distance below median

nor

02

46

810

Dist

ance

abo

ve m

edia

n

0 2 4 6 8 10Distance below median

nnor

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8De

nsity

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ity

00 55 1010 1515 2020nnornnor

Kernel density estimateKernel density estimateNormal densityNormal density


30

qnorm nor qnorm nnor rEm igyk 32( jHdma;sfha m%u;nj y÷kd .ekSug Ndú;dl< yels m%ia;dr

05

1015

20no

r

0 5 10 15 20Inv erse Normal

pnorm nor pnorm nnor rEm igyk 33( jHdma;sfha m%u;nj y÷kd .ekSug Ndú;dl< yels m%ia;dr

0.00

0.25

0.50

0.75

1.00

Norm

al F

[(no

r-m)/

s]

0.00 0.25 0.50 0.75 1.00Empirical P[i] = i/(N+1)

wm ixLHd jHdma;shla m%;smdhkhlg Ndú;d lsrSug fmr tys jHdma;s iajNdjh yÿkd .ekSu;a ta wkqj iqÿiq m%;smdhk l%ufõoh f;dard .ekSug;a wjYH fõ' fuysos m%ia;drsl l%uhg o;a;hkays jHdma;sh y÷kd .ekSu i|yd my; úOdkh Ndú;d lsrSu iqÿh' gladder economics flfia fj;;a fuu úOdkh yryd my; wdldrfhaka m%ia;drh ks¾udKh i|yd ;rula fj,d .; úug mq¿jk' ta ksid tu úOdkfha g wlaIrh fkdue;sj úOdkh lsrSu yryd ixLHd;aul .Kkh lsrSu l< yelsh' ta wkqj my; m%;sM,hka ,o yelsh' fuysos chi2(2) w.h wvqu jHdma;sh tu úp,Hhkaf.a o;a; jHdma;sh úia;r lsrSug jvd fhda.H nj mejish yel'

-50

510

1520

nnor

-5 0 5 10 15 20Inv erse Normal

0.00

0.25

0.50

0.75

1.00

Norm

al F

[(nn

or-m

)/s]

0.00 0.25 0.50 0.75 1.00Empirical P[i] = i/(N+1)


31

ladder economics Transformation formula chi2(2) P(chi2) ------------------------------------------------------------------ cubic econom~s^3 1.14 0.564 square econom~s^2 2.67 0.263 raw econom~s 4.59 0.101 square-root sqrt(econom~s) 5.58 0.062 log log(econom~s) 6.63 0.036 reciprocal root 1/sqrt(econom~s) 7.71 0.021 reciprocal 1/econom~s 8.81 0.012 reciprocal square 1/(econom~s^2) 10.96 0.004 reciprocal cubic 1/(econom~s^3) 12.94 0.002 gladder economics rEm igyk 34( úp,Hhl jHdma;s igyk úúO jHdma;Ska wkqj'

01.0e

-06

2.0e

-06

3.0e

-06

4.0e

-06

100000200000300000400000500000600000

cubic

01.0

e-042.

0e-0

43.

0e-0

4

2000 3000 4000 5000 6000 7000

square

0.0

1.02.0

3.04.0

5

40 50 60 70 80 90

identi ty

0.2

.4.6

.81

6.5 7 7.5 8 8.5 9

sqrt

01

23

4

3.8 4 4.2 4.4

log0

2040

60

-.15 -.14 -.13 -.12 -.11

1/s qrt

050

1001

50200

250

-.022 -.02 -.018 -.016 -.014 -.012

inverse

0200

040006

00080

00

-.0005 -.0004 -.0003 -.0002 -.0001

1/s quare

01.0e

+05

2.0e

+05

3.0e

+05

4.0e

+05

-.000012-.00001-8.00e-06-6.00e-06-4.00e-06-2.00e-06

1/c ubic

Den

sity

EconomicsHistograms by transformation

Wm.%ka;h

iagdgd o;a; úYaf,aIKh i|yd ksoiqk 01

wm Excel ys we;s o;a; Stata i|yd uq,skau ,nd .uq' ta i|yd CSV *hs,a j¾.h wkqj fuu Excel Sheet tl Save lrkak' wm fuh Save lrkafka C ys helping hk f*da,avrfha hhs is;uq' rEm igyk 35( iagdgd i|yd ,nd .ekSug tlafi, jevigyk ilia lsrSu insheet using C:\helping\Book1.csv hk úOdkh Stata ys Stata Command ys we;=<;a lrkak' save C:\helping\marks.dta by; úOdkfhaka wmg wmf.a o;a;hka Stata j¾.fha *hs,a tlla f,i Save lr .; yelsh' list name gender economics sinhala geography hk úOdkh u.ska wjYH úp,Hhkak muKla ksrSlaIKh lrkak' msrsñ wd¾Ól úoHdj i|yd 75 g jeäfhka ,nd .;a wh oek .ekSug my; úOdkh Ndú;d lsrSug mq¿jk' list name economics sinhala geography if gender=="Male" & economics>75 o;a; ms<sn| idrdxYhla ,nd .ekSug my; úOdkh ,nd fokak' sum wms oeka kj úp,Hhla ks¾udKh lruq' fuys wjYH;djh kï ta ta ksrSlaIKh wxlkh lsrSuhs' gen id=_n wmg oeka sort úOdkh Ndú;d lr by<u ,l=Kq ,nd .;a wh ksrSlaIKh l< yelsh' sort economics kej; uq,ska ;snQ mrsos wkqms<sfj, ieliSug


34

sort id wmg úIhka ;=fkys ,l=Kq tl;= lsrSu i|yd my; úOdkh ,nd osh yelsh' gen total= economics +sinhala+ geography my; úOdkfha l=uk úp,Hh 1 ù we;soehs ksrSlaIKh l< yelsh' list vgender if vgender==1 tysos fmfkkafka female hkak wxl 1 u.ska olajk njhs' ta ksid wmg wjYH wdldrhg wkqj fuu w.hka wxlkh l< yelsh' replace vgender=0 if vgender==1 replace vgender=1 if vgender==2 ta wkqj ia;s% 0 f,i;a mqreI 1 f,i;a tu úp,Hfha w.hka wdfrdamKh fõ' mT úp,Hhla f,i ks¾udKh i|yd tab gender,gen(dum) fuysos úp,Hhka folla dum1 ys dum 2 f,i ks¾udKh ù we;' wmg ta ta mqoa.,hdf.a jhi ,nd .ekSu i|yd Stata i|yd Birthday hk úp,H osk we;=<;a úp,Hhla njg m;a l< hq;=h' ta i|yd gen ubithday= date( birthday,"mdy") format ubithday %d wmg ta ta mqoa.,hdf.a jhi ,nd .ekSu i|yd wo oskh i|yka l< úp,Hla ks¾udKh lr bka wk;=rej Wmka oskfhka wvq l, úg jhi ,nd .; yelsh' gen str8 date = "6/6/2007" fyda gen date="6/6/2007" hk wdldr foflka TkEu úOdkhla Ndú;d lsrSug mq¿jk' gen today =date( date,"dmy") format today %d hk úOdkhka ,nd fokak' jhi ,nd .ekSu i|yd my; úOdkh ,nd fokak' túg age keu;s úp,H ks¾udKh jQj;a tys we;af;a jhi oskj,sks' gen age= today- ubithday oskj,ska we;s jhi wjqreÿ j,ska ,nd .ekSu i|yd wm osk .Kk 365'25 fnouq' fuu.ska b;du;a wdikak ksjeros w.hla ,nd .; yelsh' gen ageoa= age/365.25 jhi wjqreÿ 27 g jeä wh y÷kd .ekSu i|yd kj úp,Hhla limita f,i ;kuq' gen str5 limita="ok" fuu.ska ok f,i w.hka 16 la ks¾udKh fõ' wm tu m%ldYh wmg wjYH mrsos fjkia lruq' replace limita="no" if ageoa>=27 wmg fuu jhi jeä whf.a wfkl=;a o;a;hka ksrSlaIKh i|yd my; úOdkh Ndú;d lsrSug mq¿jk' list index_no name gender economics sinhala geography total if limita=="no" ,l=Kq wkqj m<uq fojk ia:dk ,nd oSu i|yd my; úOdkh Ndú;d lsrSug mq¿jk' wms total f,i uq¿ tl;=j ,nd f.k we;s ksid tu ld¾hh b;d myiqfjka isÿ l< yelsh' gsort -total fuu.ska wjfrdayK wdldrhg ms<sfj<g ksrSlaIK fm<.eiaúh yelsh' oeka wmg fuu w.hkag wkqms<sfj, ,nd oSu isÿ l< yelsh' gen class=_n


35

fuysos tlu uq¿ ,l=Kq ixLHdj we;s wh isÜhfyd;a fufia wxlkh lsrSu idOdrK fkdfõ' ta ksid tlu uq¿ ,l=Kq ixLHdj we;s wh we;so hkak ksrSlaIKhg my; úOdkh Ndú;d l< yelsh' tab total idudkHh .Kkh lsrSu i|yd wmg my; úOdkh Nú;d l< yelsh' flfia fj;;a fufia ;ks úOdkh Ndú;d lsrSug wu;rj fjk;a oS¾. l%u Ndú;d l< yelsh' WodyrKhla f,i idudkH ,nd .ekSu i|yd wmg uq¿ ,l=Kq ixLHdj 3 ka fnosh yel' egen mean=rmean( economics sinhala geography) wmg idudkHfhka ,l=Kq ixLHdj fjkqjg A, B, C wdos ixfÅ; Ndú;d lsrSug wjYH jkafka kï wmg my; úOdkhka Ndú;d lsrSug mq¿jk' gen gradeecon="A " wmg oeka wd¾Ól úoHdjg we;s ,l=Kq .Kk wkqj fuu ixfÅ; fjkia l< yelsh' replace gradeecon="B" if economics<75 replace gradeecon="C" if economics<65 replace gradeecon="D" if economics<55 fuysos .KkhlsrSu olajd we;af;a wd¾Ól úoHdjg muKls' wfkl=;a úIhka i|yd o fuu l%ufõoh Ndú;d lsrSug mq¿jk' wmg wjYH lrk fldkafoais wkqj mqoa.,hka ms<sn| f;dr;=re ,nd .ekSu i|yd my; úOdkhka Ndú;d l< yelsh' list index_no initials name if gender=="Male" & ageoa<27 & gradeecon=="A" & mean>75 by; úOdkh u.ska wmg msrsñ jhi wjqreÿ 27 g wvq wd¾Ól úoHdjg A idud¾:hla we;s uOHkHh 75 g jeäfhka ,nd we;s mqoa.,hl= fidhd .ekSu i|yd fõ' tl fldkafoais imqrd,k mqoa.,hkaf.a index_no initials name hk f;dr;=re fmkakqï lrhs' wm fuu o;a;hka ilia lr .ekSfïos wmg wjYH fkdjk úp,H ks¾udKh lrf.k we;s ksid tajd fuu o;a; moaO;sfhka bj;a lruq' wm ks¾udKh lr .;a mU úp,Hh jk dum 2 i|yd f,n,a l< yelh' label define dum2 1 "Male" 0 "Female" 3 "N/A" weka wms dum2 wkqj o;a;hka wkqms<sfj,g ilia lruq' fuys wjYH;djh jkafka by úOdkh Ndú;hg fmr fufia sort l< hq;= ksidh' sort dum2 by dum2: sum l,ams; mrSlaIdjla isÿ lsrSu wd¾Ól úoHdj i|yd ,l=Kq 50 la ,nd .ekSu ms<Sn|j l,ams; mrSlaIdjla isÿ lsrSu i,luq' ttest economics=0 fuu mrSlaIdj ia;s% mqreInj wkqj i,lk wdldrh ie,lsh yel' by dum2: ttest economics=50 iy iïnkaO;d kHdih iy iy iïnkaO;d m%ia;drh ks¾udKh lsrSu ó,.g i,luq' corr economics sinhala geography m%ia;drh i|yd my; úOdkh ,nd fokak' graph matrix economics sinhala geography my; úOdkfha m%;sM,ho ksrSlaIKh lrkak' graph matrix economics sinhala geography, half


36

rEm igyk 36( úYhkaf.a uOHk ,l=Kq wkqj ia:ïN m%ia;drh fuu m%ia;drh ,nd .ekSu i|yd my; úOdkh ,nd osh yelsh' graph hbar economics sinhala geography, title(mean of the subjects) caption(make use stata)

0 20 40 60 80

make use stata

mean of the subjects

mean of economics mean of sinhalamean of geography


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iagdgd o;a; úYaf,aIKh i|yd ksoiqk 02( m%;smdhkh iagdgd yryd m%;smdhkhka lsrSfïos ta i|yd fyd| bvlvla mj;S' flfia fj;;a fuysos wmg úúO m%;smdhkhka iy Bg wod, .Kkh lsrSï i|yd iagdgd u.ska ,nd fok úOkhkag wu;rj mshjf¾ka mshjr tu .Kkh lsrSu l< yelsh' wms b;=reï iy wdodhu ms<sn|j we;s in|;djh ms<sn|j Wml,ams; o;a;hka Ndú;d lr m%;smdhkhla isÿ lruq' savings income 1000 9000 1500 10000 1400 12000 1200 7000 950 5000 2000 8000 2000 9000 800 6000 1300 7000 2670 11000 fuu o;a;hka Ndú;d lrñka ir, wvq;u m%;smdhkh isÿ lsrSu i,luq' reg savings income Source | SS df MS Number of obs = 10 -------------+------------------------------ F( 1, 8) = 4.03 Model | 1020716.76 1 1020716.76 Prob > F = 0.0797 Residual | 2027443.24 8 253430.405 R-squared = 0.3349 -------------+------------------------------ Adj R-squared = 0.2517 Total | 3048160 9 338684.444 Root MSE = 503.42 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ savings | Coef. Std. Err. t P>|t| [95% Conf. Interval] -------------+---------------------------------------------------------------- income | .1516216 .0755506 2.01 0.080 -.0225984 .3258416 _cons | 208.3784 654.2873 0.32 0.758 -1300.411 1717.168 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ wm fuu m%;smdhkh i|yd Ndú;d lf<a iagdgd ,nd fok úOdkh fõ' flfia fj;;a fuu meflacfha we;s jdishla kï fuu m%;smdhkh wmg wjYH wdldrhg mshjfrka mshjr .Kkh l< yels úuhs' th my; mrsos isÿ lruq' wm okakd mrsos ir, wvq;u m%;smdhkfhaos nejqu jkafka b1 = ∑ xy ∑x2 egen xmean = mean( income) egen ymean = mean( savings) gen cx= income- xmean gen cy= savings- ymean gen xy= cx *cy gen sigxy=sum( xy) gen x2= cx^2 gen sx2=sum( x2)


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list sigxy sx2 | sigxy sx2 | |--------------------| 1. | -289200 360000 | 2. | -260400 2920000 | 3. | -555600 1.59e+07 | 4. | -160800 1.78e+07 | 5. | 1648000 2.94e+07 | |--------------------| 6. | 1440800 2.96e+07 | 7. | 1751600 2.99e+07 | 8. | 3388400 3.57e+07 | 9. | 3643200 3.76e+07 | 10. | 6732000 4.44e+07 | display = 6732000 /4.44e+07 0.15162162 oeka wm wka;xlKavh ,nd .ekSu i,luq' b0 = ∑y-b1∑x ∑n gen sY=sum( savings) gen sX=sum( income) list sY sX | sY sX | |---------------| 1. | 1000 9000 | 2. | 2500 19000 | 3. | 3900 31000 | 4. | 5100 38000 | 5. | 6050 43000 | |---------------| 6. | 8050 51000 | 7. | 10050 60000 | 8. | 10850 66000 | 9. | 12150 73000 | 10. | 14820 84000 | dis = 84000*.15162162 12736.216 dis =14820-12736.216 2083.784 dis = 2083.784/10 208.3784 fjfiishd;aul nj fjkia lsrSu i|yd my; úOdkh Ndú;d l< yelsh' fuysos fjfiishd uÜgu 99 % njg m;alr we;' set level 99


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iajiy iïnkaO;djh" úYu m%úp,;dj hk ;;a;ajhka ms<sn|j m%;smdhkhlg fmr ie,lSu b;d jeo.;ah' tajd i|ydo iagdgd úiska ,nd fok .Kkh lsrSï fukau mshjfrka mshjr .Kkh lsrSïo isÿ l< yelsh' m%;smdhkh i|yd iy m%;smdhkhg miqj Ndú;d l< yels úOdk lsysmhla my; oelafõ' avplots fuu.ska m%;smdhkfha fhdod.;a úp,Hhka iy weia;fïka;=.; o;a;hka m%ia;dr.; lr olajhs' fodaImofha m%u;nj mrslaIdj i|yd kdensity r, normal fuysos r hkq fodaI moh fõ' fuu.skao wmg m%ia;drhla ,nd .; yelsh' pnorm r qnorm r Shapiro-Wilk W test for normality i|yd my; úOdkh Ndú;d l< yelsh' swilk r iyúp,;dj mrSlaId lsrSu Checking Homoscedasticity rvfplot, yline(0) fuysos fodI moh m%ia;dr .; l< yels w;r y ys w.h 0 jk f¾Ldjla ks¾udKh lr we;s w;r wmg fodImofha jHdma;sfha rgjla we;so ke;so hkak ksrSlaIKh l< yel' óg wu;rj Ndú;d lrk fjk;a mrSlaIKhkao we;' hettest nyqtal, f¾lSh;dj mrSlaId lsrSu Checking for Multicollinearity variance inflation factor .Kkh i|yd m%;smdhkfhka mi my; úOdkh Ndú;d lrkak' vif f¾Åh nj mrSlaId lsrSu Checking Linearity twoway (scatter economics sinhala) (lfit economics sinhala) (lowess economics sinhala) acprplot sinhala, lowess fuysos olajd we;af;a wm by; olajd ke;s m%ia;drsl yd .Kkh lsrSfï l%ufõohka fõ' wmg fuu mrSlaIKh i|yd corr fyda graph matrix hk úOdk fukau kdensity hk by; ie,l= úOdko Ndú;d l< yelsh' wdlD;s ks¾Kh lsrSu Model Specification linktest ovtest úp,Hhka w;r in|;djh mrSlaId lsrSu Issues of Independence dwstat fuu.ska v¾ìka fjdÜika mrSlaIdj isÿ l< yelsh' flfia fj;;a fuu mrSlaIsj isÿ lsrSug fmr lsishï úp,Hhla ld,fYa%Ks o;a;hla f,i oelaúh hq;=h' ta i|yd ld,fYa%Ks o;a;h my; mrsos oelaúh yelsh' tsset var1


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iagdgd u.ska ,nd .kakd o;a;hka fjk;a meflachka i|yd ,nd .ekSu' fuu ls%hdj b;du;a myiqh' wmg copy iy paste úOdk fï i|yd fhdod .; yelsh' m%ia;drhla fjk;a meflachla i|yd ,dnd .ekSu i|yd Edit copy graph hkak iagdgd j,os ,nd oS ,nd .; hq;= meflachg f.dia Edit copy paste hkak ,nd oSu l< yelsh' fï i|yd Ndú;d l< yels flÜ h;=re lsrSu kï Ctr + c yd Ctr + v hk úOdk fõ' wfkl=;a m%;sM,hka ,nd .ekSfïoS;a fuu ls%hdms<sfjf,ys fjkila fkdue;' flfia fj;;a m%;smdhkhl m%;sM,hla fjk;a meflachl Ndú;d lrk úg tys ms<Sfjf,ys fjkila we;s úh yelsh' ta ksid Courier New hk wl=re j¾.h (font type) Ndú;d lsrSfuka fuu .eg¿j u. yrjd .; yelsh'


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iagdgdj, Ndú;d lrk ixfÅ;hkays úOdkhka msymbol( ) rEm igyk 37( iagdgdj, Ndú;dl, yels ixfÅ; j¾.hka msize rEm igyk 38( iagdgdj, Ndú;dl, yels ixfÅ;hkays m%udKhka


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mcolor rEm igyk 39( iagdgdj, Ndú;dl, yels j¾Khka mfcolor rEm igyk 40( iagdgdj, Ndú;dl, yels ixfÅ;j, we;+,; j¾Khka


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mlcolor rEm igyk 41( iagdgdj, Ndú;dl, yels ixfÅ;hkays f¾Ld i|yd j¾Khka

mlwidth rEm igyk 42( iagdgdj, Ndú;dl, yels ixfÅ;hkays f¾Ldj, m%udKhka


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iagdgdj, Ndú;djk fjk;a úOdkhka yd ixfL;hka

úOdkh (Operators:) + Addition tl;=lsrSu ~ No wiudk > Greater than jvd jeä - Subtraction wvq lsrSu | Or fyda < Less than jvd wvq * Multiplication jeä lsrSu & And iy >= Greater or equal jeä fyda iudk / Division fnoSu <= Less or equal wvq fyda iudk ^ Power n,h == Equal iudk != Not equal wiudk .Ks;hdkql+, úOdkhka (Mathematical Functions) abs(x) absolute value ksrfmalaI w.h sin(x) sine ihska w.h cos(x) cosine fldihska w.h tan(x) tangent gEkacka w.h exp(x) exponential >d;Sh w.hka ln(x) natural logarithm iajNdúl ,>q log(x) natural logarithm iajNdúl ,>q sqrt(x square root uq,hka wyUq w.hka (Random numbers) uniform() 0 ;a 1 ;a w;r wyUq w.hka by; úOdkh u.ska ,nd .; yelsh' returns uniformly distributed pseudo-random numbers on the interval


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wdYs%; .%ka; kdudj,sh

Ndú;d l< fjíwjúhka

1. http://www.ats.ucla.edu,Visited on January to May in 2007 2. http://www.princeton.edu, Visited on January to May in 2007 3. http://www.cba.uiuc.edu, Visited on January to May in 2007 4. http://www.cpc.unc.edu, Visited on January to May in 2007

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