qarTuli filosofiuri azris istoria · azris istoria III tomi meore gamocema oTxtomeulis meore...

qarTuli filosofiuri

azris istoria

III tomi

meore gamocema

oTxtomeulis meore gamocemis ideis avtori da

redaqtori mixeil maxaraZe

gamomcemloba `universali~ Tbilisi 2013

2

UDK (uak) 1(479.22)(09) q-279

qarTuli filosofiuri azris istoriis me-3 tomi eZRvneba

XIX saukunis qarTul filosofias. tomi ZiriTadad Tematur

principzea agebuli. gamokveTilia Semdegi ZiriTadi Temebi: qar-

Tuli filosofia XVIII-XIX saukuneTa mijnaze, religiur-filo-

sofiuri sakiTxebi da Teoriuli filosofia, filosofiuri ide-

ebi qarTul romantizmSi, eTikuri da esTetikuri Sexedulebebi,

filosofiuri elementebi pedagogiur moZRvrebebSi, socialur-

politikuri da sociologiuri Sexedulebebi, filosofiuri ur-

TierTobebi. calkea ganxiluli s. dodaSvilis, g. qiqoZis, i. Wav-

WavaZisa da i. gogebaSvilis msoflmxedvelobani.

me-3 tomis momzadebisas gaTvaliswinebuli iqna winamavali da

momdevno drois qarTuli filosofiis Taviseburebani, yuradReba

gamaxvilebulia gardamavali xanis filosofiaze. naSromSi XIX

saukunis qarTuli filosofia ganxilulia mecnierebasTan, mwer-

lobasa da religiur msoflmxedvelobasTan mWidro kavSirSi.

mTavari redaqtori _ akad. g. TevzaZe

saredaqcio kolegia: s. avaliani

a. bregaZe i. kalandia m. maxaraZe T. mTibelaSvili

g. SuSanaSvili m. WeliZe

mesame tomis redaqtorebi:

filosofiur mecnierebaTa doqtorebi: s. avaliani, m. maxaraZe

© m. maxaraZe, 2013 gamomcemloba `universali~, 2013

Tbilisi, 0179, i. WavWavaZis gamz. 19, �: 2 22 36 09, 5(99) 17 22 30

E-mail: [email protected]

ISBN 978-9941-17-944-0 (saerTo yvela tomisTvis) ISBN 978-9941-17-946-4 (III tomi)

3

w i n a T q m a

qarTuli filosofiuri azris istoriis oTxtomeu-

lis me-3 tomi ZiriTadad XIX saukunis qarTuli filo-

sofiis istorias exeba. ioli ar aris imis dadgena, Tu

sad iwyeba da sad mTavrdeba mecnierebis ama Tu im

dargis istoriis konkretuli monakveTi. amgvar siZne-

lesTan gvqonda saqme winamdebare naSromis momzadebi-

sas.

saqme is aris, rom qarTuli filosofiuri azris is-

toriis gansaxilveli monakveTis moazrovneebis erTi

nawilis /mag. iona xelaSvili, daviT da ioane bagratio-

nebi/ SemoqmedebiTi saqmianoba XVIII saukunis dasas-

ruls daiwyo, xolo meore nawilis /mag. ilia WavWavaZe,

iakob gogebaSvili, ivane TarxniSvili, niko nikolaZe/

moRvaweoba grZeldeboda XX saukunis dasawyisSi da

ufro gvianac. maTi SemoqmedebiTi memkvidreobis ganxil-

va XIX saukunis qarTul filosofiaSi (qarTuli filo-

sofiuri azris istoriis me-3 tomSi) gamarTlebulia

imiT, rom isini ZiriTadad exmaurebian da pasuxoben am

epoqis msoflmxedvelobriv ganwyobasa da suliskveTe-

bas.

XIX saukuneSi, kerZod, am epoqis qarTul saazrovno

sivrceSi sakmao safuZvlianobiT iqna damuSavebuli

Teoriuli filosofiis problemebi, religiur-filo-

sofiuri, eTikisa da esTetikis sakiTxebi. am mxriv so-

lomon dodaSvilisa da gerasime qiqoZis Rvawli gan-

sakuTrebulia. orive maTganma safuZvliani ganaTleba

miiRo ruseTSi, rac dadebiTad aisaxa kidec maT

naSromebSi. es naSromebi imdroindeli mowinave filo-

sofiuri da fsiqologiuri mecnierebis moTxovnebs sru-

liad akmayofilebda.

1801 wels ruseTis SemadgenlobaSi saqarTvelos

Sesvlas, uaryofiTTan erTad, dadebiTi Sedegebic hqon-

4

da. am aqtma qarTvel axalgazrdebs gza gauxsna ruse-

Tis umaRles saswavleblebSi swavla-ganaTlebis misaRe-

bad. Tuki dasawyisSi amas epizoduri xasiaTi hqonda,

SemdegSi swavlis msurvelTa ricxvi gaizarda da XIX

saukunis 50-60-ian wlebSi swored maT wreSi Camoya-

libda ,,TergdaleulTa” jgufi, romelTa msoflmxedve-

lobaSi mTavari adgili ekava socialur-politikur Se-

xedulebebs. am socialur-politikuri Sexedulebebis

arsi ki qveynis ukeTesi mermisisTvis brZolas gulisx-

mobda.

gansaxilvel epoqaSi qarTuli filosofiuri azris

nimuSebi gvxvdeba, rogorc mecnierulsa da religiur

msoflmxedvelobebSi, ise qarTvel mweralTa Semoqme-

debaSi.

winamdebare me-3 tomi ZiriTadad Tematikur princip-

zea agebuli da masSi gamokveTilia kidec es mTavari

Temebi: Teoriuli filosofia, naturfilosofiuri

ideebi, social-politikuri da socialuri problema-

tika, eTikisa da esTetikis sakiTxebi, filosofiuri

ideebi qarTvel mweralTa SemoqmedebaSi da sxv. imis

gaTvaliswinebiT, rom solomon dodaSvils, gabriel

qiqoZesa da ilia WavWavaZes gansakuTrebuli wvlili

miuZRviT, saerTod, qarTuli kulturis da, kerZod, XIX

saukunis qarTuli filosofiisa da filosofiuri az-

ris CamoyalibebaSi, TiToeuli maTganis Semoqmedeba sa-

gangebodaa ganxiluli.

amasTan, unda aRiniSnos isic, rom Tavis droze

Salva xidaSelis statia ilia WavWavaZeze specialurad

qarTuli filosofiuri azris istoriis oTxtomeulis-

Tvis ar dawerila. aqedan gamomdinare, am statiis pole-

mikuri stili ar Seesatyviseba oTxtomeulis saerTo

suliskveTebas. magram imis gaTvaliswinebiT, rom statia

maRal donezea Sesrulebuli da, amasTan, avtori gar-

5

dacvlilia, mizanSewonilad CavTvaleT misi dabeWdva

TiTqmis ucvlelad.

naSromis momzadebisas gaTvaliswinebuli iqna, ro-

gorc winamavali, ise momdevno drois qarTuli filo-

sofiuri azris Taviseburebani. aRniSnuli garemoebebis

gaTvaliswinebam da sakuTriv XIX saukunis qarTuli

filosofiuri azris sakiTxebis analizma ki, vfiqrob,

optimaluri warmodgena unda Segviqmnas gansaxilveli

epoqis qarTul saazrovno garemoze.

mixeil maxaraZe

6

pirveli Tavi

XIX saukunis qarTuli filosofiuri

azris Taviseburebani

XIX saukunis saqarTvelo gansakuTrebuli Tavisebu-

rebebiT xasiaTdeba, ramac Tavisi asaxva hpova TiTqmis

yvela sferoSi da, maT Soris, filosofiaSi. es Tavise-

burebani mravalwilad ganpirobebuli iyo im garemoe-

biT, rom saqarTvelom, ramdenime saukunovani saxelmwi-

foebriobis mqone qveyanam, swored XIX saukunis dadgo-

misTanave dakarga damoukidebloba, roca ruseTis im-

perator pavle I-is 1801 wlis 18 ianvris manifestiT aR-

mosavleT saqarTvelo, kerZod, qarTl-kaxeTis samefo,

ruseTis imperiis erT-erT guberniad gamocxadda.

ruseTis imperatoris manifesti erTob mtkivneuli

iyo qarTveli xalxisTvis. am aqtiT sabolood gadaesva

xazi im mcire imedebs, rasac 1883 wels georgievskSi or

qveyanas – ruseTsa da saqarTvelos Soris dadebuli

xelSekruleba (,,georgievskis traqtati”) iZleoda. es

faqti sabolood didi imedgacruebis safuZveli gaxda,

radganac ruseTma ar gaamarTla is imedebi, rasac

masze, rogorc erTmorwmune qveyanaze, amyarebda qarTve-

li xalxi.

am fonze sxva saxels ver davarqmevT, Tu ara

cinikurs, ruseTis imperatoris aleqsandre I-is mxridan

1801 wlis 12 seqtembris manifestSi gacxadebuls: ,,ara

ZalTa SematebisaTvis, ara angarebisaTvis, ara sazRvar-

Ta gafarToebisaTvis isedac msoflioSi udidesi impe-

riisa viRebT Cven saqarTvelos samefos mmarTvelobis

tvirTso, _ mxolod Rirseba, patiosneba da adamianoba

gvikarnaxebs Cven saRmrTo movaleobas, raTa yuri mi-

vapyraT tanjulTa vedrebas da maTi glovis gasaqarveb-

lad davamyaroT saqarTveloSi iseTi mmarTveloba, ro-

7

melsac SeeZleba ganamtkicos marTlmsajuleba, uzrun-

velyos piradi da qonebrivi uSiSroeba da pirovnebis

kanonismieri dacva”1.

rogorc manifestis aRniSnuli adgilidan Cans,

ruseTis xelisuflebas, mis imperators, saqarTvelos

mierTebis aqtiT, saqarTvelosa da qarTveli xalxisad-

mi keTili miznebis garda, sxva araferi amoZravebda.

sinamdvileSi, ruseTma saqarTvelos aneqsia daiwyo da

brZola gamoucxada yovelive erovnuls (monarqiuli

institutis gauqmeba, saqarTvelos eklesiis avtokefa-

liis gauqmeba, eklesiebis freskebis gadaRebva, wirva-

locvis rusul enaze warmarTva, qarTuli enis Seviw-

roeba da sxva). es procesi TiTqmis ori saukune grZel-

deboda.

Tu ra ,,keTilSobiluri” da ,,mSvidobis moyvare” iyo

ruseTis yofna, naTlad Cans ruseTis winaaRmdeg mimar-

Tuli im mravalricxovani gamosvlebidan da ajanyebe-

bidan, rasac adgili hqonda XIX saukunis I naxevris

saqarTveloSi.

saqarTveloSi ruseTis dampyroblur politikas ver

egueboda qarTveli xalxi da gamosvlebiT, ajanyebebiTa

da SeTqmulebebiT pasuxobda mas. jer kidev 1804 wels

moxda mTiuleTis ajanyeba, 1810 wels imereTis ajanyeba,

1812 wels kaxeTis glexTa ajanyeba, 1819-1820 wlebSi

imereTis meore ajanyeba, 1841 wels guriis ajanyeba, 1856-

1857 wlebSi samegrelos masStaburi ajanyeba.

am gamosvlebSi gansakuTrebuli adgili ukavia 1832

wlis SeTqmulebas, romelSic im drois qarTuli inte-

leqtualuri elita (solomon dodaSvili, filadelfos

kiknaZe, solomon razmaZe da sxv.) da TavadaznaurTa

mowinave nawili monawileobda.

gamosvlebi da ajanyebebi ruseTis xelisuflebam

sisxlSi CaaxSo, SeTqmuleba ki gamoaaSkaraves da misi

xelmZRvanelebi sastikad dasajes.

8

ruseTTan saqarTvelos dakavSirebas Tavisi dadebi-

Ti mxareebic hqonda. am aqtiT qveyanam Tavidan aicila

uricxvi mtris TareSi da saboloo gaCanageba-ganadgu-

rebasac gadaurCa. amasTan, am kavSiriT saqarTvelos ki-

dev erTxel mieca saSualeba evropul kulturasTan

ziarebisTvis. es procesi, rogorc cnobilia, ufro ad-

re daiwyo, vidre saqarTvelo (ufri zustad qarTl-ka-

xeTis samefo) ruseTis SemadgenlobaSi Sevidoda. ker-

Zod, XVIII saukuneSi, mas Semdeg, rac vaxtang VI ruseT-

Si gaemgzavra da Tan gaiyola mTeli qarTuli inteleq-

tualuri elita. swored am droidan iwyeba qarTvel

swavlulTa aqtiuri moRvaweoba mecnierebis sxvadasxva

sferoSi da, maT Soris, filosofiaSi. vaxuSti batoni-

Svilisa da anton pirvelis skolis SemoqmedebiTi moR-

vaweoba ruseTSi amis naTeli dadasturebaa.

XIX saukunis qarTuli filosofiuri azris isto-

riaze saubrisas SeiZleba gamoiyos sakvanZo sakiTxebi,

romelTa irgvlivac garkveuli azriT xdeboda qarTu-

li filosofiuri azris formireba:

I. qarTl-kaxeTis samefos gauqmeba (1801 w.) da am aq-

tiT gamowveuli Sedegebi: gamosvlebi, ajanyebebi

saqarTvelos sxvadasxva kuTxeebSi.

II. 1832 wlis SeTqmuleba, romlis mizezic iyo sa-

qarTvelos socialur-politikuri mdgomareoba2, damou-

kideblobis dakargva da brZola damoukideblobisTvis3.

SeTqmulebis gamoaSkaravebisa da misi monawileebis,

gansakuTrebiT ki misi mTavari ideologebis – solomon

dodaSvilis, filadelfos kiknaZisa da solomon raz-

maZis sanimuSo da mkacrma dasjam erTgvarad daTrguna

qarTveli xalxis damoukideblobisTvis brZolis suli,

Tumca ara mTlianad da ara sabolood.

III. batonymobis gauqmeba saqarTveloSi (1864 w. aRmo-

savleT saqarTveloSi, 1865 w. imereTSi, guriasa da

9

raWaSi; 1866 w. samegrelo-leCxumsa da qvemo svaneTSi;

1870 w. afxazeTSi, 1871 w. svaneTSi)4. batonymobis gauqme-

ba ar yofila erTgvarovnad aRqmuli, misi ganxorcie-

lebis formasa da perspeqtivebs kritikulad gamoex-

maurnen ilia WavWavaZe, niko nikolaZe, niko xizaniSvi-

li.

i. WavWavaZe akritikebda saglexo komitetis proeqts

da glexTa sakiTxis saboloo gadawyvetas xedavda gle-

xisa da memamulis interesTa saboloo gaTiSvaSi. sxva

SemTxvevaSi, ilias azriT, es iqneboda Zvelis gagrZe-

leba saxeSecvlili formiT5.

n. nikolaZisa da n. xizaniSvilis kritika ki mimarTu-

li iyo droebiT valdebul (yofili sabatono) glexTa

socialur-ekonomikuri mdgomareobisadmi da isini xsnas

am institutis (droebiT savaldebulo) gauqmebaSi xe-

davdnen.

IV. Tergdaleulebis moRvaweoba da misi mniSvnelo-

ba. XIX s. meore naxevridan qarTvelma axalgazrdobam

masobrivad miaSura ruseTis umaRles sasawavleblebSi,

ramac sabolood ganapiroba axali Taobis qarTvelTa

evropul msoflmxedvelobaze orientacia, im droisTvis

mowinave filosofiur, socialur Tu politikur Sexe-

dulebebTan ziareba. es iyo e.w. TergdaleulTa moRva-

weobis xana, romelTa saTaveSic iyo i. WavWavaZe da

romelmac gadamwyveti roli Seasrula qarTveli sazo-

gadoebis socialur-politikur gaTviTcnobierebaSi. ase

rom, XIX saukuneSi ruseTis SemadgenlobaSi saqarTve-

los ZaldatanebiT gaerTianebasTan, 1832 wlis SeTqmu-

lebasa da batonymobis gauqmebasTan erTad, Tergdaleu-

loba iyo me-4 faqtori, romelTa irgvlivac yalibdebo-

da qarTuli social-politikuri Sexedulebebi Tu fi-

losofiuri msoflmxedveloba.

10

XIX s. qarTuli filosofiuri azris istoriis Tavi-

seburebebis arsis gasagebad ufro dawvrilebiT ganvixi-

loT qarTuli filosofia am epoqis sxvadasxva monak-

veTze.

me-18 saukunis meore naxevarSi ruseTSi gadaxvewili

qarTveli swavlulebis samecniero moRvaweoba gagrZel-

da XIX saukunis pirvel meoTxedSi. am mxriv gansakuT-

rebiT aRsaniSnavia daviT, ioane da Teimuraz bagra-

tionebis, iona xelaSvilisa da sxvaTa moRvaweoba. es is

moazrovneebi arian, romelTa Semoqmedeba gaiSala XVIII

saukunis bolo da XIX saukunis pirvel xanebSi. Tuki

xsenebul bagrationTa mecnieruli moRvaweoba ZiriTa-

dad bunebaTmecnierebis filosofiuri problemebis

kvleva-Ziebasa da mTargmnelobiT moRvaweobas moicavda,

iona xelaSvili ZiriTadad RvTismetyvelebisa da reli-

giuri filosofiis sakiTxebis SeswavliT iyo dakavebu-

li.

saerTod unda aRiniSnos, rom XIX saukunis pirvel

aTwleulebSi qarTul filosofiaSi aminds qmnidnen

ruseTSi swavla-ganaTleba miRebuli swavlulebi

(ioane, daviT da Teimuraz bagrationebi, iona xelaSvi-

li, filadelfos kiknaZe, solomon dodaSvili...).

XIX saukunis qarTuli filosofiuri azris formi-

rebaSi mniSvnelovan rols asrulebs, agreTve, mTargm-

nelobiTi saqmianoba, romelic XVIII saukunis meore na-

xevarSi dawyebuli sasikeTo tradiciis, upirvelesad

anton pirvelisa da misi skolis mTargmnelobiTi moR-

vaweobis, gagrZeleba iyo. am mimarTebiT XIX saukunis

pirveli naxevris qarTul saazrovno sivrceSi sayurad-

Reboa rusuli enidan Targmnili filosofiuri litera-

tura, kerZod: ivane bereliZem Targmna ,,Tqmulebani

didi brZnisa platonisani” (1826), Teimuraz batoniSvil-

ma _ ,,gansjani aristotelesani” (1818), farnavaz batoni-

11

Svilma – Jan-Jak rusos ,,hazrni sxua da sxuaTa sagan-

TaTvisa” (1828), ioseb mamuliSvilma sneles – ,,hswavla

zneobiTi da samarTali bunebiTi”, ,,esTeTika anu kri-

tika memoisa”, ,,mimoxilva istoriis filosofiisa” (1847)6

da sxva.

XIX saukunis dasawyisSi qarTuli filosofiuri az-

ris istoriis gansakuTrebul movlenas warmoadgenda

ioane batoniSvilis ,,kalmasoba” anu ,,xumar-swavla”

(daaxl. 1813-1828 wlebSi), romelSic umniSvnelovanesi

masalebia mocemuli rogorc qarTvel, ise araqarTvel

RvTismetyvelTa, filosofosTa da mweralTa (platoni,

aristotele, porfiriosi, daviT uZleveli, fsevdo-

dionise areopageli, petre iberi, efTvime da giorgi

mTawmidelebi, efrem mcire, ioane petriwi, rusTaveli,

da sxva) Semoqmedebidan7.

,,kalmasobis” arsi da mniSneloba ase aqvs Sefase-

buli S. nucubiZes: ,,rac Seexeba qarTuli filosofiis

istorias, Cvens ZeglSi ganxilulia, anu, ufro sworad,

erTxel kidev Tvalgadavlebulia TiTqmis yovelive is,

riTac ucxovria qarTul azrovnebas saukuneTa ganmav-

lobaSi. unda aRiniSnos, rom ,,kalmasobis” SinaarsSi

CarTulia, anu, ufro sworad, ,,kalmasobis” mxatvrul-

literaturul safars qveS, sxvaTa Soris, ganviTare-

bulia filosofiis TiTqmis yvela dargi logikiT daw-

yebuli da eTikiT gaTavebuli. amis gverdiT mocemulia

ramdenime saintereso cda filosofiis monaTesave dar-

gebis damuSavebisa: fsiqologiis problemebis, maTema-

tikis filosofiisa da enaTmecnierebis filosofiis”8.

S. nucubiZis mier araerTgzis xazgasmuli rusul-

qarTuli filosofiuri urTierToba, romelic XVIII s-

is meore naxevridan iwyeba da grZeldeba XIX saukuneSi,

qarTuli azrovnebis ganviTarebis metad sayuradRebo

faqti iyo da, rac mTavaria, ruseTis meSveobiT evro-

12

pul kulturasTan daaxloebis TvalsazrisiT. magram

arc is unda iqnas daviwyebuli, rom mefis ruseTis did-

mpyrobeluri politika yvelafers akeTebda qarTuli

sulierebis CakvlisTvis, razedac naTlad metyvelebs

saqarTvelos mravalsaukunovani marTlmadidebeli ek-

lesiis avtokefaliis gauqmeba (1811 w. aRmosavleT sa-

qarTveloSi, xolo 1814 w. dasavleT saqarTveloSi) da

mis erT-erT saegzarqosod gadakeTeba, roca saqarTve-

loSi TandaTanobiT ikrZaleboda qarTulad wirva-loc-

va.

1817 wlis 9 Tebervals saqarTvelos egzarqosma Teo-

filaqtem gamosca brZaneba, romlis Tanaxmadac, sionis

taZarSi kviraSi sam dRes wirva-locva unda aRsrulebu-

liyo rusul enaze. saqarTvelos mimarT rusuli

imperiuli zraxvebis morig gamovlenas mkacrad, magram

samarTlianad afasebda ivane javaxiSvili: ,,amrigad,

ruseTTan saqarTvelos mierTebidan 16 wlis Semdeg,

qarTvelebs moespoT saSualeba RvTismsaxureba aResru-

lebinaT mSobliur enaze saqarTvelos dedaqalaqis

sakaTedro taZarSi, sadac 1499 wlis ganmavlobaSi ga-

nuwyvetliv aRavlendnen mxurvale locvas; arc spar-

selebs – cecxlTayvanismcemlebsa da muslimebs, arc

arabebs, arc warmarT monRolebs, arc Turqebs ar gau-

keTebiaT is, rac gaukeTes marTlmadideblur qristia-

nul saeklesio saqarTvelos ruseTis xelisuflebam da

misma egzarqosma! qarTulad RvTismsaxureba nebadarTu-

li iyo mxolod samuSao dReebSi: orSabaTobiT, oTxSa-

baTobiT da xuTSabaTobiT da isic mxolod im SemTxve-

vaSi, Tuki am dReebSi ar iyo saeklesio da saxelmwifo

dResaswaulebi, gana es sruli akrZalvis tolfasi ar

aris?”9.

XIX saukunis dasawyisis qarTul filosofiur azrs,

qarTul filosofias ZiriTadad tons aZlevdnen ruseT-

13

Si moRvawe (batoniSvilebi, xelaSvili...) an ruseTSi

ganswavluli qarTveli moazrovneebi (solomon doda-

Svili, filadelfos kiknaZe), Tumca adgilobriv niadag-

zec iyo filosofiuri kvleva-Ziebis mcdelobebi. am

kuTxiT yuradRebas imsaxurebs baram germanoziSvilis

traqtati ,,bWoba gonebisa”, romelic Semonaxulia xel-

naweris saxiT da dawerilia quTaisSi XIX saukunis dam-

degs. es Txzuleba Sedgeba winasityvaobisa da sami na-

wilisgan10. traqtati dawerilia qristianuli msofl-

mxedvelobis suliskveTebiT da masSi ganxilulia eTi-

kur-socialur-politikuri sakiTxebi.

XIX saukunis pirveli naxevris qarTuli filoso-

fiuri azris istoriis gvirgvinia solomon dodaSvilis

(1805-1836) Semoqmedeba. misi filosofiuri Sexedulebebi

saTanadod aris Seswavlili, rasac ver vityviT mis

kulturologiur Rvawlze.

s. dodaSvili Tavisi filosofiuri msoflmxedvelo-

biT agrZelebs qarTuli filosofiis tradiciebs, rac

upirvelesad gamoixateba dialeqtikis moZRvrebisadmi

gansakuTrebuli yuradRebiT. tradiciulad xom qarTul

filosofiaSi did interess iCendnen dialeqtikis moZ-

Rvrebisadmi, rac gamoixateba maTi mxridan didi inte-

resiT neoplatonizmisadmi (prokle, areopagituli

moZRvreba). am gziT midioda Sua saukuneebis gamoCenili

qarTveli filosofosi ioane petriwi (XI s. Sua xanebi -

XII s. dasawyisi), am tradicias XIX s. agrZelebda s. do-

daSvili, XX saukuneSi _ S. nucubiZe, k. baqraZe, s. were-

Teli.

s. dodaSvilis ,,logika” Tavis droze, mxolod ru-

sul enaze gamoqveynda, Tumca avtors misi qarTuli

variantic hqonda, magram cenzuram misi gamoqveynebis

neba ar darTo. ,,logikaSi”, kerZod, mis Sesaval na-

wilSi s. dodaSvils Camoyalibebuli aqvs filosofiis

14

sruli kursis gegma-monaxazi, romlis gakeTebasac igi

samomavlod apirebda. am mokle monaxaziTac cxadi xde-

ba, rom samoRvaweo asparezze s. dodaSvilis gamosvliT

Sua saukuneebSi Camkvdari qarTuli filosofiuri az-

rovnebis aRmavloba unda dawyebuliyo.

s. dodaSvilis erT umTavres damsaxurebad unda

CaiTvalos sakiTxebisa da problemebisadmi wminda fi-

losofiuri kuTxiT midgoma, rac kargad Cans, rogorc

sakuTriv misi ,,logikidan”, ise mis gamocemasTan

dakavSirebiT rusul periodul presaSi gamoqveynebuli

recenziebidan. mogvianebiT msgavsi mosazreba gamoiTqva

saqarTveloSic. s. dodaSvilis Rvawlze zaqaria WiWina-

Ze werda: ,,sanaqebo aris kidev is, rom swers metad

gasagebi da ubralo enis kiloTi, misi wigni sxva da

sxva Znel gamosaTqmeli terminebiT ar aris savse. pir-

veli magaliTi iyo, rom peterburgSi qarTvel kacisgan

samecniero rame dabeWdiliyos da isic mmarTvelobasac

moswoneboda da saxelmZRvanelod mieRos”11.

s. dodaSvilis moRvaweoba yuradRebas imsaxurebs

ara mxolod wminda filosofiuri TvalsazrisiT. man

Tavis werilSi, romelic qarTuli literaturis isto-

rias exeboda, qarTuli kulturuli memkvidreoba pir-

velma gaiazra filosofiis poziciidan da didi al-

RoTi Seafasa gamoCenil qarTvel moazrovneTa da mwe-

ralTa Semoqmedebis roli da mniSvneloba saqarTve-

losTvis. aseve, mowinave filosofiur-politikuri

msoflmxedvelobiTa da samSoblos winaSe didi pasu-

xismgeblobis grZnobiT iyo ganpirobebuli misi aqtiuri

monawileoba 1832 wlis SeTqmulebaSi.

s. dodaSvili, upirvelesad, filosofosi iyo, rac

naTlad Cans misi ,,logikidan”. ,,logikis” Sesavlidan

irkveva, rom mas miznad hqonda dasaxuli, daewera fi-

losofiis sruli kursi. savaraudebelia, rom s. doda-

15

Svili Tavisi Canafiqris ganxorcielebas saqarTveloSi

apirebda, magram cnobili ambebis gamo (upirvelesad,

erovnul moZraobaSi CarTva da 1832 wlis SeTqmulebis

CaSlis Semdeg misi dasja), man es Canafiqri ver gana-

xorciela.

XIX saukunis pirveli naxevris qarTuli filoso-

fiuri azris istoriaSi mniSvnelovani adgili ukavia

filadelfos kiknaZes (1793-1833). s. dodaSvilis msgavsad,

f. kiknaZec 1832 wlis SeTqmulebis aqtiuri monawile da

misi erT-erTi ideuri xelmZRvaneli iyo. savaraude-

belia, rom 1832 wlis SeTqmuleba emyareboda mis mier

Sedgenil – ,,akti goniurs”.

f. kiknaZes orjer mouwia patimroba, pirvelad igi

1827 wels daapatimres moskovSi da gadaiyvanes niJni

novgorodSi, magram saidanac kaTolikos antonis Suamd-

gomlobiT igi male gaaTavisufles.

meored, f. kiknaZe daapatimres 1833 wels, rogorc

1832 wlis SeTqmulebis monawile. igi patimrobaSi gar-

daicvala 1833 wlis 5 seqtembers, TbilisSi. f. kiknaZis

bevri naSromi ganadgurda rogorc pirveli, ise meore

dapatimrebis dros, magram SemorCa misi ramdenime naS-

romi, kerZod: ,,akti goniuri”, ,,siyvaruli mamulisa” da

,,godebani ieremosni, Zisa enaisni – xilvaTaTvis

mdgomareobasa iveriisasa awindelsa zeda”.

f. kiknaZis es Txzulebebi, gansakuTrebiT meore da

mesame, upirvelesad, zneobriv-politikuri traqtatebia,

romelTac safuZvlad uZevs eTikuri principebi da

patriotizmi. avtorisTvis wina planze dgas mamulis

siyvaruli, romelic maRla dgas sakuTari Tavis siy-

varulze, radganac mamulis siyvaruli Tavisi Tavis

siyvaruls gulisxmobs, magram ara piriqiT: ,,siyvaruli

mamulis uvrceles ars, vidre siyvaruli Tavisi Tvi-

sisa, rameTu siyvarulsa Sina Tavisa Tvisisasa ara

16

mdgomareobs siyuaruli mamulisa, xolo siyuarulsa

Sina mamulisasa Tana-SeerTebul ars siyuarulica Tav-

Ta CuenTa miT, rameTu ukeTu Sen siyuaruliTa mamuli-

saTa ganRviZebuli moupoeb rasame sargeblobasa mamul-

sa, igi yoveli ars...”12.

rac Seexeba politikur Sexedulebebs, f. kiknaZe

Zlieri da centralizebuli saxelmwifos momxrea. aseT

saxelmwifos saTaveSi unda edges keTili monarqi, me-

fe13. amis garda, f. kiknaZe didad wuxs, rom misi samSob-

lo savalalo mdgomareobaSia, mooxrebulia misi qala-

qebi (Tbilisi, mcxeTa da sxva) da amaSi brals sdebs

ruseTis imperias.

rac Seexeba ,,akti goniurs”, am dokumentSi faqtob-

rivad Camoyalibebulia 1832 wlis SeTqmulebis samoq-

medo gegma. es aqti rom SeTqmulebis miznebs emsaxu-

reboda, kargad Cans masSi Cadebuli gasaidumloebis

punqtidanac: ,,mtkiced unda uwyodes yovelman wevrman

dacuad saidumloisa, raTa aravis ganucxados sxuasa,

garda missa romelsac moiyuans wevrad”14.

f. kiknaZis es traqtatebi ar aris wminda filoso-

fiuri xasiaTis naSromebi, magram maTSi Camoyalibebuli

eTikuri da politikuri principebi garkveulad exmaure-

ba epoqis, kerZod, XIX saukunis 20-iani wlebis qarTuli

filosofiuri azris mimdinareobas.

XIX s. qarTuli filosofiuri azris istoriaSi

mniSvnelovan movlenas warmoadgenda gabriel episko-

posis – gerasime qiqoZis (1825-1896) Semoqmedeba. g. qiqoZe

eweoda mecnierul moRvaweobas, man 1858 wels peter-

burgSi rusul enaze gamoaqveyna fsiqologiuri xasia-

Tis mecnieruli naSromi – ,,cdiseuli fsiqologiis sa-

fuZvlebi”. 1860 wlidan ki igi imereTis episkoposia

(1860-1896).

17

g. qiqoZis ,,cdiseuli fsiqologiis safuZvlebi”

mniSvnelovani movlena iyo ruseTis samecniero wreebSi,

rac kargad Cans nikoloz dobroliubovis gamoxmau-

rebidanac. am wigns didi xnis ganmavlobaSi aswavlidnen

ruseTis gimnaziebSi. naSromidan kargad Cans avtoris

ganswavluloba fizikaSi, fiziologiaSi, fsiqologiasa

da filosofiaSi.

am naSromSi gabriel qiqoZe cdilobs fsiqologiis

mecnierebis agebas ara gonebaTWvretis, aramed, cdis

monacemebze dakvirvebis safuZvelze15. magram avtorTan

es sulac ar niSnavs ,,fsiqologiis Secvlas fiziolo-

giiT”. ,,gabrielis did damsaxurebad unda CaiTvalos is,

rom ,,fiziologizmis” agresiuli Semotevebis xanaSi man

daicva sulis, sulieri cxovrebis damoukidebloba. su-

li ar daiyvaneba sxeulze, fiziologiurze, suls Ta-

visi sakuTari cxovreba da kanonzomiereba aqvs, Cveni

organizmi sulis iaraRia, fsiqologiam unda Seiswav-

los swored suli mis sxvadasxva gamovlenaSi – ai,

pozicia, romelsac icavda gabrielis wigni”16.

cdis monacemebis safuZvelze fsiqologiis mecniere-

bis agebis mcdeloba erTi momentia g. qiqoZis Semoq-

medebaSi, meore momenti ki mis praqtikul moRvaweobaze

modis, roca igi imereTis episkoposia da zepir qadage-

bebSi gamoTqvams RrmasafuZvlian eTikur Tvalsazri-

sebs, romelTagan gansakuTrebiT aRsaniSnavia adamianis

daniSnulebis sakiTxi.

qadagebebSi g. qiqoZis gansjis sagania RmerTTan ada-

mianis mimarTeba. am sakiTxis ganxilvisas ki avtori Zi-

riTadad saxarebas emyareba, rasac Tan erTvis saxarebis

Sesabamisi adgilebis vrceli da originaluri ganmar-

tebebi.

RmerTisa da adamianis mimarTebaSi g. qiqoZis qadage-

bebSi ikveTeba adamianis mxridan RvTis siyvarulis sami

18

momenti: 1. RmerTi, rogorc umjobesi, umSvenieresi da

usanatrelesi arseba; 2. RvTis siyvaruli ganwmends, gaa-

naTlebs da ganamtkicebs kacis gulsa da gonebas; 3.

RmerTma pirvelma Segviyvara Cven, Segvamko TavisTavi-

sadmi msgavsebiTa da xatebiT, Cagvabara mTeli qveyana17.

g. qiqoZis SemoqmedebaSi mecniereba da rwmena saoc-

rad da safuZvlianad aris erTmaneTTan morigebuli,

ramac ilia WavWavaZes safuZveli misca eTqva: ,,gansve-

nebuli Rrmadmiwevnili mecnieri iyo da imodenadve

Rrmad morwmuneca. aq aris, Cemis fiqriT, misi aRma-

tebuloba, misi mniSvneloba aramc Tu marto CvenTvis,

sxvisTvisac, radganac bevrsa hgonia, rom mecniereba da

sarwmunoeba erTmaneTSi mourigebelni da mouTavsebel-

ni arian. igia magaliTi am morigebisa da moTavsebisa”,

,,igi sarwmunoebas amecnierebda da mecnierebas asarwmu-

noebda”18.

aseve didi azris iyo gabriel qiqoZis Semoqmedebaze

iakob gogebaSvili. swored igi hyavs mas mxedvelobaSi,

roca saubrobs mecnierebisa da rwmenis erTianobaze, da

im savalalo Sedegebze, roca es erTianoba darRveulia:

,,sarwmunoeba, moklebuli ganaTlebas, xSirad iqceva

viwro fanatikosobad, an aRmerTebs garegans, droebiTs

formebs eklesiisas da iviwyebs Sinagans mxares, cxo-

vel-myofels zneobrivs principebs, deda-azrebs saxare-

bisas. meore mxriv, mecniereba, moklebuli WeSmarits

sarwmunoebas, rodi uSlis Taviss meqons, mesakuTres,

iyos igi imdenadve didi aramzada, ramdenadac igi didi

mecnieria”19. amis nimuSad gabriel qiqoZe asaxelebs

bekons. gabriel episkoposi ki, iakob gogebaSvilis aR-

niSvniT, Tavisi SemoqmedebiT pirveli saukuneebis msof-

lio saeklesio mamebis msgavsi iyo, mamebisa ,,romelnic

iyvnen ara marto Rrma RvTis metyvelni, aramed zed-

miwevniT hqondaT Seswavlili mTeli mecniereba saberZ-

19

neTisa da romisa. aki amitomac iyvnen es wmidani mamani

namdvilni mnaTobni eklesiisa, samSoblosi, kacobrio-

bisa20”.

axal droSi g. qiqoZis fsiqologiuri, filosofiuri

da eTikuri Sexedulebebi sxvadasxva kuTxiT ganixiles

da specialuri gamokvlevebi miuZRvnes a. boWoriSvilma,

T. buaCiZem, i. imedaZem, m. maxaraZem da sxvebma21.

SeiZleba iTqvas, rom g. qiqoZe, rogorc Tavisi Teo-

riul-mecnieruli (,,cdiseuli...”), ise praqtikuli (qada-

gebebSi gatarebuli eTikuri Tvalsazrisebi) moRvaweo-

biT XIX s. meore naxevris qarTuli filosofiuri az-

ris mniSvnelovani warmomadgenelia.

XIX s. qarTuli filosofiis istoriis Tavisebu-

rebaze msjelobisas mxedvelobaSi unda iqnes miRebuli

is garemoeba, rom misi nimuSebi, garda filosofosTa,

religiur moRvaweTa da mecnierTa (iona xelaSvili,

ioane da Teimuraz bagrationebi, solomon dodaSvili,

gabriel qiqoZe, ivane TarxniSvili...), gvxvdeba qarTvel

mweralTa (qarTveli romantikosebi, ilia WavWavaZe,

akaki wereTeli, giorgi wereTeli, iakob gogebaSvili,

vaJa-fSavela, anton furcelaZe...) SemoqmedebaSic.

qarTuli romantizmi (aleqsandre WavWavaZe, grigol

orbeliani, nikoloz baraTaSvili) didmniSvnelovani

movlena iyo XIX s. qarTul mxatvrul sinamdvileSi.

qarTuli romantizmi Tavisi arsiT saerTod romantiz-

mis mTavar ideebs gamoxatavda da, amasTan, maT Semoqme-

debaSi did adgils ikavebs adamianis problema (gansa-

kuTrebiT es iTqmis nikoloz baraTaSvilze), upirvele-

si brZola brma aucileblobebis winaaRmdeg, swrafva

borkilebis garRvevisa da TavisTavis damkvidreba.

XIX s. meore naxevridan, ufro zustad, 60-iani wle-

bidan ruseTis umaRles saswavleblebs qarTvel axal-

gazrdaTa axli talRa miawyda, romlebic mecnierebis

20

sxvadasxva dargSi iwyeben moRvaweobas. maT Soris ga-

morCeuli adgili ukaviaT ,,Tergdaleulebs”, romelTa

mTavar amocanas qveynis xsna warmoadgenda. am moZraobis

saTaveSi ilia WavWavaZe iyo.

XIX saukunis qarTuli socialur-politikuri azris

istoriis mkvlevari akaki surgulaZe aRniSnavs, rom

,,Tergdaleulis” cnebaSi igulisxmeboda ideur-politi-

kuri brZola, romelic XIX saukunis 60-ian wlebSi aR-

mocenda da mTeli naxevari saukunis ganmavlobaSi

wamyvan rols asrulebda eris cxovrebaSi24. Tergdaleu-

loba adrec figurirebda qarTul sinamdvileSi, magram

1832 wlis SeTqmulebis marcxis Semdeg, am cnebaSi

igulisxmeba ruseTSi ganaTleba miRebuli da mSobliur

niadags mowyvetili qarTveli23.

a. surgulaZis azriT, qarTvel samocianelebSi, ro-

melTac ganaTleba ruseTSi miiRes, ,,Tergdaleulebis”

cnebam axali Sinaarsi SeiZina. kerZod, isini gaemijnen

,,ruseTumeebs” da miznad qveynis samsaxuri daisaxes. am

ideebis matarebelni iyvnen: i. WavWavaZe, ak. wereTeli, n.

nikolaZe, g. wereTeli, k. lorTqifaniZe da sxv.

sayuradReboa a. surgulaZis Semdegi mosazreba:

,,Tergdaleulebi aRizardnen 60-iani wlebis ruseTis

mowinave ideebis gavleniT. Tergdaleuloba rusuli

azrebis SeTvisebas da saqarTveloSi maTi danergvis

miswrafebas ar niSnavda. igi moRvaweTa garkveuli jgu-

fis ideuri mimdinareoba iyo, romelsac Tavisi samoRva-

weo programa gaaCnia. TergdaleulTa Soris iyvnen

adamianebi, romelTac Tergis wyali arc dauleviaT, e.i.

ruseTSi ar uswavliaT, magram Semokrebili iyvnen didi

ilias garSemo da misi samoqmedo programis Tavgamo-

debuli propagandistebi iyvnen”24.

a. surgulaZis SeniSvniT, marTalia, Tergdaleulebi

ruseTSi eziarnen mowinave ideebs, magram es ideebi

21

saqarTveloSi maT ucvlelad ar gauvrcelebiaT, iqve,

peterburgSi gaatares ,,qarTvel dvritaSi” da mis sa-

fuZvelze Seqmnes erovnul-ganmaTavisuflebeli ideo-

logia. swored es ideologia pasuxobda imJamad qarT-

veli xalxis yvelaze aqtualursa da saWirboroto sa-

kiTxebs. sayuradReboa avtoris saboloo daskvna Terg-

daleulTa rolsa da mniSvnelobaze qarTveli xalxis

ganTavisuflebisTvis brZolaSi: ,,amrigad, Tergdaleu-

loba XIX s. 60-iani wlebis mZlavri sazogadoebrivi

moZraoba iyo, romelic qarTul niadagze Camoyalibda

da miznad isaxavda qarTveli xalxis koloniuri Ca-

gvrisgan ganTavisuflebas”25.

TergdaleulTa upirveles amocanas Seadgenda ru-

seTSi SeTvisebuli dasavleTis mowinave ideebis misa-

dageba qarTuli sinamdvilisadmi da Semdgom misi meS-

veobiT saqarTvelos ganTavisufleba da damoukideblo-

bis mopoveba. es iyo ruseTSi ganswavlul qarTvelTa

patriotuli moZraoba, romlis ZiriTadi birTvi (i. Wav-

WavaZe, a. wereTeli, n. nikolaZe) bolomde Tavisi idea-

lebis erTguli darCa. maSin, roca zogierTi maTgani

saqarTvelosTvis da misi interesebisTvis miuRebeli

msoflmxedvelobis warmomadgenelTa gverdiT aRmoCnda.

TergdaleulTa paralelurad, XIX saukunis bolo

xanebSi saqarTveloSi yalibdeba socialur-politikuri

moZraobani, romelTa mTavari nawilis ZiriTad samoqme-

do programas da upirveles mizans Seadgenda arsebuli

xelisuflebis damxoba. es ki erTmaneTTan aerTianebda

sxvadasxva qveynis Tu erovnebis adamianebs da maTTvis

samSoblo da misi interesebi, rogorc aseTi, ar arse-

bobda. es moZraobebi iyo: xalxosnoba (XIX s. 70-iani

wlebidan), social-demokratTa pirveli organizacia –

,,mesame dasi” (Camoyalibeba 1892 w.) da anarqizmi (XX s.

dasawyisi). am moZraobaTa mTavari amocana iyo arsebuli

22

xelisuflebis Secvla da, Sesabamisad, maTi platformi-

dan gamomdinare wyobis Camoyalibeba. am moZraobaTa

warmomadgenlebis Sexedulebebi filosofiis pozicii-

dan nakleb sainteresoa, Tumca zogierTi sakiTxis gan-

xilvisas, kerZod, AXIX s. dasasrulisa da XX saukunis

dasawyisis saqarTveloSi arsebuli social-politikuri

viTarebis Sefasebisas, maT Sexedulebebis gaTvaliswi-

neba aucilebelia.

xalxosnobis warmomadgenlebi saqarTveloSi iyvnen

s. mgalobliSvili, s. WrelaSvili, S. daviTaSvili da

sxv. social-demokratTa pirveli organizaciis aqtiuri

monawileebi iyvnen e. ninoSvili, m. cxakaia, n. Jordania

da sxv. xolo anarqizmisa – v. CerqeziSvili, m. wereTe-

li, Zmebi k. da S. gogeliebi.

unda aRiniSnos, rom qarTveli xalxosnebi iseve.

rogorc Semdgom social-demokratebi da bolSevikebi,

faqtobrivad, rusi xalxosnebis mTavari principebis

mixedviT moqmedebdnen. xelisuflebis dasamxobad yvela

idea _ glexebis gadamwyveti roli, inteligenciis ro-

lis amaRleba, Temis idealizacia, soflad kooperaci-

ul dawesebulebaTa organizacia da a.S. _ maT rusi na-

rodnikebidan (lavrovi, bakunini, tkaCovi) hqondaT aRe-

buli26.

a. surgulaZis azriT, mcdari iyo qarTveli xalxos-

nebis, kerZod, giorgi maiSvilis (zdanoviCis) da ivane

jabadaris kosmopolituri Sexedulebebi da erovnuli

nihilizmi. aseve, mcdari iyo xalxosnebis mxridan

ekonomikuri faqtoris win wamoweva da erovnuli

sakiTxis ugulebelyofa. ,,amitom moxda, rom

TergdaleulebTan dapirispirebaSi qarTvelma

narodnikebma ideuri marcxi ganicades; maT ver

gaiyolies verc qarTveli glexebisa da verc qarTveli

inteligenciis mniSvnelovani nawili”27.

23

XIX s. II naxevris qarTuli filosofiuri azris is-

toria mravalmxrivobiT gamoirCeva. ukve aRniSnuli fi-

losofiur-RvTismetyveluri, socialur-politikuri da

patriotuli problematikis gverdiT, am epoqis qarTul

azrovnebaSi mniSvnelovani adgili eTmoba bunebismety-

velebis filosofiur problemebs, eTikur da esTetikur

sakiTxebs. am mimarTebiT gansakuTrebiT sayuradReboa

XIX s. meore naxevris qarTvel mweralTa Semoqmedeba.

amas unda daematos, agreTve, gamoCenili fiziologis,

ivane TarxniSvilis Rvawli bunebismetyvelebis filo-

sofiuri problemebis Seswavlasa da analizSi.

XIX saukunis meore naxevris qarTveli mwerlebis (i.

WavWavaZe, a. wereTeli, i. gogebaSvili, g. wereTeli, vaJa-

fSavela, a. furcelaZe da sxv.) SemoqmedebaSi mniSvne-

lovan adgils iWers filosofiuri azri, kerZod, eTi-

kuri, esTetikuri da socialur-politikuri Tvalsaz-

risebi. am epoqis qarTveli mwerlebis SemoqmedebaSi,

zogierTi gamonaklisis garda, ar aris pirdapiri msje-

lobebi filosofiis kardinalur sakiTxebze Sesabamisi

mecnieruli aparatiT, magram maTi pozicia gadmocemu-

lia, rogorc mxatvrul nawarmoebSi, ise publicistur

werilebSi. am TvalsazrisiT, zemoTCamoTvlil mweral-

Ta Semoqmedeba TvalsaCino da sagrZnob masalas iZleva

gansjisTvis.

TvalSi sacemia is garemoeba, rom XIX s. rogorc

pirveli, ise meore naxevris qarTvel mweralTa erTi

mTavari nawilis (n. baraTaSvili, i. WavWavaZe, vaJa-fSa-

vela, i. gogebaSvili) gansjis sagania adamianis zneob-

rivi problemebi, erisa da qveynis damoukideblobisTvis

brZola. mSobliuri enis rolisa da mniSvnelobis

garkveva, meore nawilTan (g. wereTeli, n. nikolaZe, a.

furcelaZe) ki, wina planze wamoweulia socialur-

politikuri, filosofiuri da socialuri sakiTxebi.

24

XIX s. meore naxevris qarTul sinamdvileSi, qarT-

veli axalgazrdoba ZiriTadad ruseTis umaRles sas-

wavleblebSi iRebda swavla-ganaTlebas. maTgan nawili

samoRvaweod ruseTSi darCa. maT ricxvSia gamoCenili

mecnieri, fiziologi ivane TarxniSvili (1846-1908). igi

Tavis naSromebiT cnobili iyo evropaSi, mis samecniero

wreebSi.

iv. TarxniSvilis bunebismetyveluri Sexedulebebi-

dan filosofiuri TvalsazrisiT mniSvnelovania misi

mosazrebebi sicocxleze. am mxriv sayuradReboa misi

Sexedulebebi vitalizmisa da neovitalizmis sakiTxeb-

ze. iv. TarxniSvilis filosofiuri Sexedulebebi ar

amoiwureba mxolod bunebismetyvelebis sakiTxebis fi-

losofiuri analiziT. masTan gvxdeba, agreTve, socio-

logiuri Sexedulebebic, romlebSic mas gaanalizebuli

aqvs kapitalizmis arsi, rac mis mtaceblur bunebaSi

gamoixateba. avtoris SexedulebebSi cxadad Cans im

epoqis saazrovno viTarebis gavlena, romelSic uxdebo-

da moRvaweoba mas. am kuTxiT, aseve, sayuradReboa iv.

TarxniSvilis mxridan mefis ruseTSi arsebuli socia-

lur-politikuri viTarebis kritika.

XIX saukunis qarTul saazrovni viTarebaSi filo-

sofiuri, bunebismetyveluri da eTikuri Tvalsazrisis

gverdiT gvxvdeba esTetikuri problematikac. am mimar-

TebiT sayuradReboa n. baraTaSvilis, i. WavWavaZis, g.

wereTlis, a. wereTlis, vaJa-fSavelas, n. nikolaZis da

a. furcelaZis Semoqmedeba.

epoqis filosofiis azris istoriis arsis gasagebad

didi mniSvneloba aqvs filosofiur urTierTobebs. ad-

reul xanaSi qarTuli filosofiisa da filosofiuri

azrisTvis umniSvnelovanes rols asrulebda berZnul-

bizantiur kulturul samyarosTan urTierToba. am na-

yofierma urTierTobam, rac gamoixateboda, rogorc

25

mTargmnelobiTi saqmianobiT, ise komentarebiT, didad

ganapiroba XI-XII saukuneebSi qarTuli kulturis saer-

To ayvaveba, rac qarTul sinamdvileSi renesansisa da

humanizmis ideebis damkvidreba-ganmtkicebiT dasrulda.

rogorc cnobilia, aRniSnulis safuZvelze am epoqis

XI-XII saukuneebis qarTuli kultura renesansuli iyo

(iv. javaxiSvili), xolo mkvlevarTa da mweralTa erTi

mniSvnelovani nawilis (S. nucubiZe, a. losevi, k. gamsa-

xurdia, S. xidaSeli da sxv.) azriT, am dros saqarTve-

loSi gvqonda srulyofili renesansi, romelic erTi

saukuniT mainc uswrebda evropul renesanss.

XIII-XVII saukuneebSi saqarTveloSi mZime politikuri

viTarebis gamo, sxva qveynebTan es kulturuli kavSire-

bi Sesustda da bolos TiTqmis Sewyda (am dros qar-

Tul-somxuri filosofiuri urTierTobani, marTalia,

arsebobda, magram imdenad umniSvnelo iyo, rom realur

viTarebaze arsebiT zegavlenas ver axdenda). es gansa-

kuTrebiT iTqmis filosofiur kavSirebze. XVIII sauku-

nidan, mas Semdeg, rac saqarTveloSi politikuri viTa-

reba SedarebiT sasikeTod Seicvala, mezobel qveyneb-

Tan kulturuli urTierTobebic ganaxlda. es viTareba

aisaxa filosofiaSic. am droisTvis mniSvnelovania

qarTul-somxuri da gansakuTrebiT qarTul-rusuli fi-

losofiuri urTierTobani, roca anton pirvelis skola

rusuli enidan qarTulad Targmnis evropuli filoso-

fiis Zeglebs. XIX saukuneSi rusul-qarTuli filoso-

fiuri urTierToba ufro intensiuri xdeba.

saerTod, unda aRiniSnos, rom XIX saukuneSi filo-

sofiuri urTierTobebi qarTvel swavlulTa mxridan

mravalferovnebiT gamoirCeva. es urTierToba ar aris

ganpirobebuli mxolod romelime qveynis moazrovneTa

naSromebis TargmniT, maT TvalsazrisTa Seswavla-aTvi-

sebiT, aqedan gamomdinare msoflmxedvelobrivi gavlene-

26

biT. am kuTxiT XIX saukunis qarTveli moazrovneebi da-

kavSirebulni iyvnen rogorc ruseTis, ise saerTod da-

savleTis azrovnebasTan.

XIX saukuneSi filosofiurma kavSirebma ruseTTan

da dasavleTTan sasikeTo roli Seasrula qarTuli

kulturis da, maT Soris, filosofiis ganviTarebisaT-

vis. ukve XIX saukunis dasasruls saqarTveloSi filo-

sofiuri naSromebi iwereba da misi avtorebi arian var-

lam CerqeziSvili da arCil jorjaZe. SeiZleba iTqvas,

rom v. CerqeziSvili da a. jorjaZe qarTuli filoso-

fiuri azris istoriis im saTaveebTan dganan, romelsac

XX saukuneSi mZlavri aRmavloba mohyva. S. nucubiZem, d.

uznaZem, s. daneliam, m. gogiberiZem, k. baqraZem, k. kapa-

nelma, k. megreliZem, s. wereTelma da sxvebma XX sauku-

neSi maRal doneze gaagrZeles qarTuli filosofiuri

azris istoriis mravalsaukunovani tradicia, romelic

XIII-XVII saukuneebSi TiTqmis Camqrali iyo, XVIII sauku-

neSi gamococxlda, xolo XIX saukuneSi sagrZnoblad

win wavida.

27

meore Tavi

qarTuli filosofiuri azri

XVIII saukunis bolosa da XIX saukunis

pirvel mesamedSi

XVIII-XIX saukuneTa mijnisa da XIX saukunis pir-

veli mesamedis qarTuli filosofiuri azri ZiriTadad

warmodgenilia sami moazrovniT (iona xelaSvili, daviT

da ioane bagrationebi). qarTuli filosofiuri azris

istoriis gansaxilvel monakveTSi gvxvdeba rogorc

Teoriuli filosofiisa da naturfilosofiis ideebi,

ise socialuri, religiur-Teologiuri da eTikur-peda-

gogiuri Sexedulebebi. yvela es sakiTxi met-naklebad

mniSvnelovania qarTuli filosofiuri azris istoriis

Seswavlisas da amis Sesabamisad dasaxelebul avtoreb-

Tan yuradReba gamaxvilebulia im Tvalsazrisebze, rom-

lebic upiratesobiT sargeblobda TiToeul maTganTan.

$1. iona xelaSvili (1772-1837)

1. iona xelaSvilis filosofiuri msoflmxedveloba.

iona xelaSvilis memkvidreobidan filosofiuri Tval-

sazrisiT yvelaze sainteresoa ,,ocdaToTxmeti SekiTx-

vis wigni”, romelic aris kiTxva-pasuxis xasiaTis naS-

romi. wigni 1826 wels aris dawerili da masSi kiTxvebs

ioane batoniSvili svams, xolo iona xelaSvili am

kiTxvebze pasuxobs.

naSromSi iona xelaSvili icavs Teologiur msofl-

mxedvelobasa da idealisturi filosofiis principebs.

igi ebrZvis volters, rusos, spinozas, didros, dalam-

28

bers, kondiliaks, romelTac anaTemas uTvlis da wawy-

medas uqadis. igi akritikebs dualistebsac. ,,amad ke-

Tilni da borotni aRries urTierTsa da ornive erTisa

mizezisagan gamosTqunes, viTme orni dasabami Tques”.

iona xelaSvili im debulebidan amodis, rom mate-

rialuri sxeulebi Sedgenili, moZravi, xrwnadi da war-

mavalia, suli – idealuri – Seudgeneli, martivi da ma-

radiuli. ,,marad uZravi arseba” aris ,,univTo buneba”,

e.i. aramaterialuri sinamdvile. yovelgvari materia-

luri Sedgenilia oTxi elementisagan; amitom isini

iSleba, rac maT warmavlobas niSnavs. aseve iSleba (ix-

rwneba) adamianis sxeulic, xolo uxrwneli da maradiu-

li rCeba suli. ,,ganixrwnebian utyvni da orZilni da

metalni, romelTa Sinagani Zalani araraÁ qonaT, xolo

kaci.... dautovebs xrwnadobasa da moigebs uxrwnelobas”.

materialuris xrwnadobasa da warmavlobas iona xela-

Svili imas ukavSirebs, rom materialuri (materia) iner-

tulia, mkvdaria, ara aqvs ,,Sinagani Zalani”, ris gamoc

winaaRmdegobas ver uwevs garegani Zalebis zemoqmede-

bas, suli ki ukvdavia imitom, rom mas TviTmyofoba

gaaCnia.

moZraobasa da cvalebadobaSi iona xelaSvili sagan-

Ta TavisTavadi arsebobis uaryofis safuZvels xedavs.

sagnebi ,,icvlebian ZvriT da droebiTa da xrwnilebi-

Taca, - wers igi, - maSasadame, ar arian TavisiTa”. SeiZ-

leba iTqvas, rom am SemTxvevaSi saqme gvaqvs metafizi-

kur TvalsazrisTan, romlis Tanaxmad, moZraobisa da

cvalebadobis arseboba TavisTavad, upirobod arsebo-

bis SesaZleblobas gamoricxavs. swored amitom am ti-

pis metafizikosebi (mag. parmenide) upirobo realobas,

e.i. absolutur arss uZravad da maradiulad Tvlidnen.

iona xelaSvili, romelic kargad icnobs antikuri fi-

losofiis istorias, rogorc Cans, zemoxsenebuli kon-

cefciis mZlavr gavlenas ganicdis.

29

antikuri filosofiis gavlena Cans imaSic, rom iona

xelaSvilis azriT, mTeli materialuri samyaro, ada-

mianis CaTvliT, e.w. ,,stixnivTebisagan”, e.i. oTxi elemen-

tisagan Sedgeba, romelTa ,,Seqsovisagan” warmoiSoba

nivTobrivi (materialuri) sinamdvile. misi azriT, mate-

rialuri aris nivTieri da igi oTxi elementisagan (mi-

wa, wyali, haeri da cecxli) Sedgeba.

es oTxi elementi, antikuri materialistebis msgav-

sad, mas esmis rogorc martivi, Seudgeneli realoba,

romlebsac zogjer igi ,,atomebsac” uwodebs. magram es

elementebi aq ukve gagebulia rogorc arsebobis TviTk-

mari safuZvlebis armqone iseTi realoba, romelic sru-

liad moklebulia rogorc sakuTari Tavis, aseve sxva

nivTebisa da sagnebis Seqmnisa da dabadebis unars:

,,rameTu ar ZaluZsT atomebTa, e.i. Zliersa cecxlsa da

Zliersa haersa da Zliersa wyalsa da mtversa miwisa

TÂiT TaviT TÂisT dabadeba, romel ara yofilni TaviTa

TÂisiTa ar dabadeben da arraca SeerTdebian oTxni. es

sxua da sxua nivTebi, romelTagan sofel ese ars Sena-

wevrebuli da yovelnive savsebani”1.

iona xelaSvili samyaros Semadgenel am oTx ele-

ments RmerTis Seqmnilad Tvlis, riTac igi, sruliad

naTlad da garkveviT, sulxan-saba orbelianis msgavsad,

kreacionistul Tvalsazriss icavs. samyaros Semadge-

neli elementebis inertulobis ideis safuZvelze xela-

Svili mTeli materialuri samyaros inertulobas am-

tkicebda. ,,mkvdarTa nivTebTa arca TÂiTa TÂisiTa da-

badeba ZaluZsT da arcaRa sxeulebisa soflisa amis

didSuenierisa”. raki materialuri samyaro moklebulia

qmnadobis unars, cxadia, masSi arsebuli qmnadobis

asaxsnelad saWiroa aramaterialuri Zala da iona xe-

laSvili Tvlis, rom bunebaSi arsebuli qmnadobis mi-

zezia RmerTi.

30

aRniSnuli oTxi elementidan iona xelaSvili upi-

ratesobas cecxls aniWebs; ,,element-stixnivTTa” Soris

,,pirveli cecxlia”. amasTanave ,,cecxli igi Sedrgi-

nebuli ars uuwvlilesTa mgrgvlav atomebisagan”7.

cecxlis amgvari gageba mogvagonebs heraklitesac da

demokritesac, radganac is, arsebiTad, am ori didi

brZenis calkeuli Sexedulebebis iseTi ekleqturi na-

zavia, romelic, ukve (TviT am filosofosTagan gansxva-

vebiT) RvTaebrivi kreaciis sazRvrebSia ganTavsebuli.

samyaros elementebs saerTo Tvisebebic aqvT, rac

maT SeerTebas uzrunvelyofs; SeerTebis Sedegad ki

materialuri nivTebi warmoiSoba. es SeerTeba meqaniku-

ria, rac SesaZlebels xdis maT daSlas. sxeulis warmo-

Soba da mospoba aris misi Sedgena da daSla Semadge-

nel elementebad.

iona xelaSvilis msoflmxedvelobis metafizikuri

xasiaTi aSkarad Cans carieli sivrcis gagebis sakiTxSi.

igi aRiarebs carieli sivrcis arsebobas (,,sofelsa Si-

na ars carieloba”) da ekamaTeba dekartsa da kartezia-

nelebs, romlebic martooden relatiuri sicarielis

arsebobas aRiarebdnen da cariels uwodebdnen iseT

sivrces, ,,romelSic ar aris is, rasac Cven vfiqrobT,

rom aq unda iyos”. iona xelaSvilis mixedviT, carieli

sivrce absoluturad carielia, masSi araferi ar

arsebobs. carieli sivrcis arsebobis sabuTad mas miaC-

nia saganTa gafarToebisa da SemWidroebis SesaZleb-

loba gaTbobisa da gacivebis Sedegad (,,metalTa ganadi-

debs cecxli... wyalTa Seaiwroebs nefxva” (e.i. yinva). es

Tvalsazrisi iona xelaSvils gadmocemuli aqvs erT-

erT werilSi solomon dodaSvilisadmi, sadac naTqva-

mia Semdegi: ,,mwer (k) artezianelTagan carielobisa Se-

uwynareblobasa. maT oCopintrulad ganusjiaT TÂiTneba

TÂisTagan. aha, TÂiT me ganvsaje mefis Zis iovanes

SekiTxvaTa Sina, romel sofelsa Sina ars carieloba

31

ara egeTi raTamca esodeni sxvaca sofeli daetios, ara-

med ixilvebis nivTni, romelni Sinagan samni mmufebelni

iZurian da garegan ganraodendebian, Tumca erTni meore-

sa adgilisa Sina ar daidebian ganmqarveblad sxvaTa;

garna urTierT datevneloben, romelni SeimWirvian

bunebiTadca da ufroRa xelonebiTad da dawvlilde-

bian da gandiddebian da sakuTrisa moZraobiTa sazoga-

doica soflisTana iZvrian da aqvsTa mzneqeloba da

metalTa ganadidebs cecxli da wyalTa Seaiwroebs

nefxva da guamiTa Cuenisa ZarRvni tkacuniTa dacariel-

debian haerisagan da aRikrebianca da ukeTu kvriT

yofiliyo, sofel ganWedilca iyo mhsgavsad grdemlisa

uZravad da arRaca da xrwna yofiliyo sofelsa Sina

da oqros notio da haeri arRa spoba mieRo Tavs Soris

da cecxli arcaRa miwasa hqonda mtuerni damRvrni da

arcaRa egreTi carieloba aqvs viTarca RrubelTa da

cxrilTa, aramed gselurni zedurni carieloba hqonanT

yovelTa nivTTa da arian urTierT Seqsovil oTxni

elementni umTavresni ganfenilobad”2.

amrigad, iona xelaSvili carieli sivrcis arsebobis

dasasabuTeblad imave argumentebs mimarTavs, rasac

Tavis droze niutoni iyenebda. aqedan cxadia, rom igi

absoluturi sivrcis (da drois) arsebobas uSvebda,

vinaidan absoluturad carieli sivrce ZvelTaganve

absolutur sivrced iyo miCneuli.

cnobilia, rom XVIII saukunis pirvel aTeul wlebSi

(kerZod, 1715-1716 wlebSi) warmoebda kamaTi laibnicsa

da klarks Soris ZiriTadad sivrcisa da drois sakiT-

xebze. klarki (niutonis mowafe) niutonis Tvalsazriss

icavda absoluturi sivrcisa da drois arsebobis Sesa-

xeb. swored amitom am kamaTs samarTlianad Tvlian niu-

tonisa da laibnicis kamaTad. sul daiwera laibnicis

xuTi werili da klarkis amdenive pasuxi, romelSic

asaxulia diametruli winaaRmdegoba laibnicisa da

32

niutonis sivrcisa da drois Teoriebs Soris. kamaTi

Sewyvita laibnicis gardacvalebam (1717). niutoni sivr-

cisa da drois metafizikur Teorias iziarebda, kerZod,

Tvlida, rom arsebobs absoluturi sivrce, dro da

moZraoba, romlebic damoukidebelia yvelafrisagan, maT

Soris materiisagan da romelSic materia, rogorc

WurWelSi, isea moTavsebuli.

niutonis sawinaaRmdego Tvalsazrisi SeimuSava

laibnicma, romelmac Camoayaliba sivrcisa da drois

relativisturi Teoria. sivrce, laibnicis mixedviT,

aris Tanaarsebobis wesrigi, xolo dro – Tanamimdev-

robis wesrigi. isini, rogorc wesrigebi, relatiuria,

damokidebulia imaze, ris wesrigsac warmoadgens. es

niSnavda absoluturad carieli sivrcisa da drois

arsebobis uaryofas da, saerTod, sivrcisa da drois

metafizikuri Teoriis daZlevas. aRsaniSnavia is gare-

moebac, rom laibnicis relativisturi Tvalsazrisi

sivrcisa da drois Sesaxeb XX saukunis damdegs (1905

wels) ainStainma fizikuri da maTematikuri meTodebiT

daasabuTa da Seqmna relatiurobis Teoria, riTac man

revolucia moaxdina Tanamedrove bunebismecnierebaSi.

laibnicisa da klarkis (arsebiTad niutonis) kamaTi

sivrcisa da drois Sesaxeb cnobili iyo qarTul fi-

losofiur azrovnebaSi. laibnicis sami werili da

amdenive klarkis pasuxi franguli enidan qarTulad

Targmna ilia batoniSvilma (bagrationma)3. es Targmani

iona xelaSvilma gadawera da bolosityvaoba daurTo,

romelSic garkveulia misi damokidebuleba mokamaTe

mxareebisadmi. saxeldobr, iona xelaSvili klarkis

(niutonis) poziciebze dgas da ebrZvis laibnicis sivr-

cisa da drois relativistur Teorias. igi pirdapir

ambobs, rom ,,leibnicios braleul ars, xolo klarki

arxieri4 marTal ars”. iona xelaSvili mkiTxvels ar

33

urCevs laibnicis wakiTxvas, vinaidan “leibnici Sor-

debis sibrZnesa maRalisasa”.

iona xelaSvili materialuri samyaros moZraobis

universalurobas amtkicebs, magram, amasTanave, aris-

toteles gavleniT, uZravi mamoZraveblis Tvalsazrisze

dgas. ,,umoZrao arcaRa erTi romelnime nivTni arian da

cxovelni, TÂinier erTisa mxolod uZravisa, romelic

TÂisiTa uZraobiTa Zravs yovelTave TiToeulTasa ganu-

kueTlebaTa, saxeTa, naTesavTa da sqesebTa da guareb-

Ta”. rogorc vxedavT, iona xelaSvili aristoteles te-

leologiur Tvalsazriss iziarebs, romlis mixedviT,

moZraobis pirvel mizezs (mizans) RmerTi warmoadgens.

bunebis sagnebisa da movlenebis sayovelTao moZrao-

bis safuZvelze iona xelaSvili universaluri kavSire-

bisa da urTierTganpirobebulobis arsebobas aRiarebs.

Tu ra xasiaTi aqvs am kavSirebs, bunebrivi Tu teleo-

logiuri, es naTlad ar Cans. unda vivaraudoT, rom

iona xelaSvili am SemTxvevaSic mtkiced dgas idea-

lizmis poziciebze.

iona xelaSvili samyaroTa ricxvis ganusazRvrelo-

bis ideas icavs. amave dros igi amtkicebs Cveni samya-

ros individualurobas, mis gansxvavebas danarCenisagan.

dedamiwa sferoseburia; yovelgvari nivTobrivi (mate-

rialuri) samganzomilebiania. ,,ese sofeli sam saxed

aris ganfenili”.

iona xelaSvili yovelgvar arsebuls sam jgufad

yofs: araorganuli sxeulebi (,,liTonmetalebi”), mcena-

reebi da cxovelebi. aqac aSkarad Cans aristoteles

gavlena mis msoflmxedvelobaze.

iona xelaSvili laparakobs sagnebisa da movlenebis

sxvadasxva mizezebze: metafizikuri, fizikuri, politi-

kuri, RvTismetyveluri da a.S. samyaros pirveli mizezi

RmerTia, romelic, imave dros, pirveli mamoZravebelia.

34

,,queyana araa manqana, romelsac ar sWirdeba Sroma

RmerTisa” – amtkicebs igi.

iona xelaSvili, Tavisi kreacionistuli Tvalsazri-

sidan gamomdinare, determinizmis poziciebze dgas. igi

uaryofs bunebaSi SemTxveviTobis arsebobas, radgan

Tvlis, rom SemTxveviTobis daSveba RvTiuri mizezob-

riobis mtkicebas ewinaaRmdegeba. samyaroSi martooden

absoluturi aucilebloba arsebobs, romelsac RvTiu-

ri safuZvlebi aqvs.

amis miuxedavad, iona xelaSvili mainc mimarTavs

SemTxveviTobis cnebas; SemTxveviTs igi uwodebs imas,

,,romelsac Tavisi mizezi garegan upyries”, xolo arse-

ba, anu aucileblobiT arsebuli, Tavis Tavad arsebobs

da Tavisi arsebobisTvis ar saWiroebs sxva raimes

arsebobas. ,,arseba ars TaviT TÂisiT myofi umoqenoÁ

sxvaTa Semtkicebisa”5. amrigad, SemTxveviTi aris is, rac

sxvazea damokidebuli, rasac Tavis mizezi sxvaSi aqvs.

arseba da aucilebeli ki Sinagani mizezis mqonea. aq

arsebiTad gamoTqmulia substanciisa da aqcidenciis

Taviseburebani, rac aristoteles da, gansakuTrebiT,

spinozas Semdeg kargad cnobili ambavia.

2. iona xelaSvilis gnoseologiuri Sexedulebebi.

iona xelaSvilTan Semecnebis Teoriis sakiTxebi gaSuqe-

bulia sulisa da sxeulis urTierTobis sakiTxis

ganxilvisas. misi azriT, suls aqvs Tvali anu goneba,

romlis funqciasac yovelTa ,,xilulTa da uxilavisa”

ganxilva warmoadgens. maTi saSualebiT sulma icis

gare samyaro. grZnobis organoebi, nervebi – ,,sagrZnobi

ZarRvis” saSualebiT tvins – ,,sulis saydars” gadasce-

men gonebis masalas. xuTi grZnobis organo grZnobad

dakvirvebas ,,Sinagan meufes” – suls moaxseneben, suli

ki am masalas gansjas gadascems.

ioana xelaSvilis azriT, grZnobis organoebis gare-

Se raimes codna SeuZlebelia. maTi naklovaneba gan-

35

sazRvravs codnis naklovanebas: ,,sulebTa TÂisni kank-

lebi hqonan saSual TÂssa da soflisa”. iqve: ,,grZno-

badi Seixmen Sinagan tvinisadmi da mun suli Seni

miixvams. da esreT garditans ideasa Sina, e.i. xatsa gina

saxis saxesa mis sakrebulosa da idead dakrZalavs, e.i.

xatsa gina mas sxemad, romelsa Semdgom ewodebis

zraxva mas saxelad, sulisa, e.i. mgeblobs sagnisa mis

xatTa mixmulsa da odes genebos ZalgiZsT”6. es niSnavs,

rom grZnobaTa organoebis monacemebi gonebaSi gadamu-

Savebis Semdeg mexsierebaSi inaxeba.

sagnis xatis misaRebad, iona xelaSvilis azriT, sa-

Wiroa ,,sagani, meored, mun Tana myofoba, mesame –

moqmedeba sagnisa, meoTxed – cualeba grZnobebTa da

mexuTe – wadil survili dednisa mis gardmobeWdva

mgrZnobelobiTisa Zalebisa Sina, raTamce mefe sulsa

warudga Sinagan, romeli miixvans msaxurTa TÂisTa

grZnobaTagan mirTmeulebasa”7. rogorc vxedavT, Semecne-

bisTvis aucilebelia obieqti, sagani. xelaSvils obi-

eqtSi esmis obieqturi sinamdvile, romelic arsebobs

adamianisgan damoukideblad. meore pirobaa – ,,mun Tan

myofoba”, e.i. subieqti. romelic Tan unda axldes Sesa-

mecnebel obieqts. mesame pirobaa sagnis moqmedeba Sem-

mecnebeli subieqtis grZnobis organoebze. meoTxe piro-

ba gulisxmobs sagnis zemoqmedebis Sedegad SegrZnebaTa

cvalebadobas. mexuTe piroba ki moiTxovs Semmecnebeli

subieqtis survils _ miswrafebas – grZnobis organoe-

bis saSualebiT sworad asaxos, ,,gadmobeWdos” gareSe

sagani da warudginos igi suls.

amrigad, iona xelaSvili iziarebs im azrs, rom Se-

mecnebisTvis saWiroa sagnis moqmedeba grZnobis orga-

noebze. grZnobaTa organoebis monacemebs ki gansjis su-

li. amasTanave, rac ufro Zlieri iqneba grZnobadi Se-

mecnebis mexuTe piroba – survili, miT ufro naTeli

iqneba sulisaTvis aRqmuli sagani. aqedan cxadad Cans,

36

rom xelaSvili gonebas did rols aniWebs Semecnebis

procesSi. Mmisi azriT, adamiani gonebiT gansxvavdeba

cxovelisagan. am ukanasknelT, ise rogorc adamians,

grZnobis organoebi gaaCniaT, magram goneba ara.

aRniSnulis miuxedavad, iona xelaSvili ar Tvlis,

rom gonebiT Semecneba absoluturia, kerZod, RmerTi

adamianis gonebisTvis Seumecnebadia.

iona xelaSvili erTmaneTisgan ganasxvavebs cnobasa

da zedmiwevnilebas. cnoba SegrZnebebis Sedegia. zedmi-

wevnileba ki gonebis saqmea. aq saWiroa aRqma da gansja

– gonebis moqmedeba. xelaSvili msjelobis or saxes

aRniSnavs – martivsa da logikurs.

iona xelaSvilis SromebSi adamianis gonebis SesaZ-

leblobebis Sefasebisas skepticizmisa da agnosticiz-

mis elementebi SeiniSneba. misi azriT, ,,kacis goneba

friad garSemoweril ars, romeli dabadebulsac ver

miswvdebis srulad”, ,,aravis raime uwyis, Tu ra ars

sofeli garegan, da ukeTu garegan sofeli sacnaur ars,

Sinagani arsni arsTani sadaRame sofelisa brZenTagan

gamoicnos” da sxva amisTanani.

adamianis gonebis arasrulyofilebis maCveneblad

iona xelaSvils miaCnia is faqtic, rom sokrates droi-

dan dRemde filosofosebs surT logikis srulyofa,

magram igi jerac ver mouxerxebiaT. ,,ar aris filoso-

fia sruli logikurad, romel mokvdavTa gulis sity-

vani, e.i. goneba da gulisxmisyofa da neba da Tavisuf-

leba cTomil arian. amisTvis, romel Cuen Zniad

garegani kani, tyavi, qerqi, garsi da zurgi nivTebisa da

arsTa uwyiT dReisa Jamsa egreT da xual ukuTqmiT da

zeg warmoTqmiTa”, wers iona xelaSvili.

aseTia zogadad iona xelaSvilis filosofiuri Se-

xedulebebi da Semecnebis Teoriis sakiTxebis gaazreba.

3. iona xelaSvilis socialuri ideebi. iona xelaSvi-

lis socialuri Sexedulebebis ganxilvisas yuradReba

37

unda mieqces im garemoebas, rom man swored gaigo

ruseT-saqarTvelos kavSiris rogorc dadebiTi, ise

uaryofiTi Sedegebi. iona gveubneba, rom ,,winad lekni

da avarni aoxrebdnen kaxeTs, saguramosa da qarTls,

imereTs, bolniss, gazafxul tyeTa furclisa gamosv-

lidan, vidre dacvenamde. arbevdnen SenobaTa da yofd-

nen.... CvilTa da moxucebulTa da mkvlelni da WabukTa

ganmavaWrebelni TurqTa xelebiTa Sina. awindeli ive-

ria! gixaroden 7 mxiarulebiTa: ganmravlebiTa ekle-

siebs aRyvavebiTa, ganaTlebiTa, sulieri mSvidobiTa

mouklebel locvad da marxvad ganmdidreba caTa Sina

saunjeTa da qveyanasa zeda ganganZRomaTa da Semdgom

saxlTa aRmarTvamde. uSiSroebaTa sparsTa, TurqTa da

lekTagan”8.

aq sworad aris danaxuli ruseT-saqarTvelos gaer-

Tianebis erTi mniSvnelovani dadebiTi Sedegi: mSvido-

bianobis damyareba saqarTveloSi. xelaSvilis es azri

principulad gansxvavdeba batoniSvilTa poziciisgan.

batoniSvilebi, romelTa sulieri moZRvaric iyo iona

xelaSvili, am aqts mxolod uaryofiTad afasebdnen da

masSi sasikeTos verafers xedavdnen. maTgan gansxvave-

biT, xelaSvili aRniSnavda: ,,dReTa amaT winaparni inat-

riden, raTamca TviT exilaT oqrovani saukune ese,

araTu oqrovani, aramed samoTxiuri, romelsaca Sina Se-

vediT, romel ars mSvidoba da kacTa Soris saTnoeba”.

ionas es azri Camoyalibebuli aqvs solomon dodaSvi-

lisadmi gagzavnil werilSi.

iona xelaSvili socialur problemebs Teologiuri

msoflmxedvelobis kuTxidan ixilavs. igi Tvlis, rom

sazogadoebis svla RmerTis nebazea damokidebuli, is-

toriis warmarTveli Zala RmerTia. rogorc adamiani,

ise sazogadoeba zogjer scodavs, arRvevs RmerTis

dawesebul mcnebebs, amitom RmerTisgan sasjelsac

iRebs. urwmunoeba aris mizezi qveynis rogorc Sinagani,

38

ise garegani rRvevisa. magaliTad, ratom gaimarjva

ruseTma napoleonTan omSi? imitom, rom muxlmodreklma

locvam da tirilma gaaZliera ruseTi. xolo napoleo-

ni damarcxda imitom, rom daarRvia saidumloni pir-

veli, meore da meSvide. Seagina eklesiani, 700 sakurT-

xeveli, hyavda meore coli da a. S.

asevea axsnili saqarTvelos aoxreba me-13 saukuneSi

monRolTa mier. imis gamo, rom javaxeTSi Zlier gavr-

celda aTeizmi – sjulis da sarwmunebis sakiTxebze

lizRoba, amitom javaxTa dabebi da qalaqebi RvTis

samZilis sasjeliT mterma aaoxra. ,,erisa didisa gina

mcirisa anu monarxiisa dapyrobasa sxvaTa eriTgan 3

mizezni awarmoeben: odes erTma erma da monarxman dai-

viwyon RvTis msaxureba. eklesiebi dauZlurdnen. roca

monarxs winaparTagan sjuls sayidvels miagebs da

orgulTaTvis dasjis SiSi ara hqondes. amitom erTni

sxvadasxva xarakterisani aRvirsa mcnebisasa dauteveben

da daiwyeben svlasa Tvinier gzisa”.

qveynis rRvevis erT-erTi mizezia monarqisadmi dau-

morCileblobac. misi guli RmerTs upyria xelSi, misi

xeliT ,,ganmarglavs RmerTi RuarZlTa”, e.i. aRmofxvris

borotTa. monarqis SiSs brZanebs saRvTo werili. sameg-

relos mTavris Ze daviTisadmi miweril werilSi xe-

laSvili gadmoscems Tavis Sexedulebebs mTavris

ufleba-movaleobebze. ,,mTavari anu mefe ganaTlebuli

ars mwyemsi cxovarTa TÂisTa wyalobiTa da samarTliTa

gankurnebad. glaxakTa erisa sibrZniTa da simdidriTa

da mSvidobiTa”. man Tavi unda Seswiros mamuls da sxv.

mefe icavs mxedrebiT qveynis mSvidobas, mxvnelT,

mTesvelT da sxv. mefem ar unda gaamravlos uqmad mWa-

meli aznaurebi da vaWrebis raodenoba mxvnelTa, mTes-

velTa da momkelTa metad, raTa ar Semcirdnen miwis

moqmedni. xelaSvilis werilebSi gamoCnda misi mowinave

azri wodebrivi ierarqiis Sesaxeb. werilSi saqarTve-

39

los dedofals mariams igi wers: ,,upirveles yovlisa,

saWiro ars, raTa kaci swavlulebiTa iyos ganaTlebul

da ara mxolod titulsa arTronebiTa, pirvelad iyos

marTl, wminda da patiosan da mere meqon aRsavlobiTi

xarisxisa”.

qveynis garegani da Sinagani rRveva urwmunobiT aris

gamowveuli. magaliTad, mWidro kavSiria volteris ra-

dikalur Sexedulebasa da safrangeTSi momxdar ambebs

Soris. volterma ,,sruliad francielTa dauSrita

sarwmunoeba TÂisisa wignakebiTa, romelTa cxebuli da

cxebulia Tvisi mokles da saxleulni uagvistesni mos-

wyvitnes da iqmnen erTbaSad uembazod unaTlav, vidre

mecxre wlamdis, romelTaca mRvdelni uflisani sru-

liad dakles da aznaurni amoswyvites”9.

gansakuTrebuli kritikis sagania aznauroba, rome-

lic uqmad cxovrobs, ar swavlobs, ar muSaobs da xal-

xis naSromiT cxovrobs. aznauroba mamulisa da xalxis

msaxuri unda iyos. ,,RameTa Sina uZilobiTa TÂisisa

unda ganusvenos ZiliTa mamulisa moqalaqeTa xelni da

saxelni unda iyvnen monarxisaTvis, radgan bevrni

uTaoni ubedur iqnebian ukeTu ara aqvndes mwyemsi”.

zemoT gadmoveciT i. xelaSvilis azri ganaTlebis

Sesaxeb. solomon dodaSvilisadmi miweril werilSi

iona Txovs mas Seadginos proeqti da warudginos mTa-

varmarTebels saswavleblebis gaxsnis Sesaxeb siRnaRSi:

,,aanTe siRnaRSi sanTeli swavlisa, raTa lekebis, da-

RistnelTa da TaTarTa SvilebisaTvis moewyos saswav-

lebeli”10.

unda moispos saqarTveloSi mcxovreb sxvadasxva

xalxTa Soris erovnuli dapirispireba, romelsac zog-

jer am sityvebiT gamoxataven: ,,me qarTveli var da Sen

somexi da arakaci, Sen imereli xar da me qarTleli.

Sen doWamia qarTleli xar da me kaxeli”. saqarTvelos

cxovrebaSi xSiria SemTxvevebi, rom jari kaxeTisa

40

qarTls iklebda da piriqiT. aseTi ram saqarTveloSi

unda moispos. am mizniT xelaSvili sxvadasxva sarw-

munoebis Semwynarebel poziciebze dgas. ,,eklesiani da

sinaRoRni da meCeTni TiToeulTa TÂisi aqundes, raTa

ara ikamaTon sjulisaTvis da ara moiZulon erT-erTi,

aramed miaRebinon siyvaruli urTierTisa aRsrulebad

monarxisa nebisa da mamulisa msaxurebisa, rameTu gvami-

sa yovelni asulni TÂissa saqmeebTa aRmaSenebel gua-

misa arian da morCil Tavisasa”.

sasuliero piris vinme parmenisadmi werilSi iona

wers: ,,moixseneT mSvidobisa Tqvenissa mauwyebdeT da

iyaviT frTxilad da araraÁ sTqvaT sawyeni RvTisa da

cxebulisa misiTa, raTa ara frinvelman frTosanma wa-

riRos raime TqvenTagan igavisaebr solomon brZnisi,

aramed ilocavT monarxisa cxebulisaTvis da queSevr-

domTa misTvis da miiReT misgan gansxvaveba”.

aseTia, mokled, iona xelaSvilis socialuri Sexe-

dulebebi.

4. iona xelaSvilis religiuri Sexedulebebi. iona

xelaSvili qarTuli Teologiuri msoflmxedvelobis

mniSvnelovani warmomadgenelia. misi orTodoqsuli,

Teologiuri msoflmxedveloba efuZneba missave filo-

sofiur Sexedulebebs.

samyaro, iona xelaSvilis azriT, Seqmnilia RmerTis

mier. igi eTanxmeba saRvTo werils, RmerTis mier samya-

ros eqvs dReSi Seqmnaze. xelaSvilTan aris miniSneba

logosze – ,,martiv sityvaze”, romlis safuZvelzec

warmoiSva stiqionebi, elementebi da romlebic safuZv-

lad daedo qveynis Seqmnas.

iona xelaSvili iziarebs atomistur Teorias da

iZleva mis idealistur interpretacias. samyaro Sedgeba

atomebisagan, magram TviTon atomebi xom unda warmoSo-

biliyvnen? maT xom ar SeeZloT warmoSobiliyvnen Tavi-

si Tavidan? maSasadame, atomebi unda Seeqmna sxvas. es

41

sxva aramaterialuria, romelmac warmoSva materialu-

ri, igi aris RmerTi. sainteresoa xelaSvilis mier

RmerTis daxasiaTeba, romelic Zalian hgavs Sua sau-

kuneebis religiur-filosofiur daxasiaTebas. kerZod,

RmerTi aris martivi suli, univTo, igi ar SeiZleba

daxasiaTdes raodenobis, Tvisebis, adgilisa da drois

niSnebiT, riTac Cveulebrivi sagnebi xasiaTdeba.

RmerTi, iona xelaSvilis azriT, yvelafris mizezia,

TviTon ki umizezoa. RmerTi yvelgan aris da yvelafer-

Si imyofeba. RmerTi upirvelesi mizezia, igi mizezTa

mizezia, danarCeni mizezebi ki mxolod ,,mizezovani” (e.i.

Sedegi) aris. RmerTi amoZravebs yvelafers, TviTon ki

uZravia. igi ukvdavia, mas ara aqvs warsuli da momava-

li, vinaidan ar icvleba. Aigi rogor unda moZraobdes,

roca mis gareSe araferi ar aris, an ratom da ra

mizniT unda moZraobdes, roca yvelaferi mas Tavis-

TavSi aqvs. mTeli adamianuri moZraobisa da moqmedebis

wyaros RmerTi warmoadgens. i. xelaSvili adamianis

qcevis deterministuli gagebis poziciebze idga.

i. xelaSvili sityva-sityviT imeorebs aristoteles

moZRvrebas uZravi mamoZraveblis Sesaxeb da mas qris-

tianuli moZRvrebis miznebs umorCilebs. am gagebiT xe-

laSvilis filosofia Teologiur filosofias warmo-

adgens. amasTan Teologiur moZRvrebas filosofiur

interpretacias aZlevs.

adamianis gonebas ar ZaluZs RmerTis Semecneba,

radgan gansazRvruli da daboloebuli ganusazRvrelsa

da dauboloebels ver Seimecnebs. RmerTis miwvdomis

erTaderTi gza aris rwmena. RmerTis mimarT codnis

adgils rwmena iWers. RmerTis Semecneba SeiZleba mxo-

lod arapirdapiri gziT – saRvTo werilis meSveobiT _

da im samyaros SemecnebiT, romelic RmerTis qmnilebas

warmoadgens.

42

,,viTarca xatebisagan icnobebis mxatvari da saxli-

sagan saxlis patroni da werilebisagan mTxzveli da

yovelTave xuroTa da xelovanTa xuroTmoZRvari upir-

velesi TÂisiT mizezebulTa mizezad da ese viTarca

saxiTa icnobebis dabadebulTagan dambadebeli, msgav-

sad ze Sesulisa saxeliTa Ziebulni raimeni”11. RmerTis

arseboba dasturdeba samyaros arsebobiT, Seqmnilis ar-

sebobidan Semoqmedis arseboba gamomdinareobs. ,,vic-

nobT Semoqmedsa eseviTarisa didisa saxlisa, romlisa

didebasa mogviTxrobs caÁ da samyaro qveyana”, wers igi

solomon dodaSvils12.

i. xelaSvili icnobs klarkisa da laibnicis cdas

maTematikuri da metafizikuri gziT daasabuTon Rmer-

Tis arseboba13. TviTon ionas zedmetad miaCnia RmerTis

arsebobis mtkiceba maTematikisa da metafizikis gziT,

rogorc amas laibnici akeTebs. gonebas ar SeuZlia

saerTod RmerTis arseboba _ ararsebobis damtkiceba.

RmerTi arsebobs, mis arsebobas amtkicebs qveynis arse-

bobis faqti da samyaros kanonzomiereba da ara gonebis

sibrZne. niutonic xom RmerTis arsebobis aRiarebamde

samyaros kanonzomierebaze dakvirvebis Sedegad mivida –

ambobda igi.

iona xSirad uCivis rwmenis daqveiTebas qarTvelTa

Soris. aseTTa Soris umaRlesi pirnic yofilan. ,,aba me

SememTxva sarClisaTvis eklesiis da sarwmunoebisa da

mamulisa didi friadni kamaTobani da gankafani winaSe

pirispir uganaTlebulesTa qeTevan da grigol da So-

ris brwyinval sofio... da sxuaTa da sxuaTa pirebTa

mimarT”14, wers igi solomon dodaSvils. eklesiaSi ums-

gavso qcevisaTvis ionas SeniSvna miucia Tavadis asuli-

saTvis – pasuxad mas bevri usiamovneba Sexvedria. ag-

reTve ,,eg saxedve vixilen romelime qarTvelni, romel-

nica araTu slavianursa locvasa da wirvasa gaigoneben,

aramed Tuisa xmaTa zedaca Zniad miewifebian zemopir

43

smenasa, romelTaca Soris ukeTu xuTisa mxariT sxuaTa

enis taZari iyos mun miaqceven“.

iona xelaSvils qristianuli sarwmunoebis dacva-

ganmtkiceba pirvelxarisxovan saqmed miaCnia. sarwmunoe-

ba eris TviTmyofis pirveli pirobaa. daicavs ra sarw-

munoebas, misdevs ra mis mcnebebs – iarsebebs qarTveli

xalxi. siwminde da patiosneba ganmtkicdeba qarTvelTa

Soris. qarTvelma xalxma Tavisi arseboba sarwmunoebis

dacviT SeinarCuna.

iona xelaSvilis Teologiuri msoflmxedvelobis

Semadgeneli nawilia misi azri sulisa da sxeulis

urTierTobaze. misi SexedulebiT, adamiani sulisa da

sxeulis erTianobaa. sxeuli nivTieria, igi bunebrivad

aris gaCenili, suli ki RmerTis mier aris Seqmnili,

aramaterialuri, uxilavi da uferoa da, gansxvavebiT

sxeulisagan, ar izrdeba.

suli, sxeulisagan gansxvavebiT, martivia. igi ar

aris Sedgenili nawilebisagan. swored amitomaa igi ukv-

davi da maradiuli. mospoba, ganadgureba mxolod nawi-

lebisagan Sedgenils SeuZlia. unawilebo da Seud-

geneli ki maradiulia. ase asabuTebs i. xelaSvili su-

lis ukvdavebas.

suli sxeulSia moTavsebuli, magram igi misgan

arsebiTad gansxvavdeba. suli martivia, sxeuli ki rTu-

li. amave dros suli i. xelaSvils esmis, rogorc sxeu-

lis sicocxlis wyaro. sxeuli manamde arsebobs, vidre

masSi sulia moTavsebuli. xolo sulis ganSorebis Sem-

deg sxeulic iSleba, ixrwneba. ,,TÂnier sulisa gaixrw-

nebis sikvdilTaze odes ganvides suli”.

magram arc is SeiZleba iTqvas, rom TiTqos sxeuls

sulisTvis araviTari pozitiuri funqcia ar hqondes.

garkveuli azriT, suli Tavis moqmedebis asparezs

sxeulSi poulobs. suls moqmedeba SeuZlia sxeulis

safuZvelze. ,,xomaldi aris gvami da suli menave” –

44

ambobs i. xelaSvili. sxeuli aq, garkveuli azriT, gage-

bulia, rogorc sulis iaraRi. suli moixmars sxeuls

imis gasakeTeblad, rac mas surs. marTalia, suls ar

SeuZlia sxeulis gareSe moqmedeba, magram es imas ar

niSnavs, rom suli sxeulze iyos damokidebuli. es azri

sruliad bunebrivia i. xelaSvilis koncefciisaTvis,

romelic sulis substanciurobis Tvalsazriss icavs.

miuxedavad mkveTri sxvadasxvaobisa, amtkicebs i.

xelaSvili, suli da sxeuli umeteswilad erTad, Se-

Tanxmebulad moqmedebs. ,,viTarca orni wisqvilni erT

mxolod dafquaTa moqmedeben, gana orni Tualni erTisa

xedvasa da orni yurni erTsa smenasa da orni xelni

erTsa saqmesa da orni ferxni erTsa da orni pirni

erTsa ynosasa da ena da sasa erTisa gemosa da uSores.

garna ukeTu eseni urTierTisagan ganiyvnen, xolo suli

arasodes ganiSorebis Tuissa qalaqsa, vidre darRuvam-

de sikvdilisagan. egreTueÁ guami qalaqi maradis iZvri-

sobs TÂisa martiv cxovel sulisagan gancxovelebul”15.

xelaSvili mimarTavs eklesiis mamebis silogizms,

raTa daamtkicos misTvis saWiro debulebebi. ,,aha

ramdenime silogizmi davxsna aqare kidur WeSmaritebad.

yoveli martiv mcxoulebeli uxrwnel ars. sulia mar-

tiv mcxoulebeli. maSasadame, ara mokvdebis. romelica

ars martiv mcxoulebeli ama meqon arc SemTxveviTi

rTulebisa, sulia liton cxoueli, maSasadame, ar aris

nivTier. yoveli mflobel Tuissa nebasa zeda uufal

ars. sulia Tavisufali. maSasadame, uuflebs Tuissa

saneburebsa zeda, romeli usaSvelod scnobs Tavsa

Tuissa igi umoqeno ars SemTxveulebisa. suli scnobs

Tuissa martoobasa. maSasadame, ucxo aRnagobisa da

moklebisagan. romeli yovladia arsebiTad misi buneba-

ca igivea. suli yovladi arsia, maSasadame, buneba, ar-

seba misi erTi mxoloa, romeli igonebs igi sityvier

45

ars. suli kacisa ixsenebs, maSasadame, mogonebulTa met-

yuelebs da a.S.”16

i. xelaSvili uaryofs cxovelebisa da mcenareebis

sulebis arsebobas. mcenareebsa da cxovelebs ara aqvT

namdvili suli. mcenareebSi aris zrdis Zala.

cxovelebSi ki ,,mfSvinavi sulia”, magram arc erTs da

arc meores namdvili suli ara aqvT.

i. xelaSvili Tvlis, rom adamianis suls, ,,mfSvinav

suls”, aqvs mTeli rigi iseTi Tvisebebi, romlebic ara

aqvT cxovelebs. i. xelaSvili adamianis sulis Semdeg

Tvisebebs (an unarebs) CamoTvlis: 1. floba. 2. neba. 3.

goneba. 4. gulisxmisyofa. 5. gansja. 6. survili. 7. midre-

kileba. 8. trfoba. 9. rwmena. 10. sasoeba. 11. siyvaruli. 12.

Sinagan zraxvaTa xseneba. 13. ganmoxatva. 14. gvajioba. 15.

Surveba. 16. moTmineba. 17. myofadisa Zieba. 18. miswrafe-

biT qmna keTilisa. 19. wina mavali svindisi. 20. sixa-

ruli. 21 aRsovlebiTi mxiaruloba da sxv.

iona xelaSvili CamoTvlis, agreTve, adamianis avz-

niani sxeulis uaryofiT niSnebsac – ampartavnoba, vera-

goba, urwmunoeba, urCoba da sxv. (sul 42 ase Tvisebas).

grZnobis organoebi, iona xelaSvilis azriT, adamia-

nis suls awvdis masalas, romelsac suli ganixilavs

da gansjis. grZnobis organoebi am gagebiT sulis

msaxuris rols asrulebs, xolo TviTon suli sulac

ar aris damokidebuli grZnobis organoebze. aq xela-

Svili ekamaTeba loks, romelsac ,,suli kacisa eCvenebis

sxeulevnad” (e.i. materialurad – avt.). Tavisi debu-

lebis dasamtkiceblad loks aseTi argumenti moaqvs:

rodesac mZinavs – aRar vgrZnob, araferi vici Cemi

sulis Sesaxeb, maSasadame, suli materialuria, rbili,

sisxlSi myofi, mgrZnobeli ,,mecnavi fizikuri tkivilis

da siamovnebisa”.

iona xelaSvili akritikebs lokis am Tvalsazriss

da icavs sulis substanciurobis ideas. igi wers: ,,lo-

46

qi romeli azmnebs kacisa meCuinebiso sxeulevanad, da

aRreulad guamebsa Sina TiToeulTasa, romeli ZiliTa

TuisiTa amtkicebda, aba odes mZinavs suli Cemi arRa

uwyio, anu sulman Cemman ara miciso me, maSasadame,

sxeulevan arso, wulili raime lbili sisxlsa Sina

mgrZnobi mecnavi fizikurTa fufunebisa da poletikur-

Ta mxiarulebisa. gina mwuxarebisa da zedarTo: ena Cemi

odesme metyuelebs, suli Cemi meqon ars sxeulisa da

odesme metyvelebs. suli Cemi meqon arso martiv cxo-

velebisa garna me guamisa Cemisa grZnobaebTa uumetes

daverwmunebi, romelTa Tuisni saqmeni aqsiomad aqvsTo

da moqmedeben TuisTa praktikebTa. aba ese viTari

sxeulevanad meocne loq britaniisa ganbelta ufalman

klarkman, da sruliad anglelTa gankurTes sibrZnisa

kalmebisa kurTxebiTa, argnebiTa, kurTxebiTa, Solte-

biTa, maTraxebiTa, azarmacebiTa da ketebiTa da keTil

filosofiisa Surdulebisa quibTa mqisebTagan da wyl-

tuebTa da erTbaSad pariJisa akademiisa wevrni prafe-

sorni, rektorni, direktorni da doxtur filosofosni,

da ufrosRa RvTismetyvelni daecnen usaxurTa mas loq-

sa, WurWelsa mas demonisasa da dauyves piri peroiani,

romelman verRaraÁ sityvan ugo, zemoxsenebulsa sulisa

meqonTa, amad auarda slokini mZime gangobilisa kuWisa

da esreT mwuxarebiT ganvida suli mis loqisa da mZori

misi saTno demonTi dascxra cmagvisagan, romlisa oTx-

ni tomni wignebi gauqmda da esreT oflni Tusni uqmad

Seercxa loqsa mas usaZaglessa piTagorisasa”.

werilSi solomon dodaSvilisadmi iona mas afTxi-

lebs: ,,ekrZaleT sulebi martiv mcxovebeli ara war-

moidginoT ganfenilebisa queSe”. aseve arasworia ,,yba

ZaRlisa - volteri”, romelic suls niavad Tvlis da

qilikobiT ekiTxeba eqimebs: ,,aha, Tqven umjobesad iciT

sad imyofebian sulebi _ tvinSi, gulSi, TmaTa ZirebSi

Tu frClebSi?”.

47

iona xelaSvili sulis gagebis sakiTxebSi ekamaTeba

laibnicsac. Tu yovelive sulisgan anu monadisagan

Sedgeba, rogorc amas ambobs laibnici, maSin, xelaSvi-

lis azriT, gamodis, rom sulia yvelaferi, maT Soris

uwmindurebanic, kerZod: ,,cinglni misni wvintlni,

furTxniu, bototni, duJni, nerwyvni da welebis da

kuWis skoreni... da Sarini misni sulebi arian, egreTve

Tmani, wverni... frCxilni, kani, tyavni, xorcni, sisxlni,

tvinni, ZarRvni, Tagunni da tenonni da...yoveli

Signeulni da Zvalni misni”.

iona xelaSvili laparakobs oTxgvari sulis Sesaxeb

– angelozTa, wmindaTa, demonTa da kacTa. yovel arse-

bas, romelsac aqvs goneba, aqvs sulic. suls ganfeni-

loba ar axasiaTebs da amitomac gansxvavdeba sagnisgan.

iona xelaSvilis Teologiuri Sexedulebebi misi

saerTo msoflmxedvelobis safuZvelzea agebuli da

Seesabameba Tavisi epoqis suliskveTebas.

$2 daviT bagrationi (1767-1819)

1. sabunebismetyvelo mecnieruli msoflmxedveloba.

daviT bagrationis naturfilosofiuri Sexedulebani

gadmocemulia mis wignSi ,,Semoklebuli fizika”, rome-

lic gankuTvnili iyo saxelmZRvanelod qarTveli axal-

gazrdobisaTvis. es Txzuleba pirvelad 1954 wels v.

parkaZem gamosca da komentarebi daurTo.

daviT bagrationis ,,Semoklebuli fisika“ (1818) im

periodSi iqmneboda, rodesac bunebismecniereba ukve ga-

moeyo filosofias da orTavem damoukidebloba moi-

pova; swored amitom masSi naturfilosofiuri Sexedu-

lebani SedarebiT mcirea misi winamorbedi avtorebis

48

(kerZod, anton pirvelis) analogiuri xasiaTis Txzule-

bebTan SedarebiT.

swored amaze metyvelebs fizikis sagnis is gan-

sazRvreba, romelsac daviT bagrationi gvTavazobs.

,,fisika ars xelovneba gina swavla, romelica gviCvenebs

TvisebaTa nivTTa da gangvicxadebs mizezTa bunebiTTa

gancxadebaTa”17. sxvagvarad rom vTqvaT, daviT bagratio-

ni fizikas gansazRvravs rogorc mecnierebas materiis

Tvisebebisa da materialuri mizezebis Sesaxeb. materiis

qveS aq tradiciulad nivTobrivi samyaro igulisxmeba.

miuxedavad amisa, am gansazRvrebas ufro metad natur-

filosofiuri Sinaarsi aqvs, vidre fizikuri, vinaidan

laparakia materialuri samyaros (tradiciuli gagebiT)

uzogades Tvisebebsa da aseTsave uzogades mizezebze.

maT Semecnebas swored naturfilosofia cdilobda, ro-

melic ar ifargleboda martooden fizikuri Tvisebe-

bisa da mizezebis gamokvleviT.

fizikis cnebis zemoaRniSnuli gageba imdenad far-

Toa, rom yvela sabunebismetyvelo mecnierebas moicavs.

,,nivTTa Tvisebebi” an ,,bunebiTi mizezebi”, romelTac

fizika swavlobs, Tanamedrove gagebiT, SeiZleba iyos

rogorc fizikuri, aseve qimiuri, biologiuri, astrono-

miuli da a.S. aq laparaki ar aris specifikur fi-

zikursa da qimiur Tvisebebsa da mizezebze. daviT

bagrationis ,,Semoklebul fisikaSi” ganxilulia ara

mxolod fizikis (Tanamedrove gagebiT), aramed agreTve

qimiis, biologiis, astronomiis, meteorologiis sakiT-

xebic.

amasTanave, daviTi xedavs am mecnierebaTa Soris gan-

sxvavebas. magaliTad, igi miuTiTebs fizikisa da astro-

nomiis gansxvavebaze. ,,sxva ars varskvlavTmricxvelobaÁ

da sxva ars fisikaÁ”18. aseve iTqmis sxva sabunebismety-

velo mecnierebebzec, romlebic daviTis epoqaSi an ukve

diferencirebuli iyo da an diferenciaciis gzas adga.

49

zemoaRniSnulidan gamomdinareobs, rom fizikis cne-

bas daviT bagrationi ori mniSvnelobiT xmarobs. erTi

mxriv, fizikas gansazRvravs, rogorc mecnierebas

sxeulTa uzogades Tvisebebze, romelTa Soris, garda

fizikuri Tvisebebisa, qimiuri, biologiuri da sxva

Tvisebebic igulisxmeba. am SemTxvevaSi daviTi fizikas

zogadi mniSvnelobiT xmarobs. magram, meore mxriv, igi

erTmaneTisagan ganasxvavebs sxvadasxva sabunebismetyve-

lo mecnierebas (magaliTad, fizikasa da astronomias)

da, maSasadame, ganasxvavebs sxeulebis fizikur, qimiur-

sa da sxva Tvisebebs. am SemTxvevaSi fizikis cneba viw-

ro mniSvnelobiT ixmareba. daviT bagrationis ,,Semokle-

bul fisikaSi” arCeulia gadmocemis pirveli gza, e.i.

naturfilosofiuri pozicia. es erTxel kidev adastu-

rebs, rom daviTi samyaros filosofiur gaazrebas pir-

velad mniSvnelobas aniWebs da, maSasadame, xedavs na-

turfilosofiis Rirebulebas adamianis codnis sistema-

Si.

fizikis cnebis gansazRvrebisas daviTi iZleva mec-

nierebaTa klasifikacias sabunebismetyvelo da arasa-

bunebismetyvelo mecnierebad. rodesac igi fizikas gan-

sazRvravs rogorc ,,mizezTa bunebiTTa” Semswavlel

mecnierebad, maSin mis qveS mTeli bunebismecniereba

igulisxmeba. swored bunebismecniereba swavlobs ,,mi-

zezTa bunebiTTa”, maSin, maSin roca sxva mecnierebani

,,arabunebriv” mizezebs ikvlevs. es ukanasknelni ki ar

aris sabunebismetyvelo mecnierebani.

,,nivTebisa” da ,,nivTierebis” qveS daviT bagrations

materia esmis. amdenad, igi nivTierebas materiis erTa-

derT formad Tvlis. fizikis cnebis zemoaRniSnuli

gansazRvrebac aseT SemTxvevaSi naturfilosofiur JRe-

radobas iZens. saxeldobr fizika, am gansazRvrebis

Tanaxmad, aris mecniereba materialuri arsisa da misi

Tvisebebis Sesaxeb.

50

nivTebs, romlebic bunebaSi gvxdeba da SegrZnebebSi

gveZleva, daviT bagrationi ,,sxeuls” uwodebs. amrigad,

SegrZnebebSi mocemuloba (misi principuli SesaZleblo-

ba) CaTvlilia fizikuri sxeulebis ZiriTad niSnad. es

niSnavs, rom daviT bagrationi materialuri sxeulebis

SegrZnebebSi mocemulobas aRiarebs (,,queSe Semvrdomi

sagrZnobelTa”). es Tvalsazrisi kargad cnobili iyo

klasikur filosofiaSi. daviT bagrationic am Tval-

sazriss iziarebs.

amrigad, daviT bagrationi materialuri sxeulebis

grZnobadi Semecnebis damcvelia. maT grZnobadi dakvir-

vebis safuZvelze SevimecnebT. dakvirveba aris ,,ganxil-

va nivTTa bunebisa mdebarebasa Sina maTsa”, e.i. iseTis,

rogoric sinamdvileSia; cda ki aris sxeulebis mdgoma-

reobis ,,ganxilva”, ramdenadac mas adamianis unari

swvdeba (,,gamocdilebanica arian ganxilvani nivTTani,

sadac esreTsa mdgoobsa Sina miiwvTobis ZaliTa da

xelovnebiTa”19).

rogorc vxedavT, aq daviTi Semecnebis empiristuli

Teoriis poziciebze dgas; sagnis Tvisebebi SegrZnebeb-

Si, gamocdilebaSi, dakvirvebaSi gveZleva. cda Semecne-

bis mTavari wyaroa. daviT bagrationis aseTi gnoseolo-

giuri pozicia sruliad gasagebi gaxdeba, Tu gaviTva-

liswinebT im garemoebas, rom igi frangi ganmanaTleb-

lebis gavlenas ganicdis, romlebic Semecnebis empiris-

tul Teorias iziarebdnen.

daviTi miuTiTebs dakvirvebis, cdis SesaZleblobis

aucilebel pirobebze; amasTanave, es pirobebi mas ara

filosofiuri, aramed sabunebismetyvelo azriT esmis.

,,da raiTamca gasinjva iyos marjve, moiTxovebis, pirve-

lad, simrTele sagrZnobelTa CvenTa; meored, WurWelni

(ese igi iaraRni) SemTxvevasa Sina ususurobisa grZno-

baTa CvenTasa; mesamed, Jami Sesabami, meoTxed, Sesaqmi

adgilni da mexuTed, damyudroebiTi yuradReba”20. erTi

51

sityviT, dakvirvebisaTvis aucilebelia grZnobis orga-

noebis janmrTeloba, dakvirvebis saSualebani (,,WurWel-

ni”), saTanado dro, adgili da yuradReba. aseTia, misi

azriT, empiriuli dakvirvebis aucilebeli pirobebi.

sxeulTa Tvisebebs daviT bagrationi or jgufad

yofs; zogad (,,komunes”) da kerZod (,,partikulares” anu

,,saTaviso”). zogadi iseT Tvisebebs ewodeba, ,,romelnica

yovelTadTa sxeulTasa Sina poebul arian”, e.i. yvela

sxeuls axasiaTebs da, maSasadame, universalur jgufs

ekuTvnis (,,saTaviToni Tvisebani arian igini, romelnica

romelTame sxeulTa Sina ipoebian”). aq, erTi SexedviT,

saqme gvaqvs tradiciul moZRvrebasTan materiis pirve-

ladi da meoradi Tvisebebis Sesaxeb. pirveladia sub-

stanciuri Tvisebebi, romelic yvela materialurs axa-

siaTebs, xolo meoradi (kerZo) – materialuris ama Tu

im formas ekuTvnis. AaseT pirvelad (zogad) Tvisebebad

daviT bagrationi acxadebs, uwinares yovlisa, ganfeni-

lobas, simkvrives, Rrmulobas, dayofadobas, inercias,

mizidulobas da a.S.

pirveladsa da meorad Tvisebebze tradiciuli

moZRvrebis Sesabamisad, daviT bagrations miaCnia, rom e.

w. meoradi Tvisebebi, magaliTad, feri, ar ekuTvnis

sagans TavisTavad. ,,mcnobeloba (cda – s.a.) gviCvenebs, –

wers igi, – viTarmed ferovneba ara poebul ars bunebi-

Tad nivTTa Sina, aramed SemTxveviTad... sxeuls ara aqvs

ferovneba, Tavisi aramed Sedgebis igi cvalebadobisa

gamo epifaniisa (zedapirisa) – atomTa” ($86). aseve

iTqmis sxva meorad Tvisebebze.

amis miuxedavad, daviT bagrationis Sexeduleba meo-

radi Tvisebebis Sesaxeb tradiciuli Tvalsazrisisagan

gansxvavdeba. loki meorad Tvisebebs subieqturad

Tvlida, romelic, misi azriT, subieqtTan mimarTebaSi

warmoiSoba. daviT bagrationi ki, marTalia, maT ,,SemTx-

veviTs” uwodebs, magram obieqturi mizezebiT xsnis.

52

magaliTad, sagnis fers igi atomTa zedapiris cvale-

badobis Sedegad Tvlis. igi SemTxveviTia im azriT, rom

sagnis bunebidan ar gamomdinareobs.

daviT bagrationi yovelive materialuris uarsebi-

Tes niSnad ganfenilobas asaxelebs, romlis qveS mas

esmis sxeulis is Tviseba, rom eWiros garkveuli ad-

gili da hqondes sazRvari. ,,ganfeniloba ars Tviseba

nivTisa ese viTari, romelic ipyrobs adgilsa da aqvs

sazRvari da nakveTi da amas aqvs sami ganzomilebaÁ: ese

igi sigrZe, sivrce (sigane – s.a.) da sizrqe, romelnica

geometriasa Sina xilul ars gancalkevebiT urTierTi-

sagan; xolo fisikasa Sina es araodes ixmevis, vinaidgan

fisikaÁ Seiwynarebs mxolod oden gansjasa esreTTa

nivTTasa viTarca arian igini; xolo yovelTa sxeul-

Tagani raodenca iyvnen wvlil, maradis Tanamdebarian

qonebad qvemoÁsa, zemoÁsa, winasa, ukanaÁsa da gverdTa;

da eseni Seadrgenen sigrZesa da sizrqesa. da oden

sxeulTa eqmnebis ese yovelni, maSasadame, Tanamdeb ars

ganfenilobisa qonebad”21.

ganfeniloba sivrcis ganzomilebebSi mJRavndeba.

daviTi CamoTvlis ra sivrcis ganzomilebebs, romelTac

geometria swavlobs, miuTiTebs, rom geometria sagnebs

ganixilavs abstraqtulad. igi aseve iqceva sivrcis

ganzomilebebis mimarT, romelTac erTmaneTisagan gan-

calkevebiT ganixilavs (,,geometriasa Sina xilul arian

gancalkevebiT urTierTisagan”). fizika ki realur sag-

nebsa da movlenebs ikvlevs; misi sagania ara abstraq-

tuli obieqtebi, aramed realuri sagnebi (,,fisikaÁ

Seiwynarebs mxolod oden gansjasa esreTsa nivTTasa,

viTarmed arian igini”). yovel sxeuls, ragind mcirec

ar unda iyos, aqvs zemoxsenebuli sami ganzomileba, vi-

naidan sxvagvarad ganfenilobis arseboba SeuZlebelia;

sami ganzomileba erTad Seadgens ganfenilobas (,,eseni

Seadgenen sigrZesa, siganesa da sizrqesa da oden

53

sxeulTa eqmnebis ese yoveli, maSasadame Tanamdeb ars

ganfenilobasa qonebad”).

zemoaRniSnulidan gamomdinareobs, rom daviT bag-

rationi sivrcis gagebis sakiTxSi aristotelesa da

dekartis Tvalsazriss iziarebs. ganfeniloba mas esmis

rogorc sidide, romelsac sivrcis sami ganzomileba

miewereba. amasTanave, ganfeniloba, sidide da sivrce

gaigivebulia. sxvagvarad es niSnavs sivrcisa da sxeu-

lis gaigivebas, rac yvelaze mkafiod dekartma gamoTqva.

,,Cven arasodes ar ganvasxvavebT sivrces sigrZiT, si-

farTiTa da siRrmiT ganfenilobisagan”22 Semdeg: ,,ad-

gili da sivrce sxeuls garda arafers ar aRniSnavs”23.

daviT bagrationic analogiur Tvalsazriss iziarebs,

rodesac igi ganfenilobas (sidides), romelic sxeuls

ekuTvnis da misgan ganuyrelia, sivrcesTan aigivebs

(sivrcis ganzomilebebs miawers). es arsebiTad niSnavs

absoluturi (carieli) sivrcis uaryofas da, maSasada-

me, sivrcisa da drois relativisturi Teoriis pozi-

ciebze dgomas.

daviTi gveubneba, rom sami ganzomileba yvela

sxeulSi ar Cans, magram, vinaidan yvela sxeuls, ,,ro-

melnica qveSe Sevrdom arian sagrZnobelTa CvenTa“ aqvs

ganfeniloba, amitom maT es sami ganzomilebac unda

hqondeT. ganzomileba da ganfeniloba erTi da igivea,

an, ufro zustad rom vTqvaT, ganfeniloba SeuZlebelia

ganzomilebis gareSe. erTi sityviT, daviT bagrationi

amtkicebs mikrosxeulebis ganfenilobisa da ganzomi-

lebis arsebobas.

materialuri sxeulebis Semdeg arsebiT Tvisebas

simtkice (simkvrive) anu ,,sizrqe” warmoadgens. am Tvi-

sebas daviTi laTinurad uwodebs ,,inpenetrabilobas”

anu Seuvalobas. es niSnavs, rom erT adgilze ori sxeu-

li ver moTavsdeba (,,romelsa adgilsa verodes daipy-

54

robs nivTi meoreÁ, sadaca pirvel mdebareobs”). am

SemTxvevaSic igrZnoba dekartis gavlena.

aq sainteresoa is garemoebac, rom daviT bagrations

adgili, aristoteles msgavsad, esmis rogorc sazRvari.

sxeulis mier ,,adgilis pyroba” da ,,sazRvris qoneba”

erTi da igivea. aristotele fiqrobda, rom adgili

sagnebisagan damoukidebeli arsi ki ar aris, aramed igi

niSnavs mocemuli sxeulis gansazRvrulobas sxva sxeu-

lebis mier. marTalia, daviT bagrations ara aqvs

bolomde Camoyalibebuli sivrcis relativisturi

Teoria (dekartisa da, gansakuTrebiT, laibnicisagan

gansxvavebiT), magram is ki udavoa, rom igi xSirad

absoluturi sivrcis Teorias emijneba.

materialuri sxeulebis erT-erT ZiriTad niSnad

daviT bagrationi ,,forovanebas” Tvlis, rac imas niS-

navs, rom yvela sxeuls aqvs Rrmulebi, e.i. sicariele

(,,amad romeli soflisa Sina ara ars esreTi sxeuli,

romel ara aqvndes forni”). sxeulebis SekumSva da ga-

farToeba SesaZlebelia am Rrmulebis (,,forebis”) sa-

SualebiT. absoluturi simkvrivis pirobebSi SekumSva

an gafarToeba SeuZlebeli iqneboda. ,,forovaneba sxeu-

lisa ars mizezi ganSlisa da SexruStvisa gina SemWir-

Svisa masisa ara cvalebiTa Sedgmulebisagan Tvisisa”24.

igulisxmeba, rom sicarielis cneba daviT bagra-

tions dekartisa da anton pirvelis msgavsad esmis; sa-

xeldobr, igi Tvlis, rom sxeulebSi arsebuli Rrmule-

bi savsea eTeriT, yovelgvar ,,sicarieles” eTeri avsebs.

,,ganra eTerica ars uTxelesi stixioni, romelsa hgo-

neben, reca igi yovelsa sivrcesa soflisasa aRavseb-

des”25. amrigad, absoluturad carieli sivrce ar arse-

bobs. am SemTxvevaSi daviT bagrationis Tvalsazrisi

antonis Tvalsazrisisgan ar gansxvavdeba.

sayuradReboa is garemoebac, rom eTers daviT bagra-

tioni ,,stiqionad” Tvlis; qarTuli naturfilosofiis

55

istoriaSi es Tvalsazrisi sakmaod cnobilia, romelic

aristoteledan momdinareobs. swored aristotele

Tvlida, rom cecxlis, wylis, haerisa da miwis garda

arsebobs eTeric, rogorc mexuTe stiqioni, romelic

pirveli oTxisagan imiT gansxvavdeba, rom igi ufro

faqizia, ,,zebunebrivia”, ciur sxeulebs ekuTvnis. magram

eTeris daxasiaTebisas daviT bagrationi imowmebs ara

aristoteles, aramed ,,did basils” (330-379) (basili

kesarieli, basili didi), cnobil saeklesio moRvawes,

romelsac didi wvlili miuZRvis qristianuli dogma-

tebis dafuZnebis saqmeSi. damowmebulia, agreTve, ioane

damaskeli, romlis mixedviT ,,eTeri ariso usubuqesi da

zeuaRmavlesi nivTTa, cecxli, romlisa dawesebasa

Semdgomad cisa da wesebisa ityviano”. aqac miTiTebulia

eTeris zebunebriv Tvisebebze (iseve rogorc aristo-

telesTan), Tumca igi mainc mexuTe stiqionad iTvleba.

daviT bagrationi gvauwyebs eTeris fizikur Tvisebeb-

sac. saxeldobr, igi eTers, imdroindeli fizikis Sesa-

bamisad, sinaTlis gavrcelebis saSualebad Tvlis. ,,ro-

melnime ityvian esreTca; reca eTerisa ZaliT ganvrc-

nebodes naTeli esreT, viTarca haerisa ZliT bgeraÁ”26.

erTi sityviT, eTeris fizikuri daniSnulebaa sinaTlis

gavrceleba, iseve rogorc haeri xels uwyobs bgeris

gavrcelebas.

aq isic sainteresoa, rom daviT bagrationi carieli

sivrcis SesaZleblobas uaryofs. igi Tvlis, rom

carieli sivrce ar arsebobs arc mTels samyaroSi da

arc calkeul sxeulebSi. yvelaferi savsea eTeriT.

carieli sivrcis uaryofa ki, rogorc aRvniSneT, sivr-

cisa da drois relativisturi Teoriis erT-erTi Ziri-

Tadi niSania.

materialuri sxeulebi, daviTis azriT, struqturul

mTlianobas warmoadgens, nawilebisagan Sedgeba da, ma-

Sasadame, rTulia. sxeulebi ,,ars Sedgmul SerwymulTa-

56

gan kerZoTa” (nawilebisagan)Dda amitom ,,yovelsa sxeul-

sa SevracxT Serwymulad... yoveli sxeuli Zalidebis

ganwvalebad”27. amis safuZvelze daviTi fiqrobs, rom

sxeulebis warmoSoba niSnavs maT Sedgenas nawilebisa-

gan, xolo mospoba – nawilebad daSlas. sxeulTa rTu-

li Sedgenilobis gareSe SeuZlebeli iqneboda maTi

warmoSoba da daSla. am ideas emyareboda materiis

maradiulobis koncefcia klasikur filosofiur az-

rovnebaSi. materia iSleba atomebad, xolo atomebi

martivia, Seudgenelia da, maSasadame, aRar iSleba, ar

ispoba. es ki niSnavs materiis maradiulobas.

atomisturi filosofia sxeulTa individuaciis au-

cilebel pirobad carieli sivrcis arsebobas Tvlida.

sxeulebs erTmaneTisagan carieli sivrce gamoyofs. es

Tvalsazrisi dekartma uaryo da daamtkica, rom carie-

li sivrce ara marto ar aris saganTa individuaciis

aucilebeli piroba, aramed, piriqiT, carieli sivrcis

arsebobis SemTxvevaSi saganTa individuacia (erTmaneTi-

sagan gamoyofa) SeuZlebeli iqneboda. arsebiTad amave

poziciebze dgas daviT bagrationi, romelic carieli

sivrcis arsebobas uaryofs da moZraobasa da saganTa

individuacias savse sivrcis safuZvelze xsnis.

daviT bagrationi erTmaneTisagan ganasxvavebs or-

gvar Sedgenilobas: raodenobrivsa da ,,SerwymulobiTs”,

romlis qveS Tvisebrivi Sedgeniloba igulisxmeba. rao-

denobrivi Sedgenilobis daSlisas sagani igive rCeba

(,,raodenobiTni Semdgomad ganyofisa ara warswymeden

arsebasa TÂissa”), xolo ,,SerwymulobiTis” daSlisas

sul sxva sagans viRebT. magaliTad, marmarilos natexi

kvlav marmariloa (esaa raodenobrivi anu meqanikuri

daSla), xolo simJavis daSla sxva nivTierebas gvaZ-

levs. amasTanave daviTi Tvlis, rom raodenobrivi anu

meqanikuri daSla imdenad mravalferovania (,,esoden

57

mraval ars”), rom mas ,,verasodes miswvdebian goneba

kacobrivi”28.

zogjer sxeulebi TavisTavad iyofa (,,bunebaÁ gan-

swvalavs uuwvliliadesad”). magaliTad, zogierTi siT-

xis suni mTel oTaxs avsebs; aseve mcire saRebavi bevr

wyals Seaferadebs. am SemTxvevaSic dayofasTan gvaqvs

saqme. yovelive es amtkicebs, rom ,,ganwvaleba sxeulisa

aRvals uzomosa wvliliadobasa, garna gulisxmiyofaÁ

aCvenebs, viTarmed ZvlilRa ara aqvs mas dasasruli”29.

aq daviT bagrationi metad saintereso azrs ga-

moTqvams; saxeldobr, igi mianiSnebs nivTierebis usas-

rulo dayofadobis SesaZleblobaze. zogierTi mkvle-

vari amaSi atomebis dayofis SesaZleblobis daSvebas

xedavs, Tumca rogorc qvemoTac vnaxavT, daviT bagra-

tioni atomebis ganuyoflobis Tvalsazriss iziarebs.

daviT bagrationi elinisturi atomisturi Teoriis

damcvelia, Tvlis, rom yvela materialuri sxeuli ato-

mebisagan Sedgeba. ,,atom leqs ars elinuri, romelica

niSnavs pirvel dasabamisobiTTa nawilakTa nivTTasa,

romelTa mier Sedgebis yoveli nivTierebani”30 (sqolio).

amasTanave igi atoms ganmartavs, rogorc nivTierebis

Semadgenel elementarul nawilaks. ,,atomi niSnavs uka-

nasknelsa aRlevasa wertilisa, romelica arRara ganiW-

rebis da ara ganikveTebis da arRara aRirevis uwvli-

liadesac kerZo igi”31 (sqolio). es niSnavs, rom daviT

bagrations atomisturi Teoria tradiciulad esmis,

saxeldobr Tvlis, rom atomi aris nivTierebis dayofis

sazRvari, TavisTavad ganuyofeli erTeuli. amitom

laparaki imis Sesaxeb, rom TiTqos daviT bagrationma

atomebis gayofa iwinaswarmetyvela da amiT TiTqos

daZlia tradiciuli atomisturi moZRvreba, safuZvel-

moklebulia.

TviTon Semecnebis procesic daviT bagrations Ziri-

Tadad tradiciuli atomisturi Teoriis farglebSi

58

esmis. igi Tvlis, rom SegrZneba aris nivTierebis

umciresi nawilakebis aRqma. es nawilakebi exebian Cveni

grZnobis organoebs (,,Seexebian sagrZnobelTa CuenTa”)

da viRebT SegrZnebas. daviTis gnoseologiuri koncef-

cia tradiciuli atomisturi Teoriisagan mxolod imiT

gansxvavdeba, rom es ukanaskneli racionalisturi iyo

(vinaidan atomebi, Zveli atomistikis mixedviT, SegrZ-

nebebSi ar gveZleva). daviT bagrationi empiristuli da

sensualisturi Semecnebis Teoriis poziciebze dgas,

rac aSkarad frangi ganmanaTleblebis gavlenis Sede-

gia.

atomi individualuria, TavisTavad arsebuli arsia,

amitom mas daviTi zogjer monadas uwodebda. ,,monadi –

wers igi – es niSnavs myofobasa da arsebasa ara

Serwymulobisa da arca meqonisa kerZoTasa, ese igi

kerZosa, uwvliliadessa, romlis gayofa da dawvlile-

baRa ara Zalidebis”32 (sqolio). rogorc vxedavT, aq

monada atomis sinonimad ixmareba da sruliadac ara

aqvs is mniSvneloba, rac mas laibnicis monadologiaSi

hqonda. isic naTelia, rom daviT bagrationi icnobs

laibnicis moZRvrebas monadebze, magram ar iziarebs

mas, vinaidan laibnicis monadologia daviT bagratio-

nis msoflmxedvelobasTan SeuTavsebelia.

miuxedavad amisa, daviT bagrationi dogmaturad

rodi dgas atomisturi Teoriis poziciebze. saxeldobr,

igi zogjer mainc meryeobs nivTierebis dayofis

sazRvris aRiarebis sakiTxebSi. sxeulTa raodenobrivsa

da Tvisebriv dayofas, amtkicebs igi, dasasruli ar

unda hqondes (,,ZÂlRa aqvs mas dasasruli”). amasTan

dakavSirebiT igi aRniSnavs, rom ,,ganwvaleba (daSla,

dayofa – avt.) sxeulisa aRvals uzomosa wvlialia-

dobasa, garna gulisxmisyofaÁ aCvenebs, viTarmed ZÂlRa

ara aqvs mas dasasruli, xolo vinca ukuÀ ara

Seiwynarebs ganuwvaleblobasa (dauyoflobas – avt.)

59

nivTisasa maT SuÀnis movlad maT nawilTadmi, ro-

melTaca zeda daadgebis ganuwvaleblobaÁ, romelTaca

maT filosofosTagan ewodebis atomad da monadad”33.

daviT bagrationi sxeulTa erT-erT ZiriTad Tvise-

bad inertulobas Tvlis; am Tvisebis daZleva aris

moZraoba; moZraoba ki, misi azriT, aris adgilis cva-

lebadoba. ,,moZraoba aris cvaleba adgilisa sxeulTa-

sa”34. am SemTxvevaSi igi moZraobis metafizikuri Teo-

riis poziciebze dgas, vinaidan moZraobis amgvari ga-

geba sivrcisa da drois metafizikur Teorias emyareba,

im Teorias, romelic absoluturi sivrcisa da drois

arsebobas uSvebs. am Teoriis safuZvelze adgili

gagebulia rogorc ,,WurWeli”, xolo moZraoba mas esmis

rogorc erTi adgilidan meoreze gadanacvleba. amasTa-

nave, daviT bagrationi am SemTxvevaSi martooden meqa-

nikur moZraobas (adgilgadanacvlebas) gulisxmobs da

arafers ambobs Tvisebrivi cvalebadobis Sesaxeb. cno-

bilia, rom Tvisebriv cvalebadobas jer kidev aris-

totele moZraobis erT-erT formad Tvlida.

daviT bagrationi moZraobis sayovelTaobis ideas

iziarebs; yvelaferi moZraobs, amis gareSe buneba mkvda-

ri iqneba. ,,arca erTi gancxadebani da SemTxvevani sof-

lisa Sina iqmnebian Tvinier moZraobisa da yovelni bu-

nebani Tvinier amisa iqmnenca mkvdar”35.

moZraoba materiis erT-erTi ganuyreli Tvisebaa. igi

materiis gareSe iseve ar arsebobs, rogorc ganfenilo-

ba. moZraoba sxeulis sazogado Tvisebaa, ,,romelnica

yovelTa sxeulTa Sina arian, e.i. moucilebelia iseve,

rogorc ganfeniloba”.

frangi materialistebis kvaldakval, daviT bagra-

tioni mtkiced icavda moZraobisa da materiis ganuy-

relobis Tvalsazriss. gansxvavebiT niutonisagan, rome-

lic Tvlida, rom moZraoba ar aris materiasTan auci-

leblobiT dakavSirebuli (materia TavisTavad inertu-

60

lia), daviT bagrationma ukuagdo niutonis es warmod-

gena da materiisa da moZraobis erTianoba aRiara.

97-e paragrafSi daviTi wers: ,,xolo saxeliTa damJa-

vebisaTa, datkbilebisa, aduRebisaTa, igulisxmebis

moZraoba SinaganTa nawilakTa maT Soris poebulTa,

romelnica ganiwvalebian da Seadrgenen axalsa nivTsa”,

e.i. Sinagani nawilakebis moZraobis Sedegad erTi niv-

Tiereba iSleba da meore nivTiereba iqmneba. materiisa

da moZraobis ganuyrelobis idea metad mniSvnelovani

momentia ara mxolod daviT bagrationis msoflmxed-

velobaSi, aramed saerTod axali drois filosofiis

istoriaSi. cnobilia, rom am ideas filosofosTa um-

ravlesoba (rogorc materialistebi, ise idealistebi)

uaryofda. es garemoeba gansakuTrebiT gaaZliera niuto-

nis fizikis (klasikuri fizikis) Camoyalibebam, romlis

erT-erT ZiriTad kanons inerciis kanoni warmoadgens.

es kanoni swored imas ambobs, rom materialur sxeu-

lebs inertulobis Tviseba gaaCniaT, maT ar SeuZliaT

garegani zemoqmedebis gareSe amoZraveba an SeCereba.

swored amitom warmoiSva ,,pirveli biZgis” Teoria, ro-

melic moZraobas materiaSi garedan Semotanilad Tvli-

da. mas Semdeg, rac materias gareSe Zalam moZraoba

mianiWa (,,pirveli biZgi”), igi ganuwyvetlad moZraobs da

misi moZraobis raodenobac ar icvleba. TavisTavad ki

materia mkvdaria, inertulia, Sinagan Zalasa da ener-

gias moklebulia. ,,pirveli biZgi” moZraobis faqtis

axsnas emsaxureboda, rac mravalma moazrovnem (tolan-

di, holbaxi) uaryo. es Tvalsazrisi materiis da moZ-

raobis ganuyrelobis ideamde mivida. aseT SemTxvevaSi

ki pirveli biZgis saWiroebac moixsna da materialis-

turi Teoria ufro Tanamimdevruli gaxda (,,pirveli

biZgis” Teoria idealisturi momenti iyo materialis-

tur msoflmxedvelobaSi). am moazrovneTa ricxvs daviT

bagrationic miekuTvneba. SesaZlebelia es frangi mate-

61

rialistebis (kerZod holbaxis) gavleniT aixsnas. mag-

ram yvela SemTxvevaSi es idea daviT bagrationis

msoflmxedvelobis erT-erTi mniSvnelovani momentia.

daviT bagrations ufro xSirad moZraoba meqanikur

moZraobamde dahyavda. ,,igi raica scvalebs mdgoobisa-

gan romelsame sxeulsa iwodebis Zalad. xolo odes

romelsame damyudroebulsa sxeulsa zeda imoqmedebs

viTarime Zala, daZlevs Zala igi sizrqesa sxeulisasa,

maSin warmoiSvebis moZraoba. da esreT moZraoba ars

cvaleba adgilisa sxeulisa”.

cxadia, aq laparakia moZraobis umartives formaze,

saxeldobr meqanikur moZraobaze, kerZod, inerciis

Tvisebaze, romelic meqanikur moZraobas axasiaTebs.

sxeulis mdgomareobas (mis adgils), gveubneba daviT

bagrationi, cvlis mxolod gareSe Zala. amis gareSe

sxeuli uZravi rCeba. sxeuli maSin amoZravdeba, rode-

sac masze moqmedi gareSe Zala gamoiyvans mas arsebuli

mdgomareobidan. aseTia meqanikuri moZraoba anu sxeul-

Ta adgilgadanacvleba. amrigad, moZraoba (meqanikuri

moZraoba) aq warmodgenilia, rogorc Zalebis zemoqme-

debis Sedegi, rac inerciis kanonTan aris dakavSirebu-

li.

arc is aris sakvirveli, rom daviT bagrationi moZ-

raobis mxolod erTaderT formaze – meqanikur moZrao-

baze laparakobs. igi uTuod icnobda moZraobis sxva

formebsac, magram meqanikuri moZraoba xom yvelaze

ZiriTadi da martivia, romelic yvela sxva formebSi

monawileobs. garda amisa, daviT bagrationi fizikas

wers da, cxadia, mas, uwinares yovlisa, meqanikuri moZ-

raoba ainteresebs.

daviT bagrationi Tvlis, rom meqanikur moZraobas

aqvs mimarTuleba, anu ,,midrekileba mun kerZosa mimarT,

romlisadmic miiswrafis igi”. Tu sxeulze mxolod

62

erTi Zala moqmedebs, maSin moZraoba martivia, xolo Tu

sxeulze ramdenime Zala moqmedebs, maSin igi rTulia.

daviT bagrationi icnobda materiis sxva saxis moZ-

raobebsac: qimiurs, siTburs, magram ZiriTadad mas mxed-

velobaSi hqonda meqanikuri moZraoba, vinaidan fizikis

sagans, uwinares yovlisa, aseTi moZraoba Seadgens.

daviT bagrationi moZraobis qimiur formas atomTa

moZraobasTan akavSirebs, romelic ganapirobebs nivTie-

rebis Tvisebriv cvlilebas, e.i. misi qimiuri Sedgeni-

lobisa da agebulebis Tvisebriv gardaqmnas. atomebi

Sedgeba elementaruli nawilakebisagan da warmoadgens

ufro rTul warmonaqmns. amitom atomebis moZraoba

gamoixateba maT warmoSobaSi, daSlasa da nivTierebis

molekulaTa gardaqmnaSi.

rogorc vxedavT, daviT bagrations atomisturi

Teoria sruliad Taviseburad esmis; igi laparakobs

atomebis warmoSobazec ki, risi mtkicebac klasikuri

atomisturi TeoriisaTvis sruliad miuRebelia.

aqac sruliad aSkaraa daviT bagrationis atomistu-

ri koncefciis Taviseburebebi, kerZod ki, misi gansxva-

veba klasikuri atomisturi Teoriisagan, romelic, ro-

gorc ukve aRvniSneT, atomTa maradiulobis, ucvlelo-

bisa da ganuyoflobis ideas efuZneboda. es idea am

TeoriisTvis imdenad mniSvnelovani iyo, rom, rogorc

cnobilia, atomebis gayofis eqsperimentulma damtkice-

bam myisve materializmis mwvave krizisi gamoiwvia da

,,materiis gaqrobis” Tezisi warmoSva. daviT bagrationi

ki, rogorc misi Sexedulebebis analizidan irkveva,

materializmis poziciebze ki dgas, magram atomis miseu-

li gaazreba maTi gayofis ideasac ar gamoricxavs. ama-

ze metyvelebs is faqtic, rom Tanaxmad daviT bagra-

tionisa, atomis SigniT mdebare nawilakTa moZraobis,

SeerTeba-gayofis (ganwvaleba da Sedgena) Sedegad ispo-

ba da iqmneba axali nivTierebani. ,,xolo saxeliTa dam-

63

JavebisaTa, datkbilebisaTa, aduRebisaTa, igulisxmebis

moZraoba SinaganTa nawilakTa maT Soris poebulTa,

romelnica ganiwvalebian da Seadgenen axalsa nivTsa”.

moZraobis mizezi aris Zala. ,,igi raica scvalebs

mdgoobisagan romelsame sxeulsa iwodebis Zalad”36.

rodesac Zala sxeulis inertulobas daZlevs, maSin

warmoiSoba moZraoba. daviTis meqanikuri koncefcia te-

leologizmis kvalsac atarebs. igi laparakobs moZrao-

baze, romelic aris ,,midrekileba mun kerZosa mimarT,

romlisadmica miiswrafvis igi”, es ,,midrekileba” da

,,miswrafeba” moZraobis teleologiuri koncefciis gav-

lenaa, rac antikur filosofiaSi (gansakuTrebiT aris-

totelesTan) farTod iyo warmodgenili.

daviT bagrationis naturfilosofiuri ideebis ara-

Tanamimdevrobas isic adasturebs, rom igi, erTi mxriv,

atomistur Teorias aRiarebs, magram, meore mxriv,

carieli sivrcis arsebobas uaryofs, rac SeuTavsebe-

lia klasikur atomistur TeoriasTan. ,,sagrZnobelni

Cvenni dagvarwmuneben, _ wers igi, _ romel vhgieT da

viZvriT ara carielsa adgilsa, aramed romelsame niv-

Tierebasa Sina, romelica esoden ars wvlil da Txel,

romel ar raimesa gviqms datvfrulobasa (aRqma, SegrZ-

neba –avt.) orRanosa zeda xedvisasa, romelica ars yov-

liTurT Cems mier ganucdel”37. savse sivrceSi moZ-

raobis idea pirvelad aristotelem gamoTqva, romelsac

daviT bagrationic iziarebs. amasTanave igi uSvebs

relatiuri sicarielis arsebobas. aseTad igi eTeriT

savse sivrces gulisxmobda.

daviT bagrationi materiis erT-erT ZiriTad Tvi-

sebad mizidulobas Tvlis. ,,Zali mimzidveli – wers igi

– poebul ars yovelTa gvarTa Sina sxeulisaTa”38. amas-

Tan dakavSirebiT daviTi laparakobs moZraobis proces-

Si centridanuli Zalebis arsebobis Sesaxeb (,,yovelni

sxeulni qveyanasa zeda poebul miizidvian centroisad-

64

mi”). aq daviTi ixseniebs msoflio centris ideas, rac

Sua saukuneebSi esoden popularuli iyo, xolo axal

droSic mas bevri moazrovne iziarebda.

daviT bagrationi, anton pirvelisagan gansxvavebiT,

aRiarebs kopernikis heliocentrul sistemas; igi

Tvlis, rom ,,queyana ars mrgvali”, romlis centrSi mze

imyofeba. misTvis amis aRiareba sruliad ioli iyo, vi-

naidan igi SeboWili ar iyo orTodoqsuli ideologiiT

da, garda amisa, XIX saukunis pirvel meoTxedSi TviTon

oficialuri ideologiis damokidebulebac kopernikis

heliocentruli sistemisadmi arsebiTad gansxvavdeboda

im damokidebulebisagan, romelic antonis epoqaSi arse-

bobda.

daviTi akritikebs astrologias, romlis mixedviT

adamianis bedi (,,sveÁ”) damokidebulia varskvlavebze. am

Tvalsazriss, aRniSnavs daviTi, eklesiac ebrZvis. davi-

TisaTvis, rogorc mecnierisaTvis, astrologia sruli-

ad Seuwynarebelia.

daviT bagrationi, Tavisi drois moazrovneebis kval-

dakval, aRiarebs uZravi varskvlavebis arsebobas. ,,igini

amisaTvis iwodenian uZravad, vinaTgan erTsa meorisaTa-

na aqvs ucvalebeli dgomaÁ aramcvalebelni TÂisTa ad-

gilTagan”39. sxva sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, igi am varskv-

lavebs uZravad imitom Tvlis, rom isini erTmaneTis mi-

marT adgils ar icvlian. uZrav varskvlavTa cis arse-

boba daviTis epoqaSi miRebuli iyo.

miuxedavad amisa, cis Sesaxeb daviT bagrations

mainc Zveli warmodgenebi aqvs. magaliTad, igi wers,

rom ,,caÁ ars umaRlesi kerZoÁ da garemomcveli sof-

lisa da yovelTa sxeulTa”40. erTi sityviT, aq ca gage-

bulia rogorc yvelafris momcveli. am SemTxvevaSi da-

viT bagrationi sulxan-saba orbelians emyareba, rom-

lis mixedviT ,,caÁ ars gareSemcveli yovelTa dabade-

bulTa da SeqmnilTa nivTierTa”.

65

daviT bagrationi sinamdvilis Semecnebis mTavar

meTodad cdasa da dakvirvebas Tvlis. igi erTmaneTi-

sagan ganasxvavebs Semecnebis fizikursa da metafizikur

meTodebs. fizikuri dakvirveba empiriulia da igi fizi-

kuri Semecnebis ZiriTad saSualebas warmoadgens; meta-

fizikur (araempiriul) dakvirvebas ki igi filosofiis

kuTvnilebad miiCnevs. amasTanave, sazom xelsawyos davi-

Ti adamianis grZnobis organoebis gagrZelebad Tvlis.

saxeldobr, igi laparakobs mikroskopze, romelic mxed-

velobis organos (Tvalis) ,,gagrZelebas” warmoadgens41.

v. parkaZe miuTiTebs, rom daviT bagrationi meryeobs

siTbos kinetikur Teoriasa da siTbombadis hipoTezas

Soris. (iseve rogorc igi meryeobs atomistur

moZRvrebaSi) erTi mxriv mas siTbo esmis, rogorc

nawilakTa moZraobis Sedegi da amdenad m.v.

lomonosovis Tvalsazriss iziarebs, romelsac igi

araerTxel imowmebs, xolo, meore mxriv, siTbombadis

hipoTezasac mimarTavs, rasac m.v. lomonosovi ebrZvis

volfis ,,eqsperimentuli fizikis” meore rusuli

gamocemis (1760) damatebebSi. v. parkaZe varaudobs, rom

“daviT bagrationi kinetikur Teorias ufro

TanaugrZnobda, magram siTbombadis Teoriisagan igi jer

kidev savsebiT ganTavisuflebuli ar iyo”42.

daviTi miuTiTebs tvinisa da cnobierebis (gonebis)

aucilebeli kavSiris Sesaxeb. ,,tvini – ambobs igi _ ars

savane gonebisa, garna kacisa ars uaRmatebules”43. amas-

Tanave, mas miaCnia, rom goneba ,,moTavsebulia” tvinis

wina nawilSi (,,winas Sina tvinsa, romelica ars udides,

dgas goneba”). aseTi warmodgenebi amJamad, cxadia, miu-

Rebelia, magram tvinisa da cnobierebis urTierTkavSi-

ris idea uTuod dadebiTi momentia daviTis msoflmxed-

velobaSi.

daviT bagrationis ,,Semoklebuli fisika” imdroinde-

li bunebismecnierebis dones asaxavs. masSi gatarebuli

66

naturfilosofiuri koncefcia, rogorc sabunebismety-

velo azrovnebis safuZveli, misi avtoris filoso-

fiuri msoflmxedvelobis Semadgeneli nawilia. es

msoflmxedveloba ki xSirad araTanamimdevrobiT xa-

siaTdeba, rac daviT bagrationis filosofiuri msofl-

mxedvelobis erTniSna kvalifikacias arTulebs. daviT

bagrationis filosofiuri Sexedulebani axlos dgas

materializmTan (igi xom volterianeli iyo), magram

misi CaTvla materializmad (miT umetes Tanamimdevar

materialistad) SeuZlebelia. daviT bagrationi deisti

iyo da ara materialisti da aTeisti.

daviT bagrationi iziarebs saqarTveloSi friad

gavrcelebul Teorias samyaros oTxi elementisagan

Sedgenilobis Sesaxeb. magram, iona xelaSvilisa da

ioane bagrationisagan gansxvavebiT, romlebic aseve

iziarebdnen am Teorias, daviT bagrationma misi sabu-

nebismetyvelo interpretacia scada.

qarTuli filosofiuri azrovnebis istoria icnobs

oTxi elementis tradiciuli Teoriis sxvadasxvagvar

interpretacias. zogierTi moazrovne oTx elements ma-

radiulad Tvlida – swored ise, rogorc igi gagebuli

iyo antikur filosofiaSi. es elementebi, am koncefciis

mixedviT, aris mTeli sinamdvilis qmnadobis masala,

magram TviTon ki yovelgvari qmnadobis gareSe dgas.

isini aris, Tu SeiZleba ase iTqvas, qmnadobis procesSi

myofi sinamdvilis metafizikuri sawyisebi. daaxloebiT

ase esmoda elementebis cneba empedokles. magram es

moZRvreba Sua saukuneebSi Teologiur samoselSi gaex-

via, Teologiuri gadamuSaveba ganicada da daiwyes

mtkiceba elementebis qmnadobis Sesaxeb. elementebi, am

gagebis mixedviT, maradiuli ki ar aris, aramed Rmer-

Tisgan Seqmnilia da, rogorc aseTi, mTeli materia-

luri samyaros qmnadobis masalas warmoadgens. amiT

faqtobrivad xazi gaesva amqveyniuri (materialuri) si-

67

namdvilis aramaradiulobas, radganac isini, vinc mate-

rias maradiulad Tvlidnen, swored elementebis mara-

diulobis mtkicebidan amodiodnen, xolo rac Seexeba

TviT daviT bagrationis pozicias samyaros elementebis

bunebis gagebaSi, unda iTqvas, rom is Tanamimdevruli

araa da aq Tavs iCens misi aramyari msoflmxedvelobri-

vi poziciebi.

daviT bagrations saistorio Temaze dawerili mra-

vali Txzuleba ekuTvnis, magram am naSromebis mixedviT

daviT bagrationis socialur-politikur Sexedulebeb-

ze msjeloba garkveul siZneleebTan aris dakavSire-

buli, radganac es Sexedulebebi maTSi pirdapir ar

aris gadmocemuli. es sakiTxebi am naSromebSi gadmoce-

muli masalis miRma imaleba da amis gamo maTi amo-

kiTxva Zneldeba.

daviT bagrationis socialur-politikur Sexedule-

bebze msjelobisas mxedvelobaSi unda iqnas miRebuli

mis mier monteskies Txzulebis Targmnis faqti. montes-

kiesTan RmerTi aris Semoqmedi da bunebis damcveli,

amasTanave RmerTi moqmedebs bunebis kanonebis mixedviT,

romlebic manve daawesa. RmerTs ar SeuZlia maTi Secv-

la, ar SeuZlia samyaros mospoba, miuxedavad imisa, rom

yvelaferi eseni misi Seqmnilia. monteskie deistia da

misTvis deizmi namdvilad “moxerxebuli da advili sa-

Sualebaa religiidan Tavis daRwevisa”44.

daviT bagrationisaTvis misaRebi iyo is azri, rom

sinamdvilis yvela sferos Tavisi kanonebi aqvs. sazoga-

doebis kanonebi Cveni organizaciidan gamomdinareobs.

es kanonebia mSvidoba, miswrafeba daikmayofilos SimSi-

lis grZnoba, sqesobrivi ltolva, erTad cxovrebisaken

miswrafeba da sxv. adamianTa kanonebi damokidebulia

klimatis, niadagis, qveynis mdgomareobis da adamianTa

cxovrebis gvareobisagan. kanonebs aqvT urTierTdamo-

kidebuleba da yvelaferi es aris kanonTa suli.

68

saxelmwifo, monteskies azriT, wodebebisagan Sedge-

ba. saxelmwifos amocanaa emsaxuros am wodebebs. es uka-

nasknelni ki unda daemorCilon saxelmwifo kanonebs,

romlebic icaven maT keTildReobas. saxelmwifo ada-

mianTa SeTanxmebis Sedegia, radganac bunebaSi aris

erTad cxovrebisken miswrafeba. ,,adamianebis sazoga-

doebis daarsebas biZgi misca rogorc TviT sargeblo-

bam, romelsac isini iReben saerTo cxovrebisgan, aseve

TiToeuli moqalaqis piradi sakuTrebis dacvam gare-

gani xelyofisagan. amitom misi yvela nawili uwyvet

kavSirSia erTmaneTTan da mTeli sazogadoebrivi sxeu-

lis mier cixe-simagres warmoadgens. am saerTo kavSirSi

vlindeba mTeli saxelmwifos saerTo sargebloba”45.

monteskies gavleniTaa SemuSavebuli daviT bagra-

tionis moZRvreba kanonebze. adamians bunebrivi mdgoma-

reobiT aqvs kanonebze moTxovnileba, kanonebi icavs mis

mSvidobas, keTildReobasa da sakuTrebas. kanonebs ga-

moscems xelisufleba da daawesebs sazogadoebrivi

xelSekruleba. cxovrebaSi maT praqtikul realizacias

ki Tvalyurs adevnebs mTavroba. kanonebs emorCileba

yvela wodeba, romlebisganac saxelmwifo Sedgeba. isini

unda xorcieldebodes mTeli Tavisi sisruliT, ZaliT,

wmindad da daurRvevlad46.

Tanacxovrebis interesebis dacvisaTvis adamiani

saxelmwifos unda daemorCilos. sazogadoeba da saxel-

mwifo misTvis erTi da igivea.

sainteresoa daviT bagrationis komentarebi mis mier

Targmnil monteskies wignze.

daviT bagrationis komentarebis safuZvelze ar SeiZ-

leba daskvna gavakeToT imis Sesaxeb, rom daviT bagra-

tioni ar eTanxmeboda monteskies geografiuli materia-

lizmis Teorias, romlis mixedviT, geografiuli garemo

aris gadamwyveti mizezi saxelmwifos mmarTvelobisa da

kanonmdeblobis sxvadasxva formis warmoSobisa, rom

69

klimati, niadagi da sxva bunebrivi pirobebi gansazRv-

ravs sazogadoebis ganviTarebas. daviT bagrationis

SeniSvnebi ZiriTadad gamowveulia misi ukmayofilebiT

ruseTis koloniuri politikis gamo. magram daviT bag-

rationi arc monteskies geografiuli materializmis

Tanamidevrul damcvelad SeiZleba CaiTvalos.

2. daviT bagrationis social-politikuri ideebi.

daviT bagrationi batonymobis momxrea. mas mxolod misi

maxinji mxareebis Secvla surs; iseve, rogorc misi Zma

ioane bagrationi, daviTic feodalTa TviTnebobis

winaaRmdeg ibrZvis. imisaTvis, rom saxelmwifo mtkice

iyos, glexoba ar unda gaCanagdes. amitom feodalebis

uflebebi unda dadgindes ymisa da misi qonebis mimarT.

daviT bagrationi rom arsebuli socialuri wyobis

ganmtkicebis momxrea, es gasagebia. magram pirvel rigSi

mis winaSe erovnuli damoukideblobis amocana idga da

ara socialuri wyobis sakiTxi. igi fiqrobs, rom saWi-

roa mtkice centraluri xelisufleba, absoluturi mo-

narqia. mxolod am pirobiT SeiZleba qveynis ganmtki-

ceba. am mizniT iyo dawerili ,,samarTali batoniSvilis

daviTisa”. es nawarmoebi imis cda iyo, rom ganemtkice-

bina saxelmwifo manqana da daedgina kanonebi. ,,eri mo-

viyvano kargierebisa Sina da miT uRelsa queSe morCi-

lebisasa da raiTa msajulTaca mivsce gza qmnad

samarTlisa da micemad hsjisa, yovelTa gmarTebT mor-

Cileba mefisa, meufrosisa”. igive mizani hqonda mis

naSroms ,,saqarTvelos samarTlisa da kanonmcodneobis

mimoxilva”, romelic rusul enaze daiwera. es naSromi

warmoadgens vaxtang VI kodeqsis gadamuSavebas da gake-

Tebulia im mizniT, rom kanonebi Seusabamos saxelmwi-

fos politikuri da ekonomikuri cxovrebis Secvlil

pirobebs.

daviT bagrationi Tvlis, rom sazogadoebis ganviTa-

rebis mTavari mamoZravebeli Zala ideebia. amitom did

70

mniSvnelobas aniWebs ganaTlebas. amiT aixsneba misi

moRvaweoba codnis sxvadasxva dargSi. am mizniTaa

Targmnili mis mier geografiis saxelmZRvanelo, Sed-

genilia gramatika, samedicino wigni, Targmnilia miTo-

logia da sxv.

savaraudoa, rom monteskies gavleniT sicocxlis

bolo wlebSi daviT bagrationma Secvala Tavisi idea-

li. absoluturi monarqiis nacvlad igi konstituciuri

monarqiis safuZvelze dadga. man wamoayena mmarTvelo-

baSi ori departamentis idea – umaRlesi da qvemdebare

safexurebiT. qvemo safexurs aqvs sasamarTlos funqcia,

zemo safexurs yvela danarCeni – aRmasrulebeli, saxa-

zino, sameurneo, samoqalaqo, sapolicio da samxedro.

cnobilia, rom monteskie feodaluri wodebrivi mo-

narqiis kritikosi iyo. magram am sakiTxSi Tanamimdevru-

li ar yofila. kerZod, monteskies Tanaxmad, imis miu-

xedavad, sasurvelia Tu ara maTi moqmedeba, aravis

SeuZlia maTi mospoba.

daviT bagrationi cdilobda sazogadoebrivi cxov-

rebis cvlilebebis bunebriv axsnas. man gamoricxa

mistikuri da fantastikuri Zalebi istoriis gagebidan.

isic unda aRiniSnos, rom daviT bagrations sworad ar

esmoda sazogadoebis ganviTarebis kanonebi. kerZod,

adamianTa Sexedulebebi, ganaTleba an ideebi sulac ar

warmoadgens sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis mTavar mamoZ-

ravebel Zalebs. marTalia, es faqtorebi Tavis rols

asrulebs sazogadoebis cxovrebaSi, magram aramc da

aramc ara aqvT maT gadamwyveti mniSvneloba.

zemoaRniSnuli sulac ar iZleva imis safuZvels,

rom daviT bagrations vusayveduroT amis gamo. sazoga-

doebis ganviTarebis kanonebis swori SecnobisaTvis

sxva garemoebebi da pirobebi iyo saWiro, rasac mokle-

buli iyo daviT bagrationi.

71

isic unda iTqvas, rom daviT bagrationis mixedviT,

saqarTvelo unda darCeniliyo ruseTis mfarvelobaSi,

magram ara qveSevrdomis statusiT.

mTeli rigi naklovanebebis miuxedavad, daviT bagra-

tionis socialur-politikuri Sexedulebebi imdroinde-

li qarTuli filosofiuri azris donis gamomxatveli

iyo, romelTac dRes, cxadia, mxolod da mxolod isto-

riuli mniSvneloba aqvT.

$3. ioane bagrationi (1768-1830)

ioane bagrationi swavlobda erekle meorisa da

anton pirvelis mier dafuZnebul Telavis seminariaSi,

sadac, Tbilisis seminariis msgavsad, filosofiuri sag-

nebis swavleba maRal doneze idga. mas soliduri fi-

losofiuri ganaTleba miuRia, rasac adasturebs misi

enciklopediuri xasiaTis uzarmazari Txzuleba ,,kalma-

soba”. sxva naSromTa Soris ioane bagrations Seudgenia

sabunebismetyvelo enciklopediac47.

ioane bagrationis mTavari nawarmoebia ,,kalmasoba”.

igi aRmoaCina dimitri baqraZem, romelmac misi avtori

homeross, dantesa da Seqspirs Seadara48. TviTon saxel-

wodebac ,,kalmasoba” dim. baqraZem da z. WiWinaZem Searq-

ves. rasakvirvelia, ,,kalmasobis” avtoris zemoaRniSnu-

li Sefaseba gadaWarbebulia, magram is ki udavoa, rom

am Txzulebas didi mniSvneloba aqvs XVIII saukunis

bolo meoTxedisa da XIX saukunis pirveli mesamedis

saqarTvelos ekonomikuri, politikuri da kulturuli

viTarebis SeswavlisaTvis. CvenTvis gansakuTrebiT sain-

teresoa ,,kalmasobis” filosofiuri nawili49, Tumca

igi umeteswilad kompilaciuria da filosofiis isto-

72

riis TvalsazrisiT siaxles ar warmoadgens. igi zog-

jer ,,sityva-sityviT gadmowerilia rogorc bevrad uf-

ro adre, ise ioane bagrationis dros Targmnili Zeg-

lebidan”50. magaliTad, masSi figurirebs mTeli rigi

adgilebisa baumaisteris Txzulebebidan (anton pirve-

lis Targmani), daviT uZlevelis (anhaRTis) da sxva

avtorebis mTeli rigi mosazrebani. miuxedavad amisa,

ioane bagrationi, iseve rogorc misi winamorbedi qarT-

veli moazrovneebi, wers imas, ,,ramac daajera”, e.i. saku-

Tari poziciebidan udgeba sxvadasxva avtorsa da maT

naazrevs. amdenad am TxzulebaSi mocemuli ideebi SeiZ-

leba ioane bagrationis msoflmxedvelobad CavTvaloT.

aq zustad igive mdgomareoba gvaqvs, rac sulxan-saba

orbelianis, anton pirvelisa da daviT bagrationis

SemTxvevaSi. maT TxzulebebSi Camoyalibebuli ideebis

araoriginaluroba xels ar uSlis imas, rom am moaz-

rovneebis msoflmxedvelobaze vilaparakoT. rasakvirve-

lia, am moazrovneebs, maT Soris ioane bagrations, uf-

ro metad ganmanaTlebluri miznebi amoZravebdaT, vidre

sakuTari filosofiuri koncefciis SemuSaveba, magram

is ganmanaTlebluri ideebic, romelTac isini iziarebd-

nen, maTi filosofiuri msoflmxedvelobis Sinaarss

Seadgens.

garda ,,kalmasobisa”, ioane bagrationis kalams

ekuTvnis mravali samecniero da literaturuli nawar-

moebi. man qarTul enaze Targmna kondiliakis ,,logika”.

ioane bagrationi, qarTuli filosofiuri azrovne-

bis tradiciis kvaldakval, miuTiTebs materialuri sam-

yaros Semadgenel oTx elementze. misi azriT, yovelgva-

ri materialuri sxeuli, maT Soris adamianis organiz-

mic, Sedgeba ,,oTxi nivTisagan”, saxeldobr, wylis, que-

yanasa anu miwisa, haerisa da cecxlisagan51. igi, rogorc

orTodoqsi idealisti, materialursa da idealurs

Soris principul gansxvavebas xedavs. materialuri

73

Sedgenili da warmavalia, xolo idealuri (suli) –

martivi da maradiuli.

ioane bagrationi iziarebs aristoteles koncefcias

pirveladi da meoradi mizezebis Sesaxeb; igi pirvelads

uwodebs metafizikur mizezebs, xolo meorads –

fizikurs.

TviTon fizikur mizezebs ioane bagrationi, isev

aristoteles mixedviT, oTx jgufad yofs; ,,Semoqmede-

biTi, saxeobiTi anu nakuÀTobiTi, nivTebobiTi da aRs-

rulebiTi”52. rogorc vxedavT, aq laparakia oTx mizez-

ze: moqmedebiTi, formaluri, materialuri da finaluri

(anu miznobrivi).

sivrce da dro ioane bagrations tradiciulad es-

mis; igi laparakobs adgilis Sesaxeb, romelsac kon-

kretul sivrced Tvlis. yoveli sxeuli adgils saWi-

roebs. ,,arca sxeulsa ZaluZs uadgilod yofna”, adgili

ki gagebulia rogorc sxeulis sazRvari. ,,adgili –

wers igi – ars gareSewera sxeulisa”53. dro sami momen-

tisagan Sedgeba: warsuli, awmyo da momavali. amasTanave

awmyo gagebulia rogorc warsulisa da momavlis ga-

momyofi sazRvari. bunebrivia, rom igi awmyos araviTar

ganzomilebas ar miawers, e.i. myisierad Tvlis. ase

esmoda awmyo mTel klasikur azrovnebas ainStainis

relatiurobis Teoriis Camoyalibebamde.

ioane bagrationi drosa da moZraobas erTmaneTTan

akavSirebs. ,,Jami – wers igi – aris ganzoma mzisgan

moZraobisa”54. aq gamoTqmulia aristoteles is azri,

rom dro aris moZraobis sazomi. magram cnobilia, rom

aristotele amiT ar kmayofildeboda, aramed aRniSnav-

da drois damokidebulebas moZraobaze. amaSi gamoixa-

teba aristoteles meryeoba drois metafizikursa da

antimetafizikur (relativistur) Tvalsazrisebs Soris.

,,kalmasobaSi” mocemuli naturfilosofiuri ideebi sa-

Sualebas ar iZleva ufro zustad ganvsazRvroT ioane

74

bagrationis pozicia sivrcisa da drois gagebis sa-

kiTxSi.

daaxloebiT aseve SeiZleba iTqvas moZraobis Sesa-

xeb. ioane bagrationi am SemTxvevaSi mxolod imas

gveubneba, rom ,,moZraoba aris cualeba adgilisa”. aq,

etyoba, gaTvaliswinebuli ar aris aristoteles Tval-

sazrisi moZraobis Sesaxeb, saxeldobr is, rom moZraoba

aristotelem gaigo rogorc cvalebadoba saerTod da

amiT moZraobis meqanisturi gageba daZlia. ioane bag-

rations ki moZraobis qveS martooden adgilgadanacv-

leba esmis.

ioane bagrationi moZraobas materialuri samyaros

ZiriTad niSnad Tvlis da amis Sesabamisad uZravs upi-

ratesobas aniWebs moZravis mimarT. ,,yovelive umoqeno

(uZravi – avt.) arsebiT umjobes ars moqenisa”55 Tu ra-

tom – amas ioane bagrationi ar gvixsnis. ,,umoqenoÁ ar-

sebiTa ganuxrwnelTa da samaradisoTa”, e.i. uZravi ar-

sebiTad dauSladia, uxrwnadia da, maSasadame, maradiu-

lia. am SemTxvevaSic saqme gvaqvs antikur filosofiaSi

kargad cnobil TvalsazrisTan.

uZravi da maradiuli TviTarsia, TavisTavad arse-

bobs, absoluturia. ,,arseba ars TÂiT TaviT TavisiT

myofi da ara moqene sxvaTa Semtkicebisa”56. aseTi ram,

misi azriT, idealuria. absoluturi da TavisTavadi

SeiZleba iyos mxolod idealuri.

ioane bagrationis kosmologiur SexedulebebSi

aSkarad aisaxa brZola Zvelsa da axal ideologiebs

Soris. anton pirvelisaTvis miuRebelia kopernikis he-

liocentruli sistema; magram es iyo, Tu SeiZleba ase

iTqvas, ukanaskneli gabrZoleba kopernikis winaaRmdeg.

ioane bagrationi ar uaryofs heliocentrul sistemas,

magram mas verc gabedviT emxroba, amitom igi sakiTxis

gadawyvetas mkiTxvels andobs. Zveli mecnierebi (igu-

lisxmeba, uwinares yovlisa ptolemeosi) da saRmrTo

75

werili – wers igi – amtkicebs mzis moZraobas uZravi

dedamiwis garSemo, magram ,,axalni mecnierni” amas

uaryofen da dedamiwis moZraobas amtkiceben uZravi

mzis garSemo. TviTon ioane bagrationi azris gamoTq-

misagan Tavs ikavebs da amiT gamoxatavs Tavis meryeobas

Zvelsa da axal msoflmxedvelobas Soris.

ioane bagrationis kalams, sxva naSromTa Soris,

ekuTvnis originaluri Txzuleba ,,Zalni sulisani”,

romelic dawerilia mis mierve Targmnili kondiliakis

logikis gavleniT. kondiliaki sensualisti iyo da

mTeli sulieri Zalebi SegrZnebebidan gamohyavda. ioane

bagrationic am TxzulebaSi sensualistur ideebs icavs

da upirispirdeba racionalizms, riTac misi filoso-

fiuri msoflmxedvelobis araTanamimdevrobas amJRav-

nebs. es Txzuleba uTuod sainteresoa imiT, rom masSi

Semecnebis Teoriis problemebia ganxiluli.

76

mesame Tavi

solomon dodaSvili

$1. solomon dodaSvilis filosofia

solomon ivanes Ze dodaSvils, sazogado moRvawes,

ganmanaTlebelsa da filosofos-logikoss, gamorCeuli

adgili ukavia qarTuli sazogadoebTivi cxovrebisa da

kulturis istoriaSi. aqtiuri, SemoqmedebiTi saqmianoba

misi xanmokle da tragikuli cxovrebis erT mcire mo-

nakveTs – xuT Tu eqvs weliwads – Seadgenda. miuxeda-

vad amisa, dabejiTebiT SeiZleba iTqvas, rom s. do-

daSvilma gadadga gzis gamkvalavi nabijebi – scada

qarTul sulier cxovrebaSi evropuli kulturis axali

nakadisTvis gzis gaxsna, dabeCavebuli qarTuli TviT-

Segnebis gamoRviZeba. ilia WavWavaZe ucilobel istori-

ul faqts aRniSnavda, rodesac s. dodaSvils maT Soris

asaxelebda, visganac misma Taobam memkvidreobiT miiRo

saqarTvelos erovnuli, socialuri da kulturuli

aRorZinebisaTvis brZolis droSa.

s. dodaSvili daibada 1805 wlis 17 maiss (Zv. st.)

siRnaRis mazris sof. maRaroSi soflis mRvdlis

ojaxSi. swavlobda jer siRnaRis samrevlo saswavleb-

elSi, Semdeg Tbilisis sasuliero seminariaSi. mitro-

polit ioane bodbelis qomagobiTa da SemweobiT 19

wlis s. dodaSvili gaemgzavra peterburgs, sadac swav-

la daiwyo peterburgis universitetis filosofiur-

iuridiul fakultetze. peterburgSi misi mrCeveli da

mzrunveli iyo mRvdel-monazoni iona xelaSvili, cno-

bili filosofosi – Teologi.

1827 w. s. dodaSvili amTavrebs universitets, amave

dros gamodis misi ,,Курс философии. Часть первая. Логика”. sacenzuro komitetSi s. dodaSvils warmodgenili hqon-

77

da am wignis qarTuli versiac. magram recenzirebis Sem-

deg misi gamocemis nebarTvaze uari eTqva. amJamad

qarTuli teqsti dakargulad iTvleba. rusuli teqstis

qarTuli Targmani pirvelad 1949 w. gamoica1. miuxedavad

imisa, rom imdroindeli rusuli logikuri literatura

Raribi ar iyo da arsebobda bevri rogorc origina-

luri, ise Targmnili wignebi logikaSi2, s. dodaSvilis

Sromam Sinaarsis daxvewilobiTa da lakonurobiT,

gadmocemis sisruliTa da zogierTi sakiTxis axleburi

ganxilviT imTaviTve miiqcia yuradReba da mis gamoce-

mas mohyva ramdenime saqebi recenzia3. umTavresad am

Sromis wyalobiT daimkvidra s. dodaSvilma Tavisi

adgili qarTuli da rusuli filosofiis istoriSi.

1827 w. s. dodaSvili uamravi CanafiqriT (saganmanaT-

leblo qselis gafarToeba, sagamomcemlo saqmianobis

mowyoba da sxv.) brundeba saqarTveloSi da iwyebs mu-

Saobas Tbilisis keTilSobilTa saswavlebelSi. aq is

aswavlis qarTul sityvierebas, ritorikas, logikas,

geografias. apirebs filosofiis dawyebuli kursis

gagrZelebas.

saqarTvelos aneqsia 1801 wels da ruseTis provn-

ciad misi gadaqceva ar iyo mxolod politikuri aqti.

saqarTveloSi qreba tradiciuli yofa, mas cvlis ucxo

politikuri, erovnuli da samarTlebrivi urTierTobe-

bi, aRzrdisa da ganaTlebis sistema. amas emateba erov-

nuli Seviwroeba. qarTuli ena kargavs sajaro funq-

ciebs. samagierod ruseTidan da ruseTis gziT evro-

pidan Semosvlas iwyebs ucxouri kulturuli Rirebu-

lebani, teqnologiebi da sxv. am fonze qarTuli kul-

tura kargavs Tavis originalur JReradobas. yovelive

amis Sedegad qveiTdeba xalxis sulieri Zalebi. adamian-

Ta upirveles sazrunavad yoveldRiuroba iqca. gabaton-

da gulgriloba SemoqmedebiTi Sromis mimarT, sazoga-

doebaSi iqmneba ,,kulturuli arasrulfasovnebis” ganc-

78

da. ,,gaswyda jaWvi cxovrebisa... awmyosa da warsuls

Soris Castyda xidi... dena cxovrebisa Sedga, gaCerda” –

ase axasiaTebda i. WavWavaZe am periods. samSobloSi

axaldabrunebuli s. dodaSvili, cxadia, ufro mZafrad

grZnobs goniTi Zalebisagan daclil atmosferos: ,,me

gaxlavar ese viTarsa simgrgvualesa Sina sazogadoe-

bisasa, sadaca vera raisa Rirsebasa ver vixilav, ara

ars maTsa sulsa Sina WeSmariteba, aramed danergil

ars yoveli vneba, ar ars midreka maT Soris sibrZni-

sadmi, ara ars mecadineoba, ara ars siyvaruli swavlisa

da swavlulTa, aramed yoveli siZulvili da mteroba”.

maSindeli sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis fonze s. do-

daSvili, niWieri, Sromismoyvare, goniTi interesebiT

aRvsili, evropulad ganaTlebuli adamiani, adamiani

romelsac amave dros aTvisebuli hqonda tradiciuli

qarTuli kulturis miRwevebi, warmogvidgeba mZlavr

sulier Zalad, romelsac Seswevs unari, ataros kul-

turisa da erovnuli aRorZinebis ideuri lideris

tvirTi, Zalad, romelic qmnis da STaagonebs sxvebs.

amave dros igi iwyebs qarTuli kulturis, filoso-

fiisa da literaturis propagandas, amtkicebs, rom war-

sulis qarTveli moazrovneebis orientacia yovelTvis

ganisazRvreboda zogadsakacobrio RirebulebebiT da

rom Tanamedrove cxovrebaSi qarTuli kulturis Tavis-

Tavadi ganviTarebis unari, misi Rirebuleba gadafase-

bas ar eqvemdebareba.

1828 wlidan s. dodaSvili gazeT ,,tfilisis uwyeba-

nis” sagamomcemlo komitetis wevria da xelmZRvanelobs

misi qarTuli teqstis gamocemas, 1829-dan igi am gazeTis

redaqtoria, xolo erTi wlis Semdeg – misi gamomceme-

lic. mogvianebiT s. dodaSvili aarsebs pirvel qarTul

literaturul Jurnals ,,saliteraturoni nawilni tfi-

lisis uwyebaTani”, romelSic ibeWdeba ,,Tavisuflebis

moyvareobiT aRbeWdili Txzulebani”. TiTqos grZnobs,

79

rom SemoqmedebiTi cxovrebisaTvis cota droRa aqvs

darCenili, Cqarobs, erTbaSad bevri saqmis gakeTebas

cdilobs. Seadgina ,,Semoklebuli qarTuli Rrammatika”

(gamoica 1830 wels), ,,reestri qarTuli wignebisa ricx-

viT eqvsasamde...”, ,,sxvadasxva zneobiTni nawyvetobani...”,

,,filosofiisa Zalni sazRvreobiTa da ganyofilebaTa

misTa”, ,,istoriuli aRwera... romelTame mweralTa”.

qveyndeba misi literaturul-istoriuli da publicis-

turi statiebi, romelTagan aRsaniSnavia ,,mokle gan-

xilva qarTulisa literaturisa anu sityvierebisa”4,

mxatvruli nawarmoebebi – zogi originaluri, zogic

naTargmni.

1832 wlis dekemberi. s. dodaSvili 27 wlisaa. 9 de-

kembers gamJRavnda ruseTis TviTmpyrobelobis winaaRm-

deg mimarTuli SeTqmuleba. TiTqmis erTi Ramis ganmav-

lobaSi daapatimres SeTqmulebis yvela monawile, maT

Soris s. dodaSvilic.

SeTqmuleba moulodneli ar iyo. ruseTis mier sa-

qarTvelos aneqsiis Semdeg, marTalia, Sewyda iran-osma-

leTis Tavdasxmebi da lekTa TareSi, magram gauaresda

xalxis mdgomareoba: Cveul feodalur valdebulebebs

daemata axali gadasaxadebi, samxedro samsaxuri da

begara, sasamarTlo da saxelmwifo saqmeebis warmoeba

gadavida xalxisaTvis gaugebar enaze, gaizarda adamian-

Ta samarTlebrivi daucvelobis xarisxi, yovelive amas

ar SeeZlo, ar gamoewvia protestis mZafri gancda da,

marTlac, saqarTvelos sxvadasxva kuTxeSi zedized

ewyoba gamosvlebi da ajanyebebi.

1832 wlis SeTqmulebaSi moulodneli iyo axali

Taobis monawileoba, Taobisa, romelmac ganaTleba ru-

seTSi miiRo. SeTqmulebis miznebisa da motivebis Sesa-

xeb bevria dawerili. adrec da gansakuTrebiT sabWoTa

periodSi misi axsna-Sefaseba yovelTvis sacenzuro

moTxovnebis gaTvaliswinebiT an erTguli qveSevrdomis

80

poziciidan xdeboda da SeTqmulebis bevr monawiles

aTasnairi formiT ukana ricxviT bodiSs uxdidnen

xolme SeTqmulebaSi monawileobisaTvis. amis gamo

xSirad mxedvelobidan uSvebdnen mTavars – SeTqmulebas

hqonda erTi uryevi da maRali mizani – saqarTvelos

Tavisufleba, misi damoukideblobis aRdgena. isinic,

vinc monarqiis aRdgenaze fiqrobdnen da isinic, visac

respublikuri wyobis Seqmna surdaT, gaaerTiana am

diadma mizanma. s. dodaSvili, istorikosTa azriT, am

ukanasknelTa Soris iyo. s. dodaSvili maSindel

saqarTveloSi gonierebisa da sibrZnis simbolo iyo da

SeTqmulebaSi misi monawileoba sazogadoebis TvalSi

SeTqmulebis miznebis dadebiT Rirebulebas

adasturebda.

SesaZloa, amitom yvelaze mZime sasjeli s. doda-

Svils ergo. 1833 w. samxedro sasamarTlom igi damna-

Saved scno. mas ahyares maswavleblis wodeba, 10 wliT

gadaasaxles viatkis guberniaSi da samudamod aukrZa-

les saqarTveloSi dabruneba. viatkaSi igi gubernato-

ris kancelariaSi muSaobda erTxans a. i. gercenTan er-

Tad, romelic aqve iyo gadmosaxlebuli. s. dodaSvils

gadasaxlebaSi gahyva meuRle elene kobiaSvili Svi-

lebiT.

WleqiT daavadebulma solomonma ukanaskneli Tveebi

gaWirvebasa da tanjvaSi gaatara. amaze arsebobs a. ger-

cenis mogoneba, agreTve, saeqimo komisiis SemaZrwunebe-

li daskvna. 1836 w. 19 seqtembers movida dadebiTi pasuxi

s. dodaSvilis mravalgzis Txovnaze misi romelime

Tbil guberniaSi gadayvanis Taobaze. magram igi ukve

cocxali ar iyo. gardaicvala s. dodaSvili 1836 wlis

20 agvistos. daasaflaves aqve, viatkaSi. saflavis qvaze

misive sityvebi SeiZleboda amogvekveTa: ,,ara Tavisa

TvisisaTvis mxolod, gina bednierebisaTvis vhmuSakob,

aramed siyvarulisaTvis mamulisa”. mxolod 1994 wels

81

moxerxda misi neStis gadmosveneba samSobloSi, mTawmin-

daze.

arsebobs s. dodaSvilis TxzulebaTa ori gamocema –

1961 wlisa g. abzianiZis winasityvaobiTa da a. boWo-

riSvilisa da s. xuciSvilis redaqciiT da 1989 wlisa

T. kukavas winasityvaobiTa da s. xuciSvilisa da o.

gabiZaSvilis redaqciiT. oriveSi Setanilia s. doda-

Svilis cxovrebis amsaxveli saarqivo masalebi, orives

axlavs bibliografia.5 ,,logikis” qarTuli Targmanis

bolo gamocemaSi (Txzulebani, 1989, Tb.,) organ (gv.44)

arsebiTi Casworebaa gakeTebuli – rusuli sityva

,,миръ”, romelic adre qarTulad gadmotanili iyo sity-

viT ,,samyaro” da bevrTan safuZvlad daedo s. dodad-

Svilis Sexedulebebis araswor interpretacias, Tar-

gmnilia rogorc ,,simSvide” (Secdoma SemCneulia da

Sesworeba SemoTavazebulia k. kacitaZis mier).

s. dodaSvilis filosofiuri da logikuri Sexedu-

lebebi gadmocemulia mis ,,logikaSi”, ,,logikur meTo-

dologiasa” da ramdenime werilSi, romelTa adresatia

iona xelaSvili. ar SeiZleba, vilaparakoT s. doda-

Svilis erT mTlian, yovelmxriv gaazrebul filo-

sofiur sistemaze, ,,logika” xom mis mier Cafiqrebuli

filosofiis kursis pirveli, logikuri nawilia da

Seicavs mxolod Zalian mokle filosofiur Sesavals.

miuxedavad amisa, s. dodadSvilis SromebSi vnaxulobT

ramdenime, misi filosofiuri Sexedulebebis Sesafaseb-

lad mniSvnelovani sakiTxis analizs an koncefcias.

SevexoT zogierT maTgans.

1. filosofiis zogadi cneba (,,logika”, filosofi-

is zogadi Sesavali da Sesavlis Tavi I, $1). filosofia

mecnierebis, codnis gansakuTrebuli dargia, radgan

masSi, sxva mecnierebaTagan gansxvavebiT, Semmecnebeli

(me, subieqti, adamiani) da Sesamecnebeli sagani erTma-

neTs emTxveva. am azriT, filosofia aris TviTSemecneba,

82

mecniereba mTeli Cveni moqmedebis ukanaskneli sa-

fuZvlebis Sesaxeb.

samyaro, movlenaTa mravalferovneba samyaroSi eqvem-

debareba ucvlel wesebs, maradiul kanonebs. kerZod,

yvelaferi, rac adamianis, am mcire samyaros, Sinagan

idealur cxovrebaSi xdeba, aseve, maradiuli kanonebis

mixedviT mimdinareobs. filosofia Tavis mizans am ka-

nonebis SemecnebiT aRwevs.

filosofiuri principebi adamianisTvis Tandayoli-

li ar aris, is maT gamoimuSavebs sakuTari gonebis

moqmedebiT, romelic emyareba mocemul da ara mis mier

agebul, rogorc es maTematikaSi xdeba, cnebebs.

filosofosoba (subieqtis TviTSemecneba) sulis sam-

gvar moqmedebas moicavs: 1. yovelive arasubieqturisgan,

subieqtisTvis gareganisgan ganyeneba; 2. subieqtis moq-

medebis – azrovnebis, Semecnebisa da qcevis – kanonebis,

sazRvrebisa da miznebis (daniSnulebis) dadgena-Semec-

neba; 3. subieqtis cxovrebis harmonizacia, misi adamia-

nis daniSnulebasTan SesabamisobaSi moyvana.

2. filosofiis Semadgeneli nawilebi (,,logika” –

filosofiis zogadi Sesavali da werili #15 Txzule-

baTa 1989 wlis gamocemaSi). adamianis moqmedebis cal-

keul saxeebs Seesabameba filosofiis nawilebi, rom-

lebSic isini Seiswavlebian. azrovnebisa da saerTod

sulieri Zalebis moqmedebis kanonebs Seiswavlis logi-

ka da fsiqologia, Semecnebisa da Secnobadis kanonebs

– metafizika, grZnobebis kanonebs – esTetika, nebisas –

zneobis filosofia da samarTali. es s. dodaSvilis-

Tvis iyo amave dros im mecnieruli disciplinebis nus-

xac, romlebic unda gadmoeca mas filosofiis Cafiqre-

buli kursis Semadgenel nawilebSi.

odnav adre, jer isev studentobisas, i. xelaSvili-

sadmi miweril erT-erT werilSi s. dodaSvils

sxvagvarad hqonda gaazrebuli filosofiis Sedgeni-

83

loba, Tumca igi SeTavsebadia ,,logikaSi” mocemulTan,

ar gamoricxavs mas. am gaazrebis Tanaxmad, filosofiu-

ri kvleva, filosofosoba samgvaria – Teoriuli,

praqtikuli da esTetikuri. TiToeuli maTgani swav-

lobs adamianis moqmedebis garkveul saxeobas – Semec-

nebas (gonebas), qcevas (guls) da xelovnebas (grZnobas).

Teoriuli filosofiis nawilebia logika, fsiqologia,

metafizika, praqtikuli filosofiisa – eTika, samar-

Tali da sarwmunoebiTi swavla (es ukanaskneli ,,lo-

gikaSi” aRar figurirebs), xolo esTetikisa – ,,gemov-

neba, mWermeTqvemeoba da poezia”.

3. Semecnebis unarebi, Semecnebis procesi (,,logi-

ka”, Sesavlis Tavi I, $2 da logikis Tavi I, $1). Semec-

nebiTi unarebia grZnoba, gansja da goneba. grZnobiereba

STabeWdilebaTa miRebis pasiuri, vnebiTi Zalaa. misi

meSveobiT ganicdeba nivTieri samyaro, movlenaTa mra-

valgvaroba. magram STabeWdilebebi, cda jer kidev ar

aris Semecneba, radgan mravalgvarobasTan erTad ar

gveZleva erTianoba, kanonzomiereba. gonebis sagania

idealuri, uxilavi, sulieri. masSi araferia cdiseuli,

igi mxolod moqmedi Zalaa, igi qmnis (wminda) erTiano-

bas. gansja Semecnebis am or ukidures wertils aer-

Tebs, mas axasiaTebs vnebiTobac (masalis miReba) da

damoukidebeli moqmedebac (Seqmna). gansjas Seaqvs er-

Tianoba mravalgvarobaSi, igi cdaSi mocemuls dauqvem-

debarebs wesebsa da kanonebs. ,,SegrZnebaTa mravalgva-

roba cnobierebis erTianobamde daiyvanos da uzenaesi

ideebis cnebebiT Camoayalibos, - ai gansjis saqme”.

gansjis unari azrovnebaSi realizdeba. is, rac STa-

beWdilebebSi gveZleva, rasac SevigrZnobT, upirveles

yovlisa, warmoidgineba sadme (Tanamyofoba) da odesme

(mimdevroba). STabeWdilebaTa sivrcesa da droSi dala-

geba aris pirveli erTianobis Setana mravalgvarobaSi.

mas mosdevs wvdoma-gaazreba (reflexio) am safexurze dro-

84

sa da sivrceSi dalagebul mravalgvarobas eZleva

erTianoba: ugulebeliyofa kerZo niSnebi, romlebic

mocemuli sagnebidan zogierTs axasiaTebs, zogierTs ki

– ara da yuradReba Cerdeba mxolod imaze, rac yvelas-

Tvisaa damaxasiaTebeli. misi azrobrivad calke gamo-

yofiT iqmneba zogadi warmodgena. azrTa svlis es cik-

li meordeba mravalgzis da ase ,,SemecnebiTi Zala Tan-

daTanobiT adis maRla da maRla kerZodan sayovel-

Taoze, mravalgvarobidan erTianobaze”. es aris azrov-

neba, xolo gansja misi unaria.

4. nebis formebi (,,logika”- logikis Tavi V, $7). gansjis specifika srulad cnebis strquturaSi vlin-

deba. yovel cnebaSi erTmaneTTan SeerTebulia materia,

mravalgvaroba (warmosadgeni sagani) da forma (sxvada-

sxva sagnis mqone cnebebisaTvis saerTo da aucilebeli).

saerTo anu sayovelTao formebi orgvaria: grZnobadi

warmosaxvis formebi – sivrce da dro, maTi wyaroa go-

neba da gonebiseuli, gansjisaTvis damaxasiTebeli

umaRlesi gvareobani anu kategoriebi. esenia raodeno-

bis (mTlianoba, mravlobiToba, mxolobiToba). Tviseb-

riobis (dadebiToba, SemzRudveloba, uaryofiToba), niv-

Tebs Soris UurTierTmimarTebis (arsebiToba da SemTx-

veviToba, urTierTdakavSirebuloba, mizezi da Sedegi),

nivTebisa gonebisadmi mimarTebis (aucilebloba da

SemTxveviToba, myofoba da aramyofoba, SesaZlebloba

da SeuZlebloba) kategoriebi.

5. dialeqtikuri triada gansjis sayovelTao da aucilebeli kanoni (,,logika”, logikis Tavi I, $2). Se-mecneba, misi realizacia cnobierebaSi eyrdnoba or

egzistenciur varauds – arsebobs Semmecnebeli, arse-

bobs Sesamecnebeli – da dapirispireba-gansxvavebis mi-

marTeba maT Soris. es, Tavis mxriv, ganapirobebs imas,

rom Semecnebis yovel aqtSi erToblivad imyofeba saga-

nic da sulieri Zalac da Sedegi am aqtisa maTi

85

erToblivi nawarmoebia: ,,erTi sityviT cnobierebis

yovel moqmedebaSi, rac gansjas axasiaTebs, naTlad

mJRavndeba a) debuleba (thesis), b) dapirispirebuloba

(antithesis) da c) SeuRleba, anu SeerTeba pirvelisa da

meorisa (synthesis) d) moqmedebis am wess aqvs ugamonakli-

so sayovelTaoba da garduvali aucilebloba yoveli

moazrovne adamianisaTvis; maSasadame, es gansjis kano-nia”.

s. dodaSvilis SemoqmedebiTi memkvidreoba saSuale-

bas gvaZlevs, gansxvavebiT filosofiuri Tvalsazrisi-

sagan, misi logikuri Sexedulebebi ganvixiloT siste-

muri saxiT – logikis filosofiuri problemebidan da

logikis istoriidan dawyebuli gamoyenebiTi logikiT

damTavrebuli. vfiqrobT, misi logikuri Sexedulebebis

donisa da wyaroebis Sesafaseblad yvelaze ufro mniSv-

nelovania, davaxasiaToT logikis raobis dodaSvili-

seuli gageba, logikis dodaSviliseuli versiis Sedge-

niloba da is siaxleebi, romelTa Setanasac logikaSi

Seecada s. dodaSvili.

6. logikis raoba. movlenaTa mravalferovneba sam-

yaroSi eqvemdebareba ucvlel wesebs, maradiul kano-

nebs. es samarTliania azrovnebisTvisac. meores mxriv,

azrovnebis Zala – gansja – aris mravalgvarobis we-

sebisa da kanonebisaTvis daqvemdebarebis unari. daqvem-

debareba garkveuli wesebiT xorcieldeba, isinia is

ucvleli wesebi da maradiuli kanonebi, romlebsac

azrovneba eqvemdebareba. magram sxvadasxvagvar sagnebze,

magaliTad, istoriul movlenebze da maTematikur obi-

eqtebze, azrovnebis sxvadasxvagvari wesebi gamoiyeneba.

calkeuli gvaris sagnebze azrovnebisas gamoyenebuli

aseTi wesebis Tavmoyra mogvcems azrovnebis calke

mecnierebas TiToeuli saazrovno sferosaTvis. amave

dros yovel maTganSi vlindeba erTiani gansja. amitom

calkeuli sferoebis Sesatyvisi azrovnebis wesebi

86

gamovlenaa gansjis sayovelTao, yvela sferosTvis

saerTo kanonebisa. mecniereba gansjis am sayovelTao

kanonebze aris logika. aqedan gamomdinare, logika ar

aris gamoyenebiTi, calkeuli dargebis mimarT Sefar-

debuli mecniereba, igi maTgan damoukidebelia, wmindaa;

logika emyareba ara saazrovno saganTa Taviseburebebs,

ara cdas, aramed mxolod gansjis bunebas, saerTod az-

rovnebis wess.

am bolo debulebas s. dodaSvili Semdegnairad

afuZnebs. logikis kanonebis Semecneba ar SeiZleba cdi-

seuli iyos, radgan logikis sagania is saerTo da auci-

lebeli, rac axasiaTebs azrovnebas nebismier sferoSi,

cdaSi ki gveZleva mxolod kerZo da SemTxveviTi.

empiriulad SeiZleba gamovikvlioT mxolod sakiTxi

imaze, Tu rogor azrovneben adamianebi faqtobrivad,

logikaSi ki ganixileba problema, Tu rogor unda

iazrovnon maT (aq ,,unda” aucileblobas gulisxmobs da

ara valdebulebas). amasTan dakavSirebiT s. dodaSvili

imowmebs kants da ambobs, rom misi azriT cdiseuli

logika iseTive uazrobaa, rogorc marto gamocdile-

baze damyarebuli zneobis filosofiao. s. dodaSvilis

Semajvarebeli debuleba aseTia: azrovnebis sayovelTao

da aucilebeli kanonebi mxolod gonebaSi Seicnoba a priori.

dabolos, logika gansjis TviTSemecnebaa. marTlac,

gansjiT SevimecnebT yvelafers, sxva saSualeba ada-

mians ar gaaCnia, maT Soris TviT gansjasac. TviTSemec-

nebas Cveni sulis erTi Tavisebureba uZevs safuZvlad,

misi meSveobiT xorcieldeba igi: mas ZaluZs iyos moq-

medi Zalac da am moqmedebis saganic.

logikis raobis gagebisaTvis s. dodaSvilis naazrev-

Si mniSvneloba aqvs agreTve logikis statusisa da

funqciebis gagebas Semecnebis TeoriasTan da sxva fi-

losofiur disciplinebTan damokidebulebaSi. amasTan

87

dakavSirebiT misi Sexedulebebi Camoyalibebulia ,,lo-

gikis” Sesavalis $3-sa da logikis $42-Si. logikis faqtobriv azrovnebasTan damokidebulebis

gansazRvriT, agreTve, imis konstatirebiT, rom logika

ar ikvlevs Semecnebis damabrkolebel crurwmenebsa da

vnebebs, s. dodaSvili mijnavs logikas fsiqologiisa-

gan. logika ar aris arc metafizika, radgan is ar ikv-

levs Semecnebasa da WeSmaritebas. misgan gansxvavebiT,

logikis kanonebi gansjis swori gamoyenebisa da saku-

Tar TavTan Tavsebadobis aucilebeli pirobebia. gans-

jisa da, maSasadame, logikis kanonebis gamoyenebis sfe-

roa mecniereba movlenebis Sesaxeb, imis Sesaxeb, rac

grZnobasa da cdas eqvemdebareba. logikis kanonebis am

farglebs gareT gamoyeneba nivTTa arsze msjelobi-

saTvis dauSvebelia, radgan es niSnavs Cveni sulis ori

unaris da unarTa Sesabamisi ori qveynierebis erTma-

neTSi arevas. movlenebi ar Seadgenen saganTa arss,

gansja ar aris goneba. logika (mecniereba azrovnebaze)

ar aris metafizika (mecniereba Semecnebaze). filoso-

fiisaTvis am fundamentur gansxvavebas s. dodaSvili

miawers i. kants (,,kenigsbergel filosofoss”).

s. dodaSvils formulirebuli aqvs misi logikuri

koncefciis daxasiaTebisaTvis mniSvnelovani debuleba:

logika ar aris iaraRi, romliTac movipovebT codnas,

vaRwevT WeSmaritebas ama Tu im sferoSi; logika moi-

cavs mxolod azrovnebis formas, igi mxolod imas

gvaswavlis, rogor gamoviyvanoT mocemuli WeSmaritebi-

dan Sedegebi winaaRmdegobis gareSe.

ganasxvavebs ra logikas ritorikisagan, s. dodaSvi-

li aRniSnavs, rom logika aris mosamzadebeli mecnie-

reba (propedevtika) yvela sxva mecnierebisaTvis, radgan

isaa mecnierebis sawyisebidan SedegTa gamoyvanis,

calkeul mecnierebaTaTvis damaxasiaTebel specifikur

cnebaTa erTobliobis, misi masalis sistematizaciis,

88

,,maTematikuri wesiT” (igulisxmeba deduqciuri meTodi)

agebis iaraRi.

7. ,,logikis” Tematikuri Sedgeniloba. sakuTriv

logikuri masalis gadmocemas win uZRvis azrovnebis

cnobili oTxi kanonis ganxilva (logikis Tavi II). ,,lo-

gikis” struqturaSi maTi adgilis mixedviT SeiZleba

vivaraudoT, rom s. dodaSvils isini esmoda, rogorc

logikis safuZvlad mdebare principebi. es eTanxmeba me-

18 s-Si gavrcelebul Tvalsazriss (mas iziarebda, ma-

galiTad, i. kanti Tavis ,,logikaSi”), xolo nawilobriv

– dRevandel koncefciebsac. magaliTad, klasikur

logikaSi aseTi fundamenturi roli mikuTvnebuli aqvs

winaaRmdegobisa da gamoricxuli mesamis principebs. s.

dodaSvilis azriT, winaaRmdegobis, gamoricxuli mesa-

misa da sakmao mizezis (igi ar ganasxvavebs safuZvels

da mizezs) principebi erTmaneTis mimarT Seadgenen

Teziss, antiTezissa da sinTezs, xolo triadas mTlia-

nobaSi gamoxatavs igiveobis principi. s. dodaSvili

cdilobs es debuleba daafuZnos azrovnebis kanonebs

Soris arsebul deduqciur kavSirebze.

,,logikis” danarCeni nawili agebulia arastandar-

tuli sqemiT: msjeloba, cneba, daskvna, dasabuTeba.

arastandartuloba cnebisaTvis msjelobis win wamZRva-

rebaSi mdgomareobs. standartuli tradiciuli midgoma

lingvisturi analizis Sedegebs emyareboda: dasabuTeba,

romlis bunebis gamokvlevac aris logikis saboloo

mizani, Sedgeba daskvnebisagan, daskvnebi – msjelobebi-

sagan, xolo msjelobebi –cnebebisagan. s. dodaSvilma

cneba-msjelobis mimarTebis gagebas safuZvlad daudo

Semecnebis procesis dinamikis analizi (logikis $5 da $15). misi azriT, gansjis pirvel moqmedebaSi gvaqvs

dapirispireba da SeerTeba; dapirispireba orgvaria – 1)

dapirispireba moazrovne Zalasa da sagans Soris 2)

dapirispireba sagnebs Soris. es ukanaskneli aisaxeba

89

msjelobaSi, masSi mocemulia ori dapirispirebuli

sagnis, romelTagan erTi meoriT xasiaTdeba, subieqtisa

da predikatis SeerTeba. mxolod msjelobis pirveli

aqtis Semdeg Cndeba cneba. cneba msjelobis rezul-

tatia, msjeloba gadadis cnebaSi, ramdenadac cnebaSi

erTiandeba msjelobaSi cal-calke mocemuli niSnebi.

msjelobis Sesaxeb moZRvrebas (logikis IV da V

Tavebi) s. dodaSvili warmoadgens, rogorc msjelobaTa

klasifikacias. 1) formis mixedviT klasifikacia. es

aris msjelobaTa tradiciuli klasifikacia, romelsac

i. kantma misca kanonikuri saxe da romelic, Tavis

mxriv, warmoadgens msjelobaTa sam-sam jgufad dayofas

oTxi niSnis-raodenobis, Tvisebriobis, mimarTebisa (s.

dodaSvilis terminebiT, sagnebis erTmaneTTan mimarTe-

bis) da modalobis (sagnebis gansjasTan mimarTebis) mi-

xedviT. 2) materiis mixedviT klasifikacia. esec imave

oTxi niSnis mixedviT xorcieldeba. materiis raodeno-

bis mixedviT s. dodaSvili ganasxvavebs martivsa da

rTul winadadebebs. materiis Tvisebriobis mixedviT

msjelobaTa dayofaSi warmodgenilia e.w. ,,logikuri

kvadratis” damokidebulebebi, romelic Seicavs sainte-

reso ganzogadebas – kontrarobisa da kontradiqto-

rulobis damokidebulebebi gavrcelebulia pirobiT

winadadebebzec, rac eTanxmeba zogad-dadebiT (SaP) da

universalur-implikaciur x(Sx Px) winadadebebs Soris

arsebuli mimarTebis erT-erT formalur rekonstruq-

cias. daqvemdebarebis mimarTebis TvalsazrisiTaa war-

modgenili deduqciuri sistemis elementebi – aqsiomebi

da postulatebi damaqvemdebarebeli msjelobebia, xolo

Teoremebi, problemebi da Sedegebi – daqvemdebarebu-

lebi. klasifikacia sagnebis gansjasTan mimarTebis (ma-

teriis modalobis) mixedviT moicavs tradiciul moZRv-

rebas cnebis gansazRvrebasa da gayofaze, amasTan, s.

dodaSvilis mixedviT, gansazRvreba aRniSnavs sagnis

90

Tvisebriobas (igulisxmeba, rom igi gvaZlevs pasuxs

kiTxvaze – ra aris sagani?), xolo cnebis gayofa –

raodenobas (igulisxmeba, rom igi gvaZlevs pasuxs

kiTxvaze – ramdennairia sagani?). 3) klasifikacia mate-

riis mixedviT saerTod – moicavs msjelobebis dayofas

analizurebad da sinTezurebad. s. dodaSvils moaqvs

maT Sesaxeb is cnobebi, rac ganekuTvneba i. kantis

mixedviT zogad da ara transcendentalur logikas.

radgan s. dodaSvilisTvis msjelobasa da cnebas

Soris arsebiTi gansxvaveba araa da cneba mxolod

Semoklebuli msjelobaa, igi cdilobs moZRvreba cneba-

ze (logikis Tavi V) warmoadginos, rogorc msjelo-

baTa Teoriis gavrceleba cnebaze. Saxeldobr, am moZ-

Rvrebasac is aZlevs cnebis klasifikaciis saxes formi-

sa da materiis mixedviT, xolo Semdeg TiToeulis

SigniT axorcielebs dayofas raodenobis, Tvisebriobis,

mimarTebisa da modalobis niSnebiT. cnebaTa formebis

(sayovelTao kanonebis) klasifikacia odnav Secvlili

saxiT imeorebs i. kantis ,,wminda gonebis kritikidan”

(da ara ,,logikidan~) momdinare klasifikacias grZnoba-

di Wvretis formebisa da gansjis kategoriebis Sesaxeb.

s. dodaSvili sagangebod amaxvilebs yuradRebas imaze,

rom kategoriebis gamoyeneba gamocdilebis farglebs

gareT dauSvebelia.

cneba mravali warmodgenis SeerTebaa. es warmodge-

nebi qmnis cnebis materiis intensiur raodenobas (Si-

naarss), xolo cnebiT moazrebuli warmodgenebi (ganu-

yofadebisa) – eqstensiur raodenobas (moculobas). tra-

diciul logikaSi gavrcelebuli iyo Tvalsazrisi, rom

arsebobs umaRlesi gvarebi da umdablesi saxeebi. es

Tvalsazrisi qarTul filosofiaSic iyo damkvidrebu-

li porfiriusisa da ioane damaskelis TxzulebaTa

gavleniT. amisgan gansxvavebiT s. dodaSvili iziarebs i.

kantis logikaSi gatarebul Sexedulebas, romlis

91

mixedviT umdablesi saxeebi ar arsebobs6. cnebasa da

mis moculobaSi Semavali ganuyofadebis niSnebs Soris

damokidebulebas s. dodaSvili axasiaTebs ori debule-

biT, romelTa TiTqmis igive formulirebebi gvxdeba i.

kantis ,,logikaSi”7 da romlebic erTad ase SeiZleba

gamovTqvaT: raime axasiaTebs an ar axasiaTebs gvars

maSin da mxolod maSin, rodesac igi axasiaTebs an ar

axasiaTebs masSi Semaval yvela umdables cnebasac. ma-

teriis Tvisebriobis mixedviT s. dodaSvili gamoyofs

tradiciul logikaSi cnobil damokidebulebebs cne-

bebs Soris (garda daqvemdebarebisa da Tanaqvemdebareo-

bis mimarTebebisa), igi amyarebs subordinacias azrov-

nebis kanonebsa da am mimarTebebs Soris. am damokidebu-

lebebTan dakavSirebiT Camoyalibebulia ramdenime kano-

ni, romelTagan erT-erTi – erTgvarovnebis kanoni –

tolfasia erTaderTi umaRlesi gvaris (Tanamedrove

terminebiT, universaluri simravlis) postulirebisa;

aseTi gvaris gamosaTqmelad terminic kia SerCeuli -

,,raime”. s. dodaSvilisTvis 1) arseba da SemTxveviToba

da 2) mizezi da Sedegi cnebaTa Soris arsebuli daq-

vemdebarebis mimarTebis saxeebia. arseba-SemTxveviTis

mimarTebis dasaxasiaTeblad faqtobrivad gadmocemulia

predikabiliebze moZRvrebis is versia, romelic i.

kantis ,,logikaSia” gadmocemuli (arsebiTi, sakuTrivi,

garegani SemTxveviTi da cvalebadi niSnebi)8; igi ar

imeorebs arc aristoteles da arc porfiriusis Sesaba-

mis Teorias. sagnis gansjasTan mimarTebis niSnis mixed-

viT s. dodaSvili axasiaTebs naTelsa da bundovan cne-

bebs.

daskvnis (agreTve, dasabuTebis) Teoriis gadmocema

,,logikaSi” Zalze eskizuria (Tavebi VI da VIII). ufro

meti yuradReba eTmoba daskvnebis SemecnebiT-Teoriul

aspeqts da mis erTianobas msjeloba-cnebasTan. s. doda-

Svilis mixedviT daskvna aris ganviTarebuli msjeloba,

92

amitom yvela silogizms safuZvlad uZevs igive sayo-

velTao kanonebi. isini eqvemdebarebian sakmao mizezis

princips, vinaidan yoveli daskvnis didi wanamZRvari

aris wesi, romelic mtkicebis an uaryofis sakmao mi-

zezs Seicavs, mas SeiZleba hqondes kategoriuli, piro-

biTi an gayofiTi msjelobis saxe; mcire winamZRvari iZ-

leva wesis kerZo SemTxvevas, imas, rasac wesi mieyeneba;

danaskvi aris SeerTeba imisa, rac namdvilad emyareba

sakmao mizezs, wesSi nagulisxmev, kerZo SemTxvevasTan.

amas s. dodaSvili silogistikis umaRles princips

uwodebs.

sakuTriv daskvnis Teoria moicavs tradiciul lo-

gikaSi sayovelTaod miRebul kategoriuli, pirobiTi

da gayofiTi silogizmebis wesebsa da modusebs.

aRsaniSnavia, rom kategoriuli silogizmis wesebi s.

dodaSvilis formulirebaSi arasrulia. daskvnis Teo-

riis ganxilva mTavrdeba induqciisa da analogiiT

daskvnis mokle ganxilviT. TavSi dasabuTebis Sesaxeb

mocemulia dasabuTebis cnebis gayofa materiis, formi-

sa da damarwmunebeli Zalis mixedviT, agreTve, elemen-

taruli cnobebi paralogizmebisa da sofizmebis Sesa-

xeb. aucilebelia iTqvas, rom deduqciisa da induqciis

dapirispireba, s. dodaSvilis mixedviT, emyareba or

sxvadasxva safuZvels: erTia azrTa svlis mimarTuleba

zogadidan kerZosken an piriqiT, meorea maTi gansxvaveba

damamtkicebeli Zalis mixedviT – erTs axasiaTebs

apodiqtikuroba, meores albaToba (amaze naTlad ufro

is ,,logikur meTodologiaSi” msjelobs).

s. dodaSvilis logikuri Sexedulebebis Seswavli-

sas ,,logikuri meTodologiis” gaTvaliswineba aucile-

belia miuxedavad imisa, Tu ra adgili ukavia mas s.

dodaSvilis Sromebis struqturaSi. am naSromis sagania

codnis (Semecnebis) logikuri srulyofis meTodebi.

Semecnebis srulyofa SesaZlebelia raodenobis, Tviseb-

93

riobis, mimarTebisa da modalobis mixedviT. pirveli

gulisxmobs codnis eqstensiur zrda-gafarToebas, meo-

re _ cnebaTa sicxadis miRwevas, romlis umaRlesi safe-

xuria cnebaTa gansazRvreba. s. dodaSvili gadmoscems

moZRvrebas gansazRvrebis saxeebze, romelTagan zogier-

Ti saerTod ar aris ganxiluli ,,logikaSi”. esaa gan-

sazRvrebis analizuri da sinTezuri, sityvieri (nomina-

luri), saxeldebiTi (ostensiuri) da nivTieri (realu-

ri), Teoriuli da genetikuri saxeebi, agreTve, umaRlesi

da martivi cnebebis gansazRvrebis sakiTxebi. mimarTebis

mixedviT Semecnebis logikuri srulyofa WeSmaritebis

miRwevis garantiebis Seqmnaa. amasTan dakavSirebiT s.

dodaSvili ganasxvavebs logikur (formalur) da niv-

Tier (materialur) WeSmaritebas, cdilobs azrovnebis

kanonebidan gamoiyvanos formaluri WeSmaritebis piro-

bebi. modalobis mixedviT codnis srulyofasTan dakav-

SirebiT gaanalizebulia, Tanamedrove terminebiT rom

vTqvaT, epistemikuri logikis cnebebiT – varaudi, rwme-

na, codna, crurwmena, hipoTezi da a.S. ,,logikur meTo-

dologiaSi” ufro dawvrilebiTaa garCeuli cnebis

gayofa, masSi gadmocemulia Sesabamisi tradiciuli

Teoriis yvela detali. ,,logikasTan” SedarebiT sxva

kuTxidan aris danaxuli aq dasabuTebac da meTodic;

saxeldobr, gaanalizebulia dasabuTebis struqtura

(argumentebi, demonstracia da a.S), Secdomebi dasabuTe-

baSi, meTodebis saxeebi. ,,logikur meTodologias” erT-

vis mcire traqtati ,,gamoyenebiTi logika”, romelSic

daxasiaTebulia Semecnebis SezRudulobebi da maTi

gadalaxvis gzebi.

s. dodaSvili kargad icnobs logikis mecnierebis

Tanadroul mdgomareobas, Tavisuflad flobs logikur

masalas, aqvs istoriuli xedva. yovelive es Semoqmede-

biTi Ziebis sawindaria. marTlac, mis SromebSi vnaxu-

lobT bevr iseT raimes, rac mxolod erTxel naswavlis

94

dalagebis miseuli manerebidan ki ar modis, aramed

damoukidebeli Ziebisa da gansjis nayofia. am Tval-

sazrisiT zogierTi ram zemoT ukve aRvniSneT. magram

konkretuli problemebis axleburi gadawyvetebisken

swrafva srulad ar gamoxatavs s. dodaSvilis lo-

gikuri Semoqmedebis specifikas.

s. dodaSvilis Sromebi gvarwmunebs, rom igi

iziarebs logikis Tanadrouli mdgomareobis im gagebas,

romlis Tanaxmadac tradiciuli formaluri logika

(zogadi logika, i. kantis terminologiiT) Sinaarsob-

rivad dasrulebuli mecnierebaa da amitom SesaZlebeli

da saWiroa mxolod misi, rogorc mTlianobis, dafuZ-

nebis srulyofa, gamoyenebis sazRvrebis garkveva,

struqturuli sicxadis Zieba. i. kantis mier gamoTqmu-

li es Tvalsazrisi gaiziara germanuli klasikuri

idealizmis yvela warmomadgenelma. s. dodaSvilis, ro-

gorc mecnieris, SemoqmedebiTi interesis ZiriTadi saga-

nic logikis struquturuli mTlianoba, misi sistemati-

zaciis principia. amis safuZvels ki logikis mdgoma-

reoba marTlac iZleoda.

tradiciul formalur logikas aklda maorganize-

beli principi, romlis irgvliv Tu mixedviTac erT sis-

temad dalagdeboda logikuri codnis calkeuli frag-

mentebi. sqema cneba-msjeloba-daskvna (an dodaSvili-

seuli msjeloba-cneba-daskvna) ufro pedagogiur rols

asrulebda, vidre sistemurs. Tanamedrove logikaSi

aseT funqcias asrulebs gamomdinareobis bolcano-

tarskis Teoria da logikis formalur-deduqciuri age-

bis principi. s. dodaSvilma erT-erT umTavres miznad

am xarvezis kompensireba daisaxa.

garda aRniSnuli uzogadesi sqemisa, tradiciul

logikaSi cnobili iyo sistematizaciis sxva saSualebe-

bic. erTi maTgania logikis yoveli kanonzomierebis,

yoveli logikuri faqtis daqvemdebareba azrovnebis

95

kanonebisadmi, am faqtebis marTebulobisaTvis maTze

,,pasuxismgeblobis dakisreba”, azrovnebis kanonebze ma-

Ti dayvana. s. dodaSvilma logikuri codnis subordina-

ciis es principi miiRo. masTan raodenobis, Tvisebrio-

bisa da mimarTebis cnebebi, romlebic safuZvlad uZevs

msjelobaTa da cnebaTa, agreTve, maT Soris arsebul

damokidebulebaTa klasifikacias, erTmaneTs ise See-

fardebian, rogorc winaaRmdegobis, gamoricxuli mesa-

misa da sakmao mizezis principebi; igiveobis principi,

romelic yovelgvari tolfasobis safuZvelia, warmoad-

gens agreTve, azrovnebis danarCeni principebis urTi-

erTmimarTebis sqemas; yovelgvari daskvna eqvemdebareba

sakmao mizezis princips da a.S..

kidev erTi gamaerTiaenebeli principi, romelic,

vfiqrobT, i. kantis ,,logikidan” iRebs saTaves da ro-

melsac s. dodaSvilma uzogadesi saxe misca, aris kla-

sifikaciis sqema – logikuri obieqtebis an mimarTebebis

gayofa jer materia-formis mixedviT, xolo Semdeg

gayofis TiToeul klasSi gayofa raodenobis, Tviseb-

riobis, mimarTebisa da modalobis niSnebiT. s. doda-

Svili TiTqmis mTel logikur masalas ,,logikaSic” da

,,logikur meTodologiaSic” am orsafexurovani klasi-

fikaciis meSeveobiT alagebs.

magram, s. dodaSvili amaze ar Cerdeba. man sistema-

tizaciis kidev erTi principi daamata logikur aparats.

erT-erTi mizani, romlis realizaciasac cdilobs s.

dodaSvili Tavis ,,logikaSi”, aris imis Cveneba, Tu

rogor vlindeba yovel logikur aqtSi, logikis yvela

cnebasa, wessa da kanonSi Tezisi-antiTezisi-sinTezis

urTierTdamokidebuleba. am damokidebulebis codnis

amgeb umaRles principad gamocxadeba i. g. fixtesTan

gvxdeba, romlis Semdegac igi procesTa dialeqtikuri

aRweris aucilebel saSualebad iqca. s. dodaSvilsac

igi gonebis sayovelTao da garduvali aucileblobis

96

mqone kanonad miaCnia. igi masSi xedavs princips,

romelic saSualebas iZleva, warmovadginoT sistemur

mTelad erTi SexedviT wesrigsa da erTianobas mokle-

buli logikuri problematika. masTan dialeqtikuri

triadis xasiaTi aqvs saerTod Semecnebis aqts, azrov-

nebis kanonebis urTierTmimarTebas, msjelobisa da

daskvnis struqturas, msjelobisa da cnebis klasifi-

kaciis jgufebs, maT qvejgufebs da a.S. principis aseTi

universalizacia s. dodaSvils siZneleebis winaSec aye-

nebs. vfiqrobT, amiT unda aixsnas Semdegi faqtic.

daskvnis Teoria, rac logikis amocanebis mixedviT Tu

vimsjelebdiT, ZiriTadi unda yofiliyo logikur naS-

romSi, radgan SedarebiT nakleb masalas iZleva “tria-

duli” interpretacisaTvis, gacilebiT ufro eskizurad

aris gadmocemuli, vidre msjelobisa da cnebis Teo-

riebi.

is, rasac s. dodaSvilma logikis erT struquturul

mTlianobad sistematizaciis cdiT miaRwia da aq, uwi-

nares yovlisa, fixteanuri triadis principis logiku-

ri universalizacia gvaqvs mxedvelobaSi, marTalia ar

aRmoCnda formaluri logikis ganviTarebis magist-

ralur gzaze, magram mainc misi avtoris did monapov-

rad unda CaiTvalos. saqme isaa, rom man igrZno germanu-

li klasikuri idealizmis Sinagani orientacia logikis

dialeqtikur dafuZnebaze da scada misi xorcSesxma

sakuTar logikur sistemaSi.

s. dodaSvilma Tavisi SromebiT sxva wvlilic Sei-

tana qarTuli filosofiuri azrovnebis ganviTarebaSi.

am wvlilze Rirs yuradRebis SeCereba. mas axalgazrda

mecnieris nebisa da gonebis aranaklebi Zalixmeva

sWirdeboda, aranaklebi imasTan SedarebiT, rac man

logikis struqturul sistematizacias moandoma. saqme

exeba s. dodaSvilis TxzulebaTa samecniero stilisa

97

da ideaTa im axal nakads, romelic s. dodaSvilis Sro-

maTa meSveobiT Semovda qarTul filosofiaSi.

bekonisa da galileis Semdeg me-17 me-18 saukuneebSi

evropuli mecniereba da filosofia mkveTrad Tavi-

sufldeba sqolastikuri CarCoebisgan; azrovnebis yvela

sfero iZens damoukidebel, mxolod misTvis damaxasia-

Tebel Rirebulebas miuxedavad imisa, Tu rogoria misi

uSualo mimarTeba religiasTan. es iyo gadasvla az-

rovnebis axal stilze da ara rwmenidan urwmunoebaze.

samecniero da filosofiuri azrovnebis stilis Secv-

la dogmatizmisagan gaTavisuflebas niSnavda.

farTo da Rrma kontaqtebma evropasTan xeli Seuwyo

me-19 saukunis pirvel naxevarSi sekularistuli tenden-

ciebis gavrcelebas ruseTSic, rasac ar SeiZleba gav-

lena ar moaxdina axalgazrda s. dodaSvilzec. filo-

sofiuri azrovnebis sqolastikuri CarCoebisgan gaTavi-

suflebis es procesi saqarTveloSi arsebiTad s.

dodaSvilis SromebiT Semovida. qarTvel filosofosTa

Soris s. dodaSvili erT-erTi pirvelia, vis SromebSic

filosofiuri da samecniero problemebis Rirebuleba

misi Teologiur-religiuri mniSvnelobiT ar izomeba;

maTSi mTavari yuradReba gadatanilia gansaxilveli

sakiTxebis TavisTavad Rirebulebasa da Sinaarsze. s.

dodaSvilis zogierTma komentatorma, albaT, sabWoTa

aTeisturi epoqis gavleniT es arasworad gaigo. azrov-

nebis axali stili niSnavs uaris Tqmas samecniero

problemis aucilebel religiur interpretaciaze, mag-

ram ara uaris Tqmas rwmenaze.

magram, samecniero stili saqmis erTi mxarea. s.

dodaSvilis axali stiliT Sesrulebuli Txzulebani

qarTuli filosofiisaTvis axali SinaarsiT iyo Sevse-

buli. misma Sromebma, uwinares yovlisa, ,,logikam’, qar-

Tul filosofiaSi gza gauxnes germanul-klasikur

98

idealizms, kantis, fixtes, Selingis Sexedulebebs. es

misi waruvali damsaxurebaa qarTuli kulturis winaSe.

s. dodaSvilis msoflmxedvelobisa da logikuri

Sexedulebebis analizisa da SefasebisaTvis didi mniSv-

neloba aqvs maTi ideuri wyaroebis gamovlenas. es sa-

kiTxi ukve me-19 s-Si moeqca mkvlevarTa yuradRebis

areSi. dReisaTvis miRebulia, rom s. dodaSvilis filo-

sofiuri da logikuri Sexedulebebis SemuSavebaSi ga-

damwyveti roli Sasrula germanulma klasikurma idea-

lizmma. amiT ar gamoricxeba qarTuli filosofiuri

memkvidreobis gavlena s. dodaSvilis, rogorc moazrov-

nis – filosofisisa da logikosis – Camoyalibebaze.

amis kargi sabuTia misi ,,mokle ganxilva qarTuli li-

teraturisa anu sityvierebisa” da mimowera i. xela-

SvilTan.

am sakiTxze pasuxis Ziebisas ar SeiZleba ar ga-

viTvaliswinoT, rogori filosofiuri atmosfero iyo

am dros ruseTSi da vin iyvnen dodaSvilis maswavleb-

lebi? me-18 saukunis bolos ruseTSi farTod vrcelde-

ba germanuli idealizmis ideebi. me-19 saukunis dasaw-

yisSi Cndeba kantis Sromebis xelnaweri Targmanebi.

axalgazrdebi qmnian filosofiur wreebs, romlebSic

batonobs germanuli filosofia – kanti, fixte, Se-

lingi, okeni da sxv. me-19 saukunis dasawyisSi ruseTis

universitetebSi aswavlian evropul filosofias, ro-

melSic TandaTan matulobda germanuli filosofiis

wili9. amave periodSi filosofiuri problemebis mi-

marT interesis gaRvivebaSi, filosofiuri kulturis

zrdaSi didi wvlili SehqondaT ucxoeTidan mowveul

profesorebs, romelTa Soris v. zenkovskis gamorCeuli

hyavs germaneli profesorebi bule (Buhle) moskovSi da Sadi (Schad) xarkovSi. peterburgis univversitetis fi-

losofiur-iuridiul fakultetze aswavlidnen cnobi-

li filosofosebi p. d. lodii (1764-1829) da a. i. galiCi

99

(1783-1848), lodiis mowafe, romelic swavlobda ger-

maniaSic. galiCis Sromebi iseve, rogorc TviTon gali-

Ci, Zalian popularuli iyo. ruseTSi germanuli filo-

sofiiT gatacebam me-19 saukunis dasawyisSi Selingia-

nelobis saxe miiRo. galiCi Selingis mimdevari iyo da

misi gavleniT yuradRebis centrSi eqceva Selingis

esTetikuri idealizmi, moZRvreba xelovnebaze, romelic

romantizmis filosofiur safuZvlad moiazreboda. es

ukuqmedebas iwvevda – Zalian mkacrad moqmedebdnen cen-

zura da marTmadideblobisa da monarqiis brma Tayva-

nismcemlebi akademiuri wreebidan, imdenad mkacrad, rom

sajarod daTanxmeba kantis, fixtes, Selingis da sxv.

koncefciebze an maT mimdevrad Tavis gamocxadeba

TiTqmis SeuZlebeli iyo. yovelive aman gamoiwvia adap-

taciis garkveuli meqanizmis SemuSaveba, es meqanizmi

iyo eklektizmi: me-18 saukunis bolosa da me-19 saukunis

dasawyisSi rusuli filosofia ekleqtikuri iyo10.

aTeizmis, an mavne filosofiuri sistemebis ukritiko

swavlebis braldebiT xdeboda darbevebi. darbevebis

erT-erTi pirveli msxverpli iyo i. b. Sadi – 1816 w. is

moulodnelad gaaTavisufles xarkovis universitetidan

da gaaZeves ruseTidan. reaqcias ver gadaurCa verc ga-

liCi, mas bralad sdebdnen imas, rom izRudeboda fi-

losofiuri sistemebis gadmocemiT, ar akritikebda maT11

da eweoda Selingianelobis propagandas12. lodii fi-

losofiis kaTedridan samarTlis kaTedraze gadaiyva-

nes, galiCi ki saerTod gauSves universtetidan da

leqciebis kiTxva aukrZales. axalgazrdebis TxovniT

galiCma saxlSi moawyo filosofiis moyvarulTa wre

(10-12 kaci iyrida xolme Tavs)13. es dodaSvilis peter-

burgSi yofnisas xdeba. Aam ambebs sxva gagrZelebac

hqonda: 1822 wlis martSi peterburgis universitetis 59

studentidan 29 garicxes universitetidan.

100

germanuli klasikuri idealizmis gadamwyvet rolze

miTiTeba sakiTxis mxolod zogadi gadawyvetaa. saWiroa

s. dodaSvilis mimarTebis garkveva germanuli klasiku-

ri idealizmis calkeul warmomadgenlebTan. yvelaze

ufro gavrcelebulia azri s. dodaSvilis kantianelo-

baze. pirvelad es azri gamoTqves i. kolubovskim, e. f.

leikveldma da e. radlovma. ,,logika” (,,logikuri me-

Todologiisa” da ,,gamoyenebiTi logikis” CaTvliT,

romlebic, savaraudoa, rom ,,logikis” pirvel variantSi

Sesatanad ganzraxuli Tavebis monaxazia) s. dodaSvi-

lis mxolod pirveli daumTavrebeli nawarmoebia; am

isedac mcire moculobis nawarmoebSi sakuTvriv filo-

sofiur sakiTxebs kidev ufro mcire adgili ukaviaT,

rac albaT, sakmarisi araa misi Tanamimdevruli kantia-

nelobisTvis dasamtkiceblad. amave dros, Tu mxedvelo-

baSi miviRebT s. dodaSvilis damokidebulebas germanu-

li klasikuri idealizmis sxva warmomadgenlebTan, uf-

ro adekvaturi iqneba, Tuki mis damokidebulebas i. kan-

tis mimarT ufro zusti saxiT CamovayalibebT: s. doda-

Svils bevri sakiTxi kantiseburad esmis, maTi gadawyve-

tisas (uSualod Tu sxvaTa Sromebis meSveobiT), eyrd-

noba i. kantis Sexedulebebs, kerZod, am gavlenaze msje-

lobisas s. dodaSvilis teqstis mixedviT mxedvelobaSi

unda gvqondes mxolod e.w. kanti-ieSes ,,logika”.

sailustraciod ramdenime sakiTxs davasaxelebT. fi-

losofiis anTropologiuri gageba, romelic mocemulia

s. dodaSvilis ,,logikis” sawyis nawilSi (,,filosofiis

zogadi Sesavali”), nawilobriv eyrdnoba i. kantis ,,lo-

gikis” Sesavlis III Tavs, romelSic, agreTve, filoso-

fiis cnebaa ganxiluli. logikis sagnis daxasiaTebaSi

(Sesavlis Tavi I) s. dodaSvils Setanili aqvs gansjisa

da gonebis damokidebuleba Semecnebis procesSi,

gansjis kerZo-mecnieruli wesebis safuZvlad gansjis

erTiani zogadi kanonebis arsebobis postulireba, lo-

101

gikis kanonebis cdisgan damokidebuli, aprioruli da

aucilebeli xasiaTi, logika rogorc gansjis TviTSe-

mecneba, logika rogorc formaluri mecniereba, lo-

gikis propedevtikuli xasiaTi sxva mecnierebaTa mimarT;

yvela es sakiTxi ganxilulia, agreTve, i. kantis ,,lo-

gikis” Sesavlis I TavSi, romelic logikis cnebas exeba;

arsebiTad mas mihyveba s. dodaSvili. msjelobaTa da

cnebaTa formebis klasifikaciis, kategoriebis cxri-

lis, logikuri aqtebisa da codnis logikuri srul-

yofis jgufebis da agreTve, zogierTi sxva sakiTxis i.

kantidan warmomavlobaze zemoTac visaubreT. dawvrile-

biTi teqstualuri Sepirispireba s. dodaSvilis ,,logi-

kis” Sesavlis I Tavisa (,,logikis cneba da gansazRv-

reba”) da mTeli wignis dasawyisisa (,,filosofiis zoga-

di Sesavali”) kanti-ieSes ,,logikis” Sesabamisad Sesav-

lis analogiur I TavTan (,,logikur cnebaze”) da Sesav-

lis III TavTan (,,saerTod filosofiis cneba”) kidev

ufro ganamtkicebs am azrs14.

s. dodaSvilis ,,logikis” SesavlSi (Tavi II [4, gv.

10-22]) mocemulia logikis istoriis mokle mimoxilva.

analogiuri qveparagrafi kantis ,logikaSic” gvaqvs [10,

gv. 328-329], magram dodaSvilis mimoxilva ufro vrcelia

da met masalas mocavs, amasTan, ar SeiZleba ar aRiniS-

nos sworad dasmuli aqcentebi logikaSi aristotelesa

da misi mowafeebis miRwevebis da, saerTod, antikuri da

sqolastikuri logikis, agreTve, fr. bekonis induqciis

Sesaxeb moZRvrebis ganxilvisas. am monaxazidan irkveva,

rom s. dodaSvilis damokidebuleba i. kantTan ideuri

naTesaobiT ar amoiwureba. s. dodaSvili kritikul

filosofias miiCnevs logikis istoriis bolo, meeqvse

periodad, xolo im maRal Sefasebas, romelsac is aZ-

levs i. kants mxolod aristotelesTvis mis mier mice-

muli Sefaseba Tu Seedreba: ,,kantis gamWriaxma geniam

axali saxe misca gonebismetyvelebas da mtkice sazRv-

102

rebi daudo mas; man daamtkica logikis kanonebis

warmoSoba gonebiseuli da ara cdiseuli wyaroebidan;

aRmoaCina logikis WeSmariti Rirseba da misi wesebis

gamoyenebis sazRvrebi”.

miuxedavad mravali ideuri da verbaluri damTxve-

visa, SesaZlebelia s. dodaSvilis wignis zogierTi

adgilis iseTi interpretacia, romelic ar eTanxmeba i.

kantis Tvalsazriss. magaliTad, k. kacitaZis Tanaxmad,

dodaSvili ,,1. ar iziarebs movlenebis miRma myof arse-

bulTa Seumecnebadobas da, Sesabamisad, ar uaryofs me-

tafizikas rogorc mecnierebas; 2. ar iziarebs azrov-

nebisa da Wvretis dualizms; 3. gansjas, rogorc grZno-

badis Semecnebis unars, principulad ganasxvavebs gone-

bisagan, rogorc zegrZnobadis Semecnebis formisagan; 4.

gansjis (formalur-logikur) kanonebs principulad ga-

nasxvavebs gonebis kanonebisagan; 5. gonebas aniWebs ara

mxolod regulatorul (gansjis formebis momwesri-

gebel funqcias), aramed konstituciur funqciasac”15.

arqimandritma gabrielma (voskresenskim) pirvelad

SeamCnia kavSiri s. dodaSvilis ,,logikisa” da xarkovis

universitetis profesoris i. Sadis logikur Txzule-

bas Soris16. is iyo ienis (1802 wlidan fixtes Semdeg) da

xarkovis (1804 wlidan) universitetebis profesori; e.

radlovis Tanaxmad, Sadis filosofia arsebiTad imeo-

rebs jer fixtes, xolo Semdeg Selingis filosofiis

ZiriTad principebs. e. f. leikfeldma gaanaliza ra

Sadis miTiTebuli logikuri Sroma, daaskvna, rom masSi

Zlieria fixtes metafizikis gavlena da rom Sadi ara

mxolod fixtes doqtrinis komentatori, aramed gamgr-

Zelebelic aris17. Sadma “SesamCnevi kvali datova ruse-

Tis filosofiuri kulturis istoriaSi”18. amitom bu-

nebrivia, s. dodaSvilis naazrevSi fixteanuri elemente-

bic iyos. s. dodaSvilis ,,logikis” sakuTvriv i. Sadis

SromasTan kavSiri kargad aCvena S. nucubiZem.Emisi

103

analizi teqstualuri Sepirispirebebi adasturebs, rom

s. dodaSvilisTvis i. Sadis Sroma iyo logikis sakiT-

xebze informaciis erT-erTi wyaro19.

fixteanuli elementi (amaze zemoT ukve vilapara-

koT) s. dodaSvilis ,,logikaSi” logikuri codnis maor-

ganizebeli dialeqtikuri sqemaa – s. dodaSvili cdi-

lobs yovel logikur aqtSi, logikis yvela cnebas,

wessa da kanonSi gamoavlinos dialeqtikuri triadis

moqmedeba. savaraudoa, rom es sqema s. dodaSvilma i.

Sadis Sromis meSveobiT miiRo20. S. nucubiZe cdilobs

ufro farTo kavSirebi dainaxos s. dodaSvilsa da i. g.

fixtes Soris, magram amasTan dakavSirebuli interpre-

tacia s. dodaSvilis teqstisa damajerebeli ar aris21.

S. nucubiZis mier SemCneul paralelebs k. kacitaZe

afarToebs axali debulebebiT, misi varaudiT, fixtesa

da dodaSvilisTvis saerToa agreTve, gansjisa da

gonebis SemecnebiTi sazRvrebis da, amis Sesabamisad,

,,ideisa da cnebis principuli gansxvaveba”; ,,logikisa

da mtafizikis ...analogiuri ,,gageba”, ,,kategoriebis de-

duqciis erTnairi principi”22. es kidev ufro met dama-

jereblobas aniWebs aRniSnul daskvnebs. magram citire-

bul statiaSi k. kacitaZes moaqvs debulebebic, romle-

bic dodaSvils ganasxvavebs fixtesagan: 1. azrovnebis

kanonebi fixtesTvis gansjisa da gonebis kanonebia,

dodaSvilisTvis mxolod gansjisa, 2. azrovnebis prin-

cipebis deduqcia maTTan sxvadasxva TanamimdevrobiT

xdeba, 3. fixtes sapirispirod, dodaSvili erTmaneTis-

gan ganasxvavebs cnebasa da ideas, 4. maTTan sxvadasxvaa

kategoriebis jgufebis Tanamimdevroba maTi deduqcii-

sas, 5. logika dodaSvilisTvis filosofiuri mecniere-

baa, fixtesTvis – ara23.

k. kacitaZem dodaSvilis ideuri wyaroebis Zieba

fixtes aqeTac gaagrZela. misi azriT, s. dodaSvili

obieqturi idealistia da germanuli klasikuri idea-

104

lizmis warmomadgenelTagan yvelaze axlos SelingTan

idga, romlis filosofias icnobda an uSualod origi-

nalidan, an Selingis mimdevar Sadis meSveobiT24. (Cven

davumatebdiT: an a. galiCis wignebidan da, SesaZloa,

masTan saubrebidan); sailustraciod is CamoTvlis sa-

kiTxebs, romelTa gadaWraSic es ori moazrovne erT-

maneTs uaxlovdeba; es sakiTxebi exeba gansjis gagebas

da cnebisa da ideis gansxvavebas SelingTan da doda-

SvilTan, Tumca, vfiqrobT, es ukanaskneli kantTanac

mkafiod aris moniSnuli da SesaZlebelia am viTarebis

dasamowmeblad motanili adgilebi dodaSvilidan kan-

tianurad iqnes interpretirebuli (es SeniSvna exeba

dodaSvilis SadTan msagavsebis analogiur aspeqtsac).

Tumca k. kacitaZe ufro mets amtkicebs: ,,rigi faqtore-

bi metyveleben imaze, rom s. dodaSvili mWidrod miuax-

lovda hegels”25.

sabWoTa periodSi s. dodaSvilze Sesrulebul ga-

mokvlevebSi imis gamo, rom zogierTi adgili ,,logika-

Si” SeiZleba gagebuli iqnes rogorc bunebis adamia-

nuri cnobierebisagan damoukidebeli arsebobis daSveba,

misi ueWveli materialistoba mtkicdeboda. sruliad

marTebulia k. kacitaZis reagireba am mtkicebaze – amas-

ve uSvebda Selingic, magram aseTi daSveba ar aris

sakmarisi materialistobisaTvis, radgan masSi adamianis

cnobierebisagan damoukidebeli arseboba miewereba go-

niT sinamdviles26. dodaSvilis am azris kantianuri in-

terpretaciac SeiZleba, Tuki vigulisxmebT, rom bune-

bas empiriuli adamianuri cnobierebisagan damoukidebe-

li arseboba miewereba.

105

$2. s. dodaSvili da qarTuli kultura

s. dodaSvili filosofosi iyo mowodebiT da es

misi ,,logikidanac” TvalnaTliv Cans. mas miznad hqonda

dasaxuli – daewera filosofiis sruli kursi. magram

saqarTveloSi dabrunebuli s. dodaSvili xedavs, rom

qarTvel xalxs ganaTleba aklia, uwignuria da evropa-

Sic araferi ician mis kulturaze. yvelafer amiT igi

erTob dafiqrebulia da seriozul wuxils gamoTqvams.

s. dodaSvili mTeli arsebiT CaerTo erovnul moRva-

weobaSi. marTebulad aRniSnavs g. abzianiZe: ,,s. dodaSvi-

li ufro did mizans isaxavda: aReZra qarTul sazoga-

doebaSi survili, erovnuli kulturis gatanisa msof-

lio, evropul asparezze. mas istoriul usamarTlobad

miaCnda, rom qarTuli literatura, romelmac kacob-

riobas misca SemoqmedebiTi azris genialuri qmnileba

,,vefxistyaosani”, naklebad iyo cnobili msoflioSi”27.

amasTan, da es aq mTavaria, s. dodaSvils Rrmad swamda

qarTuli kulturis xelaxali aRorZineba. swored am

saqmeebSi Cabma iyo imis mizezi, rom s. dodaSvilma ver

ganaxorciela Tavisi Canafiqri _ filosofiis sruli

kursis Seqmna.

es iyo imis umTavresi mizezi, rom s. dodaSvili 1828

wels daarsebuli gazeTis _ ,,tfilisis uwyebani” (ru-

sulad da qarTulad) redaqciaSi aRmoCnda. jer mTargm-

nelad, 1829 wels redaqtorad, xolo 1830 wlidan ki

ukve gamomcemlad. misi uSualo mecadineobiT, 1832 wli-

dan daiwyo aRniSnuli gazeTis damatebis, Jurnal – ,,sa-

literaturoni nawilni tfilisis uwyebaTani”-s gamosv-

la, romlis redaqtori da mimarTulebis mimcemi iyo s.

dodaSvili. Tuki gavixsenebT s. dodaSvilis fiqrisa da

gansjis sagans, maSin Zneli ar unda iyos imis danaxva,

rom misi saqmianoba gazeTSi kanonzomieri movlena iyo.

amisTvis s. dodaSvili didi xania mzad iyo. s. doda-

106

Svilis mxridan gazeTSi TanamSromlobis dawyeba iyo

pirveli etapi, romelic man jer kidev peterburgSi

swavlis periodSi daisaxa miznad. es faqtic aris ga-

saTvaliswinebeli, roca qarTul kulturaSi s. doda-

Svilis damsaxurebaze iqneba saubari.

gazeTSi, gansakuTrebiT ki mis literaturul dama-

tebaSi, gamomJRavnda, s. dodaSvilis didi zrunva qar-

Tul kulturaze. am mxriv gamorCeul yuradRebas imsa-

xurebs s. dodaSvilis statia – ,,mokle ganxilva qar-

Tulisa literaturisa anu sityvierebisa”, romelic

JurnalSi gamoqveynda. statiaSi kargad Cans ,,logikis”

avtoris saerTo azri. rogorc ukve aRiniSna, ,,logikis”

Sesaval nawilSi s. dodaSvili sul ramdenime gverdze

mokled, lakoniurad da RrmasafuZvlianad alagebs da

gadmoscems filosofiuri azris istoriis ganviTarebis

ZiriTad mimarTulebebsa da tendenciebs, logikis mok-

le istorias. aRniSnul werilSi ki s. dodaSvili aCve-

nebs qarTuli literaturis, filosofiisa da saerTod

qarTuli kulturis ganviTarebis arsebiT momentebs.

s. dodaSvili wuxils gamoTqvams imis gamo, rom qar-

Tuli enis namdvili Rirseba ar icis bevrma da mas Ca-

morCenilad miiCnevs. ,,Cven SegvemTxva smena damtkice-

biTTa sjaTa mravalTa keTilmzraxvelTa kacTagan qar-

Tulisa enisaTvis, romel igi glaxak ars TxzulebaTa

mier saliteraturoTa, ara ganviTarebul ars da Sesa-

xebeladca garmoniisadmi araviTarisame meqon ars

siamovnisa”28. s. dodaSvilis am gamonaTqvamidan cxadia

isic, rom qarTul enas uimedod uyurebdnen sakuTvriv

qarTvelebic. aqedan naTelia is siZneleebi, rac Tan

axlda yvela iseT wadils, rac qarTuli enis Zveli

didebis aRdgenas gulisxmobda.

s. dodaSvilis zrunva qarTuli kulturis aRorZine-

bisTvis emyareboda maRal azrs qarTul enaze. s. doda-

Svili aRniSnavs: ,,qarTulsa enasa zeda arian mravalni

107

Svenierni Txzulebani da Targmnilnica wignni sxva da

sxva ZvelTa da uaxlesTa enaTagan“28. saintereso azri

aqvs gamoTqmuli z. WiWinaZes, romlis Tanaxmadac s. do-

daSvilis mizani iyo ,,im dros, tfilisis ors saswav-

lebelSi da sxvaganac qarTvelTa Svilebis swavla-

ganaTleba samSoblo enazed yofiliyos, radganac eseni

im enis saSualebiT ufro advilad ganviTardebian da

wavlen winao”29.

s. dodaSvilma miznad daisaxa im droisTvis Crdil-

Si moqceuli qarTuli literaturis ganaTlebuli sa-

zogadoebisTvis gacnoba. yvelaferi es axalgazrda qar-

Tvelma filosofosma garkveul samoqmedo programmad

daisaxa da es kargad Cans mimoxilvis Semdegi adgili-

dan: ,,...xolo Semdgomad aRvricxoT werilni da Tvinier

pirmoTneobisa fasdebul vhyoT qmnilebiTurT TviTeul-

ni avqsonni Rirsebisamebr maTisa, romelTaganca moyva-

reni sazogadoebis ganviTarebisani ixilven Zvelsa ad-

gilsa Sina kavkasiis amier mcxovrebTasa mdidarsa niv-

Tierebasa saliteraturosasa, romelica aqamomde

wyvdiadsa Sina sibnelisasa dafarul iyo mxedvelobaTa-

gan ganaTlebulis evropiisaTa”30. imis miuxedavad, rom

s. dodaSvilma Tavisi Canafiqri bolomde ver gana-

xorciela, qarTuli enis miseuli Sefaseba da qarTuli

enis Zveli didebis aRorZinebis wadili kuTvnil ad-

gils daikavebs qarTuli kulturis istoriaSi.

sainteresod da mniSvnelovnad migvaCnia s. doda-

Svilis Tvalsazrisi qarTuli da somxuri enis mimar-

Tebaze. marTalia, am sakiTxs mimoxilvaSi mcire adgili

ukavia, magram aqac naTlad Cans dodaSvilis didi

erudicia, saqmeSi Caxeduloba da, rac mTavaria, obieq-

turoba. igi, Tuki, erTi mxriv, samarTlian gulgri-

lobas iCens imaT mimarT, vinc zereled ekideba amgvar

sakiTxebs, meore mxriv, amJRavnebs did pativiscemas

mezobeli xalxis kulturisadmi da jerovnad miuzRavs

108

rogorc somxur, ise qarTul enas: ,,winaparTa CvenTa

SemoiRes leqsni qarTuli enisani maSin, rodesac som-

xuri ena myofobda TavisTavad, egreTve qarTvelnica

iyvnen ganyofiT da pirsa Sina erisasa gamoixata”31. s.

dodaSvili damajereblad aCvenebs qarTuli enis

damoukidebulebas da Tavis Tvalsazriss qarTuli enis

raobasa da TviTmyofadobaze ase ayalibebs: ,,Ziri enisa

Cvenisa unda iyos sakuTari. ese hsCans yovelTa ZvelTa

werilTagan. Cven ver vhxedavT verca asoTa, verca xmaTa

da gamoRebaTa, ara Tu oden leqsTan, romelTa aqvndeT

mkveTri msgavseba sulsa Sina somxurisa enisa”32.

zemoaRniSnuli mokle Sesavlebis Semdeg, sadac

qarTuli enis istoriaze da mis did SesaZleblobebzea

msjeloba, s. dodaSvili iwyebs qarTuli literaturis

istoriis mimoxilvas. am mimoxilvisas ki avtori xel-

mZRvanelobs imave meTodiT, rogoriTac ,,logikaSi”, fi-

losofiis Sesavlisa da logikis mokle istoriis

gadmocemisas. kerZod, s. dodaSvili qarTuli kulturis

moRvaweTagan gamoarCevs imaT, visi wvlilic Cveni eris

cxovrebaSi gansakuTrebulia. am principiT xelmZRvane-

lobs igi, roca IX saukunis moRvaweebSi gamoyofs

ilarion qarTvels; X saukuneSi – wmida mama ioanes; XI

saukuneSi – wmida mama eqvTimes, ioane petriwsa da

stefanes; XII saukunis Sesaxeb ki s. dodaSvili xazgas-

miT aRniSnavs: ,,sakuTrad meTormetesa saukunesa Sina

qarTvelni idgnen umaRlessa xarisxsa zeda Zlierebisa

da ganaTlebisasa” da am epoqis qarTveli swavlulebi

gamorCeuli da gansxvavebulni iyvnen sxvebisgan ,,simxni-

Ta, sibrZniTa, saTnoebiTa da poeziiTa”33.

s. dodaSvili aseve maRal Sefasebas aZlevs efrem

mcires, Teofiles, arsen iyalToelsa da ioane tariWis

Zes, romelTa upirveles damsaxurebad miaCnia elinuri-

dan qarTul enaze filosofiuri da RvTismetyveluri

Txzulebebis gadmoTargmna.

109

unda iTqvas, rom s. dodaSvilis mier Sua saukunee-

bis qarTuli sinamdvilis Sefaseba Tanamedrove kultu-

risa da istoriis filosofiis moTxovnebis dones See-

sabameba. mas kargad aqvs SeniSnuli, rom Sua saukuneeb-

Si qarTuli saxelmwifoebriobis aRzevebas Tan sdevda

kulturuli aRzevebac. es iyo epoqa, roca qarTveli me-

feebi didad iyvnen dainteresebulni ucxouri, im dro-

isTvis mowinave, berZnuli kulturis aTvisebiT da amas

praqtikuladac axorcielebdnen: agzavnidnen axalgazr-

debs saberZneTSi – imdroindeli msoflio kulturis

centrSi, mowinave ideebis Sesaswavlad da SemdgomSi am

ideebis saqarTveloSi gavrcelebis mizniT, ,,mimdinao-

reobasa Sina maT droTasa mefeni Cveni hzrunavdnen ra

keTilmsdgomareobisaTvis ymaTa TvisTa, warhgzavnidnen

yovelsa welsa aTinasa Sina TormetTa yrmaTa swavla-

TaTvis”34.

rogorc ukve aRiniSna, s. dodaSvili yovel epoqaSi

gamoarCevs im qarTvel moRvaweebs, romelTa wvlili

gansakuTrebiT didia qarTuli kulturisTvis. magram s.

dodaSvili amiT ar kmayofildeba da rCeulTa Soris

rCeulebze sagangebod Cerdeba. misTvis erTi aseTi

rCeuli rCeulTa Soris aris ioane petriwi, qarTveli

xalxis upirvelesi filosofosi. s. dodaSvilis azriT,

qarTuli filosofiuri azrovnebis aRmavloba ioane

petriwiT iwyeba, ,,garna elvarebiTa epoxa mWevrmeTqveo-

bisa Cvenisa iwyo ioane petriwman”35. ioane petriwis da-

xasiaTebisas igi epiTetebs ar erideba: ,,petriwi ese iyo

WeSmariti filosofosi, friad sayvareli moleqse sa-

qarTvelosa Sina, srulis azriT didi da Cinebuli kaci

droisa Tvisisa”. amasTan, _ s. dodaSvilis Tanaxmad, _

petriwis Rvawli aRiarebuli iyo ara mxolod mis Tana-

medroveTa mier, aramed qveynis ganaTlebuli STamomav-

lobisganac, ,,man wera yovelTa gvarTa Sina sityvie-

rebisaTa da yovelTa gvarTa Sina hpova Cinebuleba da

110

pativiscema ara mxolod TanamedroveTa TvisTa, aramed

yovelTa ganaTlebulTa STamoebaTa Tvisisa mamulisa-

Ta”36. aRniSnulis dasadastureblad mimarTavs aseve sa-

xelovan eriskacsa da swavluls, anton pirvels, ro-

melsac Tavisi siamaye da aRtaceba ioane petriwis

azrovnebis siRrmiT poeziis enaze aqvs gadmocemuli:

,,cnoben werilni Senni, samyaroeben,

winadadeba yovlad daurRvevloben,

aRmoCineba yovlad miuaxlebel,

damtkicebani Zliereben yovliTurT,

xolo ukuTqma veravin daamtkicos.

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Sen filosofosT saqme monasminani,

Sen stoikebri sityviT spekal-minani

Sen peripatos cnobani salxinani.

moaqarTulen, qarTli hqmen aTinani,

Wirni wargvxaden, umecar sawyinani”.

s. dodaSvili iziarebs ioane petriwis antoniseul

Sefasebas da, amasTan, sakuTriv anton pirvelzec didi

warmodgenisaa. es Cans xsenebuli damowmebidan da Sem-

degi sityvebidanac: ,,Rirseba didisa mis mwerlisa ioane

petriwisa SesaZlebel ars vhscnoT antoni kaTalikosis

mier Tqmulsa leqssa Sina, romelic aRtrfobili Txzu-

lebaTa mier misTa hswers Semdgomsa”37.

Tamar mefis epoqas s. dodaSvili ,,oqrovans sauku-

ned” uwodebs, sakuTriv mefe-dedoflis Sesaxeb ki aR-

niSnavs, rom is didad zrunavda da xels uwyobda qar-

Tuli kulturis aRorZinebas. am epoqaSi s. dodaSvili

gamoarCevs mose xonelsa da sargis Tmogvels, rusTa-

velsa da CaxruxaZes. xolo misi mosazrebani ,,vefxist-

yaosanze” mravlismetyveli, Rrma Sinaarsis Semcveli da

rusTavelisadmi udidesi pativiscemis gamomxatvelia:

,,dasamtkiceblad missa, romel sityviereba Cveni yofila

maRalsa xarisxsa zeda srulebisasa, sakmao ars war-

111

vudginoT ganaTlebulsa sjasa leqsni rusTavelisani

,,vefxistyaosani”38.

Tamaris epoqis Semdeg qarTuli literaturis dace-

mis upirveles mizezad s. dodaSvili miiCnevs dampy-

robTa Semosevebs, roca, qarTvel xalxs yofna-aryofnis

sakiTxi daudga da ,,yovelsa Jamsa moelodnen tyvenvasa

da aravin saqarTvelos mcxovrebTagani iyo darwmune-

buli Tvissa uSiSroebasa zeda”.39 werilis dasasruls

avtori, anton pirvelis garda, qebiT ixseniebs vaxuSti

batoniSvils, sulxan-saba orbelians, vaxtang da

dimitri orbelianebs, vaxtang meeqvses.

s. dodaSvilis werilidan ,,mokle ganxilva qarTu-

lisa literaturisa anu sityvierebisa” naTlad Cans,

rom mis avtors ZiriTadad swored hqonda gagebuli

qarTuli enis warmoSobis, TviTmyofadobis, qarTuli

literaturis ganviTarebis ZiriTadi tendenciebis, qar-

Tuli filosofiuri azris Taviseburebisa da, saerTod

qarTuli kulturis arsebiTi sakiTxebi. amasTan, roca

saqme qarTuli kulturis ganxilvaze midgeba, mas gar-

kveuli meTodi aqvs momarjvebuli – esaa filosofiis

poziciidan qarTveli xalxis sulieri moRvaweobis Se-

faseba. amgvarma poziciam ki s. dodaSvils saSualeba

misca, Rrmad Caswvdomoda Cvens kulturul warsuls,

daenaxa mTeli misi sidiade da Taviseburebani, ganviTa-

rebis ZiriTadi tendenciebi da misi gamorCeuli moRva-

weebi. misi azriT, vinc ki yuradRebiT gaecnoba saqarT-

velos istorias, darwmundeba, rom ,,...mcired cnobili

saqarTvelo ars kerZo, Rirsi yuradRebisa da romel

yovelTa vaebaTa da aoxrebiTa Tana, sxva da sxvaTa

droTa Sina SemTxveulTa, aqvnda mas saunje swavlaTa

da sityvierebisa, eseodenve mdidari, viTarca sxvaTa

mxareTa mis droÁsaTa”40.

qarTuli mwerlobis leqsikon-cnobarSi aRniSnulia,

rom s. dodaSvilis es werili ,,...Zveli qarTuli lite-

112

raturis periodizaciis pirveli cdaa da warmoadgens

qarTuli literaturis mimoxilvas dasabamidan XVIII

saukunis CaTvliT. werilSi dasabuTebulia qarTuli

enis siZvele da qarTuli anbanis adgilobrivi kul-

turis niadagze warmoSoba, qarTuli mwerlobis TviT-

myofadoba, mimoxilulia qarTvel mweralTa, mTargm-

nelTa da filosofosTa moRvaweoba”41; es werili “...

Zveli qarTuli literaturis periodizaciis pirveli

cdaa”. aRniSnuls SeiZleba davamatoT, rom es werili

saqarTvelos kulturuli warsulis filosofiis pozo-

ciidan Sefasebis aseve pirveli cdaa.

zemoaRniSnuliT rodi amoiwureba s. dodaSvilis

moRvaweoba. igi qarTveli xalxis, kulturisa da misi

tradiciebis didi qomagia, namdvili moRvawea am sityvis

pirdapiri gagebiT. am mxriv or faqts gavixsenebT. 1832

wels Jurnalistma gr. Gordeevma rusulad gamouqveyna

werili, sadac damaxinjebuladaa gadmocemuli

damarxvis qarTuli wesebi. sapasuxo werilSi ,,SeniSvna

damarxvis wessa zeda ukanasknelTa mefeTa

saqarTveloisaTa” s. dodaSvili mkacrad akritikebs gr.

Gordeevis Sexedulebas da damajereblad aCvenebs misi

werilis usafuZvlobas.

kidev erTi aseTi faqti: 1833 wlis 23 ianvars mice-

mul CvenebaSi s. dodaSvili miuTiTebs im usamarTlo-

baze, rasac carizmis moxeleebi adgilobrivi mosaxleo-

bis mimarT Cadiodnen saqarTveloSi. igi aRniSnavs, rom

adgilebze rusi moxeleebi saqmes ixilaven erTob ga-

WianurebiT, ar iTvaliswineben adgilobrivTa Cvevebs,

tradiciebs da a.S. momCivanebs, iqnebian eseni marTalni

Tu aramarTalni, axdevineben imaze mets, vidre es saqme

Rirs saerTod. qarTvelebs ubralo rameze sjian,

romelTa qceva am SemTxvevaSi SeiZleba nakarnaxevi iyos

ara boroti ganzraxviT, aramed saqmis arcodniT. Tuki

gaviTvaliswinebT, rom am droisTvis s. dodaSvili ukve

113

SeTqmulebis monawiled iyo cnobili, maSin ufro cxadi

gaxdeba misi kritikuli gamosvlis fasi.

saqarTvelos bedze Cafiqrebam da qarTuli kultu-

ris xelaxali aRorZinebis udidesma wadilma daakav-

Sira s. dodaSvili 1832 wlis SeTqmulebasTan da aqcia

am SeTqmulebis erT-erT xelmZRvanelad. savaraudoa,

rom respublikuri ideebis momxre s. dodaSvili am

ideebis Sesabamisad mowyobil saqarTveloze ocnebobda,

riTac igi mkveTrad gansxvavdeboda SeTqmulebis im mo-

nawileebisagan, romlebic monarqiuli wyobilebis

aRdgenisTvis ibrZodnen.

SeTqmulebis monawileTagan yvelaze mkacri sasjeli

s. dodaSvils ergo, raSic mTavari roli misma erov-

nulma mrwamsma da politikurma Sexedulebebma Seasru-

la.

s. dodaSvili Soreul da mkacri klimatis viatkis

guberniaSi gadaasaxles, sadac igi mkacr meTvalyu-

rebaSi iyo. es kargad Cans ruseTis maSindeli Sinagan

saqmeTa ministris – d. bludovis saidumlo werilidan

viatkis samoqalaqo gubernatorisadmi: ,,imperatorma

Semdgom imisa, rac ganixila erTi metad mniSvnelovani

samxedro-sasamarTlo saqme, romelic garCeuli iyo

TbilisSi da romelSic sxvebTan erTad gadioda me-10

klasis moxele, Tbilisis gimnaziis yofili maswavlebe-

li solomon dodaevi, brZana: CamoerTvas mas maswav-

leblis wodeba, daniSnul iqnes dabal sakancelario

mosamsaxured CrdiloeTis erT-erT guberniaSi damsaxu-

rebamde, magram ara nakleb 10 wlis gasvlisa, amasTan,

samudamod aekrZalos saqarTveloSi dabruneba...

gacnobebT ra amas Tqvens udidebulesobas, gTxovT

mowyale xelmwife, rom solomon dodaSvili Tbilisi-

dan q. viatkaSi CamosvlisTanave Tqveni gadawyvetilebis

Sesabamisad daniSnoT samsaxurSi dabal sakancelario

mosamsaxured da mis yovel moqmedebas saidumlod, mag-

114

ram frTxilad adevnoT Tvalyuri, drodadro ki momax-

senoT misi moqmedebisa da cxovrebis wesis Sesaxeb”42.

qarTuli kulturisTvis SeTqmulebis mniSvnelobaze

saintereso mosazreba aqvs gamoTqmuli istorikoss

maqsime berZniSvils: ,,SeTqmulebam”, anu ,,yazarmelebma”

gavlena iqonies Cvens mwerlobaze, literaturaze,

Teatrze, yazarmelebis aqtivi cdilobs samSoblos war-

matebisaTvis rogorc kulturis dargSi, ise praqtikul

sferoSi, yazarmelTa wreSi daibada idea daqsaqsuli

qarTvelebis gaerTianebisa da igive wre iyo damaar-

sebeli CvenSi pirveli sazogadoebisa”43. Tuki miviRebT

am Tvalsazriss da, amasTan, gaviTvaliswinebT, rom s.

dodaSvili SeTqmulebis ideuri xelmZRvaneli iyo,

maSin cxadi gaxdeba axalgazrda qarTveli swavlulis

moRvaweobis kidev erTi mxare. es ki s. dodaSvils bevr

sakiTxSi warmogvidgens ilia WavWavaZisa da ivane java-

xiSvilis arc Tu ise Soreul winaprad.

zemoaRniSnulis garda, s. dodaSvilma gamoaqveyna

,,Semoklebuli qarTuli gramatika”, dawera ,,ritorika”,

romelSic gamoTqmulia saintereso azrebi litera-

turasa da esTetikaze. masve ekuTvnis werili ,,mefoba

irakli meorisa”, moTxroba ,,elena anu Rirssaxsovari

SemTxveuleba aTvrametsa saukunesa”, Seudgenia ,,rusul-

qarTuli ,,rozRovoris” wigni, werilebi sxvadasxva

sakiTxebze.

dasasruls, unda aRiniSnos, rom s. dodaSvilis

Rvawli da damsaxureba qarTuli kulturis winaSe

sayovelTaodaa aRiarebuli, misi Semoqmedeba

mniSvnelovani da sayuradReboa, rogorc wminda

filosofiuri, ise saerTod qarTuli kulturis

istoriis filosofiuri poziciidan Sefasebis

TvalsazrisiT.

115

meoTxe Tavi

filosofiuri ideebi qarTul

romantizmSi

XIX saukuneSi saqarTvelo romantizmis ideaTa zia-

rebiT gaxda monawile im axali aRmavlobisa da sulie-

ri swrafvisa, romelmac moicva imdroindeli progresu-

lad moazrovne kacobrioba. am periodis qarTuli li-

teratura evropeizmis niadagze mtkiced dgeba da sabo-

lood emijneba aRmosavlur-sparsul literaturul

tradiciebs.

calkeuli qveynebis romantizms, saerTo niSnebTan

erTad, garkveuli Taviseburebebic axasiaTebs. am Tavi-

seburebebis gansazRvrisa da qarTuli romantizmis

msoflmxedvelobrivi safuZvlebis gaanalizebisas, ga-

saTvaliswinebelia is konkretuli pirobebi, obieqturi

da subieqturi faqtorebi, romelTa safuZvelzec sa-

qarTveloSi Seiqmna es mimdinareoba Tavisi ZiriTadi

motivebiT. sayuradReboa is socialur-politikuri faq-

tori, istoriuli garemo, ra viTarebaSic Seiqmna qar-

Tuli romantizmi; qarTuli romantizmic, germanuli

romantizmis msgavsad, erovnuli literaturis ganviTa-

rebis kanonzomieri Sedegia. mas didi tradiciebi aqvs:

qarTuli zepirsityviereba, Zveli qarTuli sasuliero

poezia, aRorZinebisa da gardamavali periodebis qarTu-

li mwerloba da erovnuli eTikur-esTetikuri tradi-

cia. qarTuli mwerlobis warmomadgenlebi Semoqmedebi-

Tad iTvisebdnen sxvadasxva literaturul Tu filoso-

fiur tradiciaTa miRwevebs – sakuTar istoriul war-

sulze dayrdnobiT. msoflmxedvelobrivi azris Sinaar-

si ganpirobebuli iyo qarTveli xalxis sulieri moT-

xovnilebiTa da interesebiT. qarTuli romantizmi prin-

116

cipuli siaxle iyo qarTul kulturaSi, rac dakavSire-

buli iyo msoflio kulturis mraval movlenasTan.

zogadromantikuli msoflmxedvelobisadmi interesi

CvenSi SemTxveviTi ar yofila, radgan interkulturuli

faqtori qarTuli romantizmis CamoyalibebaSi udavoa:

am mxriv, sayuradReboa is faqti, rom grigol or-

beliani icnobda romantizmis erT-erTi Teoretikosis,

fridrix Slegelis naSroms – `Zveli da axali

literaturis istoria~, xolo nikoloz baraTaSvilis

msoflmxedvelobaze gavlena iqonia pirvelma qarTvelma

kantianelma filosofosma1 – solomon dodaSvilma. am

subieqturi Tu obieqturi faqtorebis gaTvaliswinebis

gareSe, qarTuli romantizmis Taviseburebebze saubari

safuZvels moklebuli iqneboda. qarTuli romantizmis,

rogorc mniSvnelovani literaturuli da erovnuli

movlenis kvleva, vfiqrobT, saintereso daskvnis gake-

Tebis SesaZleblobas iZleva. kerZod, saqarTvelos is

socialur-politikuri, istoriuli viTareba, ra piro-

bebSic Camoyalibda qarTuli romantizmi, kidev erTxel

xazs usvams qarTuli kulturisa da azrovnebis evro-

pulTan siaxloves, mis evropul warmomavlobas.

is istoriuli periodi, roca cxovrobdnen da moRva-

weobdnen qarTveli romantikosebi, kacobriobis isto-

riaSi erT-erTi umniSvnelovanesi xanaa. es udidesi re-

voluciuri gardaqmnebisa da socialur-politikuri

Zvrebis epoqaa – erebis da erovnul saxelmwifoTa for-

mirebis, erovnuli konsolidaciis epoqa; am epoqis

qarTveli romantikosebi Sesabamisi drois globaluri

masStabebis moTxovnaTa doneze azrovnebdnen, riTac

qarTuli erovnul-inteleqtualuri Zalebis aRmavlobas

uwyobdnen xels; am tipis moazrovneebi iyvnen: aleqsand-

re WavWavaZe, grigolOorbeliani da nikoloz baraTaSvi-

li; isini uSurveli energiiTa da gulwrfelobiT did

mamuliSvilur saqmes akeTebdnen.

117

$1. aleqsandre WavWavaZe (1786-1846)

qarTuli romantizmis, rogorc literaturuli mi-

marTulebis, saTaveebi al. WavWavaZis saxels ukavSir-

deba. ilia WavWavaZis azriT, al. WavWavaZis Semoqmedeba

`moqalaquri gulistkiviliT~ ganmsWvaluli `siyvaru-

lisa da trfialebis poeziaa~2; vfiqrobT, didi ilias

es Sefaseba arsebiTi mniSvnelobisaa. al. WavWavaZis

poezia, uwinares yovlisa, qarTveli eris wylulTa

gankurnebis saimedo saSualebac aRmoCnda.

al. WavWavaZis poeziaSi sxvadasxva siZlieriT gamo-

ikveTa is motivebi, romelic Tavs iCens zogadad ro-

mantikosTa SemoqmedebaSi; swored masTan gamoikveTa is

literaturul-stilisturi siaxleni, rac Zveli qarTu-

li poeziis dasrulebasa da axali romantikuli poe-

ziis dasawyisad miiCneva; aq umTavresi motivi, zogad-

romantikuli msoflmxedvelobis konteqstSi, gansakuT-

rebiT ki, adreuli romantizmis ideebis Sesabamisad,

warsulis kvlavgancda, erovnuli cnobierebis gamoRvi-

Zeba da inteligenciis rolis axali gansazRvraa.

al. WavWavaZe leqsSi `gogCa~ saubrobs yovelives

cvalebadobasa da warmavlobaze. poetis azriT, sicocx-

le warmavalia da es adamianSi amaoebis, araraobis

gancdas badebs. aq SeiZleba visaubroT sicocxlis saz-

risis filosofiur gansjaze: warmavalia da droebiTia

ara mxolod adamianTa xeliT Seqmnili, aramed TviT

adamianTa cxovrebac; avtors konkretuli qalaqis bedi

mTeli kacobriobis `namdvil xatad~ miaCnia.

sinamdvile ki sakmaod mwarea! didebuli palatebi

nangrevebad iqca. es aris awmyo, magram igi momavlis

maniSnebelic aris. sad aris am SemTxvevaSi gamosavali?

sad unda ipovos adamianis sulma navsayudeli?

118

al. WavWavaZe aqac romantikuli principebis erTgu-

li rCeba. misi azriT, adamianis xsna isev da isev war-

sulis aRdgena da mogonebaa `Zveli didebis dReebze~.

warsulisadmi romantikuli trfialeba, magram, amas-

Tanave, mebrZoli ganwyobileba, momavlis rwmena al.

WavWavaZis SemoqmedebaSi (Semdgom ki n. baraTaSvilTan),

Tavisi epoqis sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis uaryofasTan

erTad, Tavganwiruli brZolisa da `mziani momavlis~

rwmenaSi gadadis.

zemoaRniSnul leqsSi (`gogCa~) amaoebis tragizmi

Zalze daxvewili formiT aris warmodgenili. yvela-

feri, rac iyo, aRar aris! gaqra, drois sastiki xeliT

moispo da ganadgurda. aseTia bedi da dasasruli ada-

mianuri arsebobisa, brwyinvalebisa, didebisa. filo-

sofiuri gansja da mxatvruli sityvis Zala am leqsSi

saocar erTianobaSia. Zveleburad aRelvebs talRebs

gogCa, awydeba napirs, imave mTebSi CaZiruli da imave

cis qveS ireklavs bunebis marad warmtac suraTs da ex-

mianeba droTa brunvas; e.i. adamianis warmavali cxov-

reba araferia bunebis silamazesTan SedarebiT; maS,

adamianur yofierebas azri ara aqvs?

poetis azriT, adamianis qmediTunarianoba, cxovrebi-

seul kanonTa Secvla, maTi sazRvrebis gadalaxva da-

angrevs amaoebis saxes. al. WavWavaZe miiCnevs, rom ar

unda dasruldes adamianis SemecnebiTi survili da

miswrafeba.

warsuli cxovrebis romantikuli gancda al. WavWava-

Zis ramdenime maRalmxatvrul leqsSi gamoixata: ùwya-

lo senman~, `visac gsurT~, `pyroblisagan Tanapyrobil-

Ta mimarT~, ìsmineT, msmenno~, èha, Cemo ocnebav~ da

sxva.

al. WavWavaZesTan mniSvnelovani adgili ukavia pi-

rovnebis Tavisuflebis sakiTxs. es problema adamianis

individualur `mes~ ukavSirdeba. yoveli calkeuli ada-

119

miani grZnobisa da gonebis nazavia3. qarTveli poetis

romantizmi, cnobilia, rom did gasaqans aZlevs grZno-

bebs. aq swored grZnobaa gamocxadebuli adamianis

upirveles sawyisad. adamiani Tavisufali arsebaa,

amitom igi SeuzRudavi unda iyos. igi marto gonebiT ki

ara, grZnobebiTac unda moqmedebdes. aq pirovnebis Seuz-

Rudavi Tavisuflebis realur moTxovnasTan gvaqvs

saqme. grZnobasa da gonebas Soris didi Widilia. xSi-

rad goneba ewinaaRmdegeba grZnobebs (es adamianis, ro-

gorc goniTi arsebis, moTxovnacaa), magram al. WavWavaZe

amgvari Widilisas mainc mgrZnobelobisken gadaixara,

radgan poetma mas – Semecnebis Teoriuli perspeqti-

vidan gamomdinare – upiratesi statusi mianiWa: `mgrZno-

beloba sjobs yovlT TvisebaT, ciT movlenilTa, Svene-

basac da gonebasac is asuldgmulebs!~ (`Senis gonebis~).

adamiani rTuli da mravalmxrivi arsebaa. misi ndoma

usazRvroa, xolo cxovreba `sawyauli aRuvsebeli~. ro-

mantikosisaTvis, am SemTxvevaSi, kulti bunebrivi ada-

miania, mTeli misi winaaRmdegobebiT – tanjviT, sixa-

ruliT da a. S. qarTul romantizmSi Tavisufali grZno-

ba upirispirdeba civ gonebas. romantikosTa azriT,

goneba imorCilebs da ylapavs adamianis mTel cxovre-

bas, goneba ver itevs adamianis bunebrivi moqmedebebis

yvela SesaZleblobas. gonieri adamiani Tavis arsebaSi

Trgunavs bunebriv miswrafebebs, radgan is gonebis mier

winaswar dadgenili kanonebiT moqmedebs. adamiani mudam

TviTon irCevs gzas, romliTac unda iaros, TviTon

wyvets raimes miRebas an armiRebas, irCevs imas, rac

gonebis TvaliT ukeTesad eCveneba; adamianis instinqte-

bi, vnebebi xSirad SezRudulia Cveni gonebiT.

romantikosebis azriT, pirovnebis Tavisufleba

grZnobebis sferoSi vlindeba. civ gonebas guli upi-

rispirdeba, mecnierebas – poezia, gaazrebul qmedebas –

gataceba Tu instinqturi qmedeba (`Senis gonebis~).

120

grZnobebis gareSe adamiani ver eziareba silamazisa

da siyvarulis srulyofil gancdas. siyvarulis adgi-

li gulia, guli ki xSirad konfliqtSia gonebasTan.

goneba krZalavs, TavSekavebisagan mouwodebs; guli

mainc Tavisas karnaxobs: `ixare siyvaruliTa mtkba-

riTa!~ (`mikvirs rad hsZraxven~). magram siyvaruli cxov-

rebaSi yovelTvis idealuri ar aris. kerZod, idealuri

siyvaruli xSirad ar uigivdeba realur siyvaruls.

aqedan gamomdinare, siyvaruli es aris sixaruli, tkivi-

li, tanjva da, amave dros, didi SemoqmedebiTi, gar-

damqmneli sawyisi.Ggacruebuli siyvaruliT gamowveuli

sevda ki Semdgom iseT xasiaTs iZens, rom poeti `si-

cocxlis Zafis Sewyvetazec~ Tanaxmaa (`uwyalo siyvaru-

lo~). Tumca poeti garkveul TavSekavebasac sTavazobs

mkiTxvels. adamianma guli Tavis nebaze ar unda miuS-

vas, raTa Semdeg ufro tkbili iyos lxini. igi saub-

robs `gonier lxinze~, romelsac Rirseba da Sno eniWe-

ba. sadac ar arsebobs survili, siamovnebac ugemuria.

cxovrebis sazriss, cxovrebis sixaruls al. WavWa-

vaZe isev da isev siyvarulSi xedavs. siyvaruls SeuZlia

saganSi warmoSvas sicocxle da yovel sicocxleSi

poets SeuZlia dainaxos siyvaruli. sicocxles ukavSir-

deba silamazec. is mxolod sicocxlis maxasiaTebelia

da masve ekuTvnis. silamaze arsebobs da mas azri aqvs

imdenad, ramdenadac mas cocxali adamianebi aRiqvamen.

siyvaruli, iseve, rogorc mSveniereba, al. WavWavaZisaT-

vis, amqveyniuri cxovrebis Rirsebis, yofierebis sisru-

lisa da srulyofilebis ganxorcieleba-gamoxatulebaa.

sicocxlisa da sikvdilis problematika mniSvelo-

vani iyo germanuli romantizmis TeoriaSi. novalisTan

am Tematikam gansakuTrebiT `Rrma asaxva hpova~ (fric

martini). mas sicocxle da sikvdili esmis, rogorc

mTliani, erTiani fenomeni. swored novalisi ambobs,

rom `sicocxle sikvdilis dasawyisia. sicocxle sikv-

121

dilisTvis arsebobs. sikvdili dasasruli da dasawyi-

sia erTdroulad [...] sikvdilis meSveobiT reduqcia

xorcieldeba~4.

al. WavWavaZe saintereso mosazrebebs gamoTqvams

adamianuri yofnis maradiuli problemebis Sesaxeb.

Sesabamisad, igi yuradRebas aqcevs sikvdil-sicocxlis

Tematikasac (`raa sikvdili~, `ymawvili qalis saflavze

warweriloba~).

sicocxliT gamowveuli sixaruli da sikvdiliT ga-

mowveuli tkivili, siamaye da sevda originalurad dau-

kavSira poetma erTmaneTs. rad tiris adamiani dabade-

bisas, iqneb, winaswar icis da grZnobs gardauval sikv-

dils. aq erTgvari pesimizmi igrZnoba, magram igi sikv-

dilis SiSiT da sibnelis gamo iCens Tavs.

sikvdili gardauvalia da saSinelia. magram kidev

ufro mZimea is tanjva, romelsac adamiani ganicdis

mTeli Tavisi cxovrebis manZilze. adamianis mTeli

cxovreba faqtobrivad mzadebaa sikvdilisaTvis da ar

arsebobs gamosavali am saSineli cxovrebis wesidan.

igi hgavs zRvaSi Sesul kacs, romelsac ukan dasabru-

nebeli gza moWrili aqvs (`raa sikvdili~).

al. WavWavaZe qarTuli filosofiuri azris isto-

riisTvis sxva mxrivac aris saintereso. cnobilia, rom

XVIII saukune universaluri interesebis epoqaa; am dros

xdeba tradiciebisa da RirebulebaTa gadafaseba. es

moZraoba volteris saxels ukavSirdeba. saqarTveloSi

volteris da frangi enciklopedistebis ideebiT gata-

cebas masobrivi xasiaTi ar hqonda (mag., iseTi, rogorc

ruseTSi), magram volters Targmnidnen al. WavWavaZe da

iese garsevaniSvili, romlebic amzadebdnen niadags gan-

manaTleblur ideaTa SemosvlisaTvis. al. WavWavaZes

saukunis Semdeg Semoaqvs qarTul literaturasa da

azrovnebaSi volteris ideebi.

122

al. WavWavaZis socialur-filosofiuri Sexedulebe-

bis SeswavlisaTvis sainteresoa 1804 wels Targmnili

`axloiT ganCxrekili kaci~ (ucnobi frangi avtori)6. am

Targmans Tan erTvis mTargmnelis miZRvna mefe erekle

meorisadmi, sadac al. WavWavaZe xazs usvams am Txzu-

lebis mniSvnelobas: is Seicavs brZnul da WeSmarit

azrebs da miznad isaxavs gaarkvios adamianis arsi da

misi sazogadoebrivi daniSnuleba (`cnoba kacTa bune-

bisa, romelsaca cxadyofs wignaki ese~)7. am naSromis

Tematika mravalferovania: adamianis bedniereba-ubedu-

rebis problema, adamianTa socialuri Tanasworobisa8

da Tavisuflebis sakiTxi, adamianis yofnis sazrisis

gansazRvra, adamianTa Soris omis sazrisianobis eWvqveS

dayeneba9 da a.S. vfiqrobT, rom al. WavWavaZes am Txzu-

lebis TargmaniT qarTul saazrovno sivrceSi Semoaqvs

`ganaTlebuli barbarosobis~10, anu `kulturuli barba-

rosobis~ vikoseuli gageba.

adamiani sazogadoebrivi arsebaa da bunebis mier

gankuTvnilia bednierebisaTvis. magram aris ki adamiani

bednieri? bunebaSi yvelaferi harmoniulia da keTil-

Sobili. xolo iq, sadac adamiania, tanjva da ubedureba

gamefebula: `[...] vxedav kacsa gabmulsa ubedurebisa

badeTa Sina [...]~11.

am TxzulebaSi ismeba kiTxva, Tu sadaa SesaZlebeli

adamianis Tavisufali, bednieri, jansaRi cxovreba; mag-

ram aseTi adgili arsad moipoveba, radgan `sruliad

qveyana dafarul ars codvisa qveSe!~ aq Cans adamianisa

da bunebis mimarTebis kulturfilosofiuri xedva, is

xedva, romelic XVIII saukunis rig filosofiur mimdi-

nareobebSi faqtobrivad rusos deviziT SeiZleba Sejam-

des – `ukan bunebisaken~; radgan racionalizmma da kul-

turam adamiani daaSora bunebas, daikarga WeSmariti

adamianoba da harmoniuloba, adamiani ubeduri da gauc-

xoebulia. ufro Sors Tu wavalT, am azrTa Zirebs

123

J. b. vikos kulturis filosofiamde mivyavarT. `kultu-

ruli barbarosobis~ vikoseuli cneba ucnobi avtoris

Txzulebis al. WavWavaZiseul TargmanSi aRiniSneba ro-

gorc `ganaTlebuli barbarosoba~.

rogorc vxedavT, garda poeturi moRvaweobisa, al.

WavWavaZis praqtikul-mTargmnelobiTi saqmianoba xazs

usvams im garemoebas, rom igi indiferentuli ar iyo

Tavisi epoqis mowinave Sexedulebebisadmi, ufro metic,

arc Tavisi qveynisa da erovnuli kulturis mdgoma-

reobisadmi da, qarTvel mowinave inteligenciasTan

erTad, aqtiurad iRwvoda erovnuli kulturis aRorZi-

nebisaTvis. am faqts adasturebs misi moxseneba niko-

loz pirvelisadmi12, romelSic is mkveTrad gadmoscem-

da moqalaqeobriv ukmayofilebas qarTveli xalxis so-

cialuri da erovnuli Cagvris gamo. `axloiT ganCxreki-

li kacis~ miseuli Targmanic, savaraudod, am ukmayofi-

lebis niSania.

yovelive zemoaRniSnulidan gamomdinare SeiZleba

iTqvas, rom al. WavWavaZis romantizmi sakuTar filoso-

fiur-esTetikur xedvas efuZneba: mis SemoqmedebaSi ma-

Ralmxatvrul donezea gamoxatuli romantizmis arse-

biTi motivebi. amasTan erTad, misi poezia refleqsiu-

robis niSniTaa aRbeWdili. al. WavWavaZis mTeli Semoq-

medeba imis naTeli dasturia, rom poezias udidesi

mniSvneloba aqvs adamianisa da sazogadoebis formi-

rebis procesSi. cnobilia, rom germanuli romantizmis

Teoretikosebi poezias umaRles daniSnulebas aniWebd-

nen: `Tuki poezia ar arsebobs, maSin sinamdvilec ar

iarsebebs~13.

124

$2. grigol orbeliani (1804-1883)

romantizmis filosofiuri ideebi originaluri

saxiT warmoCnda grigol orbelianis SemoqmedebaSi. gr.

orbelianisTvis cnobili iyo romantizmis Teoretikos-

Ta Sexedulebani. romantizmis Camoyalibebaze gansakuT-

rebuli gavlena iqonia august da fridrix Slegelebis

filosofiurma Sexedulebebma. Tavis mxriv, Zmebi

Slegelebis romantikul Teoriaze gavlena moaxdina

Selingis `xelovnebis filosofiam~.

gr. orbeliani icnobda fr. Slegelis naSroms `Zve-

li da axali literaturis istoria~, romelic 1812

wels venaSi wakiTxuli leqciebis kurss warmoadgens.

igi maleve iTargmna rusulad da orjer gamoica

(1826 w., 1834 w.)14. fr. Slegeli am naSromSi msoflio

literaturas ganmartavda, rogorc nacionalur indivi-

dualobaTa gamoxatvas, gansxvavebul xalxTa cxovrebis

asaxvas. am naSromiT – napoleonis politikis sawinaaRm-

degod – ganxorcielda romantikuli mobruneba xalxis

Sinagani bunebisken; fr. Slegelis Tanaxmad, romanti-

kuli cxovrebis gancdis Sinagani saWiroeba cxadi

gaxda, radgan saxezea dapirispireba momZlavrebul in-

teleqtualur `mes~ cnobierebasa da urTierTsawinaaRm-

dego ZalTa moTxovnilebebs Soris.

grigol orbeliani imowmebs kidec Slegelis naS-

roms `Zveli da axali literaturis istoria~, kerZod,

mis azrs fsalmunTa Sesaxeb: `fsalmuni ars Tavisuf-

lebiTi amaRleba sulisa RvTisadmi. naxe istoria li-

teraturisa SleRelis mier~15. fsalmunTa Slegeliseu-

li interpretacia ajamebs poetis zneobriv da humanur

Sexedulebebs; kiTxvas – `ra aris Cveni sicocxle, Tu

ara saqme keTili?~ – leqsSi `fsalmuni~ aseTi pasuxi

mosdevs: `vinc Zlierebas xmaTa maRliT amcno simarTle

125

da Zmas dacemuls mihsca xeli da aRadgina!...~16. grigol

orbelianma Targmna Slegelis zemoT moyvanili azri

da mSvenieri poeturi formiT gamoxata. metic, SeiZleba

iTqvas, rom qarTveli romantikosis interesi romantiz-

mis Teoretikosebisadmi, kerZod, fr. Slegelis naSromi-

sadmi (`Zveli da axali literaturis istoria~) SemTxve-

viTi ar yofila. es azri mtkicdeba ilia orbeliani-

sadmi miwerili ori weriliT (1834 w. 16 maisis weri-

liTa da 1835 w. erT-erTi weriliT)17. fr. Slegelis am

naSromis ZiriTadi Sexedulebebis gaTvaliswinebis sa-

fuZvelze, SeiZleba iTqvas, rom is koncefcia, romelic

safuZvlad uZevs `sadRegrZelos~ – patriotuli sulis-

kveTeba, eris istoriuli warsulis gandideba, bunebis

mSvenierebis aRqma, TanamedroveTa sulieri aqtivizaciis

moTxovna – mxolod wminda literaturuli simpaTiiT

ganpirobebuli ar aris. gr. orbelianis romantikuli

poeziisaTvis arsebiTia warsulis gandideba da es swo-

red romantizmis filosofiuri safuZvlebiTaa ganpiro-

bebuli. istoriuli warsulis maRalmxatvrul rekonst-

ruirebas qarTul literaturaSi pirvelad swored ro-

mantikosebTan vxdebiT (`sadRegrZelo~, `bedi qarTli-

sa~). eris istoriuli warsulis gandideba damaxasiaTe-

belia zogadad romantikuli msoflmxedvelobisaTvis.

es Tema Tavs iCens romantizmis TeoretikosTa (Selingi,

Zmebi Slegelebi, tiki, novalisi da a.S.) SemoqmedebaSi18.

adamiani istoriuli arsebaa. misTvis warsuli

mxolod sworxazobrivi cneba ar aris, ar aris is, rac

iyo. warsuli mniSvnelobs, mas aqvs `aq yofnis pre-

tenzia~ (v. dilTai). amitom misi cxadyofa filosofiis

erT-erTi umniSvnelovanesi amocanaa19.

fridrix Slegeli mecnierebisa da xelovnebis, ag-

reTve, poeziis daniSnulebas da Rirsebas eris isto-

riulis warsuli gandidebasa da gacnobaSi xedavs.

romantikuli poeziis Sinaarsis gasagebad istoriul

126

warsuls unda davemyaroT. es ki udidesi ZaliT moqme-

debs erovnul grZnobebze. eris Semdgomi ganviTarebi-

saTvis, misi sulieri yofierebisaTvis udidesi mniSvne-

loba eniWeba eris uZveles, nacionalur mogonebebs.

`msgavsi erovnuli mogonebebi – yvelaze mSvenieri

memkvidreoba, rac SeiZleba ers gaaCndes – warmoadgens

yovlad Seucvlel upiratesobas, da Tu eri sakuTar

grZnobaSi amaRldeba, gonebisagan gakeTilSobildeba

imiT, rom moepoveba esoden didi mogoneba, gadarCenili

sakuTari warsulidan, erTi sityviT poezia, maSin is

Cvens TvalSi da msjelobaSi ufro maRal safexurze

dgeba~20. eris suli Rirebuli rom gaxdes, eri unda

amaRldes Tavisi gmiruli warsulis da Tavisi bedis

naTel cnobierebamde. es aris eris TviTSemecneba, es

aris istoria. fr. Slegelis zemoT moyvanil Sexedule-

bebs filosofiuri safuZveli aqvs Selingis filoso-

fiaSi, sadac poeziis masalad gamocxadebulia ara

mxolod miTosi, aramed Tqmuleba, legenda da, saerTod,

eris istoriul warsulTan dakavSirebuli yvela

gadmocema. amasTan, SlegelisTvis `istoriis erTaderTi

sistema, romelic mTlianad daakmayofilebda Teoriul

gonebas [...] aris wriuli sistema~21.

sicariele da wyveta istoriaSi, `Zvel kulturasa

da axali drois ganaTlebas Soris~ Rupavs Tavdapirve-

lad xelovnebas da mecnierebas, `raTa Semdgom ufro

brwyinvaled warmoadginon TiTqos arafrisagan, grZeli

aTaswlovani Ramis Semdeg, maTi uecari aRmoceneba~22.

Slegelis azriT, yoveli cda warsulTan kavSiris gasa-

nadgureblad aris barbarosoba da veluroba. Tumca

isic naTelia, rom poetebi miiswrafvian sinamdvili-

sadmi da bunebisadmi, anu uSualod ukavSirdebian awm-

yos. aq, amdenad, aqcenti gare samyaroze da bunebis

usazRvro Zalazea gadatanili. SelingisaTvis yoveli

xiluli aris absolutis sxvadasxvagvari manifestacia,

127

yvelaferi aris `me~, absoluturi `me~ yvelaferSi ra-

Rac formiT vlindeba (aq gvaqvs msgavseba neoplato-

nizmTan). Tu davazustebT, SelingTan wina planze wa-

moweulia bunebisadmi adamianis damokidebulebis aqtiu-

ri mxare. `xelovnebis filosofiaSi~ buneba aris abso-

lutis gaxsna-gamovlineba adamianis cnobierebis mier.

es aris subieqtivizmi klasikuri germanuli filoso-

fiisa da es aris is xazi filosofiis istoriaSi, rome-

lic platonis filosofiidan – fixtesa da Selingis

gavliT – hegelis filosofiamde midis23. ufro metic,

Selingma racionalizms daupirispira romantizmi. amo-

savali mxatvruli cnobierebaa, cxovrebis yvelaze

ufro sarwmuno forma.Aamosavali aris ara Semecnebis

obieqti, aramed subieqtis TviTSemecneba. inteleqtua-

luri Wvretidan xdeba gadasvla esTetikur Wvretaze,

subieqturi codnidan – obieqturze, idealizmidan rea-

lizmze.

buneba amaRlebulia misi sidiadis, qaoturobis,

mSvenierebis gamo. qaosis ganWvreta absolutisken midis,

qaosis WvretiT goneba aRwevs absolutis sayovelTao

Semecnebas, iqneba es mecnierebasa Tu xelovnebaSi. war-

sulis garda, poeziisaTvis gansakuTrebul `masalad~

SeiZleba warmosdges buneba, an individis yofierebis

siRrmeTa Zieba. fr. SlegelTanac xdeba poeziis Semob-

runeba bunebisadmi, sinamdvilisadmi da am miwier grZ-

nobebSi tanjvac ki feriscvalebis saSualebaa.

maSasadame, romantizmi Tavis sawyisebSi vlindeba,

rogorc refleqsiurad struqturirebuli movlena, rac

imas niSnavs, rom is Zveli sinamdvilis restavrirebas,

kvlav aRdgenas eswrafvis; e.i. romantizmi aq warmoCnde-

ba, rogorc warsulisken ukumimarTuli inteleqtualu-

ri moZraoba. amis Sesabamisad, august Slegeli xazgas-

miT aRniSnavs `ganaTlebis universalurobas~, rogorc

CvenTvis erTaderT SesaZlebel `ukugzas bunebisaken~.

128

unda aRiniSnos, rom es azri erTgvari rusoizmis gamo-

xatulebaa.

Slegelisa da Selingianuri filosofiis zemoT aR-

niSnuli ideebis erTgvar mxatvrul transformacias

warmoadgens grigol orbelianis Semoqmedeba. amasTan,

Selingis filosofiis Sesaxeb vrceli msjeloba aris

romantikuli dramaturgiis udidesi warmomadgenlis,

hainrix cSokes (1771-1848) moTxrobis `macduneblis~ gri-

gol orbelianiseul qarTul TargmanSi24. aRsaniSnavia,

rom es moTxroba originalSi sxva saxels atarebs –

`valpurgis Rame~. grigol orbelianma is 1833 gad-

moaqarTula25.

swored romantizmis germanel TeoretikosTa mTa-

varma principebma misces biZgi gr. orbelians, bunebis

mravalferovneba da wesrigi Tavisi mxatvruli sityvis

refleqsiis sagnad eqcia.

gr. orbelianisTvis bunebis mSvenierebis gancda uci-

loblad dakavSirebulia samSoblos aRqmasTan. buneba

da samSoblo qmnis poetis filosofiur-esTetikuri

mrwamsis umniSvnelovanes kategoriebs (,,sadRegrZelo”).

samSoblos uimedobiT gamowveuli sevda arasdros

tovebda gr. orbelians. swored amiT iyo gamowveuli

misi romantikul-patriotuli Ziebebic (`he, iveriav!

vidre iyo qedmodrekili, vidremdis sxvaTa yvedrebiTa

gfarvides Zali...~). dro ulmobelia. mas moaqvs yovelive

– sicocxlis sitkboeba, sixaruli, yovelgvari bednie-

reba Tu ubedoba. cxovreba fuWia da warmavali, amitom,

poetis azriT, unda miiRo is, risi miRebac misgan –

sicocxlisgan – SeiZleba. `imxiarule vidre sicocxle,

Seni mSvenivrebs, viT yvavilT jaWvi~ (`ekaterina WavWa-

vaZisas~).

adamiani da misi Tavisufleba poetisaTvis yvelaze

Zvirfasia. mkacri da ulmobeli sinamdvilis daviwyebis

mizniT, poeti simTvralis qebasac ki ar erideba. gr.

129

orbelianis romantikuli ganwyoba erovnuli Tavisuf-

lebis motivTanaa Serwymuli (`Tavisufleba ganqra Cven-

Tvis, raRa gvaxarebs!~). am mxriv, sainteresoa `sadRegr-

Zelo~, `iaralis~, `Tamar mefis saxe beTaniis eklesia-

Si~. es motivi gansakuTrebuli siZlieriTaa gamoxatuli

`sadRegrZeloSi~. rogorc literaturis kritikosebi

aRniSnaven, aq aris gr. orbelianis romantizmis Tavi da

bolo. istoriul gmirTa saxeebi poetma simboloebad

aqcia; TviT bunebac da misi warmtaci suraTebis aRwera

am motivs emsaxureba.

Tavisuflebis problemis romantikuli gageba gr.

orbelianis Semoqmedebis umniSvnelovanes motivs war-

moadgens. aRsaniSnavia, rom poeti am problemas filo-

sofiur WrilSi gaiazrebs. Tumca isic unda iTqvas, rom

gr. orbelianTan Tavisuflebis filosofiuri katego-

riis transformacia xdeba: upirates mniSvnelobas iZens

erovnuli Tavisuflebis sakiTxi! misi Semoqmedebis

bolo periodi xom erovnuli Tavisuflebis dakargviT

gamowveuli udidesi sevdiTaa daRdasmuli: `davberdi,

beds ver moveswar, daemxo Cemi samSoblo, guls miklavs

uimedoba, saflavs Cavdivar simwariT...~ (`davberdi, beds

ver moveswar~).

Tuki aq fr. Slegelis azrTa mdinarebas mivyvebiT,

savsebiT gamarTlebulia vikiTxoT: romeli filosofia

rCeba did qarTvel romantikoss? da Tu Slegelisve

sityvebiT vupasuxebT _ `Semoqmedi, romelic Tavisuf-

lebidan da TavisTavis rwmenidan gamodis da aCvenebs,

Tu rogor aRbeWdavs adamianuri goneba Tavis kanons

yoveliveze, Tu rogor aris samyaro Tavisi xelovnebis

qmnileba~. sakuTari universaluri poeturi koncefciiT,

romelic Rrma filosofiur Zirebze dgas, gr. orbe-

liani qmnis Tavis maRalmxatvrul xelovnebas, erovnu-

li Tavisuflebis models da samSoblos xats.

130

bunebis suraTi misTvis cocxalia. gaSlili sufra

igivea, rac yabaxi, sadac iyo `cxenTa Tqriali, SubTa

triali~, es yabaxi ki samSobloa, warsulis niSani da

simbolo. calke kvlevis sagania ìaralis~ patriotuli

simbolikac. am leqsSi imdenad farTodaa gaSlili

erovnuli motivebi, rom gaurkvevelia, Tu ratom akri-

tikebda k. abaSiZe gr. orbelians (es leqsi Jandarmeria-

sac ar darCa SeumCneveli).

sainteresoa is momenti, rom gr. orbelianis sevdana-

revi patriotizmi poetisaTvis ubedurebad iqceva. si-

cocxle azrs kargavs, risTvisac igi `zenas~ sayve-

durobs (,,mibaZva puSkinisa”).

aq avtori, SeiZleba iTqvas, faustur inteleqtua-

lur sevdas aaSkaravebs da es aris misi patriotizmis,

SeiZleba iTqvas, dasasrulic.

calke kvlevis sagania gr. orbelianis mier enis

siRrmeebis filosofiuri gaazreba da mis mier gamoTq-

muli mosazrebebis pirvelwyaroTa Zieba. am sakiTxze

sainteresoa misi leqsebi _ `pasuxi SvilTa~ da `gan-

xilva~, anu `sityvisaTvis~, romlebic daibeWda 1874

wels, Jurnal `ciskarSi~, Zveli seminaristis xelmo-

weriT26.

gr. orbelianis aRniSvniT, ìdea, hazri dabadebuli

gonebaSi, aris jer viTarca ara arsi... sityva mihfens

aTassa msmenelTa gasawmedelad, gasanaTleblad sibne-

lisagan gonebisa da zneobisa maTisa! sityva gamomTqme-

li WeSmaritebisa, aris ukudavi da moqmed marad Jams~.

egvipte da babiloni STanTqa miwam, magram sityva Tqmu-

li mosesagan isev cocxlobs. sityva RvTaebrivi Zalaa,

romlis SemweobiTac `kaci Seiqmna mefed queynisa~. av-

tori exeba axal sityvas. kerZod, is ver Secvlis enis

arsebiT Tvisebas. ènis Tviseba myofobs maradis

Seuryevelad~. rac metad mdidari da mSvenieria ena, miT

ufro naTelia xalxis goneba, `miT metad avicilebT

131

fexebiT sakuTar azrze dgomis safrTxes~. gr. orbelia-

ni xazs usvams enis udides mniSvnelobas eris TviT-

SegnebisTvis. qarTuli ena aris is ena, romelic ase

didebulad brwyinavs `saRmrTos werilSi~, `vefxistyao-

sanSi~, ZuelTa da axal leqsebSi da TviT svanis

simReraSiaca [...]~ Selingis mier mxatvruli cnobierebis

Sesaxeb gamoTqmul azrTa gamoZaxils vxvdebiT Semdeg

msjelobaSic: `[...] gamoCenilia mweralni gvixataven

hazrsa, ara Tu mxolod naTlad, aramed lamazis for-

miTaca, da sityuaca maTi momdinareobs, viTarca wyali,

xan mZimed didebulebis siamayiTa [...] xan mquxared, vi-

Tarca SemaZrwunebeli risxua! maSin, msmenelica uneb-

lieT mishsdevs sityvisa mis mdinarebis Zalsa, guliT

gaxarebuli, gonebiT moziduli, Rone-mitacebuli

damonebuli!~

$3. nikoloz baraTaSvili (1817-1845)

adreuli romantizmi germaniaSi Tavis Tavs aRiqvam-

da, rogorc kulturul revolucias, im mizniT, rom

poezia aris nimuSi da, uwinares yovlisa, adgili `Ta-

visufali organizaciis~ SeqmnisTvis. `aTeneumis~ 116-e

fragmentSi am TvalsazrisiT, fr. Slegelis mier, axali

idea _ poeziisa da sazogadoebis, xelovnebisa da

cxovrebis axleburi Serigeba _ iqna SeTavazebuli:

`romantikuli poezia progresuli, universaluri poe-

ziaa. misi amocana mxolod is ki ar aris, rom poeziis

gansxvavebuli gvarebi kvlav Searigos da is filo-

sofiasTan da ritorikasTan daaaxlovos. man [...] poezia

da proza, genialoba da kritika, xelovnebis poezia da

bunebis poezia erTmaneTs unda SeaduRabos. poezia coc-

132

xali unda gaxados, cxovreba da sazogadoeba ki

poeturi~. sainteresoa, rom swored am kuTxiT dainaxa

da Seafasa n. baraTaSvilis Semoqmedeba n. nikolaZem

Tavis recenziaSi `nikoloz baraTaSvili~27.

imis miuxedavad, rom n. baraTaSvili qarTvel ro-

mantikosTa Soris yvelaze gamorCeuli da mniSvnelo-

vani figuraa, romantikuli poeziis miseuli motivebiT,

misi poeziis evropuli masStabebiT28, Rrma filosofiu-

ri da socialurad aqtualuri Sinaarsis poeziiT, n.

nikolaZe n. baraTaSvilis Semoqmedebas romelime lite-

raturul mimdinareobas mainc ar miakuTvnebs, Tavis

recenziaSi romantizmis cnebas saerTod ar axsenebs,

Tumca araerTgzis avlebs paralels m. lermontovis

poeziasTan, rac `intuiciurad~ n. baraTaSvilis `roman-

tikul tradiciaSi~ danaxvas niSnavs29. n. nikolaZe xazs

usvams baraTaSvilis `novatorobas~ da mas did qarT-

vel ganmanaTlebel poets, daviT guramiSvils adarebs:

`iSviaTi iyo iseTi mwerali, romelic Tavis leqsebSi

dro-Jamis viTarebasa da siaves Sexeboda da arc erTs,

garda d. guramiSvilisa, ar gaubedavs gamoeTqva leqse-

biT cxoveli azri Tavisi drois cxovrebis sxvadasxva

sagnebze [...]. cxadia, aseTY mwerlobaSi ra didi mniSvne-

loba aqvs iseT niWier poets, romelmac pirvelad

gabeda gaemsWvala Tavisi leqsebi dro-Jamis cocxali

motiviT da gamoeTqva maSindeli saukeTeso kacTa guma-

ni, gulis nadebi da miswrafebani~30. baraTaSvilis poe-

ziaSi gansakuTrebiT naTeli xdeba xalxuri poeziisad-

mi dabruneba; es ki gviani romantizmis erT-erTi ZiriTa-

di moTxovna iyo. Rrma filosofiur ganazrebebTan

erTad, misi Semoqmedeba axlosaa qarTul zepirsityvie-

rebasTan. n. nikolaZe baraTaSvilis leqss `madli Sens

gamCens~ xalxuri poeziisa da geniosobis nimuSs uwo-

debs da Tvlis, rom am leqsiT SeiTvisa qarTvelma

xalxma xalxuri sasaubro ena, xalxuri gamoTqma, xal-

133

xuri kilo: `[...] qarTulma saxalxo poeziam am leqsSi

hpova Tavisi WeSmariti saxe~31.

qarTul romantizmSi filosofiuri ideebis warmosa-

Cenad sainteresod gveCveneba nikoloz baraTaSvilis

poeturi msoflmxedvelobis Zirebis kvleva solomon

dodaSvilis filosofiuri Sexedulebebis analizis

fonze. imis miuxedavad, rom qarTul samecniero lite-

raturaSi am sakiTxze erTmniSvnelovani azri ar arse-

bobs (da amis safuZveli TviT solomon dodaSvilis

filosofiis araerTgvarovani Sefasebac SeiZleba iyos).

zogierTi qarTveli mkvlevari miiCnevs, rom s. dodaSvi-

lis `xelmZRvanelobiT aRizarda cnobil romantikosTa

mTeli Taoba (mix. TumaniSvili, n. baraTaSvili da

sxv.)~32; is, rac davis sagans ar warmoadgens, aris Sem-

degi: qarTuli romantizmis Camoyalibebis xana daemTxva

solomon dodaSvilis (1805-1836) moRvaweobas; dodaSvi-

lis filosofiurma da filologiurma Sromebma didi

gavlena moaxdina imdroindel qarTul kulturasa da

mecnierebaze33, man SemoqmedebiTad aiTvisa klasikuri

germanuli filosofia da qarTul saazrovno sivrceSi

misi Rrma da originaluri interpretacia mogvca, ri-

Tac `Tanamedrove evropuli azrovnebis simaRleze aR-

moCnda [...]~34; amasTan 30-ian wlebSi saxeze gvaqvs doda-

Svilis umniSvnelovanesi naSromebi: `Курс философии, часть первая. Логика~ (СПб, 1827), `mokle ganxilva qarTulisa

literaturisa anu sityvierebisa~ (1832 w.) da `ritori-

ka~; am periodisaTvis dodaSvili popularulia rogorc

CvenSi, ise ruseTSi35 (iwereba recenziebi mis Sesaxeb,

xdeba misi citireba); am fonze sruliad safuZvlianad

SeiZleba vivaraudoT, rom n. baraTaSvili icnobda s.

dodaSvilis filosofiur Sexedulebebs da klasikuri

germanuli filosofiis ideebi baraTaSvilis msofl-

mxedvelobaSi swored dodaSvilis SromebiT xdeba cno-

134

bili. Tu n. baraTaSvilisa da gr. orbelianis urTier-

Tobebsac gaviTvaliswinebT da gr. orbelianis36 did

interess germanuli romantizmis Teoretikosebisadmi,

maSin unda vivaraudoT, rom baraTaSvilis poetur

msoflmxedvelobaze gavlena iqonia ienis wris adreul-

ma romantizmma.

aRsaniSnavia, rom s. dodaSvilis filosofiuri wya-

ro iyo klasikuri germanuli filosofia37. misi ideebi

uaxlovdeba romantikuli filosofiis udidesi warmo-

madgenlis – Selingis naazrevs. solomon dodaSvilis

kargad hqonda gaTavisebuli germanuli klasikuri fi-

losofiis principebi: subieqturobis principi, yofie-

rebis dayofa movlenaTa da cdis miRma arsebul `nivTi

TavisTavadis~ samyarod, moZRvreba gansjasa da goneba-

ze, adamianis, rogorc sasruli arsebis gageba, adamiani,

rogorc mikrokosmosi, moZRvreba produqtiul warmo-

saxvaze da a.S.

am ideebis da, ufro metic, samyaros romantikuli

modelis kvali Cans baraTaSvilis poetur xedvaSi. ada-

mianuri `me~ aqtiuri xasiaTisaa. `mes~ aqtiuri xasiaTisa

da zegrZnobadi samyaros zemoqmedebis urTierTobis

Sedegia is, rasac Cven movlenaTa samyaros vuwodebT. es

ori sfero – movlenaTa da zegrZnobadi – upirispir-

deba erTmaneTs. `ciuris~ wvdomasTan dakavSirebuli

romantikuli gancda gvxdeba n. baraTaSvilTan leqsSi

`SemoRameba mTawmindaze~ (1836):

`he, cao, cao, xateba Seni jer kidev gulzed maqvs

damCneuli!

aw ca ra Tvalni laJvards gixilven, myis fiqrni

Senda moiswrafian,

magram Senamdin ver moaRweven da haerSive ganibne-

vian!~38

SevniSnavT, rom am leqsis adrindel variantSi39 (1833

w.) `ciuri~ garkveulwilad miiwvdomeba.

135

solomon dodaSvilis mixedviT, zegrZnobadi Semec-

nebadia. am azrs, Tavdapirvelad, aviTarebdnen Selingi,

Zmebi Slegelebi, xolo amis Semdeg TandaTan Zlierdeba

iracionaluri nakadi filosofiaSi (a. Sopenhaueri, fr.

nicSe). es ki XIX saukunis germanuli filosofiis gan-

viTarebis erT-erTi mTavari gzaa. romantizmSi adamiani

zegrZnobadi samyaros arsebiT nawilad ganixileba. es

azri kantis filosofiis safuZvelze Camoyalibda –

adamiani Tavisi arsiT metafizikuri, anu miRmuri samya-

rosadmi mswrafi arsebaa. rogor SeuZlia grZnobad

samyaroSi mcxovreb adamians zegrZnobadi sinamdvili-

saken swrafva? romantikul poeziaSi es swrafva xdeba

sakuTar subieqturobaSi CaRrmavebis gziT (`ciuri~ ada-

mianur `me~-Si amoicnoba), xolo filosofiaSi ki TviT-

SemecnebiT miiRweva, radgan adamianis sulieri yofa

miwier arsebobasTan kavSiris miuxedavad, yovelgvar

sagnobriobasa da sinamdvileze amaRlebulia. TviTSe-

mecnebis problema dgas solomon dodaSvilTan: `filo-

sofia rom viswavloT, saWiroa filosofosoba; filo-

sofosoba ki niSnavs yuradReba mivapyroT Tavis Tavs,

CavwdeT Tavis Tavs, raTa gamovicnoT da gavigoT TviT

Cveni Tavi, da am gziT davadginoT simSvide CvenSi da

Cvenda. yuradReba mivapyroT Tavis Tavs – niSnavs

ganvayenoT igi yovelive imisagan, rac Cven ar gvekuTv-

nis: es xdeba, roca gonebiT vtovebT yovelive gareg-

nuls da TviT Cvens Tavs warvmarTavT martooden Sina-

ganisaken. CavwvdeT Tavis Tavs – niSnavs guldasmiT vi-

fiqroT Sinagan movlenebze, romlebic CvenSi xdeba,

gavxadoT Cveni Tavi gamokvlevis uSualo sagani. Tavisi

Tavis Secnoba sxva araferia, Tu ara unari imisa, rom

swored vimsjeloT mTel qmediTs Cvens Zalaze; es ki

SesaZlebelia mxolod maSin, roca CvenTvis cnobili

gaxdeba Cveni bunebis moqmedebis kanonebi, am moqmedebis

sazRvrebi da mizani. gavigebT Cvens Tavs, Tu SegviZlia

136

moviyvanoT Cveni azrebis, codnaTa da saqcielTa sakmao

mizezebi. dasasrul, davadgenT simSvides CvenSi da

CvenTan, roca vayalibebT CvenSi harmoniul moqmedebas,

warvmarTavT ra mas Cveni daniSnulebisaken. amrigad,

ganyeneba da gaazreba, Secnoba da gageba TviT Cveni

Tavisa, dakmayofileba Tavisi Tavisa aseTi TviTSemec-

nebiT – ai filosofiuri gamokvlevis sami sagani!~40.

aqve SevniSnavT, rom am problemis dodaSviliseuli

xedva fixtes gavlenas ganicdis. kerZod, TviTSemecnebis

moTxovna filosofosisTvis umTavresia fixtes Teo-

riul sistemaSi: Semmecnebelma subieqtma mzera unda mi-

marTos sakuTar Tavze da ara garemomcvel sagnebze.

amgvari (fixtes filosofiidan dawyebuli) subieqtiviz-

midan gamomdinare, s. dodaSvilis filosofiaSi Semmec-

nebeli subieqti da Semecnebis umTavresi sagani adamia-

nia. filosofia aris mecniereba mTeli Cveni moqmedebis

safuZvlebis Sesaxeb. is unda iyos adamianis sulis

Semoqmedeba, romelic ar aris Tandayolili da SeZenil

unda iqnes sakuTari gonebis ZaliT. amitomac masSi

unda veZioT da vipovoT Cveni Semecnebisa da moqmedebis

is mizezebi, romelTac SeuZliaT adamianis gonebis

dakmayofileba.

TviTSemecnebis am process fixtesTan (agreTve, s.

dodaSvilTan) win uswrebs bunebisa da `mes~ dadgena,

xolo Semdeg azri miemarTeba sulier procesebze, ganc-

debze. Cven SeiZleba paraleli gavavloT am azrebsa da

n. baraTaSvilis leqss – `fiqrni mtkvris piras~ –

Soris. zegrZnobadisadmi swrafva da ltolva arsebul-

TaTvis damaxasiaTebeli sayovelTao Tvisebaa. nikoloz

baraTaSvilis lirikuli gmiri miiswrafvis miRmuri,

zegrZnobadi samyarosaken, raTa `daSTos aq amaoeba~

(`SemoRameba mTawmindazed~). es swrafva erTgvarad neop-

latonuri `trfialebis~ msgavsia, Tumca is ar aris

aracnobieri, is winaswaraa Cadebuli arsebebSi, iseve,

137

rogorc RmerTSi, aris RmerTidan momdinare da masSive

ukudamabrunebeli. romantizmSi ki aracnobieri swrafva

Tavis Tavs acnobierebs – `me~-s Tavis Tavis dadgenis

procesSi win aRudgeba àra-me~.

`fiqrni mtkvris piras~ iwyeba swored poeturi `me~-s

da bunebis aRweriT (s. dodaSvilis terminiT rom

vTqvaT – `dadgeniT~):

`warved wyalis pirs sevdiani fiqrT gasarTvelad,

aq veZiebdi nacnobs adgils gansasveneblad;

aq lbils mdelozed sanugeSod viname cremliT,

aqac yoveli aremare iyo mowyeniT;

nelad moRelavs modudune mtkvari ankara

da mis zvirTebSi krTis laJvardi cisa kamara.~

Semdeg striqonSi poeti Sinagan xmas miubrundeba:

ìdayv-dayrdnobil yurs vugdeb me missa Cxrialsa

da Tvalni rbian Sorad, Sorad, cis dasavalsa!~

n. baraTaSvili, Tavis sulier mdgomareobaze dakvir-

vebiT, kidev ufro uRrmavdeba Tavis Tavs:

àr vici, am dros Cems winaSe Cveni cxovreba

rad iyo fuWi da mxoloda amaoeba?...

mainc ra aris Cveni yofa – wuTisofeli,

Tu ara oden sawyauli aRuvsebeli?

vin aris igi, vis Tvis guli erTxel aRevsos,

da rac mieRos erTxel natvriT, isi ekmaros?~

poeti, rogorc vxedavT, Tavdapirvelad bunebaze,

Semdeg ki sakuTar gancdebze dakvirvebiT, cdilobs

cxovrebis sazrisis dadgenas.Ees cxovreba misTvis war-

modgeba, rogorc `fuWi da amaoeba~; is cdilobs,

138

amaoebis safuZvlis garkvevas (`Cveni bunebis moqmedebis

kanonebi, am moqmedebis sazRvrebi da mizani~ – s. doda-

SvilTan), anu es aris refleqsia sakuTar Tavze. s.

dodaSvilis azriT, TviTCaRrmavebis bolo etapze am

refleqsiis mizania simSvidisa da harmoniis miRweva,

sakuTari Tavis gaazreba, Secnoba da gageba. `amaRleba

sulisa sakuTar TviTobamde~ _ es aris romantikuli xe-

lovnebis mTavari principi, romelsac hegeli `moder-

nizmis mTavar models~ uwodebs41. da es arsebiTia,

radgan sakuTari arsebis wvdomiT adamians gauadvilde-

ba pasuxi gasces kiTxvebs – vin var me? ra adgili

mikavia me am samyaroSi? ra moqalaqeobrivi pasuxismgeb-

loba mekisreba me? risi imedi SeiZleba mqondes me am

cxovrebaSi? amgvarad, individualizmisa da subieqti-

vizmis principebis gamovlenidan gamomdinare, saqme

gvaqvs romantizmis filosofiur dafuZnebasTan; adamia-

nis qcevis SesabamisobaSi moyvana adamianis raobasTan

safuZvelia pirovnebis aqtivizaciis moTxovnisa:

`magram radganac kacni gqvian – Svilni soflisa,

unda kideca mivdioT mas, gvesmas mSoblisa.

arc kaci varga, rom cocxali mkvdarsa emsgavsos,

iyos sofelSi da soflisTvis ara izrunvos!~ L

TviTCaRrmaveba-TviTSemecnebis procesis msgavsebas

s. dodaSvilis filosofiur SexedulebebTan amgvari

analogiebis safuZvelze davadgenT mxolod.

n. baraTaSvilis poeziaSi didi adgili eTmoba ada-

mianuri yofierebis maradiul problemebs: erTi mxriv,

adamianuri survilebis daukmayofileblobas, meore

mxriv ki, yoveli asrulebuli survilis amaoebis ganc-

das. TviT xelmwifenic, umdidresni da umZlavresni,

arasodes kmayofildebian mopovebuli bednierebiT; isi-

ni gverds uvlian sikvdilis perspeqtivas. misi saTanado

139

gaazreba urTulesi problemaa yvela epoqis adamiani-

saTvis. amis mizezi adamianis warmavali arsebobaa. miR-

weuli wamieryofa da ganadgureba.

n. baraTaSvili bediswerasTan mosaubre poetia (`xma

idumali~). poeti grZnobs Tavis pirovnul, gansxvavebul

daniSnulebas; fiqrobs imis Sesaxeb, borotia Tu

keTili, bednieri Tu sevdiani momavali; magram igi mzad

aris win aRudges ucnob bedisweras. aq daismis ze-

ZalebiT STagonebuli pirovnebis xvedrisa da misi

yofierebis sazrisianobis sakiTxi; bedisweris ulmobe-

li Zala xom poetma Tavis Tavze gamoscada. amis Semdeg

igi mravaljer Caufiqrdeba adamianis warmavlobas da

mis xvedrs. ganmartoebuls, wylis talRaTa xmaSi, mas

warmoudgeba adamianuri yofierebis arseba, amao Sroma,

amao mcdelobebi. bedis mdinarebaSi, romelSic yoveli-

ves sakuTari gza da sakuTari dasasruli aqvs, war-

mavali dideba mtvriT ifareba. adamianis cxovrebas

bediswera ganagebs, – ase daaskvnis poeti leqsebSi

`fiqrni mtkvris piras~ da `napoleon~.

n. baraTaSvilis poeziaSi mniSvnelovani adgili uka-

via martoobis problemas. is poetisTvis udidesi ube-

durebis mizezia. arsebiTi da Zlieria sulieri mar-

toobis grZnoba. is ver Seedreba axlobeli adamianis

dakargviT gamowveul martoobas, tkivils, radgan es ka-

nonzomieri movlenaa, samyaros kanonTa nebaa da

filosofiuri gansjiT miRebuli momavlis rwmena am

dros mxolod maSvelad gvevlineba. adamianisaTvis udi-

desi tragedia sulieri martoobaa; uimedo satkivari

anadgurebs adamians, is SemaZrwunebeli da damangre-

velia (`suli oboli~).

sulieri martoobiT gamowveuli tragizmi axal

aRTqmaSi sasoebas hpovebs, tkivili – daamebas. kacob-

riobam gamosavali, xsna Tavis dasamSvideblad `axali

religiis~ CamoyalibebaSi ipova. n. baraTaSvilmac Tavi-

140

si mzera irealuri samyarosken mimarTa. man amqveyniur

warmavlobas imqveyniuri maradiuloba daupirispira. igi

etrfis cas, cisfers (`cisa fers~), romelic zeciuris

saxea. aseTive amaRlebuli obieqtia poetisaTvis

mTawminda, romelic aviwyebs mas amqveyniur sawuTros

da movlenaTa cvalebadobiT daRlili poeti mxolod

iq axerxebs dasvenebas (`SemoRameba mTawmindazed~).

maSasadame, sicocxle amaoebaa, samyaroSi yovelives

wuTieri xangrZlivoba aqvs, xolo adamianis yofierebas

azri aqvs dakarguli. yovelive amas `ciuri gangeba~

upirispirdeba, romelsac Cveulebrivi mokvdavni ver

wvdebian da verc verafers Secvlian, TavianTi adamia-

nuri arsebobis SezRudulobis gamo. aq igrZnoba mis-

tikuri nakadis gavlena baraTaSvilis msoflmxedvelo-

baze.

n. baraTaSvilTan, novalisis msgavsad, poetis mis-

tikuri gamocdileba, misi SemoqmedebiTi saidumlo yo-

velTvis Sinaganisken, pirovnulisken iyo mimarTuli:

`Sinaganisken midis saidumloebiT mosili gza, mxolod

CvenSi _ da arsad sxvagan _ aris maradiuloba Tavis

samyarosTan erTad, warsuli da momavali~ (novalisi).

mistikuri ganwyoba udevs safuZvlad leqsebs –

`merani~ da `SemoRameba mTawmindazed~. `merani~ aris

mebrZoli pirovnebis rwmenis simbolo, rom adamianuri

arseboba, moZraoba istoriaSi mizandasaxuli da az-

riania. sicocxlis uaryofis filosofia yvela sasi-

cocxlo Zalis kolosaluri koncentraciiT mTavrdeba.

`merani~ adamianis bedis tradiciul gagebas Sordeba;

SeiZleba iTqvas, rom aq saxeze gvaqvs problemis

klasikur-berZnuli gageba _ stoikosTa filosofia be-

disweris gardauvlobaze. is sruliad sxvagvarad war-

moaCens adamianis arsebobisa da daniSnulebis sakiTxs,

kerZod, adamianis brZolas, mis optimizms ar aqvs

sazRvari:

141

`kvnesa gulisa, trfobis naSTi, mivce zRvis Relvas,

da Sens mSveniers, aRtacebuls, giJursa ltolvas!

gaswi, merano, Sens Wenebas ar aqvs samZRvari,

da niavs miec fiqri Cemi, Savad mRelvari!~

`cudad xom mainc ar Caivlis es ganwirulis sulis

kveTeba,

da gza uvali, Sengan Telili, merano Cemo, mainc

darCeba;

da Cems Semdgomad moZmesa Cemsa siZnele gzisa

gauadvildes,

da Seupovrad mas hune Tvisi Savis bedis win

gamouqroldes!~

am leqss did Sefasebas aZlevs m. gogiberiZe: `aseTi

maRali STagonebiT, aseTi mSvenieri formiT, goeTes

garda, jer arc erT poets ar eTqva himni socialuri

filosofiisa, [...] platonsac ki ar uTqvams am STa-

gonebiT sikeTis gamarjvebis himni da am gagebiT ar

udidebia subieqturis mimarT obieqturis amaRlebuloba

da upiratesoba~42. `meranis~ maRalideuri SinaarsiT

qarTveli filosofosi n. baraTaSvils msoflio ge-

niosTa rigs (dante, goeTe, Seqspiri, baironi, puSkini,

rusTaveli) miakuTvnebs.

es Sefaseba SemTxveviTi ar iyo. leqsiT `merani~ poe-

ti cxadyofs im Rirebulebas, rom Tavisuflebis gac-

nobiereba, samSoblosa da calkeuli pirovnebis bedis

gamoWedva da, sabolood ki, Tavisuflebis miRweva axa-

li epoqis da axali ideis matarebel adamians SeuZlia.

am TvalsazrisiT, baraTaSvilis msoflxedvis garkveu-

li periodis _ `SemoRameba mTawmindazed~ _ sevdasa da

pesimizms `fiqri mtkvris piras~ optimizmi cvlis:

`magram radganac kacni gvqvian _ Svilni soflisa,

142

unda kideca mivdioT mas, gvesmas mSoblisa.

arc kaci varga, rom cocxali mkvdarsa emsgavsos,

iyos sofelSi da soflisTvis ara izrunvos!~

aRsaniSnavia, rom adamianis romantikuli gageba

n. baraTaSvilis poeziaSi pirovnebis subieqturobis ana-

lizs emyareba. sakiTxi exeba adamianis sasrulobas. Se-

saZlebelia baraTaSvilis interesic adamianisadmi, ro-

gorc sasruli arsebisadmi, romantizmis Teoriuli wya-

roebiTac aris ganpirobebuli. es problema dgas

s. dodaSvilis `logikur meTodologiaSi~43; s. doda-

Svili aq filosofias, kantis msgavsad, sam umTavres

amocanas usaxavs: `ra unda vicodeT, ra SegviZlia

vicodeT...~44; am frazas aRar asrulebs avtori, radgan

aq swored kantis mier dasmuli sami kiTxva unda

vigulisxmoT – `ra SemiZlia vicode?~, `ra SemiZlia ga-

vakeTo?~ da `risi imedi SeiZleba mqondes?~. pirveli

kiTxva, rogorc cnobilia, adamianis Semecnebis sas-

rulobas exeba. `[...] adamiani SezRuduli arsebaa, mas ar

SeuZlia miaRwios srulyofilobas~45. `[...] misi codnis

fargali SezRudulia~46. `[...] raodenobis mixedviT Cveni

Semecnebis SezRuduloba damokidebulia: 1. saerTod

Cveni azris sazRvrebze; 2. kerZo adamianis Semecnebis

xarisxze; 3. Cvens xanmokle sicocxleze; 4. TviTeuli

kerZo adamianis garkveul mdgomareobaze~47. adamianis

sasrulobis gamovlenaa amqveyniuri warmavlobiT gamow-

veuli sevdac leqsSi `vpove taZari~ (1841 w.).

adamianis sasrulobis gagebidan gamomdinareobs

swrafva, ltolva zegrZnobadi samyarosaken. es azric

germanuli romantizmis filosofiaSi fuZndeba. kerZod,

adamianis sasrulobis gagebidan aucileblad gamomdi-

nareobs adamianis, rogorc usasrulobisaken mswrafi

arsebis gageba (Sdr. miRmuris, usasrulos, `ciuris~

wvdoma n. baraTaSvilTan).

143

qarTul romantizmSi zegrZnobadis, miRmuris moaz-

reba simboluri formiT aris gadmocemuli. am mxriv

sayuradReboa `taZris~ da `cis~ arqetipi, romelic ro-

mantikuli xasiaTisaa. `simboluris wvdomis upirvelesi

garantia imaSia, rom Tavad adamiania simboluri arseba;

sulierisa da sxeulebrivis Serwyma masSi, pirvel yov-

lisa, miRmuris primatiT xdeba. [...] simbolur sinamdvi-

leSi simboluri arseba Seicnobs simbolurs~48. am az-

ris naTelsayofad goeTes sityvebi SeiZleba gavix-

senoT: `Tvali rom ar iyos mziuri, rogor movaxer-

xebdiT sinaTlis aRqmas? CvenSi rom ar iyos RvTaebrivi

Zala, rogor aRgvafrTovanebda RvTaebrivi?~ Cveni az-

riT, aq neoplatonuri filosofiis gavlenazec SeiZ-

leba visaubroT. kerZod, samyaros qmnadobis da Rmer-

Tis (pirvelmizezis) wvdomis procesSi msgavsi msgavss

qmnis da msgavsi msgavss Seimecnebs; `taZari~ n. bara-

TaSvilTan mxolod pirdapiri mniSvnelobiT ar unda

gavigoT. es cneba romantizmSi aerTianebs miwiersa da

miRmurs, zegrZnobad samyaros. baraTaSvilis sityvebiT

rom vTqvaT, miwierSi (taZarSi) SesaZlebelia `ciuris~

maqsimaluri gamovlineba. am datvirTvis mqonea `cis~

arqetipic: `cisa fers, lurjsa fers, pirvelad qmnilsa

fers da ar am qveyniers, siyrmidgan vetrfodi~, – wers

poeti. da ganagrZobs `mosruli igi ciT gamokrTis

siamiT. fiqri me sanatri mimiwvevs cisa qeds, rom eSxiT

damdnari SeverTo lurjsa fers.~ cis feri, pirvelad

qmnili, miRmuri, zeciuri anu araamqveyniuria, poetis

azriT, da simboluric. `ciurisa~ da miwieris wminda

Sexvedris adgilia `mTawmindas~ poeturi saxe. mTaw-

mindis idumaleba daafiqrebs poets da aRuZravs fiq-

rebs zegrZnobadi, zeciuri samyarosadmi da amqveyniuri

amaoebis dasaZlevad, sawuTros dasaviwyeblad cdilobs

ganWvritos `zenaarT samyofT~.

144

qarTuli romantizmisa da germanuli romantizmis

Teoretikosebs Soris paralelebze saubrisas, k. kaci-

taZe gamoTqvams saintereso mosazrebas, romlis Tanax-

madac, SesaZloa s. dodaSvilis meSveobiT aixsnas `Cvi-

lis~ arqetipis baraTaSviliseuli interpretaciis

msgavseba germanel romantikos vilhelm vakenroderTan

(1773-1798), romelmac es aspeqti pirvelma gamoiyena

romantikosTa Soris. 1797 wels misma megobarma l. tikma

gamosca vakenroderis narkvevebis da moTxrobebis kre-

buli `xelovnebis moyvaruli beris gulisnadebi~, xo-

lo 1799 wels sakuTari damatebebiT meore naSromi –

`fantaziebi xelovnebis Taobaze xelovnebis megobrebi-

saTvis~. aRsaniSnavia, rom es nawarmoebi adreuli ger-

manuli romantizmis saprogramo nawarmoebad aris miC-

neuli. `xelovnebis moyvaruli beris gulisnadebi~ 1826

wels iTargmna rusulad v. p. titovis mier, romelsac,

Tavis mxriv, ekuTvnis recenzia s. dodaSvilis `lo-

gikaze~47. savaraudod, s. dodaSvilisaTvis ucnobi ar

iqneboda misi recenzentis mier Targmnili es Sroma.

vakenroderis azriT, `ase aRwevs Cvens gulebamde

ciuri umankoebis gaxseneba. [...] es eTeruli krToma,

angelozTa samyaros es gaxseneba srulqmnili cxov-

rebiT jer kidev myofobs bavSvis gulSi, miwier saganTa

muqi Crdili jer kidev ar Crdilavs maT brwyinvalebas,

miwieri sazrunavebi, aqauri vnebebi da ltolvebi, dune

siyvaruli da mZafri siZulvili es kidev moSorebiTaa.

[...] amitomac bavSvebi Cvens Soris dadian viTarca didi

winaswarmetyvelebi, romlebic qadageben CvenTvis gauge-

bari srulyofili eniT~49.

ase rom, qarTul romantizmSi samyaros filoso-

fiuri suraTi Zalze sainteresod aisaxa. saqarTvelos

socialur-politikuri mdgomareobiT gamowveuli sevda,

pirovnuli, erovnuli da zogadsakacobrio tkivili,

samyaro, RmerTi da adamianuri yofiereba maT Semoqme-

145

debaSi filosofiuri ganzogadebiT da poeturad daxve-

wili simbolur-alegoriuli formiT gamoisaxa. garda

amisa, unda aRiniSnos, rom qarTvel romantikosTa

msoflmxedvelobaze gavlena iqonia germanuli roman-

tizmis TeoretikosTa da germanuli klasikuri filo-

sofiis warmomadgenelTa Sexedulebebma. amdenad, qarTu-

li romantizmi ar iyo izolirebuli Tanadrouli epo-

qis evropuli azrovnebisagan, ar iyo mxolod loka-

luri movlena. qarTveli romantikosebi TavianTi epoqis

filosofiuri ideebis produqtiuli recipirebiT da

mTargmnelobiTi saqmianobiT amarTleben romantizmis,

rogorc farTo, universaluri „kulturuli programis“,

miznebs. aq saxeze gvaqvs filosofiisa da poeziis

dialogi, rac dResac mimzidveli rCeba.

146

mexuTe Tavi

gerasime qiqoZe

gerasime maqsimes-Ze qiqoZe daibada 1825 w. guriis

sofel baxvSi, mRvdlis ojaxSi. swavlobda Tbilisis,

pskovisa da peterburgis sasuliero seminariebSi. 1849 w.

daamTavra peterburgis sasuliero akademia magistris

xarisxiT1; is gaamweses Tbilisis sasuliero seminariis

inspeqtorad, sadac male (1851 w.) xdeba fizikisa da

maTematikis profesori. 1856 w. didi ojaxuri ubedureba

daatyda Tavs (gardaecvala col_Svili); misma

sulierma tanjvam berad aRkvecaSi naxa gamosavali da

im wlidan dawyebuli gabrielis saxels atarebs. 1860

wlidan imereTis episkoposia. gardaicvala 1896 wels,

dakrZalulia gelaTis yovladwmida RvTismSoblis

Sobis saxelobis monasterSi.

g. qiqoZis naSromi ,,cdiseuli fsiqologiis safu-

Zvlebi” daiwera 1856 w., gamoica peterburgSi 1858 w.2

masve ekuTvnis mravali sityva da qadageba (qarTulsa

da rusul enebze), romlebic periodulad ibeWdeboda

gazeTebSi: ,,droeba” da ,,mwyemsi” da gamoica or tomad

quTaisSi 1885 wels saTauriT ,,qadagebani”. drois mokle

monakveTSi ,,qadagebani” gamoica inglisursa (1891) da

rusul (1893) enebze.3

1. g. qiqoZis filosofiuri Sexedulebebi. g. qiqoZis

,,cdiseuli fsiqologiis safuZvlebi” ar warmoadgens

sakuTriv fsiqologiis kurss, fsiqologiuri mecnie-

rebis imdroindel monapovarTa gadmocemas. es wigni

warmoadgens fsiqologiuri codnis gverdiT filosofi-

ur disciplinaTa (logika, gnoseologia, eTika, reli-

giis filosofia, aRzrdis Teoria) problematikis ana-

lizsa da saintereso gadaWris cdas.

147

vinaidan g. qiqoZis Rrma rwmeniT, ,,fsiqologia fi-

losofiis nawilia”, is fsiqologiis problemebs,

rogorc wesi, filosofiuri kuTxiTac ganixilavs. ami-

tomaa, rom ,,cdiseuli fsiqologiis safuZvlebi” imde-

nadvea filosofiuri naSromi, ramdenadac fsiqolo-

giuri; igi filosofiuri fsiqologiaa.

fsiqologiis filosofiuri problematikidan erT-

erTi pirvelTagania fsiqikis (sulis) raobisa da misi

sxeulTan (tvinTan) damokidebulebis garkveva. marTa-

lia, avtori Tavis fsiqologiis kurss miakuTvnebs cdi-

seuli fsiqologiis sferos, romlis meTodi bunebis-

metyveluria (WeSmaritad cdiseulia) da, amdenad, aqaa

msjeloba empiriulad mocemuli fsiqikur movlenebze,

fenomenebze, magram gadamwyvet mniSvnelobas aniWebs

imis garkvevas, Tu ras warmoadgens fsiqikuri movle-

nebis (“Sinagani faqtebis”) safuZveli, ra substanciis

gamovlenaa isini da principulad rogor da ra SeuZlia

icodes Semmecnebelma subieqtma am substanciis Sesaxeb,

hqondes WeSmariti codna mis raobaze.

fsiqologia aris moZRvreba sulis Sesaxeb. adamianis

suli (igive fsiqika) araa Cveni gonebis raRac ganye-

nebuli warmodgena, romelic Seiswavleboda mxolod

gonebis WvretiT. suli iseTi substanciaa, romelsac

namdvili arseboba aqvs da vlindeba mravalnairad.

maSasadame, isic, sxva substanciis msgavsad, unda Seis-

wavlebodes da Seiswavleba kidevac cdiTa da dakvir-

vebiT. marTalia, suli uxilavi arsebaa, masze dakvir-

veba SeuZlebelia SegrZnebis organoebiT, magram vinai-

dan SegrZnebebi sulis nawarmoebia, maTi (sulis gamov-

lenis) SeswavliT Cven TviTon suls vswavlobT.

mTeli Cveni organizmi sulis iaraRia. suli uwyvet-

liv avlens Tavs organizmis cvlilebebSi da mdgoma-

reobebSi. organizmis mdgomareobaTa SeswavliT Cven

vimecnebT TviTon sulis Tvisebebsa da yoveli sulieri

148

movlena, yoveli Sinagani faqti (e.i. cnobierebis Sinaar-

si), aseve, SeiZleba gaxdes Sinagani dakvirvebis sagani,

radganac Cveni TviTcnobiereba xom mudmivi Sinagani

gamocdilebaa; dabolos: yvela sulier Zalasa da

unarze dakvirveba advilad SesaZlebelia funqciobis

dros.

Tuki yvelafer amas miviRebT mxedvelobaSi, sagnis

Seswavlis cdiseuli meTodi arsad ar gamoiyeneba ise

farTod, rogorc fsiqologiaSi. fsiqologia bevrs moi-

gebs, Tuki uaryofs unayofo gonebiT ganyenebul Wvre-

tas da mimarTavs miukerZoebeli dakvirvebis, faqtebis

analizis mkacr cdas. es is meTodia, romelic bunebis-

metyvelur mecnierebebs xdis zusts, safuZvliansa da

gamoyenebiTs.

es is mosazrebania, riTac xelmZRvanelobs g. qiqoZe

cdiseuli fsiqologiis agebis dros. is cdilobs

sulis Sesaxeb msjeloba daafuZnos fiziologiaSi da

fizikaSi damtkicebul da axsnil faqtebsa da

movlenebze.4

ra aris substancia? g. qiqoZis TvalsazrisiT, subs-

tancia aris is arsi, romelic moicavs da warmoSobs

arsebis yvela Tvisebasa da Zalas. magaliTad, qvaSi

arsebuli Tvisebebi: ganfeniloba, sidide, figura, simkv-

rive, simZime da a.S. qvis Sinagani arsis kuTvnilebaa,

romelic aris misi substancia. TviTon substancia,

rogorc aseTi, CvenTvis miuwvdomelia. cnobierebaSi

gveZleva mxolod substanciis Zalebi da gamovlenani.

SegrZnebani, nebisyofa da a.S. sulieri substanciis mov-

lenebia mxolod da ara TviTon substancia.

adamians aqvs ori substanciis cneba _ materialuri

da sulieri. pirvelis Sesaxeb cneba man SeimuSava im

STabeWdilebaTa da SegrZnebaTa safuZvelze, rac mate-

rialurma gamoiwvia masSi. xolo sulis Sesaxeb cneba

man SeimuSava sakuTar moqmedebaze yuradRebis miqceviT.

149

sxeulebrivi substanciis Taobaze viciT mxolod

garegani da zedapiruli, viciT misi Zalebi, movlenebi

da urTierTzemoqmedebani. magram am Zalebis arss,

Sinagan yofierebas verasdros ver mivxvdebiT. zustad

asevea sulis mimarT: viciT ra Sinagani gamocdilebiT

sulieri Zalebis warmodgenis, msjelobis, daskvnebis,

nebisyofis, Tavisuflebisa da a.S. Sesaxeb, mis safu-

Zvelze vaskvniT raRac aramaterialuri substanciis

arsebobis Sesaxeb. magram am substanciebis Sinagani

yofierebis gageba ar SegviZlia. bunebis Semqmnelma

mogvca saSualeba, vicodeT qveyana da sakuTari Tavi

imdenad, ramdenadac saWiroa Cveni cxovrebisa da ke-

TildReobisaTvis. Mmxolod erTi SeiZleba dabejiTebiT

iTqvas, rom adamians ar SeuZlia warmoidginos iseTi

substancia, romelic ar iqneboda arc materia (ganfe-

nili, nawilebisagan Semdgari, pasiuri) da arc suli

(aqtiuri, Semmecnebeli), iqneboda raRac saSualo5.

umaRlesi da aucilebeli cneba, rac adamianis

sulSia, g. qiqoZis azriT, esaa umaRlesi substanciis,

samyaros Semoqmedis cneba, yvela movlenis ukanaskneli

mizezi, anu RmerTi. RmerTis Semecnebisa da RmerTis

rwmenis niSniT gansxvavdeba adamiani sxva miwier

qmnilebaTagan, rac adamianis didi Sinagani Rirsebaa. es

cneba adamianebSi sayovelTaoa, adamianis gonebaSi ad-

reuli da advili, bunebrivi da aucilebeli warmo-

Sobisaa. misi warmoSobisTvis Rrma gaazreba ki ar aris

aucilebeli, aramed is TavisTavad aRmocendeba, TiTqos

gonebaSi winaswarve yofiliyos misi monaxazi da

SemTxvevam migvaqcevina masze yuradReba. amitom lapa-

rakoben RmerTis ideis sulSi TanSobilebis Sesaxeb.

TanSobileba RmerTis cnebas ki ar exeba, aramed misw-

rafebas-Seimecnos Tavisi Semoqmedi da mTeli samyaros

mizezi; gonebis aucilebeli moTxovnis saxiT aRiaro is

pirvelive SesaZleblobisas. RmerTis cneba TanSobilia

150

iseve, rogorc azrovnebis, msjelobis unari, romelic

ukve bavSvSia TanSobili ganuviTareblad dabadebisas.6

g. qoqiZes sulieri da materialuri substanciebis

urTierTobis problema Semdegnairad aqvs gaazrebuli:

gavrcelebuli azri, rom suli TviTon qmnis sxeuls,

mraval Seusabamobas Seicavs da mecniereba mas ver

miiRebs, vinaidan mas faqtis saxiT mocemuloba ar gaaC-

nia, mudam rCeba hipoTezis farglebSi. mecnieruli (fi-

ziologiuri) dakvirvebani safuZvels gvaZlevs da-

vaskvnaT, rom adamianis sxeulis SeqmnaSi batonobs

mxolod fizikuri, qimiuri da organuli kanonebi, rom

is iqneba mxolod organuli kanonebis mixedviT7. magram

es srulebiTac ar niSnavs imas, rom ar iyos araviTari

damokidebuleba da zemoqmedeba organizmis ganviTareba-

sa da sulis (fsiqikis) ganviTarebas Soris.

sulisa da sxeulis urTierToba imaSia, rom suli

da sxeuli ara mxolod Tanaarseboben, aramed urTierT-

ganpirobebulnic arian. maTi ganviTareba da srulyofa

xorcieldeba erTmaneTze uwyveti zegavleniT da Tanac

ise mWidrod, rom isini oriveni Seadgenen erT arsebas –

adamians. yvela movlena sxeulisa aisaxeba sulSi,

zemoqmedebs mis mdgomareobaze, ganwyobaze, warmodge-

naze, mTel mis sulier cxovrebaze da, piriqiTac, su-

lieri movlenebi aisaxebian organizmSi, masSi xSirad

gansakuTrebul mdgomareobas iwveven. magram mTavari

isaa, rom ar unda CaiTvalos suli organizmis (sxeu-

lis) arsad da sxeuli ki – sulis gamovlinebad8.

is, vinc tvinis STabeWdilebas aRiqvams, aris ara-

materialuri da daunawevrebeli arseba. faqtebi, rom-

lebic miuTiTeben tvinTan sulis moqmedebis mWidro

kavSirze. es materializmis dasayrdeni ki ar aris, ara-

med adamianis fsiqikis daunawevreblobis da suliero-

bis Seuryeveli da udavo sabuTia.

151

adamianSi, tvinis garda rom ar yofiliyo erTiani,

gaunawevrebeli arseba, maSin gamovidoda, rom adamianis

unarebi aris calkeuli substanciebi. ...magram vin ver

dainaxavs, rom tvinis burTulebi mxolod iaraRia erTi

da gaunawevrebeli substanciisa, sulieri monadisa,

romelic Tavis TavSi moicavs yvela unarsa da azrs.

igi gamoiyenebs tvins, rogorc musikalur instruments,

romlisganac garkveuli moqmedebisas aJRerdeba sasur-

veli bgerebi. yvela es faqti, avtoris gagebiT, gviCve-

nebs, Tu rogor damokidebulebaSia azrovneba organul

sistemebTan. aravin ar unda mivides im azramde, TiTqos

suli iyos raRac sxeulebrivi, esencia organizmisa.

piriqiT, ufro sarwmunoa sulis aranivTieroba9.

yvela fiziologiuri faqtis miukerZoebeli ganxil-

va gveubneba, rom ara TviTon tvinis burTulebia

SegrZnebebi da grZnobebi, rom CvenSi ara TviTon tvini

xedavs, ismensa da grZnobs, aramed amas akeTebs suli.

organoebSi da tvinSi xdeba mxolod qimiur_meqanikuri

cvlilebebi, romlebic jer kidev araa SegrZneba

(fsiqika)10.

im principul sakiTxze _ Tu rogor aisaxeba sabo-

lood sulSi organuli cvlilebi, meore mxriv ki, ro-

gor SeuZlia suls imoqmedos sxeulze _ g. qiqoZes

Tvalsazrisi aseTia: es viTareba ,,yovelTvis darCeba

bunebis gamoucnob saidumloebad”; “araa araviTari

SesaZlebloba, gamoicno sulis organizmTan mimarTe-

ba_damokidebulebis raoba”.11 “esaa yofierebis erT-erTi

gadauwyveteli saidumloebaTagani”.12

g. qiqoZe fsiqikis arsebobis wesze, fsiqikis ar-

sebobis formaze msjelobs azrovnebis magaliTze. az-

rovneba aucilebel kavSirSia tvinis agebulebasTan da

moqmedebasTan. ,,suli azrovnebs tvinis saSualebiT.

tvini sulis organoa”. magram es ar niSnavs imas, rom

suli (fsiqika) tvinis produqtad warmovidginoT. suli

152

da sxeuli damoukidebeli substanciiebia. g. qiqoZis

gagebiT, fsiqikis empiriuli mocemuloba, sulieri sub-

stanciis gamovlenis erT-erTi saxe azrovnebis unaris

funqcioba warmoudgenelia arsebobdes cnobierebis niS-

nis gareSe. ,,azrovneba cnobierebaa da cnobiereba _

azrovneba; sxvagvari azrovneba araa da ar SeiZleba

arsebobdes”.13 aracnobieri azrovnebis daSveba igive

iqneboda, rom gvemtkicebina SeugrZnobeli SegrZnebis,

anda uZravi moZraobis arseboba. ,,aracnobieri azrov-

neba sakvirveli hipoTezaa”14 da Tavis TavSi Seicavs

winaaRmdegobas15. gaumarTlebeli iqneba, Tuki vinme ara

cnobier azrovnebas uwodebs im cvlilebebs organizmSi

(tvinSi), romlebic sulSi ar aisaxeba, anda bnel

SegrZnebebs, romlebsac intesivobis (sicxadis) dabali

xarisxi aqvT.

maSasadame, g. qiqoZisTvis aracnobieri fsiqikis

problema esaa problema cnobierebis Sinaarsebis arac-

nobierad (cnobierebisagan damoukideblad) arsebobis

SesaZleblobis Sesaxeb, rac, misi azriT, SeuZlebelia,

rom arsebobdes.

sulis ukvdaveba araa iseTi ram, rac SeiZleboda

Seswavliliyo cdiTa da dakvirvebiT. miuxedavad amisa,

swored cdiseuli fsiqologia gvTavazobs im mtkice

safuZvels, risganac vaskvniT mis WeSmaritebas. cdi-

seuli fsiqologia asabuTebs or WeSmarit debulebas,

rac safuZvlad edeba sulis ukdavebis moZRvrebas. am

debulebaTagan erTia: suli organizmisagan gansxvavebu-

li substancia, romelic vlindeba cnobierebasa da

nebaSi; meorea: suli ganuwyvetliv srulyofili xdeba.

am ori debulebidan daskvnis gziT miiReba adamianis

sulis ukvdavebis Tezisi.

Tuki suli TviTmyofi substanciaa, maSin misi sikv-

dili ornairi SeiZleba iyos: is an unda ganadgurdes

ise, rogorc sxeuli, daiSalos Semadgenel nawilad an

153

moispos sxva substanciis zemoqmedebis Sedegad. magram

misTvis ar arsebobs arc pirveli da arc meore saxis

mospoba. jer erTi, suli ar Sedgeba nawilebisagan (is

xom martivi substanciaa), masSi araferia materialu-

risa, piriqiT, materialuris sapirispiroa; maSasadame,

is dauSlelia, meorec, Tu materialuri atomi ar

ispoba saerTod (dedamiwaze materiis masa erTi da

igivea, igi mxolod saxecvlilebas ganicdis), es miT

ufro iTqmis sulis Sesaxeb. masze zegavlenas ver

moaxdens samyaros stiqia. mxolod RmerTs SeuZlia

waarTvas suls yofiereba. magram, cxadia, RmerTi amas

ar gaakeTebs.

suli rom ganuwyvetliv srulyofs Tavis Tavs (am

gzaze rom mas zRvari ar edeba), amiT is upirispirdeba

yvelafer materialurs. materialuri substanciisTvis

damaxasiaTebelia ganviTarebis garkveuli forma, rom-

lis miRma gasvla mas ar ZaluZs (mcenare, cxoveli).

adamianTan yoveli axali Semecneba mas xdis sul ufro

daukmayofilebels; yoveli axali SenaZeni xdeba mec-

nierebis sferoSi sul axal-axali aRmoCenis, monapov-

ris safuZveli da safexuric. adamianis warmosaxvam ar

icis sazRvrebi; misi mexsiereba ar sustdeba da ar

iTrguneba informaciis simravliT. yvelaferi imas

amtkicebs, rom suli Tavis unarebsa da ZalebSi Seicavs

sawindarsa da SesaZleblobas mudmivi yofisTvis, mudmi-

vi moRvaweobisTvis.

ufro mniSvnelovania adamianis mudmivi zneobrivi

srulyofis unari. adamianis suls SeuZlia uwyvetliv

gaxdes ufro ukeTesi da ufro maRali zneobriv mimar-

TebaSi.

umaRlesi dasabuTeba sulis ukvdavebisa _ esaa misi

zneobrivi dasabuTeba, e.i. adamianis miwieri cxovrebis

ganxilva RvTiuri samaradiso simarTlis mimarTebaSi;

unda dadges dro, roca zneobrivi simarTle savsebiT

154

unda gabatondes, es ki SesaZlebelia mxolod Cveni su-

lis ukvdavebis SemTxvevaSi.

Tuki fizikuri samyaros ganxilvas mivyavarT Rmer-

Tis Sesaxeb azramde (ubrZnes Semoqmedamde) da

gvimtkicebs, rom fizikur samyaros is marTavs, miT

ufro unda davuSvaT, rom zneobriv samyarosac unda

gaaCndes aseTive mmarTveli, vinaidan zneobrivi samyaro

maRalia fizikurTan SedarebiT. vaRiareT ra es, xom un-

da daveTanxmoT imasac, rom zneobrivi samyaros Semoq-

medma da mmarTvelma miwieri cxovrebis zneobriv Seu-

sabamoba unda gaasworosa da daajildovos momavali

qmedebiT (воздеяние)16.

sulis ukvdavebis gagebidan, rom is uwyveti srulyo-

filebis unaris mqonea, vaskvniT adamianis daniSnulebis

Sesaxeb. es daniSnuleba mdgomareobs imaSi, rom uwyvet-

liv da usasrulod xdebodes srulyofa, rogorc

gonebrivi, ise zneobrivi ganzomilebiT17.

g. qiqoZes miaCnia, rom cdiseulma fiziologiam ueW-

velad daamtkica SegrZnebis mWidro kavSiri SegrZnebis

organoebTan da tvinTan. magram SegrZneba tvinSi xdeba

da ara TviTon SegrZnebis organoSi (gamRizianeblis

mimRebSi) an gamRizianeblis tvinSi gadamcem Tu gamtar

nervSi. roca vambobT – ,,SegrZneba tvinSi xdebao”, ar

unda vifiqroT, rom SegrZneba tvinis Tviseba iyos,

tvini aCendes, warmoSobdes mas. kiTxvaze – aris Tu ara

tvini SegrZnebis warmomSobi, - g. qoqiZe ase pasuxobs:

,,saRi da miukerZoebeli gaazreba yvela faqtisa gvar-

wmunebs, rom tvini mxolod iaraRia smeniTi STabeWdi-

lebis (gamRizianeblis – v.k.) sabolood gadasacemad

raRac uCinari arsebisTvis, rom Tumca bgeris SegrZne-

bebi masSi xdeba, magram ara TviTon tvinis rbilobi

aris SegrZnebis substancia”18. ,,TviTon tvini STabeWdi-

lebis (gamRizianeblis – v.k.) oden gadamcemi wertilia

da ara is arseba, romelic SeigrZnobs”19. “tvinsa da,

155

saerTod, materias ar SeuZlia iazrovnos”20. “materia-

lizmiT daavadebuli adamianebis dasayrdeni wertilia

is, rom SegrZnebis unari ekuTvnis organizms”21.

materialur organizms ar SeuZlia SegrZnebis (su-

lieris) warmoSoba: ,,adamianSi ar SeiZleba ar davuSvaT

raRac arseba, romelic savsebiT ar emsgavseba mis

organizms, aramaterialuri nivTiereba, winaaRmdeg Sem-

TxvevaSi araa SesaZlebloba avxsnaT, rogor xdeba

masSi SegrZneba”22.

me-18 saukunis materializmis warmomadgenlebis:

volteris, didros, helveciusis, dalamberis, da sxva

filosofosTa mcdari rwmeniT, SegrZnebis unari orga-

nizms miekuTvneboda, rom tvinia erTaderTi arseba,

romelic xedavs, ismens, Sexebis SegrZneba aqvs. zustad

aseve meordeba Tanamedrove materializmSi. Tuki da-

vumtkicebT am adamianebs – miuTiTebs g. qiqoZe – fizio-

logiis safuZvelze, rom organizms ar gaaCnia SegrZ-

nebis unari, es niSnavs maT damarcxebas maTi sakuTarive

iaraRiT23.

g. qiqoZis Tvalsazrisi adamianSi SegrZnebis gene-

zisis Taobaze aseTia: sarwmuno WeSmaritebaa, rom Cveni

SegrZnebebi sulieri samyaros movlenebia, rom xedva,

smena, sunis, gemos, tkivilis, sicivisa da siTbos

SegrZnebani SeuZlia mxolod sulier, aramaterialur

arsebas24. SegrZneba da nebismieri moZraoba is ori niSa-

nia, rac aucileblobiT gulisxmobs adamianSi aramate-

rialuri, sulieri sawyisis arsebobas.

ra gansxvavebaa cxovelsa da adamians Soris?

gansxvaveba araa imaSi, rom adamianma meti icis, vidre

cxovelma, anda adamianis suli aramaterialuria, xolo

cxovels suli saerTod ar gaaCnia. adamians principuli

upiratesoba, rac mas xdis maRalfaseulad, esaa misi

rwmena, misi erToba samyaros SemoqmedTan. RmerTma Tavi-

156

si Tavi aRmoaCina mxolod adamianSi; adamiani RmerTma

TavisTan SeaerTa. ai, ras ahyavs adamiani simaRleze.

g. qiqoZis mixedviT, sulSia ori ZiriTadi unari:

SemecnebiTi da qmediTi. magram am oridan upiratesoba

unda mieniWos mainc SegrZnebis unars. qmediToba mainc

Sedegia SegrZnebisa: suli ar aamoqmedebda Tavis nawi-

lebs, rom ar yofiliyo aRZruli SegrZnebiT. maSasa-

dame, SegrZnebis unari, SegrZnebadoba safuZveli da

Canasaxia sulis yvela Zalisa da unarisa. jer erTi,

SegrZneba upirvelesia aRmocenebis mixedviT, yvela da-

narCeni mas mosdevs. meorec, misgan, rogorc pirvel-

wyarosagan, miiReba adamianis sulis yvela sxva unari25.

cnobiereba yvela sulieri moqmedebis (SemecnebiTi

unarebisa: yuradReba, azrovneba, warmosaxva, mexsiereba;

da qmediTi unarebis: saWiroeba, anu moTxovnileba,

survili, neba) Tanmxlebia. cnobiereba raimes

SegrZnebaa, e.i. gancdaa; TviT cnobiereba ki sakuTari

Tavis SegrZnebaa, e.i. gancdaa, sakuTar yofierebaze

azria. bavSvs aqvs cnobiereba, vinaidan mas SegrZneba

aqvs, magram mas ar aqvs TviTcnobiereba, ramdenadac mas

ar aqvs sakuTari yofierebis cneba (gageba).

analogiurad, cxovelebs aqvT cnobiereba, vinaidan

ganicdian saWiroebebs (moTxovnilebebs), magram maT ar

gaaCniaT TviTcnobiereba, ar SeuZliaT sakuTar Tavze

azrovneba, ver warmoidgenen sakuTar ,,me”-s26.

sulis unarebis dayofa maRal da dabal saxeebad, g.

qiqoZis azriT, gaumarTlebelia, mas safuZveli ar gaaC-

nia. jer erTi, sulis yvela unari ise mWidro kavSirSia

erTmaneTTan, moqmedebs ganuyoflad da erTdroulad,

rom erT-erTis CamoSoreba aferxebs sulis aqtivobas

saerTod. meorec, Tumca sulis unarebi iyofa Semecnebi-

Tad da qmediTad, magram maTi gaTiSva uflebas ar

gvaZlevs, ganvixiloT, magaliTad, neba damoukideblad

sxva unarisa, vinaidan igi Sedegia sxva unarebisa da

157

maTgan gamocalkevebiT ar arsebobs. mesamec, sulis

unarebi TviTon sulis gamovlenaa. sadac ki suli moq-

medebs erTi romelime Tavisi ZaliT, iq aucilebladaa

sxva unarebi da Zalebi, iqaa mTeli suli. ver vnaxavT

SemTxvevas, rom suli moqmedebdes gansakuTrebiT erTi

unariT misi sxva Zalebis monawileobis gareSe27.

rogoria g. qiqoZis gnoseologiuri Tvalsazrisi?

igi sakiTxs ase ayenebs: ra mimarTebaa Cven SegrZnebebsa

da bunebis movlenebsa da sagnebis yofierebas Soris.

sakiTxis amgvarad dayeneba gulisxmobs, rom SegrZneba

Tavis gnoseologiur raobas avlens ara cnobierebiT

Seqmnil sinamdvilis mimarT, aramed TavisTavad da

obieqturad arsebul garkveulobis mimarT. sakiTxis

aseT gaazrebaSi xedaven g. qiqoZis TvalsazrisSi mate-

rialistur elements. aRniSnaven imas, rom igi avtoris

mier sakiTxis materialisturad dayenebis pirveli da

mniSvnelovani safexuria. Cvengan damoukidebeli gare

sinamdvilis aRiarebis Semdeg ismis meore principuli

sakiTxi – gare sinamdvilis Semecnebis SesaZleblobis

Taobaze. pirdapir unda aRiniSnos, rom g. qiqoZe sru-

liad Tavisufalia skeptikuri da agnostikuri elemen-

tebisgan. misi SemecnebiTi optimizmi aris ara brma

dogmaturi rwmena, aramed emyareba SemecnebiTi aparatis

detalur analizs. SegrZnebis yvela modalobis raobis

garCevis Semdeg, gamoaqvs daskvna, rom calke aRebuli

SegrZnebebi ar aris yovelTvis sando da zogjer isini

Cveni Secdomebis mizezs warmoadgens. gansakuTrebuli

adgili uWiravs Sexebis SegrZnebas, igi ar cdeba. mniSv-

nelovania is viTareba, rom Cveni SegrZnebebi urTierT

kontrolis rolSi gamodian, da rom SegrZnebis garda

Cven gvaqvs goneba, msjelobis unari, romelsac SeuZlia

Seamowmos grZnobis organoebis Cveneba. ,,yvela Cveni

SegrZneba saucxoo saSualebaa sagnis namdvili Tvisebe-

bis Sesaswavlad”28. ,,feris SegrZneba ar hgavs im fizi-

158

kur mizezs, romelic mas iwvevs. SegrZnebis gamomwvevi

gare mizezi namdvilad arsebobs bunebaSi. is gansxvaebu-

lia TviTon SegrZnebisagan. magram yvela sxva Tviseba:

figura, sidide, manZili, eWvi araa iseTive bunebaSi,

rogoric Cveni SegrZnebebi... Sexeba gviCvenebs sagnebs

savsebiT iseTs, rogoric aris isini namdvilad. roca me

xeliT vexebi sxeulis simkvrives anda figuras, aq araa

araviTari gansxvaveba movlenasa da mis SegrZnebas

Soris. amitomac amboben, rom mxolod Sexeba gvaZlevs

Seumcdar codnas nivTebis arsebobis Sesaxeb, xolo

sxva SegrZnebebis STabeWdilebani yovelTvis unda

iyvnen Semowmebuli da gaanalizebuli gonebis mier”29.

g. qiqoZe iziarebs j. lokis Tvalsazriss Semecne-

baSi saganTa pirveladi (obieqturi) da meoradi (subieq-

turi) niSnebis asaxvasTan dakavSirebiT. pirveladi niS-

nebi TavisTavad, sagnebSi arsebul Tvisebebs gviTvalis-

wineben, xolo meoradi niSnebi sagnebs daerTvian Cveni

grZnobis organoebis moqmedebis Sedegad. ra Tqma unda,

subieqturi danarTi xels uSlis obieqtis Semecnebas,

mas aZnelebs, magram mas ver xdis miuwvdomels. saganTa

Semecneba araa moklebuli siZneleebs, winaaRmdegobebs,

magram sabolood SesaZlebelia am dabrkolebaTa gaZ-

leba gonebis gziT. g. qiqoZis gnoseologiuri Sexedu-

leba racionalizmisken ixreba – man gadalaxa brma em-

pirizmi da xazi gausva gonebis mniSvnelobas Semecne-

baSi.

g. qiqoZe, rogorc aRiniSna, uaryofs Tandayolili

ideebis arsebobas. is ase ayenebs kiTxvas: saidan iZens

adamiani Semecnebas? pasuxi aseTia: “adamiani mTel Tavis

Semecnebas iZens an cdiT an gonebiT”, “aravis ar SeuZ-

lia Tqvas, rom adamians aqvs ramenairi gza Semecne-

bis”30. aRniSnuli exeba aramarto rTul mecnierul

codnas, aramed iseTsac, romelic aqsiomis xasiaTs

atarebs da sulis Sinagani resursebidan gamoyvanilad

159

iTvleba. azrovnebis ZiriTadi kanonebi imitom ki ar

sargeblobs saerTo aRiarebiT, rom isini Tandayoli-

lia da maTTvis Cven gonebaSi moipoveba mzamzareuli

formebi, aramed imitom, rom isini igiveobrivni arian.

maT Sinaarsi ar gaaCniaT31. ar arsebobs Tandayolili

codna. adamianis goneba dauwerelia dabadebisas, magram

is mainc adamianis gonebaa, e.i. iseTi ram, rasac gansa-

kuTrebuli SesaZlebloba aqvs. gamocdileba, cda aris

am SesaZleblobebis gaSlis safuZveli. sulSi, winas-

war, e.i. ganviTarebamde, aris garkveuli ganviTarebis

mxolod unari, anu SesaZlebloba. sulic viTardeba

aucileblobiT ase da ara sxvagvarad32. ratom xdeba

azrovneba yvela adamianSi erTnairi kanonebis mixedviT?

azrovneba sulis moqmedebaa, xolo suli, bunebrivia,

moqmedebs imnairad, rac misca mas Semoqmedma.

warmodgena, mkacri azriT, jer kidev araa Semecneba.

Semecneba igi xdeba maSin, roca Cveni suli mas anawi-

lebs Semadgenel nawilebze msjelobaTa saSualebiT,

roca Wkua naTlad da cnobierad gamoxatavs yvela mis

Sinaarss msjelobis formiT.

g. qiqoZe cnebis gagebis sakiTxSi nominalisturi

Teoriis warmomadgenelia. zogadi misTvis carieli

sityvaa, realurad sinamdvileSi arsebobs mxolod in-

dividualuri movlena. Tu gvgonia, miuTiTebs g. qiqoZe,

rom sityvebs bunebaSi Seesatyviseba garkveuli sagnebi.

bunebaSi ar arsebobs xe zogadi azriT, aryis xec ki ar

arsebobs saerTod, aramed arsebobs simravle calkeuli

xeebisa, romelsac vuwodebT aryis xes. bunebaSi aris

ara adamiani zogadi mniSvnelobiT, aramed aris petre,

ivane, aleqsi, nikolozi. magram ra gonebrivi warmodge-

nebi Seesatyviseba gvarovnul da saxeobiT sityvebs? maT

Seesatyviseba yvela sagnis saerTo niSnebi da Tvisebebi.

sityva _ ,,mcenare” niSnavs im niSanTa SeerTebas, rome-

lic ekuTvnis mraval erTeuls33.

160

g. qiqoZem principuli pozicia daikava i. kantis

Tvalsazrisis mimarT Semecnebis warmoSobaze. saxel-

dobr, rom i. kantis gageba sinTezuri msjelobis bune-

bis Sesaxeb winaaRmdegobrivia.

adamians aqvs msjelobebi apriori (msjelobebi, rom-

lebic ar momdinareobs gamocdilebidan). gamocdileba

mxolod imas gviCvenebs, rom nivTi arsebobs, igi ara-

fers gveubneba imis Sesaxeb, Tu nivTi aucileblad ase-

Ti unda iyos da ara sxvagvari. apriori Semecnebas ori

niSani aqvs: aucilebloba da sayovelTaoba. adamianis

SemecnebaSi namdvilad aris aucilebloba da sayovel-

Taoba (mag., maTematikuri aqsiomebi). magram, g. qiqoZis

gagebiT, sayovelTao da aucilebeli msjelobebi momdi-

nareobs gamocdilebidan, mag., yinuli civia, cecxli

wvavs. ratomaa, rom moyvanili msjelobebi sayovelTao-

basa da aucileblobas Seicaven? imitom, rom es momdi-

nareobs enis Tvisebidan. ,,yinuli” mxolod civ sxeuls

exeba, is Tavis TavSi Seicavs sicivis niSans; ase rom,

adamianebma TiTqosda piroba dades, rom sityva –

,,yinulma” aRniSnos iseTi sagani, romlis niSanTa Soris

aucileblad aris ,,civis” niSani. ratom iyo saWiro

aseTi SeTanxmeba? imisTvis, rom sxvagvarad SeuZlebeli

iqneboda azrebis gadacema erTmaneTisTvis. saWiro sity-

vebs miecaT mudmivi da ucvleli mniSvneloba. sxvagva-

rad ar iqneboda arc ena da arc enobrivi urTierToba.

TviTon i. kantis mier moyvanili magaliTis – ,,yove-

li cvlileba xdeba raime mizeziT”, anda ,,yovelgvari

mizezi iwvevs cvlilebas” – analizi aCvenebs, rom am

msjelobaTa aucilebloba da sayovelTaoba damokide-

bulia mxolod sityvebze – ,,mizezi” da ,,cvlileba”

mniSvnelobebze. sityva – ,,mizezi” aRniSnavs imas, rac

iwvevs Sedegs; xolo is, rac gamowveulia mizeziT,

vuwodebT Sedegs. amitom Cven TiTqosda SevTanxmdiT,

vuwodoT mizezi, saxeldobr, mas, rac aucileblobiT

161

iwvevs Sedegs, xolo Sedegi – mas, rac gamowveulia

mizeziT. vambobT ra, yoveli mizezi iwvevs Sedegso, Cven

amiT vambobT: raRac, rac iwvevs Sedegs, yovelTvis

iwvevs Sedegs. anda – yovel Sedegs aqvs mizezio, rom

vambobT, amiT vambobT: is, rac gamowveulia mizeziT,

aqvs mudam mizezi.

sayovelTaoba da aucilebloba aqvs mxolod igi-

veobriv msjelobebs. igiveobrivia msjeloba, romelSi-

dac predikati arafers imaze mets ar gamoTqvams, rac

aris subieqtSi. msjeloba – ,,mizezi” Seicavs Sinaarss –

,,Sedegs”. maSasadame, msjeloba – ,,yovel Sedegs aqvs

mizezi”, kacma rom Tqvas, ar Seicavs araviTar mtkice-

bas, masSi predikati TiTqosda ganmeorebaa subieqtisa.

aqedan cxadia, Tu es msjelobebi ratom Seicaven

aucileblobasa da sayovelTaobas34.

msjeloba, sadac predikati sruliad ucxoa subieq-

tisadmi, e.i. araviTari mimarTeba ar gaaCnia masTan,

mcdari, SeuZlebeli msjelobaa. WeSmarit msjelobaSi

subieqtsa da predikats Soris yovelTvis unda iyos

namdvili mimarTeba (damokidebuleba), msgavseba, igiveo-

bac ki. i. kantis mier moyvanili sinTezuri msjelobis

magaliTi uaryofs missave Teorias. simZimis cneba ara

marto ucxo ar aris, sxeulis cnebisaTvis, aramed aris

misi erT-erTi moucilebeli Tviseba. veravin ver

warmoidgens fizikur sxeuls, qvas, simZimis gareSe.

mcdaria, rodesac msjelobaSi – ,,sxeuls aqvs simZime” –

predikati (simZime) ucxoa subieqtisTvis (sxeuli)35.

SeiZleba Tu ara maTematikur msjelobebs ewodos

sinTezuri? i. kantis magaliTis mixedviT, 7+5=12 predi-

kati ar igulisxmeba subieqtSi. 12 ar igulisxmeba arc

5-Si da arc 7-Si. magram, g. qiqoZis mixedviT, subieqtia

ara 7 da 5 cal-calke, aramed plusi (+). am niSanSi

igulisxmeba predikati 12: SeerTeba 7-isa da 5-isa aris

12. maSasadame, predikati 12 uSualod gamomdinareobs

162

Sekrebis cnebidan36. g. qiqoZis daskvna aseTia: sinTezuri

msjelobebi ar arsebobs da arc SeiZleba arsebobdes37.

rogorc ar arsebobs sinTezuri msjeloba, aseve ar

arsebobs sinTezuri meTodi. erTaderTi meTodi, riTac

vamdidrebT, viZenT da vamowmebT Semecnebas, analizia.

Semoqmedma Seqmna manqana yvela mis nawilSi, man ukve

gaakeTa sinTezi, Cven isRa dagvrCenia, rom analizs

mivyoT xeli38.

2. nebis Tavisuflebis problema. nebis Tavisuflebis

filosofiur problemas g. qiqoZe ase svams: Tavisufa-

lia Tu ara neba Tavis moqmedebaSi? es debuleba sxva

sityvebiT niSnavs: neba asrulebs Tu ara Tavisuflad,

iZulebis gareSe raime moqmedebas, Tu igi aucileblo-

bis mixedviT unda moqmedebdes ase da ara sxvagvarad.

Tavisuflebis cneba gulisxmobs gonebas da gar-

kveuli moqmedebis SesaZleblobas. sadac araa goneba,

azrovneba, iq arc Tavisuflebaa. Tavisufleba mxolod

moazrovne arsebis xvedria da azrovnebis Sedegia.

ugunur arsebas ar SeuZlia iyos Tavisufali, vinaidan

ver acnobierebs Tavis moZraobebs da emorCileba gare-

gan Zalebs. arseba, romelic acnobierebs Tavis moqme-

debas, azrovnebas (msjelobas) masze, ganarCevs cuds

kargisgan da miiswrafvis ukanasknelisken, Tavisufalia.

gonebisa da Tavisuflebis kavSiris aucilebloba efuZ-

neba imas, rom mxolod gonebas SeuZlia ukeTesis arCe-

vani da masze nebis warmarTva. Tuki adamians eqneboda

goneba da ar eqneboda Tavisufleba, gamovidoda, rom

mas, marTalia, SeuZlia gaarCios cudi kargisgan, magram

ar Seswevs Zala arCevanis ganxorcielebisTvis e.i. ar

SeuZlia imoqmedos sakuTari gagebis mixedviT. am SemTx-

vevaSi TviTon gonebac usargeblo iqneboda39. Tuki avi-

RebdiT Tavisuflebas gonebis gareSe, maSin dagvekarge-

ba Tavisuflebis raoba. Tavisufleba niSnavs imis keTeb-

is SesasZleblobas, rac migvaCnia ukeTesad, rac meti

163

Rirebulebisaa. gonebis gareSe TviTon Tavisufleba ver

gansazRvravda moqmedebis mimarTulebas. maSasadame, Ta-

visufleba ganuyrel kavSirSia gonebasTan. gonebis

gareSe Tavisufleba araraa40.

Tavisufleba aucileblobiT gulisxmobs moqmedebis

SesaZleblobas. iq, sadac araa moqmedebis SesaZleblo-

ba, araa Tavisuflebac. Tuki adamians ar SeuZlia

ukeTesisken (Rirebulebisken) swrafva da misi miRweva,

mas arc Tavisufleba gaaCnia. adamianis Tavisufleba

vrceldeba mxolod im sazRvrebamde, sanamdec aRwevs

adamianis Zalebi; adamianis Tavisufleba, am azriT, Sez-

Rudulia – sivrceSi vardnis dros adamiani araa Tavi-

sufali, rom vardna SeaCeros. adamianis Tavisufleba

damokidebulia im saSualebebsa da moqmedebis iaraReb-

ze, rac mas uboZa Semoqmedma. maSasadame, Tavisuflebis

garkveuloba aucilebel kavSirSia or arsebiT niSanTan

– gonebasa da gonebiT gadawyvetis SesrulebasTan.

neba aris gadawyveta, daiwyos esa Tu is moqmedeba.

neba, anu gadawyveta yovelTvisaa sxvadasxva aRmZvrelis

Sedegi. SeiZleba SeveWvdeT nebis TavisuflebaSi maSin,

rodesac aqtiuroba warmarTulia sxeulis bunebis saWi-

roebiT an qceva arCeulia siamovnebis zegavleniT. mag-

ram maSin, rodesac adamiani emorCileba rwmenas,

mrwamss, moqmedebs grZnobebisa da survilebis sapiris-

pirod, aq SeuZlebelia uarvyoT Tavisufleba, am SemTx-

vevaSi suli yuradRebas aqcevs ara imas, Tu ra aris

sasiamovno Cveni grZnobebisTvis, aramed imas, rac Seesa-

bameba WeSmaritebas, rac nivTTa Rirebulebis Sesaty-

visia. Cven nebas vuqvemdebarebT nebismierad kanonebis

avtoritets, veswrafviT maRal zneobis qcevebs, Tumca

wamieri grZnoba ufro sasiamovno SeiZleba yofiliyo

CvenTvis41.

aRmZvrelebi, romlebic nebis moqmedebas gansazRv-

ravs, ver qmnis adamians araTavisufal arsebad.Ees maSin

164

iqneboda, Tuki kavSiri aRmZvrelsa da moqmedebas Soris

aucilebeli bunebis iqneboda e.i. roca garkveuli

aRmZvreli aucileblobiT waiyvanda nebas garkveuli

konkretuli mimarTulebiT ise, rogorc simZime sxeuls

ubiZgebs centrisken da ara piriqiT. aRmZvreli yovel-

Tvisaa, magram misi kavSiri moqmedebasTan aucilebeli

araa, e. i. nebas SeuZlia mas ar mihyves. neba rom mihyo-

loda gonebis miTiTebas aucileblobiT, is araTa-

visufali iqneboda. gansxvavebuli sawyisebia msjeloba

(azri) da moqmedeba. Tavisufleba moqmedebaSia. msje-

loba pasiuri sawyisia, moqmedeba – Tavisufali da

aqtiuri42.

adamianis nebis Tavisuflebis arsebobas naTlad

amtkicebs grZnobaTa Widili gonebasTan, Sinagani gao-

reba, romelic SesamCnevia sakuTar TavSi yoveli Cvenga-

nisTvis. iq, sadac moqmedeba eqvemdebareba aucilebel

fizikur kanons, araviTari brZola araa. Tuki neba

uciloblad unda mihyves aucileblobis kanons, is

arCevans ar mimarTavs, yvelafers gaakeTebs gadauwyvet-

lad. sadac aris SesaZlebloba moqmedebis arCevisa, mra-

valTa Soris erTi qcevis ganxorcielebis Sansi, iq

safuZvelsaa moklebuli, vilaparakoT araTavisufal

nebaze. CvenSi sindisis Sinagani xma Semfasebelia qce-

visa (unda gvekeTebina da ar gavakeTeT, an piriqiT),

imaze mimTiTebelia, rom nebam gaimarjva. neba ibrZoda

da ar daukargavs Tavisufleba, ar gaxda mona. esaa

Sinagani brZola43.

umaRlesi Tavisufleba WeSmarit qristianSia, rome-

lic Tavis nebas uqvemdebarebs zneobriv kanons da

cxovrobs qristianuli rwmenis Sesatyvisad. WeSmaritad

Tavisufalia is, visi survilic ar eqvemdebareba Sinagan

an garegan iZulebas, ganaxorcielebs Tavis ganzraxvas

ara marto iZulebis gareSe, aramed sixaruliT, siyvaru-

liT, Sinagani tkbobiT. WeSmariti qristianis survili

165

srulebiTac araa iZulebiTi, vinaidan is araa gansazRv-

ruli SiSiT, sircxviliT da garegani ZalebiT. misi

survili Tavisufali rwmenidan momdinareobs. keTili

survili arasdros ar SeiZleba warmoiSvas iZulebiT.

dasaSvebia, aiZulo adamiani garegani moqmedebisTvis

raime akeTos, magram mas ver aiZuleb hqondes raRac

survilebi. maSasadame, Tuki adamians gulwrfelad, pi-

ruTvnelad surs sikeTe, is mas surs savsebiT Tavisu-

falad44.

qristianuli zneobrivi kanoni imiT gansxvavdeba

yvela danarCenisagan, rom is gamoricxavs gadaWriT

yovelgvar iZulebasa da Zaladobas, Zalmomreobas; igi

Sinagani midrekilebis Tu ganwyobilebis gamovlenaa. Tu

qristiani Tavisufalia survilebSi, miT ufro Tavisu-

falia moqmedebaSi. WeSmariti qristiani siamovnebas

naxulobs sikeTis qmnaSi, zneobrivi kanoni misi Sinagani

ltolva gamxdara. didi brZola da Zalisxmevaa saWiro

imisaTvis, rom miiyvano sakuTari Tavi am mdgomareo-

bamde. magram vinc miva aqamde, is SeiZens WeSmarit

qristianul Tavisuflebas45.

am gagebas xom ar ewinaaRmdegeba is faqtobrivi vi-

Tareba, rom aseTivea sapirispiro mdgomareobac, magali-

Tad, vnebebSi gaxveuli adamiani? isic moqmedebs Sinaga-

ni ltolvis mixedviT da moqmedebs siamovnebiTac da

siyvaruliTac. ra Tqma unda, aqac Tavisufali moqmede-

baa (amitomaa is codvis Camdeni, damnaSave). magram maT

Soris gansxvavebac didia. misi gatacebis Sinaarss aqvs

sulis Sinagan cxovrebaze mZime zegavlena. vneba imonebs

nebas, axdens Sinagan ganxeTqilebas, usiamovnebas, gul-

gatexilobas; vnebis dakmayofileba gvaRelvebs, magram

igi ar awynarebs, amSvidebs adamians. erTi sityviT,

arazneobrivi cxovreba sulis aranormaluri mdgoma-

reobaa, misi darRvevaa46.

166

g. qiqoZe episkoposi iyo da mTeli misi Teoriuli da

praqtikuli saqmianoba mimarTuli iyo adamianis raobis

gagebisa da zrunvisaken, rom igi religiis daxmarebiT

zneobrivad aRemaRlebina. amis Cinebuli magaliTia

qadagebanis ortomeuli.

religiuri grZnobis fsiqologiuri da eTikuri

analizis saukeTeso nimuSia mocemuli g. qiqoZis ,,cdi-

seuli fsiqologiis safuZvlebsa” da ,,qadagebani”-Si.

aqaa garCeuli religiuri grZnobebis TiTqmis yvela

ZiriTadi kategoriis daxasiaTeba, rogoricaa: religiu-

ri siyvaruli, religiuri sixaruli, religiuri mwuxa-

reba (sindisis qenjna, sinanuli, gulis aCvileba), loc-

vis grZnoba, gulmowyaleba, qritianuli eWvianoba,

sulis Sinagani brZola, aRsareba da a.S.

religiuri grZnoba sulSi uRrmes fenebamde aRwevs,

is zegavlenas axdens adamianis mTel bunebaze, aqvs

mravalnairi elferi da safexurebi.

religiuri sixaruli kmayofilebis, siwynaris da

sulieri siCumis mdgomareobaa, gamowveuli qristianuli

gmirobis saqcielis CadeniT, isaa mowoneba sindisis Si-

nagani xmiT. vinc aRwevs srulyofilebasa da simtkices

sikeTeSi, masSi sulieri simSvide ar irRveva sindisis

sayvedurebiT da sulSi araa brZola sapirispiro

grZnobebisa, piriqiT, aris religiuri ganwyobilebis

siWarbe, misi sixaruli, siwynare gabatonebuli da xan-

grZlivi grZnoba. es sixaruli gansxvavebulia yovel-

dRiuri, Cveulebrivi sixarulisgan. e.w. miwier sixarul-

Si aris raRac daukmayofilebeli, is xangrZlivad ver

awynarebs suls. piriqiT, mas ufro aRelvebs, vidre

acxrobs mis survilebs. religiuri sixaruli sulis

damakmayofilebelia, survilis damacxrobelia47.

religiuri siyvaruli zogadi religiuri sasiamovno

romelobis ganwyobilebaa. religiuri siyvarulis feno-

meni masSia, vinc damSvidebas poulobs sikeTis qmnaSi,

167

moyvasTan TanagrZnobaSi, locvaSi, gulmowyalebaSi.

esaa aRfrTovanebis mdgomareoba, romlis gareSe Rmer-

Tis siyvaruli SeuZlebelia, RmerTis siyvaruli uwmin-

desia da uangaro. RmerTis siyvaruli esaa siyvaruli

srulyofilebisa, sikeTisa, sibrZnisa, lmobierebisa,

TviTon siyvarulisa. amdenad RmerTis siyvaruli gan-

wmends adamians, aamaRlebs mis suls. amis gamo reli-

giuri siyvaruli uangaroa, vtkbebiT TviTon sikeTiT,

TviTon srulyofilebiT48. aRniSnuli grZnoba ucxoa

egoizmisTvis. egoizmi siyvarulia xorcieli sakuTari

Tavisa; Tavis TavSi mas uyvars vnebani da biwi. qris-

tians ki Tavis TavSi uyvars RvTiuri, Rirseuli, wminda

sindisi, sikeTe, miswrafeba RmerTisken. miwieri misi

sinanulis sagania49.

religiuri mwuxareba iwyeba pirveli safexuriT –

sindisis qenjniT. sindisis qenjnasTan axlos dgas sir-

cxvilis gancda, magram es ukanaskneli mainc angariS-

miucemeli grZnobaa, xolo pirveli Secdomisa Tu

danaSaulis naTeli cnobierebiTaa TandarTuli. esaa

sulis wvaleba, sevda sakuTari Tavisadmi mkacri sas-

jelis gamotanisTvis. religiuri sindisis qenjna aRmo-

cendeba warmodgenidan, rom dairRva RvTis mcneba;

suli wuxs da rcxvenia, stanjavs imis cnobiereba, rom

aRmoCnda RvTis winaSe uRirsi. aq saxeze gvaqvs dam-

naSaveobisa da codvis Cadenis cnobiereba.

religiuri mwuxarebis ufro maRali safexuria sina-

nuli. am fenomenis niSani isaa, rom gamosworebis, uke-

Tesad gaxdomis mtkice rwmena geufleba. sinanulSi

adamiani savsebiT acnobierebs Cadenili qcevis bralsa

da uRirsobas, cdilobs azris doneze gaTiSos sakuTa-

ri Tavi misgan, codvis mimarT zizRma gaiRviZos da

momavalSi mas Tavi daaRwios. sinanulTan ar gveqneba

saqme, Tuki adamians eSinia Tavisi codvis Sedegebisa,

rcxvenia TanamoZmeTa azrisa da amiT amoiwureba saqmis

168

viTareba. am sulier mdgomareobas unda aucileblad

daematos rwmena gamosworebisa50.

religiuri mwuxarebis saboloo safexuria gulis

aCvileba (ушиление). aqaa adamianis Rrma da wrfeli mwu-

xareba imiT gamowveuli, rom man Seuracxyo mama

RmerTi, sakuTar TavSi daCrdila RvTis xati, riTac

moispo misi siyvaruli da wyaloba. marTalia, aq cod-

vis Cadenis cnobiereba Rrmaa, magram es cnobiereba

suls ar agdebs mtanjvel sircxvilSi, piriqiT, mas Tan

sdevs warmodgena, rom codva ucxo gamxdara sulisaT-

vis. gulaCuyebis grZnoba adamians ganwmendsa da aum-

jobesebs, rameTu masSi aRaraferia egoisturi da

arawminda51.

locvis grZnoba xSirad Sedegia momnanieblis gula-

Cuyebisa. locva aris RmerTis winaSe grZnobebis gamxe-

la sityvebiT. masSi gamoxatulia naRvelica da sixaru-

lic, sinanulica da RvTis mimarT madlobac. locviT

gulaCuyeba yvelasTan erTnairad ar vlindeba. erTni

grZnoben srulyofil da dasrulebul TviTdakninebas;

meoreni – siyvaruls, RmerTisken swrafvas; sxvebs guli

evsebaT aRrTovanebiT. yvela am SemTxvevas erTi saerTo

niSani aqvs, rac locviT gulaCuyebas aucileblobiT

gahyveba – gulidan gaqroba yvelaferi zneobrivad cu-

dis, arawminda azrebisaca da miwieri midrekilebebisac

im drois ganmavlobaSi mainc, sanam grZeldeba gulaCu-

yeba. Sedegi isaa, rom mlocveli adamiani ukeTes pirov-

nul ganwyobilebas grZnobs, mzad aris daiviwyos yo-

velgvari wyena52.

gulmowyaleba dadebiTi emociuri viTarebaa, siamov-

nebaa, romelic aRZrulia mowyalebis aqtiT. Aara yvela

sasikeTo saqmea gulmowyaleba; mTavaria mowyalebis

gamoRebis damokidebuleba-mimarTeba Tavisi qcevisadmi,

is unda guliTadad monawileobdes am aqtSi, es aqti

mas unda siamovnebdes; aRelvebis gareSe ver unda uyu-

169

rebdes siRaribes, mwuxarebas da cremls Rvrides maTi

danaxvisas53.

g. qiqoZe qristianuli msoflmxedvelobis damcvelia,

misTvis sulieri cxovreba ori sawyisis _ sikeTisa da

borotebis _ brZolis asparezia. dabadebidan sikvdi-

lamde grZeldeba es Sinagani brZola, sakvirveli gao-

reba erTiani sulisa. qristianulma rwmenam axsna am

brZolis wyaro da safuZveli. man ar icis qristianuli

zneobis pirveli safuZveli, vinc ver Caswvdomia

grZnobaTa Sinagan brZolas, romelic unda gadaitanos

yvelam TavianT sulSi. aRzrdis mTeli simZime am Sina-

gani brZolis gadatanisken unda iyos warmarTuli. am

Sinagani gaorebis cnobierebis gareSe adamiani SeuZle-

belia, iyos WeSmaritad keTili.

grZnobebi sulis cxovrebaa. Aadamians ar SeuZlia ar

iswrafvodes siamovnebisken. siamovnebisken swrafva da

usiamovnebisgan ganSoreba ucilobeli faqtia, igi su-

lis bunebis gamovlenaa. qristianuli zneobis faqti aR-

niSnuli sawyisiT unda aixsnas. misi moTxovnaa, raTa

Cven aucileblad vcdilobdeT, SeviyvaroT sikeTe, vcdi-

lobdeT, rom sikeTe gaxdes Cveni sulis tkbobis sagani.

WeSmariti qristiani ver gavxdebiT manam, sanam sakuTar

Tavs ar vaswavliT siamovnebis naxvas locvaSi, gulmow-

yalebaSi, TviTganwirvasa da RmerTisa da moyvasis

siyvarulSi; `RvTis da moyvasis siyvaruliT ganizomeba

Cveni sulieri Rirseba~. imitom eZneleba bevrs qris-

tianuli wesis aRsruleba, rom maT ver igrZnes sikeTis

sitkbo. aqedan gamomdinareobs imis moTxovna, rom

adamianis mTeli Zalisxmeva warimarTos iqiTken, raTa

qristianuli sikeTe gaxdes moTxovnuleba _ sulma

sikeTis aRsrulebaSi hpovos siamovneba. miwieri sia-

movneba mxolod maSin ganidevneba, roca mas daupiris-

pirdeba religiuri siamovneba; mxolod maSin SeiZuleba

biwiereba, roca igrZnoben sikeTis sitkbos. sikeTiT

170

tkboba TviTon nebis saTnoebaa, igi aris qristianuli

zneobis arsi54.

gabriel-mRdelmTavris moRvaweoba zneobis ara mar-

to qadagebaa, aramed samwyosTvis piradi magaliTis Cve-

nebaa. misi moqmedebis maqsima iyo ,,viTarc sanTeli,

anTebuli da dadgmuli maRalsa adgilsa zeda, hnaTobs

garSemo Tvissa da sCans Soridganve, egreTve ars

cxovreba keTilisa episkoposisa~55. ilia WavWavaZem

gabriel qiqoZis dasaflavebis dRes gelaTis monas-

terSi ase Seafasa misi amqveyniuri cxovreba: ,,TiToeu-

li wami misi cxovrebisa moZRvrebaa, magaliTia, ander-

Zia CvenTvis Cvenis qveynisTvis. erTad ki mTeli misi

cxovreba erTi didi skolaa maRal-saTnoebisa da

siyvarulisa, marTlisa da WeSmaritebisa, madlisa da

mowyalebisa”. ,,igi sarwmunoebas amecnierebda da mecnie-

rebas asarwmunoebda... da mTeli sibrZne misi amaSia

gamosaxuli”. ,,misi bagiT swored TviT RmerTi metyve-

lebda”. “igi qristes jvariT xelSi TavgamodebiT idga

Cveni enis mwed da mfarvelad”56.

3. adamianis daniSnulebis sakiTxi g. qiqoZis qadage-

bebSi. g. qiqoZe qadagebebSi, romlebic arsebiTad saxa-

rebaSi mocemuli azrebis vrceli da originaluri

ganmartebebia, xSirad exeba RmerTan adamianis mimarTe-

bis sakiTxs. RmerTi TviTonaa WeSmariteba, uwmidesi da

umaRlesi arseba, ,,RmerTi aris uwmidesi arseba, ro-

melsa Sina ar aris arca erTi naklulevaneba”: ,,RmerTi

aris TviT WeSmariteba, mis Soris umaRlesi simarTle,

da marTlmsajuleba....” wers g. qiqoZe. saerTod Sua

saukuneebis filosofiasa da religiur msoflmxedve-

lobaSi amgvarad gagebuli RmerTi adamianis siyvaru-

lisa da miswrafebis sagania. es azri msWvalavda neop-

latonur filosofias, areopagitul moZRvrebas da

ioane petriwis msoflmxedvelobas. ase rom, Sua sau-

kuneebis qarTul azrovnebaSi umaRlesi arsebis –

171

RvTisadmi adamianis miswrafebas mTavari adgili ekava.

g. qiqoZe Tavis SemoqmedebaSi am tradiciebs agrZelebs.

RmerTi, rogorc umaRlesi srulyofileba, adamianis

miswrafebis upirvelesi sagania. g. qiqoZe sam moments

gamoyofs, ris gamoc unda gviyvardes RmerTi. upirve-

lesad, RmerTi imis gamo unda gviyvardes, rom is ,,aris

umjobesi, umSvenieresi da usanatrelesi arseba da erTi

mxolod Rirsi srulisa Cvenisa siyvarulisa. mxolod

RmerTi Seicavs Tavis Soris yovelTa umaRlesTa Tvi-

sebaTa, romelTa ZaluZT dakmayofileba Cveni gulis

survilisa”57. aqve g. qiqoZe ganmartavs, rom adamianis

goneba da Wkua marad eZiebs sibrZnesa da WeSmaritebas,

rasac mxolod RmerTSi hpovebs is, rac Seexeba ada-

mianis suls, g. qiqoZis SeniSvniT, swored RmerTma da-

nerga masSi miswrafeba umaRlesi bednierebisadmi da

amitomac mxolod RmerTSi (,,RvTisa Soris”) netarebs

da ganisvenebs. aq sayuradReboa is garemoeba, rom g.

qiqoZesTan RmerTsa da adamians Soris damokidebuleba

aucilebeli kavSiriTaa gamoxatuli – RmerTi adamianis

sulSi umaRlesi Rirebulebebisadmi swrafvas nergavs

da amis Sesabamisad adamiani miiswrafis misken. es ki,

vimeorebT, Sua saukuneebis qarTul religiur-filoso-

fiuri azris erT-erTi ZiriTadi momentia da saTaves

neoplatonuri filosofiidan iRebs.

,,meored, RmerTi misTvis unda gviyvardes, romel bu-

neba Cveni RvTis siyvaruliTa Seiqmneba umjobes da

umaRles. RvTis-siyvaruli gaswmends gonebasa missa.

ganmtkiceba sulsa missa, gaabednierebs mas”. rogorc

gerasime qiqoZis am mosazrebidan vxedavT, RmerTisadmi

siyvarulis meore momenti TviT adamianis ganwmendas,

kaTarziss emsaxureba.

,,mesamed, RmerTi misTvis unda gviyvardes Cven, ro-

mel man pirvelad Segviyvara Cven; RmerTman Cven mogvca

umjobesi da umaRlesi buneba, vidre sxva qmnilebaTa

172

TvisTa; Cven Segvamko mzgavsebiTa xatebiTa TvisiTa;

Cagvabara yoveli qveyana, dagvimorCila frinveli cisani

da Tevzi zRvisani”58. RvTisadmi adamianis siyvarulis

mesame momenti arsebiTad bibliuri wanamZRvrebidan amo-

dis. swored bibliaSia naTqvami, rom yvelaferi sauke-

Teso adamianisTvis Seqmna RmerTma. amitomac SeuZlebe-

lia, adamians RmerTi ar uyvardes. bibliuria g. qiqoZis

azri imis Taobaze, rom adamianma ver Seifera RvTis es

boZebuli da daamdabla xateba da msgavseba RvTisa –

,,codviTa da usjuloebiT”. magram RmerTma rodi gawira

adamiani. piriqiT, yvelaferi gaakeTa, raTa adamianSi

aRedgina misi xati da es daagvirgvina Ze Tvisis

gardmovlinebiT – ,,aRsadgineblad kacobrivisa naTesa-

visa”. Ag. qiqoZe ioane mociquls imowmebs: `da es ars

siyvaruli, ara rameTu Cven SeviyvareT RmerTi, aramed,

rameTu man Cven Segviyvarna da moavlina Zei Tvisi

mxinebelad codvaTa CvenTa”59.

RmerTisadmi adamianis siyvarulis pirveli ori mo-

menti g. qiqoZesTan ufro RmerTis filosofiur gagebas

emyareba, mesame momenti ki bibliuria, romlis Tanaxma-

dac, RmerTi yvelafris wyaroa, yvelaferi saukeTeso

RmerTma adamianisaTvis Seqmna da a.S. imis miuxedavad,

rom adamianma RvTis es madli ver Seifera, RmerTma

yvelferi iRona adamianis xsnisTvis. rogorc cnobilia,

adamiani eSmakma acduna, magram RmerTma qristes movli-

nebiT mas dausaxa gza xsnisTvis. ZiriTadad es azri

uZevs safuZvlad g. qiqoZis Tvalsazriss RvTisadmi

adamianis siyvarulis Sesaxeb.

rogorc ukve iTqva, g. qiqoZe amodis im azridan, rom

RmerTi da adamiani kavSirSia. igi aRniSnavs, rom ,,kacs

RmerTman misca orni umTavresni niWni, romelni mas

daamsgavseben TiTqmis RvTaebasa; e.i., pirvelad Wkua an

goneba, da meored neba, anu Tavisufleba”60. RvTis

boZebuli es ori unari adamianis specifikurobas qmnis,

173

romlis meSveobiT adamiani Seicnobs TavisTavs, RmerT-

sa da bunebas; nebiT anu nebelobis unariT ki adamiani

Tavisuflad iwyebs yovelgvari saqmis gadawyvetas,

daemorCileba an piriqiT, urCi iqneba RvTis sjulisa da

nebisadmi.

goneba da neba adamianis moqmedebaTa warmmarTvelia,

romelTac upirispirdeba codva. codvas SeuZlia am ori

umaRlesi boZebulis ise gafuWeba, rom xSirad adamianma

SeiZleba dakargos es unarebi da pirutyvs daemsgavsos.

g. qiqoZes mohyavs imis magaliTebi, rom gacxarebul

gulze adamians iseTi ram gaukeTebia, razedac damSvi-

debuls Zlier unania. codva vnebs ara mxolod calke-

ul adamians, gadadis Svilebsa da momavalze ,,viTarca

Tesli boroti, gamoiRebs mravalTa borotTa nayof-

Ta”61. gamomdinare aqedan, g. qiqoZe mouwodebs msmenels,

rom ganeridon codvas, rogorc uborotes mters.

adamianis buneba, g. qiqoZis azriT, midrekilia cod-

visken da is Zala, romelic adamians ganaridebs codvas,

sarwmunoebaa: ,,sarwmunoeba unda iyos, viTarca aRviri

nebaTa misTa; yoveli aso unda emorCilebodes sarwmu-

noebasa missa. mxolod maSin cxovel ars sarwmunoeba

kacisa, odes marTavs svlaTa misTa, viTarca aRviri

cxenis svlasa”62. sarwmunoebam unda daTrgunos codva.

magram gana yovelgvar sarwmunoebas SeuZlia es? g. qi-

qoZis azriT, aseTi ram SeuZlia mxolod namdvil aq-

tiur rwmenas (,,sarwmunoeba cxoveli”) da ara pasiursa

da umoqmedos (,,sarwmunoeba mkvdari”).

g. qiqoZis aRniSvniT, saRvTo werili gvaswavlis,

rom aris ,,sarwmunoeba cxoveli” da ,,sarwmunoeba mkvda-

ri”. aq igi sanimuSod ixilavs ramdenime magaliTs,

romlidanac naTlad Cans, rom arc Tu iSviaTad

adamianebi zustad asruleben religiur wes-Cveulebebs,

magram cxovrebaSi amis Sesabamisad ar iqcevian (ase,

magaliTad, mdidari kaci dadis eklesiaSi, asrulebs

174

religiur wes-Cveulebebs da a.S. aseve iqceva Cinovnikic,

magram cxovrebaSi zogi mdidari kaci ymebsa da mosam-

saxureebs yvelafers arTmevs, rac ki SeuZlia, Cinovniki

qrTams iRebs, bralians gaamarTlebs da udanaSaulos

dasjis). amgvarad Sesrulebul religiur ganawess ara-

feri aqvs saerTo WeSmarit sarwmunoebasTan. esaa moCve-

nebiTi, zedapiruli sarwmunoeba _ ,,sarwmunoeba mkvda-

ri”. amis sapirispirod ki, warmovidginoT vinme sawyali

kaci, Raribi, magram amiT daRonebuli ki araa, aramed

mxneobs, muxlCaudreklad Sromobs da ar kargavs mok-

rZalebas uflisadmi. igi ,,aravis awuxebs, aramed xeli-

Ta TvisiTa hzrdis Tavsa Tvissa da kmayofili aris

TvisiTa mdgomareobiTa”. ai amgvari adamianis sarw-

munoebaa namdvili anu ,,sarwmunoeba cxoveli”.

g. qiqoZe CamoTvlis namdvili rwmenis arsebiT

niSnebs, romelTagan upirvelesia siyvaruli da erToba,

xolo meore _ simarTle da marTl-msajulebisadmi

siyvaruli. samwuxarod, Cven pirvel niSans moklebulni

varT, xolo, rac Seexeba meores, am SemTxvevaSic vaqebT

moyvares, romelic SeiZleba, ar iyos qebis Rirsi da

vaZagebT mters, Tumca SeiZleba, is qebis Rirsi iyos.

g. qiqoZis qadagebebSi rwmenaze msjeloba mxolod aq

aRniSnuliT ar amoiwureba. rodesac g. qiqoZe ganixi-

lavs adamianis ZiriTad daniSnulebas _ srulyofi-

lebisken miswrafebas, rac gulisxmobs sikeTis keTebas,

samarTlianobasa da swori gziT siaruls, mxolod

rwmenas miiCnevs igi yvelaferi amis warmatebiT ga-

dawyvetis garantad. yovelgvari saqmis warmatebiT gas-

rulebis safuZvels, g. qiqoZis azriT, namdvili rwmena

warmoadgens: ,,garna sarwmunoebasa vityvi ara uqmsa da

mkvdarsa, aramed cxovelsa, ara im sarwmunoebasa, rome-

li gulsa Sina umravlesTa awindelTa qristianeTasa

samwuxarod ars unayofo da uZravi, aramed im sarw-

munoebasa, romeli maradis moqmedebs da muSaobs kacis

175

gulSi, romeli ar daaZinebs kacs, ar moasvenebs. marad

is afrTxilebs mas, Tan Seawuxebs sindisis mxilebiTa,

xan gaaxarebs maradis ebrZvis. aRviZebs, anaTlebs,

aswavlis, elaparakeba”63.

g. qiqoZes rwmenis mixedviT cxovreba adamianis erT-

erT mTavar daniSnulebad miaCnia. rwmena unda

asuldgmulebdes adamians da misiT unda xelmZRvane-

lobdes igi, wers igi: ,,qristes sjuli, didi da maRali

Seni sulieri movaleoba ara Tu maSin unda gaxsovdes,

rodesac Sen sdgexar eklesiaSi, aramed umetesad maSin,

rodesac Sen xar Sens saxlSi da sofelSi da aRasru-

leb niadagTa SenTa saqmeTa”64. magram Tuki adamiani

RmerTs mxolod eklesiaSi gaixsenebs, xolo, roca

iqidan gamova, daiviwyebs, maSin is rwmenis mixedviT ki

ar iqceva, aramed garkveuli miznebiT. aseTi adamianis

gulSi RvTis madli araa Sesuli, mas ar ainteresebs da

ar ganikiTxavs, uaxlovdeba Tu Sordeba RvTis sasufe-

vels65.

adamianis daniSnulebaze Tavisi azris gansamtkiceb-

lad g. qiqoZe ixilavs aseT magaliTs: simdidris dagro-

vebis Semdeg mdidari kaci gancxromas mieca. aseTia

mokle Sinaarsi ambavisa. g. qiqoZe ayenebs sakiTxs imis

Sesaxeb, Tu raSia Secdoma am SemTxvevaSi mdidari kaci-

sa? pirveli Secdoma is aris, rom mas arasworad aqvs

warmodgenili simdidris sakiTxi, ese igi, araswori

warmodgena aqvs simdidreze. Secdomaa is, rom TiTqosda

simdidre aTavisuflebs adamians Sromisgan da mosve-

nebis nebas rTavs. es swori araa, radganac am SemTxve-

vaSi adamiani gazarmacdeba, rac mravali codvis safu-

Zveli gaxdeba: ,,rac ginda mdidari iyos kaci, mainc ar

unda dautevos Sroma. winaaRmdeg amisa, Tu man ganis-

vena, igi zarmacdeba, mieCveva uqmobasa, da uqmoba STaag-

debs mas mravalTa codvaTa Sina da bolos simdid-

resac dahkargavs igi da yovelsa suliersaca Rirseba-

176

sa”66. aq urigo ar iqneba kidev erTxel davimowmoT i.

WavWavaZis sityvebi g. qiqoZis misamarTiT mis dakrZal-

vaze: ,,qebaTa-qeba Sromisa SesaZloa mxolod imisaTvis,

romlis bagiTac TviTon RmerTi metyvelebs”.

mdidari kacis meore Secdoma, g. qiqoZis azriT,

mdgomareobs imaSi, rom mas simdidre miaCnia mxolod

gancxromisTvis gamosayeneblad. aqedan gamomdinare,

mdidar kacs srulad ar adardebs is, rom qveynad

mravlada arian mSieri-mwyurvalni, Raribni, romelnic

Semweobas iTxoven. am SemTxvevaSi namdvil qristians

eWvic ki ar Seepareboda imaSi, rom RmerTma mas es

simdidre misca imisaTvis, raTa sawyalTa Seewios: ,,im

saxiT, romel Seewios RaribTa, sawyalTa kacTa,

romelTa akliaT saWmeli, sasmeli, tansacmeli, swavla,

nugeSi da yovelni sulierni da xorcielni nivTni”67.

mesame Secdoma mdidari kacisa isaa, rom igi etyoda

TavisTavs: yvelaferi gaqvs da mzada xar didxans

sicocxlisaTvis. g. qiqoZe SeniSnavs, rom Wkviani kaci

ase ar ifiqrebs da Tavis sicocxlesa da simdidres

miiCnevs, rogorc RvTisgan droebiT moniWebuls: ,,ro-

desac mdidarsa da SemZlebel kacs aqvs esreTi hazri,

maSin igi veRar gahbedavs, rom simdidre moixmaros

Wamisa, smisa da lxinisaTvis; aramed hcdilobs, rom

moixmaros igi, rogoradac iameba mas, vinc miabara igi

droebiT, ese igi, zeciersa mamas Cvensa”68.

am igavis analizis safuZvelze g. qiqoZe aseT

daskvnas akeTebs: adamians yovelTvis unda axsovdes

RmerTi, adamianis sikvdil-sicocxle RmerTzea damoki-

debuli; adamians mudam unda axsovdes Raribni da saw-

yalni. Bolos, SeiZleba iTqvas, rom g. qiqoZesTan

adamianis erT-erTi ZiriTadi daniSnulebaa RmerTisadmi

mosmena da mis mixedviT moqmedeba.

adamianis daniSnulebaze g. qiqoZis pozicia kargadaa

gamJRavnebuli qadagebebSi, sadac saubari Seexeba

177

monaniebasa da farisevlobas. SeiZleba adamianma mTeli

cxovreba uqmad gaataros, magram mimwuxris Jams Seignos

Tavisi codvebi da moinanios isini. amiT ki mas SeuZlia

Tavisi cxovreba keTilad daagvirgvinos69. farisevlo-

basTan dakavSirebiT g. qiqoZe aseT magaliTs ixilavs:

eklesiaSi Sesuli fariseveli aqebs Tavis Tavs, mas

araferi awuxebs da gaxarebulia Tavisa ,,kargi kaco-

biT”. marTalia, fariseveli yvela religiuri moTxov-

nebs icavs, riTac Tavis sindiss imSvidebs, magram mas

aviwydeba, rom arseboben ufro udidesni mcnebani, ro-

gorebicaa simarTle, siwminde, RvTisa da moyvasis

siyvaruli.

adamiani ar unda iyos TviTkmayofili, aRniSnavs g.

qiqoZe. samagaliTod wminda mamebis cxovrebas asaxe-

lebs, romlebmac yvelaferi gaiRes, magram TviTkmayo-

filni ar yofilan.

dasasruls, SeiZleba aRiniSnos, rom g. qiqoZesTan

adamianis umaRlesi daniSnulebaa srulyofilebisken

miswrafeba, risTvisac aucilebelia RmerTis siyvaruli,

sikeTis qmedeba da WeSmaritebis gziT siaruli. g. qiqo-

Zis damsaxurebad unda CaiTvalos is, rom mas es urTu-

lesi sakiTxebi mrevlis enaze gadaaqvs da mrevlisTvis

advilad gasagebad xdis. amasTan, am dros misi kon-

cefciis principebi ar zaraldeba.

g. qiqoZis SemoqmedebaSi qristianoba, qristianuli

msoflmxedveloba umaRlsi instanciaa, romelic amave

dros, aris umaRles rangSi ayvanil zogadsakacobrio

ideebTan Serwymuli. amitomac g. qiqoZis Tvalsazrisi

adamianis daniSnulebaze yvela eris SvilTa da yvela

rjulis mimdevarTa maxlobeli da misaRebi unda iyos.

swored amiT unda yofiliyo ganpirobebuli is gare-

moeba, rom misi qadagebani qarTul enaze gamoqveynebidan

male gamoica inglisursa da rusul enebzec.

178

meeqvse Tavi

msoflmxedvelobrivi sakiTxebi qarTul

mwerlobaSi

$1. ilia WavWavaZe

qarTveli eris cxovrebasa da qarTuli azrovnebis

istoriaSi ilia WavWavaZis udidesi roli dRes mtki-

cebas aRar saWiroebs. magram isic faqtia, rom ilia

WavWavaZe ver gadaurCa misi Sexedulebebis yalb gaSu-

qebas da, aqedan gamomdinare, sxvadasxva, xSirad diamet-

rulad gansxvavebul, Sefasebas. ilias mimarT aseTi

damokidebuleba iyo ara mxolod sabWoTa mecnierebaSi,

sadac gansakuTrebuli ,,simartiviT” da siadviliT yal-

bdeboda warsuli Tu Tanamedrove kulturis warmomad-

genelTa Sefasebis stereotipebi, aramed XIX saukunis

bolosa da XX saukunis dasawyisSic, rodesac brZola

ilias winaaRmdeg misi fizikuri ganadgurebiT damTavr-

da.

ilias filosofiuri Sexedulebebis ganxilvamde Se-

vexoT sakiTxs, - rogor, ratom da sazogadoebis romel

wreebSi maxinjdeboda misi msoflxedvelobis namdvili

azri da ra mizans isaxavda igi.

ilias mkvlelobis Semdeg gamovida krebuli ,,ilia

WavWavaZis sikvdili da dasaflaveba”, romelsac epig-

rafad wamZRvarebuli QAhqonda striqonebi:

,,sul gadamwvara mdelo,

mTebi daburvilia,

mamulo ubeduro,

rad mohkali ilia?”

es sityvebi qarTveli eris, misi saukeTeso nawilis

da inteligenciis didi umravlesobis tragikul fiqreb-

179

sa da guliscemas gamoxatavda im moRvawis tragikuli

dasasrulis gamo, romelzedac iakob gogebaSvili

werda: ,,iqneba arc erTs msoflio genioss ar hqondes

imodena mniSvneloba Tavisi erisaTvis, ramdenic aqvs

ilia WavWavaZes saqarTvelosaTvis”.

samwuxarod, iliaze sxvagvari Sexedulebanic arse-

bobda, romlebic jer kidev XIX saukunis bolos da XX

saukunis dasawyisSi warmoiqmna da marqsistuli mimdina-

reobis or cnobil warmomadgenels – noe Jordaniasa

da filipe maxaraZes ekuTvnodaT. pirveli amaTagani uf-

ro adre Camoscilda politikur cxovrebas saqarTve-

loSi da mis Sexedulebebs iliaze praqtikulad iseTi

Sedegi ar gamouRia, rogorc _ meorisas. f. maxaraZem

iliasadmi mkveTrad uaryofiTi pozicia gamoxata jer

1905 wels da Semdeg – 1931 wels.

1905 wels f. maxaraZe werda: ilia WavWavaZe aris

,,kerZo sakuTrebis ideologi,.... memamule, romelic yove-

li fexis gadadgmaze mzad aris, iaraRiT xelSi daicvas

Tavisi interesebi”; memamule, ,,romelsac mTeli Tavisi

sicocxle mxolod imisaTvis moundomebia, rom glexebi

eyvlifa da etyavebia. Cven ara gvgonia, saqarTvelos

miwaze moipovebodes cxovrebaSi glexebis gayvlefis

sistema”1; man ,,ar icis, ras qvia gaWirvebuli kacis Seb-

raleba.... igi mzadaa maT (Tavis memamulur interesebs)

anacvalos yovelive, dahkargos sindisi, patiosneba da

princips ki ar uRalatos”2; igi ,,yoveli fexis nabijze

adamianis pirovnebas (SeiZleba Tavad WavWavaZes glexi

adamianad ar miaCnia!) fex qveS Telavs da jijgnis”3.

rac Seexeba f. maxaraZis meore werils da masSi

mocemul azrs, is iseT viTarebaSi iyo gamoTqmuli, rom

mas aucileblad unda gamosCenoda (da gamouCnda kidec)

mimdevrebi. ilia WavWavaZe, aq mocemuli Sefasebis mi-

xedviT, ,,iyo warCinebuli TavadiSvili, memamule da

glexebis mebatone. igi iyo muSebisa da glexebis

180

eqsploatatori. rogorc mwerali, ilia WavWavaZe iyo

reaqcioneri, memamuleebis interesebis damcveli, feo-

daluri saqarTvelos maTayvanebeli da monarqisti”4.

Semdeg dro imdenad paradoqsuli da, ufro metic,

imdenad kuriozuli aRmoCnda, rom es ,,feodaluri

saqarTvelos maTayvanebeli da monarqisti, reaqcioneri

da kontrrevolucioneri” f. maxaraZis memkvidreebis

xelSi ,,revolucioner-demokratad” da ,,marqsizmis wina-

morbedadac~ ki gadaiqca. magram sanam Cveni oficialuri

sazogadoebrivi azri da azrovnebis istoria aqamde

mividoda, 1934 wlis 24 agvistos – sabWoTa mwerlebis

pirveli sakavSiro yrilobis sxdomaze ilias erTgvar

,,reabilitacias” hqonda adgili.

malaqia toroSeliZis moxsenebaSi – ,,qarTuli lite-

ratura”, romelic sxvadasxva avtoris (maT Soris-pavle

ingoroyvas) mier iyo dawerili da Semdeg, gadmocemis

mixedviT, umaRles instanciebSi redaqtirebuli, iliaze

naTqvami iyo, rom ,,misi Semoqmedebis Sefaseba uaRresad

gacxovelebul polemikas iwvevs sxvadasxva politikur

da literaturul mimarTulebebs Soris”; rom xSirad

upirispireben mis publicistur nawarmoebebsa da mxatv-

rul Semoqmedebas. magram, am azrTa sxvadasxvaobis miu-

xedavad, SeiZleba iTqvas, rom is aris namdvili ,,nova-

tori” da amdidrebda qarTul literaturas ,,rogorc

axali ideebiT, ise mxatvruli Semoqmedebis namdvili

SedegebiT”5. moxsenebaSi naTqvami iyo isic, rom ilia

,,nacionalistia da, rogorc aseTi, opoziciaSi udgas

mTavrobas, romelic ar scnobs arafers nacionalurs.

igi dastiris daRupvis gzaze damdgar Tavadaznau-

robas” da a.S.

ilia ,,gadaWriT uaryofda” princips ,,xelovneba

xelovnebisaTvis”6, ,,xalisianad sargeblobda socialis-

turi ideebiT, magram adgilobriv pirobebTan Sefar-

debiT uxvad azavebda maT qristianobis elementebiT da

181

fiqrobda, rom jvarcmuli ivno socializmis saqmisaT-

vis”7.

moxsenebaSi xazi hqonda gasmuli ilias optimistur

ganwyobilebas, mis rwmenas, rom ,,dadgeba ,,Sromis sufe-

va”, romelic aamaRlebs mSromelebs ise, rom aravis

daamcirebs da, maSasadame, arc aravis gaawbilebs”8.

sayuradReboa, rom moxsenebaSive, romelic saerTod

dadebiT Sefasebas aZlevda ilias moRvaweobas, pir-

dapir iyo laparaki mis SemoqmedebaSi ,,Warbad mocemul

nacionalur motivebze”9, ,,dakarguli damoukideblobis

dabrunebaze” da sakmaod mkveTrad gamoxatul antiru-

sul suliskveTebaze: “moxeve ambobs, rac ruseTis xel-

Si varT, yvelaferi waxda da yvelaferi moispoo”10.

ilias arsebiTad gansxvavebuli Sefaseba, romelze-

dac zemoT gakvriT iyo naTqvami, da ilia WavWavaZis

Semoqmedebis SeswavlaSi ,,axali etapi” omis damTavre-

bis Semdeg dgeba. davimowmeb or avtors, romelTa Sexe-

dulebani uaxloes warsulSi gazeT “komunistis” furc-

lebze iyo gamoTqmuli.

prokofi ratianis sityviT, ,,Tavisi filosofiuri

msoflmxedvelobiT i. WavWavaZe marqsamdeli periodis

yvelaze mowinave azrovnebis simaRleze idga. igi mate-

rialisturad wyvetda filosofiis ZiriTad sakiTxs da

Tavis umTavres naSromebSi iZleoda bunebisa da sazoga-

doebis movlenaTa materialistur axsnas”11 (xazi Cemia,

S. x.). ilia WavWavaZes kargad hqonda Segnebuli, rom

sazogadoebis ,,materialuri cxovreba aris obieqturi

realoba”, romelic ,,arsebobs adamianTa nebisyofisagan

damoukideblad, sulieri cxovreba ki materialuri

cxovrebis asaxvaa, misi anareklia”. ilias, ra Tqma unda,

isic ,,esmoda”, rom ,,sulieri cxovreba, Tavis mxriv,

ukumoqmedebas axdens sazogadoebis materialuri cxov-

rebis ganviTarebaze”.

182

am striqonebis wakiTxvis Semdeg mkiTxvels, cxadia,

aRar Seepareba eWvi imaSi, rom ilia WavWavaZe gamovac-

xadoT moRvaweTa im jgufis warmomadgenlad, romlebic

,,saqarTveloSi social-demokratiuli moZraobis Rir-

seuli winamorbedebi iyvnen”.

aq ilias msoflmxedveloba iseTi kategoriebiT da

sakvanZo cnebebiT aris gadmocemuli, rom mkiTxvelma

igi SeiZleba miiCnios ara mxolod marqsist materia-

listad, aramed leninuri tipis materialistad; yvela

sakvanZo cneba, romelTa aspeqtSic ilias msoflmxedve-

lobaa ganxiluli, leninis formulirebebs warmoad-

gens, Tumca avtoris mier Segnebulad araa zusti saxiT

damowmebuli da brWyalebSi aRebuli. aq materializmis

leninuri ganmartebis yvela niuansia gaTvaliswinebuli,

raTa ilias Sexeduleba avtorisTvis sasurveli saxiT

warmosdges da saTanado CarCoebSi Caetios. magram sak-

marisia ilias namdvil SexedulebaTa pirveli Sepiris-

pireba avtoris formulirebebTan, rom mkiTxveli mixv-

des, ramdenad isini daSorebulia erTmaneTisgan.

leonide gorgilaZis statia ki iwyeba sityvebiT:

,,ilia WavWavaZis msoflmxedvelobis problemas Tvalsa-

Cino adgili uWiravs Cvens istoriografiaSi. ilias

msoflmxedvelobis gansxvavebul Sefasebas xSirad ga-

mouwvevia mwvave dava mis nacionalisturad da nihilis-

turad ganwyobil SemfasebelTa Soris. Tanamedrove li-

teraturaTmcodneobaSic gvxvdeba xolme zogjer ilias

msoflmxedvelobis Taobaze meTodologiurad mcdari

mosazrebani”12.

aqve unda iTqvas erTi Tanamedrove avtoris ,,meTo-

dologiur” poziciaze, romelic Cveni warsulis, samwu-

xarod, araswor da, sabednierod, ukve dagvianebul re-

cidivs warmoadgens. avtori winaswar cdilobs Seamza-

dos mkiTxveli imisaTvis, rom yovelgvari misgan gan-

sxvavebuli Sexeduleba ilia WavWavaZeze iqneba ,,nacio-

183

nalisturad da nihilisturad ganwyobili” da ,,meTodo-

logiurad mcdari”. erTaderTi swori, ara ,,nacionalis-

turad da nihilisturad ganwyobili” da, amave dros,

,,meTodologiurad” swori Sexeduleba isaa, rom ,,ilias

socialur-politikuri Sexedulebani revoluciur-uto-

piuri socializmis qarTul saxeobas qmnis. igi aris

CvenSi socializmis utopiidan mecnierebisaken ganviTa-

rebis Taviseburi etapi, romelic yvelaze axlos mivi-

da marqsis socializmTan da misi istoriuli wina-

morbedi gaxda saqarTveloSi”13 (xazi Cemia _ S. x.).

iliam ,,Seqmna qarTuli kritikuli realizmi, filo-

sofiuri materializmi da erovnuli ganTavisuflebis

kritikul-utopiuri socializmi”, ,,Camoayaliba Tavisi

materialistur-dialeqtikuri Sexedulebani”14 (xazi

Cemia _ S. x.). ufro sayuradRebo is debulebaa, romlis

mixedviT, ilia ,,cxovrebis” gagebis sakiTxSic ,,mate-

rialisti” yofila da mis ,,revoliciur-demokratiul

aTeizms” safuZvlad ,,cxovrebis materialisturi gageba”

sdebia!

es miT ufro xazgasasmelia, rom, ramdenadac

marqsistul literaturaSia cnobili, materializmi

cxovrebis (cxadia, sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis)

sakiTxebSi mxolod marqsisa da engelsis (da maTi

mimdevrebis) kuTvnilebaa da mxolod maTiT miiRweva.

Cvens marqsistul mecnierebaSi gavrcelebuli sityviT

rom vTqvaT, veravin sxva ,,ver amaRlda” ,,cxovrebis

materialistur gagebamde”. axla ganxiluli statiis

Semdeg ki unda vaRiaroT, rom ilia ,,amaRlebula”

istoriis materialisturad gagebamde da am

gansakuTrebul moazrovneTa ricxvs axla ilia

WavWavaZe unda miematos. Tu gercenmac ki, am ,,yvelaze

brwyinvale moazrovnem, ruseTis materializmis

istoriaSi”, moaxerxa mxolod is, rom, leninis sityviT,

,,axlo misuliyo dialeqtikur materializmamde da

184

SeCerebuliyo istoriuli materializmis win”, ilia

,,cxovrebis materialistur gagebamdec” misula da ,,ma-

terialistur-dileqtikuri Sexedulebanic” Camouyalibe-

bia.

es im zomis hiperbolaa, romelic arc raime ,,meTo-

dologiuri” mosazrebiT SeiZleba gamarTldes da, rac

mTavaria, arc ilias Semoqmedebas sWirdeba.

marTalia, amgvari Sexedulebani Cvens mecnierebaSi

Tumca sakmaodaa gavrcelebuli, magram erTaderTi

sulac ar aris.

giorgi meliqiSvilis mixedviT, Tergdaleulebi da,

kerZod, ilia WavWavaZe ,,SeiZleba miviCnioT, rogorc

erTi razmi carizmis winaaRmdeg mimarTuli ganmaTavi-

suflebeli moZraobisa. epoqa, romelSic ilia WavWava-

Zes mouxda moRvaweoba, metad rTul amocanebs ayenebda

ganmaTavisuflebeli moZraobis winaSe – batonymobisa

da misi naSTebis likvidacia, brZola carizmis winaaRm-

deg socialuri Tavisuflebis mosapoveblad, Cagvrisa

da eqsploataciis winaaRmdeg, dabolos, aseve metad

saZnelo saqmianoba erovnuli saxis SesanarCuneblad da

gansamtkiceblad”15. Semdeg: ,,Tavisi, rogorc erovnuli,

ise socialuri idealebis misaRwevad Tergdaleulebi,

ilia WavWavaZis jgufi, uaryofdnen Zalmomreobis, revo-

luciis gzas (amitom Secdomaa, rodesac maT revolu-

ciur-demokratebs uwodeben)”16 (xazi Cemia _ S. x.).

g. meliqiSvili imave wels sxva publikaciaSi ramde-

nime ganmartebas gamoTqvamda im debulebis gamo, romle-

bic ilia WavWavaZis revoluciur-demokratad aRiarebas

exeba da, avtoris samarTliani mtkicebiT, istoriul

sinamdviles ar Seefereba17.

rogorc am werilidan irkveva, g. meliqiSvils ,,jer

kidev” 1968 wels gamouTqvams Sexeduleba, rom ,,Tergda-

leulTa SefasebaSi xSirad Warbobs romelime kargad

cnobili sqemaSi maTi moTavsebis survili”18. avtori

185

fiqrobs, rom ,,es sqemebi” naklovania, arc ilias Sefa-

sebis SemTxvevaSi marTldeba, da rom ,,TergdaleulTa

ideologiis sworad gagebisaTvis” aucilebelia, ,,pir-

vel yovlisa, swored qarTuli da masTan

tipologiurad axlo myofi sinamdvilis Rrma codna”19.

aseTi midgoma, samarTlianad fiqrobs avtori,-

,,saeWvod xdis ilia WavWavaZis da misi Tanamoazrovnee-

bis n. CerniSevskisa da t. SevCenkos tipis revoluciur-

demokratobis azrs” da SeuZlebelia ilias da Ter-

gdaleulebs ,,sul sxva niadagze aRmocenebuli marq-

sistuli social-demokratiuli mimdinareobis winapre-

bad gamocxadeba”20 (xazi Cemia, S. x.)

axali mosazrebebi, romlebic motanilia g. meliqi-

Svilis 1978 wlis miTiTebul ,,macneSi”, mokled SeiZ-

leba ase gadmoices:

1. ,,ra Tqma unda, TavisTavad erovnuli da socialu-

ri Tavisuflebis idealebisaTvis brZola TiTqos ar

unda ewinaaRmdegebodes erTmaneTs, magram praqtikulad

imaT Soris, vinc erovnuli Tavisuflebis primatobas

iziarebs da imaT Soris, vinc socialuri Tavisuflebis

idealisaTvis primatobas aRiarebs, garkveul situacia-

Si aucileblobis ZaliT iqmneba dapirispireba”21.

2. ,,ilia WavWavaZe da misi mimdevrebi ar iyvnen revo-

lucionerebi, maT ar SeiZleba revolucioneri-demokra-

tebi vuwodoT, maT msoflmxedvelobaSi da praqtikul

moRvaweobaSi upirvelesi adgili erovnul sakiTxs

ekava”22.

3. ,,WeSmaritad revoluciasa da revolucionerobaze

realur warmodgenas unda iyos moklebuli adamiani,

romelic moindomebs ilia WavWavaZisa da misi dasis

revolucionerad gamocxadebas. maT TavianTi saqme hqon-

daT, TavianTi didi roli Seasrules – amas obieqturi

Sefaseba da Cveneba sWirdeba”23 (xazi Cemia _ S. x.).

186

4. ,,yvela Cvengani didi pativiscemiTaa gamsWvaluli

rogorc Tergdaleulebisadmi – qarTveli xalxis

erovnul-ganmaTavisuflebeli demokratiuli moZraobis

moRvaweebisadmi, ise ganmaTavisuflebeli moZraobis

reoluciuri frTis (revolucioneri xalxosnebi, revo-

luciuri social-demokratia) warmomadgenlebisadmi,

romlebic saboloo jamSi erT did saqmes – mSromeli

xalxis socialuri da erovnuli Tavisuflebis ideals

emsaxurebodnen, marTalia, xSirad gansxvavebuli formi-

Ta da gziT. am gansxvavebis ar danaxvas, saeWvoa, mec-

nierebasTan rame saerTo hqondes da dRes CvenTvis sa-

zogadoebrivad raime saWiroebas warmoadgendes”24 (xazi

Cemia _ S. x.).

detalurad ganvixiloT sakiTxi – ras niSnavs ,,revo-

luciuri demokratoba”, saerTod, da ruseTis revolu-

ciur-demokratiuli moZraoba, kerZod?

rusuli ,,revoluciur-ganmaTavisuflebeli” moZrao-

ba socialuri moZraobaa da warmoadgens ,,glexTa de-

mokratiis ideologias”25. am moZraobis socialur safu-

Zvels e. w. ,,raznoCincebi” warmoadgendnen, romlebmac

Secvales ,,aznauri revolucionerebi” (maTSi dekabris-

tebi igulisxmebian). TviT saxelwodeba ,,revoluciuri-

demokratoba” imiTaa gamowveuli, rom misi warmo-

madgenlebi “mouwodebdnen revoluciuri brZolisaken”

da sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis maTi koncefcia arsebi-

Tad gansxvavdeba ,,reformistuli gzisagan”. es moZRvre-

ba mouwodebda, v. leninis sityviT, ,,feodalizmis gar-

damwyveti likvidaciisaken”26.

rac Seexeba ruseTis revoluciur-demokratebs, rom-

lebTanac zogierTi qarTveli mecnieri ilias da sxvebs

akavSirebs, sabWoTa mecnierebaSi gamoTqmuli da, SeiZ-

leba iTqvas, gabatonebuli SexedulebiT – ,,rusi revo-

luciuri demokratebi bevrad ufro maRla idgnen dasav-

leTevropul socialist-utopistebze”, maTi ,,materia-

187

lizmi warmoadgens marqsamdeli materialisturi filo-

sofiis mwvervals” da aqvs ,,qmediTi, mebrZoli xasiaTi”.

mebrZoli da qmediTi xasiaTi imaSi vlindeba, rom isini

,,daundoblad amxeldnen rusuli da dasavleT-evropuli

liberalizmis kontrrevoluciur arsebas”, da bolos,

rogorc lenini werda, iyvnen ruseTis social-

demokratiis winamorbedebi27.

sando da, SeiZleba iTqvas, oficialuri wyaroze

damyarebuli ,,revoluciuri demokratizmis” es daxasia-

Teba sakmarisia SevadaroT ilias Sexedulebebs da

cxadi gaxdeba maT Soris arsebiTi gansxvaveba.

moZraoba, romelsac ilia meTaurobda, ar iyo mxo-

lod socialuri da, SeiZleba iTqvas, ufro metic: is,

pirvel yovlisa, erovnul moZraobas warmoadgenda; igi

emyareboda ara mxolod socialurs da ara imdenad

socialur princips, ramdenadac erovnuls. ,,Cveni saqme

saqarTvelos xalxis cxovrebaa, misi gaumjobeseba, -

Cveni pirveli da ukanaskneli amocanaa” (1863 w.); ,,marad

da yvelgan, saqarTvelov, me var SenTana” (1881 w.). ,,sa-

xelmwifo sabWoSi, – ganucxada iliam peterburgis

korespondents 1906 wlis martSi, – me amomirCia Tava-

daznaurobam. es imas ar niSnavs, rom sabWoSi me marto

TavadaznaurTa saWiroebebze vilaparakeb.... ar davfarav

da vityvi: sabWoSi mTeli saqarTvelos da qarTvelTa

interesebis damcveli viqnebi”28.

ase rom, arc ilia da arc vinme misi jgufidan “raz-

noCincebi” ar yofilan.

Zalian Znelia, ilias SemoqmedebaSi gamoiZebnos

striqonebi, romlebic ,,mouwodebdnen revoluciuri

brZolisaken” da, miT umetes, ,,feodalizmis gardamwyve-

ti likvidaciisaken”. piriqiT, ,,oTaraanT qvrivis”

avtorisaTvis socialuri uTanasworobis problema eTi-

kuri problemaa, xolo misi gauqmebisa da ,,Catexili

xidis” gamTelebis gza – zneobrivi kaTarzisia.

188

rac Seexeba imas, rom ,,rusi revoluciuri-demokra-

tebi bevrad ufro maRla idgnen dasavleTevropul so-

cialistebze” da maTi materializmi marqsamdeli mate-

rializmis umaRlesi mwvervalia, am debulebas mxolod

is ,,analogia” moeZebneba iliasTan, rom gasagebs xdis

Cvens mier zemoT citirebuli orive avtoris dauokebel

miswrafebas, ilia kidev ufro ,,met” materialistad

warmoadginon. rogorc cnobilia da rogorc iyo aR-

niSnuli, gerceni, leninis sityviT, ,,axlo mivida dia-

leqtikur materializmTan da SeCerda istoriuli mate-

rializmis win”. ilia, Cven mier citirebuli qarTveli

mecnierebis sityviT, iqamdec midis, rom ,,sazogadoebis

movlenaTa materialistur axsnasac” iZleva da

“cxovrebis materialistur gagebasac”.

rac Seexeba rus revolucioner-demokratebs da maT

,,qmediT da mebrZol materializms” da ,,ruseTisa da

dasavleTevropuli liberalizmis kontrrevoluciuri

arsebis” daundoblad mxilebas maT mxriv, - ara mgonia,

rom am TvalsazrisiT mainc hqondes safuZveli ana-

logebs iliasa da maT Soris.

sakiTxi imis Taobaze, Tu ra adgili uWiravs ilia

WavWavaZes qarTuli azrovnebis istoriaSi da ramdenad

SeiZleba CaiTvalos materialistad, revolucioner de-

mokratad da marqsizmis winamorbedad saqarTveloSi –

imdenad naTelia, rom ar unda iwvevdes amden kamaTs da

diametrulad sapirispiro Sexedulebebs mecnierebaSi.

ramdenadac ilias msoflmxedvelobis araswori da,

SeiZleba iTqvas, tendenciuri gaSuqeba faqtia da

sakmaod myari faqtic, amdenad mis warmoqmnasa da Sem-

deg gavrcelebas Tavisi mizezebi Tu motivebi unda

hqondes da am motivebis sakiTxis garkveva saWiro xdeba.

Jurnal ,,iveriaSi” 1887 wels gamoqveynebul or sta-

tiaSi saTauriT – ,,ra mizezia, rom kritikac ara

gvaqvs”, - ilia WavWavaZe amodis im garemoebis gaTvalis-

189

winebidan, rom kritikis uqonloba maSindel qarTul

sinamdvileSi ,,Cveni literaturis uSinaarsobiT” ar iyo

gamowveuli da amis mizezi sxvagan iyo saZebni. am sam-

wuxaro faqtis mizezi, ilias sityviT, Cveni ,,inteli-

genciis “TviTmoqmedebis” sisusteSia. ,,Cveni” swavlulni,

ganaTlebulni,” _ werda ilia, _ darvinis Teorias

zedmiwevniT gacodineben, hegelis esTetikas, lesingisa

da tenis filosofias xelovnebisas Tavis xelis-

gulisaviT gadagiSlian; Seqspirzed, getezed (goeTeze-

S. x.), baironzed da Tundac homiroszedac, romelnic, -

CvenSi ki iTqvas – aTasSi erTs Tu waukiTxavs, unda

mTels uzarmazar wignebs dasweren.... da erTs pawia

leqss – Cvenis romelsame poetisas ver gauZRvebian,

rogorc rigia”29.

am movlenis axsnas ilia imaSi xedavs, rom goeTe,

baironi da sxvebi ,,didi xania gamorCeulia” msoflio

mecnierebaSi, garCeulia kargad da ,,mravalgvarad” da

maTze garkveuli ,,azris Sedgena” did siZneles ar

warmoadgens. cnobebi da Sexedulebani maTze – ,,ujra-

ujra awyvia evropis literaturis salaroSi mzareu-

lad”. ,,imdeni Ronec ki sakmarisia, rom am ,,salaroSi

Sesvla” moaxerxo, ,,xelis gawvdenis” unari gamoiCinoT,

“ujra gamoswioT da, rac gsurT, is gamoiRoT”. gasake-

Tebeli isRa rCeba, rom ujridan amoRebuli cnobebi

,,erTmaneTs SeufardoT, SeuwonoT... SehkriboT, erT Znad

SehkraT da ise miarTvaT mkiTxvelsa”30.

ilia samarTlianad aRniSnavs, rom aseT moqmedebasac

,,Wkuacodna”, garkveuli ,,xelovnebac” sWirdeba. magram

es Seudareblad ufro advilia, vidre damoukidebeli

azrovneba da sakvlevi sakiTxebisadmi midgomisTvis

aucilebeli, ilias sityviT rom vTqvaT, - ,,TviTmsjelo-

bis” da ,,TviTmoqmedebis” unari. amitom ,,ujrebiT”

sargeblobis amgvar SemTxvevebSi ,,TviTmoqmedeba ufro

xelisaa, vidre sulieri ZalRonisa, romelic TiTon

190

hqmnis, TiTon sjis, TiTon swlavs, TiTon sWris da

TiTon hkeravs”.

ra Tqma unda, am ,,ujrebiT” sargeblobis gareSe

dRes mecniereba saerTod SeuZlebelia. amgvari “ujre-

bis” meSveobiT vsargeblobT Cven (xSirad Seucnobla-

dac) pirvel yovlisa, sakvanZo cnebebis, kategoriebis

gamoyenebis dros, romlebic aucileblad aqvs (da unda

hqondes) yovel mecnierebas, da romelTa gareSe mecnie-

rebani ar arsebobs. am ujrebis gareSe SeuZlebelia

erovnuli kulturis calkeuli movlenebis zogadsaka-

cobrio TvalsazrisiT ganxilva da maTi Seswavlis

ayvana msoflio mecnierebis donemde.

kulturuli Semoqmedebis progresi afarToebs da

amravlebs am ,,ujrebis” ricxvs da afarToebs mecniere-

bis masStabebs. magram, amave dros, maTi dogmatikuri,

calmxrivi da SezRuduli gamoyeneba iwvevs mecnieruli

Tvalsawieris daviwroebas, damoukidebeli ,,qmnis, sjis”,

swavlebis ,,gamoWris da Sekervis” unaris dakargvas,

stereotipebis tyveobaSi moqcevas.

SeiZleba paradoqsad JRerdes, magram Zneli warmo-

sadgenia ,,ujrebiT” sargeblobis da, Sesabamisad, kvle-

vis Tvalsawieris imgvari daviwroeba, rogorsac adgi-

li hqonda sabWoTa mecnierebaSi, saerTod, saistorio

mecnierebaSi, kerZod, da azrovnebis Seswavlis sferoSi,

gansakuTrebiT.

,,faustis” vagneri, - vkiTxulobT iqve iliasTan, -

,,swored zedgamoWrili saxea imgvaris kacebisa, romel-

Tac codna aqvT da sakuTaris WkuiT tarebis unari ki

RmerTs, Tu beds, imaTTvis ar miumadlebia. nu gagviwy-

rebian, Tu vityviT, rom Cvens inteligencias swored eg

unari TviTmsjelobisa, TviTmxedvelobisa ara aqvs

gaxsnili da gadaSlili. eg naklia mizezi, rom Cvens

sakuTars saqmeSi, Cvens sakuTars av-kargianobaSi vera-

feri gagvigonia....”31.

191

Cvens pirobebSi amas kidev “meTodologiuri siwmin-

dis” saxelwodebiT SeniRbuli iZuleba daemata, romel-

mac zedmeti da xSirad arasasurveli gaxada sazoga-

doebriv mecnierebaTa dargebSi momuSave uSvelebeli

armia ,,sakuTars av-kargianobaSi” garkveuliyo. marTa-

lia, kiTxvebze pasuxis stereotipebi ,,ujrebSi” mzam-

zareuli saxiT iyo mocemuli, magram ilias drosTan

SedarebiT im gansxvavebiT, rom ,,ujrebis” raodenoba

uCveulod Semcirda da avtoritetebis ricxvi uCveulod

daviwrovda....

ilia WavWavaZis moRvaweobis Taviseburebas sityvisa

da saqmis organuli erTianoba Seadgenda. ,,ara viqm,

codna ras margebs filosofosTa brZnobisa” da gasage-

bia yuradReba, romelsac is sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis

sxvadasxva mxareebs uTmobda. amave dros, gansacvifre-

belia is titanuri energia da Zalebi, romlebic man

Tavisi praqtikuli saqmianobis dros gamoavlina – niko-

loz baraTaSvilis neStis gadmosvenebiT dawyebuli,

gazeTebisa da Jurnalebis redaqtorobiTa da qarTuli

bankis daarsebiT, wera-kiTxvis gamavrcelebeli sazoga-

doebis ganmgeblobiT da mravali sxvaTi damTavrebuli.

SeiZleba iTqvas, rom mTeli misi cxovrebisa da moR-

vaweobis manZilze ar yofila cotad Tu bevrad

mniSvnelovani erovnuli saqme, romlis meTauri Tu ara,

misi monawile mainc is ar yofiliyos.

ilias mTeli Semoqmedeba da giganturi gonis saoc-

rad mravalferovani moRvaweoba did Zalisxmevas moiT-

xovda da erTi ZiriTadi motiviT – eris siyvaruliTa

da mis keTildReobaze fiqriT, masze zrunviT iyo gan-

sazRvruli: ,,Cveni saqme saqarTvelos xalxis cxovrebaa,

misi gaumjobineba – Cveni pirveli da ukanaskneli amo-

canaa”. “marad da yvelgan, saqarTvelov, me var SenTana”

– es amocana da miznebi arasodes ar Secvlila da maTi

ganxorcielebisken swrafva arasodes Senelebula.

192

ilias mZime pirobebSi uxdeboda moRvaweoba da

aseTi farTod mofiqrebuli da masStaburi amocanebi

SeiZleboda daesaxa didsa da mTlian pirovnebas, ro-

melsac cxovreba SeeZlo gonebiTac Seecno da guliTac

ganecada. mas SeeZlo elaparaka ,,Tavisa da gulis

erTianobaze” da misi ,,mTliani kacobiT”, maRali zneob-

rivi SegnebiT da dauZleveli siyvaruliTaa gansazRv-

ruli, rom am didi gonebis da movlenaTa siRrmeebSi

Cawvdomis saocari unariT dajildoebulma moazrovnem

Tavisi fiqrisa da moqmedebis are sakuTari eriT,

qarTveli xalxiT, masze zrunviT Semofargla da, amave

dros, bolomde Seupovari da ukompromiso darCa Tavisi

miznebis ganxorcielebaSi.

ilias msoflmxedveloba ara mxolod mWidro kav-

SirSia mis moqmedebasa da moRvaweobasTan, aramed misi

moRvaweobis Teoriul safuZvels warmoadgens da yo-

veli misi am mimarTulebiT warmarTuli moqmedeba cxov-

rebis ganviTarebis Taviseburad gagebul kanonzomiere-

bas emyareba.

ilia WavWavaZe, rogorc yoveli didi moazrovne, ra

Tqma unda, iseT sakiTxebsac exeboda, romlebic mTeli

kacobriobis yuradRebis sagans warmoadgens, ilias

sityviT, ,,zogad-kacobriuli” kiTxvebi iyo da romelTa

Sesaxeb sakacobrio salaros “ujrebSi” didi da mniSv-

nelovani codnaa dagrovili. magram aseT SemTxvevaSic

ilia sxvebze metad sakuTar gonebas endoboda da

yovel sakiTxs, didsa Tu pataras, ,,sakuTaris WkuiT

hzidavda” da ,,sakuTari gonebis” SuqiT aSuqebda. ilia

arasodes ar sargeblobs `ujrebiT~. iseT SemTxvevebSic

ki, rodesac is msoflio azrovnebis warmomadgenlebsa

da filosofosebs imowmebs, iqmneba STabeWdileba, rom

ilia maT metad imisTvis mimarTavda, rom sakuTar, ukve

Camoyalibebul azrs kidev erTi mowme mouZebnos, vidre

imisTvis, rom am azris wyaroze miuTiTos.

193

amiTaa gansazRvruli ilias enis, rogorc azrebis

gamoTqmis saSualebis, Taviseburebani. ilias Seswevs

unari sakuTari da savsebiT swori azrebi, romlebic

mkiTxvelis gancvifrebas iwvevs Tavisi siRrmiT, gamoxa-

tos martivi da TvalnaTlivi saSualebebiT, romlebic

ar eteva im ,,izmebSi”, romelSic maT Catevas xSirad

naZaladevad cdiloben.

ilias msoflmxedveloba cxovrebis Taviseburi fi-

losofiaa, ufro sworad, filosofia ara, rogorc

,,sibrZnis siyvaruli” da sinamdvilis Teoriuli axsna,

aramed Tavad sibrZne, samyarosadmi goniTi mimarTebis

Sedegi, romlis ZiriTad mizans cxovrebis gardaqmna da

srulyofa Seadgens. aq WeSmariteba sikeTes emsaxureba

da filosofia mxolod am didi miznis ganxorcielebis

saSualebas warmoadgens. amgvari msoflmxedveloba, ro-

melic rusTavelma Taviseburad gamoxata – ,,sjobs

sicocxlisa gaZleba, misTvis Tavisa dadeba” – katego-

riulad upirispirdeba cxovrebisagan yovelgvar gand-

gomas, ra saxiTac ar unda vlindebodes is. amgvarma

poziciam, romelic ilias axalgazrdobaSive SeumuSavda

da sicocxlis bolomde gahyva, aTqmevina mas emociurad

datvirTuli sityvebi: ,,droa xelovnebam Tavi daanebos

,,RrublebSi curvasa”, `varskvlavebis caSi bolTis

cemasa”, mTvaris xvewnasa: cxra mTas iqiT erTi ubeduri

poetia, romelsac Sens gamo ,,oxvris kvamli” Tvalebsa

swvams da cremlsa adenso; ,,droa xelovnebam Tavi

daanebos ugemur RmeWasa da Tvalebis sresasa”.

amave poziciis gamoxatulebaa ilias SesaniSnavi

striqonebi, romlebic myinvarisa da Tergis Sedarebas

exeba – ,,aba rad minda misi dideba? qveynis yayani, qvey-

nis qariSxali, qrolva, qveynis avkargi mis maRal

Sublzed erT ZarRvsac ar atokebs.... ganzed damdgara,

miukarebelia. ar miyvars arc magisTana simaRle, arc

194

magisTana ganzed gadgoma, arc magisTana miukarebloba”

(,,mgzavris werilebi”).

sul sxvaa ,,TavzexelaRebuli, giJi, gadareuli,

Seupovari da daumonavi” mRvrie Tergi, romelSic ilia

adamianis ,,gaRviZebuli”, mRelvare cxovrebis saxes xe-

davs. Tergi, romelic ,,Savis kldis gulidan gadmomsk-

dari modis da mobRavis da abRavlebs Tavis gareSe-

mosa”, magram imiTaa kargi, rom ,,mousvenaria”, ,,moZraoba

da marto moZraoba aris, Cemo Tergo, qveynis Ronisa da

sicocxlis mimcemi”.

ramdenad Zlieri iyo ilia WavWavaZis SemoqmedebaSi

cxovrebis aRiarebisa da misgan yovelgvari gandgomis

uarismyofeli ideebi, Cans, rogorc misi mRelvare cxov-

rebidan, agreTve, misi erT-erTi brwyinvale poeturi

nawarmoebidan, romelic zemoT damowmebuli sityvebidan

TiTqmis meoTxedi saukunis Semdeg daiwera. ,,gandegi-

lis” Seqmna adasturebs cxovrebidan gandgomis uaryo-

fis aqtualobas ilias SemoqmedebaSi da misi poziciis

Seuryevlobas problemisadmi.

cxovreba gandegilis senakSi mSvenieri qalis saxiT

iWreba da, Tu ilia WavWavaZe Sua saukuneebis litera-

turisa da azrovnebisTvis tipur siuJetsa da saxeebs

mimarTavs, aq misTvis problemis simZime cxovrebidan

gandgomaSia da ara maincdamainc siyvarulis grZnobis

niadagze warmoqmnil koliziaSi doqtriniT damZimebul

bersa da axalgazrda qals Soris.

amgvarad, cxovreba, masSi yofna, masSi moqmedeba,

misi gardaqmna da gaumjobeseba, ilias mixedviT, adamia-

nuri arsebobis ZiriTadi mizani da amocanaa.

cxovreba, ilias mixedviT, rTuli movlenaa, cocxa-

li organizmia, adamianTa sazogadoebaa, romelic gar-

kveuli kanonzomierebiT arsebobs da viTardeba. erT-

erT werilSi (1892 w.), romelic qarTul literaturas

exeba, ilia wers cxovrebis ,,orkeca” mdinarebaze da mis

195

,,or Stoze”, rogorc sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis ,,buneb-

riv” mdgomareobasa da arsebaze. ori Sto, ilias sity-

viT, cxovrebis or mxares – ,,moazre” da ,,mosaqme” cxov-

rebas gamoxatavs da, misive ganmartebiT, am gamoTqmebSi

,,ideuri” da ,,praqtikuli” cxovreba igulisxmeba.32 maT

Soris ganuyreli kavSiri, organuli erTianobaa –

,,TviT azric sxva ara aris ra garda imisa, rom saqmea

jer ganuxorcielebeli, da saqmec – azria, ukve ganxor-

cielebuli”33.

imave xanebSi ilia werda: ,,dRes TiToeuli Cvengani

hgrZnobs, rom aqamomde miviwyebuls ekonomiur mxares

Cvenis cxovrebisas pirveli adgili unda daeTmos sxva

sazrunavTa Soris; rom ekonomiuri cxovrebis moedanze

unda veZioT done Cvenis gaZlierebisa, tanSi gamarT-

visa”34. magram ekonomiuri faqtorisa da ideologiuri

cxovrebis mimarTebis sakiTxi aRar gauRrmavebia da

pasuxi am kiTxvaze ilias ar moupovebia SeiZleba imis

gamoc, rom, rac Tqva, savsebiT sakmarisad miiCnia da

misi gaRrmaveba aucileblad ar eCveneboda.

ilias saboloo SexedulebiT, cxovrebis ideuri da

praqtikuli mxareebi urTierTzemoqmedeben da ,,ise arian

erTmaneTze damokidebulni, rom xan erTia meorisagan

warmodgenili, xan meore - pirvelisagan”35. anda ,,qveyana,

romelsac an erTi aklia, an, meore, calfexa kacsa

hgavs.... qveyana verasa gaxdeba, Tu Tavisi warmatebis sa-

yevarSi es ori uRladi, yovelT-SemZlebeli Zal-Rone

ar eyoleba Sebmuli, erTad da ganuyrelad”.

cxovreba amgvarad gagebuli da gaazrebuli “TviTr-

julia” im mniSvnelobiT, rom is ,,TviTon.... aRmoSobavs

xolme TavisaTvis wessa, gansazRvravs xolme Tavis

sjulsa da kanonsa”36. yoveli axali movlena, an, ro-

gorc ilia wers, yoveli axali “saWiroeba cxovrebidan

warmodgeba” da gamoTqvams SesaniSnav azrs – ,,Tu

196

cxovrebas ar unda, verafers ver miamynobT ise, rom im

namynobma ixeiros da nayofi moitanos”37.

cxovrebis ideur mxareSi ilia WavWavaZe ZiriTadad

xelovnebasa da mecnierebas gulisxmobs. adamianuri

moRvaweobis es orive dargi ,,cxovrebis Zirze” amosuli

Stoebia, romlebic isxamen nayofs da ,,iseve miwas

gadmoscemen”. analogiuria mecnierebisa da xelovnebis,-

romlebic ilias miaCnia ,,sakvirvel salarod kacis

gonebisa,” – mimarTeba cxovrebisadmi. orive maTgani aq-

tiur zemoqmedebas axdens cxovrebaze da warmoadgens

,,cxovrebis gasamjobinebel” saSualebas. gansxvaveba maT

Soris gansazRvrulia, rogorc dRes vityodiT,

cxovrebis asaxvis formebiT. mecniereba cxovrebis

gacnobiereba da ,,cnobaSi moyvanaa”, xelovneba saxeebiT

azrovnebaa da ideis ,,saxeSi ganxorcielebas” warmoad-

gens. misi dargebi – musika, mxatvroba da poezia – ,,sa-

xeSi gamoTqvaven ideas” da ,,ganiyofebian” erTmaneTi-

sagan imiT, rom ideas ,,sxvadasxva masaliT” gamoTqvamen:

musika – bgeriT (,,xmiT”), mxatvroba – ,,xaziT” da poezia

– sityviT.

mecniereba, rogorc ,,zogadi kanonebis” da ,,gamoc-

nobili WeSmaritebis” erToblioba, iZleva ,,cxovrebis

axsnasa da gagebas”, ,,pirdapir pasuxs” wamoWril kiTx-

vaze. xelovnebas ,,sarkesaviT gadmoaqvs” da ,,momxiblavi

kalmiT cocxlad” warmoadgens mas. rogorc zemoT

aRiniSna, ilia gmobs iseT xelovnebas, romelic oxv-

rasa da ,,ugemur RmeWas” warmoadgens; xelovnebis maRa-

li daniSnuleba isaa, rom SeZlos ,,Cavides cxovrebis

mdinaris ZirSi” da ,,iq monaxos Sig-mdebare azri Tavisi

cxoveli suraTebisaTvis”.

cxovrebis gaumjobesebisa da gardaqmnis idea or

wanamZRvarzea dafuZnebuli – cxovrebis mudmiv ganviTa-

rebasa da cvalebadobaze, pirovnebis aqtiur rolze

sazogadoebriv cxovrebasa da mis ganviTarebaSi. zemoT

197

aRniSnuli iyo, rom, ilias mixedviT ,,moZraoba da

marto moZraoba aris.... qveynis Ronisa da sicocxlis

mimcemi”. ,,yoveli kaci, _ vkiTxulobT iqve, _ romelsac

ki Tvalebzed Camofarebuli ara aqvs ra, xedavs, rom

cxovreba, rac guSin iyo, dRes aRar aris, rom igi

icvleba, midis win da moaqvs ganaxleba yovelivesi”.

cxovreba mudmivi wrebrunvaa, is izrdeba, ,,rogorc

yoveli mzardi”, ,,hyvavis, moaqvs nayofi da mere Wkneba”,

magram es Wknoba ar niSnavs mospobasa da sikvdils.

Teslze axali, ,,nedli cxovreba” amodis, romelic isev

axal wesze unda wavides. amaSia ukvdaveba, adamianuri

arsebobis maradiuloba.

icvleba yvelaferi da, maT Soris, TviT adamiani,

misi wesebi, Cveulebebi, azrebi, grZnobebi, ena, rogorc

gamomxatveli sulis yovelgvari moZraobisa da a. S.

icvleba sazogadoebrivi Sexedulebanic: ,,rac adamians

hgonebia daurRvevel WeSmaritebad, risTvisac ucia pa-

tivi, rogorc moucilebeli WeSmaritebisaTvis, xSirad

xdeba xolme, rom is dRes gauTlel Secdomad migvaC-

nia”.

ilia optimisturad ganwyobili moazrovnea; mas

sjera da swams ukeTesi momavlis, fiqrobs, rom sazoga-

doebrivi cxovreba progresis, winsvlis gziT viTardeba

da did warmatebas aRwevs. erT-erT werilSi, romelic

qarTveli xalxosnis, ivane jabadaris, ruseTSi

gamoqveynebuli da erovnuli nihilizmiT gamsWvaluli

statiebis winaaRmdegaa mimarTuli, ilia werda:

,,progresio, - ambobs filosofosi bekoni, - aris

gauTavebeli Sors gadadgma ar-SesaZlebelis

sazRvrebisao. marTalic aris”38. bekonis sityvebis

aRiarebisTvis ilias safuZvels aZlevs XIX saukuneSi

momxdari cvlilebebi, didi progresi, romelsac

kacobriobam miaRwia am saukuneSi, rogorc warsulis

amocnobis, agreTve, momavlis ganWvretis TvalsazrisiT.

198

sayuradReboa, rom ilia kritikulad afasebs Sexe-

dulebebs, romlebic cxovrebis ganviTarebis asaxsne-

lad gare-faqtorebs mimarTaven da misi winsvlis mize-

zad geografiuli garemo miaCniaT. geografiuli faq-

toris mniSvneloba da, saxeldobr, monteskies Sexedu-

lebani saqarTveloSi XVIII saukunis meore naxevridan

iyo cnobili. XIX saukunis qarTul azrovnebaSi amgvari

Sexedulebebi kvlav vrceldeba da sakiTxi aqtualuri

xdeba.

Tavisi cnobili politikur-ekonomikuri narkvevis –

,,cxovreba da kanoni” pirvel werilSi ilia werda:

,,bunebam, rac unda simdidriT morTos romelime mxare,

anu qveyana, rac unda mTeli hava misces adamians sac-

xovreblad da nayofieri miwa sazrdoebisaTvis”, sakmar-

isi piroba araa ,,xalxTa keTildReobisaTvis”. mTavari

adamianis cxovrebaSi ,,kacTa Soris keTilad dadgenili

da cxadad gansazRvruli.... urTierTSorisi movaleo-

baa”, rogorc sazogadoebis wevrTa Soris, agreTve,

politikur da ekonomikur dawesebulebaTa Soris. ori

eris – mkacri bunebis pirobebSi mcxovrebi Sotlandie-

lebisa da saukeTeso bunebriv pirobebSi myofi sparse-

lebis _ Sedarebis safuZvelze ilias gamoaqvs Tavisi

daskvnebi. Sotlandiels ,,gars axvevia guldaxuruli,

Raribi buneba”. didi Sroma, mZime, ,,TavgadadebiT da

TavgamometebiT” brZolaa saWiro, rom saarsebo saSua-

lebebi moipovos; sparselisaTvis ,,beds Semoufarglavs

saukeTeso qveyana kacTa sacxovreblad”. magram pirveli

ufro “bednieria da kmayofili”, ,,Tavmomwonea, gambedavi,

Tavisufali.... guldaguli”, meore – ,,sasowarkveTili”

da uimedobiT moculi39.

ufro mniSvnelovania ilias Sexedulebani, romlebic

sazogadoebrivi cxovrebisa da azrovnebis ganviTarebis

Sinagan mizezebs exaba.

199

statiaSi “uarmyofeloba CvenSi” (1888 w.) ilia Wav-

WavaZe wers sazogadoebrivi azrovnebis erT-erT mimar-

Tulebaze, romelic nihilizmis saxelwodebiT aris

cnobili, ruseTSi 50-60-ian wlebSi aRmocenda da Semdeg

garkveul fenebs Soris saqarTveloSic moipova gavr-

celeba.

es statia imdenadaa sayuradRebo, ramdenadac ilia

am mimarTulebas zogadi TvalsazrisiT ixilavs, uar-

yofa ainteresebs, rogorc “myofobisa da ar myofobis”

problema da sazogadoebrivi cxovrebisa da azrovnebis

ganviTarebis erT-erTi mniSvnelovani Tavisebureba.

,,uarmyofelobis” mimdinareobaSi uaryofis calmxrivi,

abstraqtuli gagebis sawinaaRmdegod, ilia fiqrobs,

rom ,,aras” mxolod maSin aqvs azri, rodesac raimes

uaryofa hoyofasa da dadgenasTan aris erTianobaSi.

,,aras” mxolod maSin aqvs mniSvneloba, rodesac ,,marto

,,ara” ki ar moqmedebs, ,,ho”-sac iseTive Rvawli miuZRvis,

rogorc ,,arasa”40.

mxolod am gagebiT SeiZleba iTqvas, rom “mTeli

istoria kacobriobisa yovel-gvars sferoSi, saca-ki

adamians warmatebis Zlevamosileba miuZRvis da ar

miuZRvis, sxva ara aris-ra, garda gauTavebelis Widili-

sa ,,hosa da aras” Soris”; ,,hosa da aras Soris Widilia

erTad-erTi gza WeSmaritebis aRmoCenisa da povnisa”.

yovelive, risTvisac kacobriobas miuRwevia WeSmarite-

bis Ziebisa Tu moqmedebisa da saqmis gzaze, adamianis

gonebis gankargebisa, gaZlierebisa da warmatebis, Tu

,,cxovrebis.... ganwyobisa da garigebis” sferoSi, - ,,ho-

araobis Widilsa da qarcecxlSia gamotarebuli”41.

amgvari gagebiT da mxolod amgvari gagebiT iyo

sqolastika ,,gonebis Tavisuflad msjelobis” uaryofa,

raSic ilia antikurobas gulisxmobs; ,,epoqa ganaxle-

bisa”, raSic renesansisa da reformaciis epoqa

igulisxmeba _ sqolastikis uaryofa iyo. mTavari isaa,

200

rom, ilias mixedviT, TiToeuli am epoqaTagani uarmyo-

felic iyo da homyofelic (,,erTsaca da meoresac

erTsa da imave dros Tavisi ho hqonda”) da amaSia

cxovrebis ganviTarebaSi uaryofis didi azri: “uaryofa

calke, hosTan ar-dapirispirebuli, ar-SeWidebuli, ise-

ve, rogorc ,,ho” ,,aras” gareSe, uZlurni arian WeSmari-

tebis dadgenis gareSe”42.

iliasTvis pirovneba moazrovne da moqmedi subieq-

tia; azrovneba da moqmedeba ganuyrelia da mxolod

erT mTlianobaSi warmoadgens pirovnebis arsebiT

Taviseburebas. adamiani Sig cxovrebaSi dgas, misi ,,swav-

la da gamocdileba” cxovrebasTan mWidro kavSirSi

viTardeba da yovelTvis moqmedebasTan aris dakavSire-

buli. visac surs curva iswavlos, aucileblad unda

Sevides wyalSi, visac surs gza gaiaros, aucileblad

unda gamovides Sinidan gareT.

rogorc vnaxeT, ilias mixedviT, TviTon cxovreba

qmnis Tavis kanonzomierebas; ,,gansazRvravs xolme Tavis

rjulsa da kanonsa”. es niSnavs, rom pirovnebis moqme-

deba determinirebulia cxovrebaSi da amasTan dakav-

SirebiT werda ilia: “RmerTma gvixsnas im suleluri

TamaSobisagan, romelica fiqrobs gadaasxvaferos cxov-

reba Taviseburad. Cven ise ar gavbriyvdebiT, rom Cven

sakuTar wesze movindomoT cxovrebis gatareba”. ilias-

Tvis, rogorc is 1862 wels erT daumTavrebel werilSi

werda, miuRebelia ,,ciskris” furclebze gamoqveynebuli

Sexedulebani, rom ,,garegani buneba” rbilia sanTeli-

viT da adamiani masze imas gamosaxavs, ,,rac TviTon

ugrZvnia da ara imas, rac TviT bunebaSia, rogorc

aucilebeli Tviseba misi”.

meore mxriv, oTaraanT qvrivis sityviT, ,,RmerTma

adamiani gaaCina da ubrZana: wadi Sens Tavs mouareo; Sen

ici da Senma wuTisofelmao; rac wagekidos, Seni brali

iqneba, me nuras damabralebo”. amgvari Sexeduleba ne-

201

bisyofis garkveul Tavisuflebas gulisxmobs da

gasagebsa xdis im rols, romelic iliam mecnierebas,

xelovnebas, eTikas da saerTod pirovnebas miuCnia.

cnobierebis cxovrebasTan mimarTebis rTuli da

saukunovani sakiTxi, kerZod, pirovnebis rolisa sazoga-

doebaSi yovelTvis mtkivneuli iyo; man gansakuTrebuli

xasiaTi miiRo XIX saukunis azrovnebasa da qarTveli

xalxosnebisa da ruseTis narodnikebis subieqtivistu-

rad da voluntaristulad ganwyobil moZraobaSi. unda

iTqvas, rom iliam Zalian kargad gaigo sakiTxis sir-

Tule, SeiZleba iTqvas, winaswar gansWvrita misi

simwvave da SesaniSnavad gadawyvita pirovnebis rolis

sakiTxi istoriaSi jer kidev TiTqmis saukunenaxevaris

win da ufro adre, vidre narodnikebis Sexedulebani

marqsistuli kritikis sagani gaxdeboda.

cxovreba TviTrjulia, magram adamianebic cxovrebis

Svilebi arian da did pirovnebebs, romlebsac ilia

,,gmirebs, saxelovan kacebs, didebul moRvaweebs” uwo-

debs, cxovreba da misi ,,SemoqmedebiTi” Zalebi badeben.

cxovrebis talRa, werda ilia Tavis SesaniSnav weril-

Si “saqarTvelos moambezed” (1863 w.), imdenad Zlieria

da ,,Cveulebrivi kaci” imdenad susti, rom ar SeiZleba

am talRam is ,,Tan ar waiyolios”. magram did pirov-

nebas SeuZlian Tavisi mkerdiT ,,gaapos da Semusros” es

talRa, Tavisi ,,SorsmxedvelobiT” daeuflos droebas,

,,guluSiSrad” wavides win, Tavisi WkuiT gaunaTos

xalxs gza.43

ilias azriT, nuravin nu ifiqrebs, ,,viTomc geniosi

cidam iyos Camosuli”. geniosic Tavisi drois nayofia.

arc erTi geniosi axals arafers ambobs, is “mxolod

gvixsnis imas, rac TiTon cxovrebas amouriyavs Tavis

mdinarebaSi, rac Tavis daudgromel duRilSi moudgia

zedapirzeda”. didi pirovneba imiT gansxvadeba sxvebisa-

gan, rom “Tavisi Zlieri mxrebiT amoitans, amozidavs

202

xolme imas, rac TviTon cxovrebaSia, e. i. cxovrebis

Sig-mdebaresa”. am SigmdebareSia cxovrebis awymoc da

misi momavalic, an, ilias sityviT rom vTqvaT, “mTeli

awmyo Tavis droebisa da Teslic momavlisa”44.

mniSvnelovani da, SeiZleba iTqvas, gadamwyveti

roli adamianis moqmedebasa da cxovrebis gardaqmnaSi,

ilias azriT, zneobriv sawyiss ekuTvnis.

qveynis imdroindeli mdgomareoba muq ferebSia gad-

mocemuli ilias nawerebSi. arc didsa da arc pataras,

vkiTxulobT ,,aCrdilSi”,- sadac ,,Sromis axsnis” prob-

lemaa dasmuli, ,,qveynis tkiviliT ar stkiva guli”, ar

axsovs, rom cas adamianebisTvis mxolod ,,mamuli” mou-

cia sazrunavad da safiqrelad. yvela undoblobiTa da

SuriTaa ganwyobili erTmaneTisadmi.

striqonebi, romlebic socialur usamarTlobas exe-

ba (,,ager ufali da misi mona”!) emociuradaa datvirTu-

li, - laparakia “batonis qva gulze”, Seubraleblobaze;

daxatulia socialur fenaTa urTierTobis mZime sura-

Ti. naTqvamia, rom ,,Sromis Svils” awevs kisrad ,,mZime

uReli qveynis codvisa” da a.S., magram, amgvari viTare-

bis miuxedavad, ilia gamsWvalulia optimizmiT da mtki-

ce rwmeniT:

,,Sromisa axsna – eg aris tvirTi

Zleva mosilis am saukunis!”

momaval cxovrebaSi, sadac ilia WavWavaZis rwmeniT,

orive amocana unda gadawydes, - erovnulic da socia-

luric, parizis komunis mowodeba – ,,Zmoba, erToba,

Tavisufleba” – uqmi sityvebi aRar iqneba, wers ilia.

momavali cxovreba ilias esaxeba, rogorc zneobriv Ri-

rebulebaTa ganxorcieleba, sadac ,,kacTmoyvareoba da

saTnoeba” eklis gvirgviniT aRar ivlian, maSvrali

,,gankacdeba” da moipovebs warTmeul Rirsebasa da niWs;

adamiani amaRldeba, magram ise, rom ,,sxvas Zirs ar

dascems” da ar daimonebs.

203

sikeTis rwmena sruli garkveulobiT gasdevs qar-

Tul azrovnebas, dawyebuli xalxuri TviTSegnebiT da

damTavrebuli Cveni dRevandeli mwerlobiT. sikeTis

borotebaze gamarjvebis ideam brwyinvale gansaxiereba

,,vefxistyaosanSi” moipova, magram ucxo ar yofila

sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis sxva formebisaTvisac. es

idea vlindeba Zvel qarTul saistorio mwerlobaSic

da filosofiaSic, romelic rusTavelis epoqis saqarT-

veloSi renesansuli da humanisturi msoflmxedvelobis

Teoriul safuZvels warmoadgenda.

sikeTis idea, rogorc sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis da

misi gardaqmnis zneobrivi safuZveli, asaxulia ilias

mTel SemoqmedebaSi, magram gansakuTrebul yuradRebas

imsaxurebs am mxriv ,,oTaraanT qvrivi”, SesaniSnavi

nawarmoebi, romelic mxatvruli Semoqmedebis msoflio

Sedevrebis doneze dgas. ,,oTaraanT qvrivi” rTuli

nawarmoebia da SeiZleba zogierT sakiTxSi davas da

azrTa sxvadaxvaobasac iwvevdes, mgram ,,Catexili xidis”

problema sikeTisa da borotebis zogadi problemis

sibrtyeSi dgas da misi daZlevis, misi ,,gamrTelebis”

safuZvels zneobrivi sawyisi warmoadgens.

,,oTaraanT qvrivSi” xalxis wiaRidan gamosuli da am

wiaRSi Camoyalibebuli xasiaTis gansaxierebuli mxatv-

ruli saxe mkveTrad gamoxatuli individualobaa. sxve-

bisgan gansxvavebuli, gansakuTrebuli da xSirad

maTTan dapirispirebuli esaa pirovneba. mis moqmedebas

yovelTvis didi gulisa da didi gonebis kvali amCnevia

da amitom gaugebaria im garemoSi, romelSic cxovrobs

da moqmedebs. mxolod brZenisa da didi gulisTvis

SeiZleba iyos damaxasiaTebeli ,,pilpil moyrili mad-

li” – sikeTe, romelsac is axorcielebs, magram ise,

rom adamiani darCes Tavis Tavze mzrunvelad da saku-

Tari cxovrebis sakuTari moqmedebiT warmmarTvel

pirovnebad.

204

,, _ rao, oTaraanT qvrivo, gemarTa magisi, Tu ra

aris? – hkiTxa qosmansaviT gaTxvirulma meqalamnem,

romlisganac oTaraanT qvrivma saqalamne tyavi SeiZina,

rom maTxovrisaTvis mieca.”

,, _ maS ara-da, magis Tavis mzem, Cems Tavs davakleb-

di da magis qalamanSi mivcemdi, - icrua oTaraanT

qvrivma”.

magram tragedia, romelic oTaraanT qvrivis garSemo

datrialda da es Zlieri pirovneba gaanadgura, _ sazo-

gadoebis maRal fenebTan dapirispirebiT aris gamowveu-

li da amaSia misi simwvave. erT mxares arian oTaraanT

qvrivi da giorgi, meore mxares – arCili da keso.

tragikuli faqti iyo saWiro, rom arCilis gulSi

mTeli gadatrialeba momxdariyo da cxovrebiseuli

sibrZne wignebSi ki ara, uSualod cocxal sinamdvi-

leSi eZebna; sinamdvileSi, romlisganac arCilic da

kesoc gaTiSulni arian.

,, ... ukadrisobad migvaCnia Wkua uwigno tyapuW-qveSac

vigulvoT, Cven vTakilobT da ara gvjera, rom yvela

gonieri kaci igive wignia. yvela gonieri kaci, Tundac

uwignoc, zogjer mwignobarisaTvisac ki ostatia”. tra-

gikuli SemTxveva iyo saWiro, rom arCils uSualod

ganecada cxovreba da gaecnobierebina ufskruli socia-

lur fenebs Soris:

,, _ Cveni keTili ara swamT, ara sjeraT, erTica da

meorec Cvengan ukvirT, eucxovebaT.... Cven vina da isini

vin! ori sxva da sxva qveyanaa, Sori Sorsa varT.... guli

guls veRar migvikarebia, veRar migvixvedrebia. da rad

unda gvikvirdes, rom erTmaneTisa aRara gvesmis ra!”

undobloba da erTmaneTis gaugebroba msWvalavs

gaRma-gamoRma mdgar socialur fenebs, radgan darRveu-

lia maT Soris uSualo kavSiri da maT Sua, rogorc

ilia wers, dgas mxolod ,,brtyeli ena mwignobarisa” da

,,xarbi xeli gaumaZRarisa”. es ki uvargisi ,,mociqulebi”

205

arian adamianTa Soris adamianuri urTierTobis damya-

rebisTvis.

,,oTaraanT qvrivSi” didi damajerebelobiTaa war-

modgenili socialur fenaTa Soris ufskruli da es

dadasturebulia ilia WavWavaZis mTeli SemoqmedebiT.

ufro mniSvnelovania ilias Sexedulebani im gzebis

Sesaxeb, romelTa meSveobiTac unda iqnes igi gadala-

xuli. aq iliasTan dgeba zneobrivi faqtorisa da misi

mniSvnelobis sakiTxi:

,,_ maS, giorgis ar SeirTavdi? _ hkiTxa uecrad

arCilma...

_ ar miyvarda da imitom.

_ Cveni vaic magaSia; sCans CvenTvis wigni sxva

yofila da saqme sxva. ar giyvarda imave mizeziT, ra

mizeziTac ar SeirTavdi: glexkaci iyo. sad aris aq

,,Tayvanis cema Rirsebisa”, romelic Cven ase mogvwonda?

wignSia da ara saqmeSi, enazea da ara gulSi”. kesos

Tvalebi cremlebiT aevseba da dialogi da-Zmas Soris

zneobrivi kaTarsis simaRlemde adis. am kaTarsisSi un-

da veZioT, ilias mixedviT, ufskrulis amovsebisa da

,,Catexili xidis” gamTelebis gzebi. SeiZleba zedmeti

ar iyos gavixsenoT, rom tragediis mniSvnelobas da

mizans aristotele swored kaTarsisSi xedavda.

,, _ Seni tirili mixarian – mimarTavs arCili kesos,

_ mec vitirebdi, rom marto ukan-Ra viyurebode, ro-

gorc exla Sen”.

da Tu arCili ukan ar ixedeba, imitom rom ,,iq, ukan

bnela.... Ramea” da da-Zmis Sexedulebis mixedviT – ,,xi-

dia Catexili, xidi”!

,,Catexili xidi” misi gamTelebis amocanis winaSe

ayanebs avtorsac, mis gmirebsac da moiTxovs gadau-

debel pasuxs.

206

,,_ arCil, win raRaa, win! – SehbRavla uecrad kesom

da orsave xelis TiTebi erTmaneTSi Caiwna da fSvneta

da mtvreva daiwyo”.

pasuxi am kiTxvaze exeba XIX saukunis mwvave prob-

lemas da amave dros naTels hfens ilia WavWavaZis

mTel cxovrebasa da moRvaweobas, mis pozicias, proble-

mis daZlevis safuZvels da amosaval zneobriv sawyi-

sebs.

win ,,eg cremliani codnaa”, romelic ,,ukana swvavs,

wina hnamavs da amwvanebs”, romelic ,,gabevrdeba, mdinare

wylad iqceva da mTels tivs miitans, rom Cvens Soris

Catexili xidi gaamTelos da egre orsav napirs gaaer-

Tianebs”. eg ,,cremliani codna, codniani cremli” aris

“Suqi winasi” da ,,dasawyisi ganTiadisa”.

ilia WavWavaZe 1906 wlis aprilSi airCies saxel-

mwifo sabWos wevrad. swored am wels moxda didi xnis

daarsebul saxelmwifo organoSi mniSvnelovani cvli-

lebebi, miiRo umaRlesi sakanonmdeblo uflebebi. Tum-

ca umaRlesi xelisufleba mefis kuTvnilebad darCa,

magram saxelmwifo sabWoSi moRvaweoba mainc iZleoda

saSualebas sazogadoebisa da xalxisTvis mniSvnelo-

vani kanonmdeblobis winadadebisTvis.

aq, peterburgSi gaisma ilias mZlavri xma 1905 wlis

revoluciis Semdgomi droisa da, rogorc ilia ambob-

da, ,,Cveni xalxis cxovrebis jojoxeTad gardaqmnis”

Taobaze: ,,saxelmwifo sabWoSi, - ganucxada iliam ko-

respondentebs, - me amomirCia Tavadaznaurobam. es imas

ar niSnavs, rom sabWoSi me marto TavadaznaurobaTa

saWiroebebze vilaparakeb. Tu amas hfiqroben zogni

Cemni amomrCevelni, es didi Secdomaa”45.

ilia sicocxlis bolomde rCeba erTguli axalgazr-

dobidanve naTlad gamokveTili rwmenisa – marad da

yvelgan, saqarTvelov, me var SenTana - da es arc

saxelmwifo sabWoSi muSaobis dros aviwydeba: ,,sabWoSi

207

mTel saqarTvelos da qarTvelTa interesebis damcveli

viqnebi. saerTo kiTxvebsac Sevwirav Cems Rones”.

mravalferovan moRvaweobis gverdiT saxelmwifo

sabWos saxiT ilias sikeTisa da maRali zneobrivi idea-

lebis ganxorcielebaze zrunvis saSualebac mieca.

saxelmwifo sabWos wevrTa Soris igi iyo pirvelTagani,

romelmac waradgina moxseneba sikvdiliT dasjis kano-

nis gauqmebis Sesaxeb. gamoCenili rusi mecnieri maqsime

kovalevski, romelic imave wels airCies saxelmwifo

sabWos wevrad, ilia WavWavaZis xsovnisadmi miZRvnil

krebaze ambobda: ,,Cven SevikribeT, raTa pativi vceT

didi sazogadoebrivi da politikuri moRvawis xsovnas”.

ilias moRvaweobis sxva mxareebTan erTad m. kovalevski

aRniSnavda imasac, rom ilia ekuTvnoda sabWos mcire-

ricxovan wevrTa ricxvs, romelic moiTxovda farTo

agrarul reformas da glexTa miwismflobelobis

gafarToebas da imasac, rom iliam mxari dauWira sab-

WoSi sikvdiliT dasjis gauqmebas. n. bolqvaZe, romelic

am dros peterburgSi korespondentad muSaobda da

saxelmwifo sabWos sxdomebs eswreboda, werda: saxel-

mwifo sabWoSi ,,sikvdiliT dasjis mospobis Sesaxeb

vrceli moxsenebis Sedgena iliam ikisra”. ilias Tana-

medroveni da misi saxelmwifo sabWos TanamoRvaweni

gadmoqvcemen, rom progresuli politikuri RonisZiebe-

bis ganxorcielebisTvis brZolaSi ilia yovelTvis

umciresobaSi imyofeboda.

pavle ingoroyva werda: ,,ilias kargad esmoda, rom

misi sityva sikvdiliT dasjis winaaRmdeg darCeboda

,,xmad mRaRadeblisa udabnosa Sina”, _ da asec moxda, –

ilia umciresobaSi aRmoCnda am SemTxvevaSic. magram

ilias mTeli moRvaweoba mimarTuli iyo sikeTis gan-

xorcielebisken, maRali zneobrivi idealebisken, rom-

lebic SeiZleba Sesustdes kidec garkveul pirobebsa

da drois calkeul monakveTebSi, SeiZleba gauCinardes

208

kidec, magram yvela pirobebSi rCeba maradiul Rirebu-

lebad da sazogadoebrivi cxovrebisa da progresis

mamoZravebel Zalad.

$2. iakob gogebaSvili

XIX saukunis qarTuli filosofiuri azris isto-

riaSi kuTvnil adgils imsaxurebs pedagogikis qarTve-

li klasikosi, saqarTveloSi pedagogiuri skolis

damfuZnebeli, iakob gogebaSvili /1840-1912/.

i. gogebaSvili i. WavWavaZis, a. wereTlis, n. nikola-

Zis da, saerTod, XIX saukunis meore naxevris progre-

sulad moazrovne qarTvel moRvaweTa Tanamedrove da

Tanamoazrea. misi Semoqmedeba, upirvelesad, mniSvnelo-

vania pedagogikis mecnierebis TvalsazrisiT, magram i.

gogebaSvilis mravalmxrivi Semoqmedeba safuZvels

iZleva, rom igi Seswavlili da Sefasebuli iqnas qar-

Tuli filosofiuri azris istoriis poziciidanac.

i. gogebaSvilis Semoqmedebaze saubrisas aucileb-

lad unda gaesvas xazi misi pirovnebis zneobriv mxares,

rac Cans mis mier Seqmnil nawarmoebebSi. aq mxolod

pedagogikis sferoSi Seqmnili naSromebi ar igulisx-

meba, romlebSic umaRlesi humanizmi gamosWvivis da ro-

melTa avtoric msoflio pedagogikis doneze dgas.

humanizmi gamosWvivis mis mxatvrul SemoqmedebaSi (mag.

,,iavnanam ra hqna”), publicistur werilebSi, polemikur

gamosvlebSi (mag., misi polemika zaqaria faliaSvilTan).

qarTuli filosofiuri azris istoriis Tvalsazri-

siT, i. gogebaSvilis Semoqmedebis is nawilia sayurad-

Rebo, sadac misi gansjis sagania qveynis istoria, misi

av-kargi da gansakuTrebiT ki misi mosazrebebi mSob-

liuri enis rolze erovnuli TviTcnobierebis Camoya-

209

libebaSi. Tamamad SeiZleba iTqvas, rom i. gogebaSvilis

pozicias mSobliuri enis rolze, eris saerTo gan-

wyobisa da pirovnebis formirebaze dResac ar daukar-

gavs mniSvneloba.

i. gogebaSvili erovnuli TviTcnobierebis Camoyali-

bebaSi mSobliuri enis gadamwyvet rols exeba ara

mxolod specialur naSromSi (mag. ,,burji erovnebisa”),

aramed sxva statiebSic, magaliTad, batonymobis gauqme-

baze kritikuli gamosvlisas, vostorgovis proeqtis

kritikisas, saqarTvelos warsulsa da awmyoze msjelo-

bisas da a.S.

saqarTveloSi batonymobis gauqmebaze i. gogebaSvil-

ma saintereso paraleli gaakeTa ruseTis sinamdvilesa

da saqarTvelos Soris. kerZod, misi aRniSvniT, ruseTSi

arsebobda mudmivi jari, romelic batonebs icavda gle-

xebisgan. saqarTveloSi mudmivi jari ar yofila da

bunebrivia mravalricxovani glexebisgan damcavi meqa-

nizmic ar arsebobda. amitomac batonsa da glexs Soris

,,xaTri-jamaTiani” damokidebuleba iyo46.

mas Semdeg, rac ruseTma saqarTvelo SeierTa, viTa-

reba CvenSic Seicvala. kerZod, ruseTis jarma saqarTve-

loSic imave funqciis Sesruleba daiwyo, rasac manamde

ruseTSi asrulebda. Tuki damoukideblobis dros qarT-

vel Tavadsa da glexs xelSi iaraRi ekavaT, ruseTis

Semosvlis Semdeg qveynis usafrTxoeba garantirebuli

gaxda da glexma Tof-iaraRs xeli gauSva, xolo Tava-

daznauroba gancxromas mieca, daiwyo mamulebis dagi-

raveba, Semdeg gayidva da a.S.47 yovelive amis safu-

Zvelze, rogorc SeniSnavs i. gogebaSvili, TandaTa-

nobiT gaqra qarTvel batonsa da ymas Soris adrindeli

,,xaTri-jamaTiani” damokidebuleba.

aseve, sayuradReboa i. gogebaSvilis statia “erov-

nuli Savi Wiri imier da amier saqarTveloSi”, sadac

saubaria mSobliur enaze saRvTo rjulis swavlebis

210

aucileblobaze. es, i. gogebaSvilis azriT, ganpirobe-

bulia im garemoebiT, rom mSobliur enaze saRvTo

rjulis swavleba bavSvs religiur grZnobas unergavs.

,,religia sferoa grZnobisa da grZnoba ki mxolod

dedaenaze SeiZleba Cainergos, ganviTardes da gaZ-

lierdes”48, aRniSnavs i. gogebaSvili.

sarwmunoebis principebs, i. gogebaSvilis azriT,

mozardi mSobliur enaze unda eziaros, radganac, jer-

erTi, gulwrfeli sarwmunoeba ucxo enaze ver gavr-

celdeba, rac kargad aCvenes mociqulebma. isini saxa-

rebas qadagebdnen ara mSobliur ebraul, aramed erov-

nul, ese igi, romel xalxSic vrceldeboda saxareba, im

xalxis enaze; meore: saRvTo rjulis swavleba

dedaenaze bavSvebs avarjiSebs metyvelebaSi, uRviZebs

interess kiTxvisadmi, saerTod, wignisadmi da a.S. mesame:

saRvTo rjuls mSobliur enaze aswavlian mSobliuri

eris Svilebi49.

i. gogebaSvilis am statiis daweris mizezi gaxda is

garemoeba, rom, rogorc dasavleT, ise aRmosavleT

saqarTveloSi bavSvebs saRvTo rjuls rusul enaze

aswavlidnen. i. gogebaSvili am faqtiT didad Sewuxebu-

lia, rac mas eris gadagvarebis mauwyeblad miaCnia.

Tavis azrs igi Sesabamisi magaliTebiT amagrebs: bagra-

tionTa saxelovani gvaris gadagvareba da genialuri

berZeni eri, romelmac uRalata Tavis klasikur enas da

sabolood gadaSenda50. aqedan gamosavals igi inteli-

genciis aqtiurobaSi xedavs.

i. gogebaSvili aq ganxilul Temas agrZelebs weril-

Si – ,,xe nayofiT icnobebis”, sadac igi kategoriulad

im azrs atarebs, rom skola, gansakuTrebiT, saxalxo,

dedaenaze unda iyos dafuZnebuli ,,deda ena sulia

skolisa”51.

mSobliuri enis rolisa da mniSvnelobis sakiTxebs

i. gogebaSvili sagangebod Seexo da Rrmad, safuZvlia-

211

nad ganixila or naSromSi-,,rani viyaviT guSin” da,

gansakuTrebiT, ,,burji erovnebisa”-Si.

pirvel naSromSi i. gogebaSvili saubrobs saqarTve-

los istoriis sakvanZo sakiTxebze, batonisa da ymis

Tavisebur damokidebulebaze saqarTveloSi, Semdeg qvey-

nis bedis Carxis ukuRma datrialebasa da amiT gamow-

veul damangrevel Sedegebze.

saerTod, i. gogebaSvili yvelgan xazgasmiT saub-

robs qveynis damoukideblobis udides mniSvnelobaze

rogorc saero, ise sasuliero sferoSi. qveynis damou-

kideblobis dros saqarTveloSi mwyemsmTavrad ucxo

qveynis Svili ar ijda. es ki qarTvel sasuliero pirs

kaTolikosad aRsaydrebis perspeqtivas usaxavda, rac

Tavis mxriv, sasuliero pirTa keTilSobilursa da

spetak saqmianobas ganapirobebda52.

i. gogebaSvili paralels avlebs ruseTis mefis-

ekaterinesa da erekle mefis qmedebebs Soris. maSin,

roca rusTa dedofali manamde Tavisufal xalxebs

Tavis favoritebs urigebda, erekle mefem gankarguleba

gasca tyveobidan dabrunebuli glexebis ymobidan

ganTavisuflebaze. aq mTavaria i. gogebaSvilis daskvna,

romelSic kargad Cans avtoriseuli xedva im trage-

diisa, rac mohyva saqarTvelos damoukideblobis da-

kargvas, ,,es faqti, _ wers gogebaSvili, _ sruls sa-

buTs gvaZlevs, vTqvaT, rom, Tu Cveni istoriuli msvle-

loba Tavis nacionaluris kalapotidan ar gadavard-

niliyo, vin icis, iqneb baton-ymobis gauqmebas bevrad

adre moveswrebodiT samocdameoTxe weliwadzed da es

gauqmeba momxdariyo bevrad ufro sasargeblo safu-

Zvelzed”53.

Tu ras niSnavs i. gogebaSvilisTvis qveynisa da eris

damoukidebloba, kargad Cans amave nawarmoebSi, sadac

aRniSnulia, rom ruseTTan keTilSobiluri urTierTo-

ba aucilebelia, magram damoukidebloba ar unda

212

davkargoT, radganac Tu erma sruli damoukidebloba,

TviTmmarTveloba ar moipova, maSin ,,...usaTuod gamobir-

deba, gafuqsavatdeba, daecema, dahkargavs gonebisa da

zneobis Zalas, moakldeba Tavisufleba, dedul-mamu-

lidgan dajdeba calieri da gadaiqceva boganoTa naxi-

rad, romlis saxsenebelic ki, adre Tu gvian, amoifxv-

reba dedamiwis zurgidgan”54.

bevris mTqmelia nawarmoebis finali, sadac i. goge-

baSvili mraval eWvnarev kiTxvas svams. kerZod, is, rom

ruseTma Cveni qveynis usafrTxoeba uzrunvelyo, sasike-

Tod gamoviyeneT Tu visargebleT sasikeTod, Tu avayva-

veT Cveni ena, mecniereba, xalxs Soris, xalxsa da inte-

ligencias Soris kavSiri ganmtkicda Tu, piriqiT –

xalxi gavelurebis, xolo inteligencia gafuqsavatebis

gzas daadga?55

i. gogebaSvilis saboloo kiTxva aseTia: Cveni opti-

mistebis imedebi gamarTlda Tu gamarTlda patriotebis

SiSi, romelic nikoloz baraTaSvilmac Tavis poemaSi

solomon leoniZis piriT ganacxada?

i. gogebaSvili Tavis eWvnarev kiTxvebs aseve eWvnare-

vi kiTxviT – ,,rani varT dResa?” amTavrebs. Tuki nawar-

moebis saTaurSi gatanil kiTxvas – ,,rani viyaviT gu-

Sin?~ met-naklebad damaimedebeli pasuxi aqvs gacemuli,

xolo finaluri kiTxva – ,,rani varT dResa?” lakonu-

rad gamoxatavs im viTarebas, romelSic iyo XIX sau-

kunis miwurulis saqarTvelo. es ki, Tavis mxriv, gar-

kveuli politikuri xedvac aris da swored am kuTxiT

exmareba igi gansaxilveli epoqis qarTuli filosofiu-

ri azris istorias.

amave nawarmoebSi i. gogebaSvili exeba qarTuli enis

Rirsebebs, mis umaRles gamomxatvelobiT unarebs da

sisadaves: ,,simdidresa Cvenis enisa iyo imisTana, rom

TviT uRrmesni WeSmaritebani yovel gvar mecnierebisa

213

daubrkolebliv da yvelasaTvis gasagebad ixatebod-

nen”56.

adamianis cxovrebaSi mSobliuri enis rolsa da

mniSvnelobas i. gogebaSvilma miuZRvna specialuri naS-

romi – ,,burji erovnebisa”, romelic pirvelad 1890

wels gamoqveynda57 da, SeiZleba iTqvas, rom mis nawar-

moebTa Soris yvelaze mniSvnelovania qarTuli filo-

sofiuri azris istoriisTvis.

i. gogebaSvili CamoTvlis qarTuli enis Rirsebebs,

saxeldobr, gveubneba, rom Cveni mSobliuri ena iseve

srulyofilia, rogorc Cveni miwa-wyali da Cveni isto-

ria. i. gogebaSviliseul daxasiaTebaSi qarTuli ena

warmodgenilia im fenomenad, romelSic gamJRavnebulia

eris istoria Tavisi sixaruliTa da mwuxarebiT, masSi

daleqilia eris istoria, azrovneba, grZnoba da a.S.

,,qarTuli ena iseTive mravalferovania, rogorc aris

Cveni eris istoria, warsuli cxovreba, savse mraval-

gvaris moqmedebiTa, TvisebiTa, azrovnebiTa, grZnobiTa,

didi sixaruliTa, Zlieri mwuxarebiTa da romelic

warmoadgens imgvars Rrmas da dausrulebels dramas,

rom asi Seqspiric ver amoswuravda Ziramdis, erTi

rusuli mwerlis ar iyos”58. amasTan, igi Sewuxebulia

imiT, rom Cveni sazogadoebis maRalsa Tu dabal

fenebSi, ganaTlebulsa Tu gaunaTleblebSi, mSobliuri

ena abuCad aris agdebuli da xSirad masze arc

metyveleben.

i. gogebaSvilis fiqrisa da gansjis sagania dedaena-

ze aRzrdis mniSvneloba. mSobliuri ena adamians Zval-

sa da rbilSi aqvs gamjdari, mas fesvebi aqvs tvinSi,

nervebSi, mTels mis bunebaSi: ,,amasTan dedaena aris

Zvirfasi salaro, dausrulebeli rveuli, romelSiac

daculia mTeli simdidre xalxis gonebisa, fantaziisa

da gulisa, nafiqrisa, nagrZnobisa da namoqmedarisa da

romlis Seswavla bavSvs akavSirebs mTeli eris sulTan

214

da gulTan, mis xangrZliv istoriuli cxovrebasTan da

avsebs mas sulieris RoniT da mxneobiT”59.

i. gogebaSvili mSobliur enaze aRzrdisa da ganaT-

lebis miRebis mniSvnelobisa da aucileblobis saCve-

neblad ucxo enebis swavlebas mimarTavs. misi azriT,

ucxo enaze aRzrda, sabolood raRac mTavars arTmevs

adamians. amasTan, viRacis mier ucxo enebis zedmiwevniT

kargad swavla ar niSnavs dedaenis rolis dakninebas.

rogorc uxelo adamianis mier fexebiT Sesrulebuli

moqmedeba ar amcirebs xelis rols, funqcias, aseve

unda iyos ucxo enis swavla da damokidebuleba

mSobliuri enisadmi.

i. gogebaSvili mSobliuri enis rols gansakuTre-

bul mniSvnelobas aniWebs sarwmunoebasTan mimarTebaSi.

am sferoSi mJRavndeba dedaenis arsi da mniSvneloba.

ufals mxolod mSobliur enaze unda mimarTo, radgan

TviT ufalia meufe Cveni gulisa, ,,mxolod deda-enazed

SeiZleba ilocos adamianma... diaR, mxolod dedaena

aris ena sulisa da gulisa, - yvela ucxo enani ki arian

enani mexsierebisa”60.

ucxo enaze aRzrda-ganaTlebis miRebis uaryofiT

mxares i. gogebaSvili xedavs imaSi, rom igi adamianSi

amdablebs da klavs mis unarebs, miT umetes, roca

adamiani samSoblodan wasulia. am uaryofiTi movlenis

i. gogebaSviliseuli axsna aris met-naklebad mniSvne-

lovani qarTuli filosofiuri azris istoriisTvis.

kerZod, i. gogebaSvilis azriT, ucxo enaze aRzrda-ga-

naTlebis miRebiT gamowveuli uaryofiTi Sedegebi (una-

rebis daknineba, Cakvla, gadagvareba) adamianis agebule-

basa da metyvelebas Soris winaaRmdegobis mizezia (es

maSin, roca aRzrda-ganaTleba ucxo enaze xdeba). ada-

mianis agebulebaSi, rogorc es i. gogebaSvilis Sexe-

dulebebidan Cans, igulisxmeba is fiziko-fiziologiu-

ri Taviseburebani, riTac erTmaneTisgan gansxvavdebian

215

sxvadasxva eris Svilebi. amasTan, adamianis aRniSnul

agebulebasTan mWidro kavSirSia mSobliuri ena, isini

rogorRac erTmaneTs ganapirobeben da gamomdinare aqe-

dan, gasagebi unda iyos, Tu ratom iwvevs adamianebis

unarebis daknineba-Cakvlas ucxo enaze aRzrda-ganaT-

lebis miReba. isic unda aRiniSnos, rom aq i. gogebaSvi-

li iziarebs uSinskis Tvalsazriss, romlis Tanaxmadac,

adamianis agebulebasTan kavSirSia misi mSobliuri ena

da amdenad, fesvebidan misi mowyveta uaryofiT Sedegebs

iZleva61.

SeiZleba sakamaTo iyos i. gogebaSvilis es mosaz-

rebebi, gansakuTrebiT misi kategoriuli msjeloba ada-

mianis fiziko-fiziologiur agebulebasa da masTan

mSobliuri enis aseT kavSirze, magram misi ZiriTadi

azri da daskvnebi, arsebiTad WeSmaritebasTan axlos

unda iyos. amis dasturad davimowmoT erTi adgili am

nawarmoebidan: ,,rodesac vaxuSti, ioseb samebeli da

maTni TanaSemweni, aRzrdilni da dasrulebulni erov-

nuls niadagze, ruseTSi nayofierad Sromobdnen qveyni-

saTvis, miuxedavad didis gaWirvebis, Rrma kvali

dastoves Cvens cxovrebaSi, axlandeli ruseTis qarTve-

lebi, im gadaxvewilTa Camomavalni, yovlad gamousade-

garni arian saqarTvelosTvisac da ruseTisTvisac”62.

aseT qarTvelebs i. gogebaSvili adarebs CrdiloeTSi

moyvanil kaxur vazs, romelic Tavis niadags mowyveti-

li tkbili aRar aris, mJave da wyalwyalaa.

i. gogebaSvili kategoriulad winaaRmdegia, rom

bavSvs erTbaSad ramdenime ena vaswavloT. am dros mas

xan erTi aviwydeba, xan meore, rac xels uSlis enis

SeTvisebas. ai ras ambobs igi amis Taobaze: ,,enis SeT-

visebis Seyenebas moucileblad mosdevs azrisa da

grZnobis Seferxeba da amitom am gvarad aRzrdilni

bavSvni ukan rCebian rogorc metyvelebaSi, ise azrovne-

baSi”63.

216

yoveli ena Taviseburad xasiaTdeba, rac misi geneti-

kuri warmomavlobiT aris ganpirobebuli. es problema

i. gogebaSvilma mTeli siRrmiT icis da roca am mimar-

TebiT qarTul enaze saubrobs, xazgasmiT aRniSnavs,

rom mSobliur enaze aRzrda-ganaTlebis upiratesobis

miniWebisas sagangebo SemTxveva gvaqvs qarTul enasTan

mimarTebaSi. amis mizezi ki is aris, rom qarTuli ena

miekuTvneba sul sxva ojaxs da arsebiTad gansxvavdeba

Turanuli da indo-evropuli enebis ojaxebisgan. amito-

mac, aRniSnavs i. gogebaSvili, qarTul sinamdvileSi,

roca bavSvi aRzrda-ganaTlebas ucxo enaze miiRebs,

winaaRmdegoba ufro didia da es gamowveulia im arse-

biTi gansxvavebiT, rac qarTulsa da indo-evropul

enebs Soris aris64. Tu gavixsenebT, rom i. gogebaSvili

adamianis fiziko-fiziologiur agebulebasTan mSob-

liuri enis genetikur kavSirs aRiarebs, maSin ar iqneba

Zneli imis gageba, Tu ratom aris saziano qarTveli bav-

Svis aRzrda-ganaTlebis dawyeba romelime indo-evro-

puli eniT.

i. gogebaSvilis nawarmoebSi gansakuTrebiT unda ga-

moiyos misi Tvalsazrisi imis Taobaze, rom yovel enas

aqvs Taviseburi alRoianoba, ese igi, raRac mistikuri

unari. magaliTad, bavSvi iseT rames Txzavs, aRniSnavs i.

gogebaSvili, rac ar uswavlia, aravisgan gaugonia,

magram Seesabameba mSobliuri enis principebs. rogorc

xma _ sakravi instrumentidan, ise dedaena gamomdinare-

obs bavSvis bunebidan. i. gogebaSvilis azriT, – ,,bavSv-

Si Casaxulia dabadebidgan deda-ena, da mis garSemo

myofni Tavisianni ufro bebiis rols TamaSoben, vidre

maswavleblisas”65.

rogorc vxedavT, i. gogebaSvili enas, konkretulad,

mSobliur enas adamianis arsebasTan akavSirebs da mas

miiCnevs iseT fenomenad, romelic bavSvs Tan dahyveba

dabadebisTanave, rom ityvian, dedis rZesTan erTad.

217

swored amitomac, mSobliur enas ver Secvlis veraviTa-

ri ucxo ena, radganac igi bavSvis bunebidan ar gamom-

dinareobs.

i. gogebaSvilis mosazrebebSi sagangebod unda gamo-

iyos mis mier enis gayofa grZnobis (mSobliuri) da

mexsierebis (ucxo) enebad. misi azriT, ,,...bavSvi ucxo

enas swavlobs mxolod mexsierebaTa, ixsomebs yovels

sityvasa da frazas da mTlad moklebulia SeZlebas Se-

moqmedebiTi Zala amuSaos, alRo enisa avarjiSos da

ganaviTaros”66.

Tavisi azris gansamtkiceblad i. gogebaSvili sani-

muSod ixilavs rusi literatorebis, kritikos belins-

kisa da mweral pleSCevis magaliTebs. belinski SesaniS-

navi kritikosi iyo, magram ucxo enebis swavlisadmi

midrekileba ar hqonia, ufro sworad, am unars mokle-

buli iyo. amis miuxedavad, am faqts araviTari gavlena

ar mouxdenia belinskize, rogorc literatorze. amis

sapirispiro magaliTia pleSCevis Semoqmedeba. mas,-

aRniSnavs i. gogebaSvili,-aRzrda-ganaTleba frangulad

hqonda miRebuli da am enaze werda uxeiro moTxrobebs.

rac Seexeba leqss, pleSCevi mxolod rusul enaze

werda. yvelaferi amis mizezi ki, i. gogebaSvilis azriT,

iyo is, rom ucxo ena mexsierebis enaa, xolo mSobliuri

ena – grZnobis, leqsi ki grZnobiT iwereba. am leqsebma

ki, avad Tu kargad, pleSCevs, i. gogebaSvilis azriT,

mesame kategoriis rus poetebSi miuCina adgili67.

mSobliur enaze bavSvis aRzrda-ganaTleba sulac ar

niSnavs ucxo enebis swavlaze uaris Tqmas. piriqiT,

aRniSnavs i. gogebaSvili, es meore ukiduresoba iqnebo-

da. magram ucxo enis swavla mxolod mSobliuri enis

Seswavlis Semdeg unda moxdes68.

imis sailustraciod, Tu ra mimarTebiTa da Tana-

fardobiT unda iswavlebodes qarTuli, rusuli da

ucxo enebi, i. gogebaSvili aseT Sedarebas mimarTavs:

218

,,raTa taatiT ar iaros saqarTvelos erovnobis etlma,

ar gaCerdes erTs adgilas, saWiroa masSi SevabaT ZirSi

qarTuli ena da yevrad movubaT rusuli ena da sxva

enebi”69. mxolod am gziT ivlis Rirseulad Cveni erov-

nebis etli jerovani siswrafiT da miaRwevs daniSnul

adgilas, _ dasZens i. gogebaSvili.

Tu ra saSineleba mosdevs sakuTari enis upitivcem-

lobas, amis magaliTad i. gogebaSvils mohyavs slavebis,

ungrelebis, uelselebisa da sxvaTa magaliTebi. roca

am erebma uaryves mSobliuri ena da, Sesabamisad, upira-

tesoba mianiWes germanul, frangulsa da inglisur

enebs, amas maTi umecreba, dabriyveba da CarmorCena

mohyva. viTareba mxolod maSin Seicvala, roca es xal-

xebi gons moegnen da mSobliur enas jerovani yurad-

Reba miaqcies70.

qarTuli sinamdvilidan i. gogebaSvili ixsenebs did

mxedarTmTavars, petre bagrations da cnobil mecniers,

ivane TarxniSvils. misi azriT, petre bagrations Tav-

dapirvelad aRzrda-ganaTleba mSobliur enaze hqonda

miRebuli, Semdeg rusul enaze miiRo man samxedro

ganaTleba da swored amitomac iyo igi didi mxedarTm-

Tavari. rac Seexeba aseve cnobil pirovnebas da

gamoCenil mecniers, ivane TarxniSvils, marTalia, is

mTlad mowyvetili ar yofila mSobliur fesvebs da

didi mecnieric iyo, magram mas rom aRzrda-ganaTleba

srulad mieRo mSobliur enaze, maSin ufro mets miaR-

wevda71.

aqac SeiZleba sakamaTo iyos i. gogebaSvilis Sexedu-

lebebi, magram misi ZiriTadi azri saintereso da

angariSgasawevia.

i. gogebaSvili am nawarmoebSi dausaxeleblad akri-

tikebs qarTvel moRvaweebs (mag., niko mars), romelTac

erovnuli nihilizmi moeZalebaT maSin, roca sxvebi,

sxva qveynis Svilebi Cveni kulturis, kerZod, ,,vefxist-

219

yaosnis” Rirsebas xedaven. ucxoeli avtorebi Cveni

qveynis istoriaSi iseT movlenebs iZieben da maTSi iseT

momentebs aRmoaCenen xolme, rac sxva qveynebis isto-

riisTvis ucxoa. ra Tqma unda, aq i. gogebaSvils mxedve-

lobaSi aqvs dadebiTi momentebi Cveni eris da kul-

turis istoriaSi. Tavis mxriv, i. gogebaSvili miiCnevs,

rom Tuki Cven ,,mxned SevudgebiT Cvenis erovnobis

aRorZinebas, evropul ganaTlebas vadeninebiT erovnuls

milebSi, SevZlebT Taviseburi wvlili SevitanoT im di-

debul msoflio salaroSi, sadac ikribeba mTelis

kacobriobis Wkuis, gulis, fantaziis da xasiaTis nayo-

fi”72.

i. gogebaSvilis azriT, yoveli eri, kultura mniSv-

nelovania kacobriobisTvis da misi gaqroba gamouswo-

rebeli zianis momtani iqneba, ,,xolo eris gadagvareba

da gaqroba marto miss kerZo ubedurebas rodi Sead-

gens; igi namdvili danaklisia TviT kacobriobisTvisac,

romelsac amiT akldeba erTi Tavisi nawili, anu wevri,

uSreba erTi im wyaroTagani, romelnic avseben SeerTe-

bulad kulturis msoflio zRvasa. erTma warCinebulma

mweralma kacobrioba daadara mgalobelTa dids gunds,

xorosa, romlis harmonia mxolod maSin aris savse da

sruli, rodesac yvela xalxi, Tavisi Sesabamisi xmiT,

iRebs monawileobas msoflio RaRadisSi. Seswyda ro-

melime eris xma? gaRaribda kacobriobis xoros harmo-

nia, Sesustda msoflio RaRadisi, danaklulda zRva

Taviseburobisa, moaklda erTi Taviseburi lali kacob-

riobis kulturis didebul salarosa”73.

daskvnis saxiT SeiZleba iTqvas, rom i. gogebaSvilis

Semoqmedebis gacnoba srul safuZvels iZleva imisTvis,

rom mas kuTvnili adgili mivuCinoT qarTuli filoso-

fiuri azris istoriaSi.

220

meSvide Tavi

Teoriuli filosofiis sakiTxebi

XIX saukunis meore naxevris

saqarTveloSi

$1. giorgi wereTeli

1. biografiuli cnobebi. XIX saukunis qarTvel

samocianelTa Soris giorgi wereTels yvelaze naTlad

aqvs Camoyalibebuli Tavisi Tvalsazrisi obieqturi

sinamdvilis kanonzomierebis Sesaxeb.1

XIX saukunis meore naxevris cnobili qarTveli mwe-

rali, publicisti da sazogado moRvawe giorgi were-

Teli daibada 1842 wels sof. gorisaSi im droisaTvis

sakmaod ganaTlebuli aznauris eqvTime wereTlis ojax-

Si. dawyebiTi ganaTleba saxlSi miiRo mamis xel-

mZRvanelobiT, xolo Semdeg swavla ganagrZo quTaisis

gimnaziaSi. gimnaziis damTavrebis Semdeg peterburgis

universitetis sabunebismetyvelo fakultetis studen-

tia. studentobis wlebSi, sxva qarTvel studentebTan

(n. nikolaZe, n. RoRoberiZe, i. isarliSvili da sxv.) er-

Tad, dauaxlovda n. g. CerniSevskis, romelic maSin

mTeli ruseTis revoluciur-demokratiuli moZraobis

beladad iTvleboda. literaturuli moRvaweoba daiwyo

jer kidev studentobis wlebSi. kerZod, 1862 wels

Jurnal ,,ciskarSi” daibeWda misi polemikuri statia

Zveli Taobis msoflmxedvelobis winaaRmdeg. 1864 wels

g. wereTeli saqarTveloSi dabrunda da farTo litera-

turul-publicisturi moRvaweoba gaaCaRa. 1866 wels

misi redaqtorobiT gamodis progresuli ideebis mata-

rebeli gazeTi ,,droeba”, 1868 wels – ,,sasoflo gaze-

221

Ti”, 1871 wels – Jurnali ,,krebuli”, 1893 wels – gazeTi

,,kvali”. igi avtoria romanebisa: ,,pirveli nabiji”,

,,gulqani”, ,,ruxi mgeli” da sxv., agreTve, mravalric-

xovani sagazeTo da saJurnalo statiebisa. eweoda

farTo sazogadoebriv moRvaweobas, iZiebda navTobis

sabadoebs zemo imereTSi, awarmoebda arqeologiur

kvleva-Ziebas, muSaobda samxedro korespondentad ru-

seT-osmaleTis omSi da sxv. giorgi wereTeli gardaic-

vala 1900 wels. dasaflavebulia didubis qarTvel

mweralTa da sazogado moRvaweTa panTeonSi.

2. sabunebismetyvelo-mecnieruli materialisturi

msoflmxedveloba. giorgi wereTlis filosofiuri

msoflmxedveloba rusi revolucioner-demokratebis ma-

terialisturi ideebis gavleniT Camoyalibda, ramac

ganapiroba misi materialisturi Sexedulebani rogorc

araorganuli, ise organuli samyaros Sesaxeb. nebismie-

ri materialisturi Teoriis amosavals materiis cneba

warmoadgens. igive iTqmis giorgi wereTlis materialis-

turi msoflmxedvelobis Sesaxeb. amave dros materiis

cneba giorgi wereTels tradiciuli gagebiT esmis,

saxeldobr, rogorc nivTiereba, romelic materialuri

sagnebis qmnadobis masalas warmoadgens. sagnebi da

movlenebi, romlebic Tavisi bunebiT materialuria,

ganuwyvetlad icvleba, viTardeba; materia ki ucvleli

da maradiulia; igi ar warmoSobila da arc moispoba.

materia, misi azriT, aris moZravi da cvalebadi samya-

ros ucvleli safuZveli. ganicdis ra moleSotis, biux-

nerisa da sxva ultramaterialistebis gavlenas, igi

wers: ,,Zala da materia ukvdavi arian. igini arc Cnde-

bian, arc ispobian; igini yofilan, arian da iqnebian

ukuniTi ukunisamde”.2 aq igulisxmeba Zalisa da mate-

riis ganuyreloba, rasac giorgi wereTeli vulgarul

materialistebTan erTad iziarebda. misTvis warmoud-

genelia Zala materiis gareSe da materia Zalis gareSe.

222

giorgi wereTeli, erTi mxriv, aRiarebs moZraobisa

da cvalebadobis universalurobas, xolo, meore mxriv,

Zalisa da materiis ganuyrelobas amtkicebs. ,,Tumca yo-

veli arseba icvleba, erTi kvdeba, meore ibadeba, magram

sazogadod buneba arasodes ar berdeba, arc kvdeba;

yovelTvis axali da mSvenieria”. da Semdeg: ,,yoveli

cxovelis gvari berdeba, kvdeba da imaT magivrad axali

STamomavloba daibadeba. mTeli tyeebi cot-cotaT lpe-

bian da hqrebian; imaT magieraT axali norCi tye amodis;

buneba ki sul erTnairad cxovrobs, rac cxovreba

aTasi wlis winaT hqonia, axlac imgvari aqvs”.3

bunebaSi arsebuli mravalgvari Zalebi: meqanikuri,

eleqtruli, magnituri, siTburi da sxv. giorgi wereT-

lis azriT, materiis Tandayolili am universaluri

Zalis sxvadasxva formiT gamovlenas warmoadgens. ,,is

mravalgvari Zalebi, – wers igi, – romelnic aTasnair

bunebis movlenebSi gveCvenebian sxvadasxva saxed, sul

erTi igive bunebis Zalisagan aris wamomdgari da am

Zalas ewodeba nivTierebis moZraoba”. da Semdeg: ,,yo-

velnairi moqmedeba, bunebis movlena, gimda Zlieri iyos,

ginda susti – moZraoba Tu siTbo, sinaTle Tu

xmovaneba (bgera – avt.) sul erTi da igive Zalisagan

warmoebs, romelsac mecnierebi uwodeben nivTierebis

moZraobas”.4 materiis moZraobis am sxvadasxva formas

giorgi wereTeli uwodebs ,,bunebis Zalebis

mravalsaxeobasa da erTarsebobas”.

materia, g. wereTlis azriT, ganuwyveteli qmnadobis

procesSi imyofeba. ,,sadac unda gaixedo, – wers igi, –

Tu axlos, Tu SigniT miwaSi, yovelgan gauwynarels

muSaobas hxedav, yovel wams erTi nivTidan meore keT-

deba; es kidev sxvas gaakeTebs da am miyolebas dasas-

ruli ara aqvs”5. amasTanave mas miaCnia, rom materias

aqvs Sinagani Zala, TviTmoqmedebis unari. materiisa da

Zalis maradiuloba swored amas niSnavs. yovelive aqe-

223

dan ki is gamomdinareobs, rom giorgi wereTeli mate-

rialuri substanciis arsebobas aRiarebda da mis erTa-

derTobas amtkicebda. am Tvalsazrisidan ki TavisTavad

gamomdinareobda misi aTeisturi ideebi. materialuri

substanciis imgvari gagebidan, romelsac igi iziarebda,

sxvagvari daskvnebis gakeTeba SeuZlebeli iyo.

giorgi wereTeli uaryofs carieli sivrcis arse-

bobas da Tvlis, rom mTeli samyaro materiiT aris sav-

se: ,,dedamiwaze odna adgilic ar ipoeba carieli.

yoveli alagi raime sxeuls uWiravs usaTuod. da saca

carieli alagebi gvgonia, iq yvelgan erTnairi wminda

da gamsWveri (gamWvirvale – avt.) sxeulia... am uxilav

sxeuls dauWeria bunebaSi yvela carieli alagebi”.6

,,uxilav sxeulSi” giorgi wereTeli haers gulisxmobs.

igi ganagrZobs: ,,rac qveyanaze carieli alagebia, marT-

lac carieli ki ar arian; isini gavsebuli arian an

haeriT an romelime haergvariT”.7

giorgi wereTeli moZraobis universalurobas amtki-

cebs. ,,yoveli arseba icvleba”, ,,qveyanaze ucvleli ara

rCeba ra”. buneba, misi azriT, ganuwyveteli cvaleba-

dobisa da Semoqmedebis procesSi imyofeba. ,,yoveli

icvleba da brunavs qveyanazeda... yovel cismare dRes

yvelafers cvlileba eZleva Tu haerSi, Tu miwazed”.8

statiaSi ,,moleSoti” igi amtkicebs, rom ,,cxovreba aris

gamudmebuli cvla sikvdilisa da sicocxlis... buneba

da qveyniereba aris erTi ganuwyveteli bawari cxovre-

bisa, saca yoveli warmoebuli, Semdgari an gaCenili

arseba icvleba. maSasadame, yoveli kerZo cxovreba cva-

lebadia”.

am ganuwyveteli cvalebadobis procesSi, giorgi

wereTlis azriT, materia yvelafers warmoSobs. Zala

da materia ,,erTmaneTis zemoqmedebiT warmoSoben yove-

lis tanisa da gvaris cxovrebas da arsebas – suliersa

224

da usulos”.9 TviTon materia ki TviTmizezia, mas

,,Tavisi kanonebi aqvs”.

giorgi wereTeli bunebis erTgvarobis princips

icavs, romelic j. s. milis Semdeg bevrma moazrovnem

gaiziara. bunebis kanonzomiereba, misi azriT, ,,erTnai-

rad moqmedebs rogorc kacze da yovel cxovelze,

agreTve haerze, miwaze, qvaze, wyalze da, erTi sityviT,

suyolisfer gaCenilzeda”. es, misi azriT, imiT aixsneba,

rom arsebobs ,,sazogado mizezi”, romelic yvelgan da

yovelTvis Tanabari ZaliT gamovlindeba. es erTi da

igive universaluri mizezi erTsa da imave Sedegs

warmoSobs. am ukanasknels igi ,,SedegobiT kavSirs”

uwodebs, romelic ,,warmosdgeba sazogado mizezisagan”.

giorgi wereTeli klasikuri (laplasis) deter-

minizmis poziciebze idga. misi azriT, bunebaSi mxolod

da mxolod mkacri aucilebloba batonobs, ,,yvelafers

Tavisi rigi da kanoni aqvs”, romelsac igi verasodes

ver gadalaxavs. bunebaSi yvelaferi kanonzomieria, ara-

feri ,,uangariSod ar Cndeba”, yvelafers aqvs mizezi da,

maSasadame, aucilebelia. SemTxveviToba ar arsebobs.

,,qveyanazed araferi ar moxdeba umizezod da SemTxve-

viT; imas mmarTaven mtkice da Seucvleli kanonebi”.10

ara marto calkeuli sagnebi da movlenebi, aramed TviT

bunebac mkacri aucileblobiT moqmedebs. ,,bunebas

Tavisi kanonebi aqvs. imas erT wamsac ar SeuZlia ga-

daaxtes am Tavis kanonebsa”.11 aq aSkarad Cans giorgi

wereTlis msoflmxedvelobis meqanisturi xasiaTi, rac

materialisturi koncefciis Tanmdevi movlenaa. magram

giorgi wereTlis meqanisturi ideebi sisruliT maSin

gamovlindeba, rodesac igi sicocxlis movlenebs See-

xeba da adamianis qcevis axsnas Seecdeba.

giorgi wereTeli araorganul sxeulebs or jgufad

yofs: bunebrivsa da xelovnur sxeulebad. xelovnuri

sxeuli Seqmnilia adamianis mier bunebrivi sxeulebis

225

safuZvelze. sxeulebi Sedgenilia, rTulia. ,,yovel

sxeuls, rac unda pawawa iyos, Taviseburi Sedgeniloba

aqvs”. magram ,,Sedgeniloba sxvadasxvagvaria”. sxeuli

SeiZleba Sedgebodes erTgvarovani an erTmaneTisagan

gansxvavebuli elementebisagan. erTgvarovani nawilebi-

sagan Sedgenil sxeuls giorgi wereTeli ,,martivs”

uwodebs, xolo mravalgvari nawilebisagan Sedgenils –

,,rTuls”. martivi sxeuli, giorgi wereTlis azriT,

Sedgenilia, magram igi nawilebad ar iSleba. martivi

,,sxeulebis darRveva arafrisagan ar SeiZleba; romelic

arasgziT ar irRveva, is sxeuli, albaT, TavisTavad

aris Semdgari da sxva ara urevia ra masSi”.

martivi sxeulebidan rTuli sxeulebis Sedgena xde-

ba xelovnuradac da bunebrivadac. ,,bunebaSi... xSirad

Tavis Tavad keTdebian rTuli sxeulebi”12 maSasadame,

martivi sxeulebi rTuli sxeulebis qmnadobis masalas

warmoadgens. amitom giorgi wereTeli zogjer maT ,,sa-

ganTa nawilebs” anu ,,elementebs” uwodebs. elementi,

misi azriT, aris rTuli sxeulis Sedgenis ,,masala” anu

,,Tavi-nivTi” – mTavari Semadgeneli nawili. yoveli saga-

ni am “Tavi-nivTebisagan” Sedgeba. sabolood irkveva,

rom giorgi wereTeli elementis cnebis qveS qimiur

elementebs gulisxmobs. igi d. i. mendeleevis Tanamed-

rove iyo, romelmac SeimuSava saxelganTqmuli ,,ele-

mentTa perioduli sistema”.

elementebisagan sagnis Sedgena SesaZlebelia imitom,

rom am elementebs Soris erTgvari msgavseba anu

,,mkvidroba” arsebobs. Tu isini erTmaneTisagan sruliad

gansxvavebuli iyos, maSin maTi gaerTianeba SeuZlebeli

iqneboda.

giorgi wereTeli gveubneba, rom, marTalia, elemen-

tebi martivi nivTierebania, ris gamoc isini ar iSleba,

magram isini mainc Seicaven mcire nawilakebs – atomebs,

- romlebic empiriuli dakvirvebisaTvis miuwvdomelia.

226

,,yoveli sxeuli bunebaSi... Semdgaria atomebisagan, ise

rogorc saxlia aSenebuli agurebisagan.”13 atomebi ar

SeiZleba elementebs gamoeTiSos anu elementebis daSla

atomebad SeuZlebelia. swored amitom elementebi mara-

diulia. elementebis erTmaneTTan dakavSireba atomebis

saSualebiT xdeba. ,,rodesac ori, sami erTad Segrovi-

li elementisagan keTdeba axali sxeuli, maSin... erTi

elementis Zalian pawawina nawilebi Seerevian meore

elementis pawawina nawilebs... es nawilebi ueWvelad un-

da iyon yovel elementSi. es rom ase ar yofiliyo, er-

Ti elementi meoresTan arasodes ise mWidrod ar See-

reoda”.14

giorgi wereTeli, Zveli atomistebis kvaldakval,

Tvlis, rom atomebis ganlageba maTgan Sedgenili sag-

nebis ara marto formas, aramed Tvisebebsac gansazRv-

ravs. amis sailustraciod mas moaqvs almasisa da naxSi-

ris an wylisa da yinulis magaliTebi. ,,atomebi erTSi

erTgvarad dawyobilan da meoreSi sul sxvagvarad”.

yinulSi atomebi ufro mWidrod aris ganlagebuli,

vidre wyalSi.

sagnebis warmoSoba elementebisagan Sedgenas niS-

navs, xolo mospoba – elementebad daSlas. magram qmna-

doba mxolod sagnebs exeba da ara am sagnebis Semadge-

nel elementebs, romlebic ,,ukuniTi ukunisamde darCe-

nila Seucvlelad”. saganSi elementebis cvalebadoba

sagnis Secvlas iwvevs. ,,bunebaSi – wers giorgi were-

Teli – yoveli qmnileba ibadeba, cxovrobs, rogorc

Sexvdeba da Semdeg kvdeba – sCans daiSleba im nawile-

bad, romlisganac iyo Sedgenili. Cven viciT, rom am

nawilebs elementebi hqvia. am elementebisagan kidev rai-

me daibadeba bunebaSi, isev cxovrobs da xelmeored

daiSleba. maS, roca kaci an cxoveli mokvdeba, an mce-

nare daWkneba, ese igi imasac sikvdili mouva, amis Sem-

deg araferi ar ikargeba. rodesac raime aRar cxovrobs

227

– kvdeba – es imas niSnavs, rom elementebis Sedgenilo-

ba gadasxvaferda. yvelam viciT, rom igive elementebi

mkvdrisaTvis saWiro aRar arian; is daiSleba da yo-

veli elementi Tavis gzas mosZebnis, sxva saqmes moxmar-

deba”.15 rogorc vxedavT, qmnadobis procesi giorgi we-

reTels wminda meqanisturad esmis; igi raodenobriv

cvlilebebze dahyavs, xolo Tvisebrivs xSirad ugule-

belyofs an SeumCnevlad tovebs. es aris qmnadobis pro-

cesis sabunebismetyvelo mecnieruli gageba, rac sru-

liadac ar aris sakmarisi.

magram zogjer giorgi wereTeli laparakobs elemen-

tebis dakavSirebis Sedegad Tvisebrivi cvalebadobis

Sesaxeb. ,,elementi da Sedgeniloba.... SeiZleba erTma-

neTSi Seirion da gakeTden axali sxeulebi. maSin am

sxeulebs sruliad sxva saxe aqvT da sxva Tviseba. ase

rom elementebi am SedgenilobaSi sruliadac ar hgvanan

uwindelsa, roca gancalkevebulni iyvnen”.16 aq iseTi

STabeWdileba iqmneba, rom TiTqos giorgi wereTeli

Tvisebriv cvlilebebzec laparakobs da, maSasadame,

meqanicizmis farglebidan gadis. ,,roca ori an sami

haergvari ramdensac buneba iTxovs, imdeni Seerevian

erTmaneTs, imaTgan keTdeba axali, magari an Txeli

sxeuli. maSin haergvarebi TiTqos sadRac gadimaleno

da imaTgan sul sxva sxeuli gakeTdao. amisTana sakvir-

veli da gasaocebeli kanonia bunebaSi”.17 aq TiTqos

laparakia raodenobrivi cvlilebebis Tvisebriv cvli-

lebebSi gadasvlis Sesaxeb. magram amgvari Tvalsazrisi

giorgi werTlis msoflmxedvelobisaTvis arsebiTi ar

aris. es ZiriTadad imiT aris gamowveuli, rom giorgi

wereTlis am wignis (,,saukeTeso codna”) pirvelwyaro

iyo sobolSCikovis Txzuleba ,,Какое уменъе нужней всего в обыденной жизни человека”, romelic giorgi wereTelma

msoflmxedvelobrivad Secvala, materialisturi elfe-

228

ri misca, magram misi sabunebismetyvelo-mecnieruli

Sinaarsi ucvleli darCa. sobolSCikovi ki qimiur

elementebze moZRvrebas emyareboda, raodenobrivi cvli-

lebebis safuZvelze qimiur procesebSi Tvisebrivi

cvlilebebis warmoSobas amtkicebda. magram giorgi

wereTlis msoflmxedvelobaSi mainc meqanicizmis prin-

cipi dominirebda, romelic moZraobasa da cvaleba-

dobas raodenobriobis kategoriaSi iazrebda.

giorgi wereTeli aRiarebs samyaros nivTebisa da

movlenebis urTierTkavSirsa da urTierTganpirobebu-

lobas, magram am SemTxvevaSic igi meqanicizmis farg-

lebs ver scildeba, vinaidan am urTierTkavSirisa da

urTierTganpirobebulobis erTaderT safuZvlad kvlav

mizezobriobis kanons Tvlis. samyaroSi kanonzomiere-

bisa da urTierTganpirobebulobis sailustraciod mas

aseTi magaliTebi moaqvs: ,,cxovrebaSi erTi damokidebu-

lebaa erTi meorisagan. erTi meores asazrdoebs da

hkvebavs, meore – mesames, mesame – meoTxes da sxva. Tu

pirveli sazrdo moispo, maSin meorec moispoba,

meorisagan – mesamec, mesamisagan – meoTxec da sxva.”18

an kidev: ,,wyali rom ar iyos, arc mcenare.... iqneba; Tu

mcenare ar iqneba, maSin arc cxoveli da frinveli rame

iqneba, Tu cxoveli da frinveli ar iqneba, maSin arc

kaci iqneba”.19 saganTa da movlenaTa msgavsad, giorgi

wereTeli laparakobs energiis formebis kavSirsa da

urTierTgardaqmnaze. ,,SeiZleba erT SemTxvevaSi andama-

turi, magnituri anu mitacebiTi Zali eleqtronul

Zalad gadaiqces, Semdeg ki eleqtronuli Zali sinaT-

lis Zalad Seiqmnes, sinaTle ki – xmovanebad, xolo

xmovanebiTi Zali ubralo nivTierebis moZraobad gada-

iqmnes”.20 energiis gardaqmna, misi azriT, imitom xdeba,

rom yvela saxis energia erTi da igive materialuri

Zalis gamovlenas warmoadgens.

229

bunebaSi arsebuli kanonzomiereba, giorgi wereTlis

azriT, materialuri warmomavlobisaa. samyaros marTavs

mxolod bunebrivi Zalebi, romelic am gasaocari ka-

nonzomierebis arsebobas uzrunvelyofs. teleologia

giorgi wereTlis samyaros mecnieruli suraTidan

gamoricxulia. swored am garemoebas igi meqanistur

msoflmxedvelobamde mihyavs. bunebis kanonzomierebis

axsna brma Zalebis safuZvelze sxva araferia, garda

meqanicizmisa. giorgi wereTeli ver amCnevs meqanicizmis

naklovanebebs da verc im siZneleebs, rasac meqanisturi

msoflmxedveloba samyaros kanonzomierebis axsnis

procesSi awydeba.

3. moZRvreba organuli samyaros kanonzomierebis Se-

saxeb. axla ganvixiloT giorgi wereTlis Tvalsazrisi

organuli samyaros kanonzomierebis Sesaxeb.

zemoT aRvniSneT, rom giorgi wereTeli iyo materia-

listi da, SeiZleba iTqvas, aTeistic (Tumca aTeisturi

ideebi specialurad arsad ar gamouTqvams). amave pozi-

ciebidan ganixilavs igi organuli samyaros kanonzo-

mierebas. igi im debulebidan amodis, rom organuli

samyaro aris araorganuli samyaros (materiis) ganviTa-

rebis Sedegi da, maSasadame, sicocxles materialuri

safuZvlebi aqvs da TviTonac materialur process

warmoadgens. aseTia misi amosavali pozicia organuli

samyaros kanonzomierebaze msjelobis dros.

giorgi wereTeli sxeulebs yofs or did jgufad:

organuli da araorganuli sxeulebi. pirveli maTgani

materialuri sxeulebia, romelTac igi zogjer ,,miwaT-

gvars” an ,,madneuls” uwodebs. ,,organosanni arsebani

arian mcenareT gvari da cxovelTa gvari, xolo

uorganosnoni arian madneulni”.21

ZiriTad gansxvavebas organulsa da araorganul

sxeulebs Soris giorgi wereTeli imaSi xedavs, rom

mcenareebsa da cxovelebs aqvT ,,organoebi” anu ,,iaraRe-

230

bi”, romelTac isini TavianTi arsebobis SenarCunebisa

da gaxangZlivebisaTvis xmaroben. swored am azriT

ewodeba maT ,,iaraRebi anu organoebi”. mcenareebSi aseT

organoebs fesvebi da foTlebi warmoadgens, romelTa

saSualebiT isini garemodan sakvebs iReben. cxovelebSi

ki organoebi ewodeba maTi sxeuli nawilebs. ,,yovels

ujredebis grovas an yovels sxeulis nawils hqvia

iaraRi, anu mowyobiloba.... am cocxal iaraRebs saxelad

ewodeba ,,organoebi”22.

giorgi wereTeli laparakobs organuli da araor-

ganuli sxeulebis msgavseba-gansxvavebis Sesaxeb. ,,mcena-

reebsa da cxovelebs.... sul sxvagvari sicocxle aqvT”;

isini ikvebebian, izrdebian, mravldebian; erTi sityviT,

isini cocxloben. araorganul sxeulebSi araferi ase-

Ti ram ar xdeba, ris gamoc maT sicocxleze laparaki

SeuZlebelia. miuxedavad am gansxvavebisa, maT Soris,

giorgi wereTlis azriT, bevri msgavsebacaa. saxeldobr,

mcenareebi, romlebic organulia, erTgvar gardamaval

safexurs warmoadgens organulsa da araorganuls So-

ris. maT aqvT rogorc organuli, ise araorganuli

sxeulebis Tvisebebi, Tumca maTSi organuli samyaros

niSnebi dominirebs.

organuli samyaros struqturuli elementebia mce-

nareebi da cxovelebi. cxovelebis ZiriTad niSnad

giorgi wereTeli asaxelebs moZraobas (adgilgadanacv-

lebis azriT), organuli struqturis sirTules, nebe-

lobas, SegrZnebas. ,,cxoveli grZnobs.... mcenares ki ara-

viTari grZnoba ara aqvs”.23 igi moklebulia SegrZnebis

unars. ,,yovlad ugrZnobeloba marto usulo sagnebis

Tvisebaa”.24 am gansxvavebis gverdiT mcenareebi da cxo-

velebi garkveuli niSnebiT erTmaneTs enaTesaveba. es

msgavsi niSnebi, giorgi wereTlis azriT, gansakuTrebiT

aSkaraa zRvis cxovel-mcenaris Rrubelas magaliTze.

mas mcenaris niSnebic aqvs da cxovelisac, maSasadame,

231

mcenareTa samyarodan cxovelTa samyaroze gardamaval

safexurs warmoadgens.

giorgi wereTeli analogiurad msjelobs cxovelisa

da adamianis msgavseba-gansxvavebis Sesaxeb. igi kargad

icnobda darvinis moZRvrebas saxeobaTa warmoSobis

Sesaxeb, agreTve adamianis qmnadobis procesze, rasac

igi TiTqmis dogmaturad iziarebda. adamiani, misi az-

riT ,,umaRlesi xarisxis cxovelebisagan”, e. i. maimuni-

sagan warmoiSva da, maSasadame, maT, rogorc biologiur

arsebebs, bevri saerTo niSnebi aqvT.

miuxedavad amisa, giorgi wereTeli laparakobs ada-

mianisa da cxovelis arsebiTi gansxvavebis Sesaxeb. aseT

arsebiT ganmasxvavebel niSanTa Soris giorgi wereTe-

li, uwinares yovlisa, suliers anu ,,fsiqikur cxov-

rebas” asaxelebs. ,,kacic egre cxovrobs, rogorc yove-

li sulieri qmnileba. is Wams, svams, sZinavs, sunTqavs

da moZraobs. amisTana cxovrebas cxovelis cxovrebas

eZaxian. magram kacs sxva gansakuTrebuli cxovrebac

aqvs. amisTana cxovreba arc erT cxovels ara aqvs. amis-

Tana cxovrebas eZaxian suliers anu psixiurs cxov-

rebas”25. sxva adilze giorgi wereTeli gveubneba, rom

adamians, cxovelisagan gansxvavebiT, ,,namdvili gonie-

reba da saukeTeso azri aqvs”, riTac igi gabatonebulia

bunebaSi. mas ,,bunebaSi pirveli adgili uWiravs Tavisi

WkuiT.... kaci Tavisi WkuiT Zalian maRla dgas yovels

cxovelze”26. giorgi wereTeli laparakobs, agreTve,

metyvelebis unarze, rogorc adamianis specifikur

niSanze, Tumca Tvlis, rom adamianis sulieri cxovreba

pirveladia metyvelebasTan mimarTebaSi, vinaidan

metyveleba azrs gamoxatavs. miuxedavad amisa, giorgi

wereTeli arc azrovnebas Tvlis adamianisa da

cxovelis absoluturad ganmasxvavebel niSnad, vinaidan

mas miaCnia, rom azrovnebis elementebi cxovelebsac

aqvT. ,,adamiansa da cxovels aqvs azri, msjeloba, isini

232

grZnoben da fiqroben”27. rasakvirvelia, cxovelisaTvis

msjelobisa da azrovnebis miwera Secdomaa, magram unda

vivaraudoT, rom giorgi wereTeli am SemTxvevaSi

mxolod imas gulisxmobs, rom cnobierebis elementebis

arseboba cxovelebSic unda vivaraudoT.

azrovnebaSi giorgi wereTeli xedavs Zalas, romli-

Tac adamians bunebaze gabatoneba SeuZlia. zogierTi

cxoveli fizikuri Zlierebis TvalsazrisiT adamians

mniSvnelovnad aRemateba, magram goneba, azrovnebis

unari, romelic mxolod adamians aqvs, Crdilavs ada-

mianis mimarT cxovelTa fizikuri Zlierebis upira-

tesobas. ,,Cveni Wkua iseTi Ronea, rom yvelas magierobas

Svreba, rac Cven ara gvaqvs da cxovels aqvs.... kaci

Tavisi WkuiT bunebis mefea”28. es azri aSkarad

exmaureba bekonis Teziss: ,,codna Zalaa”.

giorgi wereTeli fsiqikisa da sxeulebrivi proce-

sebis urTierTobis gagebis sakiTxSi fsiqofizikuri pa-

ralelizmis poziciebze dgas. igi laparakobs fsiqikis

zemoqmedebaze adamianis somatur procesebze da, piri-

qiT, somaturi procesebis gavlenaze fsiqikaze. ,,SeiZle-

ba... Sinaganma suliskveTebam garegani moqmedeba ise

mosxlitos, rom veRarc xelebi ixmaros kacma, veRarc

fexebi. SeiZleba is im dros moeSvas, rogorc Tav-

zardacemuli”29. meore mxriv, sxeulsac SeuZlia fsiqi-

kaze arsebiTi zemoqmedebis moxdena. adamianis fizikuri

uZlureba xSirad fsiqikur uZlurebas iwvevs; organul-

ma daavadebam SeiZleba fsiqikuri daavadebac gamoiw-

vios. ,,zogjer sulieri avadmyofisagan kacs xorcielic

daematos – wers giorgi wereTeli – magaliTad, SiSi-

sagan an uecrad sixarulisagan SeiZleba kaci avad

gaxdes da kidec mokvdes. agreTve xorciel avadmyofi-

saganac SeiZleba sulieri gauCndes, magaliTad saxa-

disagan, rodesac Zalian bevri sisxli auvardeba TavSi

avadmyofs an Tu rame Tavis tvinSi dauSavda, daemar-

233

Teba bodva, mexsiereba daakldeba da kaci maSin.... Wkuaze

Secdeba”30.

fsiqofizikuri paralelizmis idea giorgi wereTels

xels ar uSlis, rom kvlav materializmis poziciaze

darCes – aRiaros fizikuris pirveladoba fsiqikuris

mimarT; es pirveladoba imaSi gamoixateba, rom fsiqika

gagebulia rogorc Tavis tvinis funqcia.

organuli samyaro, giorgi wereTlis azriT, ganuwy-

vetlad moZraobsa da cvalebadobs. organizmSi ganuwy-

vetlad warmoebs kvdomisa da aRdgenis procesebi. ,,or-

ganian sxeulSi.... yoveli nawili mudam moZraobs”. ada-

mianis organizmi ,,mudam icvlis Zvel ujredebs axalze;

maS, xuTi wuTic ar gava, rom kacis tani sul xelax-

laT Sedgeba, Tumca gvgonia, rom isev is ariso”. sikvdi-

li am ganuwyveteli moZraoba-cvalebadobis Sewyvetas

niSnavs. organizmi sikvdil-sicocxlis brZolis aspa-

rezs warmoadgens. ,,yovel saaTsa da yovel wams aris

tanis SigniT gausxleteli muSaoba; axali modis Zveli

kvdeba da tans Sordeba. am mudam cvlilebaSi Cveni Si-

nagani agebulebac cvTeba imave gvarad, rogorc yoveli

nivTi xdeba mudam bunebaSi. sicocxlis borbali Tanda-

Tan iklebs brunvas da bolos kidec gaCerdeba. tani

metis-meti gacveTis gamo veRar imuSavebs da saukunod

dadgeba. amas sikvdils veZaxiT”.

cocxali samyaros erT-erT ZiriTad niSnad giorgi

wereTeli TviTSenaxvas Tvlis, romelsac igi, evolu-

ciuri Teoriis gavleniT, arsebobisaTvis brZolas

uwodebs. es Tviseba, misi azriT, ,,ekuTvnis yovels

suliers mxares”; es niSnavs, ,,rom Tavis dacvas Cven

yvela suldgmulSi vpovebT”.31 TviTSenaxva anu TviTdac-

va cxovelebsac axasiaTebT. giorgi wereTels infuzo-

riis magaliTi moaqvs. ,,is ebrZvis sxvebs Tavisi sicocx-

lis dasacavad. roca Tevzi moindomebs mis Caylapvas,

is an gaeqceva imas da an moixmars im iaraRs, romelic

234

imisTvis bunebas miucia. is... daetakeba Tavis mters da

Tu SeZlo sasikvdilodac ar daindobs”.32

magram TviTSenaxvis instinqti cocxali organiz-

mebis ganviTarebis sxvadasxva safexurze sxvadasxva

intensivobiT gamovlindeba. ,,ramdenadac cxoveli maRla

sdgas, imdenad es Tavis dacva Zlieria, imdenad cxove-

li srulad aris aRWurvili Tavis dasacveli iaraRe-

biT ....es kanoni yvela cxovelSi erTi da igivea Tavis

safuZvelSi, magram sxvadasxva cxovelSi sxvadasxvagva-

rad icvleba”33.

giorgi wereTeli laparakobs ,,Tavis dacvaze” anu

TviTSenaxvis instinqtze TviT adamianTa samyaroSic.

amasTanave, mas miaCnia, rom ,,Tavis dacva” adamianis

gonebrivi ganviTarebis mZlavr stimuls warmoadgens.

icavs ra Tavis Tavs, ikmayofilebs ra Tavis vitalur

moTxovnilebebs, amiT adamiani iZens axal codnas,

viTardeba gonebrivad. ,,ise araferi ar gazrdis da

gaavarjiSebs kacis tvins da imis Rones, rogorc Tavis

dacva, cxovrebis saSualebis Zieba”3. magram Tavis dacva,

rogorc adamianis Tandayolili Tviseba, martooden

,,cxovrebis saSualebebis Ziebas” niSnavs da ara sxvisi

sicocxlis ganadgurebas an, Tundac, sxvisi Sromis

eqsploatacias. sakuTari sicocxlis SenarCunebisaTvis

brZola, giorgi wereTlis azriT, sruliadac ar

moiTxovs sxvisi sicocxlis xelyofas. aq ukve Cans, rom

giorgi wereTeli ar iziarebs darvinis mier arsebobi-

saTvis brZolis universalur kanonad gamocxadebas, am

biologiuri kanonzomierebis gadatanas socialur

sferoSi.

marTalia, erTgan giorgi wereTeli imowmebs dar-

vins, romelmac arsebobisaTvis brZolis universaliza-

cia moaxdina, magram adamianTa sazogadoebaSi arsebo-

bisaTvis brZolis kanonis gadatana, misi azriT, sxvisi

sicocxlis xelyofas ki ar niSnavs, aramed martooden

235

saarsebo saSualebebis mopovebas. mxedvelobaSi hyavs ra

darvini, giorgi wereTeli wers: ,,erTma mecnierma didi

dakvirvebis Sedegad sTqva: ,,cxovreba aris brZola

suldgmulT Soris sazrdosaTviso”... ar SemiZlian mec

ar vTqva: ,,Cveni cxovreba dauwynarebeli brZolaa lukma

purisaTvis, da gamarjvebuli yovelTvis is aris, vinc

ufro xerxiania”35 amrigad, giorgi wereTels arsebobi-

saTvis brZolis kanoni esmis rogorc mxolod ,,brZola

suldgmulTa Soris sazrdosaTvis” anu ,,lukma puri-

saTvis” da ara rogorc antagonisturi urTierToba

adamianTa sazogadoebaSi. mas surs, rom arsebobisaTvis

brZola am farglebs ar gascdes, Tumca kargad xedavs,

rom es ase ar aris im sazogadoebaSi, sadac ,,erTi

mxriT mdidrebi da meores mxriT Raribebi” cxovroben.

araorganuli samyaros kanonzomierebis Sesaxeb

giorgi wereTlis Tvalsazrisis ganxilvisas aRniSnuli

iyo misi msoflmxedvelobis meqanisturi xasiaTi. Tavisi

moRvaweobis pirvel periodSi giorgi wereTeli ase Tu

ise emijneba meqanicizms (Tumca ara sisruliT). igi

amtkicebs, rom adamiani, iseve rogorc nebismieri orga-

nuli da araorganuli sxeuli, bunebis uzogades kano-

nebs eqvemdebareba. am ,,kanonebs, – wers igi, – rogorc

yovel sxeulze, ise Cvenze aqvs moqmedeba”. magram,

garda am uzogadesi kanonebisa, organul samyaros spe-

cifikuri kanonebic aqvs; marTalia, isini ar upirispir-

deba bunebis uzogades kanonebs, magram maT SedarebiTi

damoukidebloba aqvT. es specifikuri kanonebi aCvenebs

cocxali samyaros aqtiurobas, misi damoukidebeli

moqmedebis unars. kerZod, giorgi wereTeli laparakobs

Tavisuflebaze, romelSic igi sicocxlis ZiriTad

kanonzomierebas xedavs.Aaraorganuli sxeulebi pasiu-

ria, moklebulia damoukidebeli moqmedebis unars; maT

ara aqvT araviTari Sinagani DZala, araviTari Tavisuf-

leba. swored amaSi xedavs giorgi wereTeli cocxalsa

236

da aracocxals Soris ZiriTad ganmasxvavebel niSans.

igi wers: ,,yvela suldgmuls bunebaSi Canergili aqvs

Tavisi kanonebi da moTxovnilebani. waarTviT mas es

moTxovnilebani, SeaCereT imisi bunebiTi kanonebis Ta-

visufali msvleloba da gaxsna _ es imis sikvdilis

Tanasworia. ginda mogiklavs es suldgmuli da ginda

SegiCerebia Tavisufali Sinagani sicocxle. rodis SeiZ-

leba vsTqvaT, rom vcocxlob? maSin, rodesac CemSi

Sinagani Zalebi aRmoSoben Tavis Sesaferis moqmedebas,

rodesac me warmovadgen ganmartovebuls qveyanas, sadac

erTi Zala meorezed Tavisuflad moqmedebs da imaTis

urTierTis zemoqmedebiT aRenTeba sicocxlis lampari.

ras veZaxiT usulo sagans? imas, romelsac Tavisi

Sinagani Zalani ara aqvs, romelsac amoZravebs garegani

Zala’’36.

XIX saukunis 70_iani wlebidan meqanisturi fizio-

logiis gavleniT giorgi wereTelma radikalurad Seic-

vala Tavisi winandeli Sexeduleba Tavisuflebis da,

saerTod, cocxalisa da aracocxalis gansxvavebis

Sesaxeb da ukiduresad meqanisturi Tvalsazrisi Seimu-

Sava.Aamis sababi gaxda axalgazrda qarTveli fiziolo-

gis, medicinis doqtoris, SemdgomSi saxelganTqmuli

mecnieris ivane TarxniSvilis leqciebis cikli ,,ner-

vuli sistemis roli cxovelTa moZraobaSi’’, romelic

man 1871 wlis Semodgomaze qarTveli inteligenciis

TxovniT TbilisSi waikiTxa. leqciebis teqsti daibeWda

kavkasiis samedicino sazogadoebis JurnalSi damatebis

saxiT (,,Медицинский, сборник”, 1872, №14). ivane Tarxni-

Svili didi rusi fiziologis i. m. seCenovis mowafe

iyo, da iziarebda im ideebs, romelic Camoyalibebuli

iyo mis wignSi ,,Tavis tvinis refleqsebi” (1863). i. m.

seCenovis materialisturi koncefcia adamianis sulieri

cxovrebis Sesaxeb, romelic Camoyalibebuli iyo am

wignSi, im dros didi popularobiT sargebloba da

237

bunebrivia, rom axalgazrda mecnieri _ ivane Tarxni-

Svili _ misi gavlenis qveS yofiliyo. ivane TarxniSvi-

lis leqciebSi swored es materialisturi da amdenad

meqanistur-deterministuli ideebi iyo gadmocemuli da

nawilobriv kidec ganviTarebuli. ivane TarxniSvilis

am leqciebma didi gamoxmaureba gamoiwvia maSinel

qarTvel inteligenciaSi. gazeTSi ,,droeba”, romelsac

giorgi wereTeli redaqtorobda, araerTi werili

daibeWda ivane TarxiSvilis am leqciebis Sesaxeb. imave

wlis oqtomberSi gamoqveynda giorgi wereTlis anoni-

muri werili ,,ra unda gamoetana msmenels uf. i. Tarx-

niSvilis leqciebidam”? romelic erTdroulad warmo-

adgenda recenziasac da im ideebis interpretaciasac,

romelic gamoTqmuli iyo ivane TarxniSvilis leqcieb-

Si.

am recenzia-interpretaciaSi giorgi wereTelma

ukiduresobamde gaamwvava ivane TarxniSvilis leqciebSi

Camoyalibebuli ase Tu ise meqanisturi ideebi. man

kategoriulad uaryo adamianis nebelobis Tavisufleba,

dadga hipertrofirebuli determinizmis poziciebze da

waSala arsebiTi gansxvaveba cocxalsa da aracocxals

Soris, adamiansa da manqanas Soris, riTac igi

daupirispirda im ideebs Tavisuflebis Sesaxeb, rasac

igi adre icavda. ganmartavda ra ivane TarxniSvilis

leqciebs, giorgi wereTeli werda: ,,kacis sxeulis rTu-

li agebuleba da imis yovelgvari moqmedeba da moZrao-

ba bevrad Camohgavs ubralo maSinis mowyobilobasa da

moqmedebas; rogorc ubralo maSinas sWiria romelime

gareSe Zala, romelmac is moZraobaSi unda moiyvanos,

agreTve amisTana gareSe Zala kacis sxeulis moZraobaSi

mosayvanaTac aucileblad saWiroa. rogorc yovel maSi-

nasa aqvs iseTi nawilebi, romelzedac es gareSe Zala

zemoqmedebs, amisTana nawilebi kacis sxeulsaca aqvs.

yoveli sxeulis moZraoba da moqmedeba gareSe myof

238

garemoebebzea damokidebuli. Tavisi nebiT umizezod da,

Tu gareSe myofi garemoebebi ar moiTxoven amas, kacs

ubralo Tvalis daxamxamebac ar SeuZlia. erTi sityviT,

kacis moqmedebaSi da moZraobaSi imis sakuTari neba,

imisi ufleba ar arsebobs; yoveli ese (kacis moZraoba

da moqmedeba) im garemoebebzea damokidebuli, romelnic

adamians gars artyian, romelnic kacis gareSe imyo-

febian”37.

es statia adasturebs, rom giorgi wereTelma meqani-

cizmi araorganuli bunebidan organulze gadaitana da

amdenad maT Soris gansxvaveba waSala. Tu mxolod am

statiis mixedviT vimsjelebT, maSin giorgi wereTlis

Tvalsazrisi arafriT ar gansxvavdeba frangi materia-

listisa da meqanistis lametris ideebisagan, romelic

gatarebulia mis wignSi ,,adamiani manqanaa”. adamians, am

koncefciis mixedviT, ara aqvs araviTari Sinagani Zala,

araviTari Tavisufali, damoukidebeli moqmedebis una-

ri; Turme adamians Tavisi nebiT ,,ubralo Tvalis

daxamxamebac ar SeuZlia”; amitom ,,adamiani monaa gareSe

myofi garemoebebisa” da a. S.

magram imis Tqmac ar SeiZleba, rom TiTqos giorgi

wereTelma bolomde SeinarCuna es meqanistur-determi-

nistuli Tvalsazrisi. ufro gviandeli periodis

nawerebSi igi kvlav ubrundeba nebelobis Tavisuflebis

im gagebas, romelic gamoTqmuli iyo misi winaperiodis

statiebSi. TxzulebaSi ,,saukeTeso codna”, romelic

warmoadgenda sobolSCikovis Txzulebis (,,ra codna

ufro saWiroa kacisaTvis yoveldRiur cxovrebaSi”) ga-

damuSavebul meore gamocemas (1888)38, giorgi wereTeli

laparakobs nebelobaze, rasac igi aracocxali samyaro-

sagan cocxali samyaros erT-erT ZiriTad ganmasxvave-

bul niSnad Tvlis. ,,mxolod cxovelni moZraoben Tavi-

si nebisad; ise, rogorc hsurT”.39 maT ,,SeuZliaT Tavisi

nebiT adgilis gamocvla”. igi laparakobs, agreTve,

239

fsiqikaze, azrovnebis unarze, romelic adamians araor-

ganuli sxeulebisagan ganasxvavebs. yovelive es gvafiq-

rebinebs, rom giorgi wereTelma daZlia is meqanisturi

ideebi, romlebic gamoTqmuli iyo mis statiaSi ivane

TarxniSvilis leqciebis Sesaxeb.

sxvagvarad arc SeiZleboda yofiliyo, vinaidan

giorgi wereTeli cxovrobda im epoqaSi, rodesac

gamwvavebuli brZola warmoebda socialuri, erovnuli,

politikuri, pirovnuli TavisuflebisaTvis. giorgi

wereTeli ki Tavisuflebis mexotbe iyo. ,,Tavisufleba –

werda igi – miucileblad saWiroa xalxis warmatebi-

saTvis, amitom rom es Seadgens imisi bunebis moTxov-

nilebas”.40

4. gnoseologiuri ideebi. Semecnebis Teoriis sakiT-

xebis Sesaxeb garkveul refleqsias vxvdebiT giorgi

wereTlis msoflmxedvelobaSi.

giorgi wereTeli uaryofs codnis Tandayolilobis

koncefcias da Tvlis, rom adamianis goneba ,,sufTa da-

fas” warmoadgens, xolo cnobierebis mTeli Sinaarsi

miRebulia garegani cdis safuZvelze. magram Semecnebis

unaris Tandayolilobis mtkiceba mas dasaSvebad

miaCnia. ,,bunebam kacs hazri da goneba Tan daatana, rom

Tavisi WkuiT yovelfers mimxvdariyo; amisaTvis... rac

gars ertya yovelive male gaicno, sanamdisac hazri da

goneba miuwvdeboda yovelferi Seityo”41.

Semecnebis sagans garegani – materialuri sinamdvi-

le warmoadgens, saxeldobr, misi sagania am sinamdvi-

lis zogadi kanonzomiereba, bunebis kanonebi. ,,swavla

(Semecneba – avt.) aris bunebis kanonebis codna; swavla

aris gamokleva imisa, Tu ra mizezebidan ra Sedegebi

warmosdgeba, Tu ra kanonebi hmarTaven sxvadasxva mov-

linebaebs”42.

giorgi wereTeli ar eWvobs Semecnebis SesaZleblo-

baSi; igi dascinis skeptikosebs, romlebic yvelaferSi

240

eWvoben da mecnierebis safuZvlebs angreven. maT ,,ar

SeuZlianT gzadabneuli kaci swor gzaze daayenon,

amisaTvis, rom TviTonac gzadabneuli arian”43. giorgi

wereTeli ki Tvlis, rom bunebaSi araferi ar arsebobs

iseTi, rac principulad Seumecnebadia. amasTanave, si-

namdvilis Semecneba yvela adamians SeuZlia – filoso-

fossac da glexsac. ,,bunebis movlinebani ar arian

dafarulni arc filosofosisaTvis, arc xelosnisaTvis

da arc glexisaTvis. imaT SeuZliaT eseni gamoiyenon

Tavisi gonebis gaxsnisaTvis”44.

giorgi wereTeli erTmaneTisagan ganasxvavebs Semec-

nebis or safexurs – SegrZnebasa da azrovnebas. amasTa-

nave, igi tradiciulad Tvlis, rom Semecneba SegrZnebe-

bidan iwyeba da azrovnebiT mTavrdeba. SegrZneba masa-

las awvdis azrovnebas, romelsac cnebiseuli xasiaTi

aqvs.

SegrZneba cxovelTa samyaros erT-erTi ZiriTadi

niSania, magram yvela cxovels es unari Tanabrad

ganviTarebuli ara aqvs. arc is SeiZleba iTqvas, rom

rac ufro ganviTarebulia cocxali arseba, miT ufro

ganviTarebulia misi SegrZnebis unari; magaliTad, zogi-

erT cxovels an frinvels adamianze ufro ganviTarebu-

li SegrZnebis unari aqvT. ,,arwivi sami-oTxi versis

simaRlidan arCevs Zirs pawawina frinvels”. adamianis

mxedveloba ki gacilebiT sustia.

giorgi wereTeli erTmaneTisagan ganasxvavebs Sina-

gansa da garegan grZnobas. garegani grZnobis organoebi

Tavis tvins informacias awvdis nervuli sistemis sa-

SualebiT. Sinagani grZnoba ki imave informaciis miwo-

debas emsaxureba organizmis Sinagani mdgomareobis

Sesaxeb. ,,es xuTi grZnoba garegania, amitom, rom yovels

am xuT grZnobas Tavisi organo anu iaraRi aqvs; isini

sul gareT tanze arian mowyobilni da ara SigniT,

tanSi. gareT imisaTvis arian es organoebi, rom tvinis

241

Zafebis SemweobiT imaT acnobon tvins yovelive, rac

qveyanaze da kacis garSemo moxdeba da Tu kaci SigniT

tanSi hgrZnobs SimSils an wyurvils ...an sxva raime

Sinagans tkivils, amas eZaxian Sinagans grZnobas da ara

garegans”45.

marTalia, azrovneba SegrZnebebidan miRebuli masa-

lis safuZvelze muSaobs, magram mas erTgvari damouki-

debeli moqmedebis unaric aqvs, rac imaSi gamoixateba,

rom azrovnebis saSualebiT iseTi abstraqtuli cnebe-

bis SemuSavebac ki SegviZlia, ,,romelnic arc TvaliT

dainaxeba, arc ynosviT, arc smeniT, arc xelis SexebiT

icnoba”. aseTia, magaliTad, ,,sikeTe, boroteba, WeSmari-

teba, suli da sxva”46. sxva adgilze giorgi wereTeli

am azrs ufro vrclad gamoTqvams: ,,kaci iseTebs igebs,

rom arc TvaliT danaxva, arc yuriT gagoneba, arc xe-

liT Sexeba ar SeiZleba imaTi. Cven, magaliTad, gvesmis

ra aris patiosneba, an ra aris upatiosnoba, boroteba,

simtyuvne, gaumaZRroba, gulkeTiloba, siyvaruli, si-

Zulvili, megobroba, Cxubi, mtroba” da sxva47.

giorgi wereTeli abstraqtul azrovnebas bunebaze

gabatonebis erT-erT ZiriTad saSualebad Tvlis. misi

daxmarebiT adamians ,,bunebaSi pirveli adgili uWiravs”.

amasTanave, abstraqtuli azrovneba adamianis xangrZli-

vi istoriuli ganviTarebis procesSi Camoyalibda. ,,ka-

cobrioba roca dabla idga, mxolod konkretul sag-

nebs aqcevda yuradRebas; ganyenebul sagnebs jer misi

tvini ver swvdeboda”. abstraqtuli azrovnebis unari

adamians misi ganviTarebis gviandel periodSi Camou-

yalibda.

vinaidan adamiani ,,bunebis nawilia”, romelic bune-

bis kanonebs eqvemdebareba, amitom am kanonebis Semec-

neba sakuTari Tavis Semecnebasac niSnavs. ,,Tu kaci

namdvilad naswavli da ganaTlebulia, iman icis...

bunebis kanonebi, maSasadame, imas aqvs Tavisi Tavis cno-

242

bac... kargad cnobs Tavisi sicocxlis kanonebs”48. aq

sruliad aSkarad Cans giorgi wereTlis msoflmxed-

velobis meqanisturi xasiaTi. rasakvirvelia, marTalia,

rom adamiani bunebaSi cxovrobs da eqvemdebareba mis

kanonebs, magram giorgi wereTeli aqve arafers gveubne-

ba cocxali samyaros specifikaze, mis specifikur ka-

nonzomierebaze, miT umetes adamianze, romelic bunebis

kanonebs ara marto eqvemdebareba, aramed kidev upi-

rispirdeba. adamiani ar aris bunebis ubralo ,,mona”,

rogorc giorgi wereTels warmoudgenia.

giorgi wereTeli Semecnebis ganviTarebis aucile-

bel pirobad winaaRmdegobasa da dapirispirebas Tvlis.

,,daswyevlos RmerTma sul erTad da erTgvari arseba.

marTlac rom am erTgvarovnebaSi Cavardes kacobrioba,

ra uZraoba iqneba tvinisa, meTqi; rac erTs eqneba azr-

Si, is yvelas, rasac erTi ityvis, yvela imas gaimeorebs.

maS, aRarc axali azri iqneboda, aRarc axali ambavi,

aRarc axali movlena, axali garemoeba”49. igi mtkiced

icavs im Tvalsazriss, rom ,,mxolod mravalgvarovnebas

moaqvs erTmaneTis ganaxleba” da ganviTareba. igive iTq-

mis Semecnebis proceszec. ,,azrTa Seucileblad, Seuka-

maTeblad WeSmariteba ar gamorkveula”50.

giorgi wereTeli exeba azrovnebisa da metyvelebis

aucilebel kavSirs. mas miaCnia, rom ,,TiToeuli xalxis

ena mWidrod aris dakavSirebuli imis azrze”. azri

enaSi gamoixateba. ,,Wkua aris imisTana niWi, romelic

enaSi gamometyvelebs... soflis dasabamidan, rac azrsa

da Wkuas moumkia, ena aris imis warmomTqmeli da imis

gadamcemi erTi STamomavlobidan meore STamomavlobam-

de... ena xalxis Wkua-gonebis gamomxatvelia da vidre es

xalxi cxovrobs, rogorc Wkua-gonebis warTmeva ar

SeiZleba, ise arc enis warTmeva SeiZleba”51.

enisa da azrovnebis ganuyrelobas giorgi wereTeli

adamianis cnobierebis Camoyalibebis procesSi xedavs.

243

,,rodesac ymawvili karga didi Seiqmneba... TandaTan

Wkuis gaxsnas enis gaxsna da gamdidreba mosdevs... roca

ymawvili akvanSi iwva, misi Wkua jer srulebiT Seugne-

beli iyo, imisdagvarad enasac mobruneba da sityvis

gamoTqma ar SeeZlo... roca ar iyo WkuaTa gaxsnili, arc

enas hqonda Tavisi sityviereba. roca Wkua TandaTan

iwyebs gonebaSi Caxvdomas, maSin enac TandaTan iwyebs

laparaks da axali sityvis SeZenas”62. cxadia, giorgi

wereTlis msoflmxedvelobaSi ver vxvdebiT enisa da

azrovnebis urTierTkavSiris siRrmiseul analizs.

mTeli es msjeloba farTo masebisaTvis iyo gamiznuli

da, cxadia, problemebis ufro detaluri kvleva mas ar

esaWiroeboda.

giorgi wereTeli did mniSvnelobas aniWebs bunebis

Semecnebas. ,,ramdenaTac vrclad icis kacma buneba da

imisi arsebani, – gveubneba igi, – imdenaT ufro Zlieri

da amaRlebulia is am qveyanaSi”53. es azri bekonis de-

vizs mogvagonebs: ,,codna Zala”.

$2. anton furcelaZe

obieqturi sinamdvilis kanonzomierebis Sesaxeb ana-

logiuri Sexedulebebi hqonda XIX saukunis meore na-

xevris cnobil qarTvel mweralsa da sazogado moRva-

wes anton furcelaZes.54

anton furcelaZe daibada 1839 wels sof. mereTSi

(goris r-ni), Raribi aznauris ojaxSi. pirveldawyebiTi

ganaTleba Sin miiRo, Semdeg ori wlis manZilze swav-

lobda oriolis kadetTa korpusSi. 1854 wlidan igi

TbilisSi cxovrobs. mwerlobisadmi interesi jer kidev

axalgazrdobis wlebSi gamoavlina. igi dauaxlovda

244

`ciskris~ redaqcias; beWdavda leqsebsa da publicis-

tur werilebs. 1867 wlidan igi iyo am Jurnalis faq-

tobrivi redaqtori. 1869 wlidan Jurnal `mnaTobSi~

moRvaweobs. 1911 wlidan igi sof. arboSi cxovrobs da

eweva literaturulsa da publicistur moRvaweobas.

1884 wels gamoqveynda misi Txzulebebis ortomeuli.

calke wignad daibeWda misi leqsebis krebuli. gar-

daicvala 1913 wels.

anton furcelaZis filosofiuri msoflmxedvelobis

Camoyalibebaze didi gavlena moaxdines qarTvelma samo-

cianelebma i. WavWavaZis meTaurobiT da rusma revolu-

cioner-demokratebma, gansakuTrebiT n. g. CerniSevskim

da a. gercenma. mis mxatvrul nawarmoebebs emCneva i.

turgenevis gavlenac.

anton furcelaZes zogadi warmodgena aqvs filo-

sofiasa da filosofosebze. igi – rusi revolucioner-

demokratebis tradiciebze aRzrdili – materialisti

moazrovnea da am poziciebidan akritikebs obieqtursa

da subieqtur idealizms. statiaSi `werilebi yasab Ra-

Rosi abragunesTan~ igi akritikebs kants, fixtes, Se-

lings, hegels da TviT spinozasac. igi maT bralad

sdebs obieqturi – materialuri – sinamdvilis uar-

yofas da subieqturi momentebis win wamowevas. anton

furcelaZe `bnelsa da usworo gamokvlevas~ uwodebs

fixtes subieqtur idealizms, romelic, misi azriT,

amtkicebs, rom ,,rac Cvens gareSe Zevs.... tyuili mogoni-

lia, ese igi Cvena varT, varsebobT da yvela, rac Cvens

gareT aris, is aris Cveni gonebis fiqriTa da ara marT-

la”. igi analogiuri poziciebidan akritikebs Selings,

kants, spinozas. aSkaraa rom igi ver amCnevs arsebiT

gansxvavebas subiqtursa da obieqtur idealizms Soris.

igi xom filosofosi ar iyo, aramed filosofiis moyva-

ruli. ,,Selingma aRiara.... _ wers anton furcelaZe –

bunebazed maRla azrovneba da sja niSnavs bunebis

245

Seqmnaso. maSasadame, am mecnierTa azriT Cvens gare

TavisTavad ki ar aris ra, aramed mxolod Cveni gonebis

fiqriT, Cveni gonebis warmodgeniT. bunebaSi marto

Cvens Tavs, Cvens azrovnebas, Cvens suls vxedavT, sxvas

arafersa... buneba aris qmnileba mxolod Cveni sulisa”

– ambobs igive Selingi... buneba ar ariso, buneba Cveni

gonebis qmnilebaao. ase rom Selingi ki ar aris bunebis

qmnileba, bunebaa Selingis qmnileba da isic ra qmnile-

ba! ocnebis qmnileba; sizmari.... sidam gaCnda Selingis,

hegelis, fixtes, spinozas, kantisa da sxva filoso-

fosTa me, Tu buneba aris cru zmaneba kacis gonebisa?”55

ra rig sustic ar unda iyos anton furcelaZis mier

zemoxsenebuli filosofosebis kritika, erTi ram

cxadia: masSi gamoTqmulia nebismieri materializmis

ZiriTadi argumenti idealizmis winaaRmdeg, miuxedavad

imisa, am arguments aqvs Tu ara mecnieruli Rirebuleba.

analogiur xasiaTs atarebs anton furcelaZis mier

hegelis obieqturi idealizmis kritika; ,,hegeli brZa-

nebs – wers igi – rom yovelive gonebis fiqria, garda

absolutisa anu dausabamosi”. Cveni msjeloba ramdenic

ufro miuaxlovdeba dausabamos, imdeni ufro da ufro

Seva sisruleSi, miva dausabamosTan da bolos SeuerT-

deba imas. dausabamosve SeuerTdeba yovelive buneba,

yovelive movlinebao.... axla uyure Tavis gasarkvevad ra

mecnierebebs hbodavs, romelzedac unda daamyaros

Tavisi samecniero sistema: 1. loRika, mecniereba idea-

zed Tavissave TavSi. 2. filosofia sulisa anu ideiasi,

romelic brundeba Tavissave TavSi Tavisis ucxodmyo-

fobidan.... yofna aris buneba, aryofna aris dausabamo

anu uzenaesi Zala. Tu uzenaesi Zala aris aryofna, riT

icnes ise, rac ar aris? riT Seityves imis raoba Selin-

gisa da hegelis gonebam? Amasac ar gvajerebs Cveni

hegeli da brZanebs: dausabamo suli, romelic Camdgara

ucxo gvamSi, Semdeg imisa, rodesac dausabamos moswyda

246

dasabamiani – ese igi buneba anu bunebis movlinebani –

hTavisufldeba da ubrundeba Tavissa Tvissa – ese igi

dausabamos – sami saRsariT: xelovnebiT, sarwmunoebiT

da filosofiiT. es samive – xelovnebac, sarwmunoebac

da filosofiac xom kacis gonebis qmnilebaa. minam kaci

ar gaCnda, nuTu buneba da uzenaesi Zala iyvnen uZravad

da elodnen Tavis moZraobaSi mosvlas da moqmedebas –

Selingi da hegeli rodis Seqmnoden xelovnebas, sar-

wmunoebas da filosofias, rom Cvenc viyoT moqmede-

bao”.56 es vrceli citata, romelsac, cxadia, mecnieruli

Rirebuleba ara aqvs, gancvifrebas iwvevs mxolod imiT,

Tu rogor SeZlo kacma, romelsac fundamenturi (sau-

niversiteto) ganaTleba ar hqonda, kadetTa korpusSi

swavlobda, ase Tu ise (Tundac Zalian zereled) gac-

noboda germanuli idealizmis korifeebis naazrevs da

ar moqceuliyo maTi gavlenis qveS.

anton furcelaZe akritikebs idealizms da materia-

luri samyaros maradiulobasa da absoluturobas am-

tkicebs. buneba, misi azriT, mxolod sakuTari kanonzo-

mierebis safuZvelze arsebobs; igi ,,emoneba mxolod

sakuTar kanonebs”. amave dros anton furcelaZe kla-

sikuri (laplasis) determinizmis poziciebze dgas. igi

amtkicebs bunebaSi mxolod aucileblobis arsebobas

da gamoricxavs SemTxveviTobas. bunebaSi, misi azriT,

araferi ar xdeba bunebrivi aucileblobis gareSe. ,,gana

raime moxdeba bunebaSi... rom bunebis kanonebs gareT

iyves?”. kanons daqvemdebareba, misi azriT, mxolod

aucileblobisadmi daqvemdebarebas niSnavs. maSasadame,

bunebaSi mxolod aucilebloba arsebobs. aseTia anton

furcelaZis msjelobis Tanamimdevroba, rac Tanamed-

rove warmodgenebis mixedviT sruliad gaumarTlebelia.

anton furcelaZe Zalisa da materiis ganuyrelobis

Tvalsazriss icavs, rac materialisturi msoflmxedve-

lobis erT-erT ZiriTad debulebas warmoadgens. buneb-

247

rivia, rom anton furcelaZis materialisturi msofl-

mxedveloba mWidro kavSirSia mis aTeistur ideebTan. am

SemTxvevaSi misi aTeisturi ideebi tradiciulisagan

arafriT gansxvavdeba.

msgavsad giorgi wereTlisa, anton furcelaZec

Tvlis, rom bunebaSi araferi ar ikargeba; sagnebis

mospoba niSnavs mis daSlas elementebad, xolo Seqmna

elementebis SeerTebaa. marTalia, am ideis dasabuTe-

bisaTvis anton furcelaZe qimias mimarTavs, magram es

ZiriTadi idea arsebiTad ar gansxvavdeba berZnuli

(antikuri) atomistikisagan, romelsac saganTa qmnadoba

esmoda rogorc atomebis Seqmna an daSla. amasTanave,

kvlav klasikuri atomistikis kvaldakval, anton fur-

celaZe Tvlis, rom Semadgeneli elementebis ganlageba

anu saganTa struqtura gansazRvravs am sagnis Tvi-

sebriobas.

moZraoba anton furcelaZes esmis rogorc mxolod

meqanikuri procesi. TviT organul samyaroSi moZraoba,

misi azriT, meqanikur xasiaTs atarebs.

anton furcelaZes garkveuli Sexedulebani aqvs ga-

moTqmuli organuli samyaros kanonzomierebis Sesaxeb.

igi materialistia da, cxadia, organuli samyaros ka-

nonzomierebasac materialisturad xsnis. saxeldobr,

mas miaCnia, rom sicocxle materialuri samyaros gan-

viTarebis Sedegia. ,,bunebidan Cndeba is pirveli ujre-

di, romelic ubralo kristalidan arc ki irCeva”57.

anton furcelaZe ara marto icnobs darvinis evoluci-

ur Teorias, aramed mis propagandasac ki eweva. araor-

ganuli materiidan cocxali organizmebis warmoSobis

Semdeg, misi azriT, ZalaSi Sedis darvinis bunebrivi

gadarCevis kanoni, romelic cocxal organizmTa samya-

ros evolucias uzrunvelyofs. igi ZiriTadad iziarebs

darvinis saxeobaTa warmoSobis Teorias da uaryofs

Tvalsazriss saxeobaTa ucvlelobis Sesaxeb, rasac

248

darvinamde bevri moazrovne iziarebda. evoluciis

process arsebobisaTvis brZola ganapirobebs, romelic

bunebrivi gadarCevis safuZvelia. magram anton furce-

laZe ar iziarebs darvinis moZRvrebas Sidasaxeobrivi

brZolis Sesaxeb. mas miaCnia, rom erTi da igive

saxeobis organizmebi ara marto ar ebrZvis erTmaneTs,

aramed, piriqiT, urTierTarsebobas ganapirobeben. mxed-

velobaSi hyavs ra darvini da misi Tanamoazreni, anton

furcelaZe wers: ,,erTi unda vkiTxoT am didebul

mecnierTa, gana marTla asrea swored bunebaSi, rogorc

isini brZaneben?... aba, wabrZandiT tyeSi da naxeT, rogor

jguf-jgufad Tanaswor siSoreze aRzrdilan erTi

jiSis xeebi... rogor wyobisad, Tanabrad, saRad da

bednierad izrdebian... aramc Tu ar uSlian erTmaneTs

zrdasa da simrTeles, piriqiT, exmarebian erTmaneTs

nestis SenaxvaSi... aiReT frinvelni... gund-gundad da-

dian da erTmaneTs Soveben sazrdosa, erTad icaven ga-

reSe mtrisagan Tavsa... aiReT Tunda mxecebi, mgeli

mgels ar erCis, lomi-lomsa, vefxvi vefxvsa. yvela eseni

ebrZvian mxolod ucxo Teslsa”58. rogorc vxedavT,

anton furcelaZe akritikebs darvinis moZRvrebas Sida-

saxeobrivi brZolis Sesaxeb.

anton furcelaZe iziarebs darvinis im azrs, rom

organizmebis cvalebadobis ZiriTad mizezs garemo

pirobebi warmoadgens. misTvis, cxadia, ucnobi iyo

memkvidruli Tvisebebis Teoria – genetika – romelic

maSin ganviTarebis sawyis stadiaze imyofeboda. amis

gareSe ki cocxali organizmebis cvalebadobis mTavar

mizezad garemos gamocxadeba arsebiTad meqanicizms

warmoadgenda.

garemo pirobebis Semoqmedebis Sedegad SeZenili

Tvisebebi, anton furcelaZis azriT, STamomavlobas mem-

kvidreobiT gadaecema. unda vivaraudoT, rom cocxali

organizmebis mier axali Tvisebebis SeZena mas darvinis

249

mixedviT esmoda, saxeldobr, rogor arsebobisaTvis

brZolis Sedegi.

igive darvinis evoluciuri Teoriis gavleniT anton

furcelaZe laparakobs adamianis warmoSobis Sesaxebac.

adamiani mas esmis rogorc organuli materiis ganviTa-

rebis Sedegi; igi iziarebs darvinis Tvalsazriss

adamianis cxoveluri warmoSobis Sesaxeb. cxovelisagan

adamianis gamoyofa moxda Sromis Sedegad. erTi sity-

viT, Sromam warmoSva adamiani. swored Sromis Sedegad

,,kacma aneba oTxze siaruls Tavi, wina fexebi ganTavi-

suflda fexebad xmarebidan da daiwyo maTi xelebad

xmareba”. Semdeg adamianma Seqmna Sromis iaraRebi, rasac

sabolood adamianis gonebrivi ganviTareba mohyva. ,,wina

fexebis xelebad gadaqcevas – wers anton furcelaZe –

mohyva SeZena yovelrigi im iaraRisa, riTac dRes kacob-

riobas Tavi moswons da riTac ebrZvis dRes bunebis

Zlierebas, bunebis dafaruls Tvisebas, bunebis saidum-

loebas. xeliT varjiSs mosdevs varjiSi gonisa, goniT

varjiSs mosdevda gonebis warmateba, gonebiT waratebas

mosdevda gaumjobeseba xelebisa, kacis agebulebisa. da

yvela amas mosdevda ucnauri warmateba kacobriobisa

da usazRvro daSoreba kacisa pirutyvisagan”59. rogor

vxedavT, aq saqme gvaqvs adamianis warmoSobisa da ka-

cobriobis ganviTarebis darvinistul-marqsistul Teo-

riasTan, romelic maSin Cvens qveyanaSi fexs ikidebda.

anton furcelaZisaTvis miuRebelia darvinis moZRv-

reba mTeli organuli samyaros evoluciis ZiriTad

faqtorad arsebobisaTvis brZolis gamocxadebis Sesa-

xeb. mas miaCnia, rom ,,swored es brZola aris mizezi,

rom progresic da evoluciac kacobriobaSi midis ase

sustad, ase naklebad”. brZola arsebobisaTvis, misi

azriT, unda gavigoT rogorc brZola sakuTari sicocx-

lis SenarCunebisaTvis da ara rogorc sxvisi sicocx-

lis ganadgureba.

250

anton furcelaZe meqanisturad da vulgarul-ma-

terialisturad xsnis azrovnebis process. ,,Wkua (igu-

lisxmeba azrovneba – avt.)... aris fiziologiuri proce-

si sxeulisa”. kidev metic, ,,Wkua aris moZraoba sazoga-

doT kacSi myofi tvinTao”. amgvari daskvna uSualod

gamomdinareobs misi materialisturi msoflmxedvelobi-

dan. materializmis poziciebidan xom SeuZlebelia fi-

zikurisa da fsiqikuris, materialurisa da idealuris

arsebiTi gansxvavebis dadgena. miT umetes amas ver

movTxovT anton furcelaZes, romelsac filosofiaze,

cxadia, mxolod warmodgenebi hqonda.

anton furcelaZe laparakobs enisa da azrovnebis

aucilebeli kavSiris Sesaxeb da Tvlis, rom enis

funqcias ara marto azris gamoxatva warmoadgens, ara-

med igi agreTve xels uwyobs azrovnebis ganviTarebas.

,,ena – wers igi – kacobriobam SeimuSava Tavisi azris

gamosaxatavad da gonebis gansaviTareblad. suldgmulT

Soris kaci aris umaRlesi arseba Tavis goniT. gonis

Zlierebas Seadgens ena. ena asazrdoebs gonebas. ena

aris puri gonebisa. ena zrdis Wkua-gonebas”60. am zogadi

mosazrebebidan anton furcelaZe praqtikul daskvnebs

akeTebs: ena eris aucilebeli atributia; misi mospoba

eris mospobis tolfasia, vinaidan eris mospobas

,,mosdevs Wkua-gonebis uZlureba, Wkua-gonebis uZlure-

bas xalxis bolos moRebac”. cxadia, rom am SemTxvevaSi

anton furcelaZes mxedvelobaSi hqonda carizmis anti-

qarTuli politika, romelic mimarTuli iyo qarTuli

enis mospobisaken da am gziT eris ganadgurebisaken.

amitom anton furcelaZe qarTvel xalxs mouwodebda,

rom ,,yoveli Rone unda vixmaroT gamdidrdes Cveni ena,

Cveni mwerloba. davamyaroT Cvens enaze mecniereba, rad-

gan enis simdidreze aris damokidebuli Cveni momavali

bedniereba. amiT unda wavwioT win Cveni zneoba, goneba,

gonebrivi Zala”61.

251

anton furcelaZe, rogorc materialisti moazrovne,

teleologiis winaaRmdegia. igi ekamaTeba drepers, rom-

lis mixedviT ,,umaRlesi mizani bunebisa aris SemuSa-

veba kacis Wkuisa”. es niSnavs, anton furcelaZis azriT,

imis mtkicebas, rom TiTqos buneba gonieri arsebaa da

garkveuli miznebi aqvs. misi azriT, bunebaSi mxolod

mizezobriobis kanoni sufevs da ara miznobrioba. orga-

nul bunebaSi arsebul mizanSewonilobas igi bunebrivi

gadarCevis Sedegad Tvlis. cxadia, am SemTxvevaSi

auxsneli rCeba araorganul bunebaSi arsebuli kanon-

zomiereba, romlis asaxsnelad bunebrivi gadarCevis

Teoria ar gamodgeba.

bunebaSi mizezobriobis kanonis erTaderTobis aRia-

rebis safuZvelze anton furcelaZe uaryofs adamianis

TvisebaTa Tandayolilobas da, ivane TarxniSvilis

msgavsad, adamianis yvela Tvisebas garemos zemoqmedebis

Sedegad Tvlis. garemo (ZiriTdad socialuri) aiZulebs

adamians Camoyalibdes rogorc boroti an keTili,

sazogadoebisaTvis saziano an sasargeblo wevri. es

aris tipuri deterministuli Teoria, romelic auxs-

nels tovebs pasuxismgeblobisa da sasjelis SesaZleb-

lobas. Tu adamianis qceva mTlianad determinirebulia,

e. i. Tu ar arsebobs nebelobis Tavisufleba, maSin

adamiani ar SeiZleba misi qcevaze pasuxismgebeli iyos.

magram anton furcelaZe am problebis kursSi ase

Rrmad ar Sesula.

i. m. seCenovis Txzulebis ,,Tavis tvinis refleqsebi”

safuZvelze anton furcelaZe ara marto uaryofs nebe-

lobis Tavisuflebas, aramed adamianis qcevis manqanuri

(meqanisturi) Teoriis poziciebze dgeba. ,,kacs aqvs

Tavis tvini – wers igi – romelic aris ise momarTuli,

rogorc Carxi an rogorc maSina, romelTac rodesac

momarTavs, maSin dabrundeba da saiTac daabruneben,

iqiT datrialdeba... nervni aryeven Tavis tvins da is,

252

rogorc maSina anu Carxi, modis moZraobaSi da axdens

kacis warmoebas”62.

$3. ivane TarxniSvili

1. biografiuli cnobebi. ivane ramazis Ze TarxniSvi-

li – qarTlis didi mouravis giorgi saakaZis STamo-

mavali – daibada 1846 wels TbilisSi Tavad ramaz Tar-

xniSvilis ojaxSi. pirveldawyebiTi ganaTleba saxlSi

miiRo; bavSvobaSi srulyofilad Seiswavla rusuli da

franguli enebi. cnobili frangi mwerali aleqsandre

diuma (mama), romelic kavkasiaSi mogzaurobisas ramaz

TarxniSvilis ojaxs ewvia, gancvifrebuli darCa 11

wlis ivane TarxniSvilis franguli enis srulyofili

codniT. 1860 wels 14 wlis ivane TarxniSvili saswav-

leblad peterburgSi gaemgzavra, sadac man jer kla-

sikuri gimnazia daamTavra, xolo Semdeg samedicino-

qirurgiuli akademia (1869), romelsac ufro gvian sam-

xedro-samedicino akademia ewoda. studentobis wlebSi

igi dauaxlovda gamoCenil rus fiziologs i. m.

seCenovs, romlis wignma ,,Tavis tvinis refleqsebi”

(1863) didi gavlena moaxdina ivane TarxniSvilis deter-

ministuli da, nawilobriv (pirvel xanebSi) meqanisturi

msoflmxedvelobis Camoyalibebaze. 1871 wels man

brwyinvaled daicva sadoqtoro disertacia. imave wels

axalgazrda mecnieri Camodis TbilisSi da kiTxulobs

leqciebis cikls Temaze ,,nervuli sistemis roli

cxovelTa moZraobaSi”, romelic gamsWvaluli iyo i. m.

seCenovis materialisturi da deterministuli ideebiT.

1873-75 wlebSi ivane TarxniSvili samecniero mivline-

baSia. strasburgsa da parizSi igi muSaobda msoflioSi

253

gamoCenil fiziologebTan hope-zeilerTan, golcTan,

SarkosTan, klod bernarTan da sxva. amave periodSi man

moinaxula venis, berlinis, oqsfordis, londonis, briu-

selis, Jenevis, ciurixisa da turinis samecniero cent-

rebi. dasavleTis samecniero JurnalebSi gamoaqveyna

ramdenime samecniero statia. 1877 wels igi airCies

samedicino-qirurgiuli akademiis fiziologiis kaTed-

ris gamged, romelic adre i. m. seCenovs ekava. am dros

ivane TarxniSvili ukve msoflioSi cnobili mecnieria.

misi samecniero gamokvlevebi, statiebi, monografiebi

zedized qveyndeba ruseTisa da dasavleT evropis gamom-

cemlobebSi. amasTanave igi iyo brwyinvale oratori,

romlis leqciebi mTeli peterburgis mowinave inteli-

genciis yuradRebis centrSi idga. 1892 wels airCies

akademikosad da samxedro-samedicino akademiis swav-

lul mdivnad. ivane TarxniSvilis didi mecnieruli

damsaxureba da aseve didi popularoba, misi progresu-

li ideebi reaqciulad ganwyobil ZalebSi Sursa da

mtrobas iwvevda. amis gamo ivane TarxniSvili iZulebu-

li gaxda daetovebina akademia (1894). mowinave rusma

inteligenciam da studentobam didi zeimiT aRniSnes

ivane TarxniSvilis samecniero da pedagogiuri moRva-

weobis ocdaxuTi wlis iubile. samxedro-samedicino

akademiis datovebis Semdeg igi erTxans leqciebs

kiTxulobs peterburgis universitetSi, xolo Semdeg

mogzaurobs evropis samecniero centrebSi da eweva

intensiur samecniero muSaobas. ivane TarxniSvili

arCeuli iyo londonis, parizis, berlinis, venis, romis

da niu-iorkis fiziologiuri sazogadoebebis wevrad an

sapatio wevrad. 1908 wlis 11 agvistos ivane Tarxni-

Svili gardaicvala krakovSi; dasaflavebulia sankt-

peterburgSi, aleqsandre nevelis lavraSi. 1946 wlis 27

ivniss qarTvelma inteligenciam didi zeimiT aRniSna

ivane TarxniSvilis dabadebidan 100 wlisTavi.

254

2. organuli samyaros filosofiuri problemebi. iva-

ne TarxniSvili, rogorc fiziologi, uwinares yovlisa,

sicocxlis movlenebs ikvlevda. specialuri proble-

mebis kvlevis procesSi igi, rogorc farTo diapazonis

mecnieri, sicocxlis zogad-Teoriul, filosofiur

problemebsac exeboda. axalgazrdobis wlebSi, rogorc

ukve aRvniSneT, i. m. seCenovis materialisturi da de-

terministuli ideebis gavlenis qveS imyofeboda, ris

gamoc igi sicocxlis problemasac materialisturi

poziciebidan aanalizebda.

ivane TarxniSvili akritikebs sicocxlis TviTCa-

saxvis Teorias, romelic, sul cota, aristoteles

droidan axal dromde mecnierebaSi farTod figuri-

rebda. mas miaCnia, rom harvisa da, gansakuTrebiT, pas-

teris gamokvlevebis Semdeg sicocxlis TviTCasaxvaze

laparaki SeuZlebelia. ,,Cvens droSi, – wers igi, – ueW-

velia, rom yoveli cocxali, rogorc mcenareuli, aseve

cxoveluri organizmebi umdablesidan dawyebuli umaR-

lesamde, winare arsebuli maTi msgavsi da monaTesave

formebisagan warmoiSoba da rom TviTneburi Casaxvis

Teoria Cvens epoqaSi yovelgvar faqtobriv safuZvels

moklebulia”.63

wignSi ,,fiziologiis kursi” (1879) ivane TarxniSvi-

li vrclad aanalizebs materialistebisa da idea-

listebis Tvalsazriss sicocxlis Sesaxeb da aCvenebs

TiToeuli maTganis naklovanebebs.

sicocxlis, rogorc materialisturi, aseve idealis-

turi gagebis mTavar naklovanebad ivane TarxniSvils

maTi spekulaciuri xasiaTi miaCnia. sicocxlis prob-

lemis gadawyveta, misi azriT, eqsperimentuli kvleva-

Ziebis gareSe SeuZlebelia. amitom mis yuradRebas iq-

cevs galenosi, romelmac sicocxlis problemis gadawy-

veta eqsperimentuli meTodiT scada. ,,yvela misi naSro-

255

mis safuZvlad is gabatonebuli idea Zevs – wers ivane

TarxniSvili galenosis Sesaxeb – rom sulis yvela

gamovlineba sxeulis sxvadasxva nawilis agebulebas

eqvemdebareba”.64 magram Sua saukuneebSi galenosis eqs-

perimentuli kvleva daviwyebas mieca da kvlav spekula-

cia aRorZinda. alqimiam da astrologiam Secvala

bunebis kvlevis eqsperimentuli meTodi. es viTareba

mxolod XVIII saukuneSi gamosworda, roca galerma fi-

ziologiuri kvlevis ZiriTad meTodad kvlav eqspe-

rimenti airCia.

ivane TarxniSvili akritikebs vitalizmsa da neo-

vitalizms da sicocxlis movlenebis axsnas materia-

listuri poziciebidan cdilobs. igi uaryofs sasi-

cocxlo Zalis arsebobas da sicocxlis movlenebs fi-

zikisa da qimiis kanonebiT xsnis, rac uTuod meqanis-

turi msoflmxedvelobis gamoZaxils warmoadgens. ,,si-

cocxle ar SeiZleba aixsnas materiisagan damoukide-

beli gansakuTrebuli sasicocxlo Zalebis TamaSiT,

aramed, piriqiT, igi ganpirobebulia im elementebis

fizikur-qimiuri TvisebebiT, romlisganac cocxali

sxeuli Sedgeba”.65 udavoa, rom am SemTxvevaSi saqme

gvaqvs sicocxlis bunebis meqanistur gagebasTan.

vitalizmisa da neovitalizmis damsaxurebas ivane

TarxniSvili imaSi xedavs, rom maT yuradReba miaqcies

sicocxlis movlenebis subieqtur mxares. ,,neovitalis-

tebis damsaxurebad is SeiZleba CaiTvalos, rom isini

mogvagoneben subieqturi analizis aucileblobas obieq-

turTan erTad, romelsac cocxali sxeuli SeiZleba

eqvemdebarebodes; mogvagoneben adamianis qcevis yvela

Sinagan fsiqikur motivebs”.66

ivane TarxniSvili ganixilavs sicocxlis cnebis

gansazRvrebis cdebs (aristotele, demokrite, epikure,

kanti, miuleri) da aRniSnavs, rom arc erTi maTgani da-

256

makmayofilebeli ar aris. amis safuZvelze igi eWvs ga-

moTqvams sicocxlis arsebis Semecnebis SesaZlebloba-

Si. ,,adamianis gonebis yvela cda, rom SeiWras sicocx-

lis arsebaSi da erTi martivi formuliT moicvas yve-

la misi ZiriTadi niSani, aradamakmayofilebeli aRmoCn-

da da SeiZleba uyoymanod vTqvaT, rom dRemde ar arse-

bobs arc erTi filosofiuri da zogad-biologiuri

gansazRvreba, romelic sayovelTao mowonebiT isargeb-

lebda.”67

amasTan dakavSirebiT ivane TarxniSvili akritikebs

sxvadasxva Tvalsazriss sicocxlis bunebis Sesaxeb da

aCvenebs maT ukmarobas. amis mizezad igi imas Tvlis,

rom ,,adamianis gonebisaTvis saerTod miuwvdomelia

raime movlenis, miT umetes sicocxlis arseba”68. mecnie-

reba, kerZod, biologia, ivane TarxniSvilis azriT,

swavlobs sicocxlis movlenebs da ara maT arsebas. am

SemTxvevaSi ivane TarxniSvili pozitivizmis gavlenis

qveS imyofeba, romelsac igi ,,Tavmdabal (скромный)

filosofiur mimarTulebas” uwodebs imis gamo, rom mas

ara aqvs arsebis Semecnebis pretenzia. pozitivistebidan

ivane TarxniSvili asaxelebs h. spensers, romelmac

mecnieruli Semecnebis sagnad movlenebi gamoacxada,

xolo arsebis Semecnebis SesaZlebloba uaryo.

pozitivizmis gavlenis miuxedavad, ivane TarxniSvi-

li sicocxlis warmoSobis materialistur Teziss

icavs da uaryofs vitalistur moZRvrebas sasicocxlo

Zalebis arsebobis Sesaxeb. cocxali organizmebi misi

azriT, iseve emorCileba bunebis uzogades kanonebs,

rogorc yvela danarCeni sagnebi da movlenebi. kerZod,

igi laparakobs fizikur-qimiur kanonebze, saxeldobr,

materiis maradiulobisa da energiis gardaqmnis kano-

nebze, romelTac Zala aqvT cocxali organizmebis sfe-

roSic. organizmSi mimdinare nivTierebaTa gardaqmnis

257

procesi, misi azriT, warmoSobs sasicocxlo Zalas, ro-

melic isev am materialuri procesebis ganxorcielebas

xmardeba. ,,yvela cxovelur funqcias Tavis wyarod aqvs

cocxali Zalebi, romlebic warmoebulia nivTierebaTa

gardaqmniT, miRebulia garedan da is Zalebi TviTon

sxeulis SemadgenlobaSi Sedis. materiis es gardaqmnebi

da ZalTa gadasvlebi eqvemdebareba iseT kanonebs,

romelsac bunebis yvela fizikur-qimiuri movlena

eqvemdebareba”69. es Tvalsazrisi uTuod sicocxlis

bunebis materialistur gagebas warmoadgens.

metic, ivane TarxniSvili dgas ra materializmis

poziciebze, xSirad Tavs ver aRwevs meqanicizms. igi

fizikisa da qimiis kanonebs ,,cocxali materiis” Ziri-

Tad kanonebad Tvlis. ,,fizikur-qimiuri ganaTleba, _

wers igi, – Cvens droSi adamianTa gonebrivi monapovre-

bis ZiriTadi safuZveli unda iyos.” amis safuZvelze

igi fizikasa da qimias ,,biologiis mTavar sayrdenebad”

Tvlis. igi laparakobs agreTve filosofiis,

fsiqologiisa da logikis did mniSvnelobaze

biologiuri procesebis Seswavlis saqmeSi.

rasakvirvelia, ivane TarxniSvili ar uaryofs bio-

logiuri kanonebis arsebobas da, maSasadame, biologia

ar dahyavs fizikasa da qimiaze, magram mis mier fizi-

kur-qimiuri kanonebis rolis gazviadeba sicocxlis

movlenebis Seswavlis saqmeSi uTuod adasturebs misi

msoflmxedvelobis meqanisturi tendenciebis arsebobas,

rac kidev ufro naTlad gamovlindeba mis mier nebe-

lobis gagebis sakiTxSi.

am meqanisturi tendenciebis miuxedavad, ivane

TarxiSvilisaTvis miuRebelia klasikuri meqanisturi

moZRvreba, romelsac sicocxlis procesebi atomebis

moZraobaze dahyavda. ,,Tumca sicocxle dakavSirebulia

atomebis moZraobasa da misgan gamomdinare mocemuli

258

cocxali organizmis fizikur-qimiur pirobebTan, magram

am pirobebs mainc ar ZaluZT Sejgufdnen da Seqmnan

sicocxlis movlenebis mwyobri, Tanamimdevari rigi im

wesiT, rogorc isini cocxal organizmebSi mimdina-

reobs”70. maSasadame, ivane TarxniSvili ar eTanxmeba

arc vitalistebsa da arc im meqanistebs, romelTac

sicocxlis movlenebi atomebis moZraobaze dahyavT.

ivane TarxniSvilis msoflmxedvelobis meqanisturi

tendenciebi sruliad specifikuri da, Tu SeiZleba ase

iTqvas, ,,zomieri” iyo.

ivane TarxniSvili msjelobs adamianisa da manqanis

msgavseba-gansxvavebis Sesaxeb. manqana asamoZraveblad

,,garegan biZgs” saWiroebs. aseve cocxali organizmebi

garemosTan mWidro kavSirSia. C. darvinis erT-erT dam-

saxurebad ivane TarxniSvili cocxali organizmebisa

da garemos aucilebeli kavSiris Cvenebas Tvlis. miu-

xedavad amisa, manqana da cocxali organizmi erTmane-

Tisagan arsebiTad gansxvavdeba. manqana cvTeba, magram

TavisTavad ar aRdgeba, ar viTardeba adamianis zemoq-

medebis gareSe. cocxali organizmi ki ganuwyvetlad

icvleba da viTardeba. sicocxlis materialur subst-

rats nivTierebaTa cvla warmoadgens. sikvdili niSnavs

organizmSi mimdinare aRdgeniTi procesebis Sewyvetas.

cocxal organizmSi, kerZod, adamianSi mimdinareobs

ori erTmaneTisagan sruliad gansxvavebuli procesi:

fizikuri da fsiqikuri. pirveli garegan dakvirvebas

eqvemdebareba, meore ki garegani dakvirvebisaTvis miuwv-

domelia; igi adamianis subieqtur samyaros warmoadgens.

amave mizeziT organizmSi mimdinare fizikuri proce-

sebis Sesaswavlad fizikur-qimiuri meTodebi gamogvad-

geba; fsiqikuri movlenebis Seswavla ki am meTodiT

SeuZlebelia; maT ZiriTad Taviseburebas subieqturoba

warmoadgens, ris gamoc maTi Seswavlis ZiriTadi meTo-

259

dia TviTdakvirveba. organizmSi mimdinare fizikuri

procesebi ki ,,cnobierebis sferos gareSe” arsebobs da,

maSasadame, obieqtur dakvirvebas eqvemdebareba. TviTdak-

virveba fsiqikuri movlenebis Seswavlis mTavari meTo-

dia, magram ara erTaderTi. fsiqikuri gancdebi qcevebSi

gamovlindeba. amitom sxvisi fsiqikuris Sesaxeb SeiZ-

leba vimsjeloT sakuTari fsiqikuri gancdebis dros

Sesrulebuli qcevis analogiis mixedviT. roca vwuxvar

– vtiri, roca mixaria – vicini. amitom roca vxedav,

rom viRac tiris an icinis, SemiZlia daskvna gavakeTo

misi fsiqikuri mdgomareobis Sesaxeb.

fsiqikuri gancdebis kunTur moZraobaSi gamoxatvis

mixedviT xsnis ivane TarxniSvili telepatisa da spiri-

tualistur seansebs. igi uaryofs sivrceSi azrebis ga-

dacemis SesaZleblobas da Tvlis, rom ,,azrTa amokiTx-

va” sxva araferia, Tu ara kunTur moZraobaze dakvir-

veba. nervuli Zafebi, amtkicebs ivane TarxniSvili,

,,sruliad izolirebuli gamtarebia”. nervuli aRgzneba

ara marto sivrceSi ar gadadis, aramed TviT meore

nervSic ki; amitom sivrceSi azrTa gadacemis Sesaxeb

laparaki usafuZvloa. adamianis erT-erT ZiriTad upi-

ratesobas ivane TarxniSvili imaSi xedavs, rom ,,ada-

mianis azri sxvisTvis saidumloebas warmoadgens, vidre

igi ar gamovlindeba da samyaroSi veraviTar mkiTxavs

arasodes ar SeuZlia mas miswvdes, Tuki adamiani mis

saidumlod Senaxvas moisurvebs”.71

marTalia, adamianis fsiqikuri samyaros Seswavlis

ZiriTad meTods TviTdakvirveba warmoadgens, magram

martooden am meTods ,,ar SeuZlia arc erTi fizio-

logiuri amocanis gadawyveta, arc erTi fiziologiuri

funqciis axsna”. ivane TarxniSvili daaskvnis: ,,gamokv-

levis subieqturi da obieqturi meTodebis kombinacia

260

sasicocxlo movlenebis analizisa da axsnis erTaderT

swor gzas warmoadgens”72.

ivane TarxniSvili erTmaneTisgan ganasxvavebs cno-

biersa da aracnobier fsiqikur movlenebs. aracnobie-

rad sruldeba ara mxolod fizikuri (fiziologiuri)

procesebis umravlesoba, aramed aseve fsiqikuri proce-

sebis didi nawilic. amave dros aracnobieri fsiqikuris

sfero aranakleb farToa, vidre cnobieri fsiqikuri

movlenebisa. amasTanave ivane TarxniSvili amtkicebs

maT Soris mWidro kavSiris arsebobas. aracnobieri da

cnobieri fsiqikuri xSirad erTmaneTSi gadadis. cnobie-

ri aracnobieris sferoSi gadadis miCvevis, xSiri gan-

meorebis Sedegad.

cnobiereba sinamdvilis asaxvas warmoadgens. ,,cno-

biereba... – wers igi – sxva araferia, garda rogorc ga-

regani, aseve Sinagani Cveni kuTvnili sagnebisa da mov-

lenebis Sesaxeb erTdroulad arsebuli warmodgenebi”73.

wignSi ,,suli da sxeuli” ivane TarxniSvili aCvenebs

,,gansakuTrebul intimursa da Zlier” kavSirs sulsa da

sxeuls Soris, rasac, misi azriT, adamianis cxovrebi-

saTvis umaRlesi Teoriuli da praqtikuli mniSvneloba

aqvs, ,,vinaidan igi amtkicebs ra sulisa da sxeulis er-

Tianobas, igi safuZvlad unda daedos sworsa da ke-

TilSobilur msoflmxedvelobas adamianis organizmis

WeSmariti bunebis Sesaxeb”74. am ideis praqtikul mniSv-

nelobas ivane TarxniSvili gansakuTrebiT medicinaSi

xedavs; daavadebis mkurnaloba unda iyos kompleqsuri:

fizikuri da fsiqikuri, vinaidan erT-erTi maTganis

moSlas Tan sdevs meoris dazianebac.

miuxedavad fizikurisa da fsiqikuris mWidro kav-

Sirisa, ivane TarxniSvils miuReblad miaCnia fsiqo-

fizikuri paralelizmis Teoria, romelic cocxal or-

ganizmebSi ori – erTmaneTisagan damoukidebeli – subs-

261

tanciis, sulisa da sxeulis arsebobas emyareba. am Teo-

rias, misi azriT, fsiqikis bunebis axsna ar ZaluZs,

raki igi fizikursa da fsiqikurs, sulsa da sxeuls

erTmaneTisagan wyvets.

amasTan dakavSirebiT ivane TarxniSvili akritikebs

rogorc materialistur, ise idealistur Tvalsazri-

sebs sulisa da sxeulis – fizikurisa da fsiqikuris –

urTierTobis Sesaxeb. misi azriT, SeuZlebelia fizi-

kurisa da fsiqikuris erTmaneTisgan mowyveta an maTi

erTmaneTze dayvana. materialistebisa da idealistebis

warumatebeli cdebi fizikurisa da fsiqikuris urTier-

Tobis kvlevis saqmeSi, ivane TarxniSvilis azriT, prob-

lemis sirTuliT aixsneba. igi wers: ,,amrigad, vakavSi-

rebT ra adamianis cnobier fsiqikur moRvaweobas gar-

kveuli materialuri tvinis masebis arsebobasTan, Cven,

rasakvirvelia, Cvens Tavs ar unda davumaloT, rom

dRemde Cven ara gvaqvs araviTari naTeli warmodgena

imis Sesaxeb, Tu rogor SeiZleba Tavis tvinis naxevars-

feroebis ruxi qerqis centrebis sferoSi sxeulis

grZnobadi periferiebidan (zedapiridan) am centrebamde

momavali nervuli aRgznebis materialuri procesebi-

dan, warmoSvas raime, Tundac yvelaze martivi iseTi

elementaruli fsiqikuri movlenac ki, rogoricaa, maga-

liTad, yvelaze umartivesi sinaTlis an smenis Seg-

rZneba”75.

cnobilia, rom fizikuridan fsiqikurSi gardamavali

xidis arseboba kategoriulad uaryo diubua reimonma,

romelmac wamoayena cnobili Tezisi: ,,Ignorabimus” (,,Seu-mecnebadia”). ivane TarxniSvili am sakiTxSi solida-

robas ucxadebs diubua reimons da wers: ,,diubua rei-

moni imasac ki fiqrobs, rom is xidi, romliTac nervu-

li centrebis materialuri procesebi ama Tu imMformis

sulier moRvaweobaSi gadadis, adamianis gonebisaTvis

262

marad gadauwyvetadi darCeba. dRemde araviTari SesaZ-

lebloba ar arsebobs Tundac Soridan SevexoT am sa-

kiTxs”.76

cnobiereba, ivane TarxniSvilis mixedviT, mxolod

tvinis produqti rodia. mis Camoyalibebaze did gavle-

nas axdens garemo, romlis qveS ara mxolod fizikuri,

aramed socialuri garemoc igulisxmeba. garemosa da

Tavis tvins Soris mWidro kavSirSia. garemodan grZno-

bis organoebiT miRebuli gaRizianeba nervuli qsovi-

lebis saSualebiT Tavis tvinamde aRwevs da cnobie-

rebis Sinaarss warmoSobs.

ivane TarxniSvilis Sexeduleba fizikurisa da fsi-

qikuris (sulisa da sxeulis) urTierTobis Sesaxeb sa-

fuZvlad daedo mis koncefcias nebelobis Tavisuf-

lebis Sesaxeb. zemoT aRniSnuli iyo, rom 1871 wels

ivane TarxniSvilma TbilisSi waikiTxa leqciebis cikli

Temaze ,,nervuli sistemis roli cxovelTa moZraobaSi,”

romelSic man, seCenovis ideebis gavleniT, uaryo nebe-

lobis Tavisufleba da mkacri determinizmis pozi-

ciebze dadga.

deterministuli ideebis dafuZnebas ivane Tarxni-

Svili nebelobis Tavisuflebis voluntaristuli kon-

cefciis kritikis paralelurad awarmoebs. volunta-

rizmi, misi azriT, adamianis fizikuri da fsiqikuri

Tvisebebis Tandayolilobas amtkicebs, rac fizikuri

sinamdvilidan fsiqikuri movlenebis mowyvetis tol-

fasia. nebelobis Tavisuflebis qveS garegani sinamdvi-

lisagan misi damoukidebloba igulisxmeba, rac, ivane

TarxniSvilis azriT, ar marTldeba arc Teoriulad da

arc praqtikulad. voluntarizmi, misi azriT, ewinaaRm-

degeba mecnierebis monacemebs, kerZod, fiziologiur

moZRvrebas fizikurisa da fsiqikuris urTierTobis Se-

saxeb.

263

nebelobis Tavisuflebis koncefcias, ivane Tarxni-

Svilis azriT, didi ziani moaqvs sazogadoebis praqti-

kuli cxovrebisaTvis. amtkicebs ra fizikuri da fsiqi-

kuri Tvisebebis Tandayolilobas, igi adamianebs yofs

or jgufad: keTilebad da borotebad, gonierebad da

ugnurebad, damnaSaveebad da udanaSauloebad. AaseT

koncefciaze dafuZnebuli sazogadoeba ar SeiZleba

humanuri da demokratiuli iyos

Tu adamianis individualuri Taviseburebani Tanda-

yolilia, maSin, ivane TarxniSvilis azriT, adamianis

aRzrda SeuZlebeli iqneba. Tu adamiani uzneo ibadeba,

maSin mas aRzrda zneobrivs ver gaxdis. es niSnavs, rom

voluntarizmis poziciebidan aRzrdaze laparaki SeuZ-

lebelia, rac arsebiTad pedagogikis uaryofas warmoad-

gens. aseve voluntarizmis poziciebidan SeuZlebelia

sasjelisa da danaSaulis arseboba. ,,magaliTad, rogor

unda SeuTavso mas sasjelis mTeli sistema, romlis

mizans cudad warmarTuli Tavisufali nebelobis

alagmva warmoadgens? nuTu SeiZleba erTdroulad iyo

momxre sasjelis sistemisa da moZRvrebisac ,,nebelobis

Tavisuflebis Sesaxeb,” rom logikur winaaRmdegobaSi

ar Cavarde?” Tu adamiani damnaSaved ibadeba, maSin azri

aRar aqvs mis winaaRmdeg sasjelis sistemis gamoyenebas

da, piriqiT, damnaSavis dasja mxolod maSin SeiZleba,

Tu SesaZlebelia mis nebelobaze zemoqmedeba. ra azri

aqvs damnaSavis dasjas, Tu igi Tandayolili damnaSavea

da, maSasadame, misi aRzrda SeuZlebelia?

voluntarizmis winaaRmdeg ivane TarxniSvili amtki-

cebs, rom nebelobiTi aqtebi arsebiTad iseve mimdina-

reobs, rogorc refleqsuri aqtebi. cxoveli, romelic

sakvebs eZebs da TiTqos nebismier aqts asrulebs, iseve

ar aris Tavisufali, rogorc is cxoveli, romelic

laboratoriaSi simJaviT gaRizianebisas kunTur moZrao-

264

bas awarmoebs. e.w. nebismieri qcevis dros ,,movlenebi

iseve absoluturi (роковой) aucileblobiT mimdinareobs,

rogorc yvelaze rTuli saaTis meqanizmis Semadgeneli

rgolebi moZraobs”77. orive maTgani ,,garegan biZgs”

saWiroebs da, maSasadame, nebelobiTi aqtis saxiT saqme

gvaqvs wminda refleqsur aqtTan.

nebelobis Tavisuflebis gancda, ivane TarxniSvilis

azriT, TviTdakvirvebis Sedegia. adamiani irCevs mizans,

ibrZvis misi ganxorcielebisaTvis da hgonia, rom am

procesSi misi nebeloba Tavisufalia, akeTebs imas, rac

mas surs, anu misi moqmedebis mizezi masSia da ara mis

gareT. amas gveubneba Cveni cnobiereba, romelic Tavi-

suflebas ganicdis, hgonia rom Tavisufalia. magram

sul sxvas amtkicebs adamianis goneba; ar arsebobs

umizezo movlenebi; yvelafers aqvs Tavisi mizezi da,

maSasadame, determinirebulia. am gziT goneba nebelobis

Tavisuflebis uaryofamde midis. amrigad, nebelobis Ta-

visuflebis gagebis sakiTxSi ivane TarxniSvili erT-

maneTs upirispirebs cnobierebasa da gonebas. erTi nebe-

lobis Tavisuflebas amtkicebs, meore ki mis determini-

rebulobas78.

cnobierebisa da gonebis dapirispirebas nebelobis

Tavisuflebis sakiTxSi ivane TarxniSvili imiT xsnis,

rom bunebaSi nebismier movlenas, maT Soris adamianis

qcevas, ,,mizezTa usasrulo jaWvi” ganapirobebs. goneba

am usasrulo (mravali) mizezis Semecnebis Sedegad nebe-

lobis Tavisuflebis uaryofamde midis; cnobierebas ki

mizezTa am usasrulo rigis Semecneba ar SeuZlia, ris

gamoc adamianis qceva Tavisufali hgonia.

marTalia, TxzulebaSi ,,nervuli sistemis roli

cxovelTa moZraobaSi” ivane TarxniSvili uaryofs ara

saerTod nebelobis Tavisuflebas (nebelobis Tavisuf-

lebis sruli uaryofa nebelobis uaryofis tolfasia,

265

rasac ivane TarxniSvilze ver vityviT), aramed mxolod

moZRvrebas ,,nebelobis Tavisuflebis Sesaxeb im farTo

azriT, rogorc igi esmoda gabatonebul moZRvrebas”, e.

i. voluntarizms, magram am periodSi (XIX saukunis 70-

iani wlebi) ivane TarxniSvilis msoflmxedvelobis meqa-

nisturi xasiaTi ZiriTadad mainc aSkaraa. magram igive

ar SeiZleba iTqvas mis Semdegdroindel nawerebze. maga-

liTad, TxzulebaSi ,,STagoneba, hipnotizmi da azrTa

kiTxva” (1905) ivane TarxniSvili miznad isaxavs ,,Tavi-

suflebis ideis” analizs, akritikebs voluntaristul

moZRvrebas nebelobis Tavisuflebis Sesaxeb, magram ar

uaryofs TviTon nebelobis Tavisuflebis ideas.

marTalia, nebelobis Tavisufleba cnobierebis iluzias

warmoadgens, amtkicebs ivane TarxniSvili, magram mas

adamianis sulieri cxovrebisaTvis udidesi mniSvneloba

aqvs. Tavisuflebis gareSe adamians ,,sicocxlis war-

modgenac ki ar SeuZlia”. igi daaskvnis: ,,mospeT ada-

mianSi nebelobis Tavisuflebis cnobiereba, maSin war-

moudgeneli iqneba adamianis CaTvla cocxal, gonier

arsebad, aramed daemsgavseboda avtomats, romelic

garegani pirobebisagan damokidebulebaSi myofi ama Tu

im muSaobas fataluri aucileblobiT asrulebs”79.

amis miuxedavad, ivane TarxniSvili ar Ralatobs de-

terminizmis principebs da laparakobs nebelobis gan-

sazRvrulobaze, xolo, meore mxriv, nebelobis Tavi-

suflebis gancdaze, romelic mas cnobierebis dadebiT

iluziad miaCnia.

laparakobs ra adamianis nebelobis determinirebu-

lobis Sesaxeb garemo pirobebis mier, ivane Tarxni-

Svils am ukanasknelis qveS esmis rogorc bunebrivi,

aseve socialuri garemo. amave dros igi socialur ga-

remos aranakleb mniSvnelobas aniWebs adamianis qcevis

gansazRvrulobis saqmeSi. kidev metic, misi azriT,

266

adamianis aRmzrdels upiratesad is socialuri garemo

warmoadgens, romelSic igi cxovrobs. socialuri gare-

mo adamianis moqmedebas gansazRvravs. qorwinebaTa

ricxvi izrdeba sazogadoebrivi keTildReobis pirobeb-

Si, xolo mcirdeba omebis, SimSilobis, mZime ekonomi-

kuri viTarebis dros; magram am pirobebSi izrdeba da-

naSaulobaTa ricxvi. es niSnavs, rom adamiani ara marto

biologiuri arsebaa, aramed socialuric. amitom misi

qceva ganisazRvreba rogorc bunebrivi, aseve socia-

luri pirobebiT. es viTareba, ivane TarxniSvilis az-

riT, mSvenivrad daasabuTa a. ketles statistikurma ga-

mokvlevebma. gamoirkva, rom TviTmkvlelobaTa ricxvi

garkveul kanonzomierebas eqvemdebareba. Tuki es aqtebi

Tavisufali nebelobis produqti iyos, maSin maTSi

SeuZlebeli iqneboda raime kanonzomierebis aRmoCena. es

niSnavs, rom adamianis qceva upiratesad garemo piro-

bebzea damokidebuli.

ivane TarxniSvili, rasakvirvelia, ar uaryofs sas-

jelisa da pasuxismgeblobis SesaZleblobas, magram

moiTxovs, rom iurisprudenciam mxedvelobaSi miiRos is

mizezebi, romlebic adamianis qcevas gansazRvravs. am

SemTxvevaSi ki damnaSaves sasjeli Seumsubuqdeba.

sasjels, ivane TarxniSvilis azriT, aRmzrdelobiTi

funqcia unda hqondes. dasja TviTmizani ar unda iyos,

rogorc amas voluntarizmi gulisxmobs, aramed miznad

adamianis sulier gardaqmnas unda isaxavdes. danaSau-

lobasTan brZolis ZiriTad meTods aRzrda unda

warmoadgendes. TviTon sikvdiliT dasjis SemTxvevaSic

ki misi mizani swored sxva adamianebis danaSaulis aR-

kveTa, maSasadame, maTi aRzrda unda iyos. ar SeiZleba

danaSaulis gamocxadeba adamianTa Tandayolil Tvise-

bad. ,,yvela xalxs... – wers igi – erTnairi Sansi aqvT

iyvnen boroti da keTili, uvici, mcodne, sazogadoebis

267

uvargisi da vargisi wevrebi. saqme umTavresad imazea

damokidebuli, ra viTarebaSi izrdeba da viTardeba

subieqti”. Semdeg: ,,adamianTa Soris didi gansxvaveba um-

Tavresad ganpirobebulia maTi garemomcveli garemos

mier da ara maTi bunebis mier; am ukanasknels ara aqvs

iseTi gadamwyveti mniSvneloba pirovnebis ama Tu im

aRnagobaze, rogorc gareSe viTarebas”80.

danaSauls, ivane TarxniSvilis azriT, socialuri

mizezebi aqvs. amitom misi aRmofxvra mxolod da mxo-

lod socialuri viTarebis gardaqmniT SeiZleba, im so-

cialuri viTarebisa, romelic adamians danaSaulisaken

ubiZgebs. am daskvnebs uTuod revoluciuri mniSvneloba

hqonda imdroindeli viTarebis pirobebSi.

igi am poziciidan aanalizebs maqsim gorkis Txzu-

lebas ,,fskerze” da amtkicebs, rom adamianTa mankiere-

bis mizezi socialur garemoSi imyofeba. cudi socia-

luri viTareba adamianis sulier mdgomareobas ryvnis

da moralur gaxrwnamde mihyavs.

ivane TarxniSvilis azriT, nebelobis Tavisuflebis

deterministul gagebas SeuZlia didi roli iTamaSos

socialuri viTarebis gardaqmnis saqmeSi. iurispruden-

ciam mxedvelobaSi unda miiRos is garemoeba, rom da-

naSaulis aRmofxvra SeuZlebelia martooden damsje-

lobiTi zomebis gatarebiT. damnaSaves ki ar unda dav-

cinoT, aramed igi unda moxvdes sazogadoebis yuradRe-

bis centrSi da gaxdes ,,sayovelTao TanagrZnobisa da

zrunvis sagani”.

3. gnoseologiuri Sexedulebebi. Semecnebis mTavar

obieqts, ivane TarxniSvilis azriT, bunebaSi arsebuli

mizez-Sedegobrivi kavSiri warmoadgens. ,,adamianis gone-

ba – wers igi _ yvelgan da yovelTvis, yvelaferSi mis

winaSe mimdinare movlenebis mizezis gamocnobas esw-

rafvis. es niSani ise mWidrod dakavSirebulia mis su-

268

lier cxovrebasTan, rom sakiTxebi ,,ratom”, ,,rogor” da

,,risgan” mas dauRlelad Tan sdevs adreuli bavSvobi-

dan saflavamde”81. am Ziebis Sedegs Semecnebis ganviTa-

reba warmoadgens.

Semecnebis amosavalia cda da eqsperimenti. igi akri-

tikebs maT, vinc empiriuli Semecnebis rols amcirebs

da Semecnebis erTaderT wyarod gonebas Tvlis.

grZnobadi cdis pirvel elements SegrZneba warmoad-

gens, romelic masalas aZlevs azrovnebas, xolo es

ukanaskneli mas cnebebis, azrebisa da fantaziis saxiT

ayalibebs. ,,SegrZnebebidan yalibdeba warmodgenebi; am

ukanasknelTa Serwymis Sedegad – azrebi, cnebebi, fan-

taziis saxeebi”. dgas ra Semecnebis empiristuli Teo-

riis poziciebze, ivane TarxniSvili Tvlis, rom nebis-

mieri abstraqtuli azri grZnobadi warmomavlobisaa.

,,yvela Cvens warmodgenas... Zirebi SegrZnebebSi aqvs, ro-

melic Cvens cnobierebas grZnobis organoebis saSua-

lebiT eZleva Cveni grZnobis organoebisaTvis misawv-

domi sagnebisa da movlenebis Sesaxeb”. Semdeg: ,,SegrZne-

bani, romelTac sxvadasxva grZnobis organo gvaZlevs,

ZiriTadi elementebia, romelTa sxvadasxvagvari gaer-

Tianebis Sedegad warmodgenebi yalibdeba”82. am pozicias

ivane TarxniSvili mihyavs lokis cnobil debulebamde:

,,araferi ar aris gonebaSi iseTi, rac winaswar SegrZ-

nebebSi ar iyos mocemuli”. am debulebas igi ,,swors”

uwodebs, magram mas miuReblad miaCnia misi gavrceleba

adamianis gonebaSi arsebul yvela warmodgenaze, vi-

naidan ,,Cvens cnobierebaSi warmoSobili warmodgenebi

azrovnebis garkveuli kanonebis mixedviT erTmaneTs

ukavSirdeba, ganzogaddeba da gadadis umaRlesad, uf-

ro ganyenebul warmodgenebsa da cnebebSi, romelTanac

Cveni grZnobis organoebis aRqmebs uSualo kavSiri ara

aqvT... lokis azri, rasakvirvelia, ise unda gavigoT,

269

rom adamiani, romelsac ara aqvs, magaliTad, mxedve-

loba, an Sexebis grZnoba da a.S., verasodes ver SeZlebs

gamoimuSaos raime mxedvelobiTi, SexebiTi da gemov-

nebiTi warmodgenebi da amas, rasakvirvelia, Znelia

vinme ar daeTanxmos”. rogorc vxedavT, ivane TarxniSvi-

li Taviseburad ganmartavs lokis debulebas da,

maSasadame, garkveulwilad ,,arbilebs” mas da amdenad

ase Tu ise misaRebs xdis nebismieri Semecnebis Teorii-

saTvis.

ivane TarxniSvili xSirad grZnobad cdas mTeli go-

nebrivi moRvaweobis ,,pirvel biZgs” uwodebs, saidanac

logikuri operaciebis Sedegad cnobierebis mTeli Sina-

arsi yalibdeba.

SegrZneba gaRizianebis Sedegia, gaRizianeba ki aris

grZnobadi nervis reaqcia garegan gamRizianebelze.

gaRizianebis unari, ivane TarxniSvilis azriT, yvela

cocxal organizms aqvs mcenareebis CaTvliT. ,,gaRi-

zianeba cocxali nivTierebis ganuyreli Tvisebaa”. es

niSnavs, rom gaRizianeba ar aris fsiqikuri aqti; igi

gardamavali safexuria fizikuridan fsiqikurisaken.

gaRizianeba orgvaria: Sinagani da garegani. yvelaferi

damokidebulia imaze, Tu sad imyofeba gamRizianebeli –

subieqts gareT, Tu mis SigniT. garegani gamRizianebeli

Cveni garegani grZnobis organoebze moqmedebs, Sinagani

ki aris SimSilis, wyurvilis, tkivilis da a. S. SegrZ-

neba. ukanasknelT ivane TarxniSvili ,,adamianis TviT-

grZnobas” uwodebs. igi subieqturia, maSin roca garega-

ni gaRizianeba obieqturs warmoadgens.

SegrZnebis ,,anatomiuri meqanizmi” Tavis tvinSia,

kerZod, igi aris Tavis tvinis centroebSi, romlebic

tvinis naxevarsferoebis rux qerqSia ganlagebuli.

Tavis tvini, misi azriT, mTeli cnobierebis safuZvels

warmoadgens. amitom Tavis tvinis hemisferoebis ruxi

270

qerqis darRvevas Tan sdevs cnobierebis gaqroba.

cnobierebisa da misi materialuri substratis – Tavis

tvinis – aucilebeli kavSiris arseboba ivane Tarxni-

Svils udavod miaCnia; magram igi Tvlis, rom adamia-

nisaTvis ucnobia is ,,meqanizmi”, romliTac tvinSi mim-

dinare materialuri procesebi fsiqikur procesebs

warmoSobs.

cnobiereba, ivane TarxniSvilis azriT, warmodgene-

bis erTobliobaa; am warmodgenebis gadamuSavebis Sede-

gad ki cnebebi yalibdeba. ,,cnobierebis mTeli sfero,

romlis safuZvelzec Cven bunebis sagnebisa da mov-

lenebis Sesaxeb vmsjelobT, Sedgeba... rogorc warsu-

lis, aseve awmyos mTeli rigi warmodgenebisagan”83. am

warmodgenebis umravlesoba sworad asaxavs obieqtur

sinamdviles, magram cnobierebaSi mcdari warmodgenebic

arsebobs. adamiani xSirad cdeba rogorc praqtikuli,

aseve Teoriuli moRvaweobis procesSi.

Semecnebas Tan sdevs Secdomebi. es Secdomebi war-

sulSi miRebuli STabeWdilebebis sferoSi metia, vidre

awmyoSi aRqmuli movlenebis sferoSi. Secdomebs mrava-

li wyaro aqvs, magram yvelaze naklebad uSualo aRqma

cdeba. erTi SexedviT, aRqmaSi saerTod ar unda iyos

Secdoma, magram sinamdvileSi aqac ,,araiSviaTad gvxvde-

ba didi Secdomebi” garesamyaros sagnebisa da movle-

nebis aRqmis procesSi. adamiani xSirad cdeba feris,

gemos, sunis, manZilis Sefasebis dros. SecdomaTa am

jgufs ivane TarxniSvili aRqmis Secdomebs uwodebs,

xolo yvela saxis Secdomas _ ,,cnobierebis Secdomebs”.

am Secdomebis mizezebis kvlevas ivane TarxniSvili

Semecnebis Teoriis ZiriTad amocanad Tvlis.

ra aris cnobierebis Secdomebis mizezi, sad unda

veZioT misi safuZveli? am amocanis gadawyvetisadmia

miZRvnili ivane TarxniSvilis sakmaod vrceli filo-

271

sofiuri gamokvleva ,,cnobierebis cTunebani” (,,Обманы сознания”), romelSic man agnostikuri da subieqtur-

idealisturi Tvalsazrisi Camoayaliba.

cnobierebaSi arsebuli Secdomebis gamokvleva, misi

azriT, Semecnebis procesis analizs moiTxovs. amisaT-

vis ki, uwinares yovlisa, saWiroa gairkves WeSmaritebis

kriteriumis sakiTxi. imisaTvis, raTa gavigoT, Tu ra

aris Secdoma da ra WeSmariteba, saWiroa vicodeT WeS-

maritebis kriteriumi. sad mTavrdeba WeSmariteba da

sad iwyeba Secdoma? ,,ra kriteriumiT unda ixelmZRva-

nelos adamianma Secdomebisagan WeSmaritebis, siyalbi-

sagan simarTlis garCevis dros? sad aris WeSmariti

codnis sferosagan iluziis sferos gammijnavi zRvari,

romliTac ixelmZRvanelebda ra adamiani, advilad

SeZlebda Tavis msjelobebSi orientirebas da Seafaseb-

da maT WeSmarit an marTebul xasiaTs? dabolos, ra

saSualebiT SeZlebda adamiani Tavis dazRvevas mcdari

msjelobebis mozRvavebisagan? yvela es sakiTxi mwvavea,

adamianis cnobierebasTan mWidro kavSirSia da amaod

rodi iyo igi yvela droisa da yvela xalxis saukeTeso

filosofosebisa da naturalistebis Seswavlis obieq-

ti”84.

am problemis gadasawyvetad ivane TarxniSvils, uwi-

nares yovlisa, saWirod miaCnia imis garkveva, Tu ramde-

nad Seesabameba Cvens cnobierebaSi arsebuli warmod-

genebi obieqtur sinamdviles, rac imis saSualebas

mogvcems, rom gavarkvioT ,,ra aris WeSmariti da ra

mcdari Cvens cnobierebaSi”. amis Semdeg ki saWiro

gaxdeba SeviswavloT uneblie Secdomebis sfero, ,,risi

msxverplic xSirad xdeba adamianis cnobiereba”. erTi

sityviT, ivane TarxniSvilis azriT, saWiroa cnobie-

rebis cTunebebis jer obieqturi, xolo Semdeg subieq-

272

turi mizezebis gamokvleva. pirveli Semecnebis Teoriis

sagania, meore ki – fsiqofiziologiisa.

pirveli – Semecnebis Teoriuli – sakiTxis garkveva

obieqtur sinamdvilesTan Cveni warmodgenebis Sesabami-

sobis garkvevas niSnavs. amis garkveva ki SesaZlebelia

ara marto filosofiis, aramed, agreTve, bunebismecnie-

rebis bazaze, orives urTierTanamSromlobis safuZvel-

ze. am sakiTxs filosofia da bunebismecniereba sxvada-

sxva kuTxiT ikvlevs. filosofia mas ,,idealuri mxri-

dan” udgeba, bunebismecniereba ki – ,,realuri mxridan”.

es niSnavs, rom filosofia ikvlevs Cvens warmodgenebSi

iseTs, romelic asaxavs obieqtur sinamdviles, raTa

maTgan gamoyos is, rasac subieqturi warmomavloba aqvs,

e. i. romelic Cveni Semmecnebeli aparatis sisustis Se-

degia. bunebismecniereba ki amave problemas faqtebisa

da dakvirvebebis safuZvelze ikvlevs.

am SeTanxmebul muSaobas, ivane TarxniSvilis azriT,

didi sargebloba moaqvs. winaT isini erTmaneTisagan

izolirebuli iyo, rac maT warumateblobas ganapiro-

bebda. rogorc qvemoT vnaxavT, filosofiis qveS am

SemTxvevaSi ivane TarxniSvili idealistur (ZiriTadad

kantisa da neokantianelebis) filosofias gulisxmobs,

xolo bunebismecnierebis qveS – ZiriTadad i. miulerisa

da h. helmholcis sabunebismetyvelo Sexedulebebs, rom-

lebic marTlac erTmaneTTan srul harmoniaSi imyofe-

boda.

imisaTvis, rom Cvens cnobierebaSi arsebuli warmod-

genebis obieqtur sinamdvilesTan Sesabamisoba-Seusaba-

moba gairkves, saWiroa am warmodgenebis genezisis Ses-

wavla. am sakiTxs ki SegrZnebebis bunebis gamokvlevamde

mivyavarT, vinaidan SegrZnebebi mTeli cnobierebis

wyaroa. amitom sakiTxi: asaxavs Tu ara Cveni SegrZnebebi

273

obieqtur sinamdviles, Semecnebis Teoriis centralur

problemas warmoadgens.

ivane TarxniSvils miuReblad miaCnia tradiciuli

Tvalsazrisi, romelic SegrZnebebs obieqturi sinamdvi-

lis uSualo asaxvad Tvlida. uaryofs ra am Tvalsaz-

riss, zemoaRniSnuli problemis gadawyvetis procesSi

igi emyareba i. miuleris specifikuri energiis Teorias,

romelic Tvlis, rom grZnobadi Tvisebebi (feri, gemo,

suni da a. S.) ,,sruliadac ar ekuTvnis garegan sagnebs,

aramed TviTon nervisa da tvinis nivTierebas, romlebic

STabeWdilebebs aRiqvams da amitom SegrZneba ar aris

garegani sagnis Tviseba an mdgomareoba, romelic mita-

nilia cnobierebamde, aramed mxolod Cveni nervebisa da

centrebis reaqcia garegan gaRizianebaze, romelic

cnobierebamde aRwevs”.

i. miuleri Tvlida, rom grZnobis TiToeul organos

Tavisi specifikuri energia aqvs; amitom riTac ar unda

gaaRizianoT mxedvelobis nervi, yovelTvis sinaTlis

SegrZnebas mogvcems. aseve iTqmis sxva SegrZnebebsa da

grZnobis organoebze. gaRizianebis gareSe SegrZneba ar

arsebobs; magram gaRizianebis formas SegrZnebisaTvis

araviTari mniSvneloba ar aqvs. gadamwyveti mniSvneloba

aqvs rogorc gamRizianebels, aseve grZnobadi nervis

energias. aseTia, mokled, i. miuleris specifikuri ener-

giis Teoriis arsi.

ivane TarxniSvili garkveuli koreqtivebiT iRebs i.

miuleris specifikuri energiis Teorias. misi azriT,

specifikuri energia aqvs ara TviTon nervebs, rogorc i.

miuleri fiqrobs, aramed mxolod nervul centrebs.

amasTanave ivane TarxniSvili aRniSnavs, rom am kore-

tivebs arsebiTi mniSvneloba ara aqvs i. miuleris spe-

cifikuri energiis TeoriisaTvis.

274

i. miuleris specifikuri energiis Teoriis safuZvel-

ze ivane TarxniSvils SegrZnebani esmis ara rogorc

obieqturi sinamdvilis asaxva, aramed rogorc subieq-

turi pirobiTi niSani anu simbolo, romelsac gamRi-

zianebelTan araferi saerTo ara aqvs, garda imisa, rom

igi gamowveulia garegani gaRizianebis mier. ,,am Tval-

sazrisiT – wers igi – SegrZnebani aris wminda subieq-

turi, pirobiTi niSnebi anu simboloebi, romelic

garkveul Sinagansa da garegan gaRizianebas Seesabameba

da maTTan arsebiTad ara aqvs araviTari saerTo, garda

mxolod Sesabamisobisa”85. sxva adgilze ivane Tarxni-

Svili wers, rom ,,Cven uSualod aRviqvamT ara TviTon

sagnebsa da movlenebs, aramed mxolod im cvlilebebs,

romelTac isini Cvens cnobierebaSi iwvevs”86.

specifikuri energiis Teoriis safuZvelze ivane

TarxniSvili h. helmholcis gavleniT ayalibebs gnoseo-

logiur koncefcias, romelic arsebiTad ieroglifebis

Teorias warmoadgens. ivane TarxniSvilis midrekileba

h. helmholcis ieroglifebis Teoriisadmi SemTxveiTi

ar iyo. TviTon h. helmholci i. miulers Tavis maswav-

leblad Tvlida. i. miuleris Teoria aris specialuri

moZRvreba SegrZnebebis bunebis Sesaxeb, saidanac h.

helmholci da ivane TarxniSvili im daskvnamde midian,

rom ara mxolod SegrZnebani, aramed cnobierebis mTeli

Sinaarsi obieqturi sinamdvilis asaxvas ar warmoad-

gens. adamianis Semmecnebeli aparati saganTa da movle-

naTa Tvisebebs aRiqvams garkveuli niSnis an simbolos

mixedviT. magaliTad, adamiani vardis Tvisebas aRiqvams

rogorc wiTel fers. Semecnebas simboluri xasiaTi

aqvs. SegrZnebebs ar SeuZlia saganTa da movlenaTa

Tvisebebis asaxva, vinaidan asaxuli unda hgavdes imas,

ris asaxvasac warmoadgens; SegrZnebebs ki aseTi Tviseba

ara aqvT. SegrZnebani mxolod maSin iqneboda sagnis

275

asaxva, Tuki grZnobadi nervebi gaRizianebis ubralo

gamtarebeli iyos da, maSasadame, centraluri nervuli

sistema ar gansazRvravdes aRqmis process. magram ner-

vebi, romelTac specifikuri energia aqvT, Taviseburad

gardaqmnis miRebul gaRizianebas, ris gamoc asaxvis

Sedegi ar SeiZleba hgavdes imas, ris asaxvasac unda

warmoadgendes.

ivane TarxniSvili fiqrobs, rom simbolos cneba

aRqmis process ufro zustad gamoxatavs, vidre aslisa

da asaxvis cnebebi. asaxva, am sityvis zusti gagebiT,

SeuZlebelia. simbolos ki is moeTxoveba, rom erTgvari

obieqtebi erTsa da imave pirobebSi erTsa da imave niS-

nebs anu simboloebs iZleodes. ,,ramdenadac Cveni SegrZ-

nebebis Tvisebebi – wers ivane TarxniSvili – Cvens

cnobierebaSi garegani STabeWdilebebis gamomxatvelia,

amdenad isini SeiZleba iyos niSnebi anu simboloebi da

araviTar SemTxvevaSi maTi saxeebi an gamoxatulebani. es

ukanaskneli dauSvebelia imitom, rom saxes anu gamoxa-

tulebas asaxul saganTan garkveuli toloba an msgav-

seba moeTxoveba, rac, rogorc vnaxeT, ar arsebobs. ni-

Sans anu simbolos ki mxolod is moeTxoveba, rom

toli obieqtebi erTgvar pirobebSi CvenSi erTsa da

imave niSans anu simbolos iwvevdes... SegrZnebani... aris

garegani samyaros obieqtebisa da movlenebis mxolod

pirobiTi niSnebi anu simboloebi”87.

dgas ra agnosticizmis poziciebze, ivane TarxniSvi-

li kantis gavleniT erTmaneTisagan TiSavs nivTs Tavis-

Tavadsa da movlenas. adamianis cnobierebas saqme aqvs

mxolod movlenaTa samyarosTan, xolo nivTi TavisTa-

vad misTvis miuwvdomelia. grZnobis organoebi ki ar

gvakavSirebs nivTi TavisTavadis samyarosTan anu obieq-

tur realobasTan, aramed, piriqiT, gvTiSavs misgan.

amasTan dakavSirebiT ivane TarxniSvili akritikebs im

276

gulubryvilo materialistur Sexedulebas, romlis

mixedviT, nivTebsa da adamianis cnobierebaSi maT asax-

vas Soris sruli Sesabamisobaa.

am materialisturi Tvalsazrisis winaaRmdeg, ro-

melsac ivane TarxniSvili sruliad samarTlianad ,,gu-

lubryvilos” uwodebs, igi amtkicebs, rom nivTebsa da

warmodgenebs Soris ar aris igiveoba, vinaidan Cveni

warmodgenebi subieqturia. ,,ioli dasamtkicebelia –

wers igi – rom es igiveoba sinamdvileSi ar aris da

rom Cveni codna movlenaTa nivTobrivi samyaros Sesaxeb

wminda subieqturia da amitom SeuZlebelia maTi

dakavSireba nivTebTan TavisTavad”88.

vinaidan mTeli Cveni cnobierebis Sinaarsi SegrZnebe-

bidan yalibdeba, xolo SegrZnebani garegani sinamdvi-

lis niSnebs, simboloebs warmoadgens, amitom ,,Cveni

codna wminda pirobiTia, simboluria”. samyaros Sesaxeb

msjeloba mxolod da mxolod simbolurad SeiZleba.

,,am samyaroze, – wers ivane TarxniSvili, – Cven SegviZ-

lia mxolod pirobiTad msjeloba, vinaidan SegrZnebeb-

sa da warmodgenebs, romelTac igi Cvens cxovrebaSi iw-

vevs, mxolod pirobiTi niSnebis anu simboloebis mniSv-

neloba SeiZleba hqondeT da ara garegani samyaros

sagnebisa da movlenebis aslebis anu uSualo saxeebis

mniSvneloba”89.

ieroglifebis Teoriis safuZvelze ivane TarxniSvi-

li aRiarebs WeSmaritebis Semecnebis SesaZleblobas,

magram WeSmaritebis cnebis qveS mas subieqturi Sina-

arsi esmis da ara obieqturi sinamdvilis asaxva. ada-

mians, misi azriT, simboloebis saSualebiT SeuZlia

,,obieqturi sinamdvilis” kanonzomierebis Semecneba. bu-

nebis kanonebis arsebiT niSans ucvleloba da sayovel-

Taoba warmoadgens. erTi da igive mizezi yovelTvis

erTsa da imave Sedegs gavZlevs. Tu am mizezsa da

277

Sedegs simboloebiT aRvniSnavT, maSin maT Soris iseTi-

ve aucilebeli kavSiri iqneba, rogorsac obieqtur si-

namdvileSi vvaraudobT. aucilebeli kavSiris aRmoCena

ki kanonzomierebis aRmoCenaa.

ivane TarxniSvilis agnostikuri Sexedulebebis erT-

erT wyaros hiumes filosofia warmoadgens. igi arsebi-

Tad iziarebs mis moZRvrebas mizezobriobis Sesaxeb,

cxadia, garkveuli koreqtivebiT. adamiani, fiqrobs

ivane TarxniSvili, Tavisi praqtikuli moRvaweobis pro-

cesSi yovelTvis mizezobriobas mimarTavs. adamianis am

miswrafebas igi ,,mizezobriobis kanons” uwodebs, ro-

melsac, cxadia, subieqturi xasiaTi aqvs. hiume mizezob-

riobis kanons aposteriorulad Tvlida, ivane Tarxni-

Svili ki, aanalizebs ra hiumes moZRvrebas mizezobrio-

baze, im daskvnamde midis, rom igi apriorulia. am

SemTxvevaSi igi h. helmholcis mxareze dgas. ,,mizezob-

riobis kanoni, helmholcis mixedviT, Cveni cnobierebi-

saTvis arsebobs ukve rogorc a priori da arsebiTad

transcendentaluria, e. i. yovelgvar cdamde arse-

bobs”88. es kanoni, misi azriT, moqmedebas iwyebs adamia-

nis inteleqtualuri ganviTarebis adreul stadiaze. aq

mniSvnelovan rols TviTdakvirveba asrulebs. Tavis

kunTur moZraobaze dakvirvebis Sedegad adamians eqmneba

warmodgena, rom TiTqos misi moZraobis mizezs nebelo-

ba warmoadgens. amis Sedegad mas SeumuSavdeba Zalis,

rogorc mizezis, cneba. amrigad, mizezobriobis cneba

adamianSi yalibdeba wminda subieqtur niadagze – TviT-

dakvirvebis Sedegad, romelic mas Semdeg obieqtur

sinamdvileze gadaaqvs.

ivane TarxniSvili kargad xedavs mizezobriobis

Sesaxeb zemoxsenebuli Tvalsazrisis naTesaobas trans-

cendentalur idealizmTan. ,,am mimarTebiT – wers igi –

278

Tanamedrove fiziologiuri fsiqologiis daskvnebi

kantis filosofiis Tvalsazriss emTxveva~89.

kantis kvaldakval ivane TarxniSvils sivrce da

dro wminda mWvretelobis subieqtur formebad esmis.

adamiani am subieqturi formebis obieqtivacias axdens

da qmnis movlenaTa samyaros. ,,obieqtivaciis unari

cxovrebiseuli cdis gziT, Cveni grZnobis organoebis

varjiSis gziT yalibdeba~. am SemTxvevaSi ivane Tarxni-

Svili empirizmis poziciebs iziarebs. ,,empiristebis

Sexedulebebs – wers igi – gacilebiT ufro meti faq-

tebisa da dakvirvebebis grova aqvT da amitom SeiZleba

ufro sworad CaiTvalos~.

principulad SesaZlebelia yvela SegrZnebis obieq-

tivacia, magram Sexebisa da mxedvelobis grZnobis or-

ganoebs am mimarTebiT upiratesoba aqvT. Sinagani

grZnoba ki obieqtivaciis procesSi araviTar rols ar

asrulebs. ,,amrigad, _ daaskvnis ivane TarxniSvili –

sxvadasxva SegrZnebebisa da warmodgenebis obieqti-

vireba da subieqtivireba, Tavis ,,mes~ ,,aramesgan~ zusti

gamijvna, mxolod cxovrebiseuli gamocdilebis gziT

gamomuSavdeba, romelSic Cvens nebismier moZraobebs,

SexebasTan kavSirSi, upirvelesi roli ekuTvnis~90.

Sexebis grZnobas ivane TarxniSvili TviTcnobiere-

bis Camoyalibebis procesSi gansakuTrebul mniSvnelo-

bas aniWebs. ,,mes~ da ,,arames~ gamijvna arsebiTad TviTc-

nobierebis Camoyalibebas niSnavs. ,,Sexeba gvaZlevs

TviTcnobierebis ganviTarebisa da sivrceSi orienta-

ciis mTavar elementebs~.

zogjer ivane TarxniSvili erTmaneTisagan ganasxva-

vebs gonebasa da cnobierebas. goneba Semecnebisa da

azrovnebis unaria, cnobiereba ki warmodgenebis erTob-

liobaa. amitom zogjer cnobierebis ,,daskvnebi, romel-

Tac upiratesad empiriuli xasiaTi aqvs, gonebis daskv-

279

nebs ewinaaRmdegeba. goneba mizezebs ikvlevs da logi-

kur daskvnebs akeTebs, cnobierebas ki aseTi ram ar

SeuZlia. swored amitom ivane TarxniSvili gonebas de-

terminizmis fsiqologiur safuZvlad Tvlis, cnobiere-

bas ki – voluntarizmisa. goneba kanonebisa da kanonzo-

mierebis Semecnebis organoa, cnobiereba ki Tavisufle-

bis gancdis safuZvelia. magram TxzulebaSi ,,cnobie-

rebis cTunebani~ ivane TarxniSvili cnobierebasa da

gonebas erTmaneTisagan ar ganasxvavebs. es iqidan Cans,

rom cnobierebas am SemTxvevaSi Semecnebis funqcias

akisrebs.

cnobierebis cdunebaTa erT-erT mTavar mizezs ivane

TarxniSvili imaSi xedavs, rom adamiani sakmaod arc

icnobs Tavis SemecnebiT SesaZleblobebs, ver acnobie-

rebs misi cnobierebis sazRvrebs, ris gamoc igi zog-

jer iseTi problemebis gadawyvetas cdilobs, rac mis

SesaZleblobebs aRemateba. magaliTad, ivane TarxniSvi-

lis azriT, adamians ar SeuZlia gadawyvitos moZraobis

warmoSobis problema, raki igi usasruloa, xolo

usasrulobis buneba Seumecnebadia. samagierod moZrao-

bis konkretul formebs igi simboluri azrovnebis sa-

SualebiT advilad imecnebs. aseve SeuZlebelia sivr-

cesa da droSi materiis sazRvrebis Semecneba. materia

usasruloa, amitom misi dasawyisisa da dasasrulis

Semecnebis mcdeloba mxolod marcxiT SeiZleba dam-

Tavrdes. aseve SeuZlebelia substanciis – saganTa

arsebis – Semecneba. misi Tanamedrove fiziologiuri

fsiqologiis erT-erT damsaxurebad igi imas Tvlis,

rom man uari Tqva substanciis, arsebis Semecnebaze da

iseTi obieqtebis SemecnebiT Semoifargla, rac misTvis

misawvdomia. ,,Tanamedrove mkvlevaris gonebam samudamod

uari Tqva iseTi sakiTxebisagan, rogoricaa: ra aris

substancia, e.i. ra aris arsebiTad nivTi TavisTavadi da

280

ratom mimdinareobs bunebis movlenebi ase da ara

sxvagvarad. da es uari droulad moxda, vinaidan misi

gonebis Zalisxmeva amaod ar ixarjeba misTvis miuwv-

domeli WeSmaritebis Semecnebaze, aramed mTlianad mi-

marTulia im kanonebis dadgenis nayofiersa da sasar-

geblo samuSaoze, romlis mixedviTac bunebis movlenebi

mimdinareobs, e.i. maT Soris mizezobriv damokidebule-

baze. es samuSao mTlianad eqvemdebareba Cveni SegrZne-

bebisa da warmodgenebis simbolur enas, romliTac

Cveni cnobiereba azrovnebis garkveuli kanonebis mixed-

viT sargeblobs da gamoimuSavebs iseT cnebebsa da

Teoriebs, romlebic samyaros movlenebis ama Tu im

sferos moicavs~91. rogorc vxedavT, ivane TarxniSvili,

kantis kvaldakval, Semecnebis SesaZleblobis sazRv-

rebs awesebs, riTac igi mtkiced dgeba agnosticizmis

poziciebze.

cnobierebis cTunebaTa wyaros marto Seumecnebadis

Semecnebis mcdeloba rodi warmoadgens. adamiani xSi-

rad cdeba maSinac, roca Semecnebis SesaZleblobis

farglebidan ar gadis. Secdomis erT-erT wyaros SegrZ-

nebebi warmoadgens. ,,vinaidan grZnobis organoebi aris

Suamavali garegani samyaros STabeWdilebebsa da Cvens

cnobierebas Soris, amitom maTi saqmianoba, uwinares

yovlisa, SesaZlebelia cnobierebis mraval cTunebaTa

wyaro gaxdes~92. es Secdoma ganpirobebulia imiT, rom

SegrZnebani gare sinamdvilidan momdinare STabeWdile-

bebs ki ar iZleva, aramed grZnobis organoebze realu-

ri sagnebisa da movlenebis moqmedebiT gamowveul

sakuTar reaqciebs; xolo SegrZnebaTa yalbi Cvenebebis

safuZvelze ,,Cveni cnobiereba xSirad SecdomebSi ix-

larTeba, e.i. iseT yalb Cvenebebs iZleva, romelic si-

namdviles sruliad ar Seesabameba. aseTi SesaZlebloba

ki im faqtidan pirdapir gamomdinareobs, rom Cvens cno-

281

bierebamde aRwevs ara garegani STabeWdilebebi, aramed

maTze Cveni grZnobis organoebis mxolod reaqcia

centraluri tvinis aparatebiT. rogorc ki es reaqcia

Seicvleba, Cvens cnobierebaSi maSinve warmoiSoba mcda-

ri fsiqikuri niSnebi da simboloebi, romelsac Cveni

cnobiereba yalb daskvnamde mihyavs~93.

vinaidan Cveni grZnobis organoebi xSirad cdeba,

amitom, ivane TarxniSvilis azriT, saWiroa maTi urTi-

erTkontroli. ,,erTi grZnobis organos CvenebaTa uSua-

lo kontroli meoris mier, ufro zustad, ama Tu im

Sexedulebebisa da Tvalsazrisis mravalmxrivi awon-

dawona gansakuTrebiT iseT sakiTxebSi, romlebic

rTul sicocxlis movlenebs exeba, uTuod aucilebelia

WeSmaritebis aRmoCenis an masTan miaxloebis mizni-

saTvis~.

cnobierebis cTunebaTa erT-erT wyaros ivane Tar-

xniSvili movlenebis analizis procesSi mcdari meTo-

dis gamoyenebaSic xedavs. saerTod unda iTqvas, rom

ivane TarxniSvils Semecneba warmoudgenia rogorc

zeaRmavali procesi yovelgvari Secdomebisa da zigza-

gebis gareSe. marTalia, igi laparakobs ,,cnobierebis

cdunebebze~, magram principulad SesaZleblad miaCnia

maTi gamoricxva. is ar iTvaliswinebs im garemoebas,

rom Semecneba arasodes ar aris absoluturi, erTxel

da samudamod dadgenili WeSmaritebis mopoveba, aramed

igi Secdomebis permanentuli gamoricxvis gziT zeaRma-

vali procesia anu igi yovelTvis relatiuria. swored

es aris Semecnebis usasrulo ganviTarebis garanti.

aseTia ivane TarxniSvilis filosofiuri Sexedule-

bani sicocxlis movlenebisa da Semecnebis kanonzomie-

rebis Sesaxeb.

282

merve Tavi

eTikuri Sexedulebebi XIX saukunis

saqarTveloSi

XIX saukuneSi saqarTvelom Tavi sruliad sxva sam-

yaroSi aRmoaCina. qarTvels aRarc kanonis gaegeboda

raime, aRarc ideologiis da aRarc moralis. ena, ro-

melzedac sTavazobdnen qarTvels axal Rirebulebebs,

anu axal wesebs misTvis sruliad gaugebari iyo. ru-

seTma daipyro saqarTvelo da igi ise epyroboda mas

rogorc Tavis rigiT kolonias. saqarTvelos garusebis

politika ruseTma jer kidev ekaterine II dros Seimu-

Sava da or saukuneze meti xnis manZilze mas Tanmim-

dverulad axorcielebda. qarTvel moRvaweTa winaSe

erovnuli kulturis gadarCenis amocana mTeli simwva-

viT dadga. magram 1802, 1805, 1812 wlis saxalxo gamosv-

lebi saqarTveloSi wina planze swevda politikur amo-

canebs, romelTagan umTavresi iyo saqarTvelos saxel-

mwifoebrivi damoukideblobis aRdgena. am miznis misaR-

wevad 1832 wels SeTqmuleba moawyes qarTvelebma. SeTq-

muleba marcxiT damTavrda. SeTqmulTagan yvelaze mkac-

rad daisaja is, visganac saqarTvelo yvelaze mets

eloda. es kaci – cnobili filosofosi da sazogado

moRvawe solomon dodaSvili iyo. igi gadasaxlebaSi

daiRupa.

qveynis damoukideblobis dacema Tu aRdgena politi-

kurTan erTad amave dros aris zneobrivi mniSvnelobis

aqti. s. dodaSvilis uniWieresi mowafe n. baraTaSvili

saqarTvelos ruseTTan SeerTebis sakiTxs socialur-

eTikuri kategoriebiT zomavs da Sekavebuli boRmiT

ekiTxeba mefes: ,,magram Sen, mefev, vin mogca neba, sxvaT

ganuboZo ymaTa ufleba?”

283

mTavari sagani, romelsac XIX saukunis qarTuli

kulturisa da sazogado moRvaweTa fiqri Tavs datria-

lebda, iyo saqarTvelos ganTavisuflebis sakiTxi. 1783

wlis xelSekruleba ruseTsa da saqarTvelos Soris

faratina qaRaldad iqca, saqarTvelos ruseTis kolo-

niuri uRlisagan ganTavisufleba iyo ara marto socia-

luri da politikuri ,,saqme”, aramed, agreTve,

zneobrivi ,,saqme”. am ,,saqmes” XIX saukunis saqarTvelos

yvela Taoba Tavisi SesaZleblobis farglebSi eZiebda

da Taviseburad arCevda.

n. baraTaSvili Tavis poemaSi ,,bedi qarTlisa” pa-

suxs scems rogorc prorusul pozicias saqarTvelos

ruseTTan SeerTebis sakiTxSi, romelic cnobilia ,,mci-

re borotebis” saxeliT, aseve mas, romlisTvisac sa-

qarTvelos damoukideblobis dakargva sruliad miuRe-

beli iyo. n. baraTaSvili sruliad calsaxad meore

pozicias emxroboda; es Cans sofios cnobili sityvebSi:

,,uwinamc dRe ki dameleva me,

ucxoobaSi raa siame?”

Semdeg avtoris daufarav aRtacebaSi:

,,hoi, dedano, marad netarno,

kurTxeva Tqvenda Rirs saxsovarno.

ra iqneboda rom SvilTa TqvenTa

gulica Tqveni gamohyoloda...”

,,suliT oblobis”, ,,boroti sulis” batonobis piro-

bebSi Wabuki poeti gamosavals bedTan SeurigeblobaSi

xedavs. es Seurigebloba niSnavs brZolas ukeTesi mo-

mavlisaTvis. sofelSi yofna niSnavs soflisTvis zrun-

vas:

,,arc kaci varga, rom cocxali mkvdarsa emsgavsos,

iyos sofelSi da soflisTvis ara izrunos!”

adamianis sikeTe mis SemoqmedebaSi vlindeba. Tu

moZraobis mTavari mizani ver iqneba miRweuli, gzis

284

raRac nawili xom mainc iqneba gavlili. es ki momaval

Taobas ,,siZneles gzisas gauadvilebs”.

n. baraTaSvilis Semoqmedebis zneobrivi kredo sru-

liad aSkarad sazogado saqmes, Tavis qveynis samsaxurs

aniWebs upiratesobas. es zneobrivi moTxovna estafeta-

saviT gadaeca momdevno drois qarTvel moRvaweebs:

ilia WavWavaZes, vaJa-fSavelasa da niko nikolaZes. Tum-

ca, ufro adre, kerZod, XVIII-XIX saukuneTa mijnaze

eTikuri problematika gvxdeba qarTul Teologiur az-

rovnebaSi _ kerZod, iona xelaSvilTan.

$1 iona xelaSvili

iona xelaSvilis eTikuri Sexedulebebi gansazRvru-

lia misi rwmeniT ori qveynisa da ori cxovrebis –

tanjviT aRsavse amqveyniuri, e.i. Jamieri da imqveyniuri,

e.i. maradiuli cxovrebis arsebobis Sesaxeb. ai ras

wers amis Taobaze xelaSvili: ,,dReni kacisani msgavs

Tivisa yvavilisa dascviva da saxed aCrdilisa warwym-

debis uCinod. wuTieri cxovreba sawyalobeli kacisa,

romlisa guamsa qvemZromni da matlni daimkvidreben.

dRes mkÂdaria da xval miwa, dRes mdidari da xval

dafluli. dRes brZeni da xval dadumebuli saflaviTa

damviwyebliTa. dRes ZlieriTa mzaxebeli da xvale

miwad miqceuli”. sxva saqmea mudmivi cxovreba: ,,saukuno

caTa Sina uZravi, romelsa mpovneli gardaicvlebis

sikvdilisagan ukvdavad. mokvdav gvami sulisa Tvisisa

Tana ukvdavsa odes”.

arsebobs imqveyniuri cxovreba da igi mTavaria. ami-

tomac, fiqrobs iona xelaSvili, adamianis amqveyniuri

cxovreba unda iyos mosamzadebeli safexuri imqveyniu-

285

ri cxovrebisaTvis: ,,sofeli ese ars sagansamzado ka-

ribWe mermisa mis dausrulebelisa cxovrebasa Sina,

Semyuanebeli iwrosa mis gmirTa”. amitomac xelaSvili

mogviwodebs, rom davicvaT wminda werilSi mocemuli

mcnebebi. amasTanave, adamians, misi azriT, sami didi

mteri hyavs: xorci, eSmaki da sofeli. aq, xelaSvili

pirdapir miyveba qristianuli RvTismetyvelebisa da

religiis ZiriTad principebs.

iona xelaSvili kargad xedavs im siZneles, rac da-

kavSirebulia amqveyniur cxovrebisaTvis damaxasiaTebe-

li ltolvebis daTrgunvasTan. misi aRniSvniT, vnebaTa

daTrgunva advili ar aris: ,,ar aris mamacoba da da

Tua da lomTa Sempyrobad, gina dapyroba mravalmi-

lionTa mxedrobiTa, mTavrobiTa da gina muclis

dapyroba umetes simxne da mamacoba ars”1.

iona xelaSvili ekamaTeba imaT, vinc imqveyniur

cxovrebas skeptikurad uyurebs da upiratesobas amiWebs

vitalur moTxovnebs. es, misi azriT, mxolod urwmu-

noebis maCvenebelia. `amqveyniuri glaxakni caTa Sina

gamdidrdebian da mdidarni warwymdebian. glaxakni, rom-

lebic arian dawynarebulni da madlobiT iTmenen Tavis

siglaxes, maTi ars sasufeveli~.

ra aris patiosneba? esaa kacis sarwmunoeba da saq-

meni RmerTis mimarT. Tu kaci patiosania, magram pativs

ara scems Semoqmeds, mas warwymeda elis, meore mxriv

morwmunisaTvis saqmenic aris saWiro. ,,saqmeni Tvinier

sarwmunoebisa ar acxonebs kacs viTarca Tvinier suli-

sa xorcni mkvdar arian agreTve saqmeni?”2.

amrigad, xelaSvilis eTika mTlianad dafuZnebulia

religiaze. Tu adamiani sarwmunoebis jaWviTaa dabmuli,

maSin igi moraluria. urwmunoeba amoraluri qcevis

wyaroa. xelaSvili aTeistebis winaaRmdeg imeorebs

braldebebs, rac uxsovari droidan iyo wamoyenebuli

radgan maT ar sjeraT imqveyniuri cxovreba, sasjeli

286

da jildo, amitom isini mxolod kuWis interesebze fiq-

roben. urwmunoebs ar uyvarT mokeTe, amravleben

cremls, siglaxakes, borotebas, ,,sarwmunoeba Toki ars,

xolo kaci cxoveli xomaldi ars. odes xomaldidan

Rimnasa Sina e.i. yuresa Sina zRvasa dabmulman ganwyve-

tos Toki, myis miecemis zRvasa da dainTqmis egreTuc

kacad kacni, sarwmunoebis jaWviTa damynobili ars

RmTisadmi”3.

i. xelaSvili nebis Tavisuflebis momxrea. yvela

cocxali arsebidan mxolod adamians aqvs arCevis Tavi-

suflebis unari.

ori qcevidan erT-erTis arCeva adamians Tavisuflad

SeuZlia. amitom codvis CadenisaTvis pasuximgebloba

mTlianad adamians ekisreba.

RmerTma Tavisuflad dabada adamiani da aCvena ori

gza. erTi farTo, romelic miiyvans warwymedamde da

meore – viwro, romelic adamians sasufevels daumkvid-

rebs. kaci TviTon airCevs gzas.

iona xelaSvilis Sexedulebebs mowinaaRmdegebi hyo-

lia da maT mimarT igi wers:

,,Tqven metyviT ratom davibade Tavisuflad da Tu

dagvbada, risTvis ar gvarTmevs Tavisuflebas. e.i.

sulis flobas, nebasa da uneburTa aRrCevaTa zeda. Tu

maRlis wyeineba aris floba da neba sulisa da

gulisTqma vnebulebiTi”, amaze ambobs xelaSvili, rom

,,Tu floba da neba ar geqnebaT suli Tqveni ganqar-

debian da gvamni ipokentavrad iqcevian anu gvelebad,

mxecebad da qvebad, kirad. Tu ar geqnebaT Tavisufleba,

ar iqnebiT kaci, arRa dabadebuli. rom ar gveqneba

floba da neba, maSin xeliT da ferxebTaca sablebiTa

SegikravdiT. RmerTs ar eSinis Tqveni Tavisuflebisa“.

aq erTi saintereso momentia: xelaSvili kargad

mixvda, rom Taviuflebis mTlianad uaryofa ar SeiZ-

leba. adamiani unda iyos Tavisufali, Torem igi arc

287

iqneba adamiani. magram misi Tavisufleba SezRudulic

unda iyos. adamianSi erTadaa mocemuli Tavisufleba da

gansazRvruloba. xelaSvili xedavs, rom Tavisufali

nebis uaryofa xsnis adamians moralur pasuxismgeblo-

bas, xolo misi aRiareba ewinaaRmdegeba gangebas. erTi

mxriv, yovladZlieri, yovladmcodne da yovladkeTili

RmerTi – meore mxriv, pasuxismgebloba adamianisa,

romelic RmerTis mier aris Seqmnili da romlis gza

RmerTis mier aris gansazRvruli ,,ara davardebis Tmani

RmerTis nebis gareSe” aseTia winadadeba, romelSic

moqceulia RvTismetyveleba saerTod da xelaSvilic

maT Soris. i. xelaSvilma ver moariga erTmaneTTan

dRemde mougvarebeli dapirispireba Tavisuflebasa da

aucileblobas Soris.

iona xelaSvilis gansjis sagani xdeba religiur-

filosofiuri azrovnebis kardinaluri problema: bo-

rotebis arsebobis faqti. Tu yvelaferi RmerTisgan

momdinareobs, maSin ratom arsebobs boroteba? riT

unda aixsnas adamianis boroti qceva, adamianisa, rome-

lic bolos da bolos RmerTis mier aris Seqmnili da

misi gza gansazRvrulia RmerTis mier?

am siZnelis gadawyvetas xelaSvili RvTismetyvele-

bis tradiciuli msoflmxedvelobis poziciidan cdi-

lobs: ,,yofili dabadebuli RvTisa keTil arian” da

boroteba RmerTisgan ar modis, aRniSnavs igi. boro-

tebis Camdeni eSmakis mimdevaria.

aRniSnulis garda, Tavisi azris gansamtkiceblad

iona xelaSvili aseT azrs atarebs: xSirad Cven iseTi

ram gvgonia boroti, rac sinamdvileSi sulac ar aris

amgvari: ,,esera gansWvrite fizikoso, romelnica Sen

ggonies borot, esera igini Tumca winaaRmdgom Sesaxe-

davad geCvenebis Sen zemopir fizikossa, garna yovlisa

soflisTvis saWirod arian dacvad arsTa arsebisa”.

magaliTad, wvima romlis dros mexi vardeba, mosavlis-

288

Tvis saWiroa, xolo mexisgan Seryeuli haeri ada-

mianebsa da cxovelebs rgebs: mexi haers wmends.

meore magaliTi aseTia: gvelsa da Rriankals gesli

rom ar hqondeT, adamiani ar gafrTxildeboda, mkbena-

rebi, rwyilebi da baRlinjoebi rom ar aRviZebdnen

adamians, mZinarT, ZiliT dasustebulT dambla daece-

modaT, da sxv. ,,esera, araraÁ ars borot sofelsa Sina.

ubadruko mebunebev fizikoso! TÂnier Sensa, romeli

RvTisagan dabadebulTa sawunebel hyof”4.

SeiZleba iTqvas, rom iona xelaSvilis eTikuri

msoflmxedveloba misi argumentaciis TvalsazrisiT

primitul STabeWdilebas tovebs. magram Tavisi drois-

Tvis, igi im kulturisa da sazogadoebrivi wyobis ana-

rekli iyo, romelSic cxovrobda da moRvaweobda iona

xelaSvili.

$2 ilia WavWavaZe

ilia WavWavaZe qarTul kulturaSi aris uzarmazari

movlena. igi iyo XIX saukunis saqarTveloSi erovnul-

ganmaTavisuflebeli moZraobis medroSe da aRiarebuli

beladi. mis mdidar SemoqmedebaSi asaxulia socialuri

eTikis TiTqmis yvela problema dawyebuli erisa da

erovnuli cxovrebis da damTavrebuli omisa da mSvi-

dobis eTikuri problemebiT.

eTikuri problematika ganxilulia ilia WavWavaZis

iseT mxatvrul qmnilebebSi, rogoricaa ,,mgzavris weri-

lebi” (1861), ,,glaxis naambobi” (1859), ,,kacia-adamiani?!”

(1863), ,,oTaraanT qvrivi” (1887), poemebSi ,,aCrdili” (1859),

,,qarTlis deda” (1860), ,,sarCobelazed” (1879), ,,ramdenime

suraTi anu epizodi yaCaRis cxovrebidan” (1860), ,,gan-

289

degili”, agreTve, mravalricxovan lirikul leqsebsa

da publicistur werilebSi.

1. Tavisuflebis roli da adgili i. WavWavaZis Semoq-

medebaSi. ilia WavWavaZe bevrgan exeba Tavisuflebis

problemas rogorc socialuri, erovnuli da pirov-

nuli cxovrebis safuZvels. Tavisufleba ilias Semoqme-

debaSi gamodis rogorc a) damoukidebloba, sakuTari

Tavis baton-patronad yofna; b) Sromis Tavisufleba

(,,Sromis axsna”). dramatul poemaSi ,,qarTlis deda”

(1860) ilia iZleva Tavisuflebis problemis saintereso

gaazrebas; is TavisuflebaSi xedavs yoveli adamianis,

gansakuTrebiT yvela Cagrulis wminda TavSesafars da

mas ukavSirebs edemSi rgul cnobadis saxes.

,,Tavisuflebav, Sen xar kacTa navTsayudeli.

Sen xar Cagrulis, wvalebulis wminda safari,

Sen xar mSvidoba da simarTle ama qveynisa,

Sen xar aRmzrdeli RvTaebamde kacT bunebisa”5.

adamianma swored Tavisuflebis gulisTvis uaryo

samoTxe da, maSasadame, ukvdavebac. miuxedavad aseTi

didi msxverplis fasad mopovebuli Tavisuflebisa, am

ukanasknelis taZari usisxlod jer ar aSenebula. es ki

imas niSnavs, rom Tavisuflebis mopovebas brZola

sWirdeba.

Tavisufleba, rogorc damoukidebloba, rogorc Ta-

vis baton-patronad yofna ilias mier klasikuri for-

miT iqna gacxadebuli cnobil nawarmoebSi ,,mgzavris

werilebi” (1861). ilia sulis siRrmemde SeZra ubralo

moxevis pasuxma kiTxvaze – riTi sjobda uwindeli dro

axlandels? moxeve upasuxebs – ,,uwina Cveni Tavi Cvenad-

ve gveyudneso”. axali drois anu axali reJimis mTeli

ubedureba is aris, rigiTi qarvelis TvalSi, rom ada-

miani sakuTari Tavis baton-patroni anu Tavisufali

aRar aris. ruseTidan momavali ilia WavWavaZe saqarT-

veloSi Semodis mkafiod Camoyalibebuli umaRlesi

290

zneobrivi moTxovniT – ,,Cveni Tavi Cvenadve unda

gveyudnes”-o.

am moTxovnis ganxorcielebisaTvis ilia iwyebs Seu-

povarsa da Tanmimdevrul brZolas. am droisaTvis ada-

mianis Tavisuflebis SemboWveli oficialuri sistema,

ukve dromoWmuli rogorc ruseTSi, ise saqarTveloSi,

iyo batonymoba. batomymobis winaaRmdeg da, maSasadame,

TavisuflebisTvis brZolas uZRvna iliam Tavisi poema

,,ramdenime suraTi anu epizodi yaCaRis cxovrebidan”,

,,glaxis naambobi” da poema ,,aCrdili”.

qronologiurad, dasaxelebuli nawarmoebebidan

“glaxis naambobi” aris pirveli. masSi iliam daxata

batonisa da ymis bed-iRblis Seurigebloba. ymis, Tun-

dac TanaSezrdili ymis (gabrieli) adamianuri Rirseba,

batonisTvis (daTiko) sruliad arafers niSnavs. es

drama dasaxelebul nawarmoebSi mTavrdeba gabrielis

mier daTikos mokvliT. marTalia, wina planze aqac

batonymobisTvis damaxasiaTebeli winaaRmdegobaa, magram

masTan erTad mocemulia iseTi pasaJebic, romlebic

avseben da amdidreben erovnuli da adamianuri cxovre-

bis sxvadasxva aspeqts.

batonymobis winaaRmdeg brZolisa da am ukve moZve-

lebuli socialuri sistemis mospobis aucilebloba

saocari mxatvruli da emociuri ZaliT aris naCvenebi

poemaSi ,,ramdenime suraTi anu epizodi yaCaRis cxov-

rebidan”. siuJeturi qarga am poemaSic arsebiTad igivea

rac ,,glaxis naambobSi“ – batonisa da ymis bedis

Seurigebloba erTmaneTTan, magram poemaSi ilia ufro

STambeWdavi ZaliT aCvenebs batonymuri cxovrebis

Sinagan winaaRmdegobas da mis araadamianur bunebas,

rac mTavaria, batonymobis, rogorc socialuri boro-

tebis winaaRmdeg brZola mxolod iaraRiT aris SesaZ-

lebeli. ilia ambobs:

,,Tavisuflebis mpovneli am qveynad marto Tofia,

291

Sin uRliT gaqnil cxovrebas omSi sisxlis Rvra

sjobia”

kako bRaWiaSvili Tavis axladgacnobil megobars –

zaqros ase uxatavs Tavisi mdgomareobis upiratesobas:

,,marTalia, Zmav kacs moswyindeba Zunwi cxovreba es

dasaRoni,

magram iq yvela gviadvildeba, sadac Cvenve varT

Cveni batoni”6.

erovnuli damoukideblobisa da TavisuflebisTvis

brZolas dasabuTeba eZleva poemaSi ,,aCrdili’. Tavisuf-

leba ilias mier aq gaazrebulia rogorc Sromis gan-

Tavisufleba. damonebuli Sroma tipuria socialur

usamarTlobaze agebuli sazogadoebisaTvis –

,,Sromisa axsna – eg aris tvirTi

Zlevamosili am saukunis,

kacTa Relvisa diadi zvirTi

mag axsnisaTvis medgrada ibrZvis”

WeSmaritebiT aRZrul am brZolas Zveli qveyana ve-

Rar gauZlebs, daingreva igi da:

,,Sromis sufeva mova maSina

WeSmaritebis mis ZlierebiT

da ganmtkicdeba sofelsa Sina

kacTmoyvarebis saxierebiT”7.

Sromis sufevis anu ganTavisuflebuli Sromis bu-

nebrivi Sedegi aris Tanasworoba adaminTa Soris. ilias

aq Semoaqvs cnobili bibliuri simbolika cxvris da

mglis erTad yofnis Sesaxeb (,,da erTgan sZovdes cxva-

ri da mgeli”). es simbolika iliasTan emsaxureba sayo-

velTao mSvidobisa da Tanasworobis ideis naTelyofas

da ara realurad SesaZlebel faqts mglisa da cxvris

erTad yofnis Sesaxeb.

socialuri usamarTlobis winaaRmdeg brZolis auci-

leblobas exeba ilia WavWavaZis erTi patara, magram Se-

saniSnavi moTxroba ,,sarCobelaze” (1871). siuJeturi qar-

292

ga am moTxrobisa aseTia: erTi moxuci glexi – petre _

romelic sxvebTan erTad urmiT qalaqSi midis, Tavs

Seifarebs or Zmas. RamiT Zmebi petres gaqurdaven da

gaiparebian. ramdenime xnis Semdeg petres kvlav moux-

deba urmiT qalaqSi wasvla. aq is uneblieT mowme gax-

deba kacis CamoxrCobisa, romelic verafriT daujerebia

gulubryvilo glexs da igi sacirko sanaxaobad miiCnia.

Sinisaken mobrunebul petres erTi axalgazrda werils

miaCeCebs xelSi, saidanac Seityobs, rom im dRes igi

namdvilad kacis CamoxrCobas daswrebia, da rom Ca-

moxrCobili ramdenime wlis ukan loWinis xevSi misi

erT-erTi gamqurdavi yofila. moTxrobaSi dasmulia

problema socialuri garemos rolis Sesaxeb adamianis

pirovnebis Camoyalibebis saqmeSi. adamianis zneobrivi

dacemis saqmeSi brali mTel sazogadoebas miuZRvis.

CamoxrCobilis Zma ase mimarTavs petres: ,,gana Sen ki

ar damirCe Cemi erTaderTi Zma? gana Sen ki ar miiyvane

is sarCobelamde?!”8 SeSinebuli petres wamoZaxils: ,,me

ra SuaSi var”-o, avtoric TiTqos adasturebs Semdegi

sityvebiT: ,,marTla-da Cveni beberi petre ra SuaSi unda

iyos”.

es bolo sityvebi avtorisa metad sayuradReboa.

ilia moTxrobas iseTi sityvebiT amTavrebs, TiTqos igi

mTel problemas mkiTxvels utovebs gansasjelad. aris

Tu ara sazogadoebaSi momxdari zneobrivi danaSauli-

saTvis mTeli sazogadoeba anu ,,yvela pasuxismgebeli?”

beberi petrec im socialuri garemos wevria, romlebsac

ekuTvnian pavleebi, ivaneebi, da mravalni sxvani. pav-

leebma da ivaneebma SeiZleba adamiani miiyvanon saxrCo-

belamde, razedac maT ekisrebaT pasuxismgebloba, mag-

ram Tu petre aranairi gziT da saSualebiT ar ga-

moTqvams protests am viTarebis winaaRmdeg, maSin isic

pavleebis da ivaneebis msgavsad iziarebs pasuxismgeb-

293

lobas sazogadoebaSi arsebuli zneobrivi Tu socia-

luri ukuRmarTobisaTvis.

TavisuflebisaTvis brZola ilias SemoqmedebaSi or-

ganulad aris dakavSirebuli socialuri usamarTlobis

winaaRmdeg brZolasTan. es brZola ilias cxovrebis

bolo periodSi saintereso da sayuradRebo Sinaarss

iZens. 900-ian wlebSi sazogadoebrivi cxovrebisa da

azris gamoRviZebis viTarebaSi ilia WavWavaZe gamodis

saqarTvelos avtonomiis moTxovniT. es avtonomia ilias

esmoda rogorc ,,farTe TviTmmarTveloba kanonmdeb-

lobis uflebiT”.

politikur TavisuflebaTa da uflebaTa arseboba

srulyofili zneobrivi cxovrebis erTi aucilebeli

pirobaTagania. ilias kargad esmoda mWidro kavSiri

zneobasa da politikas Soris; am kavSirs is yovelTvis

zneobis simaRlidan uyurebda. amis nimuSad gamodgeba

ilias erTi werili ,,evropis didi da patara onavrebi”.

am werilSi ilia exeba inglisisa da portugaliis

konfliqts afrikis erTi patara qveynis gamo. inglisma

ZaliT waarTva portugalias es qveyana, romelic adre

portugaliis gavlenis sferoSi Sedioda. ilia gmobs

inglisis mxridan uxeSi Zalis gamoyenebis faqts da

simpaTiiT uyurebs patara portugaliis mier inglisis

winaaRmdeg miRebul kontrzomebs. amave dros ilias ar

aviwydeba rom afrikis im patara qveynisTvis inglisic

da portugaliac dampyroblebia; zneobrivi Tvalsazri-

siT arc erTs da arc meores araferi esaqmebaT imasTan.

2. adamianuri cxovrebis azri da daniSnuleba. ilia

WavWavaZes gamoTqmuli aqvs azri, rom cxovreba Ziria,

xolo maszed mosuli mecniereba da xelovneba am cxov-

rebis saSualebani. ras warmoadgens cxovreba rogorc

Ziri, safuZveli? zneobrivi TvalsazrisiT misaRebia is

Tu miuRebeli? aqvs mas raime azri Tu ara? raSi

mdgomareobs misi sikeTe da raSi – misi boroteba?

294

yvela es kiTxva dayenebuli da ganxilulia ilias

SemoqmedebaSi. am mxriv gamsakuTrebiT aRsaniSnavia

ilias ori nawarmoebi `kacia-adamiani?!~ da poema `gan-

degili~, orive maTgani eTikuri problemebiT aris

datvirTuli.

cxovreba – farTe gagebiT – adamianuri yofnis

wesia. adamians SesaZlebloba aqvs cxovreba saSualeba-

dac ganixilos da miswrafebis Rirs miznadac aqcios.

Tavad cxovreba arc mxolod mizania da arc mxolod

saSualeba. igi orives erTianobaa.

aranormaluri da arabunebrivia iseTi viTareba,

rodesac cxovreba ganixileba mxolod misi erTi rome-

lime mxridan. amnairi ukuRmarTi suraTi dagvixata

didma iliam moTxrobaSi `kacia-adamiani?!~ luarsab

TaTqariZe da mis meuRle darejani cxovrebis azrs da

daniSnulebas xedaven mxolod Wama-smaSi da ZilSi. maTi

yofnis wess sxva ram gansxvavebuli azri ar gaaCnia.

rogorc bevrma sxvam, luarsabmac da darejanmac

icocxles da daixocnen. risTvis movidnen da risTvis

icocxles? svams kiTxvas avtori da es sruliad bu-

nebrivia. luarsabma da darejanma cxovrebaSi mxolod

saSualeba – Rirebuleba dainaxes. cxovreba marTlac

aris aseTi; igi mosaxmaria da es moxmareba gamoixateba

Wama-smaSic, ZilSic, qeifSic, garTobaSic da drosta-

rebaSic. magram cxovreba mxolod es ar aris. cxovreba

niSnavs sxvisTvis, sazogado saqmisTvis zrunvas, garjas

da zogjer Tavganwirvasac. luarsabma sakuTari TavisT-

vis icxovra da amitomac ilia WavWavaZem Tavisi moTx-

robis saTaurs erTad dausva kiTxvisa da Zaxilis

niSnebi. aRniSnuli moTxrobis saTauri metad sayurad-

Rebo da bevrismTqmelia. `kacia-adamiani?!~ - kiTxvis

niSani am kompozit – saTaurSi gveubneba: yvela

adamiani, vinc am qveynad modis, gana kaci aris? Zaxilis

niSani ki gveubneba – yvela adamiani vinc am qveynad

295

modis kaci unda iyos-o. es jerarsiseuli moTxovna

Tanabrad exeba orive sqesis adamians. kacad yofna,

pirvel rigSi, niSnavs zrunvasa da moqmedebas sazogado

saqmisTvis da ara marto adamianis biologiuri sawyisis

tarebas. kacobis es universaluri xasiaTi qarTulma

enam uZvelesi droidan Semoinaxa da daafiqsira sity-

vaSi `dedakaci~. am azriT, kacobis matarebeli SeiZleba

iyos rogorc mama - `mamakaci~-, ise deda - `dedakaci~.

kacobis es universaluri xasiaTi Cans ilias erT

leqsSi:

`kacad maSin xar saqebi,

Tu es wesi wesad darge,

yovel dResa Sen Tavs hkiTxo –

aba dRes me vis ra varge!~

cxovrebis azrisa da daniSnulebis problema sxva

aspeqtiTac aris Semotanili ilias cnobil poemaSi

`gandegili~. aq Tavad cxovrebis sikeTe-borotebis mxa-

rea wina planze wamoweuli da maT Soris brZolam,

dapirispirebam unda gviCvenos romeli romels sjobia.

poemaSi daxatulia, erTi mxriv, gandegilis saxe, ro-

melsac:

`ganudevnia gulidam yvela

msoflio zraxva, fiqri, wadili.~

ganSorebia am qveyanas:

`viT codvis sadgurs,

sadac marTali gzas ver auqcevs

gansacdelsa mas eSmakisasa.

sad yovli niWi macdurebaa.

sad TviT siturfe da saTnoeba

eSmakis maxe da cdunebaa”10.

meore mxriv, poemaSi mwyemsi qalis saxiT gansaxie-

rebulia TviT sicocxle mTeli Tavisi mSvenierebiT. es

qveyana (wuTisofeli) RmerTma Seqmna ,,mravali feriT”.

raSi unda sWirdebodes RmerTs Tuki adamiani am qveya-

296

nas miatovebs, mas ganudgeba. mwyemsi qali kidev erTxel

agonebs mwirs cxovrebis mSvenierebas:

,,an Sen rogor sZleb uwuTisoflod?

mere ici ki rarig tkbilia.

aq sikvdilia, iq ki sicocxle

aq Wiria da iq ki lxinia”11.

dialogi, romelic imarTeba gandegilsa da mwyems

qals Soris, moulodnelad gamoavlens mwiris mier Ta-

visi cxovrebiT ukmayofilebas, romelic mas sulis

Rrma fenebSi aracnobierad hqonia Senaxuli. mwiris Se-

xedulebaze, rom suli aris pirveli da mTavari

sazrunavi, wuTisofeli ki mxolod borkilia, mwyemsi

qali sruliad bunebriv kiTxvas sxvams:

,,maS vinc qveynad varT yvela wavwydebiT,

veRar davixsniT verafriT sulsa?”

razedac gandegili misTvisve moulodnel pasuxs

iZleva:

,,xsna yvelgan aris... xolo gza xsnisa,

eseTi mergo me... ubedursa...”12

am ukanasknelma sityvam Tavzari dasca mwirs. amiT

man gamoTqva samduravi im cxovrebis mimarT, romelic

RvTis SewevniT moipova. gandegili cdilobs rogorme

daamSvidos aforiaqebuli suli, Caklas gaRizianebuli

sxeulis moTxovnilebebi, magram amaod. cxovrebisgan

gandgoma mwirs sicocxlis fasad daujda.

Tvalsazrisi, romelsac Tavis poemaSi upirispirdeba

ilia, aris asketizmi. asketizmi qadagebda saero cxov-

rebisagan gaqcevas, raTa qristianuli siwminde daecvaT.

rasakvirvelia, saero cxovreba mZime pirobebs uqmnis

adamians siwmindisa da patiosnebis dacvis Tvalsazri-

siT. cxovrebis TiTqmis yovel nabijze damalulia xi-

faTi elementaruli zneobrivi normebis darRvevisa.

Tuki moscildebi wuTisofels da, maSasadame, adamianeb-

Tan urTierTobas, maSin ufro advilia siwmindis dacva,

297

sulisTvis xorcis moTxovnilebaTa Sewirva. ilias poe-

maSi mSvenivrad dasturdeba is WeSmariteba, rom gaqceu-

li, saboloo jamSi, gansazRvrulia imiT, rasac gaur-

bis.

$3. eTikuri problematika vaJa-fSavelas

SemoqmedebaSi

vaJa-fSavelas eTikuri samyaro, iseve rogorc mxatv-

ruli, amouwuravia. erTi mkvlevaris sicocxle am saq-

mes ar eyofa; miT umetes roca vaJa-fSavelas eTikuri

samyaro arsebiTad arc aris gamokvleuli. vaJa-fSave-

las Semoqmedebis Sesaxeb arsebuli literatura ufro

xSirad afiqsirebs imas, rom vaJa sakacobrio proble-

mebs Seexo, magram aRarafers gveubneba imaze, Tu ras

warmoadgendnen sakuTvriv es problemebi.

eTikuri samyaros arseboba nebismieri mwerlisa Tu

mecnieris SemoqmedebaSi gulisxmobs ama Tu im prob-

lemis dayenebas an xelaxla dayenebas, agreTve, maTze

garkveuli pasuxis gacemas. vaJa-fSavela ara marto

svams msoflio mniSvnelobis eTikur problemebs, aramed

iZleva zneobriv RirebulebaTa mkafio suraTs, romel-

Sic win wamoweulia is, rac unda iyos, rac wminda da

maradiulia, xolo ukan gadaweulia is, rac ar unda

iyos, rac warmavalia.

vaJa-fSavelas mkafiod aqvs warmodgenili is prin-

cipi, romlis mixedviTac igi zneobriv RirebulebaTa

arsebobas afasebs. ra aris kargi? ra aris cudi? ra

aris sikeTe an boroteba? am kiTxvaze yvela adamiani

Tavisebur pasuxs iZleva. ,,Tu sikeTe, ambobs vaJa, ada-

mianis piradi sargeblobis miRweviT ganisazRvreba, kai

298

kaci is unda iyos, vinc Tavis pirad cxovrebas gaium-

jobesebs, gasWris da gahkveTs Tavisda sasargeblod”13.

buneba gvaZlevs imis nimuSs, rogorc unda moviqceT

rom kargi da keTili gerqvas. cudi, magaliTad, ambobs

vaJa, adamians bevrsa rgebs, Tumca xSirad iRleba an

sulac tydeba, cxeni bevrjer daiRleba, bevrjer ofl-

Si gaibaneba, magram adamians bevr siamovnebas da sageb-

lobas moutans, sanTeli Tavad iwvis sxvas ki gzas una-

Tebs, uxilav midamos xilulad hqmnis da sxv. amrigad,

TviT buneba gvaZlevs sazoms sikargisa da uvargi-

sobisas da Cven kacT es ar gvesmis, Tundac rom gves-

modes mainc yuradRebiT ar vepyrobiT bunebis kanons,

mis ganaCens... istoriac karg kacebad imaT asaxelebs,

vinc am mxriv yofila gamoCenili, visac sxvisTvis ram

urgia da ara marto Tavisi Tavi hxsovnebia, Tavisi jibe

da kuWi14.

buneba aris kacTa cxovrebis maswavlebeli. ,,bunebas

Tavisive kanoni aqvs kacTa cxovrebisTvis damyarebuli,

romelic aris damokidebuli sxvadasxva pirobaze, mi-

zezze; igi bunebam Seqmna... ar SeiZleba kacTa cxovre-

baSi iseTi ram movlena davasaxeloT, rom misi msgavsi

TviT bunebaSic ar moipovebodes... rac unda ganviTare-

bis umaRles mwvervals miaRwios kacobriobis cxov-

rebam mainc masSi unda sCandes isev buneba saerTod...

Cven bunebaSi varT – igi CvenSia. saiT, rogor SegviZ-

lian igi Tavidan aviSoroT, imas gaveqceT, davemalneT?!

cocxalnic misni varT, mkvdarnic”.

ase gagebuli buneba an bunebrioba aris vaJas eTi-

kuri samyaros safuZveli, sawyisi; es sawyisi Cans vaJas

eTikurad amaRelvebel saxeebSi, bunebis sagnebis mxatv-

rul ferebsa da formebSi. buneba ar aris mxolod sike-

Tis sawyisi:

,,buneba mbrZanebelia,

igiv monaa Tavisa,

299

zogjer sikeTes ixveWavs,

zogjer mqnelia avisa”15.

asevea cxovreba. masSic sikeTis gverdiT vxvdebiT

siaves, borotebas. rogorc bunebas hyavs Tavisi mze da

mTvare, ise cxovrebas hyavs Tavisi mze da mTvare gamo-

Cenil pirovnebaTa saxiT. pirovneba anu kai yma aris

vaJas ideali, zneobriv RirebulebaTa umTavresi matare-

beli. ,,kai ymis” saxe vaJas ara erT leqsSi Cans da

yvelgan igi, pirvel rigSi, vaJkacobasTan asocirdeba,

Tumca vaJkacoba vaJas metad farTod esmis; masTan kaiy-

ma anu dadebiTi pirovneba simamacesTan erTad xasiaT-

deba iseTi zneobrivi TvisebebiT, rogoricaa uangaroba:

,,sxvani iyofdnen nadavlsa,

is isev mtris win gvrgvinavdes,

miZRvnilsa saufrososa

amxanagebsa swiravdes”

keTilgoniereba:

,,swor fiqrs aZlevdes Tem-sofels,

cduneba ara sZiravdes”.

samarTlianoba:

,,iq idges xmalamowvdili, sac Zala aRmarTs hkvalav-

des,

gabeCavebul simarTles usamarTloba sZalavdes”.

zrunva keTili saxelisaTvis:

,,sjob mokvdes mSier-titveli:

kvdebodes, ara gminavdes;

Tavis samarxad, sudrada,

marto saxelsa swiravdes”16.

zneobrivi pirovnebis doneze verasodes avlen isini,

romlebic:

,,Tavis jams CascqerT, saqveynod

arc ros ar gamasdgebiTa.

300

. . . . . . . . . . .

ar iciT dasCndiT risa da

an risaTvisa kvdebiTa”17.

pirovnebis rogorc damoukidebeli (,,ver maawonebT

karg ymasa, rac ar ujdeba WkvaSia”), Tavisufali arse-

bis amaRelvebel da mimzidvel suraTebs xatavs vaJa-

fSavela Tavis cnobil poemebSi: ,,aluda qeTelauri’,

,,stumar-maspinZeli”, ,,baxtrioni”. filosofiur poemaSi

,,gvelis mWameli”, piesaSi ,,mokveTili”, agreTve, moTxro-

bebsa da leqsebSi. yvelgan wina planze dgas romelime

zogad-eTikuri an zogad-socialuri problema, romleb-

sac danarCeni problemebi ukavSirdeba.

1. pirovneba da sazogadoeba. pirovnebis moqmedebis

asparezi yovelTvis scildeba mocemuli sazogadoebis

sazRvrebs, rac TavisTavad ukve qmnis safuZvels

mocemul sazogadoebasa da pirovnebas Soris daZabuli

urTierTobisaTvis. vaJa-fSavelas poemaSi ,,aluda qeTe-

lauri” aluda Temis gamorCeuli wevria, kai ymaa:

,,aluda qeTelauri kacia davlaTiani,

safixvnos TavSi dajdebis,

sityva maudis gziani,

bevr qists maaWra marjvena,

scada franguli fxiani.

cudas rad unda mteroba

kargia mudam mtriani!”18.

poemis siuJeti martivia; qistebi aludas cxenebs

moiparaven. aluda gamoekideba maT, daeweva da pirvelive

gasroliT moklavs erT-erT maTgans. cocxlad

darCenili qisti – mucali aludas brZolas gaumarTavs.

mTel am brZolas refreniviT gasdevs sityvebi xan

erTi, xan meore mxridan: ,,ara gWrisaa rjul-ZaRlo?!,

,,ar mogxvdaua, rjul-ZaRlo” da a.S. rogorc Cans am

brZolas aqvs ara ubralod qurdsa da mdevars Soris

brZolis xasiaTi, aramed brZola upiratesad mimdina-

301

reobs rogorc rjuliansa da urjulos Soris, mokled,

ise Cans, rom aludasa da mucals Soris samkvdro-

sasicocxlo brZola rwmenis gamo mimdinareobs. aluda,

romelsac ,,gammarjved jvari dahyvebis, Zals Saaxvewebs

RvTisasa”, darwmunebulia, rom yvela urjulo mxdalia,

vaJkacoba ar gaaCnia da pativiscemasac ar imsaxurebs.

mucalma Tavisi moqmedebiT sawinaaRmdego daumtkica:

,,suls ar acdida amosvlas, kidev mixsena rjulia”19.

am dros xdeba aludas RirebulebaTa samyaroSi pir-

veli seriozuli ryeva. igi moixibla mucalis vaJkaco-

biT, ramac mis sulSi mtrisadmi pativiscema dabada.

aluda arRvevs Temis adaTs mokluli mtrisTvis marj-

venis moWris Sesxaeb:

,,vaJkaco, Cemgan moklulo, RmerTma gacxonos

mkvdario,

mklavzedac gebas marjvena, Senzed alali ario...

kargi gyolia gamdeli, RmerTm gidRegrZelos

gvario”20.

tradiciuli Rirebulebisadmi aludas sulSi gaCeni-

li pirveli eWvi male mkafio poziciad Camoyalibdeba:

,,Cven vityviT kacni Cvena varT,

marto Cven gvzdian dedani;

Cvena vscxondebiT, urjuloT

kuprSi mielis qSenani.

amis TqmiT vwaramaraobT,

RvTisSvilT ukeTes ician.

yvelani marTals amboben,

gana vinaca hfician”21.

Temis mier aRiarebuli Rirebulebebisadmi aludas

uaryofiTi damokidebuleba sajarod fiqsirdeba dReo-

baze, sadac aluda mucalis sulis mosaxseneblad ku-

rats Tavadve hklavs, winaaRmdeg xevisberis nebisa. es

iyo Temis aSkarad gamowveva, rac aludas Temidan mokve-

TiT mTavrdeba. aluda marcxdeba TemTan dapirispire-

302

baSi, Tumca igi erTguli rCeba sakuTari RirebulebiTi

poziciisa – adamianis dafasebas da pativiscemas

gansazRvravs misi zneobrivi Rirebuleba (vaJkacoba,

simamace, erTguleba, Seupovroba da sxv.) da ara rjuli.

aluda uars ar ambobs arc Tavis rjulze da arc

Temze (,,jvars ar awyinoT, Tems nu swyevT, nu gadiq-

ceviT cetada”22). magram RirebulebaTa Skalaze Temisa

da rjulis yvela moTxovna ukve aRar aris upiratesi

Rirebuleba. aluda mokvda rogorc Temis wevri, magram

gadarCa rogorc pirovneba.

arsebiTad es Tematika grZeldeba vaJa-fSavelas

poemaSi ,,stumar-maspinZeli”. aq ufro mwvaved, vidre

,,aluda qeTelaurSi”, dgas adamianis (stumris) pativis-

cemis, misi dafasebisa da Temisadmi morCileba-

daumorCileblobis sakiTxi.

qisti joyola mTaSi nadirobis dros gzaabneul

xevsur zviadaurs, Tavis Zmis mkvlels, mters gadaey-

reba. joyola misTvis ucnob zviadaurs saxlSi stum-

rad dapatiJebs. sagulisxmoa aq erTi garemoeba: joyo-

lam icis rom misi stumari xevsuria, iseve rogorc

zviadaurmac icis, rom stumrad qistis ojaxSi midis,

magram arc joyola grZnobs raime uxerxulobas

stumris xevsurobis gamo da arc zviadauri joyolas

qistobis gamo. metic. joyolas ise moswons Tavisi

stumari, rom vaxSmobis Semdeg survili uCndeba – ,,es

erTi cnoba, xval Zmoba erTad SevTvisdeT suliTa”.

am SemTxvevaSi joyola da zviadauri gansakuTrebul

mniSvnelobas ar aniWeben sakuTar eTnikur warmomavlo-

bas. es, cxadia, imas ar niSnavs TiTqos sulerTi iyos

joyolasTvis qistad yofna an zviadaurisTvis xevsurad

yofna. saqme imaSia, rom misTvis adamiani-stumari iqneba

is Tu maspinZeli – pirvel rigSi aris zneobrivi arseba

da, rogorc aseTi, pativiscemas da dafasebas imsaxu-

rebs.

303

qistebi joyolas stumars icnoben, Seipyroben da

mis samagaliTod dasjas gadawyveten. Tavisi stumris

SeuracxyofiT Seuracxyofilia maspinZelic. joyolasa

da mis Tanamemamuleebs Soris xdeba sisxliani dapiris-

pireba.

joyolas winaaRmdeg mimarTuli qistebis yvela ar-

gumenti, rom a) zviadauri qistebis dauZinebeli mteria,

b) ,,aavso fSav-xevsureTi aqeT wasxmulis ZroxiTa, g)

zviadaurma mokla joyolas Zma – joyolas mxolod wa-

mierad Seaferxebs:

,,eg marTalia, iqneba... ra unda

miTxraT magiTa, miTc ver miabamT

Cems gulsa Tqvens gulis TqmasTan ZafiTa.

dRes stumaria eg Cemi, Tund

zRva emarTos sisxlisa, miTamc me

ver vuRalateb, vficav RmerTs, qmnili imisa”23.

xelSekonili zviadauri qistebma sasaflaoze waiy-

vanes da iq, mTielTa adaTis Tanaxmad, TavianT mkvdars

Seswires. magram qistebs imedi gaucruvdaT. zviadaurma

iseTi vaJkacoba gamoiCina sikvdilis win, rom Tavad

mtrebi pativiscemiT ganewyobian mis mimarT.

,,kargi vaJkaci yofila,

yvela allahsa hficavda.

imitom vefxvebr gvebrZoda,

Tavis miwawyals icavda.”24

mterma mokla zviadauri, magram ver daZlia misi

neba. es vlindeba ara marto pativiscemaSi, romelic

zviadauris sikvdilma mis mtrebSi gamoiwvia, aramed,

agreTve, joyolas colis – aRazas saqcielSi, romlis

ojaxic qistebma swored zviadauris gamo abuCad aigdes,

Seuracxyves. magram aRazasTvis amas TiTqos mniSvne-

loba ara aqvs. mTavari is aris, rom mas, aRazas ,,kacis

kacurad sikvdili, gulidam ara hqreboda”25 – swored

es ,,kacis kacurad sikvdili” aiZulebs aRazas iglovos

304

qistebis mosisxle mteri da Tavisi mazlis mkvleli.

uxerxulobas grZnobs aRaza Tavis qmarTan zviadauris

datirebis gamo:

,,iqneb Senc gcode, RmerTsaca,

magram vitire, ra vqnao”26.

amasTan dakavSirebiT vaJa aRniSnavs, rom poemis am

adgilma igi TiTqmis erTi Tve gaaCera, radgan ar icoda

aRazasTvis ra pasuxi gaeca. mxolod adamianis udidesma

pativiscemam SeiZleba aTqmevinos kacs is sityvebi,

romlebiTac joyola cols pasuxobs:

,,itire?! madli giqnia,

me ra gamge var magisa!

diacs mudamac uxdeba

glova vaJkacis kargisa”27.

joyola da aRaza ar emorCilebian Temis – aludas

sityvebiT rom vTqvaT – codva-braliT monaTlul sa-

marTals da iRupebian. cocxalni rCeba is zneobrivi

Rirebulebebi, romlebic adamianis pirovnebad yofnas

ganapirobeben. swored amis dafiqsireba xdeba am mSve-

nieri poemis finalSi. kldis Tavze TavSeyril megob-

rebs – joyolas da zviadaurs – maspinZlobs aRaza,

romelic:

,,jixvis mwvads uwvavs alzeda.

vaJkacobisas amboben

erTurTis dandobisasa,

stumar-maspinZlis weszeda

cnobis da da-Zmobisasa”28.

2. erovnul da sakacobrio RirebulebaTa mimarTeba

vaJa-fSavelas SemoqmedebaSi. vaJa-fSavelas Semoqmedebis

erT-erTi laitmotivi aris patriotizmi. vaJas gmirebi

icaven sakacobrio idealebs da amave dros TavdadebiT

emsaxurebian Tavisi qveynisa da xalxis interesebs. vaJas

mixedviT, erovnul da sakacobrio RirebulebaTa mimar-

Teba ar SeiZleba RirebulebaTa koliziis an pirovnebis

305

tragikuli dasasrulis mTavri mizezi iyos. am sakiT-

xebSi Tavisi poziciis jansaR Teoriul gaazrebas iZle-

va vaJa werilSi – ,,kosmopolitizmi da patriotizmi”.

vaJa wers: ,,zogs hgonia rom namdvili patriotizmi ewi-

naaRmdegeba kosmopolitizms, magram es Secdomaa.

yoveli namdvili patrioti kosmopolitia. ise, rogorc

yoveli gonieri kosmopoliti (da ara Cveneburi) pat-

riotia. rogor? ase, - romeli adamianic Tavis ers emsa-

xureba keTilgonierad da cdilobs Tavisi samSoblo

aRamaRlos gonebriv, qonebriv da zneobriv, amiT is

umzadebs mTel kacobriobas saukeTeso wevrebs, saukeTe-

so megobars, xels uwyobs mTeli kacobriobis ganviTa-

rebas, keTildReobas”29.

patriotizmi, vaJas azriT, adamians TiTqo dabadebas-

Tan erTad Tan dahyveba. igi Seicavs ,,iseT nawilebs,

romelTac verc erTi WkvaTamyofeli adamiani ver uar-

yofs, rogorc mag. aris dedaena, istoriuli warsuli,

saxelovani moRvaweni da erovnuli teritoria, mwer-

loba da sxv.”30

normalur da saRi Wkuis adamians, vaJas azriT, erTi

romelime eri sxvebze metad unda uyvardes. patriotiz-

mi ufro grZnobis saqmea, vidre Wkua-gonebisa, kosmopo-

litizmi mxolod Wkuis nayofia; mas adamianis gulTan

saqme ara aqvs. kosmopolitizmi, vaJas azriT, ase unda

gvesmodes: ,,giyvardes Seni eri, Seni qveyana, iRvawe mis

sakeTildReod, nu gZuls sxva erebi da nu gSurs

imaTTvis bedniereba, nu SeuSli imis miswrafebas xels

da ecade, rom Seni samSoblo aravin daCagros da gau-

Tanaswordes mowinave erebs”.31

vaJa-fSavelas aq motanili pozicia Teoriuli safu-

Zvelia im patriotizmis anu, rogorc mose gogiberiZe

ityoda, ,,samSoblos siyvarulis qarTveluri gancdisa”,

rac aRbeWdilia vaJas mTel SemoqmedebaSi. samSoblos

siyvarulis Rirebuleba sxva RirebulebebTan kavSirSi

306

STambeWdavad aris asaxuli vaJa-fsavelas cnobil

poemaSi ,,baxtrioni”.

aRniSnul poemas safuZvlad uZevs TuS-fSav-xevsurTa

gaerTianebuli jaris monawileoba TaTrebis winaaRmdeg

brZolaSi, rac namdvilad momxdara kidec. magram vaJas,

rogorc Tavad aRniSnavs, istoriuli ambavi naklebad

ainteresebs32.

poema ,,baxtrioni” mTlianad patriotizmiT aris gaJ-

RenTili. dReisTvis imdenad gaufasurebelia es gare-

moeba, rom poemis amaRelvebel adgilebs SeiZleba mxo-

lod literaturuli da poeturi mniSvneloba-Ra hqon-

deT. miuxedavad amisa, poemis mxatvrul mxares Cven gan-

ze vtovebT da yuradRebas nawarmoebis eTikur aspeqtze

vamaxvilebT.

TaTrebis sisastikiT SeRonebuli barelebi kvirias

saxiT macnes agzavnian mTaSi da fSav-xevsurT dasaxma-

reblad mouwodeben. es mowodeba RirSesaniSnavia ro-

gorc mowodeba saqarTvelos gaerTianebisaken. mTisa da

baris gaTiSulad arseboba damRupvelia saqarTvelos-

Tvis. amitom mouwodeben barelebi:

,,ubarod gana ar iciT

mTanic rom vera gvaroben.

gviSveleT fSavel-xevsurno,

barze TaTrebi xaroben,

Cveni saydrebis trapezTan

exla molebi galoben”.

vaJa-fSavelas mixedviT, samSoblos siyvaruli gaRe-

buli msxverpliT izomeba. gaRebuli msxverpli ki mra-

valnairi SeiZleba iyos. SesaZlebelia es iyos adamianis

ama Tu im unaris, niWis, Sromis, sakuTari qonebis da-

xarjva samSoblos sakeTildReod. msxverplis umaRlesi

saxe aris sicocxlis msxverplad mitana samSoblos

interesebisaTvis, Tavganwirva. amgvari msxverplis tipu-

ri asparezi aris omi, brZolis veli. brZolis velze

307

daecnen poemis erT-erTi gmiris sanaTas Svidi vaJi da

qmari. sanaTa vedrebiT mimarTavs salocav xats: ,,egeb

inebos batonma, gagmarjvebiyosT mterzeda, Tu amas

gavigonebdi, ar vitirebdi mkvdrebzeda: imav dRes, Svi-

lo dedilam, Wrels Cavicomdi kabasa”33.

fSaveli qalis locvaSi da xatisadmi vedrebaSi

TandaTan Semodis iseTi momentebi, romlebic vaJas

SemoqmedebaSi garkveul problemas qmnian. pirvel rigSi

aq saqme exeba damokidebulebas kacis kvlis moTxovnasa

da qristes mcnebas – ,,ara kac kla” – Soris. qarTveli

qali mtrisTvis samagieros mizRvaze ocnebobs: ,,Tu

amamyridiT mtris javrsa, SvilT arc ki movigonebdi,

raRa miWirda, Tu mtrisas gaJletas gavigonebdi”34. es

ocneba kidev ufro muq ferebs iRebs sanaTas locvaSi:

,,RmerTo da Cveno gamCeno xatebo fSaveTisao, aavseT

TaTris sisxliTa velebi kaxeTisao”35.

aRsaniSnavia, rom es siZnele vaJas sxva nawarmoebeb-

Sic gvxdeba, pirvel rigSi, es iTqmis poemebze – ,,aluda

qeTelauri’, ,,stumar-maspinZeli” da ,,gvelis mWameli”. am

ukanasknelSi es sakiTxi sxva konteqstSia warmodgeni-

li. CvenTvis saintereso kiTxvaze pirdapir pasuxs

,,stumar-maspinZelSi” vxdebiT, Tumca Taviseburi pasuxi

masze ,,baxtrionSic” aris gacemuli.

poemaSi ,,stumar-maspinZeli” vaJa laparakobs sikv-

dilze, rogorc gardauval borotebaze da bunebis

mimarT erTgvar sayvedursac gamoTqvams: ,,bunebis codva

esaa, mudam sawyino Cemia; avsa da kargsa yvelas hklavs,

aravin gadurCenia”. adamians, rogorc mokvdav arsebas,

sikvdilis eSinia, magram, meore mxriv, ainteresebs Ta-

vad sikvdilis movlena, rogorc sxvis Tavze datria-

lebuli ubedureba: ,,sikvdili yvelas gvaSinebs, sxvas

Tu hkvlen, cqera gvwadian: kacni ver grZnoben bevrjera,

rogor did codvas sCadian, ramdeni avsuli vici,

warbSeuxrelad dadian, Tavis mtanjvelTa Semusvra an

308

ki vis ara swadian”36. aq kiTxvaze pasuxi ukve mocemu-

lia: mtanjveli unda Seimusros: qristes mcneba dar-

Rveulia. rodis iqneboda qristes mcneba daculi? maSin,

Tuki mtanjvels SesaZlebloba miecemoda etanja da

emusra yvela da yvelaferi, sadamdisac xeli miuwv-

deboda. safiqrebelia, rom qristes mcnebis – ,,ara kac

kla” – ase gageba swori ar iqneboda. es moTxovna Zalis

mqonea yvela adamianis mimarT, igi sayoveTao moTxovnaa.

am moTxovnis dacva yvela adamians evaleba da roca mas

arRveven adamianebi pasuxsac ageben.

miwaze adamianebis pasuxisgeba xdeba adamianebis

winaSe. adamianebi irCeven TavisTvis misawvdom saSuale-

bebs, maSinac ki, roca maT RvTaebrivi miznebi amoZra-

vebT; roca garTmeven imas, rac Sen gekuTvnis (sicocx-

le, miwa-wyali, qoneba da sxv.), am dros winaaRmdegobis

gauwevloba, xelis ar gamoReba danaSaulia. zemoTdas-

mul kiTxvaze vaJas pasuxi wminda adamianuria, maSasada-

me, zneobrivia. es pasuxi Taviseburad aris argumenti-

rebuli poema ,,stumar-maspinZelSi” qistis saflavze

zviadauris dakvlis scenaSi. zviadauri ar Sedrka

sikvdilis win da vidre pirSi suli edga qistebis mic-

valebulis damcireba scada sityvebiT – ,,ZaRl iyos

Tqveni mkvdrisada”, ,,ZaRl iyos” yelSi ambobda manam

mosWridnen Tavsao”.

zviadauris vaJkacurma sikvdilma qistebs CauSala

pirvandeli gegma, rac zviadauris gvamis xanjrebiT

daCexvas iTvaliswinebda, -

,,codvaa! – yvela hfiqrobda,

xalxis guli da goneba

sasinanulod mihqroda”

magram monaniebamde, rasakvirvelia, saqme ar midis,

imarjvebs Zveli, samagieros mizRvis principi: ,,magram

mters mtrulad moeqe, TviTon ufalma brZanao, is

sjobs rac male vecdebiT gulSi CavurWoT danao”.

309

aq motanili pasuxis kategoriulobis miuxedavad,

poema ,,baxtrionSi” sayuradReboa erTi adgili (luxu-

mis da zezvas Sexvedris scena), saidanac Cans, rom lu-

xums mokluli mteri Sebralebia (“mouwyliandis Tva-

lebi”)37. luxumi ibrZvis, xocavs mters da Tu mokluli

mteri masSi (Tundac zogjer) sibraluls iwvevs, maSin

qristes mcneba ,,ara kac kla“ – luxumisTvis ar SeiZ-

leba mTlianad miuRebeli iyos. amasTan dakavSirebiT,

sainteresoa poemis finali. mZimed daWrili luxumi

wevs erTi kldis Ziras; mas uvlis da kurnavs uzar-

mazari gveli, romelmac ,,borotebis gza gauSva, keTili

dauWeria”. poema mTavrdeba momavlis rwmeniT aRsavse

sityvebiT:

,,amboben, SaaZlebina sneulsa fexze dadgoma,

eRirsebao luxumsa laSaris gorze Sadgoma”.

Zneli ar aris imis danaxva, rom ,,laSaris gorisaken

mimavali gza” borotebisgan Tavisufalia (,,borotebis

gza gauSva”), rac imas niSnavs, rom qristes mcneba ,,ara

kac kla”, rogorc umaRlesi zneobrivi moTxovna, Tavis

srul uflebebSia.

$4. niko nikolaZe erovnuli sikeTisa

da erovnuli borotebis Sesaxeb

gamoCenili qarTveli moazrovne, publicisti da sa-

zogado moRvawe niko nikolaZe (1843-1928) iyo evropulad

ganaTlebuli pirovneba, romelic harmoniulad aTavseb-

da erTmaneTSi Teoretikossa da praqtikoss.

niko nikolaZes uxdeboda wera qarTuli cxovrebis

yvela saWirboroto sakiTxze. ama Tu im sakiTxis

eTikuri Sefaseba mocemulia n. nikolaZis sxvadasxva

310

SromaSi. yvelaze srulad n. nikolaZis zneobrivi mrwam-

sis Sesaxeb warmodgenas gvaZlevs misi vrceli werili

,,mamulis siyvaruli da msaxureba”, romelic 1879 wels

aris dawerili.

xalxisa da qveynis zneobriv mdgomareobas n. niko-

laZe imis mixedviT zomavs, ramdenad cocxali da aqtiu-

ria adamianebSi sazogadoebrivi grZnoba anu ramdenad

gamoRviZebulia xalxi. sayuradReboa, rom n. nikolaZes

sazogadoebrivi grZnobis qveS esmis, pirvel rigSi,

samSoblos siyvaruli da misi samsaxuri. amiT, Tematu-

rad n. nikolaZe mtkiced dgeba im adamianebis gverdiT,

vinc ruseTis koloniuri reJimis pirobebSi ikisres

mZime amocana – qarTuli kulturis gadarCena, dacva da

aRorZineba.

erovnuli kulturis dacvas, n. nikolaZis mixedviT,

mudam aqvs is azri, rom mocemul xalxs sakuTari

Tvistomoba gaaxsenos da am gziT mamulis siyvaruli

da msaxureba gauRvivos38. es gza yvela xalxis mier

aris gasavleli. zogi xalxi mas swrafad gaivlis, zogi

ki nela ,,lokokinasaviT forTxviT gadaCoCdeba am

gzaze”39. yoveli xalxis cxovrebaSi n. nikolaZeE oTx

periods gamoyofs. es dayofa sainteresoa eTikisaTvis

da gansakuTrebiT istoriis filosofiisTvis, pirvel

periods nikolaZe uwodebs yrmobis periods, roca

xalxi sakuTari gonebiT an tviniT ar cxovrobs, roca

mis mier sxva vinme zrunavs da moqmedebs. meore pe-

riods, n. nikolaZe uwodebs mimbaZvelobiTs, roca xal-

xi xedavs sxva xalxebis winsvlas da maT monur mibaZvas

iwyebs, cdilobs gadasxvaferdes garegnuli wesiT.

mesame periods n. nikolaZe uwodebs Zveleburobis

aRmdgenels, roca xalxi rwmundeba maimunuri mibaZvis

ukmarisoba-uvargisobaSi da sakuTari winaprebis wesebis

aRdgenas moindomebs. meoTxe periodi ki maSin iwyeba,

roca is iwyebs imis gamokvlevas, Tu misi sakuTari

311

buneba ras moiTxovs, risi SeZleba aqvs Tavad, sxvebs

ra aqvT kargi, romlis SeTvisebac mis bunebas SeuZlia.

es periodi, nikolaZis azriT, qarTuli sinamdvilisTvis

jer ar damdgara da amitom qarTul enasac misTvis

sakuTari saxeli ar gaaCnia. igi rusulis mibaZviT

uwodebs TviTmyofadi Semoqmedebis periods.40

xalxTa istoriis am periodizaciasTan dakavSirebiT

SeiZleba n. nikolaZes zog rameSi ar daveTanxmoT, mag-

ram ar SeiZleba imis uaryofa, rom warmodgenil perio-

dizaciaSi n. nikolaZe xalxTa istoriis bevr damaxasia-

Tebel momentze amaxvilebs yuradRebas. Tundac, maga-

liTad, aviRoT meore, mombaZvelobis periodi. ,,mombaZ-

velis periodi erTob grZeli iyo CvenSi” – wers n.

nikolaZe. saqme imaSia, rom mteri Cvens samSoblos ara-

sodes moklebia, yvela modioda Cvens dasapyrobad da

asaoxreblad. xalxs arc dro hqonda da arc saSualeba

mtrulad mosulis kargi Tvisebebi eCxrikna. ,,ubralo

SeCvevis ZaliT gvrCeboda TviTeuli am xalxisgan um-

Tavresi misi zne... am saxiT mongolebsac ki vbaZavdiT

didxans Zalauneburad, sparselebsac, TaTrebsac da

lekebsac. zogma qudi dagvitova, zogma Sarvali, zogma

sizarmace, zogma orpiroba... xeiriani da magari buneba

rom ar gvqonoda... didi xania rac dedamiwis piridan

saqarTvelos da qarTvelebs xsenebac ki ar gveqneboda.

yvelasagan imodena Cirqi gvrgebia, yvelas CvenTvis

imdeni talaxi da mtveri moucxia, rom sxva, ufro sus-

ti xalxi kidevac daimarxeboda aqamdi am sisqe tlapos

qveS...”41.

profesionali istorikosebisa da eTnografebis

amocanad miaCnia n. nikolaZes imis gamorkveva, rogori

iyo pirvandeli qarTvelis namdvili buneba, zne, xasia-

Ti, Tviseba. ra SegvrCa Cven sakuTari da ra gamogvyva

sxvisi? amis gamorkveva dRes Zalian Znelia, wers n.

nikolaZe. magram imis dafiqsireba ki SeiZleba, rom

312

“mimbaZvelobis periodi, RvTis madliT, CvenTvis gaTav-

da da viwyebT Semdgoms istoriul periods, periods

Cvenis Tvistomisken dabrunebisa. metismetad saWiroc

aris da gamosadegic vicodeT – Cveni Tvistomoba namd-

vilad raSi mdgomareobs an romel Tvistomobas unda

davubrundeT?... ra zne da wesi unda gviyvardes, ra wyo-

bilebisken unda miviswrafodeT, raSi unda vxedavdeT

Cvens ideals, ras unda vsTvlideT kargad da avad?”42.

yvela am kiTxvas kargi gaazreba sWirdeba, radgan

isini xalxTa istoriis mier dasmuli kiTxvebia. kerZo

piri, n. nikolaZis azriT, xSirad ver xedavs ra is-

toriuli Zala amoZravebs mas da hgonia yvelafers

Tavisi WkuiT akeTebs. sinamdvileSi kerZo piri paikia,

romelsac istoriuli Zala aTamaSebs. kacis goniereba

imaSi mdgomareobs rom gaigos, ra Zala aTamaSebs mas,

raTa es Zala Tavis sasargeblod gamoiyenos43. mokled,

Zvel drosTan misvla-mibrunebas didi goniereba sWir-

deba. aq bevri problema iyris Tavs da advili SesaZ-

lebelia kaci sikeTis nacvlad borotebas gadaeyaros.

kargia winaparTa pativiscema, magram winapari amave

dros Zvelsac niSnavs; yovelgvari – Zvelis pativiscema

ki ar ivargebs. amgvar situaciaSi Cndeba patriotobisa

da ,,crupatriotobis” problema. n. nikolaZis azriT,

qarTveli, vinc dRes farnavaz mefis epoqis droindeli

aRdgenaze ocnebobs, crupatriotia; mas araswori siy-

varuliT uyvars saqarTvelo. amgvar ,,siyvaruls” ki

qveynisTvis boroteba moaqvs. marto imis Zaxili – ,,ma-

muli gviyvardeso”! saqmes odnavadac ar Svelis. saqme

isaa, vicodeT, Segnebuli gvqondes – raSi mdgomareobs

mamulis msaxureba?

saqarTvelo, wers n. nikolaZe, warmatebiT ebrZoda

Tavis mtrebs manam, sanam isini qarTvelebs mxolod

raodenobiT sWarbobdnen; nebismier mravalricxovan

mters qarTveli yovelTvis aRemateboda Tavganwirvis

313

unariT. magram rogorc ki mtris raodenobriv siWarbes

daemata teqnikuri upiratesoba, maSin saqarTvelos saq-

mec ukan wavida. saqarTvelos misma mtrebma gonebrivad

gauswres win. ,,ucxoeTis win daiCoqa Cvenma gonebam,

raki scno rom ucxoeTi Cvenze ufro ostati, ufro

mecnieri, ufro gonieri yofila”44. imisaTvis, rom sa-

qarTvelom win waiwios, man Cinuri kedeli ki ar unda

Semoivlos irgvliv, aramed sxvebs unda ajobos imaSi,

riTac sxvebi dRes sjobnian; esaa sxvisi mecnierebis,

sxvisi mwerlobis, sxvisi gamocdilebis aTviseba. mTava-

ria gulSi mamulis msaxurebis wrfeli survili viqo-

nioT da maSin Cveni Sroma nayofieri iqneba, mamuls

gamoadgeba45. sxva sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, n. nikolaZe

moiTxovs mamulisadmi uangaro anu zneobriv samsaxurs.

am zneobrivi motivis TandaTan gaqrobam daasusta Cveni

eri da qveyana. garda amisa, qveynis dacemaSi didi roli

Sesarula zneobriv-fsiqologiurma faqtorma – xalxis

Sinaganma ganwyobilebam da mdgomareobam. n. nikolaZes

aq mxedvelobaSi aqvs iseTi viTareba, roca xalxis erTi

nawili Tavdauzogavad Sromobs, misi meore nawili ki

sxvis xarjze cxovrobs; ase gaxleCili eri qveyanas

sikeTes ver moutans. ,,sanam Cveni xalxi mewveli Zroxis

mdgomareobidan ar gamova, SeuZlebelia CvenSi namdvili

erToba daarsdes an gulwrfeli Zmoba an xeiriani

ganwyobileba... xalxi maSin gaZlierdeba, maSin daZmo-

bildeba, maSin Seadgens erT Zmur ojaxs, roca sadao

ar eqnebaT ra sxvadasxva wodebas”46.

mamulisadmi zneobrivi samsaxuris myar safuZvels n.

nikolaZe xalxis ekonomikuri cxovrebis gaumjobesebaSi

xedavs. ,,Cveni crupatriotebi rom Tavisi mamulis

gonieri msaxurni iyvnen, wers n. nikolaZe, maTi pirveli

da umTavresi Sroma xalxis ekonomikur cxovrebaze

iqneboda miqceuli”47.

314

xalxis cxovrebis gaumjobesebis mniSvnelovan faq-

torad miaCnia n. nikolaZes Segnebuli disciplinis dam-

yareba. uwindels droSi xalxi brma morCilebas (brma

disciplinas) iyo miCveuli. am mdgomareobidan xalxis

gamoyvana iqneba misi gaZliereba. es iqneba swored erov-

nuli sikeTe, mamulis WeSmariti samsaxuri. ,,Tu namdvi-

lad gviyvars Cveni mamuli, Cven is unda gavaZlieroT

rogorc materialuris mxriT, - samarTliani ekonomi-

kuri ganawilebis dafuZnebiT, ise zneobiT – misi go-

nebisa da codnis gaumjobesebiT”48.

n. nikolaZis mixedviT, ar unda viqonioT imis imedi,

rom mova ucxo vinme da Cvens xalxs bedniers gaxdis. es

arasodes moxdeba. marto Cvens gaZlierebasa da

ganaTlebaze viSromoT – maSin megobaric bevri gauCn-

deba Cvens xalxs da damxmarebelic49. sruliad Tanamed-

roved, Cveni dRevandeli cxovrebis Sesaferisad JRers

n. nikolaZis sityvebi: ,,cxovrebaSiac is kanoni moqme-

debs, romelic aReb-micemis dedaburjad dgas”: yvela

marto im kacs endoba, marto imas asesxebs fuls an

kredits gauxsnis da Semweobas miscems, visac Tavisi

ram aqvs Sesaferisi – ai Cvenc ase unda moviqceT. jer

Cveni ram SeviZinoT, CvendaTavad gavZlierdeT, Cveni mux-

li da weli gavimagroT... maSin yvelas Cveni ndobac

eqneba, pativic da rwmunebac, maSin yvela megobrebad

gagvixdeba da Semweobas aravin dagvaklebs”50.

niko nikolaZis udidesi inteleqti da gamocdileba

saukuneze meti xnis Semdegac daxmarebis saimedo xels

gviwvdis Cvens duxWirsa da mouwesrigebel cxovrebaSi.

315

mecxre Tavi

esTetikuri azri XIX saukunis

saqarTveloSi

qarTuli esTetikuri azris istoriaSi erT-erTi

saintereso da RirsSesaniSnavi epoqa XIX saukunea, ro-

melic qarTul istoriografiaSi, tradiciulad, sazoga-

doebriv-politikuri movlenebis ganviTarebisa da

msoflmxedvelobrivi tendenciebis mixedviT or gan-

sxvavebul periodad aris moniSnuli. is ideuri xazi,

romelic orive periodis saazrovno sivrces aerTianebs,

aris qarTveli xalxis Seurigebeli brZola Tavisufle-

bisTvis. I periodi – saukunis dasawyisidan 50-60-ian

wlebamde – qarTuli saxelmwifoebriobis dakargviT ga-

mowveuli eris sulieri tkivili, carizmis dampyroblu-

ri politikisadmi Seurigebloba, rac glexTa stiqiuri

ajanyebebiTa da 1832 wlis SeTqmulebiT gamovlinda.

SeTqmulebis damarcxebiT gamowveuli uimedoba, saso-

warkveTileba is fsiqologiuri foni aRmoCnda, ramac

romantizmi warmoSva qarTul sinamdvileSi. II periodSi

ki – 60-iani wlebidan _ qarTuli sazogadoebrivi

cnobiereba ganviTarebis axal safexurze avida, roca

qarTvelma samocianelebma erovnuli da socialuri

TavisuflebisTvis brZolis erTiani samoqmedo programa

SeimuSaves da qarTul mxatvrul sinamdvileSi axali

mimarTuleba – kritikuli realizmi _ daamkvidres.

romantizmma, rogorc filosofiur-esTetikurma mi-

marTulebam XVIII-XIX saukuneebis mijnaze, moicva evro-

puli samyaro. saqarTveloSi igi XIX saukunis pirvel

aTeul wlebSi Semodis da literaturul garemos qmnis

50-ian wlebamde. qarTuli sinamdvilisaTvis es ar iyo

`moduri~ literaturuli mimarTuleba, romelic zeda-

316

pirulad moedeboda aristokratiul salonebs da

maleve gaivlida. igi saqarTveloSi, evropuli qveynebis

msgavsad, poeziis ganviTarebis Sedegad Camoyalibda.

qarTuli esTetikis istoriaSi memkvidreobiTi xazi

XVII-XVIII saukuneebis poetebisa XIX saukunis romanti-

kosebTan jer kidev qarTvelma samocianelebma aRniSnes,

magaliTad, 1876 w. n. nikolaZe Rrmad aanalizebda n.

baraTaSvilis sevdisa da wuxilis erovnul safuZvlebs

da mis winamorbedad daviT guramiSvils asaxelebda.

marTlac, `qarTlis Wirma~ `qarTlis bedze~ daafiqra

romantikosebi.

qarTuli romantizmi erovnuli problemis gaSuqebiT

daviT guramiSvilTan Zalian axlos dgas. daviT

guramiSvili `daviTianSi~ `qarTlis Wirs~ gvixatavs:

gareSe da Sinauri mtrebisgan aoxrebul saqarTvelos,

qarTvelTa SuRlsa da gautanlobas, mefis saxelmwifo

politikis ususurobas, magram mainc vaxtang VI-is

erTgulebas gvimtkicebs, radgan qveynisaTvis Tavdade-

buli mefec iseTive kritikul da gamouval mdgomareo-

baSi Caayena konkretulma istoriulma pirobebma, ro-

gorc erekle II XVIII s.-is bolos.

amrigad, istoria meordeba `qarTlis Wiridan~ `qarT-

lis bedamde~. n. baraTaSvilma filosofiur planSi

gaiazra saqarTvelos orientaciis sakiTxi da qveynis

momavali TavisuflebisaTvis brZolas daukavSira.

$1. nikoloz baraTaSvili (1817 – 1845)

n. baraTaSvilis filosofiuri xedvis subieqtia pi-

rovneba – aqtiuri Semoqmedi, Tavisuflebis suliT gam-

sWvaluli adamiani, xolo obieqti – rogorc miuRebeli

317

sazogadoebriv-socialuri garemo, amasTan

mowesrigebuli, adamianis sulTan harmonizebuli buneba.

n. baraTaSvilis SemoqmedebaSi mTeli sisruliTaa

cxadyofili is eTikur-esTetikuri ideali, rac qar-

Tuli romantizmis mamoZravebel Zalas warmoadgenda. n.

baraTaSvilis SemoqmedebiTi procesi sulis moZraobis

gamovlenaa. poeziis STagonebis wyaro ki siyvarulis is

amaRlebuli grZnobaa, romelmac `suls mohbera cis

niWni qveynad~ da adamiani mgosnad aqcia.

siyvaruls Zala mSvenierebis `zeciT mosuli~ sinaT-

lisagan eZleva, - ambobs baraTaSvili, amitom `TviT

ukvdaveba mSveniersa sulSi mdgomarebs, mas verc SemTx-

veva da verc xani ver daaberebs~. n. baraTaSvilma XIX

s.-is qarTul esTetikur azrovnebaSi pirvelma Semoi-

tana zneobriv-esTetikuri cneba `sulis mSveniereba~ da

igi fizikur, sxeulebriv silamazes daupirispira. qarT-

veli poeti erTmaneTisagan asxvavebs or esTetikur Ri-

rebulebas – mSvenierebas, romelic sulis momxibvle-

lobas gulisxmobs da fizikur silamazes, romelic

yvaviliviT `Tavis drozed mswraflad daWknebis~.

n. baraTaSvilma, rogorc romantikosma, grZnobad-

emociuri mimarTeba gareSemo samyarosadmi filosofiu-

ri msjelobis sagnad aqcia. wina periodis qarTul

poeziaSi aRmosavluri grZnobadi nakadis gavleniT

gaZlierebuli Rvinis, Trobis, cxovrebis siamiT tkbo-

bis kulti ukana planze gadaswia da qarTul mxatvrul

azrovnebaSi Semoitana racionalizmi – samyaros goniTi

Wvretac. amas iTxovda sikeTisa da borotebis brZolis

zneobrivi aspeqtebis, individualizmis, Tavisuflebisa

da aucileblobis, nebelobisa da pasuxismgeblobis sa-

kiTxebis filosofiuri gaazrebis is axali etapi, ro-

melic mkacrma drom moitana im periodSi. baraTaSvilis

geniam SeZlo am problemebis gadawyveta zogadkacob-

riuli, maRalzneobrivi gancdebis sibrtyeSi moexdina.

318

rogorc tipurma romantikosma, baraTaSvilma `fiqrT

gasarTvelad~, mesaidumled dialogSi partniorad

buneba airCia. buneba misTvis nugeSisa da sevdis area,

masSi xedavs TanagrZnobas, masTan kavSirs eZebs: `warved

wyalis pirs sevdiani fiqrT gasarTvelad, aq veZiebdi

nacnobs adgils gansasveneblad~, an `maxsovs igi dro,

saamo dro, ros naRvliani, kldev bundovano, Sens

bilikad mimovidodi da wynars saRamos, viT megobars,

Semovetrfodi~.

n. baraTaSvili aqtivobisa da brZolis poetia, misi

esTetikur-msoflmxedvelobiTi mrwamsi imediania, magram

es imedianoba didi Sinagani Widilis gziTaa mopovebu-

li. sasowarkveTileba, suliT obloba, martoobis ganc-

da ar tovebs poets, radgan arsebuli socialur-sa-

zogadoebrivi garemo ucxoa misTvis. amis Sesaxeb

baraTaSvili xSirad wers pirad werilebSi (magaliTad,

maiko orbelians). leqsSi `suli oboli~ poeti megob-

rebisa da naTesavebis simravlis miuxedavad, `suliT

oblobas~ Civis. baraTaSvilis `sulis obloba~ baironi-

sas hgavs da ara marto baironisas. es romantikosTa

saerTo gancdaa. n. baraTaSvili cdilobs daZlios es

gancda, amaRldes masze.

Tavisufleba n. baraTaSvilisaTvis umaRlesi Rirebu-

lebaa, umaRlesi mizania, romelic upirvelesad adamian-

ze zrunvas gulisxmobs. calkeuli pirovneba araraobaa,

Tu igi viwro individualobiT Semoifargleba. kacob-

rioba did saqmeebs calkeul pirovnebaTa moqmedebiT

axorcielebs, magram individis moqmedeba Serwymuli

unda iyos zogadadamianur miznebTan, maSin aqvs cal-

keuli adamianis moqmedebas WeSmaritad realuri Zala.

baraTaSvilis `meranis~ mTavari idea swored es aris –

adamianis Semoqmedi sulisa da Tavisufali nebis sam-

kvidro-sasicocxlo brZola bedisweris brma auci-

leblobis winaaRmdeg.

319

`meranSi~ sami moqmedi piria – merani, Savi yorani da

avtori – mxedari. merani adamianis sulisa da inteleq-

tis SemoqmedebiTi potencialis xati-saxea, yorani –

boroti sulis, daundobeli bedisweris simbolika, mxe-

dari ki tragikuli sulis Tavganwiruli swrafva Tavi-

suflebisaken, Sors maradiul usasrulobaSi rom cdi-

lobs gadaabijos `bedis samZRvars~. `meranSi~ Zlieri

pirovnebis sunTqva ismis. misi mxedari nicSes Zlieri

pirovnebis winamorbedia, aboboqrebuli, tragizmiT dat-

virTuli (k. kapaneli).

adamianuri SesaZleblobebisadmi didi rwmena n. ba-

raTaSvils meamboxe poetad aqcevs. mas ar aSinebs

kosmiur ZalebTan SeWidebis simZafre: `nu davimarxo!~...

`nu damitiros!~... magram `es gza uvali, Sengan Telili,

merano Cemo, mainc darCeba~. poeti darwmunebulia, rom

`moZmeTaTvis~ zrunva ukvdavebis sawindaria, wamier yo-

faze amaRlebaa, maradisobaSi gadasvlaa, radgan sike-

TiT sxivmosili da Rirseuli sicocxle amqveynad Rir-

seuli sikvdiliT unda damTavrdes. `dae, movkvde, me

upatronod misgan oxeri, ver SemaSinos misma basrma

mosisxle mteri!~, radgan Rrmad swams, rom `cudad xom

mainc ar Caivlis es ganwirulis suliskveTeba!~

n. baraTaSvils Rrmad swams, rom Zlier adamians

SeuZlia bedis damarcxeba, poets hyofnis sulieri Zala,

amayad SeuZaxos beds - `borot suls~, `Sav yorans~:

`ganvedi Cemgan, hoi, macduro, sulo boroto!~ poeti

Rrmadaa darwmunebuli, rom bedi ar gansazRvravs qvey-

nis xvalindel dRes, igi ar awesrigebs kacTa cxovre-

bas, aramed mamuliSvilTa Segneba da aqtiuroba. amitom

adamianis saRmrTo valia emsaxuros mSobel qveyanas.

swored bedisadmi daumorCileblobis idea asxvavebs n.

baraTaSvils evropeli romantikosebisgan, sadac metwi-

lad pesimisturi notebi Warbobs.

320

qarTvel romantikosebs ar dautovebiaT Teoriul-

esTetikuri traqtatebi, magram maT mxatvruli azrov-

nebis xarjze moaxdines TavianTi esTetikuri mrwamsisa

da romantikuli TvalTaxedvis sruli gamovlena. qarT-

velma romantikosebma XIX s-is qarTul azrovnebaSi Se-

moitanes erovnuli energiis is muxti, romelic memkvid-

reobiT gadaeca erovnul-gamaTavisuflebeli moZraobis

axali nakadis moTaveebs 60-ian wlebSi – ilias, akakis,

niko nikolaZes da sxv.

qarTveli samocianelebis – ilia WavWavaZis da akaki

wereTlis, niko nikolaZis, giorgi wereTlisa da sxv.

Teoriul-esTetikur da mxatvrul-SemoqmedebiT memkvid-

reobaSi safuZvlianad aris mocemuli yvela am niSnis

farTo da Rrma daxasiaTeba, magram sagulisxmoa, rom

TiToeuli maTgani originalurad udgeba konkretuli

mxatvrul-esTetikuri sakiTxis gadawyvetas.

$2. ilia WavWavaZe (1837-1907)

ilia WavWavaZes specialuri Teoriul-esTetikuri

traqtatebi ar dauweria, magram Tavis mxatvrul

Semoqmedebasa da publicistikaSi, pirad werilebSi

iseTi mwyobri sistemuri saxe misca esTetikur Sexedu-

lebebs, rom maT dResac ar daukargavT aqtualoba.

XIX saukunis qarTul saazrovno sivrceSi ilia

WavWavaZem pirvelad aqcia Teoriuli msjelobis sagnad

Semdegi zogadesTetikuri sakiTxebi: mxatvruli kultu-

ris ganviTarebis kanonzomierebis problema, Semoqmede-

biTi procesis specifika, SemoqmedebiTi unarebis –

mxatvruli niWis, geniis buneba, esTetikuri aRqmisa da

Sefasebis Tavisebureba, esTetikuri gemovneba, xelovne-

321

bis arsi da funqciebi, xelovnebisa da sinamdvilis

urTierToba, xelovnebisa da mecnierebis, rogorc sinam-

dvilis asaxvis formebis, msgavseba-gansxvaveba, xelov-

nebaSi azrisa da gancdis, emociis urTierTSeTavsebis

aucilebloba, kritikuli realizmis, rogorc mxatv-

rul-SemoqmedebiTi meTodis, Tavisebureba, realisturi

xelovnebis calkeul saxeTa specifikis dadgena,

mSvenierebis, rogorc esTetikuri fenomenis, bunebasa da

sinamdvileSi gamovlena da Sefasebis kriteriumi.

ilia WavWavaZis esTetikuri naazrevis ZiriTadi

Tezisia: cxovrebis ganviTareba gansazRvravs cnobiere-

bis ganviTarebas; `cxovreba Ziria, xelovneba da mec-

niereba maszed amosuli Stoebi arian, rogorc miwidgan

amoxeTqili Stoebi isxamen nayofsa da roca saTesled

mohsweven, isev gadmoscemen, rom axali Ziri gaikeTon da

am Zirma sxva axali Stoebi amoxeTqos, agreTve, cxov-

rebazed amosuli Stoebi – mecniereba da xelovneba

gadmoscemen axlis cxovrebis gamosakvanZavad. amisTana

damokidebuleba aqvs cnobierebas cxovrebazed da

cxovrebasa Tavis rigzed – cnobierebazed~.1

am poziciidan gasagebia, rom iliam samwerlo as-

parezze gamosvlisTanave brZola gamoucxada cxovre-

bisagan mowyvetil, mxolod subieqturi gancdebiT Se-

mofarglul xelovnebas, `bulbulsaviT uazro Stvenas~,

`unayofo poezias~, `ugemur RmeWasa da Tvalebis

sresas~ da pirdapir mosTxova xelovnebas, rom `droa

Cavides cxovrebis mdinaris ZirSia, iq monaxos Sig-

mdebare azri Tavis cxovel suraTebisTvis. iq, cxovre-

bis ZirSi, is ipovis bevr margalitsa da bevr leqsa da

lafs. arc erTis gamoxatva ar unda aSinebdes xelov-

nebas da arc meorisa~2 ilia icavs da aviTarebs im

azrs, rom namdvili `poezia gansaxovnebaa WeSmaritebisa,

cxovrebisa~, amitom xelovanma cxovrebis gaumjobesebi-

saTvis unda izrunos, xalxis ocneba da miswrafeba

322

unda ganasaxieros. xelovnebis es moqalaqeobrivi pozi-

cia gamoxata iliam Tavis poetur striqonebSic, sadac

xelovans eris winamZRoloba daavala da momavlis

gegmac dausaxa: `Cven unda Cveni vSvaT myoobadi, Cven

unda mivsceT momavali xalxs!~ ilias moqalaqeobrivi

da sazogadoebrivi grZnobis simaRles mowmobs is

cnobili striqonebic `mgzavris werilebidan~, romel-

Sic mwerali sulier siaxloves gamoxatavs `mrisxane da

Seupovar~ baironTan, vidre `did getesTan~.

ilias azriT, xelovneba TavSesaqcevi ki ar aris,

aramed cxovrebis asaxvisa da Semecnebis erT-erTi sa-

Sualebaa: `mecniereba da xelovneba ar arian mogonilni

kacis Wkvis da gamoxatulobis arc varjiSobisgan da

arc varjiSobisTvis, igini ibadebian cxovrebisagan da

arseboben cxovrebisaTvis~3 xelovneba sazogadoebriv

cxovrebas xsnis da gasagebs xdis xalxisaTvis, ro-

melmac unda dainaxos da Seagnebinos, Tu ra sWirdeba

sazogadoebriv cxovrebas, ra gaaumjobesebs mas: `mec-

nierebas da xelovnebas Cven vuyurebT rogorc cxov-

rebis gasamjobinebel RonisZiebaTa~.4

sinamdvilis gardaqmnis, gaumjobesebis moTxovna

upirvelesi amocana iyo TergdaleulebisaTvis. buneb-

rivia, zemoxsenebulma Teoriam xelovnebis arsisa da

funqciis Sesaxeb gavrceleba hpova maT esTetikaSic.

xalxSi ganmanaTlebluri ideebis Setanis yvelaze sau-

keTeso saSualebad xelovneba iqna miCneuli. amitom

ilia WavWavaZis esTetikur naazrevSi wina planze dgas

xelovnebis SemecnebiTi Rirebuleba, Tumca gamaxvilebu-

lia yuradReba xelovnebis esTetikur bunebaze. hege-

lisgan gansxvavebiT, romlis mixedviT, xelovneba az-

rovnebis dabali formaa, momavali ar aqvs da mis

adgils mecniereba – cnebebiT azrovneba daikavebs, ilia

xelovnebas adamianis aRzrda-ganaTlebasa da sinamdvi-

lis `SecnobaSi~ ara nakleb rols aniWebs; xelovnebis

323

adamianze zemoqmedebis Zalas mis specifikaSi – sinamd-

vilis `xatebiT~, `suraTebiT~ gamosaxvaSi xedavs. misi

azriT, xalxSi codna-ganaTlebis Sesatanad xelovnebas

ufro meti SesaZlebloba aqvs, vidre mecnierebas; mec-

nierebis nayofi mxolod `cotaoden ganaTlebul xalx-

Si gadadis skolebisa da saswavleblebis meSveobiT~,

mecnierul codnasTan `ise cotas miuwvdeba fexi, rom

danarCen xalxis ricxvTan... wveTi iqneba zRvaSi~.

xelovnebas ki ZaluZs `srulad xalxTan, mometebul

nawilTan mainc daiWiros saqme, Seiqmnas Suamavlad

mecnierebisa, erTi mxriT, xalxisa da cxovrebisa,

meores mxriT. mag Znels saqmes asrulebs yvelgan li-

teratura.~5 amrigad, askvnis ilia, namdvili xelovneba

xalxisaTvis saWiroa, rogorc `arsebiTi puri~. mwerlis

amocanac is aris, rom gaerkves sazogadoebrivi cxovre-

bis viTarebaSi, `cnobaSi moiyvanos~, naTeli gaxados

xalxis miswrafeba, saTaveSi Caudges mis ganxorcie-

lebas, radgan `xalxi ver gamoikvlevs mag viTarebis

azrsa, mniSvnelobasa, xSirad ki bundad xvdeba~. swored

am niSniT ekisreba mwerals eris winamZRoloba.

zemoT motanili amonaridebi naTlad metyvelebs,

rom ilia Tavisi drois moTxovnis Sesabamisad gan-

sazRvravs xelovnebis SemecnebiT funqcias: mecniereba-

Si Camoyalibebuli azrebi da ideebi xelovnebam gasa-

gebi eniT – cocxali, mxatvruli saxeebiT – unda gaavr-

celos xalxSi. amdenad, am SemTxvevaSi, cxadia, ilia

xelovnebis esTetikuri zemoqmedebis Taviseburebas gu-

lisxmobs, radgan xelovnebis grZnobad-konkretuli,

cocxali suraTebi ufro Rrmad ibeWdeba adamianis

sulSi.

rogorc vxedavT, ilias TvalsazrisiT, mecniereba

da xelovneba _ orive sinamdvilis `Secnobis~ saqmes em-

saxureba, gansxvavebaa ara SinaarsSi, aramed gamoTqmis

Tu gamosaxvis formaSia: `mecniereba da xelovneba – es

324

ornive erT da igives hmsaxureben, azris moZraobas, erT

da igives gamohsTqvamen, xalxis azrsa da Tu raSime ga-

moirCevian, mxolod imaSi, rom sxvadasxva gziT da

sxvadasxvanairad moqmedeben da gamosTqvamen~.6

sinamdvilesTan xelovnebisa da mecnierebis msgavs

damokidebulebaze msjelobisas ilia uyuradRebod ar

tovebs xelovnebis esTetikur bunebas. xelovnebam ara

marto codna unda mogvces sinamdvilis Sesaxeb, aramed

esTetikuri siamovnebac gangvacdevinos, amisaTvis ki

saWiroa `xelovneba ar gadacdes Tavis sakuTar kano-

nebs~. xelovneba adamianze zemoqmedebis unars dakar-

gavs, Tu misTvis specifikur principebs daarRvevs:

`mecnierebas xelovnebisas, romelsac esTetikas eZaxian,

SeniSnuli aqvs, _ wers ilia, _ zogierTi zogadi Tvi-

sebani xelovnebisa, romelnic yovels grZnoba-gaxsnil

kacs unda erTnairad esiamovnebodes da uromlisoba ki

unda uTuod swyindes da uugemurebdes gunebasa~. Tu

raoden did mniSvnelobas aniWebda ilia xelovnebis

esTetikuri zemoqmedebis Zalas sazogadoebaze, kargad

Cans mis werilebSi Teatris Sesaxeb, kerZod, roca wers

qarTul TeatrSi warmodgenili daviT erisTavis `sam-

SobloTi~ gamowveul aRtacebaze qarTul sazogadoe-

baSi da rusuli presis uaryofiT reaqciaze (`katkovis

pasuxad~).

ilias TvalTaxedviT, xelovnebis SemecnebiTi Rire-

buleba sruliad ar amcirebs mis esTetikuri zemoqmede-

bis Zalas, piriqiT, xelovnebisagan gamowveul esTeti-

kur siamovnebas iwvevs masSi Cadebuli azri, Sinaarsi,

gansaxovnebuli umaRlesi mxatvruli formiT. xelov-

nebis nawarmoebi `WeSmaritis grZnobis simebs aaJRerebs

adamianis gulSi da esTetikur siamovnebas agrZnobi-

nebs~7 magram esTetikuri gancdis simZafres mxolod

xelovnebaSi gamoxatuli azri da forma ver uzrunvel-

yofs, amisaTvis saWiroa esTetikuri subieqtis mzaoba

325

tkbobis misaRebad, e.i. esTetikuri gemovneba. esTetikuri

gancda adamianuri grZnobaa, romelsac ganviTareba

sWirdeba. rac ufro maRalia ama Tu im xalxis kultu-

ris done, miT ufro ganviTarebulia da gaxsnilia esTe-

tikuri grZnoba. TvalsaCinoebisTvis ilia konkretul

magaliTs mimarTavs msoflio kulturis istoriidan,

erTmaneTs adarebs puSkinis wina periodisa da Semdgomi

periodis ruseTs da gansxvavebas swored imaSi xedavs,

rom `ruseTis sazogadoeba ar iyo ise esTetikurad

gaxsnili, rogorc puSkinis Semdeg da nametnavad axla~.8

ilias azriT, esTetikuri gancda adamianis iseTive

unaria, rogorc metyvelebisa, mxolod mas aRzrda- gan-

viTareba sWirdeba esTetikuri gemovnebis Camosayali-

beblad: `simReris, poeziis siamovnebis niWi sayovelTao

kuTvnilebaa adamianisa~, mxolod am niWs ganviTareba

sWirdeba, rac sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis donezea damo-

kidebuli.

rogorc ukve aRvniSneT, ilia WavWavaZis esTetikur

naazrevSi xelovneba ganxilulia rogorc sazogadoeb-

rivi movlena, romelic ar arsebobs cxovrebis ma-

moZravebeli Zalebisa da kanonzomierebisgan izoli-

rebulad. SeuZlebelia xelovnebis bunebis garkveva misi

ganviTarebis zogad kanonzomierebaTa gaTvaliswinebis,

kerZod, mxatvruli da sazogadoebrivi ganviTarebis

istoriul procesTa urTierTdamokidebulebis garkve-

vis gareSe. amitomac, bunebrivia, ilias Teoriul-esTe-

tikur memkvidreobaSi xelovnebis bunebisa da socia-

luri funqciebis kvlevis dros mniSvnelovani yurad-

Reba eTmoba xelovnebis istoriuli ganviTarebis Sesa-

xeb zogadTeoriul mosazrebebs.

mxatvruli da sazogadoebrivi ganviTarebis proces-

Ta urTierTdamokidebulebis problema, romelic XVIII

s-is evropeli ganmanaTleblebis esTetikaSi Caisaxa,

mecnierul-filosofiur doneze hegelis filosofiaSi

326

Camoyalibda azrovnebis istoriul-SedarebiTi meTodis

SemuSavebis Sedegad. qarTuli esTetikuri azris isto-

riaSi ki am problemis kvleva samocianelebidan iwyeba,

vinaidan sazogadoebrivi ganviTarebis sociologiuri

sakiTxebi qarTul azrovnebaSi pirvelad maTTan daisva.

am faqts Tavisi obieqturi mizezebi gaaCnia: XIX s-is II

naxevarSi batonymobis gadavardnam da kapitalisturi

urTierTobis Casaxvam qarTveli samocianelebis, ro-

gorc sazogadoebis yvelaze progresulad ganwyobili

nawilis, winaSe daayena sakiTxi arsebuli sazogadoeb-

rivi cxovrebis wesis Secvlis aucileblobisa da

gzebis Sesaxebac: riTi unda Secvliliyo, ra gziT

ganxorcilebuliyo momavlis idealebi.

ilia Tvlis, rom xelovneba sazogadoebrivi cxovre-

bis nawilia da cxovrebiT sazrdoobs, amitom xelov-

nebis ganviTarebis done ama Tu im epoqaSi gapiro-

bebulia am epoqis sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis xasiaTiT

imdenad, ramdenadac TviTon sazogadoebrivi cxovreba

gulisxmobs esTetikur-mxatvrul cxovrebas, rogorc

aucilebel moments (nawils). xelovnebaSi realizebuli

ideebi cxovrebis ganviTarebis kvaldakval icvleba da

enacvleba erTmaneTs, Sesabamisad, yovel epoqas Tavisi

mxatvruli kultura, gemovneba da esTetikuri ideali

gaaCnia. rogorc nawili ar arsebobs mTelis gareSe, ise

mTeli ar arsebobs nawilis gareSe. amitom xelovneba,

rogorc socialuri mTelis (cxovrebis) nawili, dia-

leqtikur urTierTobaSia am mTelTan da TviTonac uku-

zemoqmedebs masze. swored amaSi mdgomareobs xelovne-

bis maradiuli arsebobisa da ganviTarebis realuri sa-

fuZveli: `yvelafris sikvdili SeiZleba – azrisa ki

Tavis dReSi ara... imitom, rom grexili azrisa gauwy-

vetelia... erTs mosdevs meore, ufro axali, janmrTeli

da Ronieri ... marad myofi salaroca aqvs – mecniereba

da xelovneba, sadac isini inaxebian~.9

327

ilias azriT, xelovneba xalxis SemoqmedebiTi po-

tencialisa da sulieri energiis gamovlenaa. amitom

misi mdgomareoba didadaa damokidebuli xalxis ganwyo-

bilebaze, mis mebrZol suliskveTebaze: `poetsa xalxi

dahbadavs da xalxis cxovreba ZuZus awovebs. am safuZv-

liT amboben, poezia xalxis cxovrebis gamomTqmeliao~.

mxolod xalxi awvdis genioss `masalas Tavis cxovre-

biTa~, Tu amowurulia xalxis `sulieri buneba, ukvda-

vebis ZarRvi~, baironis `Tanasworni niWni sazrdos ver

ipovian Cvens cxovrebaSi; devs devis ZuZu gamozdis~.10

amrigad, ilias SexedulebiT, epoqis progresuli

ideebi, romlebSic sazogadoebis birTvis – xalxis –

sasicocxlo miswrafebebi aisaxeba, imdenad warmodgens

xelovnebis winsvlisa da ganviTarebis safuZvels, ram-

denadac warmarTaven pirvel rigSi, didi xelovanis,

geniosis SemoqmedebiT mimarTulebas.

xelovnebis ganviTarebisTvis xelSemwyob pirobad

ilia aucileblad miiCnevs mocemuli sazogadoebis

kulturisa da ganaTlebis saerTo donis amaRlebas,

rac xalxis zneobrivi idealebis ganmtkicebas, esTeti-

kuri gemovnebis gaumjobesebas gulisxmobs. ilia marTe-

bulad Tvlis, rom xelovanis SemoqmedebiTi cxovreba

realizdeba sazogadoebis farTo wreebis ideuri da

esTetikuri moTxovnilebebis gaTvaliswinebiT. Tu es

moTxovnileba sustia, xelovnebis ganviTareba ferxdeba.

ilia qarTuli Teatris arsebobis SenarCunebisTvis, msa-

xiobTa saSemsruleblo ostatobis dasaxvewad udides

mniSvnelobas aniWebda qarTveli mayureblis damokide-

bulebas Teatrisadmi. werilSi `qarTuli Teatri da

mayurebeli~ ilia gulistkiviliT miuTiTebs Tavisi

drois qarTveli sazogadoebis gulgrilobaze Teatri-

sadmi, maSin, roca, misi TqmiT, `dramatulma sazoga-

doebam... didi mxneoba gamoiCina Teatris karg gzaze

dayenebisaTvis~. ilia kiTxulobs: `maS, ra unda iyos

328

mizezi Cveni sazogadoebis aseTi saqcielisa, rom

TeatrSi ar daiareba?~ _ pasuxad ilia qarTveli sazo-

gadoebis esTetikuri gemovnebis dabal dones asaxelebs,

`metnakleboba am grZnobisa ki damokidebulia ganaT-

lebaze, gonebis gaxsnilobaze, sulisa da gonis rigia-

nad, adamianurad gawvrTnilobazed~.

ilia WavWavaZe mxatvruli kulturis ganviTarebis

kanonzomierebis sakiTxs erovnuli da zogadsakacobrio

kulturul RirebulebaTa dialeqtikuri urTierTobis

aspeqtSi ganixilavs. calkeul ers sakuTari maRalgan-

viTarebuli kulturiT Tavisi wvlili Seaqvs kacobrio-

bis saerTo ganviTarebaSi, amave dros sakacobrio kul-

turis winsvla xels uwyobs calkeuli eris kulturis

donis amaRlebas. amrigad, erovnuli da sakacobrio

kulturaTa urTierToba mTelisa da nawilis urTierT-

mimarTebaa: mTeli ar arsebobs nawilis gareSe da

piriqiT.

ilias es pozicia TvalnaTliv gamoikveTa rusTave-

lis `vefxistyaosnis~ im cnobil SefasebaSi, romelic

akaki wereTelTan paeqrobaSi Camoayaliba werilSi:

`akaki wereTeli da `vefxistyaosani~. akaki wereTeli

`vefxistyaosnis~ originalobis dasabuTebis mizniT

poemis gmirTa xasiaTSi eZebda qarTul eTnografiul

niSan-Tvisebebs. mizani, cxadia, keTilSobiluri iyo:

erovnuli Zirebis amocnobisaTvis poemaSi argumentebis

Zieba, magram Sedegi Canafiqris sapirispiro gamouvida.

rusTavelis gmirebi viwro eTnikuri gadmosaxedidan

dainaxa da ara zogadsakacobrio asparezidan, rac, bu-

nebrivia, amcirebda rusTavelis poemis namdvil Rirse-

bas. iliam swored am kuTxiT gaakritika akakiseuli

Sefaseba da sruli kategoriulobiT rusTavelis poemis

zogadsakacobrio mniSvnelobas gausva xazi. ilias az-

riT, rusTavelis genialoba isaa, rom misi personaJebis

mxatvruli saxeebi arc viwro eTnikuri CarCoebiT aris

329

SemozRuduli da arc erovnul niadags mowyvetili.

rusTavelis gmirebi erTdroulad arian erovnuli, qar-

Tuli da amave zogadsakacobrio niSnebis matarebelni:

`msoflio geniosebi – mwerlebi – imitom arian msof-

lioni, rom maTs naxatSi, romelis erisac gindaT, im

eris kacs icnobT~.11 `am sazomiT~, `am sawyaoTi~ afasebs

ilia baironis, Seqspiris, baraTaSvilis Rvawls msof-

lio kulturis saganZurSi.

$3. akaki wereTeli (1840–1915)

akaki wereTeli upirvelesad poeti iyo, romelsac

specialurad filosofiur problemebze ar umuSavia da

arc traqtatebi Seuqmnia esTetikaSi, magram mis mxatv-

rul da publicistur memkvidreobaSi sainteresod

vlindeba filosofiur-esTetikuri problemebisadmi

originaluri midgoma.

akaki wereTlis mxatvruli Semoqmedebisa da Teo-

riuli naazrevis saerTo mimarTuleba gviCvenebs, rom

filosofiur-msoflmxedvelobrivi koncefciiT igi ti-

puri ganmanaTlebelia, romelic sazogadoebriv gar-

daqmnebs gonebriv ganviTarebas ukavSirebs. erTgan igi

xazgasmiT ambobs: `yoveli bedniereba xalxisa aris

damokidebuli mis gonebiT mdgomareobaze, rom uswav-

lelad da gaunaTleblad SeuZlebelia misi cxovrebis

gaumjobeseba, ganviTareba da, erTi sityviT, misi

winsvla anu progresi12.

akaki saintereso kuTxiT ayenebs sakiTxs umaRlesi

Rirebulebebisadmi adamianis damokidebulebaze. am uka-

nasknels adamianis moTxovnilebebi gansazRvravs. akaki

msjelobs imis Sesaxeb, rom adamianis buneba RvTaeb-

330

rivi gonierebiTa da sikeTiT xasiaTdeba, amave dros mas

miwieri (bunebrivi) pirovnuli da sazogadoebrivi moT-

xovnilebebic gaaCnia. umaRles adamianur moTxovnile-

bebze msjelobisas poets mxedvelobaSi aqvs e.w.

`esTetikuri triada~ - gnoseologiuri, esTetikuri da

eTikuri Rirebulebebis erTianoba da misdami adamianis

damokidebuleba. akakis azriT, WeSmaritebis, mSveniere-

bisa da sikeTis – am obieqturi da umaRlesi Rirebu-

lebebis realizaciis procesSi vlindeba adamianis

arseba da misi cxovrebis sazrisi. misTvis miuRebelia

iseTi sazogadoeba, sadac adamianebi mxolod pirad

(`pirutyvul moTxovnilebebs~ uwodebs mas akaki – l.w.)

keTildReobaze zrunaven da cxovrebis devizad gaux-

diaT principi: `Tu me aRar viqne, qva qvazedac nuRar

yofilao~, rac ar Seefereba adamianis, rogorc socia-

luri arsebis, bunebas, igi unda Seicvalos sazogadoe-

biT, romlis drosac yvelas saarsebo principi iqneba:

`erTi yvelasaTvis da yvela erTisaTvis~13. akakis swams,

rom am principze agebuli sazogadoebrivi urTierToba,

romelic jerjerobiT idealis sferos ganekuTvneba,

male damyardeba. amis niSnebs Tavisi qveynis Rirseul

SvilTa moRvaweobaSi xedavs rogorc winaparTa Soris,

ise TanamedroveebSic, kerZod, am rwmenas ganumtkicebs

n. baraTaSvilis poeturi Semoqmedeba.

akaki wereTeli n. baraTaSvilis poeziis sidiades

awmyosa da warsulze godebaSi ki ar xedavs, aramed

STamomavlobisaTvis samomavlo gzis gakvalvaSi, imaSi,

rom poetma Tavis TavSi monaxa Zala – gaeqca `Savs

yorans~ da `gadmosZaxa axal STamomavlobas... me ar da-

veZeb arc tols, arc naTesavs da arc sxva rames, SenT-

vis Semomiwiravs, STamomavlobav, Cemi awmyo bednie-

rebao~. zogadadamianuri satkivari, romelSic erovnuli

da pirovnulic CarTulia, awuxebda n. baraTaSvils da,

akakis azriT, am wuxilSi mas STamomavlebidan ilia

331

WavWavaZe gamoexmaura, amitom `baraTaSvili da WavWavaZe

swored erTs taxtzed sxdomis Rirsebi arian, erTgvari

damsaxureba aqvs Cvens literaturaSi... erTis sityviT,

egeni arian mose da aaroni Cvenis literaturisa~.

niSandoblivia, rom akaki ar Semoifargleba adamia-

nis arsebis socialur-zneobrivi gagebiT, igi adamians

`RvTaebriv xatebad~ warmoidgens. àdamiani aris gaCeni-

li xatad da msgavsad RvTisa, Tavisuflad da ara

monad~, - wers erTgan akaki. RmerTs, rogorc umaRlesi

gonierebis simbolur saxes, adamiani emsgavseba grZno-

biT da gonebiT: òri ram amaRlebs da aRmerTebs kacs,

guli da Tavi, ese igi, grZnoba da Wkua~. miwierisa da

zecieris, adamianurobisa da RvTaebriobis harmoniu-

loba gansaxierebulia eris rCeulSi, vTqvaT poetSi,

romlis arsebaSi, akakis TqmiT, ès ori Zala mudam

ebrZvis: xan erTi imorCilebs da xan meore~, xolo,

roca es Zalebi èrTmaneTs uTanxmdebian~, maSin ìsini

emsgavsebian maRals zegardmoCagonebul qmnilebebs~,

romlebic maRldebian materialur arsebebze da aRweven

ùtyuar~ anu umaRles WeSmaritebas movlenaTa arsebis

Sesaxeb.

erTiani, ganuyofeli samyaros xedva mTlianobaSia

SesaZlebeli. amisaTvis poeti – Semoqmedi iyenebs gul-

sac da gonebasac, sxvagvarad rom vTqvaT, emociuri aR-

qmisa da gancdis unaris, mxatvruli asaxvis princi-

pebis, meTodisa da msoflmxedvelobis erTianoba Semoq-

meds aZlevs samyaros filosofiur-esTetikuri ganWvre-

tis saSualebas. mxolod maSin SeuZlia mas am qveynis

mware zari SeuerTos im qveynis `zevsurs~. amitom mou-

wodebs akaki SemoqmedebiTs unarebs – gonebasa da

grZnobas: àmaRldiT grZnobav!... ascildiT mzes da mTva-

resa!... SeukavSirdiT varskvlavebs, mocimcim-moelvaresa,

SeityveT saidumloeba zeciur tkbili xmebisa da Seis-

wavleT kanoni imaTi SeTanxmebisa~14.

332

akaki wereTeli adamianis arsobrivi unarebis srul

gamovlenas xelovanSi xedavs, rogorc RvTisa da eris

rCeulSi. akaki xazs usvams poeturi xelovnebis speci-

fikur bunebas, niWis `zegardmo movlinebas~, misTvis

poeti xan `ugunuria~, xan - `brZeni~, STagoneba ki `ciu-

ri tkbili Zala~ da a.S. am calkeuli gamonaTqvamebis

miuxedavad, akakis mxatvruli Semoqmedebisa da Teori-

ul-estetikuri memkvidreobis mTlianobaSi gaazreba

gviCvenebs, rom did poets xelovneba esmis rogorc ada-

mianis moRvaweobis specifikuri forma. am Tvalsazri-

siT sainteresoa misi azri publicisturi werilidan,

romelSic igi dawvrilebiT aRwers SemoqmedebiTi pro-

cesis `saidumloebas~: `rodesac poeti Seudgeba rome-

lime sagnis xelovnebiT gamoxatvas, maSin misi goneba

eqvemdebareba mxolod im erTs mxatvrobis sagans, aris

misgan gatacebuli da im dros poetis fiqrebi sxva

rameebzed Cveulebrivad aRar gadadian; is erTi sagania

mxolod maSin misi gulis-Tqma, misi survili, gareSe

fiqrebi veRar exebian mRelvare guls da aRSfoTebul

suls, TiTqmis unebur-grZnobiT ganmsWvaluli jojo-

xeTs da Tavis sasufevelsac~15. am sityvebSi akaki xazs

usvams mxatvrul-SemoqmedebiTi procesis im specifikas,

romelic, upirvelesad, TviT xelovanis niWiT da war-

mosaxvis unarebiT aris ganpirobebuli, magram, amave

dros, araerTgzis miuTiTebs, rom SemoqmedebiT unarebs

mudam sWirdeba swavliTa da SromiT xelis Sewyoba,

ganviTareba: `zogierTebs gaugonia, rom mwerlisaTvis

zegardmo STagonebaa saWiro da is ki aRar ician, rom

imasac kibe eWirveba maRliT Camosasvlelad da es kibe

aris, niWis garda, swavla, codna da Sromis moyva-

reoba~.

kiTxvaze: `ra eWirveba mwerals?~ - akaki pasuxobs:

`ai, ra: 1) unda niWi hqondes; 2) dro da Jamis Sesa-

ferisad unda iyos naswavli da ganviTarebuli; 3) unda

333

Seswavlili hqondes is ena, romelzec apirebs weras; 4)

gulwrfeli unda iyos... TavisTavs ise unda uyurebdes,

rogorc mociqulsa da qveynis moZRvars: uSiSari unda

iyos, Seupovari, mtermoyvareobis gadauyoleli, rasac

xalxs eubneba, is unda guliswmindiT iyos naTqvami, ise

rogorc aRsarebaa qristes winaSe, piradoba Seswiros

sazogados da mzad iyos, rom gaWirveba da usamarT-

loba aitanos xolme~16. SeiZleba iTqvas, rom aq akakis

mTeli kredo aqvs mocemuli im principebisa, riTac igi

xelmZRvanelobda, rogorc WeSmariti xelovani da

xalxis gulis mesaidumle.

SemoqmedebiTi unarebis kvlevisas akaki specialurad

exeba geniisa da geniosis problemas. misi azriT, genio-

si SemTxveviT ar ibadeba qveyanaze: misi gamoCena subieq-

turi faqtorebis (niWi, talanti) garda, mTlianad damo-

kidebulia obieqtur faqtorzec – sazogadoebriv

garemoze. akakis azriT, rusTavelis niWi iqneb dakargu-

liyo, rom imdroindel saqarTvelos socialur-

politikursa da ekonomikur cxovrebas gonebis sazrdo

ar mieca misTvis: `rogorc futkari Tavis samzadiss

nawil-nawil agrovebs... ase imanac, ese igi, rusTavelmac

Tavisi grZnoba – gonebis masala ipova qarTvelebSi,

aqa-iq gabneuli moagrova da gaaerTiana~.

akaki aRniSnavda, rom geniosi xelovani upirvelesad

Tavisi eris RviZli Svilia, romelic erovnul satki-

vars Tu sixaruls zogadkacobriulis rangSi aiyvans:

`mxolod genios ers SeuZlia warmoSos vinme geniosi _

ese igi ganmaxorcielebeli da ganmaerTianebeli im sage-

niosos nawilebis, romelic aqa-iq xalxSivea gabneuli~,

_ wers igi. misi azriT, arseboben xelovanTa tipebi,

romelTa Semoqmedebis moedani romelime erTi eris

farglebSi Tavsdeba. esec Tavisi mizeziTaa Sepirobebu-

li; radgan `yovel ers Tavisi sakuTari, erTimeorisagan

gansxvavebuli saxe aqvs da maT literaturasac, ro-

334

gorc sarkes ama Tu im erisas, gansakuTrebuli elferi

unda edvas~. `geniosoba nayofia~, - acxadebda akaki. mas

swamda, rom erovnul niadagze myarad mdgar xelovans

ZaluZs mxolod zogadsakacobrios, sxva erisaTvis Ri-

rebulis Seqmna, amave dros, mtkiced iyo darwmunebuli,

rom axali ideebis gareSe, naTeli da WeSmariti idea-

lebis gareSe, didi niWiTac dajildoebuli xelovani

verafers Seqmnis Rirebuls. akakis azriT, sinamdvilis

xilva axali ideebis prizmidan axali mxatvruli xer-

xebis, saSualebebis SerCevas, aRmoCenas moiTxovs, rac

mxolod WeSmarit talants, genioss xelewifeba.

TviT akaki amgvari poeturi niWis gansaxiereba iyo,

suliT xorcamde poets SeeZlo Cveulebrivi prozauli

movlenac ki maRali poeziis sagnad eqcia da mieca mis-

Tvis zogadadamianuri mniSvneloba.

$4. niko nikolaZe (1843-1928)

niko nikolaZe qarTvel moazrovneTa im Taobis

tipuri warmomadgenelia, romelmac xelovnebas mosTxo-

va `namdvili cxovrebis~ codna, yoveldRiuri brZola

misi gaumjobesebisTvis, `sasargeblo moqmedeba~ sazoga-

doebriv saWiroebaTa Sesabamisad, igi ganmanaTleblur-

demokratiuli praqticizmis principebis erT-erTi yve-

laze Tanamimdevruli gamtarebelia. didi samocianeli

Tavis Sexedulebebs xelovnebis arsisa da misi daniS-

nulebis Sesaxeb swored am principebis safuZvelze aya-

libebda.

nikolaZesTan xelovnebis arsis garkvevisas wina

planze dgas xelovnebis uSualo kavSiri cxovrebasTan.

misi TqmiT, xelovneba `kacis gulis mcnobi mecnierebaa~

335

da saqme aqvs adamianis sulieri samyaros – misi misw-

rafebebis, gancdebis, mTeli sulieri moZraobis Rrmad

Seswavlasa da amaRlebul poetur warmosaxvasTan. niko-

laZe xelovnebas miiCnevs sinamdvilis asaxvad, amave

dros miuTiTebs im Taviseburebebze, riTac mxatvruli

asaxva gansxvavdeba asaxvis sxva formebisagan. es Tavi-

sebureba, misi azriT, sinamdvilis `xatovan-suraTovani~

gamosaxvaa. mxatvruli saxe cnebis msgavsad sinamdvilis

ganzogadebuli asaxvaa, magram individualizebuli,

grZnobad-konkretuli formiT. nikolaZis mixedviT, swo-

red zogadis grZnobad-konkretuli gamosaxva aris xe-

lovnebis specifika. mxatvruli gamosaxvis formaa `poe-

turi feri~, `poeturi suraTi~, riTac xelovneba

adamianze esTetikur zemoqmedebas iwvevs. `beletristi

suraTebiT unda sjides cxovrebas da ara sityvebiT. is

mxatvari unda iyos da ara rezoneri~17.

rogorc vxedavT, nikolaZe xelovnebas sinamdvilis

Semecnebis mxatvrul formad miiCnevs. misi azriT,

sinamdvilis mxatvruli aTvisebis buneba xelovnebis Se-

mecnebiTi da esTetikuri mxareebis erTianobiT vlin-

deba. igi, savsebiT marTebulad, Tvlis, rom mxatvrul

saxeSi mocemuli sinamdvile xelovanis azrovnebisa da

gancdebis prizmaSi gadamtydari obieqturi sinamdvilis

subieqturi suraTia. Semoqmedi moazrovne subieqtia da

ara sarke, `romelic yovelTvis swored warmoadgens

yvelafers, rac mis win gaivlis an gaCerdeba~18.

niko nikolaZis Teoriul-esTetikur memkvidreobaSi

xelovnebis bunebisa da socialuri funqciebis kvlevis

dros mniSvnelovani adgili eTmoba xelovnebis isto-

riuli ganviTarebis Sesaxeb mis zogadTeoriul mosaz-

rebebs. igi sayuradRebo daskvnamde midis mxatvruli da

sazogadoebrivi ganviTarebis procesTa urTierTkavSi-

ris Sesaxeb msjelobisas.

336

nikolaZe sazogadoebis aRzrdisa da cxovrebis gaum-

jobesebisaTvis brZolaSi udides rols aniWebs xelov-

nebas, magram ar vardeba ukiduresobaSi da, zogierTi

Tanamoazrisgan gansxvavebiT, ar axdens cxovrebaze

xelovnebis zemoqmedebiTi Zalis absolutizacias. igi

am Zalis metnaklebad gamovlenis SesaZleblobebs cxov-

rebis konkretul-istoriuli pirobebiT xsnis: xelovne-

bas (literaturas) yovelTvis ar SeuZlia iyos asaxva

Tanamedrove sazogadoebisa da rom àsaxvis~ didi Tu

mcire sizuste damokidebulia sazogadoebriv pirobeb-

ze.

marTebulia nikolaZis azri, rom xelovnebaSi rea-

lizebul sazogadoebriv tendenciebsa da miswrafebebs

cxovrebiseuli movlenebi warmoSobs. rac ar aris

sinamdvileSi, an risi arsebobac momzadebuli ar aris

sazogadoebrivi ganviTarebiT, is arc xelovnebaSia Se-

saZlebeli. magram, roca saqme socialur-erovnuli wina-

aRmdegobebis Sedegad sazogadoebriv cxovrebaSi war-

moSobil tendenciebs exeba, aq xelovneba srulad av-

lens Tavis SesaZleblobebs: epoqis miswrafebebis swo-

ri an mcdari analizis safuZvelze aCqarebs an anelebs

maT ganviTarebas.

xelovnebis ganviTarebas obieqturi safuZveli aqvs –

sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis moTxovnilebebi. amis dastu-

rad nikolaZes mohyavs is faqti, rom èrTi da igive

mdgomareoba da erTi da igive moTxovnilebani or

xalxSi, romelTac sruliad araviTari urTierToba ar

moepovebaT, warmoSobs erTgvar cnebebs, poetur saxeebs,

azrebs, legendebs, bgerebsa da sityvebs.~ xelovneba

adamianis sulis gamoxatulebaa. adamianebs ki yvela

gvarisa da yvela droisa, survilebis garda, saerTo

istoriuli miznebi amoZravebT. èWvic ar aris, - SeniS-

navs nikolaZe, - kacobriobis kulturis istoriis

ZiriTad moTxovnilebaTa arsebobaSi, rac ganapirobebs

337

imas, rom ganurCevlad erovnuli Taviseburebisa, civi-

lizaciis istoriaSi SeiniSneba mxatvruli moRvaweobis

Sinaarsobrivi mxaris ganviTarebis erTiani xazi~19.

ras gulisxmobs nikolaZe xelovnebis ganviTarebaSi?

xelovneba cxovrebis nawilia, amdenad emorCileba

kidec misi ganviTarebis kanonebs. cxovrebis winsvla,

ganviTarebis ufro maRla safexurze misi asvla gan-

sazRvravs xelovnebis progress. nikolaZis azriT, `li-

teraturis (xelovnebis – l.w.) yoveli nabiji da gan-

viTareba damokidebulia im pirobebze, romelSic igia

Cayenebuli~. xelovneba, rogorc adamianTa materialuri

urTierTobis Sedegi, uaRresad cvalebadi movlenaa da

obieqturi safuZveli, romelic xelovnebis ganviTa-

rebis istoriul xasiaTs ganapirobebs, sazogadoebriv-

istoriuli garemos Taviseburebania.

niko nikolaZe Tavisi literaturul-esTetikuri

SexedulebebiT kritikuli realizmis Teoriis erT-erTi

fuZemdebelia qarTul esTetikur azrovnebaSi. misi rea-

lizmis Teoria qarTuli mxatvruli sinamdvilis kri-

tikul-esTetikuri analizis niadagze SemuSavda, amave

dros erTgvarad davalebulia rusul klasikur esTe-

tikaSi SemuSavebuli realisturi principebisagan. mxed-

velobaSi gvaqvs n. CerniSevskis mier Camoyalibebuli

sinamdvilis `Seuferavi~ asaxvis principebi, romlebic

b. belinskisa da n. gogolis realisturi tradiciebis

ganviTarebas warmoadgenda.

samecniero literaturaSi aRiarebulia azri, rom

niko nikolaZem CerniSevskis gavleniT (piradad icnobda

n. CerniSevskis) pirvelma Semoitana `Seuferavi realiz-

mis~ cneba qarTul sinamdvileSi. `Seuferavi realizmi~,

nikolaZiseuli gagebiT, realizmis axali Teoria rodi

iyo, aramed satirul-kritikuli nakadis gaZlierebiT

mis erT-erT princips warmoadgenda da sruliadac ar

338

upirispirdeboda ilia WavWavaZis kritikuli realizmis

SemoqmedebiT meTods.

nikolaZe xelovnebisgan sinamdvilis yalbi ideali-

zaciisa da yovelgvari Seferadebis gareSe, simarTliT

asaxvas iTxovda: `mwerlobaSi SeuferavaT da swored

unda gamoixatebodes Tanamedrove cxovreba~. xelovne-

baSi satirul-kritikuli paTosis gamoxatvis brwyinva-

le magaliTebs nikolaZe Tavisi drois rusulsa da qar-

Tul literaturaSi xedavs, kerZod, n. gogolis `revi-

zorSi~, misi TqmiT, vxedavT ara kerZoul, adgilobriv

movlenas, erTi qalaqis moxeleTa ambavs, aramed TviT-

mpyrobeluri reJimis mTeli sistemis mxilebas.20

nikolaZe aRtacebiT saubrobs ilia WavWavaZis mxatv-

rul prozaSi satiruli nakadis siZliereze. `kacia-

adamianSi?!~, `glexebis ganTavisuflebis scenebSi~, misi

TqmiT, `sarkazmis Zliereba... Tanamedrove cxovrebis

saWiroebas, sazogado saqmes da sayovelTao kiTxvas~

pasuxs aZlevs. nikolaZe afasebs sarkazmis Zalas: `mwer-

lobaSi didi gavlena aqvs mwvave da sastik sjas,

dacinvas, ironias...~.21

amrigad, nikolaZe `Seuferavi realizmis~ ZiriTadi

principis – sinamdvilisadmi mZafri kritikuli damoki-

debulebis poziciidan mTlianad icavs kritikuli rea-

lizmis SemoqmedebiTi meTodis moTxovnebs: `cxovrebis

dRis wesrigSi mdgomi sakiTxebisadmi mgznebare damoki-

debuleba da adgilobrivi cxovrebis uaryofiTi movle-

nebis sarkastuli gakicxva~ - ai, kritikuli realizmis

axali sityva, romelic, nikolaZis azriT, 70-iani wlebi-

dan qarTuli literaturis ZiriTadi niSani unda yofi-

liyo.

xalxurobis, rogorc realisturi xelovnebis erT-

erT arsebiT niSაnze msjelobisas nikolaZe logikuri

TanamimdevrobiTa da mxatvruli faqtebis swori SerCe-

339

viT aCvenebs, rom xalxuroba gulisxmobs xelovnebis

erovnulsa da zogadsakacobrio xasiaTs. misi azriT,

erovnul niadagze mdgomi Semoqmedi, eris sake-

TildReod moRvawe adamiani, rac unda mcire da mo-

ridebul Sromas eweodes Tavisi eris sasikeTod, pati-

viscemas imsaxurebs ara marto Tavis xalxSi, aramed

mTeli kacobriobis winaSe. Tavisi xalxis miswrafebebis

gamomxatveli xelovneba zogadkacobriul idealebsac

gamoxatavs. genialuri xelovani arasodes ar ifargleba

viwro erovnuli da epoqaluri CarCoebiT da zogadsaka-

cobrio humanisturi ideebiT sayovelTao zogadadamia-

nurs exmianeba. nikolaZis rwmeniT, aseTi iyo baironi:

`baironi ar iyo arc ingliseli, arc frangi, arc rusi,

arc berZeni, arc italieli, arc espaneli, baironi iyo

mxolod adamiani~.

nikolaZe xelovnebas adamianis sulieri samyaros –

fiqrebis, miswrafebebis, idealebis, miznebis – gamoxa-

tulebad miiCnevs. xelovnebaSi adamianis SemoqmedebiTi

moRvaweobis Sedegad sasurveli cxovrebis modelia

realizebuli, amitom WeSmarit mxatvrul Rirebulebas

maradiuli sicocxlisunarianoba axasiaTebs: `xelovneba

ukvdavia da ar SeiZleba daiRupos... iRupeba mxolod is,

rac yalb xelovnebaSi kerZo, individualuri da

wvrilmania~.22 adamiani qmnida da qmnis xelovnebas, raTa

misi saSualebiT Seicnos samyaro, ganicados misi

silamaze, datkbes sulierad, optimisturad uyuros im

momavals, romelic man TviTon unda moipovos brZo-

liTa da SromiT. swored amaSi xedavda niko nikolaZe

xelovnebis maradiulobis safuZvels.

340

$5. giorgi wereTeli (1842-1900)

g. wereTlis esTetikur naazrevs safuZvlad uZevs

misi filosofiuri da sazogadoebriv-politikuri Sexe-

dulebebi. amitomac misi esTetikuri Teoriis ZiriTadi

Taviseburebani ganpirobebulia sabunebismetyvelo-mate-

rialisturi da ganmanaTleblur-demokratiuli msofl-

mxedvelobis SinaarsiT, ris gauTvaliswineblad bevri

ram auxsneli darCeba g. wereTlis Teoriul-esTetikur

naazrevSi.

mTavari sakiTxi, rac gansakuTrebul adgils iWers

g. wereTlis Teoriul-esTetikur naazrevSi, xelovnebi-

sa da literaturis arsisa da sazogadoebrivi daniSnu-

lebis sakiTxia.

mwerali xelovnebas mecnierebis gverdiT ayenebs,

radgan sazogadoebrivi cnobierebis orive am formas

sazogadoebis ganaTlebis funqcias akisrebs (ganmanaT-

leblur funqcias). aqedan gamomdinareobs is utilita-

ruli Tvalsazrisi, rac safuZvlad uZevs g. wereTel-

Tan xelovnebisa da literaturis sazogadoebrivi da-

niSnulebis sakiTxis garkvevas. misi azriT, mxatvruli

Semoqmedebis dargebi xels uwyobs xalxis gonebriv gan-

viTarebas, adamianis zneobriv srulqmnas, xelovani

suraTebiT warmogvidgens calkeul adamianTa xasiaTe-

bis nakls, `angarebiT moyvareobas, sazogadoebriv uZ-

lurebas da a.S. emsaxureba adamianebis gonebrivi gamoR-

viZebis praqtikul daniSnulebas~23.

g. wereTlis azriT, WeSmariti xelovneba, romelic

mecnierebasTan erTad xalxis cxovrebis gaumjobesebas

isaxavs miznad, mis gardaqmnaze unda zrunavdes. `cxov-

rebis cudi mxareebis damaxasiaTebeli mwerali miTi

nugeSobs da imedi ukeTesi momavlisa miT uaTkecdeba,

rom is Rrmad darwmunebulia, Cemi mwerlobiT Tanamed-

341

rove cxovreba gaumjobesdebao da erT nabijs win

wadgamso~24. amitom xelovnebas ar aqvs ufleba ganudges

sazogadoebriv cxovrebas. igi eris tkivilis mkurnalia.

`mavnebelia literatura da poezia, rodesac is ar msa-

xurebs xalxis cxovrebas~.

g. wereTeli xelovnebis sagnad adamians, adamianur

cxovrebas acxadebs. literaturisa da xelovnebis

ZiriTad Sinaarss unda Seadgendes xalxis samyaro, misi

cxovrebis suraTebi, xelovnebis meSveobiT sazogadoeba

Rrmad unda gaerkves Tanamedrove sinamdvilis naklovan

mxareebSi. am TvalsazrisiT, qarTveli sazogado moR-

vawe da qarTuli Teatris erT-erTi mesveurTagani g.

wereTeli kmayofilebiT SeniSnavda qarTuli Teatris

damsaxurebas sazogadoebis gaTviTcnobierebis saqmeSi.

xelovnebis SinaarsSi g. wereTeli ZiriTadad or

mxares ganasxvavebda: mxatvruli qmnileba asaxavs xal-

xis cxovrebas da nergavs idealebs. amasTan es ori

mxare erTmaneTisagan izolirebulad ar aqvs warmodge-

nili. xelovneba ideebis ganviTarebasac isaxavs miznad,

risTvisac mas erT-erTi saSualeba – sinamdvilis si-

marTliT warmosaxva gaaCnia, rac ufro meti sicxovliT

da siRrmiT warmosaxavs sinamdviles, xelovneba miT

ufro Seuwyobs xels sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis gaRvi-

Zebas: `xelovneba da literatura mxolod maSin aris

sazogadoebis gonebis ganmaviTarebeli, roca TviT

cxovrebazea dakavSirebuli, rodesac igi aRmoxatavs

namdvilad zedmowevnili simarTliT, cxovrebis viTa-

rebas, mis gulis tkivilis, mis gulis Wrilobas, rom

sazogadoebam da mTelma ermac samarTlianad iZios

wamali Tavis satkivarisa da damauZlurebeli sagnisa-

gan Tavi ganikurnos~25. am amocanis Sesruleba SeuZlia

mxolod utendencio xelovnebas. g. wereTeli `tenden-

ciurobas~ viwro mniSvnelobiT xmarobs: winaswar momza-

debuli sqemiT sinamdvilis asaxva. xelovneba garkveul

342

ideas unda gamoxatavdes, magram es ideuroba naZala-

devi ki ar unda iyos, Tavisuflad unda gamomdina-

reobdes cxovrebis Seuferavi asaxvidan. `tendenciurs~

uwodebs g. wereTeli iseT mimarTulebas, romlis Za-

liT xelovnebaSi arsebuli sinamdvile ki ar aris gamo-

saxuli, aramed sasurveli: `mavnebelia literatura da

xelovneba, romelic ikvlevs da aRmoxatavs iseT su-

raTs ki ara, romelic cxovrebaSia, aramed iseTs, rome-

lic ar arsebobs, magram misi azriT, sasurvelia, rom

iyos”.

XIX saukunis mxatvrul sinamdvileSi ganzogadebis

principi – tipisa da tipuris gamosaxvis Sesaxeb –

kritikuli realizmis TeoretikosTa azriT, yvelaze

marTebuli da misaRebi SemoqmedebiTi principi iyo: tipi

am Tu im sazogadoebrivi jgufis warmomadgenelTaTvis

damaxasiaTebeli ZiriTadi niSnebis erT saxeSi gaer-

TianebiT iqmneba (aristotele Tavis `poetikaSi~ swored

am mniSvnelobiT xmarobs cnebas `tips~ anu zogads,

rogorc mxatvruli ganzogadebis Sedegs). cxadia, tipi,

rogorc zogadi mxatvruli saxe yvela epoqis realis-

turi xelovnebisaTvis, romelsac saqme aqvs obieqtur

sinamdvilesTan, damaxasiaTebelia. magram XIX s.-is II

naxevris qarTul sinamdvileSi kritikulma realizmma

`tipisa da tipuris~ cnebaSi ufro meti Sinaarsi Cado

gamosaxvis TvalsazrisiT: Semoqmedi mxatvruli samya-

ros Seqmnisas sinamdvilis ganviTarebis logikas mis-

devs, amave dros, TviT realisturi xelovnebis speci-

fikasac ar iviwyebs, rac imaSi gamoixateba, rom igi

ganze tovebs araarsebiTs, SemTxveviTs da warmoaCens

movlenaTa da saganTa arss, damaxasiaTebels, tipurs.

amave dros, xelovnebam obieqturi sinamdvilis subieq-

turad gaazrebuli suraTi unda mogvces. Semoqmedi

akvirdeba sinamdvilis movlenebs, maTi warmoSobisa da

ganviTarebis mizezebs, empiriul masalas gadaamuSavebs

343

Tavis grZnoba-gonebaSi fantaziis, warmosaxvis unarebis

meSveobiT, ganarCevs arsebiTsa da damaxasiaTebels ar

arsebiTsa da SemTxvevisagan da am gziT qmnis tips.

amdenad, tipi ara marto obieqturi sinamdvilis asaxvaa,

aramed xelovanis subieqtur xedvasac gulisxmobs,

akakis sityvebiT: `an Tvals unaxavs da Wkuas gauzom-

auwonia~ (`poeti~).

g. wereTeli tipis Seqmnis zemomiTiTebul meTods –

mravali adamianisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli niSnebis erT

mxatvrul saxeSi Tavmoyras-ar eTanxmeba, radgan miiC-

nevs, rom am gziT mwerali cxovrebis marTali suraTe-

bis nacvlad `cocxal tikinebs~ gvTavazobs: `sazogado

SemkreblobiTi movlenis nayofi~ cxovrebaSi yvelgan

da yovelTvis moipoveba mza saxiT da, maSasadame,

saWiro araa misi Seqmna, sakmarisia mxolod moinaxos,

Semdeg ki zustad gadavides nawarmoebSi~26. xelovanis

sidiade, g. wereTlis mtkicebiT, ganisazRvreba imiT, Tu

ramdenad Seswevs unari zustad asaxos konkretuli

sinamdvilis esa Tu is `cocxali tipi~ e.i. prototipi,

amrigad, g. wereTeli tipis Seqmnis erTaderT gzas pro-

totipis gamoZebnaSi xedavs.

ra Tqma unda, prototipis Seqmnis principi mxatv-

rul praqtikaSi sakmaod cnobilia, magram giorgi we-

reTlis Tvalsazrisis calmxrivoba imaSi mdgomareobs,

rom igi kategoriulad uaryofs tipis `SeTxzvis~ gzas.

winaaRmdeg sakuTari Teoriuli dogmebisa. g. wereTeli

mxatvrul SemoqmedebaSi Txzavda tipebs, gvixatavda

`mogonil suraTebs~. erT-erTi aseTi `SeTxzuli~ tipia

kudabzika, romelic n. nikolaZis marTebuli SeniSvniT,

`es kudabzika-namdvili tipia...~ imdroindeli wvrilfexa

imeruli aznauris ganzogadebuli saxea..27

g. wereTlis Tvalsazrisi tipizaciis Sesaxeb saTa-

ves iRebs n. CerniSevskis Sexedulebebidan. CerniSevski

tipurobasTan dakavSirebiT ar uaryofda, rom xe-

344

lovneba gamoavlens zogads, magram, amasTan, Tvlida,

rom es zogadi ukve arsebobs im cocxal realur sa-

xeSi, romelic mxatvruli saxis prototipad unda iqces.

saWiroa mxolod, da amaSia poeturi geniis amocana –

monaxos es originali da zustad asaxos. samecniero

literaturaSi miTiTebulia, rom aRniSnuli calmxri-

voba Sedegia im Seurigebeli polemikisa, romelsac

CerniSevski awarmoebda idealisturi esTetikis winaaRm-

deg. misi polemikuri paTosi imis Cvenebisaken iyo mimar-

Tuli, rom xelovnebis fesvebi realur cxovrebaSia da

ara absoluturi ideebis samyaroSi. maSasadame, xelov-

nebaSi tipuri uSualod eyrdnoba cxovrebiseul pir-

velsaxes.

rac Seexeba g. wereTlisa da nikolaZiseul pozi-

ciaTa gansxvavebas tipizaciis sakiTxSi, nikolaZec iye-

nebas `Seuferavi asaxvis~ termins, magram masSi kriti-

kul realizms gulisxmobs, nikolaZe Tanamimdevrulia,

mtkiced icavs kritikuli realizmis iliaseul xazs.

`Seuferavi asaxvis~ brwyinvale magaliTs ilias `kacia-

adamianSi~ xedavs da am cnebis qveS mxolod kritikul-

satiruli nakadis gaZlierebas gulisxmobs.

daskvnis saxiT aRvniSnavT, rom miuxedavad gansxva-

vebisa, giorgi wereTeli Tavisi realizmis TeoriiT

qarTvel samocianelTa kritikuli realizmis ZiriTad

xazs mihyveba, Tumca mis esTetikur SexedulebebSi gar-

kveviT moCans is winaaRmdegobani, rac kritikuli rea-

lizmis, rogorc SemoqmedebiTi meTodis, Camoyalibebas

axlda Tan.

345

$6. anton furcelaZe (1839-1913)

a. furcelaZe sxva samocianelebTan erTad ibrZoda

kritikuli realizmis damkvidrebisaTvis mxatvrul li-

teraturaSi. igi, rogorc radikalurad moazrovne da

progresuli ideebis gamtarebeli, samoRvaweo asparezze

gamosvlisTanave ikavebs Cveni sazogadoebrivi cxovre-

bis kulturul-inteleqtualur sferoSi TvalsaCino

adgils.

anton furcelaZis azriT, xelovnebis sagani aris

sinamdvile, romelic simarTliT unda aisaxos. mxo-

lod mza sinamdvile ver iqneba misi asaxvis sagani, si-

namdvilis movlenebs SerCeva unda im ideuri pozicii-

dan, razec xelovani dgas. igi savsebiT sworad msje-

lobs imis Sesaxeb, rom obieqti mxatvrul nawarmoebSi

warmodgenilia subieqturad, e.i. sinamdvilidan aRebuli

masala gatardeba mwerlis Segnebis prizmaSi; amdenad,

xelovnebis sagani `subieqtivirebuli~ sinamdvilea, mwe-

rali ver iqneba gulgrili sazogadoebrivi movlenebi-

sadmi, mas Tavisi ideuri pozicia, msoflmxedveloba

gaaCnia, rac sinamdvilis SefasebaSi exmareba. amgvar xe-

lovans tendenciurobas ukiJinebeno, - wers furcelaZe,

- magram gaaCnia tendenciasac. reaqciuli tendencia ar

eTanxmeba samyaros ganviTarebis obieqtur kanonebs,

progresuli tendenciebi srul harmoniaSia movlenebis

ganviTarebis zogad kanonzomierebasTan. tendenciuroba,

rac Semoqmedis mizandasaxulobas gulisxmobs, gamoric-

xavs yalb obieqtivizms. a. furcelaZe ilaSqrebs am

ukanasknelis winaaRmdeg, amasTan, moiTxovs sinamdvili-

sadmi erTgulebas. aq araviTari winaaRmdegoba ar aris,

radgan, misi azriT, tendenciuroba sulac ar gamo-

ricxavs sinamdvilisadmi erTgulebas, piriqiT, xelovne-

bis nawarmoebSi aucilebelia miznis sicxade, rameTu

346

igi namdvil suraTs iZleva sinamdvilis Sesaxeb. xe-

lovneba cnobieri aqtia, xolo adamianis yoveli goniv-

ruli qmedeba gamiznulia raRacisaTvis. Semoqmedebac

winaswar SemuSavebuli azris (ideis) garkveuli tenden-

ciis ganxorcielebaa.

vis unda emsaxurebodes xelovneba? _ xalxs! a. fur-

celaZe xalxis interesebis dacvas avalebs qarTvel

mwerlebs. `xalxSi~ igi sazogadoebis yvela fenas gu-

lisxmobs, Tumca Tavisi praqtikuli moRvaweobiTa Tu

mxatvruli SemoqmedebiT ufro metad demokratiuli

fenis, mSromelTa interesebs emsaxureba. realuri

sinamdvilis swori asaxva xalxis interesebis dacviT -

ai, WeSmariti xelovanis aucilebeli movaleoba

a. furcelaZis azriT, mkiTxvelze esTetikur ze-

moqmedebas axdens nawarmoebis ara marto Sinaarsi,

aramed Sesaferisi formac. samwuxarod, am princips,

TviT furcelaZe, rogorc amas misi Tanamedroveni Se-

niSnavdnen, bolomde ver atarebda. `igi did ostatobas

iCenda Sinaarsis gamoZebnaSi, magram srulebiT ver

axerxebda WeSmarit kazmul xelovnebaSi am warmtaci

Sinaarsis gamosaxvas~.28 Tumca, a. furcelaZis kalams

iseTi mxatvruli tiloc Seuqmnia, romelic qarTul

mwerlobaSi gansakuTrebul adgils iWers mxatvrul-

esTetikuri RirebulebiT. kerZod, misi `maci xvitia~

erT-erTi srulyofili nawarmoebia XIX saukunis qar-

Tul prozaSi. am romanSi Zlieri mxatvruli formebi-

Taa ganqiqebuli qarTvel feodalTa qiSpoba, ris

Sedegadac udanaSaulo adamianebis sisxliT irwyveboda

qveyana.

interesmoklebuli araa a. furcelaZis msjeloba

tipisa da tipurobis Sesaxeb. kritikuli realizmi xe-

lovnebis arss tipuris gansaxierebaSi xedavs. amitomac

gansakuTrebul yuradRebas aqcevs zogads, rogorc ar-

sebiT (damaxasiaTebels): xsenebul sakiTxSi furcelaZe

347

ilias gzas mihyveba. igi aRtacebulia luarsabis mxatv-

ruli saxiT, rogorc tipurobis brwyinvale nimuSiT:

`luarsabebi iseTi tipebi arian, romlebzedac aRbeWdi-

lia sazogadoebis cxovrebis gonebrivi da zneobrivi

xrwna da lpoba~. Aa. furcelaZis azriT, ara marto

luarsabi da misi kar-midamo, aramed am moTxrobis sxva

moqmedi pirebic zogadi saxeebi arian. magaliTad, davi-

Ti iseTi `qarTvelia, romlis msgavsic kacs SeiZleba

yovel nabijze Sexvdes~, xolo `daviTis coli elisa-

bedi warmoadgens TaTqariZevSCinis~ Tavisebur saxes.

tipuri saxeebis Seqmnis ostatobas xedavs mwerali d.

WonqaZis `suramis cixeSi~, romlis avtori, misi TqmiT,

`marjved hkrefs gonebis TvaliT. gareSeT movlinebas

da Tavgadasavals gviCvenebs im moqmedebasa da movli-

nebaSi sazogado sibrmaves~.29

ra SemoqmedebiTi ZaliTa da unariT iqmneba mxatvru-

li saxe, tipi? a. furcelaZis azriT, realuri sinamdvi-

lis konkretuli faqtebis ganzogadeba da am gziT ti-

pizacia fantaziis, ocnebis, warmosaxvis unaris gareSe,

SeuZlebelia. xelovnebis Zegli sinamdvilisa da fanta-

ziis sinTezia da ara mxolod obieqturi sinamdvilis

ucvleli ganmeoreba. furcelaZe miuReblad Tvlis dr-

osa da sivrces mowyvetil fantazias. aseTi ram `opiu-

misagan mTvrali ocnebebia; Cven cru ocnebebi ki ar

gvinda poeziaSi~, aramed sinamdvileze dayrdnobil tips

SeiZleba prototipebi hyavdes an SeiZleba igi SeiTxzas.

orive SemTxvevaSi mwerlis goneba fantaziiT ikvebeba,

fantaziis amosavali ki sinamdvilea.

rogorc vxedavT, fantaziis rolis SefasebaSi a.

furcelaZe qarTvel samocianelTagan originalobiT ar

gamoirCeva. rac Seexeba SeTxzulisa da gamonagonis

mimarTebas prototipebTan, igi iliasa da akakis xazs

ufro mihyveba, vidre g. wereTlisa. g. wereTlisaTvis

348

mxatvruli tipi ukve arsebobs sinamdvileSi da xelo-

vanma igi mxolod unda moZebnos.

dasasrul, SevexoT a. furcelaZis nihilizms. nihi-

lizmi da ukiduresobamde ganviTarebuli utilitariz-

mi, romelic xelovnebisadmi negatiur damokidebulebas

gulisxmobs, xels uSlis furcelaZes piruTvneli da

obieqturi Semfasebeli iyos Tanadrouli mwerlobis mi-

marT da zogjer warsulis memkvidreobisac ki. gansa-

kuTrebiT TvalSi sacemi da calmxrivia misi damokide-

buleba n. baraTaSvilis cnobili leqsisadmi `SemoRame-

ba mTawmindazed~, romelSic kritikosis rolSi myofi

publicisti ver xedavs am leqsis ideur siRrmes da

mxolod formiT SemosazRvravs mis Rirebulebas:

`Cinebuli leqsia, magram mkiTxveli raRac momzadebiT

Seudgeba am leqsis kiTxvas da rodesac gaarkvevs, rCeba

xaxamSrali, gulcarieli, es imitom, rom aqedam ar

amogaqvT gonebis masazrdoebeli lukma~.30 es vrceli

amonaweri imis sailustraciod movitaneT, Tu ramdenad

gacveTili da primitiuli xdeba kritikosisa da mwer-

lis msjeloba, ena, Sefasebis kriteriumebi, roca winas-

war gamzadebuli dogmaturi CarCoebiT Seecdeba xelov-

nebis nimuSebis RirsebaTa gazomvas. furcelaZiseuli

Sefasebebis es ukiduresi utilitarizmi maSinve uaryo

qarTulma kritikam.

a. furcelaZis nihilizmi iyo ZiriTadad uTanxmoebis

mizezi massa da axal Taobas Soris. `saqarTvelos moam-

bis~ mesveurebTan misi kamaTi TiTqos metismeti momT-

xovnelobiT iyo ganpirobebuli. sinamdvileSi es me-

marcxene radikaluri pozicia ufro iyo, vidre is

liberalur-demokratiuli, rasac 60-ian wlebSi axali

Taoba icavda. nihilisturi toni, sabednierod, a. fur-

celaZes didxans ar gahyolia. 1864 wlidan igi kvlav

daubrunda im zomier pozicias, romelic iliasa da aka-

kis TaobasTan aaxlovebda.

349

qarTulma literaturulma kritikam mainc ar apatia

a. furcelaZes `pisareviSCiniT~ gataceba da igi mis

orTodoqsul mimdevrad gamoacxada. aseTi mkacri Se-

faseba dasabams iRebs kita abaSiZis Sexedulebebidan.

`nihilistis~ iarliyi furcelaZem sicocxleSive ver

moiSora, Tumca araerTi statia dawera mis uarsayofad.

miuxedavad misi Semoqmedebisadmi mkacri damokidebu-

lebisa, a. furcelaZem mniSvnelovani kvali datova XIX

saukunis meore naxevris sazogadoebriv da literatu-

rul cxovrebaSi, rasac xazgasmiT aRniSnavdnen misi

Tanamedrovenic.

$7. vaJa-fSavela (1861-1915)

vaJa-fSavela upirvelesad poetia da misi esTetikuri

TvalTaxedva, poeturi gamomsaxvelobis mTeli arsenali

misi msoflmxedvelobiTi kredos gamoxatvas emsaxureba.

magram vaJa-fSavelas msoflmxedvelobriv-esTetikuri

mrwamsi ara marto mxatvruli Semoqmedebis siRrmeebSia

saZiebeli, aramed mis Teoriul-esTetikur Sexedulebeb-

Sic, romlebic publicistikaSi, korespondenciebSi, kri-

tikosebTan polemikuri xasiaTis werilebSia gadmoce-

muli.

vaJas Teoriul naazrevSi esTetikis sakiTxebis sfe-

ro mravalferovania: xelovnebisa da sinamdvilis urTi-

erToba, xelovnebis raoba da sazogadoebrivi daniS-

nuleba, mxatvruli gansaxovnebis specifika, xelovneba-

Si racionalurisa da emocionaluris erTianoba, xelo-

vanis damokidebuleba xalxur SemoqmedebasTan, Semoq-

medis warmosaxviTi unarebis gamovlenis faqtorebi,

forma-Sinaarsis erTianoba, xelovnebis maradiulobis

350

problema da sxv. yvela am problemis Sesaxeb vaJas

Rrmad gaazrebuli, logikurad ganzogadebuli da

sistemaSi moyvanili Sexedulebebi axal istoriul

etaps qmnis XIX s.-is 80-iani wlebidan qarTuli esTeti-

kuri azris istoriaSi. amasTan erTad, vaJas esTetikuri

naazrevi memkvidreobiT kavSirSia qarTuli mxatvrul-

esTetikuri azrovnebis mravalsaukunovan tradiciebTan,

gansakuTrebiT ki, misi uaxloesi winamorbedebis, samo-

cianelebis esTetikur SexedulebebTan.

vaJas esTetika, Teoriuli saxiT Camoyalibebuli,

gvarwmunebs, rom araviTari winaaRmdegoba ar aris

poetis esTetikur mrwamssa da mis mxatvrul Semoqme-

debas Soris. misi leqsebisa da poemebis, moTxrobebis

romantikuli ganwyobileba, gmirTa amaRlebuli saxeebi

pirdapir cxovrebidanaa aRebuli da realistur xa-

siaTs iRebs. vaJasTvis, rogorc TviTon ambobs: `gareSe

bunebisa da adamianTa cxovrebisa, ar aris poezia~;

mwerlis Semoqmedebis sagania yvelaferi, `rasac `buneb-

rioba etyoba~. romantikuli (idealuri) sawyisi adamia-

nis sulis Tvisebaa, romelic cxovrebiseul realobaSi

vlindeba da amitom `bunebrivia~. vaJa magaliTad fSaur

poezias asaxelebs, sadac `ukiduresi idealizmi SeerTe-

bulia ukidures realizmTan~ (aq vaJa `idealizms~

amaRlebulis, romantikulis sinonimad xmarobs – l.w.).

poeti meti TvalsaCinoebisTvis msoflio literatura-

sac mimarTavs: yvelaze romantikuli personaJi don

kixoti, _ vaJas TqmiT, _ Tavisi sulieri SemarTebiT,

xasiaTiT, moqmedebiT bunebasTan aris dakavSirebuli.

`ra aris TviT buneba, Tu ara igive don kixoti, rome-

lic Tavdauzogavad hRelavs, ibrZvis, miiswrafvis, erT-

xel arCeul, aCemebul gzaze...~ arsi maRali aqvs, fiqri

keTili, magram Secdomac bevrSi mosdis, unaklo arc

igia~.31

351

vaJas azriT, xelovneba, rogorc bunebis Sinagani ar-

sisa da cxovrebis saidumloebis amxsneli, idealuris

(sulieris) da realuris (materialuris, cxovrebiseu-

lis) dialeqtikur mTlianobas gvixatavs. samyaro

erTiania – buneba da `kacTa cxovrebac~, ze-yana da qve-

yanac: `mTaSi-mTa, barad-baria, zRva da xmeleTi erTian,

cis varskvlavebis jaria, diliT mze manaTobeli, Ramis

guSagi mTvarea; mdidarT simdidriT RiRini, beCavT qvi-

Tini mwaria~. samyaros mTlianobis gancda vaJas antikur

kosmologiur xedvasTan aaxlovebs: samyaro aris wes-

rigi, harmonia, mSveniereba. bunebas Tavis gonieri saw-

yisi aqvs, romlis Secvla adamians mxolod gonierebiT,

bunebis kanonebis SecnobiT SeuZlia (`sad aris poe-

zia?~). roca samyaros erT nawilSi (bunebaSi) kanonTa

rRveva iwyeba, samyaros meore nawilSi (`kacTa cxovre-

baSi~) usamarTloba, ukanonoba, umsgavsoba ikidebs fexs.

adamianis movaleobaa aqtiuri qmedebiT aRadginos wes-

rigi. es moTxovna, upirvelesad, Semoqmeds, xelovans

exeba, radgan `am patara arsebas, - adamians, TiTqos

mTeli buneba Tavis vinaobaSi mouTavsebia... Cveni cxov-

reba sruli gamomxatvelia bunebisa~.32 vaJas azriT,

xelovnebis fesvebi Rrmadaa gadgmuli adamianis sulier

cxovrebaSi: `vidre adamians grZnoba, fiqri da ocneba

SeuZlia, poeziac saWiro iqneba, radganac yoveli xe-

lovnebis nawarmoebi Seqmnilia adamianTa sulieri

cxovrebis dasakmayofileblad~.

vaJas filosofiiT, adamiani samyaros gvirgvinia:

`mTlad me mekuTvnis qveyana!~ - amayad acxadebda igi

(`simRera~). swored am rwmeniT acnobierebda vaJa, ro-

gorc Semoqmedi, Tavis movaleobas qveynisa da RmerTis

winaSe, Sinaganad grZnobda did sulier Zalas Tavisi

wili qveynisTvis epatrona: `mTas viyav, mwvervalze vi-

deq, Tvalwin mefina qveyana, gulzed mesvena mze-mTvare,

vlaparakobdi RmerTTana!~ RmerTTan saubari geniosTa

352

xvedria, amitom mogvagonebs vaJas es sityvebi did

ilias: `RmerTTan misTvis vlaparakob, rom warvuZRve

wina ersa!~ - da maT sulier naTesaobaze migviTiTebs.

vaJas azriT, Tu ki xelovans Tavisi qveynisa da

xalxis siyvaruli ar amoZravebs, veranair kulturul

Rirebulebas ver Seqmnis sazogadoebisTvis. xelovani

sazogadoebrivi interesebidan unda amodiodes da ara

kerZo, piradulidan: `mwerlis sulisa da gulis qona

iqidam sCans, aqvs raime ideali, uyvars ram am qveyanaSi,

unda qveynisaTvis, cxovrebisaTvis sikeTe, Tu ara~.33

vaJa-fSavelas esTetikur koncefciaSi ramdenime

aspeqtiTaa gaSuqebuli xelovnebis, rogorc mxatvrul-

SemoqmedebiTi procesis, Tavisebureba. kerZod, mas ain-

teresebs rogoria xelovanis, rogorc SemoqmedebiTi

subieqtis, roli mxatvruli sinamdvilis Seqmnis pro-

cesSi, anu rogoria `SeTxzvis~ procesi; raSi vlindeba

xelovnebis originaloba, ramdenad gansazRvravs cxov-

rebiseuli masala, rogorc Semoqmedebis obieqturi faq-

tori, mxatvruli produqciis esTetikur Rirebulebas,

rogor xdeba cxovrebiseuli faqtis, movlenis mxatv-

rul sinamdviled gadaqceva. Tavisi esTetikuri Sexedu-

lebebiT am sakiTxebze vaJa 60-ianelTa realisturi Teo-

riis ara marto memkvidred gvevlineba, aramed aviTarebs

da Tvisebrivad axal safexursac aRwevs.

vaJas azriT, xelovnebas masalas cxovreba aZlevs,

`cxovrebisa da bunebis gareSe warmoudgenelia mwera-

li~. mwerlis Rirsebas gansazRvravs is, Tu `ra movle-

nani gauxdia mas mwerlobis Rirsad da ra Rirebu-

lebisaa es movlenani, ramdenad damokidebulia... siave

da sikeTe adamianTa sicocxlisa, cxovrebisa~. amdenad,

cxovrebiseuli sinamdvilidan saWiro masalis sworad

da gamiznulad SerCeva mniSvnelovani faqtoria Semoqme-

debiTi procesis warmarTvisTvis, xelovanis origina-

lobac imazea damokidebuli, rogor eTanxmeba gamosa-

353

xatavi mwerlis sulier miswrafebebs: `Tu ginda ori-

ginaluri Taviseburi mwerali dagiZaxon, - moiTxovs

vaJa WeSmariti Semoqmedisagan, - were ise, rogorc fiq-

rob, rogorc Sens suls da guls undodes, moswon-

des~.34 vaJa esTetikur-SemoqmedebiT procesSi subieq-

obieqtis iseT Tanaarsebobaze miuTiTebs, roca yovel-

gvari garegani Zaldataneba moxsnilia. aseTi Tanaar-

sebobis ucilobel pirobad mwerlis niWiereba miaCnia:

`ramdenadac didi niWis patronia mwerali, miT ufro

mWidrod aris dakavSirebuli cxovrebasTan, mis mwvave

sakiTxebTan~ (`niWieri mwerali~). vaJas TvalsazrisiT,

xelovani Tavisi msoflmxedvelobrivi mrwamsis mixed-

viT imgvarad gadaamuSavebs, iseTi ideebiT datvirTavs

da iseT mxatvrul formaSi Camoasxams cxovrebiseul

masalas, rom `sxvasac agrZnobinos da afiqrebinos~ is,

rac mas gadauwyvetia.

marTalia, qveynis saWirboroto problemebze dakvir-

veba xelovans masalas aZlevs mxatvruli qmnilebisTvis

Sinaarsis gadmosacemad, magram am Sinaarss is dedaazri

warmarTavs, romlis Tqmac surs xelovans. amdenad, Si-

naarsi jer araa nawarmoebi, mTavaria is idea, romelic

mxatvruli suraTebis meSveobiT am SinaarsSi amoikiT-

xeba. es idea, azri ki xelovanma unda Cados SinaarsSi,

igi striqonebs Sua ikiTxeba an nawarmoebis mTliani

ganwyobilebidan unda amoicnos mkiTxvelma. Semoqmede-

biTi procesi, vaJas azriT, cnobierisa da aracnobie-

ris urTierTobis Sedegia. nawarmoebis siRrmeSi SesaZ-

loa iseTi idea iyos Camarxuli, romelic mwerals arc

ki hqondes gacnobierebuli, magram imdenad awuxebs da

mis sulier samyaros dauflebia, rogorc mtanjveli

azri, rom aracnobierad TviT detalebSic ki SeiZleba

gamJRavndes. mTavaria, mkiTxvelma Tu msmenelma amoikiT-

xos da sworad gaigos. am Tvalsazriss vaJa or cnobil

werilSi gadmoscems: `Pro domo sua~ da `kritika b. ip.

354

varTagavasi~. vaJa `baxtrionis~ finalTan dakavSirebiT

aRniSnavs, rom beri luxumisa da gvelis urTierTobis

miTosuri suraTi kritikosma ver gaigo, samagierod,

sworad gaigo erTma uswavlelma fSavelma, romelmac

striqonebi: `eRirsebao luxumsa laSaris gorze Sad-

goma~ - saqarTvelos momaval erovnul Tavisuflebas

daukavSira35. am werilebSi vaJa konkretulad miuTiTebs

mxatvrul nawarmoebSi ideuri mimarTulebis – tenden-

ciurobis – aucileblobaze: mxatvruli qmnileba raRa-

cis TqmisaTvis iqmneba, xelovani Tavis subieqtur ganc-

debs, satkivars, damokidebulebas gvamcnobs, winaaRmdeg

amisa, xelovnebis nawarmoebi arafris mTqmelia sazoga-

doebisaTvis: `Tu man ar gaiara fantaziis da gonebis

mangani (brZmedi-l.w.) Tu poetma mas ar Cahbera ukvdavi

suli, rogorc RmerTma Tixisagan Sezelil adams da

igi zRapari Tu legenda ar Seusisxlxorca sakuTar

sulsa da guls araferi gamova~.36

amrigad, vaJa marTebulad sxnis SemoqmedebiTi pro-

cesis erT-erT `saidumloebas~, roca miuTiTebs Semoq-

medebiT procesSi xelovanis, rogorc esTetikuri subi-

eqtis, warmmarTvel rolze da sinamdvilis, rogorc

realuri, obieqturi masalis arsebobis aucileblobaze.

ra STaagonebs niWier mwerals, ra aris poeturi

niWis aRmafrenis wyaro? vaJas azriT, poeturi niWis

gabrwyinebisaTvis ori ram aris saWiro: pirveli – mSob-

liuri eris siyvaruli: `ise poetis Semoqmedeba dunea,

Tu igi am siyvarulma ar aamoZrava, aRSfoTeba ar STa-

bera mas.~ meore - `deda-ena, misi sityvebis akinZva, misi

mimoxvra~, romelic `poetis aRmafrTovanebeli musikaa,

misTvis ZalRonis mimcemi TviT weris dros, meore

muzaa. Tu pirveli marcxniv udga da azrs ukarnaxebs,

meore marjvenas umSvenebs da nawarmoebis formas aZ-

levs~ (`niWieri mwerali~). vaJas es esTetikuri mrwamsi

mTels mis poetur samyaroSia gacxadebuli. didma

355

mgosanma qarTuli mTa _ fSavi da xevsureTi – Tavisi

xeluxlebeli bunebiT, warsuliT, awmyoTi, cxovrebis

wesiTa da adaTiT iseTi mxatvruli formebiT Semoiyva-

na qarTveli kacis cnobierebaSi, rom misi sulieri

cxovrebis mudmiv Tanamgzavrad aqcia.

vaJas esTetikuri koncefciis realisturi xasiaTi

gansakuTrebiT TvalnaTlivia mxatvruli gansaxovnebis

principebze msjelobisas. vaJa or sakiTxze amaxvilebs

yuradRebas: rogori unda iyos mxatvruli saxis Seqmnis

principi da ra urTierTobaSia forma-Sinaarsi maRal-

mxatvrul nawarmoebSi. orive sakiTxis gaSuqebisas vaJa-

fSavela mtkiced icavs qarTvel samocianelTa realis-

tur Teorias.

vaJas TqmiT, cxovrebiseuli simarTle mwerlobaSi

ori gziT gadmoicema: poetur-beletristuli (mxatv-

rul-saxeobrivi) da publicisturi. orive dargisTvis

asaxvis `sagani erTi da imave WeSmaritebas amboben~,

mxolod gadmocemis formaa gansxvavebuli. simarTlis

publicisturi Tqma Zlieria, magram `ver aRelvebs

kacis gulsa da grZnobas~, maSin, roca `poeti azrs tan-

sacmels urCevs, akoxtavebs, alamazebs da yvelasaTvis

Tvalgulmisasvlels da mosawonars hxdis~. publicis-

tisgan gansxvavebiT, `poeti (xelovani) suraTebiT

gvesaubreba, tipebs qmnis, xSirad idealurs, xSirad

misabaZavs, iseT tipebs, romlis msgavsnic unda, rom

iyvnen poets cxovrebaSi~.37 amrigad, xelovnebis speci-

fika is aris, rom adamianze esTetikuri zemoqmedebis

Zlieri iaraRi aqvs, esaa gZnobad-konkretuli forma _

`suraTi~. vaJas TqmiT, suraTis Zala isaa, rom `ufro

cxovlad gvidgeba Tvalwin, cxovlad rogorc maga-

liTi, - romelic keTilis Tvisebisaa, keTils aRZravs

Cvens gulSi, da Tu sazizRaria, - zizRs da siZulvils~.

aq vaJa mxatvruli saxis TvalsaCinoebaze, im xatovane-

baze miuTiTebs, romelic konkretulisa da grZnobadis

356

formiT warmogvidgens saxes, Sinaarsobrivad ganzogade-

buls da azris gamomxatvels. aseT mxatvrul saxes vaJa

`tips~ uwodebs. didi poeti ilias realizms erTgulebs

imiTac, rom tipur saxeSi mxolod idealurs, dadebiTs

ar xedavs. misi azriT, tipi SesaZloa `daqveiTebuli

adamianic~ iyos. vaJa pirdapir miuTiTebs: `poeturi

mwerlobac maSin aris Ronieri, roca marto frazebiT

ki araa savse, aramed vpovebT masSi an daqveiTebul

kacs, poetisagan daxatuls, an didsulovan adamians~.38

qarTul mxatvrul sinamdvileSi tipur saxeTa gale-

reaSi vaJa saukeTesod mxolod ilias `kacia-adamianis?!~

da `oTaraanT qvrivis~ gmirebs asaxelebs. vaJa aRta-

cebiT saubrobs ilias mxatvrul-SemoqmedebiT niWze,

misi kalmis siZliereze, luarsab TaTqariZes `cxovre-

bis saWiroebis mixedviT Seqmnil tipad miiCnevs~. am

mxatvruli saxis cxovelmyofelobas imaSi xedavs, rom

`sxva axal tips aRar auCoCqolebia Cveni sazogadoeba,

Rrmad ar Caufiqrebia Tavis yofa-mdgomareobaze~. vaJa

ilias udides damsaxurebad uTvlis imas, rom batony-

mobis pirobebSi Tavisi satiruli kalmiT gamoaRviZa

sazogadoeba, TvalnaTliv daanaxa am institutis

sisaZagle da mankiereba, daexmara `erTi fexi win waedga

Cvens TviTcnobasa da moqalaqobrivobas~.

vaJa realisturi esTetikis principebis damcvelia.

misTvis, qarTvel samocianelTa msgavsad, sruliad

miuRebelia `xelovneba xelovnebisaTvis~, rogorc `fuWi

da usargeblo~ formaTa TamaSi. poets Rrmad swams, rom

WeSmarit xelovans `qveynis saWiroeba aRonebs da awu-

xebs... xelovneba qveynis saWiroebas Tan misdevs~, amitom

xelovnebaSi yovelTvis vlindeba tendenciuroba. `yvela

poeturi nawarmoebi ase Tu ise tendenciuria~, - wers

vaJa, radgan amiT poeti Tavis subieqtur `me~-s gamoxa-

tavs sakuTar qmnilebaSi (`sad aris poezia?~), vaJas

rwmeniT, xelovnebas adamianuri sulis moZraobis yvela

357

niuansis gamoxatva ZaluZs: `siZulvili Tu siyvaruli,

Suri, mtroba, simamace da simxdale, qveloba da siZun-

we... yvelafers Tavisi gasamarTlebeli sabuTi aqvs,

mizezi, garemoeba. mwerals es mudam unda axsovdes, rom

bunebrivs kanons ar umtyuvnos~, amitom xelovnebaSi

ideis, Sinaarsis srulad gamoxatvisTvis udidesi mniSv-

neloba aqvs mxatvruli formis Zaldautaneblad SerCe-

vas: `forma unda mihyves TviT nagrZnobs da naazrevs~.

vaJa winaaRmdegia `win da winve formis planis~ Sed-

genisa. igi Tvlis, rom ideis Sesabamisi mxatvruli

formiT gamoxatva aqcevs nawarmoebs WeSmariti xelov-

nebis qmnilebad. nawarmoebSi forma-Sinaarsis aseT

erTianobas vaJa `bunebrivobas~ uwodebs.

vaJas esTetikur SexedulebebSi Teoriuli azri ar

daufiqsirebia bunebis esTetikuri aRqmis Taviseburebis

Sesaxeb, magram mis mxatvrul samyaroSi filosofosis

TvaliTaa danaxuli Cveulebrivi mokvdavisaTvis miuwv-

domeli da amoucnobi kanonzomiereba bunebisa da ada-

mianis urTierTobisa. igi asulierebs bunebas, aniWebs

mas adamianis sulisaTvis damaxasiaTebel Tvisebebs,

metyveli, feradovani mxatvruli simboloebiT cdilobs

konkretuli saxe misces zogads, arsobrivs da amiT

mkiTxvels gauadvilos Sesvla idumalebiT mocul kos-

miur samyaroSi. iq, sadac bunebis warmonaqmni aqvs aRe-

buli gamosaxvis sagnad, Tavis poeziasa Tu prozaSi,

yvelgan vaJa ganmartavs samyaros wonasworobis prin-

cips.

bunebis esTetikuri aRqmis safuZvlad vaJas humaniz-

mi aqvs momarjvebuli, yvelgan sicocxlis wyurvili da

sicocxlis sixarulia, magram bunebis Temaze Seqmnil

nawarmoebebSi erTi qveteqsti ikiTxeba: adamiania damna-

Save imaSi, rom igi arRvevs samyaros wonasworobis

princips da cdilobs Tavisi egoisturi ltolvebis da-

sakmayofileblad bunebis harmoniuli mSvenierebis

358

waSlas. ase SeiZleba samyaroSi disharmonia gabatondes,

rac kacobriobas daRupvisaken ubiZgebs. cxadia, vaJas es

Tvalsazrisi, Tanamedrove globaluri ekologiuri

safrTxis momlodine adamianma gafrTxilebad unda

miiRos.

vaJa bunebis damcvelia, bunebaSi xedavs maradiuli

sicocxlis wyaros, swams, rom zamTars gazafxuli

Secvlis, kvlav ayvavdeba mTa-bari da es rwmena `kacTa

cxovrebaze~ gadaaqvs, radgan icis, rom adamiani bunebis

Svilia, misi wes-rigis mimdevari. sicocxlis siyvaruli,

mSobliuri mTa-baris siyvaruli, adamianis siyvaruli

aris amosavali vaJas msoflmxedvelobrivi da esTetiku-

ri mrwamsisa, romlis amokiTxva erTiani siZlieriT

SeiZleba rogorc mis mxatvrul SemoqmedebaSi, ise Teo-

riul naazrevSi.

359

meaTe Tavi

social-politikuri da

socialuri azri

$1. social-politikuri azri

humanitaruli azrovnebisa da socialuri cxovrebis

politikuri gardaqmnisa da mowyobis mcdelobebis is

ZiriTadi mimarTulebebi, romlebic XIX saukunis sa-

qarTveloSi viTardeboda, mis ZiriTad nawilSi ar iyo

adgilobrivi, sakuTriv saqarTvelos sulier sivrceSi

aRmocenebuli. ruseTis imperiis mier saqarTvelos

Tavis SemadgenlobaSi Seyvanis Zaladobrivma politi-

kurma nabijma saqarTvelos gza gauxsna evropisken da

Cvens mowinave sazogadoebas am periodis msoflios yve-

laze ufro mowinave sociologiursa da politikur

azrTan ziarebis SesaZlebloba misca.

es SesaZlebloba, risi gamoyenebac jer kidev aleq-

sandre amilaxvarma daiwyo, qarTveli eris mowinave

inteleqtualuri nawilis mier uaRresad nayofierad

iqna gamoyenebuli. swored amis Sedegia am periodis

saqarTveloSi arsebuli filosofiuri azric da socia-

luri moZraobebic, romlebic iseTive Wreli da mraval-

ferovania, rogoric misi pirvelwyaro (evropa), romel-

sac zogjer im gzis (kerZod ki, ruseTis) kvalic mkveT-

rad atyvia, romliTac saqarTvelo evropaSi ,,gavida”

da, romelmac evropis mowinave ideebi Tavis specifikas

moargo da Sesabamisad gardaqmna (rogorc es, magali-

Tad, ,,narodnikebis” SemTxvevaSi moxda).

pirveli, vinc am periodis saqarTveloSi evropuli

azrovnebis mowinave nakadebs gza gauxsna, uaRresad

mniSvnelovani moazrovne iagor WilaSvilia. amasTan, Wi-

360

laSvilis Sexedulebebi TavisTavadac imdenad mniSvne-

lovania, rom misi gaTvaliswinebis gareSe XIX saukunis

qarTuli sociologiuri da politikuri azris isto-

riis srulyofilad gaazreba SeuZlebelia. swored es

garemoeba gansazRvravs wignis am TavSi ganxiluli sa-

kiTxebis kompoziciur wyobas, romelSic i. WilaSvilis

Semdeg ganxilulia sxvadasxva saazrovno nakadebi da

calkeuli avtorebi (xalxosnoba, ,,mesame dasi”, egnate

ninoSvili). win, ZiriTadad politikuri azris istoriaa

wamoweuli, xolo Semdeg (giorgi wereTeli, ivane jaba-

dari, anton furcelaZe) sociologiuri Sexedulebebi.

1. iagor (giorgi) WilaSvili (1790-1838). iagor

(giorgi) WilaSvili _ daibada duSeTSi 1790 wels. 1803

wels misi ojaxi vaxtang batoniSvilis iZulebiT

gadasaxlebis Semdeg gadavida ruseTSi; vaxtangis

daxmarebiT qarTvelTa Soris pirvelma miiRo

safuZvliani rusul-evropuli ganaTleba. kargad

icnobda, iziarebda da aviTarebda frangi

ganmanaTleblebis progresul ideebs, eweoda

mTargmnelobiT moRvaweobas (frangulidan Targmna mon-

teskies ,,arzas da ismenia” da mablis ,,istoriis Seswav-

lis Sesaxeb”); piradad icnobda (da zogierTi mkvlevris

azriT, megobrobda kidec) a.s. griboedovs; iTvleboda

rusi dekabristebis ideur winamorbedad; 1815-1822 wleb-

Si iyo masonTa loJis wevri, romelic im dros, Tavis

rigebSi ruseTis mTeli imperiis masStabiT, mraval

progresulad moazrovne adamians aerTianebda; mkvle-

varTa azriT, i. WilaSvili ideur kavSirSi iyo 1832

wlis SeTqmulebTan (Tumca masSi uSualod ar monawi-

leobda), ris dasturad is faqti miaCniaT, rom ,,gamarj-

vebis SemTxvevaSi SeTqmulebi g. WilaSvils erTdrou-

lad ganaTlebisa da Sinagan saqmeTa ministrebis pos-

tebze umiznebdnen”1. amis gamo, rogorc misi biografiu-

li faqtebidan Cans, igi Jandarmeriis meTvalyureobas

361

dauqvemdebares da faruli angariSsworeba dauwyes;

gardaicvala 1838 wels q. lenqoranSi (dRevandeli

azerbaijani).

i. WilaSvili Tavisi drois erT-erTi yvelaze ufro

ganaTlebuli, azrovnebis farTo diapazonis mqone da

Tavisi drois kvalobaze uaRresad progresuli moaz-

rovnea. misi SemoqmedebiTi memkvidreoba Zalze zogadad

da pirobiTad SeiZleba daxasiaTdes, rogorc adamianisa

da sazogadoebis Sesabamis filosofiur (anTropolo-

giursa da sociologiur) gaazrebaze dafuZnebuli, Zi-

riTadad franguli ganmanaTleblobis saazrovno naka-

dis WrilSi Camoyalibebuli bunebiTi samarTlis Teo-

ria. Tavis ZiriTad TxzulebaSi _ ,,bunebiTi samarTlis

monaxazi” (,,Начертаные права природного”, gamoica 1812

wels) igi aRniSnavs, rom adamiani ibadeba grZnobis

unariT da xelmZRvanelobs bunebis kanonebiT. adamianis

bunebad iwodeba TvisebaTa gamosaxuleba. bunebiTi

kanonebi qmnian wess, romelSic xdeba adamianTa yvela

moqmedebani da tanjvani. aseTi kanonebis krebuli ki

iwodeba bunebiT samarTlad2. maT Sesacnobad ,,unda

gamovikvlio is, rasac es kanonebi ganusazRvraven ada-

mians da is, rasac isini Txouloben adamianisgan: ga-

movikvlioT adamianis bunebiTi mimarTulebani da val-

debulebani”3, ris gasagebadac ukve saWiroa avxsnaT

adamianis bunebiTi saWiroeba. amgvarad: ,,adamianis saWi-

roebisa da unaris Secnoba gvixsnis maT marTebulobasa

da valdebulebas, xolo ukanaskneli sxva araferia, Tu

ara bunebis kanonebis Secnoba”4.

bunebam misca adamians saWiroebani (saWmel-sasmelis,

Zilis, mosvenebis, tanisamosis, binis, SeuRlebis) da

imavdroulad aRWurva am saWiroebaTa dakmayofilebis

unarebiT, romlebic orgvaria: fizikuri da sulieri.

pirvelni (mxedveloba, smena, ynosva Sexeba, gemo) sxeul-

Si imyofeba da sulieri niWis safuZvels warmoadgenen.

362

,,sulieri niWi sulisagan warmoiSoba da niSnavs sulis

moqmedebas, aseTebia: yuradReba, fiqri, msjeloba,

warmodgena (gageba), survili, neba”5.

sulisa da sulieri niWis aseTi gageba sruliadac

ar niSnavs imas, rom i. WilaSvili adamianis gagebaSi im

saazrovno nakadis poziciebze dgas, romelic Tanamed-

rove filosofiaSi goniT, an religiur anTropo-

logiadaa cnobili. dabejiTebiT SeiZleba iTqvas, rom

aqac igi arsebiTad ar scildeba franguli ganmanaT-

leblobis sazRvrebs. saWiroebani, aRniSnavs igi, bade-

ben maTi dakmayofilebis saSualebebs, rac SeuZlebelia

sulieri unaris gareSe, romelic adamians uviTardeba

am saSualebebis Ziebis procesSi ,,TandaTanobiT da

SemTxveviT”; ,,mas itacebs Sinagani moZraoba, romelic

misTvis ucnobia da naxulobs sasurvel dakmayofilebas

imgvarad, rom araferze fiqrobs. mxolod maSin misi

sulieri unari iwyebs ganviTarebas”6. amgvarad, ,,adamia-

nis saWiroebasa da mis unars Soris garduvali Tana-

fardobaa. rogorc aq aris msjeloba Cvens bunebiT

saWiroebasa da unarze, me movaled vTvli Tavs, aqve

vaCveno maTi urTierTSesabamisoba”7.

adamiani, i. WilaSvilis azriT, sicocxlisTvis iba-

deba. igi am qveyanaze bunebam warmoSva. Bbunebamve mia-

niWa mas saWiroebani da moamaraga moTxovnilebebis dak-

mayofilebis unarebiT. swored es garemoeba unda gan-

sazRvravdes misi cxovrebis wessa da xasiaTs, romel-

Sic adamians marTebs: sakuTar Tavze zrunva, Tavisi

moTxovnilebebis dakmayofileba da mis garSemo arse-

buli sagnebiT sargebloba. aRniSnuliTve unda iyos

gansazRvruli misi movaleobani da, Sesabamisad, misi

cxovrebis zneobrivi mxarec, sadac igi valdebulia:

moeridos tanjvas da sikvdils, izrunos Tavisi si-

cocxlis SesanarCuneblad, ZaliT moigerios misi si-

cocxlisa da keTildReobisTvis safrTxis Semcveli

363

yovelgvari gardauvali Tavdasxma da Tavisi moTxov-

nilebebis dakmayofilebisas daicvas zomiereba.

bunebisgan micemulma saWiroebam da unarma, i.

WilaSvilis azriT, adamians gauCina axali, _ Sromis,

ganaTlebisa da Tanacxovrebis saWiroebani. ,,adamians ar

SeuZlia daikmayofilos arc erTi Tavisi bunebiTi

moTxovnileba, ar SeuZlia Seasrulos Tavisi valdebu-

lebani Sromis gareSe..... Sromis saWiroeba sagrZnoblad

izrdeba da rTuldeba, rodesac adamianebi Sedian sa-

zogadoebaSi”8.

TviT sazogadoebis arsebobisa da amisTvis saWiro

Aadamianuri unarebis mTavari safuZvelic, i. WilaSvi-

lis azriT, misi saWiroebania. saqme is aris, rom aris

SemTxvevebi, rodesac adamians ar SeuZlia daikmayofi-

los Tavisi bunebiTi saWiroebani. amisTvis saWiroa

gareSe daxmareba. ,,amitom mas aqvs moTxovnileba Tanac-

xovrebis, e.i. Tavis msgavs arsebaTa sazogadoebaSi

yofnisa da es moTxovnileba bunebidan momdinareobs”9.

sxva adamianebTan Tanacxovreba adamians valdebuls

xdis gaiazros maTi saWiroebani da moaxmaros mas Ta-

visi unari. maSin warmoiSoba adamianTa Soris urTierT-

mimarTebani, romlebic dafuZnebulia imis Secnobaze,

Tu bunebiT TiToeuls gankerZoebiT ra ekuTvnis, ras

moiTxovs erTi meorisgan da ra valdebuleba aqvs meo-

res pirvelis mimarT.

adamianis saWiroeba-unarebis samarTlebrivi da so-

cialur-kulturologiuri funqciis zemoganxilul xed-

vazevea dafuZnebuli iseTi fundamenturi filosofiuri

problemis i. WilaSviliseuli xedva, rogoric adamia-

nis Tavisuflebaa. aq, rogorc es i. WilaSvilis profe-

siuli interesebis mqone moazrovnes Sehferis, wina

planze adamianis piradi sakuTrebis samarTlebriv-fi-

losofiuri mxarea wamoweuli.

364

adamianis sxeulebrivi da sulieri unarebi misi

piradi sakuTrebaa. isini yvela adamians individualuri

aqvs, ,,mxolod mas exeba, mxolod masSi ibadebian da

kvdebian, _ ise, rom ar vrceldebian mis msgavsze”.10 ami-

tom es unarebi Seadgens adamianis pirad kuTvnilebas.

aqedan gamomdinareobs is, rom adamians ,,SeuZlia gamoi-

yenos Tavisi sulieri da sxeulebrivi unari, rogorc

Tavisi sakuTreba da es iwodeba bunebriv Tavisufle-

bad”11.

amdenad, i. WilaSvilis azriT, Tavisufleba aucile-

bel kavSirSia pirad sakuTrebasTan. ,,ar arsebobs

Tavisufleba piradi sakuTrebis gareSe da ar arsebobs

piradi sakuTreba Tavisuflebis gareSe. ar arsebobs ke-

TildReoba maT gareSe”11. amitom: 1. TiToeuli adamianis

piradi sakuTreba da Tavisufleba unda iyos wmidaTaw-

mida da xelSeuxebeli; 2. mxolod mas erTs aqvs ufleba

gankargos is Tavisi nebiT; 3. is valdebulia ZaliT

moigerios yovelgvari Tavdasxma, romelic safrTxes

uqmnis mis pirad sakuTrebasa da Tavisuflebas”12.

Tavisuflebis aseTi, i. WilaSviliseuli gaazreba,

dRevandeli gadasaxedidan, unaklodAan Tundac mTlad

damakmayofileblad ver CaiTvleba. magram imis gaT-

valiswinebiT, rom am dros ruseTis mTel imperiaSi

sastiki reaqcia mZvinvarebda da batonymobis gauqmebam-

dec jer kidev bevri dro iyo darCenili, marTebulad

unda CaiTvalos iv. surgulaZis mosazreba, romlis

Tanaxmadac i. WilaSvili progresuli moazrovne iyo,

rac gamoixateba imaSi, rom ,,rodesac i. WilaSvils

saubari aqvs piradi sakuTrebis xelSeuxeblobaze, ro-

gorc wmidaTawmidaze, mas mxedvelobaSi aqvs pirovnebis

Tavisufleba”13.

am mosazrebas ufro safuZvlians xdis i. WilaSvi-

lis msjeloba xelSekrulebis Sesaxeb, sadac igi wers:

,,yvela adamiani Tavisufalia. yvela adamiani Tanasworia

365

urTierTSoris piradi sakuTrebisa da Tavisuflebis

mixedviT. maSasadame, an aravin aravis winaSe ar aris

valdebuli, an kidev, ramdenic erTs marTebs meoresi,

imdenive marTebs meores pirvelis. amaze aris damya-

rebuli xelSekrulebani, romlebic dadebulia adamia-

nebis mier saerTo cxovrebaSi Sesvlisas”14. es xelSek-

rulebani warmoiSoba TviTon bunebidan da ,,usaTuod

unda gamomdonareobdnen adamianebis nebisa da Tavisuf-

lebisgan, Sesabamisad misi saWiroebisa da unarebisagan,

agreTve, isini Sesabamisi unda iyos mis marTebulobeb-

Tan da valdebulebebTan. winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi valde-

bulebani ar moqmedeben”15. marTebulad migvaCnia iv.

surgulaZis mier Tavisuflebis i. WilaSviliseuli

gagebis iseTi interpretaciac, romelSic igi adamianTa

Tanasworobis ideis damkvidrebadaa miCneuli. i. Wila-

Svilis azriT, wers igi, adamiani Tavisufalia, Tumca

es Tavisufleba SeiZleba SeizRudos ,,saerTo keTild-

Reobis“ interesebisaTvis, adamianTa Soris dadebuli

xelSekrulebiT, “magram xelSekrulebis dadeba Tavisu-

fali nebis gamomJRavnebas niSnavs da am SemTxvevaSi,

adamianebi erTmaneTisadmi Tanasworni arian”16.

aseTia mokled i. WilaSvilis Tvalsazrisi adamian-

ze, sazogadoebaze, Tavisuflebaze, Tanasworobaze, so-

cialur samarTlianobaze da a.S., rac, imis miuxedavad,

rom is TviTonve iZleva humanitaruli azrovnebis am

fundamenturi kategorirebis sxvadasxvagvari, zogjer

arsebiTad gansxvavebuli interpretaciebis SesaZleblo-

bas, mainc, rogorc am periodis evropis mowinave azr-

Tan srul SesatyvisobaSi myofi erT_erTi umniSvneli-

vanesi nakadi qarTul saazrovno sivrceSi, udavod didi

da pozitiuri mniSvnelobis movlenad unda CaiTvalos.

xalxosnoba. xalxosnoba saqarTveloSi araa wminda

erovnuli movlena. igi garedan, kerZod ki, ruseTidanaa

Semotanili. amaze metyvelebs Tundac is faqti, rom

366

termini xalxosnoba Targmnilia rusuli narodnike-

bidan. am periodis saqarTvelos ruseTis imperiis erT-

erT nawilad yofna rom ara, xalxosnuri moZraoba

saqarTveloSi SeiZleba arc yofiliyo. Tavisi arsiT is

wminda rusuli movlenaa. arsebiTad aseTive darCa igi

saqarTveloSic, Tumca ki CvenTan mis gavrcelebas, cxa-

dia, hqonda Tavisi, specifikur-qarTuli safuZvlebic.

erT-erT aseT safuZvlad SeiZleba miviCnioT erov-

nul TviTcnobierebasTan da erovnul-ganmaTavisufle-

beli moZraobis masazrdoebel ideebTan Sewyvilebuli,

am periodSi 60-ianelTa mier ukve sakmaod gamoRviZebul

da momZlavrebul qarTvelTa istoriuli swrafva Ta-

visuflebisken. Tu rusuli narodnikoba ZiriTadad ba-

tonymobis gauqmebis Semdgomi periodis glexobis umZi-

mesi mdgomareobis Semsubuqebisa da mTlianad ruseTis

imperiis socialuri da politikuri klimatis gajansa-

RebisTvis iRvwoda, qarTveli narodnikebis mniSvnelo-

vani nawili am moZraobaSi intuiciurad erovnuli da-

moukideblobisa da Tavisuflebis garkveul, Tundac

Zalze Soreul perspeqtivebsac xedavda. Zalzed mniSv-

nelovania isic, rom xalxSi swavla-ganaTlebis Setani-

sa da misi ukeTesi cxovrebisTvis TandaTanobiT qadage-

ba Zalzed maxlobeli da sruliad misaRebi iyo qarT-

veli eris saukeTeso inteleqtualuri nawilisTvis.

xalxosnuri moZraobis ZiriTadi ideebis saqarTve-

loSi Semomtani da maTi popularizatorebi upirvele-

sad is qarTveli studentebi iyvnen, romlebic ruseTSi

swavlobdnen, iq ecnobodnen da aqtiurad monawileobd-

nen ruseTis socialur-revoluciur moZraobaSi. xal-

xosnuri moZraobis erT-erTi moTave, cnobili qarTveli

mwerali sofrom mgalobliSvili (1851-1925) werda: ,,po-

litikurma procesebma xom liberalebs cecxlze wyali

dausxa: jer 50-is, Semdeg 93-is da sxvaTa procesebma

xalxs Tvalebi auxila, ormocdaaTianebis procesSi

367

Cveni Tanamemamulenic erivnen: ivane jabadari, aleqsand-

re ciciSvili, mixeil CikoiZe, giorgi zdanoviCi da

gamyreliZe, romelTac katorRa gamoiares. maT Soris

ciciSvili da CikoiZe cimbirSi daixocnen.

aleqsandre mesamem saSineli Savi reaqcia gaamefa:

devna, daxrCoba gacimbireba. cixeebi politikurebs ve-

Rar itevda, magram arc revolucionerebs eZinaT. iyo

ori revolucioneri mimdinareoba ruseTSi bakuninisa,

romelic qadagebda brZolas, brZolas bolomde da

lavrovisa, romelic mSvidobis propagandis gziT mi-

dioda revoluciisaken, magram aleqsandre mesamis reaq-

ciam SeaerTa es ori mimdinareoba, SeTanxmdnen, daiwyo

anarqiuli gamosvlebi, daiwyo orive mxriv Seubrale-

beli brZola.

ruseTis am moZraobas hqonda Cvens axalgazrdobaze

gavlena. ruseTSi aRzrdilma axalgazrdobam CvenSi

gadmoitana eseTive moZraoba, romelsac adgilobrivi

inteligencia gamoepasuxa”17.

am axalgazrdebidan TviT sofrom mgalobliSvili

asaxelebs ivane jabadars, aleqsandre ciciSvils,

mixeil CikoiZes, giorgi zdanoviCs da a. gamyreliZes,

romlebic gaxmaurebul 50-is procesSic erivnen da

romlebmac, Semdgom, katorRac gamoiares (amaTgan cici-

Svili da CikoiZe cimbirSi daiRupnen), magram maTi

ricxvi, cxadia gacilebiT meti iyo. es axalgazrdebi,

samSobloSi dabrunebis Semdeg aqtiurad ebmebodnen

adgilobriv idur-politikursa da socialur cxovreba-

Si da adgilobriv mowinave axalgazrdul inteleqtua-

lur ZalebTan erTad aqtiur propagandas uwevdnen

xalxosnur ideebs da praqtikuladac monawileobdnen

mosaxleobis farTo masebSi swavla-ganaTlebis Setanisa

da gavrcelebis saqmeSi. yovelive amis Sedegi iyo is,

rom ukve 70-80-ian wlebSi saqarTveloSi arsebobda

ramdenime xalxosnuri dajgufeba: TbilisSi, gorSi,

368

quTaisSi, TelavSi da ozurgeTSi. ukve ,,1872 wlidan,

igonebs s. mgalobliSvili, TbilisSi aqa-iq imarTeba

krebebi, romlebsac eswreba moswavle axalgazrdoba,

kiTxuloben ara marto nebadarTul, aramed akrZalul

wignebsac, saswavleblebSi fuZndeba saidumlo biblio-

Tekebi, sadac inaxeba ,,sovremenniki”, ,,velikorusi”, dob-

roliubovis, pisarevis, CerniSevskis, prudonis, lasali-

sa da sxvaTa nawerebi. miznad davisaxeT TviTganviTa-

reba da Semdeg xalxSi gasvla saqadageblad monar-

qiuli wyobilebis sawinaaRmdego azrebisa”18.

xalxosnuri ideebis gavrcelebaSi did rols as-

rulebs TbilisSi Saburovis saxlSi vinme ivanovis

saxelze daarsebuli biblioTeka, romelic mkiTxvelebs

xalxosnuri ideebis Semcveli nebadarTuli literatu-

ris garda, amaragebda iseTi samecniero wignebiTac, ro-

melTa kiTxvac seminarielebs akrZaluli hqondaT. Sio

daviTaSvilis cnobiT, es biblioTeka faqtobrivad wig-

nebis sakuTari koleqciis xarjze daursebia egnate

ioselians, romelic xalxosnuri wreebis erT-erT

aRiarebul liderad iTvleboda da aqtiurad qadagebda

narodnikul ideebs (ris gamoc igi erTxans cixeSic

mjdara). igive Sio daviTaSvili ramdenimejer CamoTv-

lis misTvis (da misi wrisTvisac) nacnob avtorebs,

romlebmac erTob didi roli Seasrules misi msofl-

mxedvelobis CamoyalibebaSi: ,,darvini, heksli, fogti,

spenseri, konti, berkli, marqsi, berne, Jan-Jak ruso,

adam smiti, bolardo, sen-simoni, furie, robert oueni,

prudoni, lavrovi (mirtovi), flerovski, belinski,

CerniSevski, dabroliubovi, pisarevi da sxva”19. am

avtorebze ubralo Tvalis gadavlebac kmara imis dasa-

naxad, Tu ramdenad dauxvewavi da Camouyalibebelia,

mecnierul mTlianobasa da Sinagan logikas moklebu-

lia es msoflmxedveloba. igi arsebiTad warmoadgens

sabunebismetyvelo da sazogadoebrivi mecnierebebis

369

sxvadasxva skolebisa da mimdinareobebis calkeul,

xSirad urTierTgamomricxav mosazrebaTa qaosur da

ekleqtikur nazavs da es iTqmis ara mxolod romelime

calke aRebuli moazrovnis, aramed mTlianad qarTuli

xalxosnuri moZraobis msoflmxedvelobis Sesaxeb. es

arcaa gasakviri. qarTuli sazogadoebis im nawilisa Tu

fenis cnobiereba, romelsac ruseTSi ,,raznoCinelebi”

uwodes da romlebic TviT saqarTveloSi sarkazmuli

iumoriT ,,tetiaTa moyvarulebis” epitetiT iqnen monaT-

lulni, erTbaSad waawyda ruseTisa da gansakuTrebiT

evropis mecnieruli da sazogadoebrivi azrovnebis

iseT dones, romlis warmmarTvel da ganmsazRvrel

problematikaSi garkveva, mas, Sesabamisi momzadebisa da

gamocdilebis arqonis gamo, Zalian gauWirda.

am gaWirvebis Sedegi iyo is, rom qarTvelma xal-

xosnebma ver SeZles SeeqmnaT raime mwyobri sistema, an

gamokveTili, Tundac epigonuri skola, ris gamoc

Zalze Znelia moZieba raime iseTi socialuri an poli-

tikuri, Tundac wminda Teoriuli problemisa, romlis

gadawyvetasa Tu gaziarebaSi maT Soris sruli Tanxmo-

ba da erToba iqneboda. amitom qarTuli xalxosnobis

istoriis WrilSi misi sociologiuri da socialur-

politikuri Sexedulebebis gaazrebisTvis erT-erT yve-

laze ufro warmatebulsa da optimalur gzad SeiZleba

miviCnioT, am moZraobis cnobili da tipuri warmo-

madgenlebis Sexedulebebis gadmocema im ZiriTadi da

sakvanZo problemebisa da ideebis garSemo, romlebic

ase Tu ise, aRZraven da warmarTaven am periodis mTels

sazogadoebriv cxovrebasa da mis aqtivobas, rogorc

Teoriul, aseve praqtikul planSi.

erT-erTi aseTi idea da sakuTvriv saqarvelosTvis

problemac erovnuli Tavisuflebisa da damoukideb-

lobis problemaa. Tu rusul narodnikul moZraobas,

TviT ruseTis istoriis TaviseburebaTa gamo, SeuZlia

370

mas erTgvarad zereled Sexedos, an sulac (zogjer

Segnebuladac) saerTod ignorirebac gaukeTos, sakuT-

riv qarTuli xalxosnobisTvis _ imperiuli monobis

uRelqveS myofi am patara qveynis ideuri da socialur-

politikuri moZraobisaTvis _ is, rogorc TiTqmis

mTeli Cveni istoriis erT-erTi umTavresi magenera-

lizebuli idea (da problemac), ar SeiZleboda aseve

centraluri da umTavresi ar yofiliyo. am ideisa da

masTan dakavSirebuli problemebis xalxosnuri xedvis

gaazrebisTvis aucilebelia imis gaTvalisewineba, rom

70-80-ian wlebSi igi Seejaxa evropidan ruseTSi, aqedan

ki ukve saqarTveloSi SemoWrili ideuri da socialur-

politikuri moZraobis umZlavres talRas, romelic ne-

bismieri socialuri organizmis gonivrulad mowesrige-

bis erTaderT da umTavres gzas misi ekonomikuri sis-

temis Zireul SecvlaSi xedavda. es moZraoba Tavis

meTodologiur safuZvlad gulisxmobda sinamdvilis

materialistur xedvas, romelmac saboloo Teoriuli

saxe da forma, rogorc cnobilia, miiRo marqsizmSi,

romlis erT-erTi centraluri dogmaturi debulebis

Tanaxmad sazogadoebrivi cnobiereba, sabolood mTlia-

nad da erTmniSvnelovnadaa gansazRvruli sazogadoeb-

rivi yofierebiT. Tumca Zalze didi gadaWarbeba iqne-

boda imis mtkiceba, rom qarTvel xalxosnebs ramenai-

rad swori da sruli codna aqvT marqsis moZRvrebisa,

mainc faqtia, rom aRniSnulma ideur-politikurma moZ-

raobam, romelsac TiTqmis mTeli evropa hqonda mocu-

li, maT SexedulebebSic hpova sakmaod reliefuri asax-

va.

swored amis Sedegia is, rom qarTveli xalxosnebis

mier erovnuli problematika TiTqmis yovelTvis ganixi-

leba socialur-ekonomikuri gardaqmnebis problemati-

kasTan erTad, rogorc wesi, am ukanasknelis primatis

aRiarebiT da mis umTavressa da upirveles amocanad

371

miCneviT. maTi samoqmedo programa, zogadad aseTia:

evropisa da ruseTis sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis masazr-

doebel mowinave ideebTan ziarebis gziT TviTganaT-

leba da ganviTareba; xalxSi gasvla da am ideebis

qadageba. rac Seexeba erovnuli Tavisuflebis ideas,

miuxedavad imisa, rom xalxosnebs igi yuradRebis

gareSe ar rCebaT, mas maTi samoqmedo programis met-

naklebad mniSvnelovan punqtad namdvilad mainc ver

miviCnevT.

aRniSnul samoqmedo programaze pirdapir msjelobs

s. mgalobliSvili: ,,miznad davisaxeT TviTganviTareba

da xalxSi gasvla”, xolo i. mansvetaSvili Tavis ,,mo-

gonebebSi” wers: ,,filosofiaSi im dros didi adgili

uWiravs ogiust konts... da inglisel spensers. ... sen-

simonis, furies, ouenis, prudonis, lasalis da sxvaTa

naSromebi CvenTvis saukeTeso wignebi iyo”20 da Semdeg:

,,vfiqrobdiT, saqarTveloSi dabrunebisas ra saqmes

davdgomodiT, muSaobisTvis ra asparezi amogverCia, ra

gziT mivSvelebodiT muSa xalxs, glexobas, rom maTi

keTildReoba, yofacxovreba gaumjobesdes”21. es ,,muSa

xalxi, glexoba”, ra Tqma unda, xalxosnebisTvis pirvel

rigSi qarTveli xalxia d maTi keTildReobisTvis

zrunva friad sapatio saqmea, magram gza, romelic

xalxosnebma am keTilSobiluri miznisTvis airCies Zi-

reulad gansxvavdeba im iliaseuli samoqmedo progra-

misgan, romelic ,,mgzavris werilebSia” Camoyalibebuli.

es gza iyo ,,xalxSi gasvla” da social-revoluciuri

ideebis qadageba. socialuri revolucia ki Tavisi saz-

risiT arsebiTad gansxvavdeba erovnul-ganmaTavisufle-

beli moZraobisgan da misi mTavari mizanic aranairad

araa erovnuli damoukideblobisa da Tavisuflebis mo-

poveba. Tu qarTveli xalxosnebisTvis erovnuli damou-

kideblobis idea mainc mniSvnelovania, es upirvelesad

gamowveulia ara TviT xalxosnuri moZraobis xasiaTiT,

372

aramed im sulieri velis TaviseburebiT, romelSic

isini cxovroben da moRvaweoben da romlis gavlenasac

isini, ase Tu ise, mainc ganicdian. es veli aris

qarTuli kulturis sulierebis veli, romlis arsebiTi

Taviseburebebis ganmsazRvrel ZiriTad ideaTa Soris

erT-erTi wamyvani adgili TiTqmis yovelTvis ekava

erovnuli Tavisuflebis ideasac, ideas, romelic samo-

cianelTa mier erT-erTi upirvelesi idealis rangSi

iqna ayvanili. qarTveli xalxosnebi, mTeli maTi cxov-

rebisa da sazogadoebrivi moRvaweobis rusuli narod-

nikobiT gansazRvrulobis miuxedavad, mainc qarTve-

lebi, qarTuli kulturis Svilebi arian da swored es

ganapirobebs maT araerTgvarovan, xSirad winaaRmdegob-

riv damokidebulebas erovnulTan mimarTebaSi.

es winaaRmdegobrioba kargad Cans xalxosnuri moZ-

raobis Tundac iseTi TvalsaCino warmomadgenlis maga-

liTze, rogoric giorgi maiaSvili (giorgi zdanoviCis

fsevdonimi) iyo (1854-1917).

jer kidev ,,50-is procesze” warmoTqmul sityvaSi,

romelic gamoirCeva radikaluri msjelobebiTa da xal-

xosnuri ideebis gabeduli qadagebiT, g. maiaSvili

ilaSqrebs imaT winaaRmdeg, visac miaCnia, rom ruseTi

evropisgan gansxvavebulia da sxva gziT unda wavides.

misi azriT ideebi yvelgan erTia da ruseTSiac iseve

unda ecadon xalxis yofa-cxovrebis gaumjobesebas, ro-

gorc evropaSi. xolo rac Seexeba TviT xalxis cnebis

Sinaarsis g. maiaSviliseul gagebas, aq igi aviTarebs

Tvalsazriss, romelsac aSkarad etyoba herbert spen-

seris ,,sociologiis” gavlena, rac ekonomikuri da

erovnuli sakiTxis marqsistul gadawyvetasTan aris

Sezavebuli.

,,uaxlesad wamoyenebuli socialuri sakiTxis mixed-

viT kacobrioba iyofa ara erebad, aramed Cagrulebad

da mCagvrelebad; adamianTa sazogadoebrivi dajgufebe-

373

bis sazomad gvevlineba ara teritoria, ara ena da to-

mobrivi Taviseburebani, aramed ekonomikuri sawyisi,

rac safuZvlad udevs saxalxo cxovrebas”.22 swored es

Cagruli xalxi, romelic kacobriobis erTian suraTSi

gamoiyofa ara raime erovnuli niSnis, aramed socia-

luri mdgomareobis mixedviT, aris g. maiaSvilis yurad-

Rebis obieqti. misi mizania am xalxis daxmareba, maTi

ekonomikuri cxovrebis gaumjobeseba, maTi zneobis

asamaRleblad da sulieri cxovrebis gaumjobesebaze

zrunva, ,,...raTa xalxis Segneba ar daibindos cru-

morwmuneobiTa da ucodinrobiT”. am miznis misaRwevis

saukeTeso gzad ki, g. maiaSvils revoluciuri moRva-

weoba miaCnia.

yovelive es jer kidev araa sruli nihilizmi erov-

nul sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT, Tumca misi niSnebi Zalu-

mad igrZnoba. erT-erT Tavis werilSi, ,,dezertirebi” _

g. maiaSvili wers: ,,me ar meguleba CvenSi imnairi mimar-

Tuleba, imnairi jgufi, romelic Tavis samSoblos siy-

varuliT ar iyos gatacebuli da samSoblos ganviTa-

rebas, mis aRorZinebas, mis keTildReobas ar isaxavda

Tavis moqmedebis miznad da roca amnair pirobebSi

gamodis dezertirebis grova da privilegiis aRebas

cdilobs saqarTvelos siyvarulisas, SiSi mebadeba:

vaiTu an dezertirebi cdebian an samSoblo Secdes...”23

Tumca aq dezertirebis aseT grovad mas is adamianebi

miaCnia, vinc social-ekonomikurTan SedarebiT privile-

giebs social-politikur brZolas aniWebs, g. maiaSvi-

lis es msjeloba mainc niSandoblivia imis gasacxa-

deblad, Tu ra adgili ukavia samSoblos siyvarulis

grZnobas, grZnobaTa miseul palitraSi da saerTodac

samSoblos cnebas mTlianad socialuri sinamdvilis

cnebis miseul gaazrebaSi.

am mxriv, aseve, sayuradReboa g. maiaSvilis msjelo-

ba, romelsac igi aviTarebs statiaSi ,,msxvil Tavadaz-

374

naurTa ideologia”. `ranair socialursa da politikur

lozungs iZleva, _ svams kiTxvas g. maiaSvili, _ is

jgufi, romelic Tavis Tavs ,,nacional demokrats”

uwodebs, Cven ar viciT. Tu davijereT maTi rwmuneba,

rom maT ainteresebT ara sociologia, ara politika,

aramed materialuri da sulieri kultura Cveni qveynisa

da marTla marto amiT ganisazRvra maTi programa,

maSin eWvs gareSea, rom dasaxelebuli jgufi poli-

tikur partiad SeuZlebelia CaiTvalos da yovelnairad

sazogadoebrivi da politikuri omi maTTan fuWi da

umizno unda iqnas, radganac kulturis saqme yvela

partiebs, ganurCevlad mimarTulebisa, didad aintere-

sebT”24.

partiaTa ZiriTadi gansxvaveba ,,nacional-demokra-

tebisgan~ aris ara is, rom isini saerTod uaryofen

Cveni materialuri da sulieri kulturis Seswavlisa

da misi movla-patronobis saWiroebas, aramed is, rom

maT yovelive es meorexarisxovan saqmed miaCniaT. pirve-

li da umTavresia socialuri urTierTobis gardaqmna

xalxis sasargeblod.

g. maiaSvili saqarTvelos viTarebas evropuli yofa-

cxovrebis analogiurad ganixilavs da Tvlis, rom

saqarTveloSic, iseve rogorc evropaSi, mTavari unda

iyos ekonomikuri sakiTxi da aris kidevac. is, cxadia,

kargad xedavs saqarTvelos politikuri mdgomareobis

gansxvavebas, rogorc evropis Tavisufali erebis, aseve

TviT rusi xalxisganac, magram es misTvis araTu ara-

viTari sabuTi araa ekonomikuri sakiTxis primatis aRia-

rebaSi daeWvebisaTvis, aramed, piriqiT. igi ganixilavs

irlandiis ambebs, romlis bedi, misi azriT, Zalzed

waagavs saqarTvelos da qarTveli xalxis beds. aseT

viTarebaSi advili warmosadgenia ifiqros kacma, rom

irlandiis moZraobis mizezi usaTuod politikuri unda

iyos. ,,marTlac, romeli survili da wadilia ufro

375

kanonieri, ufro bunebrivi ise, rogorc survili xal-

xisa, rom igi iyos Tavisufali, damoukidebeli ucxo

mflobelebisa da batonebisgan. magram ,,mainca da mainc

ara survili erovnuli damoukideblobisa Seadgens

mTavar saltolvels irlandielTa moZraobisas, aramed

xalxis ekonomikuris urTierTobebis gadakeTeba da

awindelis mis wyobilebis Secvla Seadgens mis mTavar

ZarRvs irlandielTa moZraobis programisa”25. me, aRniS-

navs igi Semdgom, ,,sruliad ar uarvyof, rom irlandi-

elT erovnulis ganTavisuflebis survilica aqvT. me

minda mxolod aRvniSno sxvilis asoebiT is ueWveli

faqti, rom ekonomikurma Sewuxebam gamoiyvana xalxi

gabruebisagan, aRamxedra sabrZolvelad da misca feri

da sicocxle mTlianad moZraobas”26. raki irlandielTa

magaliTi mas saqarTvelos mdgomareobisa da qarTveli

xalxis sazogadoebrivi aqtivobis sasurveli ZiriTadi

mimarTulebebis gansasazRvrad sWirdeba, SeiZleba vi-

fiqroT, rom is, rakiRa erovnuli ganTavisuflebisTvis

brZolas yvelaze kanonier da samarTlian saqmed

miiCnevs, ekonomikur sakiTxs pirvel adgilze wminda

taqtikuri mosazrebiT ayenebs da ZiriTadi mizani ki

mainc sakuTari samSoblos im erovnul RirebulebaTa

dacvaa, romelic ekonomikuri faseulobis Semdeg unda

ganxorcieldes. magram, saqmec is aris, rom es, yvelaze

kanonieri da samrTliani ram meorexarisxovnad da

gareganad miaCnia, raSic mJRavndeba misi Sexedulebebis

winaaRmdegobrivoba erovnul sakiTxebze. Zalumi moyva-

reni Tavisi samSoblosi, aRniSnavs igi, Tavisive xeliT

uTxrian ormos Zvirfass Tavis qveyanas, ukeTu iviwyeben

xalxis ekonomikur interesebs da aZleven uaRres mniSv-

nelobas garegan pirobebs da viTarebas xalxis cxov-

rebisas, ukeTu gamosdgomian mxolod erovnuls ideebsa

da tradiciebs. igi ara mxolod politikuri Zalaufle-

bisTvis brZolas, aramed ,,erovnul ideebsa da tra-

376

diciebs” adamianTa cxovrebis gardaqmnisas, ,,garegan

formebs uwodebs”, xolo ekonomikur moZraobas ,,Sina-

gans”. gaugebari rCeba mxolodRa is, Tu rogor SeiZle-

ba yvelaze maRali idea da ideali, yvelaze kanonieri

da samarTliani mizani da am miznisTvis brZola

garegani da meoradi iyos, sxva ram ki, Tundac iseTi

mniSvnelovani, rogoric ekonomikuria _ Sinagani da

pirveladi.

mTlianad sazogadoebis cxovrebaSic da erovnul

Tu politikur moZraobasa da brZolaSic ekonomikuri

sakiTxis pirveladobisa da misi ganmsazRvreli mniSvne-

lobis aRiareba garkveul daRs asvams istoriaSi pirov-

nebisa da xalxis rolis xalxosnur Sefasebasac. poli-

tikur moqmed pirebs, fiqrobs g. maiaSvili, hgoniaT,

rom politikuri moZraoba da amboxeba maTi moqmedebis

wyalobiT xdeba, magram is ki ar ician, rom TviTon

isini arian warmoSobilni politikuri moZraobisgan,

romlis fesvi da Ziri imaleba ekonomikuris cxovrebis

gauaresebaSi da materialuris warmoebis SeviwroebaSi.

rogorc vxedavT, am sakiTxSi g. maiaSvilis Tval-

sazrisi mTlianad emTxveva k. marqsis pozicias, romel-

sac igi ,,Rrma moazres” uwodebs, Tumca ki mainc bo-

lomde ar mihyveba mas da ekonomikuri problemebis ga-

daWrisTvis politikuri Zalauflebis mopovebis auci-

leblobis (da garduvalobis) marqsistuli dogmis nacv-

lad ekonomikuri gardaqmnebis did mniSvnelobas qada-

gebs, riTac bolomde erTguleba rCeba rusuli narod-

nikuli moZraobis ZiriTadi warmmarTveli ideebisa.

sainteresoa g. maiaSvilis damokidebuleba samocia-

nelebTan. igi cdilobs maTi asparezze gamosvlac marq-

sistulad axsnas da miiCnevs, rom es movlena mTlianad

gamoiwvia saqarTvelos ruseTTan SeerTebam da misgan

gamomdinare ekonomikurma cvlilebebma, ris gamoc, sa-

qarTvelos istoriuli bedisTvis Zalian mniSvnelovani

377

mravali faqti TiTqmis dadebiT movlenadac kia Sefase-

buli. xalxosnuri ideebiT Sepyrobili g. maiaSvili ver

xedavs samocianelTa sulieri da sazogadoebrivi moR-

vaweobis ganmapirobebel iseT umniSvnelovanes faqto-

rebs, rogoric iyo qarTul sinamdvileSi cxovrebis

axali wesis SemoWra, rac ewinaaRmdegeboda saqarTve-

los istorias, tradicias da xasiaTs; rusifikatorul

politikas, rac qarTul enas daviwyebiTa da gadagva-

rebiT emuqreboda; ,,axal”, ucxo kulturulsa da

pedagogiur politikas; rusul imperiul politikas

religiis sakiTxSi da a.S., rac mTlianad ruseTma Se-

moitana saqarTveloSi. swored es da sxva mravali

msgavsi faqtori iyo is ZiriTadi safuZveli, ramac gana-

piroba samocianelTa moqmedebis mTavari mimarTuleba _

erovnuli moZraoba.

ekonomikuri sakiTxi da xalxosnuri ideebis qadage-

ba g. maiaSvilisTvis imdenad mniSvnelovania, rom swo-

red maTdami gamoCenili yuradRebis xarisxis mixedviT

fasdeba mis mier Cveni sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis ne-

bismieri sferos Tu mimarTulebis av-kargianoba, iqneba

es, studenti axalgazrdobis swavla-ganaTleba Tu so-

cialuri aqtivoba, Cveni kulturuli warsulisa da

istoriis Seswavla Tu Tundac imave samocianelTa

literaturuli moRvaweoba da a.S.

ekonomikuri cxovrebis gardaqmnisTvis, erovnuli

damoukideblobisTvis da politikuri uflebebisTvis

brZolis Sesabamisad, ekonomikuris, erovnulisa da po-

litikuris mniSvnelobisa da urTierTdamokidebulebis

gaazreba, romelic Cven g. maiaSvilis magaliTze war-

movaCineT, garkveuli azriT, tipuria mTeli qarTuli

xalxosnuri moZraobisTvis. misTvis niSandoblivia

erovnulisa da politikuris erTgvari ignorireba da

ugulebelyofa (xSirad ki maTi urTierTaRrevac) da

ekonomikuris upirobo primatis aRiareba. rac Seexeba am

378

moZraobis calkeul warmomadgenlebs, aq cota ufro

rTulad da araerTgvarovnadaa saqme, radganac aq, Tum-

ca ki iSviaTad, magram mainc arsebobs gamonaklisebic.

erT-erTi aseTi gamonaklisia boslevelis _ estate

mWedliZis (1834-1885) _ Sexedulebebi, romelsac qarTve-

li mkvlevarebis mniSvnelovani nawili, Tumca ki gar-

kveuli ganmartebebiT, mainc, xalxosanTa Soris moix-

seniebs, miuxedavad imisa, rom igi arasodes yofila

xalxosanTa romelime jgufis wevri. erT-erTi aseTi

ganmarteba, magaliTad, aris is, rom bosleveli ideu-

rad ukve sagrZnobladaa dacilebuli samocianelebs

(Tumca maT did gavlenas udavod ganicdis), xolo

mesame daselebTan ki TiTqmis araferi akavSirebs. Tavi

da Tavi mainc albaT isaa, rom Tavisi mrwamsiTa da

SexedulebebiT igi, friad mniSvnelovani gansxvavebebis

miuxedavad, mainc sworad xalxosnebTanaa yvelaze ax-

los. es siaxlove Cans, Tundac 80-90 wlebis saqarT-

veloSi yvelaze ufro aqtualuri da sadavo sakiTxis _

aqvs Tu ara saqarTvelos damoukideblad arsebobis

ufleba _ bosleveliseul gaazrebaSi, sadac is, iseve

rogorc g. maiaSvili, saqarTvelos avtonomiis daSvebis

Tvalsazriss ar gascilebia. isic, sxva xalxosanTa

msgavsad, aRniSnavs ekonomikuri sakiTxis udides mniSv-

nelobas da Tvlis, rom xalxis moZraobis gamomwvevi

mxolod ekonomikuri viTarebaa, ris gamoc socializmis

TeoriisTvis ,,Wkuis kiTxva” misTvis sruliad misaRebia,

Tumca ki, sruliadac ar fiqrobs, rom ekonomikuri sa-

kiTxis gadawyvetas TavisTavad mohyveba yvela sxva

sikeTe da xalxis winaSe mdgari yvela problemis ga-

dawyveta. igi akritikebs g. maiaSvilis msjelobis cal-

mxrivobas da aRniSnavs, rom ekonomikuri gardaqmna da

winsvla politikur uflebebs ver moutans xalxs da

Tumca arc politikuri Tavisufleba moitans uzrun-

velsa da mdidrul cxovrebas. yoveli erisTvis upir-

379

velesi mizani jer damoukidebloba unda iyos da mxo-

lod Semdgom SeiZleba saubari mdgomareobis gamos-

worebasa da ekonomikur winsvlaze.

amdenad, aq bosleveli ZiriTadad imeorebs samocia-

nelTa (ilias) samoqmedo gegmas _ politikuri damouki-

debloba da ekonomikuri winsvla. am programis siswo-

ris dasasabuTeblad igi ixsenebs germanelTa brZolas

damoukideblobisTvis da acxadebs, rom garemoebaTa

ZaliT germanelebs ekonomikuri mdgomareobis gaumjobe-

sebaze ki ar unda efiqraT, aramed cxovrebis uflebi-

saTvis. aqve igi ixsenebs fixtes da mis did Rvawls

germaniis TavisuflebisTvis. Tavisi poziciis gasamag-

reblad igi imowmebs karl marqsis azrsac imis Sesaxeb

rom, muSa-xalxma usaTuod unda moipovos politikuri

uflebani, raTa kapitalistebis uReli Semusros, rac

imazec miuTiTebs, rom boslevels bolomde ara aqvs

erTmaneTisgan gansxvavebuli erovnul-ganmaTavisufle-

beli moZraoba da socialisturi revolucia da xSirad

isini erTmaneTSi ereva.

Tumca es ar niSnavs imas, rom bosleveli socialis-

turi revoluciis marqsistul Teorias iziarebs an

eTanxmeba mas. revolucias igi afasebs, rogorc mxolod

daqcevis wadiliT Sepyrobil moZraobas, romelsac

RirsebaSelaxuli da tkivilebiT gamwarebuli xalxi

mimarTavs. amitom revolucia, rogorc Zaladoba, yve-

lafris damqcevi da ubedurebis momtani ram, misTvis

miRebulia. eris ganTavisuflebisa da damoukideblobis

miRwevis erTaderT sworsa da misaReb gzad mas miaCnia

TviTmmarTvelobis gafarToebisa da damkvidrebis miz-

niT reformebis gatareba.

sagulisxmoa boslevelis msjeloba erisa da misi

uflebebis Sesaxeb. ers, rogorc yovel cocxal arse-

bas, rogorc vTqvaT, adamians _ aqvs sazogado-kacob-

riuli interesi awmyosa da momavalSi. mas aqvs Tavisi

380

sakuTari idea, sakuTari miswrafeba, Tavisi sakuTari

adgili da daniSnuleba sxva erTa Soris, romelsac

ganaxorcielebs igi erTgvari Taviseburis saSualebiT;

amitom yovel ers RvTisa da bunebisgan miniWebuli aqvs

sruli ufleba icxovros, ganviTardes ise, rogorc amas

moiTxovs misi gansakuTrebuli tanis agebuleba; yovel

ers micemuli aqvs Tavisufleba ganagrZos progresuli

msvleloba im gzazed, romelic miuCenia misTvis mis

warsuls da sazogadod im pirobebs, romelSiac cxov-

robda igi winaT da cxovrobs axlac. boslevelis

msjelobas Tavisi Rirebuleba, vfiqrobT, dResac ar

daukargavs. masSi gamoTqmuli umTavresi da ZiriTadi

azri Zalzed axlos dgas samocianelTa, kerZod, ilias

samoqmedo programasTan. Tumca ki, safiqrebelia, rom

boslevels ar akmayofilebda samocianelTaTvis niSan-

doblivi mwyobri, TandaTanobiTi samoqmedo gegma da

igi ufro mkveTri moqmedebebis momxre iyo, rac SeiZ-

leba gaazrebuli iyos erovnul-ganmaTavisuflebel

moZraobad (da araviTar SemTxvevaSi socialur revolu-

ciad, rac misTvis sruliad miuRebeli iyo). amaze mety-

velebs Tundac misi msjeloba imis Taobaze, rom mova

dro, rodesac dRevandeli mdgomareoba damonebuli

xalxebisa gaaZlierebs maTSi TviTcnobierebas, gamoiw-

vevs reaqcias da maSin es damonebuli xalxebi SeanZrevs

Zalumad Tanamedrove wyobilebas da auwyebs qveyanas

axal moZRvrebas. igi fiqrobda, rom misi Tanamedroveo-

ba iyo dro nacionaluri moZraobisa, romelsac pasuxi

unda gaeca yoveli xalxisTvis umTavres ,,nacionalur

kiTxvaze”.

2. ,,mesame dasi”. ,,meame dasis” saxelTan upirvelesad

dakavSirebulia marqsizmisa da misi socialuri da

politikuri Sexedulebebis gavrceleba saqarTveloSi.

381

XIX saukunis bolo periodis saqarTveloSi yvela

piroba iyo marqsizmis gasavrceleblad. amisTvis arse-

bobda rogorc subieqturi, ise obieqturi pirobebi.

am procesebs saqarTveloSi, iseve rogorc mTlianad

ruseTis imperiaSi, dasabami misca batonymobis gauqmebis

reformis gatarebam, romelic saqarTveloSi 1864 wli-

dan 1871 wlamde grZeldeboda.

saqarTveloSi marqsizmis gavrcelebisTvis niadagi

moamzada, agreTve, XIX s. meore naxevarSi qarTulma sa-

zogadoebriv-politikurma azrovnebam, romelic ideur

safuZvlebs qmnida ara marto marqsizmis, rogorc

msoflmxedvelobis, aramed marqsistuli filosofiis

gavrcelebisa da ganviTarebisTvis.

saqarTveloSi, romelic Tavisi erovnuli avtonomiis

dakargvis Semdeg mxolod ruseTis guberniaTa ricxvs

miekuTvneboda, sazogadoebriv-politikuri cxovrebis

ganviTareba mravalmxrivad, magram Taviseburad asaxavda

im procesebs, romelic im xanad ruseTSi xdeboda. 1832

wlis SeTqmuleba Tavis TavSi iseTive Sinaarseul

datvirTvasac atarebda, rogorsac dekabristebis moZ-

raoba. am ukanasknelma, rogorc cnobilia, saTave dau-

do ruseTSi revoluciur-ganmanTavisuflebeli moZrao-

bis Camoyalibebas, rac, Tavis mxriv, saqarTveloSi Ter-

gdaleulebis moRvaweobaSi aisaxa da zogadi socialu-

ri ganmanTavisuflebeli Sinaarsis moZraobidan speci-

fikur erovnul ganmaTavisuflebel moZraobaSi gadai-

zarda. man moicva mTeli qaTuli presa da periodika:

,,saqarTvelos moambe”, ,,mnaTobi”, ,,droeba”, ,,iveria”,

,,imedi”. es gasagebicaa, radgan, rogorc ilia werda:

,,erovnuli mxare Cveni arsebobisa ufro Zlier gvtkio-

da, gvaRonebda, vidre socialuri”27.

eris mamam _ ilia WavWavaZem _ isic kargad icoda,

rom qveynis bednierebis gzaze dayenebisTvis marto es

sakmarisi ar iyo, ara kmaroda mxolod erovnuli tkivi-

382

lebis gaRviZeba; rom saWiro iyo ,,zrunva socialur

cvlilebebzed, xalxis ekonomikuri mdgomareobis ga-

saukeTeseblad”, rom erovnuli uflebebis aRdgena da

aRorZineba Tavad moaxdenda zegavlenas socialur-

ekonomikur ganviTarebaze.

TergdaleulTa didi umravlesoba klasTa brZolis,

sazogadoebis klasobrivi dapirispirebis gaRvivebis,

ganmaTavisuflebeli moZraobis moRvaweTa calkeul

jgufebad, dasebad, (,,das-dasebad”) dayofis winaaRmdegi

iyo. aqve aRsaniSnavia, rom TergdaleulTagan rus

revoluciur demokratTa socialur ideebs misdevda

(socialuri Tavisuflebis lozungis prioritetis dac-

viT) n. nikolaZe da misi jgufi, romelTac, amis gamo,

mudmivi seriozuli uTanxmoeba hqondaT Tergdaleu-

lebTan.

cnobilma literaturaTmcodnem, istorikosma da

sociologma simon xundaZem saqarTveloSi marqsizmis

gavrcelebisTvis ideuri wanamZRvrebis momzadebis Ziri-

Tadi winaistoriuli etapebi oTx safexurad warmoad-

gina: 1. ,,ciskris” moRvaweni _ ,,mamebi”; 2. Tavadaznau-

rul-liberaluri _ ,,Svilebi” (,,pirveli dasi” ilia Wav-

WavaZis meTaurobiT); 3. radikalur-demokratiuli _ g.

wereTlis ,,meore dasi” da 4. wvrilburJuaziuli, xal-

xosnuri mimarTuleba.

mkvlevrebi qarTuli xalxosnuri moZraobis or

etaps _ 70-ian da 80-ian wlebs, mkveTrad gamoyofen erT-

maneTisgan. 70-ian wlebis qarTveli xalxosnebi decent-

ralizaciisa da avtonomiis winaaRmdeg gamodiodnen, 80-

iani wlebisa ki ilaSqrebdnen saxelmwifoebrivi cent-

ralizmis winaaRmdeg da icavdnen avtonomiis, TviTmarT-

velobis princips28.

es moZraoba saqarTveloSi Tavdapirvelad calkeuli

ideebisa da debulebebis saxiT SemoiWra da gavrcelda,

rac upiratesad legaluri presis furclebze xdeboda.

383

misi pirveli amTviseblebi da gamavrcelebelni saqarT-

veloSi iyvnen g. maiaSvili (zdanoviCi), g. volski (g.

umwifariZe), e. mWedliZe (bosleveli), n. xizaniSvili

(urbneli), i. jabadari (istoriuli materializmis sa-

kiTxebze msjelobda, magram marqsis momxre ar iyo).

isini moRvaweobdnen 80-iani wlebis qarTul presaSi,

rogorc publicistebi da Tavisi diskusiebiT marq-

sistuli filosofiis sakiTxebze xels uwyobdnen mar-

qsizmis gavrcelebis saqmes.

qarTul presaSi marqsistuli filosofiis ideebi

farTod SemoiWra maSin, rodesac mwvave diskusia gai-

Sala ,,mesame daselebsa” da ,,iveria”, ,,moambis” pub-

licistebs Soris. 1897 wels ,,kvalSi” daibeWda f.

gogiCaiSvilis (f. patriSvilis) ,,mgzavris SeniSvnebi”,

romelSic CarTulia mis mier Targmnili ,,komunisturi

partiis manifestis” pirveli Tavi. 1901 wels ,,kvalSi”

daibeWda anonimuri statia ,,dialeqtika da metafizika”,

es iyo engelsis ,,anti-diuringis” Sesavlis qarTuli

Targmani, 1899 wels ,,moambem” dabeWda g. plexanovis

,,istoriaSi pirovnebis rolis sakiTxosaTvis”. qarTuli

Targmanis saxelwodeba iyo ,,ra mniSvneloba aqvs isto-

riaSi pirovnebis, anu adamianis moqmedebas?” (kirsanovis

fsevdonimiT).

XIX s. 80-90 wlebSi iqmneba politikuri TviTganaT-

lebis wreebi, muSebis, xelosnebis, inteligenciis,

moswavle axalgazrdobis monawileobiT. amgvari lega-

luri da aralegaluri wreebi Seiqmna fabrikebSi, saxe-

losnoebSi, seminarebSi. Camoyalibda muSaTa aralega-

luri organizaciebi, 1887 wels daarsda ,,muSaTa kav-

Siri”, romelsac Tavisi programac hqonda. TviTganaT-

lebis wreebi daarsda baTumSi, quTaisSi, zestafonSi.

baTumSi TviTganaTlebis wreebs xelmZRvanelobdnen

egnate ninoSvili da mixa cxakaia.

384

3. egnate ninoSvili (1859-1894). 1889 wlidan rotSil-

dis qarxnis muSa iyo. aq Seqmna wre, sadac igi muSebs

ukiTxavda politikursa da mxatvrul literaturas.

erTi wlis Semdeg e. ninoSvili zestafonSi gadadis

marganecis kantoris moxeled da iq igi aarsebs revo-

luciurad ganwyobil muSaTa da moxeleTa wres.

specialur literaturaSi Cveni mkvlevarebis mier

aRniSnulia e. ninoSvilis gansakuTrebuli rolis

Sesaxeb marqsizmis aTvisebisa da gavrcelebis saqmeSi.

ganaTlebuloba da metyvelebis logikuroba e. nino-

Svils xels uwyobda Tavis irgvliv Semoekriba Tana-

moazreTa sakmaod farTo wre. 1891 wels misi pirveli

Sexvedra m. cxakaiasTan damTavrda SeTanxmebiT, erTob-

livad SeeqmnaT pirveli marqsistuli organizacia.

1892 wels zestafonSi e. ninoSvilis TaosnobiT

aralegalurad gaimarTa samdRiani Sekreba. 25 dekembers

Sobis dResaswaulis aRniSvnis sababiT Sekrebaze gani-

xiles pirveli marqsistuli jgufis samuSao programis

ZiriTadi principebi. krebas eswrebodnen: e. ninoSvili,

m. cxakaia, n. Jordania, s. jiblaZe, i. ramiSvili da sxva-

ni. ase Camoyalibda pirveli marqsistuli organizacia,

romelsac Semdeg ,,mesame dasi” ewoda.

zestafonSi (yvirilaSi) ,,mesame daselebisaTvis”

ganxilvis sagani iyo pirveli marqsistuli jgufis sa-

muSao programa, romlis ZiriTadi principebi, rogorc

,,erovnul demokratiuli” programis proeqti, warmodge-

nili noe Jordanias mier. igi ar miiRes. azrTa sxvaoba

TviT am organizaciis saxelwodebis Taobazec gaCnda,

romlis mogvareba ver moxerxda. aRsaniSnavia, rom, e.w.

,,mesame dasSi” pirvelsave Sekrebaze warmoqmnili uTanx-

moebani am organizaciis arsebobas Tavidan bolomde

gahyva, ramac Semdeg principuli dapirispirebis saxe

miiRo. gaCdnen memarcxeneebi da memarjveneebi. pirvel

385

Sekrebaze memarcxeneebi umravlesobaSi aRmoCndnen, maT

ar gaiziares warmodgenili proeqti.

n. Jordania aRniSnavda, rom ,,mesame daselTa” pirvel

Sekrebaze gaimarjves socializmis revoluciuri gziT

damyarebis momxreebma da es iyo is partia, romelic

,,Semdeg Cvens Tvalswin bolSevizmis saxiT gadaiSala”.

n. Jordania mainc cdilobda Tavisi programis dac-

vas da es moxda momdevno wels, 1893 wlis gazafxulze

TbilisSi marqsistuli jgufis meore Sekrebaze, sadac

man programis axali proeqti waradgina da romelic

erTxmad iyo miRebuli. n. Jordanias sityvebiT, Tu

pirvel Sekrebaze ,,rusulma” ,,narodnikulma” socia-

lizmma gaimarjva, meore Sekrebaze ,,evropulma socia-

lizmma” moipova aRiarebao.

ase Camoyalibda qarTveli marqsistebis pirveli or-

ganizacia garkveuli programiT da moqmedebis gegmiT.

am jgufis pirveli sajaro gamosvla moxda e. ninoSvi-

lis saflavze da am droidan ewoda mas ,,mesame dasi”.

amgvarad, pirveli marqsistuli organizaciis saTa-

veSi dgas e. ninoSvili, romelic msoflmxedvelobrivi

evoluciis TvalsazrisiT iyo qarTveli inteligenti,

romelic axalgazrdobis axal moZraobaze gadasvlis

periodSi moRvaweobda. man aiTvisa marqsizmi da is

miiCnia im ideologiad, romliTac SesaZlebeli gaxde-

boda Zvelis winaaRmdeg brZola warmatebiT damTavrebu-

liyo.

e. ninoSvili Tavisi biografiiT mowodebuli iyo

kargad scodnoda socialuri usamarTlobani da arCeva-

ni gaekeTebina marqsistuli poziciis sasargeblod. Ta-

visi msoflmxedvelobrivi mrwamsi man mxatvrul

Semoqmedebaze ufro metad publicistur nawerebSi ga-

moTqva. misi mxatvruli nawarmoebebica da publicis-

turi nawerebic 1887 wlidan ibeWdeboda Jurnal-gaze-

TebSi: ,,iveria”, ,,kvali”, ,,moambe”, ,,Teatri”. man sul Svi-

386

di weli iRvawa, rogorc mweralma da publicistma.

publicistikaSi igi marqsizmis propagandistia. am mxriv

aRsaniSnavia misi ori werili: ,,Zveli dava axal qerqSi”

da ,,uebari saSualeba saqarTvelos gamdidrebisaTvis”

(orive dawerilia 1893w.).

e. ninoSvilis wre aqtiur Teoriul-ganmanaTleblur

muSaobas eweoda. Segrovili fuliT sazRvargareTidan

iwerdnen literaturas, wris wevrebi icnobdnen marqsis

,,kapitals”, plexanovis Sromebs. wreSi gamarTuli dis-

kusiebi exeboda politikursa da zogad humanitarul

problemebs, daobdnen imaze, Tu ra aris WeSmariteba da

simarTle, rogor aris SesaZlebeli pirovnebis srul-

yofa, adamiani gansazRvrulia Tu ara obieqturi

cxovrebis pirobebiT da a.S.

e. ninoSvilis dakrZalva CoCxaTSi mowinave qarTveli

revoluciuri inteligenciis Sekrebad gadaiqca. swored

aq moxda marqsisti axalgazrdobis ,,pirveli sajaro,

saprogramo gamosvla” (l. gorgilaZe). dasaflavebaze

Zveli Taobis saxeliT sityva warmoTqva g. wereTelma,

xolo ,,iveriidan” ilia WavWavaZis davalebiT g. yifSiZem

(pasuxismgebelma mdivanma).

mniSvnelovani iyo e. ninoSvilis dasaflavebis meore

dRes ,,mesame dasis” Sekreba nigoiTSi, sadac uaxles sa-

moqmedo amocanad Camoayalibes marqsistuli axalgazr-

dobis aqtiuri propagandistuli gamosvla presaSi da

sajarod, Zveli Taobis sazogadoebriv-politikuri

idealebis naklis mxileba, publicistikaSi imis dasa-

buTeba, rom saqarTveloSi kapitalizmi aucilebelicaa,

progresulic da faqtobrivad realizebulic. ,,mesame

daselebi” male Seudgnen am saprogramo moTxovnebis

saqmed qcevas.

radgan ,,mesame dasis” programul moTxovnad wamoye-

nebuli iyo ,,moZvelebul” sazogadoebrv-politikuri

mimdinareobebis winaaRmdeg brZola, isini Seudgnen am

387

amocanis ganxorcielebas gazeT ,,kvalis” furclebze

kritikuli werilebis beWdviT. ,,kvalis” redaqciam 1893-

1896 ww. gazeTi faqtobrivad dauTmo ,,daselebs”, xolo

1897 wlidan is qarTveli social-demokratebis tribu-

nad gadaiqca da amitom am ,,daselebs” xSirad ,,kva-

listebs” uwodebdnen.

,,kvalSi” daibeWda pirveli werili ,,Zveli dava axal

qerqSi”, romelsac marqsistul saprogramo naSroms

uwodeben. aq garkveulia marqsistuli jgufis warmoSo-

bis pirobebi da maTi damokidebuleba winamorbedebTan

da TanamedroveebTan, wamoWrilia sakiTxi TaobaTa

brZolis Sesaxeb. gatarebulia azri, rom is Taoba,

romelsac moxucebamde mtkiced swamda kiuvies Teoria,

moxucobis Jams veRar SeiTavsebs darvinis evoluciur

Teorias, ,,is Taoba, romelsac moxucebamde WeSmaritad

miaCnia malTusis, seis, bastias da sxva misTana po-

litiko-ekonomebis moZRvreba, ra Tqma unda, moxucebis

dros veRar SeiTvisebda karl marqsis sapolitiko-

ekonomikur moZRvrebas, romelmac ZiriTadi cvlileba

moaxdina politiko-ekonomikur mecnierebaSi”29.

e. ninoSvili ,,mesame dasis” marqsistuli frTis po-

ziciaze idga, igi Tavs socialur-politikur Sexedule-

bebSi kapitalizmis ganviTarebis progresistul gagebas

iziarebda. amave dros mis uaryofiT mxareebs amxelda,

scnobda proletariatis eqspropriacias, gaRatakebis

princips, moiTxovda dasavleT evropis gamocdilebis

gaziarebas da garkveul socialur-ekonomiur viTare-

baSi Tanasworobis ideis gamarjvebas varaudobda.

e. ninoSvili amtkicebda, rom kapitalizmis ganviTa-

reba obieqturi kanonia, misi SeCereba aravis SeuZlia,

,,imas arc Cveni nebarTva eWirveba da arc Cveni qeba-

didebao”, magram aseve obieqturi kanonis ZaliT das-

turdeba misi warmavlobis aucilebloba da socializ-

mis damyareba, rac axalgazrda marqsists, n. Jorda-

388

niasagan gansxvavebiT, Soreuli momavlis saqmed ki ar

eCveneba, aramed, saCqaro, saxvalio amocanad.

e. ninoSvili fiqrobda, rom saqarTvelos ruseTTan

SeerTebis Semdeg saqarTvelos bedi aRar SeiZleba sa-

momavlodac ruseTis revoluciur-ganmaTavisuflebeli

moZraobisagan izolirebulad ganvixiloT da rom gan-

maTavisuflebeli moZraobis yvela etapi ruseTSi ganv-

lili ganmsazRvreli gaxda qarTvelisTvis.

marqsistuli ideologiiT gatacebuli e. ninoSvili

ewinaaRmdegeboda Tergdaleulebs erovnuli sakiTxis

prioritetis dacvaSi. igi qarTvelebisTvis mxolod so-

cialuri, klasobrivi winaaRmdegobis gadawyvetaSi xe-

davda erTaderT gamosavals. am TvalsazrisiT iyo dawe-

rili misi werili ,,Zveli Tu axali?”, romlis dabeWdva-

ze `kvalSi~ g. wereTelma uari Tqva. TviT statiis av-

tors ki es Tavisi naweri yvelaze saukeTesod miaCnda

da dabejiTebiT sTxovda g. wereTels swored ,,kvalSi”,

rogorc ,,dRes arsebul” yvelaze progresul gazeTSi

daebeWda igi.

e. ninoSvili darwmunebuli iyo, rom ganmaTavisuf-

lebel moZraobaSi socialuri momenti upiratesia, rom

yvela evropul social-demokratiuli partiebis prog-

ramaSi mas aqvs miniWebuli primati da amitom saqarT-

veloSic namdvili socialistebic ase unda moiqcneno.

g. wereTelma swori pasuxi gasca e. ninoSvils da

miseburad moazrovne marqsistebs erovnuli sakiTxis

gamo. igi werda: sadac SezRudulia erovnul-pirovnu-

li, eris kultura, ena da istoria, iq pirvel rigSi

erovnuli sakiTxia gadasawyveti da masTan dakavSirebiT

wydeba socialuri Tanasworobisa da Tavisuflebis sa-

kiTxi.

389

$2. sociologiuri Sexedulebebi

1. giorgi wereTeli (1840-1900). g. wereTelis Semoqme-

debiT memkvidreobaSi gansakuTrebul yuradRebas imsa-

xurebs misi sociologiuri ideebi. es ideebi ZiriTadad

socializmis TeoriasTan mis damokidebulebaSi aisaxa.

rogorc progresuli sazogado moRvawe giorgi wereTe-

li, mxurvaled miesalmeboda saqarTvelos ekonomikursa

da kulturul aRmavlobas, romelsac maSin burJuazia

Taosnobda. igi feodalizmis rRvevisa da kapitalizmis

aRmavlobis epoqas ,,SesaniSnav dros” uwodebda da

aRatacebaSi mohyavda im saukunes, romelic, erTi mxriv,

,,cecxlis gemebiT” (orTqlmavlebiT), rkinigzebiT, ga-

farToebuli vaWroba-mrewvelobiT, xolo, meore mxriv,

ganviTarebuli mecnierebiTa da sazogadoebrivi azrov-

nebiT xasiaTdeboda.

g. wereTeli, rogorc ,,Seufaravi realisti” mwera-

li, socialuri sistemis cvlilebis am dadebiT mxa-

reebTan erTad mis uaryofiT mxareebsac iolad amCnevda

da mkacradac akritikebda Tavis publicistursa da

mxatvrul nawarmoebebSi. magaliTad, werilSi ,,am drois

viTareba” igi werda: ,,oqro ar uZebniaT ise mwareT, rac

axla naxSirs eZeben; dauWeriaT, batono, xelSi kavebi,

misdgomian Cvens mTebsa da gamwarebuli CiCqnian miwas,

ras eZeb rom hkiTxo _ naxSirs, batonovo. am naxSiris

sunma da komlma ise gaitaca Cveni sazogadoeba, rom

rac Savia, sul oqro hgoniaT da amis gamo Sav Cirqian

znesac ar Takiloben”.30

giorgi wereTeli amCnevs, rom axalma drom sagrZ-

noblad gaamwvava socialuri klasebisa da jgufebis

urTierToba, ris mizezadac mas warmoebis kapitalis-

turi wesi miaCnia. ,,saqme imaSia, _ wers igi _ rom aReb-

micemis wesi es aris da yoveli aReb-mimcemi kaci amnai-

390

ri usamarTlo sargeblobiT cxovrobs. aq amisTana

borotebaSi sazogadod vaWrobis wessa aqvs amaSi dana-

Sauli”31. amitom igi moiTxovs warmoebis kapitalisturi

wesis Secvlas. igi Tvlis, rom es wesi Tu ar Seicvla,

did vnebas miayenebs yvelas da xalxs gaaRaribebs.

axali sazogadoebrivi wyobileba, romelsac burJua-

ziuli unda Seecvala, giorgi wereTlis azriT, Sromis

axal principebze unda yofiliyo dafuZnebuli. mis

mTavar dasayrdenad mas miaCnia iseTi Sroma, romelic,

yvela arsebuli sazogadoebrivi wyobilebisgan gansxva-

vebiT, yvelasgan pativcemuli da dafasebuli iqneboda.

misi ideali iseTi sazogadoeba iyo, sadac TiToeuli

kacis Sroma RirsebiTa da pativiT iqneboda mosili,

sadac adamianebs Segnebuli eqnebodaT, rom ,,kacs marto

SromiT SeuZlian amaRldes sazogadoebaSi da pativ-

cemuli gaxdes”32. mas Rrmad swamda, rom mxolod sazo-

gadoebriv Sromas SeuZlia sazogadoebis xsna da misi

uwyveti ganviTareba.

Sromis organizaciis yvelaze saukeTeso formad

giorgi wereTels koleqtiuri Sroma miaCnia. ,,SeerTe-

bul Sromas yovelTvis ufro bevri nayofi aqvs, vidre

gancalkevebuls”.33 amitom, momaval sazogadoebaSi sayo-

velTao Sroma, misi azriT, asociaciebis formaSi unda

ganxorcieldes, rasac sazogadoebrivi urTierTobebis

axali sistema daefuZneba. misi ideali iseTi sazoga-

doebaa, `sadac yoveli kaci mxolod Tavisi SromiT da

mogebiT cxovrobs”.34

giorgi wereTeli qonebrivi uTanasworobis winaaRm-

degia. ,,adamianis cxovreba ise ar unda iyos gamarTuli,

rom rodesac erTi kaci milionebis patronia, meore....

SimSiliT kvdebodes”.35 sazogadoebis ,,sulis Camdgme-

li” da ,,gamaZlierebeli” aris ,,Serigeba, SeTanxmeba, Se-

kavSireba” da ara brZola da antagonizmi. ..erToba aris

Zala da gancalkeveba _ sisuste”. magram, imavdroulad,

391

es Serigeba mas esmis ara rogorc ,,Catexili xidis”

gamrTeleba, aramed rogorc socialuri uTanasworobis

mospoba, rac wodebaTa gauqmebasac niSnavs. maSasadame,

momavali sazogadoeba unda aigos ara wodebrivi Seri-

gebis, aramed wodebaTa mospobis safuZvelze. am SemTx-

vevaSi giorgi wereTlis socialuri Sexedulebebi ilia

WavWavaZis Sexedulebebisagan arsebiTad gansxvavdeba.

aseT sazogadoebaSi, giorgi wereTlis azriT, iarse-

bebs mxolod adamianTa TanamSromloba. aq ,,TiToeuli

gvami Sromobs, SeZlebisamebr swiravs Tavis Rvawls sa-

zogadoebas da amis magivrad Tavis cxovrebis gasanaT-

lebladac xmarobs am dids sazogadoebis Zalas”.36

kidev metic, ,,yoveli gvami sazogadoebis Sesawevneblad

unda cxovrobdes da sazogadoeba _ TiToeuli gvamis

sakeTildReod”37. aseTi sazogadoeba Tavisufali iqneba

yovelgvari egoizmisgan.

naTelia, rom sazogadoeba, romelic giorgi wereT-

lis ideals warmoadgens, Tavisi xasiaTiT utopiuria,

rac naTlad Cans mis publicistur werilebSi. ara-

naklebi reliefurobiT man asaxva hpova mis mxatvrul

SemoqmedebaSic, kerZod, moTxrobaSi ,,RvTiswyaloba”,

(romelsac man ,,zRapari” uwoda), romelSi aRwerili

sazogadoebac agebulia humanizmisa da kacTmoyvareobis

principebze. ,,erTi yvelasaTvis da yvela erTisaTvis”

aseTia am sazogadoebis devizi. ,,iq yvelani Tavisi Tavis

patroni da bednierni iyvnen; Wirsa da lxinSi mudam

erTmaneTis Tanaziareni da TanamgrZnobelni iyvnen; iq

Raribi da gaWirvebuli ar moiZebneboda, radgan yvelani

mudam Tanasworad Sromobdnen, yvelas saerTo saqme

sakuTar saqmed miaCnda, yvelani erTis gulisTvis Tavs

swiravdnen da erTi _ yvelasTvis”.38 ase aRwers giorgi

wereTeli im idealur sazogadoebas, romelsac igi

,,oqris qveyanas” uwodebs.

392

am harmoniuli sazogadoebis gverdiT aRwerilia

meore, antagonizmis principebze agebuli sazogadoebac,

romlis mTavari principia: ,,adamiani adamianisTvis mge-

lia”. es sazogadoeba ara marto ar viTardeba, aramed

male nadgurdeba. adamianebi egoizmisa da kacTmoZu-

leobis msxverplni xdebian.

yovelive zemoTqmulidan aSkara unda iyos, rom gi-

orgi wereTeli utopiuri socializmis warmomadgene-

lia.

giorgi wereTlis socialuri ideebi safuZvlad dae-

do mis daaxloebas marqsizmTan, romelic maSin progre-

siuli programiT _ ,,Zmobis, erTobis, Tavisuflebis”

lozungiT gamodioda. man 90-ian wlebSi jer gazeT

,,kvalis” redaqciaSi Seifara e.w. ,,mesame dasis” memarc-

xene frTa _ marqsistebi _ xolo Semdeg gazeTi mTlia-

nad maT gadasca. TviTon giorgi wereTelic bolo

wlebSi marqsizmis mimdevradac ki Tvlida Tavs. igi

werda: ,,marqsis Teorias ekonomikuri materializmisas

politiko-ekonomikur mecnierebaSi igive adgili

uWiravs, rac darvinis Teorias bunebismecnierebaSi da

biologiaSi. es aris ukanaskneli mecnieruli daskvna

politiko-ekonomiaSi da sociologiaSi”.39

marqsizmTan daaxloebis safuZvels iZleoda giorgi

wereTlis ara mxolod sociologiuri Sexedulebani,

aramed, agreTve, misi materialisturi da aTeisturi

ideebi. marqsistuli Teoria, romelic saqarTveloSi

XIX saukunis 90-ian wlebSi gansakuTrebuli popularo-

biT sargeblobda, giorgi wereTlis msoflmxedvelobas

sakmaod moergo da am msoflmxedvelobis dagvirgvineba

ganapiroba.

magram giorgi wereTeli mTlianad rodi TanaugrZ-

nobda marqsistul msoflmxedvelobas. werilSi egnate

ninoSvilisadmi igi gamoTqvams Tavis uTanxmoebas marq-

sizmTan erovnulisa da socialuris urTierTobis sa-

393

kiTxSi. marqsistebi socialur problemebs erovnulze

maRla ayenebdnen, giorgi wereTeli ki, piriqiT, katego-

riulad moiTxovda jer erovnuli Tavisuflebis mopo-

vebas, vidre sakiTxi dadgeba socialuri Tavisuflebis

Sesaxeb.

giorgi wereTeli Tvlida, rom Tuki daCagruli eris

mdgomareobas ar gaviTvaliswinebT da viqadagebT

gabatonebul erTan misi internacionaluri erTianobis

Sesaxeb, maSin mogebuli mxolod gabatonebuli eris

xelisufleba darCeba. igi, aseve, miiCnevda, rom prole-

taruli internacionalizmis, rogorc yvela eris mSro-

melTa revoluciuri solidarobis social-demokratiu-

li gageba, formalur moTxovnad darCeboda, Tu gaTva-

liswinebuli ar iqneboda erTa Tanafardoba, mCagvreli

da Cagruli, dampyrobeli da dapyrobili eris xasiaTi.

giorgi wereTeli principulad ar iziarebda egnate

ninoSvilisa da misi Tanamoazreebis Tvalsazriss

erovnul sakiTxze, imis miuxedavad, rom is da mTeli

Tavisi ,,meore dasi” am axal Taobas _ ,,mesame daselebs”

_ sixaruliTa da aRtacebiT Seegebnen.

g. wereTlis Sexedulebebi, mTlianobaSi, misi marq-

sistobis miuxedavad, vfiqrobT, erT-erTi yvelaze ufro

naTeli gamovlenaa socialuri da ideur-politikuri

azris ganviTarebis im ori mTavari mimarTulebisa, ro-

melTa urTierTSepirispirebiTac moZraobda da viTar-

deboda am drois qarTuli sulierebis nakadi. orive

maTganis umTavresi mkvebavi wyaro iyo is ,,eqsisten-

cialuri pozicia”, romelSic am drois qarTveli

sazogadoeba, gansakuTrebiT ki misi mowinave nawili

aRmoCnda. maTi mTavari ganmasxvavebeli niSani ki iyo is,

rom erT-erTi am mimarTulebaTagani, saxeldobr xal-

xosnobac da ,,mesame dasic”, aRniSnuli poziciis reali-

zaciis optimalur gzas upiratesad socialuri prob-

lemebis gadawyvetaSi da raRac axali, neokoleqtivis-

394

turi (vTqvaT, proletarTa sazogadoebis) SeqmnaSi

xedavda; meore mimarTuleba ki, romelsac pirobiTad

samocianelTa, an, iliaseuli gzac SeiZleba vuwodoT,

erovnuli problemebis gadawyvetasa da erovnuli

TviTcnobierebis gaRviZeba-ganmtkicebas emsaxureboda.

orive am mimarTulebas, cxadia, hqonda safuZveli,

saxeldobr ki is socialuri da erovnuli problemebi,

romlebic am drois qarTvelobis winaSe idga da rome-

lic mas unda gadaeWra. magram, imis gamo, rom is

eqsistencialuri safrTxe, romelic am drois qarTveli

xalxis erovnul yofierebasa da mis istoriul beds

daemuqra, umTavresad modioda ara imdenad socialuri

problemebidan, ramdenadac (da upirvelesad) misi erov-

nuli damoukideblobisa da Tavisuflebis dakargvis

faqtidan. erTmniSvnelovnad SeiZleba davaskvnaT ilia-

seuli gzis upiratesi mniSvnelobac da WeSmaritebac;

da swored amazec metyvelebs is garemoeba, rom es mi-

marTuleba Jamidan-Jamze, ase Tu ise, Tavs iCenda xolme

(xSirad Zalze mZafri da gamokveTili formiTac) ara

mxolod xalxosnebis, aramed im moazrovneTa Tvalsaz-

risebSic, romlebic marqsistebad arian miCneulni.

2. ivane TarxniSvili (1846-1908). garkveul interess

iwvevs gamoCenili qarTveli fiziologis ivane Tarxni-

Svilis sociologiuri Sexedulebani. am Temas igi

sxvadasxva naSromSi Seexo. gansakuTrebiT ki wignSi

,,nervuli saukune” (sankt-peterburgi, 1906). aq ivane Tar-

xniSvili amtkicebs, rom kapitalizmis ganviTarebam ru-

seTSi ukiduresad gaamwvava mSromeli mosaxleobis

mdgomareoba da gamoavlina am sazogadoebis mouwesri-

gebloba. kapitalisturi samyaro gamdidrebis nervulma

survilma moicva, xolo Rataki mosaxleoba aseve ner-

vul viTarebaSi aRmoCnda. kapitalizmis ganviTarebam,

amtkicebs ivane TarxniSvili, adamianTa umravlesobas

395

ganaTlebis SesaZlebloba warstaca, rac ,,Cveni sazo-

gadoebrivi cxovrebis mouwesrigeblobis maCvenebelia”.

kapitalizmis epoqas, misi azriT, axasiaTebs dauoke-

beli ltolva gamdidrebisken. warmoiSva ,,ciebcxelebia-

ni ltolva simdidris, komfortis, sazogadoebaSi adgi-

lis damkvidrebisaken”, ramac araadamianuri eqsploata-

cia da mosaxleobis dabali fenebis gaRatakeba gamoiw-

via. kapitalizmisTvis damaxasiaTebeli mwvave konkuren-

cia, ivane TarxniSvilis azriT, yvela adamians safrT-

xes uqmnis. amitom adamiani yovelTvis daZabulia, imis

SiSiT cxovrobs, rom ar gaxdes am konkurenciis

msxverpli. es garemoeba ki qancavs adamianis nervul

sistemas da iwvevs daavadebebs. ,,Cveni dro, _ wers igi,

_ gamoirCeva ukiduresi Zlieri konkurenciiT adamianu-

ri codnis, xelovnebisa da mrewvelobis yvela sferoSi

da yovelive es, cxovrebis mzardi siZviris pirobebSi,

iwvevs daZabul arsebobisaTvis brZolas... sazogadoeb-

rivi cxovrebis socialuri, ekonomikuri da zneobrivi

pirobebi imden konkurencias uqmnis, rom Cveni drois

adamians uneblieT izidavs yoveli misTvis sasargeblo

SemTxvevis xelSi Cagdebis xelsayreli garemoeba da mas

daucxromeli daZabulobiT eZiebs. vinaidan yovel

gauTvaliswinebel an dayovnebul SemTxvevas SeuZlia

misi miyvana srul damarcxebamde cxovrebis brZolaSi...

warmoiSva simdidris, komfortis, sazogadoebaSi mdgo-

mareobis daucxromeli gamodevneba da es Sroma xdeba

dasvenebisa da Zilis gareSe... romelic yvela Zalisa da

unaris mudmiv daZabvas moiTxovs, rac uTuod gamofi-

tavs TviT yvelaze mtkice nervul sistemas”40. swored

amitom man kapitalizmis aRmavlobis epoqas ,,nervuli

saukune” uwoda.

ivane TarxniSvili mkacrad akritikebs kapitalis-

turi wyobilebis mZarcvelur bunebas da kapitalistebs

uwodebs ,,usindiso aferistebsa da spekuliantebs”,

396

romlebic ewevian ,,mtaceblur spekulacias”, Zarcvaven

mSromel xalxs da yovelgvari upatiosno maqinaciebiT

didi raodenobis fuls agroveben.

kapitalizmis kritikis paralelurad ivane Tarx-

niSvili akritikebs ruseTis carizmis saSinao da saga-

reo politikas. carizmi zRudavs adamianis uflebebs,

sityvisa da presis Tavisuflebas. ,,CvenSi gabatonebuli

usamarTlobis niadagze _ wers igi _ Camoyalibda

sistema, romelic sxvadasxva dawesebulebas, swavluli

komitetisa da Sinagan saqmeTa ministris erTpirovnuli

ZalauflebiTac ki, uflebas aZlevs gamoaZevos wignebi

sajaro biblioTekidan da saxalxo samkiTxveloebidan.

wignis uflebis SezRudva ganxilul unda iqnas ro-

gorc pirovnebis uflebis SezRudvis erT-erTi saxe da

rogorc pirovnebisa da sazogadoebis uflebis zneob-

rivi SezRudva”41. sayuradReboa is garemoeba, rom es

statia iwereboda 1905 wlis revoluciis aRmavlobis

periodSi.

ivane TarxniSvilis sociologiuri Sexedulebebis

Sesaxeb uxv masalas iZleva misi mimowera i. repinTan,

romelic misi uaxloesi megobari da niWis damfasebeli

iyo. Semonaxulia repinis werilebi ivane TarxniSvili-

sadmi, romelic aRsavsea ruseTis carizmis kritikiT.

ivane TarxniSvili udavod iziarebda repinis Sexedule-

bebs ruseTis saSinao da sagareo politikis Sesaxeb.

carizmi, ambobs ivane TarxniSvili, kars uxuravs ,,mec-

nierebis taZars”. 1905 wels igi werda: ,,samwuxarod, mec-

nierebis taZris karebi codnas mowyurebuli didi um-

ravlesobisTvis magrad daxurulia, rac, rasakvirvelia,

Cveni sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis mouwesrigeblobas

mowmobs”42. igi akritikebs ruseTSi im dros damkvid-

rebul ganaTlebis sistemas, ,,skola im saxiT, rogorc

igi axla arsebobs, _ werda igi _ Tavis mxriv xels

397

uwyobs nervuli sistemis aramdgradobasa da gadaqanc-

vas; mas tvinis gadaRlisken mivyavarT”.

kapitalizmis ganviTarebam mSromeli masebis mate-

rialuri cxovreba sagrZnoblad gaauaresa. ,,ufro xel-

sayrel mdgomareobaSi rodi imyofeba fizikuri mSrome-

li. Cveni miwis mxvneli an fabrikis muSa, romelic

cxovrobs ra mudmivad naxevradmSieri, dRis samuSao

saaTebisgan daqanculi da mudam Relavs ra saarsebo

puris naWerze, qancavs Tavis organizms rogorc ara-

sakmarisi kvebiT, fizikuri gadaRliT, aseve mudmivi

mRelvarebiT, romelic ganpirobebulia Tavisi da misi

ojaxis mdgomareobiT. yvelaferi es mZime tvirTad awve-

ba mis tvins da mihyavs gadaqancvamde da gansakuTrebiT

misi centraluri nervuli sistemis gamofitvamde. ami-

tom Cveni nervuli saukune fizikuri mSromelebisTvi-

sac nervuli saukunea da mas imave damRupveli Sede-

gebiT emuqreba”43.

mSromeli mosaxleobis mZime ekonomikuri mdgoma-

reoba ukiduresad uaryofiTad moqmedebs maT sulier

cxovrebazec. ,,sadac garegani wesrigi, sisufTave da

saTanado qceva ar aris, ar SeiZleba wesrigi iyos

adamianis Sinagan fsiqikur samyaroSi, misi grZnobebis,

azrebis, guneba-ganwyobilebis samyaroSi”44. ivane Tarx-

niSvilma am TvalsazrisiT specialurad gaanaliza

marqsim gorkis piesa ,,fskerze” da aCvena Tu ra dam-

Rupvel gavlenas axdens mZime materialuri cxovrebis

pirobebi adamianis biologiursa da sulier cxovreba-

ze. adamians, misi azriT, ara aqvs araviTari Tandayoli-

li miswrafeba borotebis an sikeTisadmi. yvelaferi es

socialuri aRzrdis Sedegia. kargi, mowesrigebuli

socialuri garemo keTilSobili da zneobrivi adamia-

nebis aRzrdis garantias warmoadgens. maqsim gorkis

piesis gmirebi mouwesrigebeli socialuri viTarebis

msxverplni arian. v. hiugos Txzulebis ,,gankicxulni”

398

mTavar gmirs Jan-valJans danaSaulisaken SimSili da

siRaribe ubiZgebs. mZime katorRulma pirobebma igi

erTxans sazogadoebisTvis lamis saSiS pirovnebadac ki

gardaqmna.

amis safuZvelze ivane TarxniSvili revoluciur

daskvnebs akeTebs socialuri viTarebis Zireuli gar-

daqmnis Sesaxeb. borotebis mosaspobad umTavres amoca-

nas warmoadgens ,,kacobriobis bunebis saukeTeso Zale-

bis aqtiuri miswrafeba cxovrebis formebis mowesri-

gebisa da srulqmnisken”. miuxedavad amisa, ivane Tarx-

niSvili praqtikul moRvaweobaSi zomieri pirovneba iyo

da burJuaziuli radikalizmis farglebs ar gascile-

bia.

adamianis Sroma, ivane TarxniSvilis azriT, unda

ganTavisufldes; aucilebelia sazogadoebis yvela wev-

ris socialuri da ekonomikuri Tanasworoba. swored am

miznis ganxorcieleba warmoadgens ,,praqtikuli cxovre-

bis gaumjobesebas”. igi jer kidev XIX saukunis 70-ian

wlebSi amtkicebda, rom ,,praqtikuli cxovrebis gaumjo-

besebis cdebi sxvadasxva cvlilebaTa formiT gamoxa-

tavs... adamianTa rogorc ekonomikuri, ise socialuri

uflebebis rac SeiZleba metad gaTanabrebas”45.

ivane TarxniSvili mkacrad akritikebda im drois

ruseTSi arsebul cenzurul pirobebs. ,,TviTneboba, ra

formiTac ar unda gamovlindes, beWdvis kanonmdeblo-

bidan unda ganidevnos. ruseTSi mcxovrebi yvela xal-

xis beWduri sityva TviTnebobisgan unda ganTavi-

sufldes. sxvaTa Soris, TviTnebobazea dafuZnebuli

winaswari cenzuris mTeli sistema ... sulieri cenzura

umetes SemTxvevaSi azrisa da sityvis TviTneburi Seviw-

roebis mxolod sababia. aseve TviTneburia ucxouri

cenzurisa da masTan dakavSirebuli safosto Cinovnike-

bis moqmedeba. ucxouri cenzura mTlianad unda gauqm-

des”46. ivane TarxniSvilis aRSfoTebas ucxouri cen-

399

zuris mimarT is iwvevda, rom igi abrkolebda ruseTSi

ucxouri literaturis Semotanas.

ivane TarxniSvili akritikebda agreTve umaRles

saswavleblebSi gabatonebul reJims. 1905 wlis revo-

luciis periodSi igi werda: ,,mZime dReebs ganicdis

ruseTis sazogadoeba. yvelgan ganaTlebis umaRlesi

taZrebi _ universitetebi da sxva umaRlesi specialuri

dawesebulebani _ dadumdnen da Tanac ganusazRvreli

droiT. presa yoveldRiurad ivseba sxvadasxva Sexedu-

lebebiT Tavisi sibneliT didi movlenebis Sesaxeb.

russ arasodes ar ganucdia aseTi krizisi misi sulie-

ri cxovrebis aseTi fsiqikuri SimSilis sferoSi... droa

sazogadoebas mivceT kerZo saSualo da umaRlesi

saswavleblebis gaxsnis ufleba... am dawesebulebebs ar

unda hqondes araviTari oficialuri xasiaTi, Tavisu-

fali unda iyos biurokratizmis yovelgvari kvalisagan

da mis erTaderT mizans unda warmoadgendes zogadsa-

ganmanaTleblo da specialuri codnis arsebiTi

moTxovnilebebis dakmayofileba”47.

sazogadoebis ganviTarebis mTavar mamoZravebel

Zalad ivane TarxniSvili ideebs, ganaTlebas Tvlida.

,,sazogadoebis cxovrebis safuZvelSi, misi ganviTarebis

ra periodic ar unda aviRoT, yovelTvis Zevs raRac

farTo Teoriuli sawyisebi, romelsac adamianis azrov-

neba mTlianad emorCileba da sazogadoebrivi cxovre-

bis ama Tu im periods garkveul damaxasiaTebel mimar-

Tulebas aZlevs”48. rodesac adamianTa cnobierebaSi

WeSmariti idea damkvidrdeba, ,,igi swrafad gadadis

cxovrebaSi da Tavisi gavleniT ama Tu im mimarTulebas

aZlevs”49. magaliTad, determinizmis ideam, misi azriT,

evropis ekonomikuri da socialuri cxovrebis xasiaTi

gansazRvra. amis Sesabamisad sxvadasxva rols TamaSobs

sazogadoebis ganviTarebaSi swori da araswori ideebi.

400

istoriis idealisturi gageba ivane TarxniSvilis

msoflmxedvelobisa da praqtikuli moRvaweobis dade-

biT moments warmoadgens. swored am ideis safuZvelze

igi moiTxovda mosaxleobis farTo fenebis ganaTlebas,

codnis donis amaRlebas, akritikebda obskurantizmsa

da saWirod Tvlida mecnieruli codnis populari-

zacias mosaxleobaSi.

3. anton furcelaZe (1839-1919). sociologiuri ideebi

gamoTqmulia anton furcelaZis literaturulsa da

publicistur nawerebSi.

sazogadoeba anton furcelaZes esmis rogorc

adamianTa jgufi, romlis Tvisebebi calkeuli adamianis

TvisebebiT aris gansazRvruli. igi ver xedavs arsebiT

gasxvavebas mTelsa da nawils Soris, sazogadoebasa da

calkeul adamianebs Soris, ris gamoc sazogadoebas

adamianTa ,,jamad” Tvlis. ,,rogoradac kaci aris Semdga-

ri sxvadasxva nawilebidam, agreTve calkeuli adamiane-

bidam aris Semdgari ojaxi, ojaxidam _ eri, eridam _

kacobrioba”. amitom ,,rac xdeba calke adamianze, calke

adamianidam ojaxzed, is xdeba ojaxidam erzed, eridam

_ kacobriobazed”50.

vinaidan adamiani, anton furcelaZis azriT, materia-

luri samyaros ganviTarebis produqtia, xolo sazoga-

doeba ki adamianebisgan Sedgeba, amitom adamianTa sazo-

gadoebac arsebiTad bunebis produqts warmoadgens da

masze vrceldeba bunebis kanonebi, romelTac, misi az-

riT, mkacri determinaciuli xasiaTi aqvT. igi iziarebs

boklis azrs bunebisa da adamianis msgavsebis Sesaxeb

da amtkicebs, rom ,,rogorc bunebaSia kanonebi, romel-

nic erTsa da imave moqmedebiT badeben erTsa da imave

movlenebsa, aseve aris kacis cxovrebaSi”51.

bunebaSi, anton furcelaZis azriT, mizezobriobis

kanoni uzenaesia. asevea sazogadoebaSic. amitom SesaZ-

lebelia sazogadoebrivi movlenebis iseve zustad wi-

401

naswarxedva, rogorc igi SesZlebelia fizikasa da

astronomiaSi. ,,kacobriobac emonaveba movlenebaTa da

kanonTa da rom SeiZlebodes yvela bunebis moqmedebis

kaczed da kacis moTxovnilebebis moqmedebisa buneba-

zed moiyvanos srul cnobaSi, advilad Seityoba moma-

vali xalxTa, rogorc astronomebi ityodnen Tavisis

gamokvlevebis ZaliT momavalT zecierTa movlenabaTa”52.

miuxedavad amisa, anton furcelaZe adamianTa sazo-

gadoebis specifikazec miuTiTebs. kerZod, igi ar

eTanxmeba darvinsa da spensers, romlebic cxovelTa

samyaros kanonzomierebas adamianze avrceleben. ,,vTq-

vaT, swored isic aris, rogorc darvini da spenseri

iswavlebian: wero weros amowyvetas cdilobs da swyve-

tavs, mtredi mtredis amowyvetasa da damonavebas, cxva-

ri _ cxvrisasa, mgeli _ mglisasa da sxva. gana rac

amaT SehferiT gonier kacsa Sehferis isa? ... nuTu kacma,

gonivrobiT savse kacma, unda mihbaZos da magaliTad

iqonios pirutyvTa yoveli mousazrebloba da siwamxd-

re?”53

aseve anton furcelaZe uaryofs azrs calkeuli

adamianis sicocxlis kanonzomierebis mTel sazoga-

doebaze gadatanis Sesaxeb. adamiani ibadeba, cocxlobs

da Semdeg berdeba da kvdeba. misi azriT, aseve ar

SeiZleba iTqvas eris Sesaxeb. igi uaryofs dreperis

azrs eris daberebisa da sikvdilis Sesaxeb da amtki-

cebs, rom ,,dreperi Tavis umTavres saganSi aris saSin-

lad mcdari”. TviTon ki fiqrobs, rom ,,xalxi SeiZleba

rom daeces, magram imisi aRdgenac advilia da dabe-

rebuli kacis gaymawvileba ki SeuZlebelia”54. zemoT

vnaxeT, rom anton furcelaZes calkeuli adamianis

kanonzomiereba mTel sazogadoebaze gadahqonda; magram

rodesac saqme Seexo eris sicocxlis sakiTxs, man SeuZ-

leblad CaTvala calkeuli adamianis fiziologiuri

kanonzomierebis gadatana mTel erze. ,,erTi kaci ver

402

udris erTs xalxs fiziologiuri msgavsebiT; is ver

udris verc mTels kacobriobas, radgan arc kacobrio-

bas aqvs imgvari kanonebi Tvis cxovrebisa, rogorc erT

kacs”.

marTalia, anton furcelaZe calkeul SemTxvvaSi

laparakobs adamianTa sazogadoebis specifikaze (maga-

liTad, uaryofs cxovelTa samyarosTvis damaxasiaTe-

beli arsebobisTvis brZolis gadatanas sazogadoebaze),

magram mainc Tvlis, rom sazogadoeba, iseve rogorc

buneba, mkacr deterministul kanonebs eqvemdebareba.

Mmkacri aucilebloba sufevs rogorc bunebaSi, aseve

sazogadoebaSi. rogorc calkeuli adamianis nebeloba

ar aris Tavisufali, aseve nebelobis Tavisufleba arc

sazogadoebas ar gaaCnia. ,,rogorc erTi kaci ar aris

Tavis nebaze damokidebuli, agreTve ar aris Tavis

nebaze damokidebuli arc erTi xalxi da arc mTeli

kacobrioba”55.Ees mkacri deterministuli pozicia,

romelsac gamarTleba ar aqvs arc calkeuli adamianis

da arc adamianTa sazogadoebis mimarT, anton fur-

celaZis ZiriTadi materialisturi msofmxedvelobis

logikur Sedegs warmoadgens.

anton furcelaZe sociologiaSi geografiuli de-

terminizmis damcvelia, romelic Tavis saTaves mon-

teskies moZRvrebaSi iRebs. sazogadoebis ganviTarebis

mTavar mamoZravebel Zalad igi geografiul garemos

Tvlis.. ,,kacis gaumjobesebaSi – wers igi _ uWiravs di-

di adgili sazrdos, havas, bunebis sanaxaobas, eTnog-

rafiulsa da geografiul garemoebaTa”56. igi evropeli

xalxis civilizaciis safuZvlebs geografiul garemoSi

xedavs da miiCnevs, rom adamianTa is rasebi, romelic

,,arc Tu win ar wasulan, aramed, piriqiT, ukan dauxe-

viaT”, cud geografiul pirobebSi cxovroben, ramac

maTi ganviTareba daabrkola. geografiuli pirobebi

gansazRvravs, misi azriT, mosaxleobis gamravlebasac.

403

cxel qveynebSi xalxi ,,uangariSod mravldeba”, civ

qveynebSi ki ara. aseve evropis qveynebis kolonizato-

ruli politikis mizezs mcire miwianoba warmoadgens.

evropelebi ver Tavsdebian TavianT teritoriaze da

iltvian dausaxlebeli teritoriisken: magaliTad, ,,pa-

tara kunZulzed mcxovrebi ingliselebi” _ amerikisken.

anton furcelaZe, rogorc materialisti, Tvlis,

rom adamians ara aqvs raime Tandayolili Tviseba, maT

Soris sikeTis da borotebisa. Aadamianebi ar ibadebian

keTilebad da borotebad, aramed maT aseTad sazo-

gadoebrivi cxovreba qmnis. swored amitom borotebis

aRmosafxvrelad saWiroa sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis

gardaqmna. ,,gadaabrune wuTisofeli, aiRe xeli sxvisi

janisa da tvinis wovazed, mieci mas misi Sromis fasi,

uyure magas, rogorc Sens tols kacs; mieci garemoeba,

rom ar esaWiroebodes sxvisi taceba, parva, malva da

maSin Senc mosvenebuli iqnebi da egeca. rogorc brZo-

lam cru ramisaTvis Seqmna eg tipi, agreTve gardaqmnis

mag tips kacTa Soris siyvaruli, saTnoeba, Tanaswo-

roba”57. sazogadoebrivi Tanasworobis mizezebis amgvar

axsnas Tan unda mohyoloda sazogadoebis revoluciuri

gardaqmnis koncefcia, Tumca aseT raimes anton fur-

celaZis msofmxedvelobaSi ver vxvdebiT.

bunebrivia, rom anton furcelaZe axlos idga

socialistur ideebTan. igi, giorgi wereTlis msgavsad,

ocnebobs iseT sazogadoebaze, romelic damyarebuli

iqneba Sromaze, Tanasworuflebianobaze, kacTa Soris

siyvarulsa da urTierTpativiscemaze. aseTi sazogadoe-

bis damyareba, misi azriT, SesaZlebelia inteleqtua-

luri donis amaRlebiT, swavliT, ganaTlebiT, sazoga-

doebaSi mowinave ideebis danergviT. sazogadoebis gan-

viTarebis mamoZravebeli Zalebis amgvar axsnas idealis-

turs uwodeben; anton furcelaZis sociologiuri Sexe-

dulebani idealisturia.

404

meTerTmete Tavi

qarTul-dasavluri da qarTul-rusuli

filosofiuri urTierTobani

XIX saukunis damdegidan gansakuTrebiT gaZlierda

qarTul-rusuli filosofiuri urTierToba. es imiT

iyo ganpirobebuli, rom ruseTma moaxdina saqarTvelos

aneqsia, gaauqma misi damoukidebloba da Tavis kolo-

niad aqcia. TviTon dasavleTTan urTierTobac mxolod

ruseTis gziT iyo SesaZlebeli da sinamdvileSic ase

xdeboda. es garemoeba aSkarad aisaxa ara marto XIX

saukunis pirveli meoTxedis qarTul literaturul-fi-

losofiur ZeglebSi, aramed TviT 60-iani wlebisa da

Semdgomi periodis qarTul azrovnebaSic.

ioane bagrationis TxzulebaSi ,,kalmasoba” gamoyene-

bulia rogorc qarTuli, aseve rusi da dasavleTis

filosofiuri moazrovneebis Txzulebani. kerZod, masSi

vxvdebiT l. eileris, kondiliakis, porfiris, prokles,

daviT uZlevelisa da sxvaTa mosazrebebs. aseve daviT

bagrationi Tavis TxzulebaSi xSirad mimarTavs dasav-

leTis avtorebs, axdens maT citirebas da zogjer

kidec ekamaTeba. misi msoflmxedvelobis CamoyalibebaSi

didi roli iTamaSa volteris deisturma ideebma, ris

gamoc mas volterianelad Tvlidnen. daviT bagrationis

,,Semoklebuli fizika” ZiriTadad dawerilia dasavle-

Tis avtorebis Txzulebebis safuZvelze. kerZod, igi

iyenebs galileis, niutonis, kepleris da sxvaTa

naSromebs da xSir SemTxvevaSi maT sabunebismetyvelo

filosofiur interpretaciasac ki iZleva. man Targmna

volteris Txzuleba ,,SobisaTvis”, ansilionis ,,esTeti-

kebri gansjani”, monteskies ,,gulisxmisyofisaTvis sju-

lisa” (,,kanonTa goni”) da sxv. am Txzulebebis Targ-

405

manebs igi xSirad komentarebsac urTavs, gamoTqvams

Tavis dadebiT an uaryofiT pozicias, ekamaTeba maT.

XIX saukunis pirvel mesamedSi moRvaweobda giorgi

(iagor) WilaSvili (1790-1838), romelic didxans ruseTSi

cxovrobda, moRvaweobda, xolo Semdeg 1832 wlis SeTq-

mulebis aRmoCenasTan dakavSirebiT Jandarmeriis meT-

valyureobis qveS imyofeboda. i. WilaSvilma qarTul

enaze Targmna monteskies Txzuleba ,,arzamasi da isme-

nea”, manve gamosca kondiliakis Zmis mablis Txzuleba

,,istoriis Seswavlis Sesaxeb”, romelSic gadmocemulia

eTikur-sociologiuri ideebi.

kidev ufro mtkice iyo qarTul-rusuli filoso-

fiuri mimarTulebani XIX saukunis samocian wlebSi.

qarTveli axalgazrda Taoba (i. WavWavaZe, a. wereTeli,

g. wereTeli, n. nikolaZe da sxv.) peterburgis universi-

tetSi swavlobdnen da iTvisebdnen rusi revolucioner-

demokratebis gercenis, CerniSevskis, belinskis, pisare-

visa da sxvaTa ideebs, maT Soris filosofiursac.

magram es ar iyo rusi moazrovneebis ideebis mowafuri

Seswavla da qarTul niadagze gadmonergva, aramed mas

SemoqmedebiTi xasiaTi hqonda da rig SemTxvevaSi kri-

tikulic ki iyo.

qarTul samocianelTa esTetikuri Sexedulebebis

Camoyalibebis saqmeSi didi roli iTamaSa CerniSevskis

naSromma ,,xelovnebis esTetikuri damokidebuleba si-

namdvilesTan” (1855). am TxzulebaSi gatarebuli ideebi,

saxeldobr is, rom bunebis mSvenieri xelovnebis mSve-

nierze maRla dgas, safuZvlad daedo realisturi

principebis Camoyalibebas qarTul mwerlobaSi. magram

qarTveli samocianelebi brmad arc am SemTxvevaSi

iziarebdnen am TxzulebaSi gatarebul ideebs.

a. gercenis social-politikuri Sexedulebebis gav-

lena SeimCneva niko nikolaZis msoflmxedvelobaSi.

erTxans, ucxoeTSi yofnisas, niko nikolaZe TanamSrom-

406

lobda gercenis JurnalSi ,,kolokoli”. man am Jurnal-

Si ramdenime statiac ki gamoaqveyna saqarTvelos Sesa-

xeb, romelmac gercenis mowoneba daimsaxura. magram

niko nikolaZe mTlianad rodi iziarebda gercenisa da

misi Jurnalis ideebs, ramac ganapiroba is, rom niko

nikolaZem kavSiri gawyvita ,,kolokolis” redaqciasTan.

1868 wels niko nikolaZem JenevaSi gamosca Jurnali

,,sovremenosti”, romelic CerniSveskis social-politi-

kuri ideebis gagrZeleba iyo. saxeldobr, es Jurnali

uaryofda mefis mTavrobis winaaRmdeg araregaluri

brZolis formebs da ufro metad legaluri brZolis

momxre iyo, Tumca igi arc ukidures revoluciur das-

kvnebs akeTebda. aqac niko nikolaZes sakuTari pozicie-

bi hqonda. mas miuReblad miaCnia CerniSevskis radi-

kalurad revoluciuri ideebi. amrigad, niko nikolaZis

Jurnals ,,sovremenosts” CerniSevskisagan ramdenime gan-

sxvavebuli poziciebi eWira.

niko nikolaZes sakmaod farTo da mWidro urTier-

Toba hqonda dasavleTis gamoCenil moazrovneebTanac.

igi piradad icnobda karl marqss, p. lafargs, v. hiu-

gos, a. dodes, bakunins, lui blans da sxv. swored ru-

seTisa da dasavleT evropis mowinave ideebis gavlenam

Camoayaliba niko nikolaZis social-politikuri

msoflmxedveloba. igi mkacrad akritikebda kapitalis-

tur wyobilebas, aRniSnavda mis mouwesrigeblobas. igi

Tvlida, rom konkurencia, anarqia, socialuri uTanas-

woroba, rac kapitalizmis damaxasiaTebeli niSnebia,

xels uSlis sazogadoebriv progress. niko nikolaZe

amtkicebda, rom ,,Tanamedrove sazogadoebrivi urTier-

Tobani ar SeiZleba maradiuli iqnes ... saWiroa miswra-

feba ufro samarTliani wesrigisaken, sazogadoebriv

movaleobaTa da uflebaTa ukeTesi ganawilebisaken. Ta-

namedrove wyobilebiT ukmayofileba, miswrafeba ada-

407

mianTa urTierTobis sferoSi, ltolva ,,sazogadoebrivi

harmoniis” damyarebisaken, yvela xalxs axasiaTebs”1.

magram rogor unda damyardes ,,sazogadoebrivi

harmonia?” niko nikolaZes ar akmayofilebs prudonis

socialuri doqtrina da mkacrad akritikebs mas. Tavisi

Sexeduleba sazogadoebrivi urTierTobebis mouwesri-

geblobis Sesaxeb niko nikolaZem SeimuSava rus da

dasavleT evropis gamoCenil moazrovneTa gavleniT. igi

Tvlida, rom sazogadoebriv urTierTobaTa sistemis

safuZveli unda iyos asociaciebis formaSi Camoyali-

bebuli Sroma. jer kidev 1866 wels broSuraSi ,,mTavro-

ba da axali Taoba” niko nikolaZe moiTxovda kapita-

listuri wyobilebis Secvlas sayovelTao da Tavisu-

fali Sromis principebze agebuli sazogadoebrivi wyo-

bilebiT. misi azriT, saWiroa ,,sazogadoebrivi cxov-

rebis Zirianad gardaqmna” imgvarad, rom bolo moeRos

adamianTa eqsploatacias da Sromam sayovelTao xasiaTi

miiRos. Sromisa da Zalis SeerTebis Sedegad, misi

azriT, xalxi iseT saqmes gaakeTebs, romelsac verc

erTi calke moqmedi adamiani ,,martoxelad ver moereo-

da da verc aTasi an aTi aTasi geniosi, cal-calke

mSromeli, ver gaarigebda. didi ekonomia, didi sargeb-

loba an siadvile mosdevs Sromis gonier SeerTebas;

jafa maSin yvelas gauadvildeba da Sromis nayofi

yvelasaTvis matulobs... Sromis gonieri SeerTeba,

rigiani disciplina imaSi mdgomareobs, rom am aTasi

kacis tvini da goneba saqmes exmarebodes, rom rac maT

Zali an moxerxeba aqvT, sul erTianad Sromazed iyos

moqceuli”2.

aq aSkarad gamoTqmulia socialisturi ideebi, rac

ruseTisa da dasavleT evropis sicialistebis gavlenis

Sedegi unda iyos. sayovelTao, asociaciebis formaSi

ganxorcielebuli Sromis moTxovna niko nikolaZis so-

cialisturi msoflmxedvelobis erT-erTi ZiriTadi

408

principia. meore princips warmoadgens miwisa da sxva

sakuTrebis Temobrivi ganawilebis idea, rac man Cerni-

Sevskis gavleniT Camoayaliba. cnobilia, rom CerniSevs-

ki ruseTis xsnas Zvel, naxevradfeodalur TemSi xedav-

da. Temobrivi wyobileba, fiqrobs niko nikolaZe Cerni-

Sevskis msgavsad, xels Seuwyobs ,,xalxis keTildReobis

srul ganviTarebas” da daaCqarebs maT gonebrivsa da

zneobriv progress. jer kidev 1865 wels gercenis ,,ko-

lokolSi” (romelic londonSi gamodioda) dabeWdil

statiaSi niko nikolaZe amtkicebda, rom sazogadoeb-

rivi da saxelmwifoebrivi wyobilebis erTaderTi

forma, romelsac saqarTvelosTvis sargeblobis motana

SeuZlia, aris miwisa da sxva sakuTrebis Temobrivi

ganawileba da agreTve saxelmwifo marTva-gamgeobis Te-

mobrivi organizacia. Temobrivi wyobilebis principebi

niko nikolaZesa da CerniSevskis ZiriTadad erTnairad

esmoda.

niko nikolaZis utopiur-socialisturi ideebi mis

mier sazogadoebis ganviTarebis mamoZravebeli Zalebis

idealistur gagebas emyareboda. igi, sxva TanamoRvaweTa

msgavsad, fiqrobda, rom sazogadoebis ganviTarebis

aucilebel pirobas warmoadgens ganaTleba, ideebis

Setana, cnobierebis srulqmna. ,,progresi, Cemi azriT, -

werda igi – damokidebulia mxolod xalxis cnobie-

rebis Zalebis Tanmimdevari zrdisagan”3.

niko nikolaZis socialisturi ideebis Camoyali-

bebaze gavlena moaxdines agreTve dasavleT evropis

utopistebma sen-simonma, furiem, ouenma da lui blanma.

miuxedavad amisa, niko nikolaZe arc am moazrovneebis

ukritiko mimdevari iyo; igi yovelTvis originalur

moazrovnes warmoadgenda: ,,yoveli dRe aq (evropaSi –

avt.) axal-axali gziT muSaobs Cemi azri da Zalian

xSirad is, rac guSin damtkicebuli da daurRveveli

megona, dRes irRveva erTi sulis SeberviT. marTali

409

giTxra, me axla arc erTi mwerali ar momwons. furie

xom TiTqmis sruliaT Camivarda Cems azrSi, agreTve,

rogorc sen-simoni da TiTqmis lui blanic... me ufro

didi rame megona francuzuli socializmi da didi

rame ki aris, magram jer kidev Zalian bevri ramea dar-

Cenili SesamuSaveblaT”4. niko nikolaZis socialistur

ideebs ganxorcieleba ar ewera.

ruseTisa da dasavleT evropis moazrovneebma didi

gavlena moaxdines agreTve giorgi wereTlis filoso-

fiuri da sociologiuri ideebis SemuSavebaze. giorgi wereTeli XIX saukunis 90-ian wlebSi didi aRtacebiT

laparakobda germaneli bunebismetyveli filosofose-

bis moleSotis, biuxneris, jon tindalisa da sxvaTa

filosofiuri ideebis Sesaxeb. misi materialisturi

ideebi ruseTisa da dasavleT evropis materialistebis

gavleniT Camoyalibda. igi XIX saukunis 60-ian wlebSi

kargad icnobda biuxneris wigns ,,Zala da materia”,

moswonda misi materialisturi ideebi, Tumca bolomde

rodi iziarebda mis vulgarul-materialistur msofl-

mxedvelobas.

giorgi wereTlis filosofiuri msoflmxedvelobis

Camoyalibebis erT-erTi wyaro iyo agreTve rusuli sa-

bunebismetyvelo-mecnieruli azrovneba. am SemTxvevaSi,

uwinares yovlisa, seCenovis materialisturi moZRvreba

unda aRiniSnos, romelsac giorgi wereTeli ivane

TarxniSvilis meSveobiT gaecno. amis uSualo Sedegi

iyo misi statia ,,ra unda gamoetana msmenels uf. i.

TarxniSvilis leqciebidam”, romelic 1871 wels gazeT

,,droebaSi” daibeWda. am statiaSi man logikur Sedege-

bamde miiyvana seCenovis moZRvrebis meqanisturi momen-

tebi, moaxdina maTi hipertrofireba.

giorgi wereTlis Txzuleba ,,saukeTeso codna”, rom-

lis meore, gadamuSavebuli da, rogorc TviTon ambobs,

,,TviTarsi” gamocema 1888 daibeWda, kavkasiis samedicino

410

sazogadoebis sapatio wevris doqtor p. sobolSCikovis

wignis (“Какое уменье нужней всего в обыденной жизни человека”) safuZvelze daiwera, romelsac giorgi were-

Telma aSkarad materialisturi da aTeisturi xasiaTi

misca.

burJuaziuli klasis kritika da axali, socialistu-

ri sazogadoebis Camoyalibebis idea, romelic moce-

mulia giorgi wereTlis mxatvrulsa da publicistur

nawerebSi, agreTve dasavleTisa da ruseTis mowinave

filosofiur-sociologiuri azris gavleniT SemuSavda.

magram giorgi wereTeli yvela SemTxvevaSi kritikulad

udgeboda misi winamorbedebis naazrevs da xSirad

akritikebda kidec. aseTi iyo, magaliTad, misi damokide-

buleba mesame dasis memarcxene frTasTan, romelic

saqarTveloSi marqsistul ideebs avrcelebda. misTvis

misaRebi iyo marqsistuli idea sazogadoebis revolu-

ciuri gardaqmnis Sesaxeb, magram, amasTanave, misTvis

moulodneli iyo erovnuli problemebis mogvarebis

meore planze dayeneba socialur problemasTan mimar-

TebaSi. egnate ninoSvilisadmi miweril werilSi igi ar

eTanxmeba marqsistebs, romlebic amcireben erovnuli

moZraobis rols da upiratesobas socialur gardaqm-

nebs aniWeben. misi azriT, jer saWiroa erovnuli Tavi-

suflebis mopoveba, xolo Semdeg socialurisa. sazoga-

doebrivi progresis amgvari modeli mas ufro mizanSe-

wonilad miaCnda imdroindeli saqarTvelos mdgomareo-

bis gaTvaliswinebiT.

mowinave rusuli inteligenciis ideebma didi

gavlena moaxdina anton furcelaZis sociologiuri

ideebis Camoyalibebazec. CernoSevskis romanis ,,ra vake-

ToT” (1862) gavleniT daiwera anton furcelaZis moTx-

roba ,,samis Tavgasavali”, romelic ideurad Zalian uax-

lovdeba CerniSevskis romanSi gatarebul sociologiur

411

Sexedulebebs. mxedvelobaSi hyavda ra CerniSevski, an-

ton furcelaZe werda avtorecenziaSi: ,,amave azriT

daswera am ukanasknel dros erTma gamoCenilma rusma

mweralma erTi romani, romelic axla netarebiT gada-

dis xelidan xelSi da marTla Cinebuladac Seasrula.

amave azrs misdeven zogierTi sxva rusis mwerlebi”5.

amrigad, anton furcelaZe TviTon aRniSnavs masze

CerniSevskis ideebis gavlenas, kerZod moTxrobaSi

,,samis Tavgadasavali”. anton furcelaZe agreTve Cerni-

Sevskis gavleniT moiTxovs arsebuli sazogadoebrivi

wyobilebis ,,saZirkvlianad Secvlas”, vinaidan SeuZleb-

lad miaCnia misi gakeTilSobileba, e.i. reformistuli

gardaqmna. burJuaziuli wyobilebis kritikis parale-

lurad igi gamoTqvams socialistur ideebs. ,,kacobrio-

ba mxolod maSin iqneba bednieri – werda igi – ro-

desac amisTana wesi da kanoni datrialdeba kacis cxov-

rebaSi, rom erTs aRar eqneba Rone meoris gaZarcvisa

da motyuebisa, rodesac yvela kaci iqneba mtkiced

Cayenebuli Tavis simarTleSi (uflebebSi) da aRar

iqneba saWiroeba sxvisi simarTlis darRvevisa. rodesac

darwmunebuli iqneba, rom Tavis Sromasa da Rvawls

veravin warstacebs da waarTmevs da veravin moatyuebs.

maSin aRaravisTvis saWiro aRar iqneba sxvisi Zarcva,

motyueba da sxvis kiserze wola”.6

amgvari sazogadoebrivi wyobilebis ganxorcielebis

idea, misi azriT, wamoayenes utopistma socialistebma,

sen-simonma, furiem da ouenma. hyavs ra mxedvelobaSi es

moazrovneebi, anton furcelaZe wers, ,,ganaTlebuls

qveyanaSi didi xania Sesdgomian saqmisa, Sromisa da

sacxovreblis sazogadoebaSi Tanaswori ganawilebis

gamokvlevas... dawinaurebuli moazrovneebi (utopistebi-

avt.) amtkiceben, rom axlandeli xalxis ekonomikuri

mdgomareoba unda saZirkvlianad moiTxaros da axali

ekonomikuri mdgomareoba dawesdeso”.

412

anton furcelaZe, niko nikolaZis msgavsad da kvlav

CerniSevskis gavleniT, sazogadoebis Temobrivi

mowyobis ideas icavs. soflis meurneobis gaRatakebis

Tavidan asacileblad mas saWirod miaCnia ,,mamulis

saerTo mflobelobis” daweseba. igi, niko nikolaZis

msgavsad, rusul Tems miwis sakuTrebis idealur nimu-

Sad Tvlida. ,,ruseTSi, - werda igi 1874 wels – sadac

aris daculi mamulis saerTo mflobeloba... xalxis

gaRatakeba SeuZlebelia, radgan... mamulebis gayidva

aravis SeuZlia... raki gayidva aravis ar SeuZlia mamu-

lebisa, maSasadame, rac unda mdidari kaci iyves, verc

ras TviTon iyidis da verc aiwevs is mamulebis SeZeniT

ise rom sxvebs amiT ziani misces... aq mTeli is xalxi,

sadac aris daculi mamulebis saerTo mflobeloba,

Tavis dReSi ar darCeba usarCovod da eqneba yovelTvis

cxovrebis saRsari”7.

qarTvel samocianelebSi didi gavleniT sargeblob-

da d. pisarevis ideebi. i. mansvetaSvili Tavis mogo-

nebebSi wers, rom ,,metadre didi gavlena hqonda Cvenze

pisarevs. misi gabeduli azrebi... Tavbrus gvasxamda da

gvxiblavda... vkiTxulobT fogts, biuxners, moleSots –

am ukidures materialistebs... gafacicebiT veZebdiT da

vkiTxulobdiT iseT wignebs, rogoric iyo ,,inglisi

civilizaciis istoria” boklisa, ,,qalebis gavlena cod-

nis warmatebaze” – misive, ,,politikuri ekonomia”, j. s.

milisa, naTargmni CerniSevskisa da misive SeniSvnebiT

da sxva amgvari”.

rogorc aRvniSneT, dasavleTisa da ruseTis inteli-

genciis mowinave ideebs qarTveli moazrovneebi Semoqme-

debiTad iTvisebdnen da brmad ar misdevdnen maT naaz-

revs. amis Sesaxeb ilia WavWavaZe werda: ,,rasakvirvelia,

am zemoqmedebam rusuli literaturisa marto imas Ses-

Zina sikeTe, romelmac yoveli gamonarkvevi am litera-

turisa Tavis sakuTar kritikis qarcecxlSi gaatara,

413

brmad ar iwama, brmad ar miiCema... Cvenda sabednierod

vityviT, rom zogni CvenSi rusuli literaturis meo-

xebiT gazrdilni da gawurTvnilni, ase brmad, tyved ar

miscemian am literaturis aucilebel zemoqmedebas.

amaT jer gamouZebniaT maTi gamonarkvevni, da mere is an

SeuTvisebiaT an uaryviaT. Cvenda sanugeSod marto amas

ar dasjerebian, imav kritikiT da gamoZiebiT mxardamxar

asdevnebian am literaturis winsvlasa, warmatebasa da

ar gaCerebulan mis romelime xanaze”8. ZiriTadad aseT

xasiaTs atarebda dasavleTisa da ruseTis gamoCenili

moazrovneebis gavlena qarTvel samocianelebze.

kantis, i. miuleris da h. helmholcis ideebi safuZv-

lad daedo ivane TarxniSvilis gnoseologiuri ideebis

Camoyalibebas. ivane TarxniSvili xSirad mogzaurobda

dasavleT evropaSi, axlo urTierToba hqonda gamoCenil

fiziologebTan da paralelurad ecnoboda sxvadsxva

filosofiur mimarTulebas. amodis ra i. miuleris

specifikuri energiis Teoriidan, romlis Tanaxmad Cveni

SegrZnebani saganTa Tvisebebs ki ar asaxavs, aramed

mxolod grZnobis organos specifikur energias gamoxa-

tavs, ivane TarxniSvili midis obieqturi sinamdvilis

Semecnebis SeuZleblobis mtkicebamde, e.i. iziarebs

agnostikur ideebs, romlis dasabuTebas bunebismetyve-

lebaSi xedavs. igi Tu dogmaturad ara, yovel

SemTxvevaSi mniSvnelovanwilad mainc iziarebs cnobili

germaneli fiziologiisa da filosofiuri moazrovnis

diubua reimonis Teziss ,,Ignorabimus” (,,Seumecnebadia”),

romelmac XIX saukuneSi aaRorZina hiumesa da kantis

agnostikuri Tvalsazrisi saganTa arsebis Semecnebis

SeuZleblobis Sesaxeb. i. miuleris specifikuri ener-

giis Teoria safuZvlad daedo h. helmholcis simboloe-

bis anu ieroglifebis Teorias, romlis mixedviT Cveni

SegrZnebani aris obieqturi sinamdvilis pirobiTi niS-

nebi anu ieroglifebi, romelTa urTierTobaSi garkveu-

414

li kanonzomiereba sufevs, rasac Cven bunebis kanonebs

vuwodebT. ivane TarxniSvili iziarebs helmholcis

ieroglifebis Teorias da amdenad agnosticizmis pozi-

ciaze dgeba. ivane TarxniSvilis gnoseologiuri Sexe-

dulebani gadmocemulia specialur naSromSi _ ,,cno-

bierebis cTunebani” (1886).

ivane TarxniSvilis filosofiuri ideebis Camoyali-

bebaze didi gavlena moaxdina agreTve misi maswavleb-

lis i. seCenovis moZRvrebam Tavis tvinis refleqsebis

Sesaxeb. am moZRvrebis safuZvelze ivane TarxniSvilma misi moRvaweobis pirvel periodSi uaryo nebelobis

Tavisufleba da meqanisturi determinizmis poziciebze

dadga. marTalia, amgvari pozicia mas bolomde ar

SeunarCunebia, magram rusul sabunebismetyvelo azrov-

nebaSi damkvidrebuli meqanicizmis gavlena mis naaz-

revze sruliad aSkaraa. XX saukunis damdegidan qarTve-

li mecnierebi, mwerlebi da, saerTod, kulturis moRva-

weni kidev ufro mWidrod daukavSirdnen dasavleTisa

da ruseTis filosofiursa da sazogadoebriv-politi-

kur azrovnebas.

415

SeniSvnebi:

pirveli Tavi

1. n. berZeniSvili. saqarTvelos istoriis sakiTxebi. Tb.,

1965, II wigni, gv. 257.

2. g. gozaliSvili. 1832 wlis SeTqmuleba. Tb., 1970, II t.

gv. 30.

3. i. anTelava. saglexo reforma saqarTveloSi da misi

mniSvneloba. Tb., 1966, gv. 21-22.

4. i. anTelava, v. guCua. saqarTveloSi sicialuri urTi-

erTobis istoriidan. Tb., 1967, gv. 28-34.

5. iqve, gv. 35-36, 42.

6. T. kukava. qarTuli filosofiuri azris istoriidan.

Tb., 1967, gv. 137.

7. S. nucubiZe. qarTuli filosofiis istoria. Tb., 1958, II

t., gv. 386-445.

8. iqve, gv. 398.

9. И. Джавахов. Политическoе и социальное движение в Грузии в XIX в. Спб, 1906, gv. 21-22.

10. T. kukava. qarTuli filosofiuri azris istoriidan.

Tb., 1967, gv. 181-183.

11. z. WiWinaZe. solomon dodaSvili. Tb., 1893, gv. 15.

12. filadelfos kiknaZe. siyvaruli mamulisa. Tb., 1996, gv.

51.

13. iqve, gv. 58-63.

14. iqve, gv. 41.

15. gabriel episkoposi. cdiseuli fsiqologiis safuZvle-

bi. Tb., 1993, gv.6.

16. iqve, gv. 60.

17. gabriel episkoposi. qadagebani. Tb., 1989, I t. Ggv. 377-

378.

18. iqve, gv. XII-XIII.

19. i. gogebaSvili. Txzulebani. Tb., 1954, III. t. gv.11.

20. iqve.

21. a. boWoriSvili. gabriel qiqoZis ,,cdiseuli fsiqolo-

giis safuZvlebi”. angia boWoriSvili. Txzulebebi, Tb., 1991, I

416

t. gv. 245-261., T. buaCiZe. nebis Tavisuflebis problema

gabriel episkoposis ,,cdiseuli fsiqologiis safuZvlebSi”.,

T. buaCiZe. filosofiuri narkvevebi. Tb., 2005, II t., gv. 572-584,

i. imedaZe. g. qiqoZis cdiseuli fsiqologia. saqarTvelos

fsiqologiis macne. 2007, #1, gv. 119-132. m. maxaraZe. gabriel

qiqoZe adamianis daniSnulebis Sesaxeb. Jurnali, ,,kldekari”,

1951, #1.

22. a. surgulaZe. qarTuli sazogadoebrivi azris istoria

XIX s-is meore naxevarSi. Tb., 1973. gv. 86.

23. iqve, gv. 87.

24. iqve, gv. 92.

25. iqve, gv. 95.

26. iqve, gv. 372.

27. iqve, gv. 390.

meore Tavi

$1. iona xelaSvili

1. iona xelaSvili. ocdaToTxmeti SekiTxvis wigni. gv. 17-18.

2. iqve.

3. k. kekeliZis saxelobis xelnawerTa instituti. S – 304. 4. ,,arxieri” – saeklesio piri /s. klarki saeklesio moRva-

we iyo/.

5. iona xelaSvili. ocdaToTxmeti SekiTxvis wigni. gv. 39.

6. k. kekeliZis saxelobis xelnawerTa instituti. S – 1532. 7. iqve.

8. k. kekeliZis saxelobis xelnawerTa instituti. S – 142. 9. iqve, S – 307. 10. iqve, S – 1532. 11. iqve, S – 1537. 12. iona xelaSvili. ocdaToTxmeti SekiTxvis wigni. gv. 10-

14.

13. k. kekeliZis saxelobis xelnawerTa instituti. S – 1532. 14. iqve, Q – 81. 15. iqve, H – 716.

417

16. И.А. Орбели. Грузинские рукописи Института востоковедения. Москва-Ленинград, 1956.

$2. daviT bagrationi

17. daviT bagrationi. Semoklebuli fisika. Tb., 2003, gv. 22.

18. iqve, gv. 30.

19. iqve, gv. 22.

20. iqve.

21. iqve, gv. 23.

22. Р. Декарт. Избранные произведения. М., 1950, gv. 472. 23. iqve, gv. 471.

24. daviT bagrationi. Semoklebuli fisika. Tb., 2003, gv. 25.

25. iqve, gv. 90-91.

26. iqve, gv. 91.

27. iqve, gv. 26-27.

28. iqve, gv. 27.

29. iqve.

30. iqve, gv. 67.

31. iqve, gv. 27.

32. iqve.

33. iqve.

34. iqve, gv. 28.

35. iqve.

36. iqve.

37. iqve, gv. 30.

38. iqve, gv. 29.

39. iqve, gv. 90.

40. iqve.

41. iqve, gv. 65.

42. v. parkaZe. daviT bagrationi da misi ,,Semoklebuli

fisika”. Tb., 1954, gv. 183.

43. daviT bagrationi. Semoklebuli fisika. Tb., 2003, gv. 97 44. daviT bagrationi. saqarTvelos samarTlisa da

kanonmdeblobis mimoxilva. Tb., 1969, Sesavali.

45. iqve, $ 595. 46. iqve, $120.

418

$3. ioane bagrationi

47. k. kekeliZis saxelobis xelnawerTa instituti. S – 142. 48. ,,kalmasoba” ioane batoniSvilisa. z. WiWinaZis gamocema.

d. baqraZis winasityvaobiT. Tb., 1896, gv. XVII.

49. es nawili calke wignad gamosca g. dedabriSvilma.

50. T. kukava. narkvevebi XIX saukunis pirveli naxevris

qarTuli sazogadoebrivi da filosofiuri azris istoriidan.

Tb., 1956, gv. 42.

51. ioane bagrationi. kalmasoba. filosofiuri nawili. Tb.,

1974, gv. 61-62.

52. iqve, gv. 32.

53. iqve, gv. 16.

54. iqve.

55. iqve, gv. 80.

56. iqve, gv. 14.

mesame Tavi

solomon dodaSvili

1. solomon dodaSvilis filosofia

1. s. dodaSvili. logika. p. iaSvilis Targmani, a. quTelias

redaqciiTa da winasityvaobiT. Tb., 1949.

2. amis Sesaxeb ix. g. rusia. solomon dodaSvilis filo-

sofiuri Sexedulebebi. cxinvali, 1961.

3. n. polevois («Московский телеграф», ч. 18, отд. Первое, gv. 167-168), g. titovisa («Московский вестник», ч. 6, № 22, gv. 201-206) da xelmouwereli («Северная пчела», № 72, 16.06. 1827).

4. Р. Воскресенский. История русской философии. Казань, 1840., Я. Колубовский. Очерки славянской философии (Приложение к кн.: Ибервег-Гейнце. История новой философии. СПБ, 1890)., П. Лейкфельд, Различные направления в логике и основные задачи этой науки. Харьков, 1890. Э. Радлов, Философский словарь. СПБ, 1911., Г. Каландаришвили. Очерки по истории логики в Грузии. Тбилиси, 1952., T. kukava. narkvevebi XIX s.

pirveli naxevris sazogadoebrivi da filosofiuri azris

419

istoriidan. Tb., 1956. S. nucubiZe, qarTuli filosofiis

istoria. Tbilisi, 1958., II t.

5. ,,saliteraturoni nawilni...”. # 1, # 2. maSinve qveyndeba

am nawarmoebis rusuli variantic: «Тифлисские ведомости», 1832, №1. «Московские ведомости». 1832, №10, agreTve wignSi: А. Жари де Манси. История древних и новых литератур. Наука и искусство. М., 1836.

6. unda aRiniSnos agreTve: solomon dodaSvilis bibliog-

rafia: 1825-1966 ww. (s. xuciSvilis redaqciiTa da winasity-

vaobiT). Tb., 1967.

7. i. kanti. logika. I, pirveli ganyofileba, §11 (wignSi: И. Кант. Трактаты и письма. М.,1980).

8. iqve, Sesavali, VIII (5).

9. В. В. Зеньковский. История русской философии. Часть II, ХIХ век. www.magister.msk.ru /library/philos/, Tavi I (1,2), Tavi II (1).

10. iqve, II Tavi (2,3).

11. iqve, I Tavi (8)

12. И.В. Кобзарь. Предистория факультета. http://philosophy.pu.ru /history/#.

13. iqve.

14. l. mWedliSvili. didi moazrovne, tragikuli pirovneba.

,,macne, filosofiis seria”. 2005, #1, gv. 5-25.

15. k. kacitaZe. solomon dodaSvili da germanuli klasi-

kuri idealizmi. solomon dodaSvili. saiubileo krebuli,

miZRvnili s. dodaSvilis dabadebis 180 wlisTavisadmi, Tb.,

1986. gv. 177.

16. I. Schad. Institutiones philosophiae universae, tomus primus, logicam puram et applicatam complectens (xarkovi, 1812).

17. Русский биографический словарь А. А. Половцова. www.rulex.ru. 18. v. v. zenkovskis dasaxelebuli Sroma. Tavi II (6).

19. S. nucubiZis dasaxelebuli Sroma. gv. 513-522.

20. g. kalandariSvilis dasaxelebuli Sroma. gv. 244.

21. S. nucubiZis dasaxelebuli Sroma. gv. 504-512

22. k. kacitaZis dasaxelebuli Sroma. gv. 188

23. iqve, gv. 180-182.

24. iqve, gv. 185 da agreTve: s. xuciSvili., k. kacitaZe.

dodaSvili solomon ioanes Ze. qarTvel filosofosTa

leqsikoni. personalia. Tb., 2000, gv. 109-117.

420

25. k. kacitaZis dasaxelebuli Sroma. gv. 190.

26. g abzianiZe. s. dodaSvilis cxovreba da moRvaweoba.

Txzulebani. Tb., 1961, gv. 32.

2. s. dodaSvili da qarTuli kultura

27. s. dodaSvili. Txzulebani. Tb., 2001, gv. 214.

28. iqve.

29. z. WiWinaZe. solomon dodaSvili. Tb.,1893, gv. 18-19.

30. s. dodaSvili. Txzulebani. Tb., 2001, gv. 214.

31. iqve, gv. 215.

32. iqve.

33. iqve, gv. 215-216.

34. iqve, gv. 216.

35. iqve.

36. iqve.

37. iqve.

38. iqve, gv. 219.

39. iqve.

40. iqve.

41. qarTuli mwerloba. Tb., 1984, I nakveTi, gv. 313.

42. s. dodaSvili. Txzulebani. Tb., 2001, gv. 365-366.

43. m. berZniSvili. masalebi XIX saukunis pirveli naxevris

qarTuli sazogadoebis istoriisaTvis. Tb.,.1983, II t.

meoTxe Tavi

filosofiuri ideebi qarTul romantizmSi

1. g. TevzaZe. solomon dodaSvili. Tb., 2005, gv. 5.

2. i. WavWavaZe. werilebi qarTul literaturaze. ix. i.

WavWavaZe. Txzulebani. sruli krebuli oc tomad. Tb., 1991, V

t. gv. 531-532.

3. adamianis, rogorc gonebisa da grZnobis nazavis ganma-

saxierebeli individualurobis mniSvnelovani modeli ekuTv-

nis fr. nicSes. misi azriT, adamianuri arsebobis damadastu-

rebeli instancia, uwinares yovlisa, mgrZnobelobaSi (sxeul-

421

Si) unda veZioT da ara gonebaSi; ix. T. iremaZe. fridrix

nicSe. Tb., 2006, gv. 58-63.

4. Novalis, Blütenstaub, in: Athenaum. Eine Zeitschrift von August Wilhelm Schlegel und Friedrich Schlegel. Auswahl, hrsg. von G. Heinrich. Leipzig, 1984, gv. 11.

5. l. asaTiani. rCeuli nawerebi. Tb., 1958, I t. gv. 64-102.

6. g. natroSvilis azriT, ,,axloiT ganCxrekili kaci” J. J.

rusos mimdevris _ volneis erT-erTi Txzulebis arazusti,

Tavisufali, komentarebis msgavsi Targmania. ix. g. natroSvi-

li. ,,udabnoSi dawerili wigni”. ,,mnaTobi”, # 12 (1969), gv. 146.

,,axloiT ganCxrekili kaci”. ix. qarTuli mwerloba, Tb., 1992,

IX t. gv. 71-79.

7. ,,axloiT ganCxrekili kaci”. qarTuli mwerloba, Tbili-

si, 1992, IX t. gv. 72.

8. socialuri Tanasworobis motivs eZRvneba al. WavWavaZis

cnobili leqsi ,,vah, sofelsa amas da misTa mdgmurTa”.

9. ,,axloiT ganCxrekili kaci”, gv. 76-79: ,,Wia, dabadebuli

furcelsa zeda, sunTqavs TavisuflebiT, xolo kaci vera

sada hpoebs Tavisufalsa adgilsa! [...] yovelgan hsCans ul-

mobeloba, sulmokleoba, mrisxaneba, Suri, siZulvili, kacTa

kvla da mxecobrioba”.

10. iqve, gv. 79.

11. iqve, gv. 72.

12. al. WavWavaZe. saqarTvelos mokle istoriuli narkvevi

1801-dan 1831 wlamde. werili nikoloz pirvelisadmi. qarTuli

mwerloba. Tb., 1992, IX t. gv. 80-104.

13. F. Schlegel, A. W. Schlegel, Novalis, F. Schleiermacher. Fragmente, in: Athenaum, gv. 125.

14. Cven vsargeblobT 1834 wlis gamocemiT; ix. Ф. Шлегель. История древней и новой литературы. СПб. т. I-II. 1834.

15. a. gawerelia. grigol orbeliani. grigol orbeliani.

saRamo gamosalmebisa. Tb., 1989, gv. 12.

16. gr. orbeliani. fsalmuni. gr. orbeliani. TxzulebaTa

sruli krebuli. a. gawerelias da j. WumburiZis Sesavali

weriliT, redaqciiTa da SeniSvnebiT. Tb., 1959, gv. 83.

17. ix. gr. orbeliani. werilebi. Tb., 1936, gv. 12.

422

18. a. popiaSvili. individis problema s. kirkegorisa da f.

nicSes filosofiaSi. Tb., 1988, gv. 46.

19. v. dilTai romantizmTan mimarTebis Sesaxeb. ix. H.-G. Gadamer Das Problem Diltheys. Zwischen Romantik und Positivismus. in: H.-G. Gadamer, Neuere Philosophie II: Probleme, Gestalten. Tübingen, 1987, gv. 406-424.

20. ix. Ф. Шлегель. История древней и новой литературы, gv. 13. 21. ix. Ф. Шлегель. Эстетика. Философия. Критика. Москва, 1983, т. I,

gv. 77. 22. ix. Ф. Шлегель. История древней и новой литературы. gv. 295. 23. Шеллинг. Философия искусства. Москва, 1966, gv. 79-80. 24. hainrix cSoke iyo Zalian popularuli mwerali da

politikosi; is moRvaweobda SveicariaSi da misi Semoqmedeba

ganmsWvaluli iyo ganmanaTleblur-pedagogiuri tendenciebiT,

romantikuli sixarulis gancdiT da Sotlandieli uolter

skotisgan momdinare istoriuli realizmiT.

25. S. reviSvili. germanul-qarTuli etiudebi. Tb., 1997, gv.

26.

26. ,,pasuxi uRirsTa SvilebTa”. ,,ciskari”. ivlis –

agvisto. 1874, gv. 1-9. ganxilva ,,sityvisaTvis”, Zveli

seminaristis xelmoweriT ,,ciskari”, seqtember-oqtomberi, 1874,

gv. 14-37.

27. es recenzia pirvelad daibeWda ,,tiflisski vestnikSi”

(# 17, 1876), xolo mogvianebiT i. WavWavaZem gadabeWda `iveria-

Si~ saTauriT `baton n. i. nikolaZis azri poet nikoloz

baraTaSvilsa da mis poeziaze~. amis Sesaxeb ix. nana nikolaZe.

niko nikolaZe n. baraTaSvilis Sesaxeb. `kriteriumi~, 2005,

#13, Tb., gv. 120-122.

28. n. baraTaSvilis poeziis pirveli originaluri anali-

zi mogvca ilia WavWavaZem; ix. i. WavWavaZe. werilebi qarTul

literaturaze. ix. i. WavWavaZe. Txzulebani. sruli krebuli

oc tomad. Tb., 1991, V tomi, gv. 534-544.

29. n. nikolaZe, niko nikolaZe n. baraTaSvilis Sesaxeb, gv. 121.

30. iqve, gv. 120.

31. iqve, gv. 122.

32. i. evgeniZe. qarTuli romantizmis sakiTxebi. gv. 96. ak.

gawerelia. nikoloz baraTaSvili. Tb., 1947., k. kacitaZe. solo-

423

mon dodaSvili da nikoloz baraTaSvili. `literatura da

xelovneba~. 1990, #1, gv. 74.

33. qarTuli filosofiis istoriis, rogorc mecnierebis

Camoyalibebis saTaveebTan, anton pirvelis filosofiur da

filologiur SromebTan erTad, s. dodaSvilis `mokle gan-

xilva qarTuli literaturisa anu sityvierebisa~ SeiZleba

dasaxeldes (ix. S. xidaSeli. Sesavali. qarTuli filosofiu-

ri azris istoria. redaqtorebi: S. xidaSeli da m. maxaraZe.

Tb., 1996, I t. gv. 3).

34. S. nucubiZis azriT, igi (s. dodaSvili _ l.z.) `[...] mixv-

da transcendentalobis sisustes da cnobierebis Cixidan

gamosvla sinamdvilis agebis ki ara, aramed mocemuli sinamd-

vilis gagebis (‹mocemuli cnebebi› s. dodaSvilisa, erT-erTi

safexuria am gagebisa) gziT scada. aqaa s. dodaSvilis daSo-

reba kantisagan, misi transcendentalizmisagan~ (S. nucubiZe.

qarTuli filosofiis istoria. Tb., 1958, II t. gv. 490).

35. iqve, gv. 491.

36. i. meunargias azriT, n. baraTaSvilis poeziis xasiaTi

gansazRvra `daviTn-saxarebisa~ da `vefxistyaosnis~ `kargma

qarTulma enam~, amasTanave, al. WavWavaZisa da gr. orbelianis

poeziam; ix. i. meunargia. cxovreba da poezia nikoloz baraTa-

Svilisa Tb., 1968, gv. 63-64.

37. g. TevzaZe. solomon dodaSvili. gv. 5.

38. n. baraTaSvili. Txzulebani. saiubileo gamocema, Tb.,

1968, gv. 88.

39. iqve, gv. 156.

40. s. dodaSvili. Tzulebani. Semdgeneli da winasityvao-

bis avtori T. kukava. Tb., 2001, gv. 44-45.

41. aq modernizmSi hegeli romantizms gulisxmobs; ix.. Hegel. Ästhetik. hrsg. von G. Lukács. Berlin, 1955, gv. 495 ff.

42. m. gogiberiZe. n. baraTaSvilis `meranis~ esTetikur-enti-

fikaturi analizi. m. gogiberiZe. rCeuli filosofiuri Txzu-

lebani, Tb., 1978, IVt. gv. 245.

43. s. dodaSvili. Tzulebani. gv. 95-111.

44. iqve, gv. 110.

45. iqve, gv. 98.

46. iqve, gv. 109.

424

47. iqve, gv. 111.

48. k. kacitaZe. solomon dodaSvili da nikoloz baraTa-

Svili. `literatura da xelovneba~. 1990, # 1, gv. 74.

49. iqve, gv. 77-80.

mexuTe Tavi

$1. g. qiqoZis filosofiuri Sexedulebebi

1. misi samagistro disertaciis Tema iyo: ,,ganazreba imis

Sesaxeb, rom mesiis movlenis droindeli xalxebis reli-

giuri, zneobrivi da sazogadoebrivi mdgomareoba amtkicebs

dedamiwaze misi mosvlis aucileblobas”.

2. Основания опытной психологии Архимандрита Гавриила. СПБ, 1858 г. 3. ,,qadagebani” iTargmna inglisurad da gamoica londonSi

1891 wels. 1893 wels ki quTaisSi rusul enaze gamoica ,,qada-

gebanis” erTtomeuli saTauriT _ «Слова и речи Гавриила Епископа Имеретинского».

3. n. dobroliubovma dadebiTad CauTvala g. qiqoZes am

meTodis gamoyeneba: ,,igi gansxvavdeba maTgan” (winandel fsi-

qologebisgan – v.k.) gadmocemis meTodiT da fiziologiuri

faqtebis SedarebiT didi raodenobiT, rac mis udavo upira-

tesobas Seadgens. ix. n. dobrolubovis recenzia arqimandrit

gabrielis wignis ,,cdiseuli fsiqologiis safuZvlebis”

Sesaxeb, ,,mnaTobi”, 1941, #7, gv. 111.

4. Основания опытной психологии Архимандрита Гавриила. СПБ, 1858 г. gv. 116-117.

5. iqve, gv. 117. 6. iqve, gv. 234.

7. iqve, gv. 249.

8. iqve, gv. 267.

9. iqve, gv. 269.

10. iqve, gv. 327-329.

11. iqve, gv. 84.

12. qve, gv. 235.

425

13. iqve, gv. 256.

14. iqve, gv. 262.

15. iqve, gv. 335.

16. iqve, gv. 335-336.

17. iqve, gv. 14.

18. iqve, gv. 16.

19. iqve, gv. 39.

20. iqve, gv. 53.

20. iqve, gv. 238.

21. iqve, gv. 53.

22. iqve, gv. 52.

23. iqve, gv. 55-56.

24. iqve, gv. 71.

25. iqve, gv. 76-77.

26. iqve, gv. 85.

27. iqve, gv. 81-82.

28. iqve, gv. 133.

29. iqve, gv. 48.

30. iqve, gv. 133.

31. iqve, gv. 107.

32. iqve, gv. 138.

33. iqve, gv. 141.

34. iqve, gv. 143.

35. iqve, gv. 144.

36. iqve, gv. 219.

$2. nebis Tavisuflebis problema

37. iqve, gv. 215.

38. iqve, gv. 216.

39. iqve, gv. 218-219.

40. iqve, gv. 240.

41. iqve, gv. 221.

42. iqve, gv. 223.

43. iqve.

44. iqve, gv. 224.

45. iqve, gv. 194-195.

46. iqve, gv. 203.

426

47. iqve.

48. iqve, gv. 197.

49. iqve.

50. iqve, gv. 199.

51. iqve, gv. 200.

52. iqve, gv. 211.

53. qadagebani, quTaisi, 1913, I t. gv. 4.

54. i. WavWavaZe. sityva Tqmuli gaenaTis monasterSi gab-

riel episkoposis dasaflavebis dRes. TxzulebaTa sruli

krebuli 10 tomad. Tbilisi, 1955, IV t.

$3. adamianis daniSnulebis sakiTxi qadagebebSi

55. episkoposi gabrieli. qadagebani. Tb., 1989, I t. gv. 377.

56. iqve, gv. 378.

57. iqve.

58. iqve, gv. 391.

59. iqve, gv. 393.

60. iqve, gv. 423.

61. iqve, gv. 103.

62. iqve, gv. 407.

63. iqve.

64. iqve, gv. 394.

65. iqve.

66. iqve, gv. 395.

67. episkoposi gabrieli. qadagebani. Tb., 1990, II t. gv. 262.

meeqvse Tavi

$1. ilia WavWavaZe

1. ilia WavWavaZe. nawerebis sruli krebuli cxra tomad.

Tb., 1928, IX t. gv.373.

2. iqve, gv. 376.

3. iqve, gv. 380.

4. gaz. ,,komunisti”. 1931 27 oqtomberi.

5. m. toroSeliZe. qarTuli literatura. Tb., 1934, gv.34.

427

6. iqve, gv. 36.

7. iqve, gv. 38.

8. iqve, gv. 39.

9. iqve, gv. 41.

10. iqve, gv. 42.

11. gaz. ,,komunisti”. 1986 29 aprili.

12. gaz. ,,komunisti”. 1986 11 maisi.

13. iqve.

14. iqve.

15. gaz. ,,komunisti”. 1978 28 maisi.

16. iqve.

17. ,,macne”. istoriis, arqeologiis, eTnografiisa da xe-

lovnebis seria. 1978, #4, gv.118-124.

18. g. meliqiSvili. saqarTvelos istoriis Seswavla oq-

tombris didi socialisturi revoluciis 50 wlisTavze. kre-

buli, ,,saistorio werilebi”. Tb., 1968, I nakveTi, gv. 72.

19. iqve, gv. 118.

20. iqve.

21. iqve, gv. 119.

22. iqve, gv. 120.

23. iqve, gv. 122-123.

24. iqve, gv. 123.

25. Большая советская энциклопедия. 1955, 36-e t. gv. 183-184. 26. iqve.

27. iqve.

28. i. WavWavaZe. TxzulebaTa sruli krebuli aT tomad. Tb.,

1951, I t. gv. 7.

29. i. WavWavaZe. TxzulebaTa sruli krebuli oc tomad.

Tb., 1991, V t. gv. 344.

30. iqve.

31. iqve, gv. 345-346.

32. i. WavWavaZe. TxzulebaTa sruli krebuli aT tomad. Tb.,

1957, VII t. gv. 434.

33. iqve.

34. iqve, gv. 9.

35. iqve, gv. 434.

36. iqve, gv. 416.

428

37. iqve, gv. 415.

38. igive krebuli. Tb., 1955, IV t. gv. 28.

39. igive krebuli. Tb., 1956, VI t. gv. 7-8.

40. i. WavWavaZe. TxzulebaTa sruli krebuli oc tomad. V

t. gv. 455.

41. iqve, gv. 455-456.

42. iqve, gv. 457.

43. iqve, gv. 120.

44. iqve.

45. i. WavWavaZe. TxzulebaTa sruli krebuli aT tomad. I t.

gv. 7.

$2. iakob gogebaSvili

46. i. gogebaSvili. rCeuli Txzulebani. Tb., 1990, III t. gv.

200.

47. iqve, gv. 261-262. agreTve, misive, rani viyaviT guSin, Tb.,

1990, gv. 159.

48. i. gogebaSvili. rCeuli Txzulebani. III t. gv. 328.

49. iqve.

50. iqve, gv. 336.

51. i. gogebaSvili. rCeuli Txzulebani. Tb., 1990, IV t. gv.

161.

52. i. gogebaSvili. rCeuli Txzulebani. Tb., 1989, I t. gv.

213-217.

53. iqve, gv. 217-218.

54. iqve, gv. 210-211.

55. iqve, gv. 230.

56. iqve, gv. 216.

57. es nawarmoebi pirvelad 1890 wels gamoqveynda gazeTeb-

Si ,,iveria” (#100-102, 104) da “mwyemsSi” (#12, 17, 19, 20) saTau-

riT ,,ZiriTadi ukuRmarToba”, 1892 wels ki calke wignadac

gamoica imave saTauriT, xolo 1903 wels saTauriT ,,burji

erovnebisa”.

58. i. gogebaSvili. rCeuli Txzulebani. Tb., 1990, II t. gv. 6-

7.

59. iqve, gv. 9.

60. iqve, gv. 11.

429

61. iqve, gv. 16-17.

62. iqve, gv. 17.

63. iqve, gv. 19.

64. iqve, gv. 21.

65. iqve, gv. 22.

66. iqve, gv. 23.

67. iqve, gv. 24-25.

68. iqve, gv. 27.

69. iqve, gv. 28.

70. iqve, gv. 30-32.

71. iqve, gv. 33-34.

72. iqve, gv. 40.

73. i. gogebaSvili. rCeuli Txzulebani. II t. gv. 45.

meSvide Tavi

Teoriuli filosofiis sakiTxebi

XIX saukunis meore naxevris saqarTveloSi

$ 1 giorgi wereTeli

1. es Tvalsazrisi ZiriTadad gadmocemulia g. wereTlis

publicistur da ara mxatvrul nawarmoebebSi.

2. giorgi wereTeli. moleSoti. ,,kvali”. 1893, #25.

3. giorgi wereTeli. saukeTeso codna. Tb., 1888, gv. 78.

4. giorgi wereTeli. jon tindali. ,,kvali”. 1894, #4.


6. iqve, gv. 8-19.

7. iqve, gv. 23.

8. ,,droeba”, 1870, #48.

9. giorgi wereTeli. moleSoti. ,,kvali”. 1893, #25.

10. giorgi wereTeli. TxzulebaTa sruli krebuli. Tb.,

1930, I t., gv. 107.


12. iqve, gv. 31.

13. iqve, gv. 37.

14. iqve, gv. 36-37.

430

15. iqve, gv. 38-39.

16. iqve, gv. 34.

17. iqve, gv. 28.

18. giorgi wereTeli. TxzulebaTa sruli krebuli. I t. gv.

311.

19. iqve, gv. 31.

20. giorgi wereTeli. jon tindali. ,,kvali”. 1894, #4.

21. giorgi wereTeli. TxzulebaTa sruli krebuli, I t. gv.

330.

22. giorgi wereTeli. saukeTeso codna. Tb., 1888, gv. 55-56

23. iqve, gv. 69.


125.

25. iqve, gv. 74.

26. iqve, gv. 71, 73.

27. iqve, gv. 120.


29. giorgi wereTeli. dramatuli werili. ,,iveria”, 1889,

#22.



101.

32. iqve, gv. 121.

33. iqve, gv. 121-122.

34. iqve, gv. 122.

35. giorgi wereTeli. uf.vereSCaginis azri jiqeT-

abxazeTis dasaxlebazed. ,,droeba”, 1879, #36.

36. giorgi wereTeli. peterburgidam niJnamdis. ,,droeba”.

1869, #43.

37. giorgi wereTeli. ra unda gamoetana msmenels uf. i.

TarxniSvilis leqciebidan? ,,droeba”. 1871, #45.

38. romelzec giorgi wereTeli ambobda, rom gadamuSave-

bis Semdeg igi sruliad damoukidebeli, ,,TviTarsi”, Txzu-

leba Seiqmnao.


40. giorgi wereTeli. TxzulebaTa sruli krebuli, I t. gv.

127.

431



130.

43. iqve, gv. 49.

44. iqve, gv. 147.



203.

47. giorgi wereTeli. saukeTeso codna. Tbilisi, 1888, gv.

76.


130.

49. giorgi wereTeli. rCeuli nawerebi. Tb., 1947, I t., gv.

185.

50. ,,kvali”, 1893, #1.


228-229.

52. iqve, gv. 94.

53. iqve, gv. 53.

$2. anton furcelaZe

54. anton furcelaZis filosofiuri Sexedulebani

gadmocemulia ZiriTadad mis publicistur nawarmoebebSi.

55. v. vaxania. anton furcelaZis msoflmxedveloba. Tb.,

1958, gv. 72.

56. iqve, gv. 72-73.

57. anton furcelaZe. kacobrioba da xalxosnoba. Tb., 1906,

gv. 42.


1958, gv. 86-87.

59. anton furcelaZe. kapitalizmi da kapitalisturi war-

moeba. gaz. ,,iveria”, 1895, #277.


1958, gv. 93.

61. iqve, gv. 94.

432

62. anton furcelaZe. ,,saqarTvelo” Txzuleba d. baqraZis.

,,mnaTobi”. 1872, #1.

$3 ivane TarxniSvili

63. И. Р. Тарханов. Биологический этюд. «Свет». 1879, №2, gv. 461. 64. И.Р. Тарханов. Курс физиологии. СПБ, 1879, gv. 3-4. 65. iqve, gv, 18. 66. И.Р. Тарханов. Главные опоры биологии. «Вестник и библиотека

самообразования». 1903, №50, gv. 2005-2006. 67. И.Р. Тарханов. Телесная жизнь как брожение. «Вестник

Европы».1886, т. I, gv. 137.

68. iqve.

69. И.Р. Тарханов. Курс физиологии. СПБ, 1879, №2, gv.18. 70. И.Р. Тарханов. О влиянии теплоты и холода на чувствующие нервы

спинной и головной мозг необеcкровленных и обеcкровленных лягушек. 1871, gv. 43.

71. И.Р. Тарханов. Внушение, гипнотизм и чтение мыслей. СПБ, 1905, gv. 132.

72. И.Р. Тарханов. Физиология. Энциклопедический словаръ Брокгауза и Ефрона. Т. 70.

73. И.Р. Тарханов. Внушение, гипнотизм и чтение мыслей. СПБ, 1905, gv. 20 .

74. И.Р. Тарханов. Дух и телo. СПБ, 1904, gv. 7. 75. iqve, gv. 55. 76. iqve, gv. 55-56.

77. И.Р. Тарханов. Биологический этюд. «Свет». 1879, №12, gv. 458. 78. И.Р. Тарханов. Внушение. гипнотизм и чтение мыслей. СПБ, 1905,

gv. 59-60 . 79. iqve, gv. 59.

80. И.Р. Тарханов. Роль нервной системы в движении животных. «Медицинский сборник», 1872, №14, gv. 58.

81. И.Р. Тарханов. О спонтанизме. «Знание и жизнь». 1905, №3. 82. И.Р. Тарханов. Обманы сознания. «Вестник Европы». 1886, №12,

gv. 641. 83. iqve, gv. 637. 84. iqve, 635.

433

85. И.Р. Тарханов. Ощущение. Энциклопедический словаръ. Брокгауза и Ефрона. Т. 44.

86. И.Р. Тарханов. Обманы сознания. «Вестник Европы», 1886, №12, gv. 652.

87. iqve, gv. 644. 88 iqve, gv. 640.

89. iqve, gv. 660.

90. iqve, gv. 661.

91. iqve, gv. 644.

92. iqve, gv. 659.

93. iqve, gv. 663.

94. iqve, gv. 665.

95. iqve.

merve Tavi

$1 iona xelaSvili

1. saqarTvelos mecnierebaTa akademiis k. kekeliZis

saxelobis xelnawerTa instituti. S – 307. 2. iqve, S – 42. 3. iqve, S – 966. 4. iqve, S – 277.

$2 ilia WavWavaZe

5. qarTuli mwerloba. ocdaaT tomad. Tb., 1987, XI t. gv. 90.

6. iqve, gv. 101.

7. iqve, gv. 80.

8. iqve, gv. 382.

9. iqve, gv. 67.

10. iqve, gv. 142-143.

11. iqve, gv. 153.

12. iqve, gv. 154.

434

$3. eTikuri problematika vaJa fSavelas SemoqmedebaSi

13. vaJa-fSavela. Txzulebani xuT tomad. Tb., 1994, V t., gv.

236.

14. iqve.

15. vaJa-fSavela. Txzulebani. Tb. 1992, I t. gv. 89.

16. vaJa-fSavela. Txzulebani, Tb., 1992, II t. gv. 59.

17. iqve, gv. 60.

18. iqve, gv. 277.

19. iqve, gv. 282.

20. iqve, gv. 279.

21. iqve, gv. 282.

22. iqve, gv. 291.

23. vaJa-fSavela. Txzulebani. Tb., 19923, III t. gv. 57.

24. iqve, gv. 62.

25. iqve, gv. 63.

26. iqve, gv. 67.

27. iqve, gv. 68.

28. iqve, gv. 75.

29. igive gamocema. V t. gv. 278.

30. iqve, gv. 179.

31. iqve, gv. 280.

32. iqve, gv. 377-378.

33. igive gamocema. II t. gv. 13.

34. iqve.

35. igive gamocema. III t. gv. 14.

36. iqve, gv. 60.

37. iqve, gv. 36.

$4 niko nikolaZe erovnuli sikeTisa da erovnuli

borotebis Sesaxeb

38. qarTulo mwerloba. ocdaaT tomad. Tb., 1988, IV t., gv.

140.

39. iqve, gv. 141.

40. iqve, gv. 145-146.

41. iqve, gv. 147.

42. iqve, gv. 148.

43. iqve, gv. 151.

435

44. iqve, gv. 165.

45. iqve, gv. 167.

46. iqve, gv. 172.

47. iqve, gv. 173.

48. iqve, gv. 183.

49. iqve, gv. 183.

50. iqve, gv. 183-184.

mecxre Tavi

esTetikuri azri XIX saukunis saqarTveloSi

1. ilia WavWavaZe. literaturisa da xelovnebis Sesaxeb.

Tb., I, 1997, gv. 140.

2. iqve. gv. 145.

3. iqve. gv. 146.

4. iqve. gv. 144.

5. iqve. gv. 141.

6. iqve. gv. 140.

7. ilia WavWavaZe. TxzulebaTa sruli krebuli. III t., Tb.,

1953, gv. 53.

8. iqve. gv. 21.

9. ilia WavWavaZe literaturisa da xelovnebis Sesaxeb. I,

gv. 136.

10. iqve. gv. 76.

11. iqve. gv. 112.

12. akaki wereTeli. TxzulebaTa sruli krebuli 18 tomad.

Tb., 1960, XI t. gv. 158.

13. iqve, gv. 440.

14. akaki wereTeli. igive gamocema. Tb., 1956. V t. gv. 184.

15. akaki wereTeli. igive gamocema. Tb., 1961. XI t. gv. 43.

16. akaki wereTeli. igive gamocema. Tb., 1961, XIII t. gv. 325-

326.

17. Jurn. `moambe~, 1894. #3.

18. n. nikolaZe. Txzulebani. Tb., 1960, II t.

19. n. nikolaZe. Txzulebani. Tb., 1970. VI t. gv. 44.

436

20. iqve, gv. 21.

21. n. nikolaZe. Txzulebani. Tb., 1963. III t. gv. 382-383.

22. n. nikolaZe. Txzulebani. Tb., 1970, VI t. gv. 17.

23. g. wereTeli. Txzulebani. Tb., I t. gv. 46

24. g. wereTeli. kita abaSiZe da Cveni axalgazrdoba. Jurn.

`kvali~. 1981, # 46.

25. g. wereTeli. `xafangi~ mevelisa. `kvali~. 1894, #.5.

26. Г. Церетели. Лекции в кружке Г.Г. Пальм и Эрицова, gaz.

`tifliski vestnik~. 1879, #38.

27. n. nikolaZe. wereTlis pirveli Sroma. `moambe~. 1844, #3.

28. gaz. `Temi~. 1913, 11 noemberi.

29. krebuli `qarTuli literaturuli kritikis istorii-

saTvis~. Tb., 1955, gv. 379.

30. a. furcelaZe. qarTuli literatura. ix. krebuli `qar-

Tuli literaturuli kritikis istoriisaTvis~. Tb.,K1955,. gv.

301.

31. vaJa-fSavela. TxzylebaTa krebuli aT tomad. Tb., 1964,

IX t. gv. 396.

32. iqve, 396.

33. vaJa-fSavela. `fiqrebi~. `iveria~. 1891. #113.

34. vaJa-fSavela. rCeuli. Tb., 1960, gv. 330.

35. vaJa-fSavela. Tb., 1964, IX t. gv. 369.

36. iqve.

37. iqve.

38. iqve.

meaTe Tavi

socialur-politikuri da socialuri azri

$1. social-politikuri azri

1. iv. surgulaZe. i. WilaSvilis politikuri Sexedulebani.

Tb., 1979w, gv. 9.

2. i. WilaSvili. bunebiTi samarTlis moxazuloba. ix. wign-

Si: iv. surgulaZe. i. WilaSvilis politikuri Sexedulebani.

Tb., 1979 gv. 52.

437

3. iqve.

4. iqve.

5. iqve, gv. 53.

6. iqve, gv. 54.

7. iqve, gv. 55.

8. iqve, gv. 57.

9. iqve, gv. 58.

10. iqve, gv. 59.

11. iqve, gv. 60.

12. iqve.

13. iv. surgulaZis dasax. Sroma. gv. 32.

14. i. WilaSvilis dasax. Sroma., gv. 61-62.

15. iqve, gv. 62.

16. iv. surgulaZeis dasax. Sroma., gv. 34.

17. s. mgalobliSvili. ,,mogonebani”. Tbilisi. 1938, gv, 70.

18. iqve, gv. 71.

19. S. daviTaSvili. ,,xalxosnuri moZraoba saqarTveloSi”.

tfilisi, 1933, gv. 15.

20. i. mansvetaSvili. ,,mogonebani”. Tb., 1985, gv. 67.

21. iqve, gv. 70.

22. g. maiaSvili. ,,rCeuli nawerebi”. Tb., 1968, gv. 71.

23. iqve, gv. 72.

24. iqve, gv. 65.

25. iqve, gv. 83.

26. iqve, gv. 57.

27. ,,iveria”, 1882, #2.

28. l. gorgilaZe. ,,qarTuli sazogadoebrivi azris isto-

riidan”. Tb., 1961, gv. 193.

29. e. ninoSvili. Txzulebani. Tb., 1950, II t. gv. 276-278.

$2. sociologiuri Sexedulebebi

30. giorgi wereTeli. am drois viTareba. ,,krebuli”, 1872,

#10-12.

31. giorgi wereTeli. Cven da Cveni droeba. ,,droeba”, 1879,

#16.

32. giorgi wereTeli. TxzulebaTa sruli krebuli. Tb.,

1930, I t. gv. 143.

438

33. oqros madani. ,,sasoflo gazeTi”. 1872, #12.

34. giorgi wereTeli. Sromis moyvareoba da misi Zala.

,,sasoflo gazeTi”. 1871, #2.

35. ,,droeba”. 1871, #45.


178.

37. iqve, gv. 81.

38. giorgi wereTeli. RvTiswyaloba. Tb., 1925, gv. 10.

39. giorgi wereTeli. gazeTi ,,iveria” da misi sapolemiko

xasiaTi. ,,kvali”, 1899 , #5.

40. И.Р. Тарханов. Нервный век. СПБ., 1906, gv. 9. 41. «Знание и жизнь». 1905, №13. 42. И.Р. Тарханов. «Знание и жизнь». 1905, №2. 43. И.Р. Тарханов. Нервный век. СПБ, 1906, gv. 16. 44. И.Р. Тарханов. Герой «На дне» Максима Горького с биологической

точки зрения. СПБ., 1904, gv. 5-6. 45. И.Р. Тарханов. Роль нервной системы в движении животных.

«Медицинский сборник». 1972, №14 gv.60. 46. И.Р. Тарханов. «Знание и жизнь». 1905, №13. 47. И.Р. Тарханов. Свободная наука. «Знание и жизнь». 1905, №7. 48. И.Р. Тарханов. Роль нервной системы в движении животных.

«Медицинский сборник». 1872, №14, gv. 3. 49. iqve, gv. 59. 50. anton furcelaZe. kacobrioba da xalxosnoba. Tb., 1906,

gv. 23-24.

51. anton furcelaZe. ,,saqarTvelo”, Txzuleba d. baqara-

Zisa. ,,mnaTobi”, 1872, #1.

52. iqve.


1958, gv. 111.

54. iqve.

55. anton furcelaZe. ,,saqarTvelo”, Txzuleba d. baqraZi-

sa, ,,mnaTobi’, 1872, #1.

56. anton furcelaZe (z. moene). Cveni Wkuis Zala. ,,mna-

Tobi”, 1871, #3.


1958, gv. 120.

439

meTerTmete Tavi

qarTul-dasavluri da qarTul-rusuli filosofiuri

urTierTobani

1. «Тифлисский вестник». 1875, №110. 2. n. nikolaZe, rCeuli nawerebi. 1931, I t., gv.

3. Н. Николадзе. Освобождение Н.Г. Чернышевского. «Былое», 1906, №9, gv. 243.

4. quTaisis saxelmwifo muzeumi. kir. lorTqifaniZis arqi-

vi.

5. ,,droeba”. 1867, #35.

6. ,,mnaTobi”. 1871, #5.

7. anton furcelaZe. mamulebis sarTo mflobeloba. Tb.,

1905, gv. 29-30.

8. ilia WavWavaZe. TxzulebaTa sruli krebuli 5 tomad. 2

t., gv. 607-608.

440

A History of the Georgian Philosophical Thought (19th century)

Volume Three

Summary

The third volume of a 4-volume history of the Georgian philosophical thought embraces in main the 19th century. Problems of theoretical philosophy, religious-philosophical, ethical and aesthetical problems were studied rather profoundly in Georgia of the period. Solomon Dodashvili’s and Gerasime Kikodze’s (Bishop Gabriel’s) contributions are exclusive in this respect. Both got excellent education in universities in Russia and this is reflected in their works. These works perfectly answered demands of the then progressive philosophical and psychological sciences.

During the 19th century examples of philosophical thought were rendered in scientific works and theological treatises, pedagogical theories and works of artistic creation.

Analyzing the history of the Georgian philosophical thought of the given period it is possible to single out certain key points around which Georgian philosophical and socio-political thought was formed. These points are:

1. Abolition of Kartli-Kakheti kingdom (1801) and declaration it a province of Russia. Later Russian rule expanded over Samegrelo, Imereti, Abkhazia and Guria.

2. Conspiracy of 1832 which was provoked by the existing social-political situation in Georgia, loss of state independence and struggle for its re-establishment. Exposure of the conspiracy and inflicting severe punishment on its accomplices especially on its ideologists – Solomon Dodashvili, Philadelphos Kiknadze and Solomon Razmadze.

3. Abolition of serfage in Georgia in the East Georgia – in 1864; in Kutaisi province (Imereti, Guria, Ratcha) – in 1865; in Samegrelo (Lechkhumi, Kvemo Svaneti) – in 1866; in Abkhazia – in 1870; in Svaneti – in 1871. This fact invoked diverse attitudes among the Georgian public figures.

4. Activities conducted by “Tergdaleulebi” and their importance in the process of forming Georgian philosophical and social-political thought.

441

Russian-Georgian philosophical relations which started in the second half of the 18th century and continued through the 19th century were a rather important fact as to development of the Georgian philosophical thought and mainly from the viewpoint of contacts with European culture which became possible due to Russia. At the same time, great-power politics of Russia saved nothing in order to repress Georgian spirit. An illuminating example of such politics is abolition of the century old Georgian orthodox church (in 1811 in the East Georgia, in 1814 in the West Georgia) and its transformation into one of the parishes of the Russian church. Step by step it was banned to conduct services in Georgian. Ivane Javakhishvili assessed this fact in the following way: “Thus, after 16 years from joining Georgia to Russia, Georgians are devoid of any opportunity to conduct service in their mother language at the Cathedral in the capital of Georgia where for 1499 years whole-hearted prayers were incessantly offered; neither Persians – fire worshippers and Muslims, nor Arabs, pagan Mongols or Turks have harmed more orthodox Christian ecclesiastical Georgia than the Russian authorities and clergymen appointed by them did”.

Georgians refused to submit to occupational politics of Russia and resisted it by manifestations, revolts and conspiracies. As early as in1804 Mtiuleti revolt took place, in 1810 – Imereti revolt, in 1812 – revolt of peasantry in Kakheti, in 1819-1820 – the second revolt in Imereti, in 1841 – revolt in Guria, in 1856-1857 – a large scale revolt took place in Samegrelo.

Among these events the conspiracy of 1832 in which intellectual elite of the then Georgia (Solomon Dodashvili, Philadelphos Kiknadze, Solomon Razmadze and others) and progressive members of the nobility participated is of special importance.

All these manifestations and revolts were massacred by the Russian authorities. As to the 1832 conspiracy it was unveiled and the leaders were severely punished.

“Kalmasoba” or “Khumar-stsavleba” by Ioane Batonishvili (Bagrationi) is the most important event of the 19th century Georgian philosophical thought. This work contains rather important data concerning Georgian as well as foreign theologicians, philosophers and writers (Petre Iberi, Eptvime and Giorgi Mtatsmidelis, Ephrem Mtsire, Ioane Petritsi, Rustaveli, Plato, Aristotle, Porphyry, Dionysius the Areopagite, David Udzleveli, etc.).

442

At the beginning of the 19th century there were certain attempts to conduct original philosophical research in Georgia. In this respect Baram Germanozishvili’s treatise “Btchoba gonebisa” is of interest. The treatise written in Kutaisi at the beginning of the 19th century is preserved in manuscript. It consists of a preface and three parts. The treatise has Christian world outlook as its basis and ethical, social and political issues are discussed in it.

The greatest success of the 19th century Georgian philosophical thought is Solomon Dodashvili’s (1805-1835) work.

Solomon Dodashvili graduated form Petersburg university and it was there that in 1827 he published in Russian his manual “Logic”. In this book he formulated the main principles of his original philosophical outlook as well and defined the subject matter of philosophy.

Solomon Dodashvili’s “Logic” which for years was considered a model manual in universities in Russia was published only in Russian at that period. The author had prepared a Georgian version of the manual though due to certain reasons he failed to publish it. In “Logic” and in particular in the preface Solomon Dodashvili gave an outline of a comprehensive course of philosophy which he intended to fulfill in future. Even from this short outline it is clear that Solomon Dodashvili’s appearance on the stage of scientific activities was to entail a genuine revival of the Georgian philosophical thought which came to a standstill since the Middle Ages. Though this process was stopped for a certain period of time as Solomon Dodashvili was punished because of his participation in the conspiracy of 1832, he was exiled and untimely died in exile.

Solomon Dodashvili analyzed the heritage of Georgian culture from the viewpoint of philosophy and with great intuition evaluated the role and importance of works of Georgian scholars and writers for Georgia. His active participation in the conspiracy of 1832 was as well conditioned by his progressive social-political world outlook.

Apart from Solomon Dodashvili, Philadelphos Kiknadze (1793-1833) was distinguished by his philosophical thinking in the history of the Georgian philosophical thought in the first half of the 19th century. He was arrested twice: first in 1827 in Russia and for the second time in 1833 in Tbilisi for his participation in the conspiracy of 1832. He died in prison on the 5th of September, 1833. Many of his works were destroyed during his first, as well

443

as the second arrests, though several works are preserved. These are “Acti goniuri”, “Sikvaruli mamulisa” and “Godebani Ieremosni, dzisa Enaisi – khiltatuis mdgomareobasa Iveriisasa atsindelsa zeda”.

These works by Philadelphos Kiknadze, especially the second and the third ones are first of all moral-political treatises which are based on patriotic considerations. The author, on the one hand, formulates principles of moral and, on the other hand, renders his political views which present him as an advocate of a powerful and centralized state. According to him a kind monarch, king is to rule such a state.

As to “Acti goniuri” there is, in fact, a plan of activities for the conspiracy of 1832 formulated in it. The fact that “Acti goniuri” served the aims of the conspiracy is clearly seen from a secret paragraph given in it according to which every member was to keep the secret, not to communicate it to any other person save the one whom he would decide to make a member.

A very important phenomenon in the history of the 19th century Georgian philosophical thought was the contribution made by bishop Gabriel – (Gerasime Kikodze) (1825-1896). Gerasime Kikodze’s activities can be conditionally divided into two parts: the first part when he conducted pure scientific research work in result of which he in 1858 published a scientific work in psychology “Foundations of Experimental Psychology” in (Russian) which was used as a manual in the Russian seminaries and the second part which embraces his practical activities during the period of his episcopacy in Imereti (1860-1896). His preaches and speeches uttered by him during his episcopacy were published in Georgian (1865 – v. I, II; 1884-1885); in English (1867); in Russian (1893).

“Foundations of Experimental Psychology” turned out to be an important event in the scientific spheres in Russia. This book was accepted as a manual in collages and universities of Russia. In this work Gerasime Kikodze attempted to establish psychology as a science not on a contemplative basis but on data obtained via observation of the empirical experience. But according to the author this does not mean that “psychology is replaced by physiology”.

The subject of Gerasime Kikodze’s preaches is man’s relation to God. Kikodze uses the New Testament as a basis in his analysis of this problem and gives comprehensive and original interpretation of the corresponding passages of the New Testament.

444

Due to his theoretical-scientific as well as practical (ethical viewpoints elaborated in his preaches) activities, Gerasime Kikodze is an important representative of the Georgian philosophical thought in the second half of the 19th century.

Georgian Romanticism (Alexandre Chavchavadze, Grigol Orbeliani, Nikoloz Baratashvili) was a rather significant phenomenon in the 19th century Georgian literature. Georgian Romanticism, in main, expressed the principal ideas of Romanticism generally, though at the same time the problem of man acquired special importance (especially in Nikoloz Baratashvili’s works).

Beginning from the 60s of the 19th century a new wave of Georgian young people went to Russia to get higher education. The place of “Tergdaleulebi” is special among them as their main aim was liberation of their country. The leader of this movement was Ilia Chavchavadze.

The concept of “Tergdaleulebi” implies ideological and political struggle which began in the 60s of the 19th century and played the decisive role for almost half a century in the life of the nation. The concept “Tergdaleulebi” was used earlier in Georgia though after the conspiracy of 1832 failed it was used to denote those Georgians who got education in Russia and therefore lost contacts with their homeland.

Though it is more precise to say that among those Georgians who got education in Russia in 60s the concept “Tergdaleulebi” acquired a new content. In particular, those Georgians who got education in 60s drew a boundary between themselves and “Rusetume” (those Georgians who preferred Russian language and culture) and set service to their country as their primary objective. These ideas were shared by Ilia Chavchavadze, Akaki Tsereteli, Niko Nikoladze, Giorgi Tsereteli, Kirile Lortkipanidze and others. Among the “Tergdaleulebi” there were such persons who did not get education in Russia but were ready to serve the national interests and supported Ilia Chavchavadze.

To be a “Tergdaleuli” did not mean only that one got education in Russia. Later this concept acquired serious national content and was used in relation to those Georgians whose utmost objective was service of their country.

The most urgent aim of the ,,Tergdaleulebi” was adoption of the progressive European ideas to the Georgian reality and in doing so they strived to find ways to save the country and achieve finally its independence.

445

It was a patriotic movement of the Georgians who got education in Russia. The main body of the movement remained faithful to their ideals.

In the second half of the 19th century social-political movements whose main and uppermost objective was to overthrow the existing regime were formed. This objective united people of different nations and countries therefore homeland and its interests as such were not valid for them. Such movements were: Narodism (since the 70s of the 19th c.), the first social-democratic organization “Mesame dasi” (1892) and anarchism (beginning of the 20th century). The main objective of the first as well as the second and the third movements was replacement of the existing Russian regime and establishment of such state order which would be in accordance with their political platform. Though national problems were not strange for the Georgian anarchists and this fact determined specificity of anarchism in Georgia.

Georgian Narodians, as well as social-democrats and Bolsheviks in the later period, in fact, acted according to the main principle of Russian Narodians. They borrowed from Russian narodians (Lavrov, Bakunin, Tkachov) such ideas as necessity to overthrough the government, decisive role of the peasantry, strengthening of the role on intelligentsia, organization of cooperative institutions in villages, etc.

The history of the Georgian philosophical thought in the second half of the 19th century is marked by variety of aspects. Alongside with the above mentioned philosophical-theoretical, social-political and patriotic problems, purely philosophical problems of natural sciences, ethical and aesthetical problems received serious attention. Works of the Georgian writers of the second half of the 19th century are of great interest in this respect. The world outlook of Ivane Tarknishvili, a famous Georgian physiologist who worked in Peterburg should be discussed within this period.

Philosophical ideas and, in particular, ethical, aesthetical and socio-political views occupy an important place in works of the Georgian writers who worked in the second half of the 19th century (Ilia Chavchavadze, Akaki Tsereteli, Iacob Gogebashvili, Giorgi Tsereteli, Vazha Pshavela, Anton Purtseladze, etc.). The Georgian writers of this period did not compose philosophical treatises and theories. As to their philosophical ideas and viewpoints they are given in their literary and publicist works.

446

Philosophical relationships are of special importance if the essence of national philosophy and philosophical thought of this period is to be understood. In this respect the 19th century is no exception either. During the period the existing tradition was carried on, Russian-Georgian relations became more intense. At the same time institutes and higher schools of Russia turned in fact into the arena for creative work of young Georgians. If at the beginning of the period there were just few instances of it, the process became rather common in the second half of the 19th century.

Georgian scholars’ philosophical interrelations were various in the 19th century. These interrelations were not confined only to translations of works of foreign authors but implied study and assimilation of their viewpoints. Therefore Georgian scholars underwent certain world outlook influence. In this respect Georgian scholars communicated not only with Russian but with the Western thought as well.

Philosophical interrelations with Russia and the West in the 19th century played a positive role in development of Georgian culture and philosophy as well. By the end of the 19th century purely philosophical works were written. The author of these works was Archil Jorjadze. A. Jorjadze stands at the origins of new Georgian philosophical thought which was followed by a strong progression in the 20th century. The century old tradition of Georgian philosophy which almost faded in the 13-17th centuries, revived in the 18th century and sufficiently developed in the 19th century was successfully and on a high level continued by Shalva Nutsubidze, Dimitri Uznadze, Sergi Danelia, Mose Gogiberidze and others in the 20th century.

447

pirTa saZiebeli

a

aaroni - 333

abaSiZe k. – 130, 438

abzianiZe g. – 81, 105, 422

ainStaini a. - 32, 73

aleqsandre mesame - 369

aleqsandre pirveli - 6

amilaxvari a. – 361

anTelava i. – 417

ansilioni J.p. - 406

anton pirveli (anton

kaTolikosi) - 15,25, 48,

54, 64, 71, 72, 74, 111, 425

aristotele - 33, 34, 53 - 55,

73, 74, 91, 101, 206, 256, 257,

344

arsen iyalToeli - 108

arqimandriti gabrieli

(voskresenski) - 102

asaTiani l. – 423

b

bagrationi daviT (daviT

batoniSvili) - 3, 9, 19, 27,

47 – 67, 72, 406, 419

bagrationi Teimuraz

(Teimuraz batoniSvili)

– 8, 9, 10, 19

bagrationi i. – 32

bagrationi ioane (ioane

batoniSvili) -3, 9, 11, 19,

27, 30, 66, 69, 71 – 75, 406,

419, 420

bagrationi p. - 219

baironi j.- 141, 190, 320, 324,

331, 341

bakunini m. - 22, 408

baraTaSvili n. – 19, 23, 24,

116, 118, 131 - 134, 136, 138,

139, 141 - 143, 192, 213, 284,

285, 284, 318, 319 - 321, 331,

332, 350

basili kesarieli (didi) –

55, 424 - 426

bastia - 389

baumaisteri q.r. - 72

baqraZe d. - 71, 433, 440

baqraZe k. – 13, 26

bekoni f. - 18, 97, 101, 198, 234

belinski b. - 218, 339, 370, 407

bereliZe i. – 10

berkli j. - 370

bernari klod - 255

berne - 370

berZeniSvili n. - 417

berZniSvili m. – 114, 422

biuxneri l. - 223, 411, 414

blani l. - 408. 410, 411

bludovi d. – 113

bokli h. - 414

bolardo - 370

bolqvaZe n. – 208.

boWoriSvili a. – 19, 81, 417

buaCiZe T. – 19, 418

bule - 98

448

g

gabiZaSvili o. – 81

galenosi - 256, 257

galeri a. - 257

galilei g. - 97, 406

galiCi a. – 98, 99, 104

gamsaxurdia k. – 25

gamyreliZe a. – 369

gawerelia a. – 423

germanoziSvili b. - 13

gerceni a.- 80, 246, 407, 408 (?)

giorgi mTawmideli - 11

gogebaSvili i. – 3, 18, 19, 23,

180, 209 - 220, 417, 425, 430,

431

gogelia S. – 22

gogiberiZe m. – 26, 141, 307

gogiCaiSvili f. – 385.

gogoli n. – 339, 340

goeTe – 141, 143, 324.

gozaliSvili g. –190, 417

golci a. - 255

gorgilaZe l. - 182, 183, 388,

439

gorki m. – 269, 399

griboedovi a. – 362

guramiSvili d. – 132

d

daviTaSvili S. -22, 370, 439

daviT uZleveli (daviT

anhaRTi) - 11, 72

dalamberi S. - 27, 155

danelia s. – 26

dante aligieri – 71, 141.

darvini C. - 190, 237, 249, - 251,

260, 370, 389, 394, 403

dedabriSvili g. – 420

dekarti - 53, 54, 56

demokrite - 257

didro d. - 27, 155

dilTai v. – 125, 424

diubua-reimoni - 263, 415

diuma a. – 254

dobroliubovi n. - 17, 426,

370

dodaSvili s. – 1, - 4, 7 - 9, 13 -

15, 30, 37, 39, 42, 46, 76 - 82,

85 - 113, 116, 133 - 138, 142,

144, 284, 417, 420 - 422, 424 -

426

dode a. – 408

dreperi h. - 253, 403

e

evgeniZe i. – 424

eileri l. – 406

ekaterine meore - 212, 284

empedokle - 66

engelsi - 385

epikure - 257

erekle meore - 71, 114, 122,

212, 318

erisTavi d. - 326

efrem mcire - 257

eqvTime mTawmideli - 11, 108

449

v

vagneri - 191

vakenroderi vilhelm - 144

vaJa-fSavela - 19, 23, 24, 286,

299, 301, 302, 304, 306, 307,

351, 353, 354 - 360, 435, 436,

438

vaxania v. – 433, 440

vaxtang batoniSvli - 362

vaxtang meeqvse - 8, 111, 318

vaxuSti batoniSvili - 8, 111,

216

verSCagini uf. – 432

viko J. b.- 122, 123

volski g. – 385

volteri - 27, 39, 46, 121, 155,

406

volfi qr.- 65

z

zdanoviCi - ix. maiaSvili g.

zenkovski v. – 33, 98, 421

T

TarxniSvili i. – 3, 19, 23, 24,

219, 238, 239, 253 - 283, 396 -

402, 411, 415, 416, 432, 434

TevzaZe g. – 422, 425

Teofilaqte - 12

Teofile - 108

TumaniSvili m. – 133

i

iaSvili p. – 420

ilarion qarTveli - 108

imedaZe i. – 19, 418

ingoroyva p. – 108, 181

ioane - (,,wmida mama ioane“) -

108

ioane bodbeli - 76

ioane damaskeli - 55, 90

ioane Teofilaqte - 11

ioane petriwi - 13,108 - 110,

171

ioseb samebeli - 216

ioseliani e. - 370

iremaZe T. – 423

isarliSvili i. – 222

iumi - 279, 415

k

kalandariSvili g. - 421

kanti - 87,89 -91, 94, 95, 98 -

100, 101, 135, 142, 160, 161,

246, 247, 257, 274, 277, 280,

415, 421, 425

kapaneli k. – 26, 321

kacitaZe k. – 81, 102 - 104, 114,

121, 422, 424, 426

kekeliZe k. – 418 - 420, 435

kepleri i. - 406

450

keteli a. – 268

kiknaZe f. – 7 - 9, 13, 15, 16, 417

kirkegori s. – 423

kiuevie J. - 389

klarki - 31, 32, 42, 418

kobiaSvili e. – 80

kovalevski m. – 208

kolubovski e. – 100

kondiliaki e.- 28, 72, 75, 406,

407

konti o. – 370, 373

koperniki n. - 64, 74

kukava T. – 81, 417, 420, 425

l

lavrovi p. - 22, 370

laibnici - 31, 32, 42, 47, 54, 58

lametri J. - 240

laplasi p.- 248

lasali z. - 370

lafargi p. – 807

lenini – 183, 186, 187, 189

lermontovi m. – 132

lesingi - 190

lodii p. d. – 98, 99

loki j. - 50, 158, 270, 271

lomonosovi m. – 65

lorTqifaniZe k. – 20, 441

losevi a. – 25

m

mabli g. - 362

maiaSvili g. (zdanoviCi) – 22,

369, 374 - 376, 378 - 380, 382,

384, 439

malTusi T. - 389

mamuliSvili i. – 11

mansvetaSvili i. – 373, 414,

439

mariam dedofali - 39

marqsi – 182, 370, 378, 381, 385,

388, 389, 394, 408

maxaraZe m.– 5, 19, 218, 425

maxaraZe f. – 180, 181

mgalobliSvili s. – 22,

368,369, 373, 439

megreliZe k. – 26

meliqiSvili g. – 185, 186, 429

mendeleevi d. – 227

meunargia i. – 425

mili j. s. – 226, 414

miuleri 257, 274 - 276, 415

moleSoti i. - 223, 411, 414,

431

monteskie S. - 67, 199, 362, 404,

406, 407

mWedliSvili l. - 421

mWedliZe e. (bosleveli) –

380, 381, 385

n

napoleoni, bonaparti – 38,

124

natroSvili g. – 423

nikolaZe n. – 3, 9, 21, 23, 24,

132, 209, 222, 286, 311, 314,

315, 318, 322, 336 - 341, 345,

451

346, 384, 407 - 410, 414, 424,

436 - 438, 441

nikoloz pirveli - 123, 423

ninoSvili e. – 22, 362, 385 -

390, 394, 395, 412, 439

niutoni i. 31, 32, 42, 59, 406

nicSe fr. – 135, 321, 422, 423

novalisi - 120, 125, 140

nucubiZe S. – 11, 13, 25, 26, 102,

103, 417, 421, 425

o

okeni - 98

orbeliani gr. – 19, 116, 124,

125, 128 - 130, 131, 134, 423,

425

orbeliani d. – 111

orbeliani v. – 111

orbeliani i. – 125

orbeliani s. s. – 29, 64, 72, 111

ordeevi gr. – 112

oueni r. - 370, 373, 410, 413

p

parkaZe v. – 47, 65, 419

parmenide - 28

pasteri l. - 256

petre iberi - 11

pisarevi d. - 370, 407, 414

platoni - 11, 127, 141

pleSCevi a. - 218

plexanovi g. – 385, 388

polevoi n. – 420

popiaSvili a. – 423

porfiri (porfiriosi) - 406

prokle - 13, 406

prudoni p. u. - 370, 373, 409

ptolemeosi - 74

puSkini a. – 130, 141, 327

J

Jordania n. – 22, 180, 386, 387, 389

r

radlovi e. – 100, 102

razmaZe s. – 7, 8

ramiSvili i. – 386

ratiani p. – 182

reviSvili S. – 424

repini i.- 398

rusTaveli (SoTa

rusTaveli) – 11, 141, 204,

330, 335

rusia g. – 420

ruso Jan-Jak - 11, 27, 122, 370

s

sen-simoni k. - 370,773, 410, 411,

413

seCenovi i. m. – 238, 253, 254,

255, 256, 411, 416

skoti v. - 424

452

smiti a. - 370

sobolSCikovi k. – 229, 240,

412

sokrate - 36

spenseri h. – 258, 370, 373, 374,

403

spinoza - 27, 34, 246, 247

surgulaZe a. – 20, 22, 418

surgulaZe i. – 366, 438, 439

t

teni i. - 190

tiki l. – 125, 144

tindali j. – 432

titovi g. – 420

titovi v. – 144

tkaCovi p. - 22

tolandi j. - 60

toroSeliZe m. – 181, 428

turgenevi i. 246

u

uznaZe d. – 26

f

faliaSvili z. – 209

farnavaz batoniSvili - 10

fixte i. g. – 95, 98, 99, 102, 103,

127, 136, 246, 247, 381

florovski - 370

fogti k. - 370, 414

fsevdo-dionise areopageli

- 11

furie S. - 370, 373, 410, 411,

413

furcelaZe a. – 19, 23, 24, 245 -

253, 347 - 349, 362, 402 - 405,

412 - 414, 433, 440, 441

q

qiqoZe gerasime (gabriel

episkoposi) - 3, 4, 16 - 19,

246 - 152, 154, 155, 157 - 162,

166, 169 - 175, 177, 417, 418,

426, 427

qriste (ieso qriste) - 170

quTelia a. – 420

R

RoRoberiZe n. – 222

y

yifSiZe g. – 388

453

S

Sadi i. g. – 99, 102, 103, 104

Sarko J. - 255

SevCenko t. – 186

Selingi - 98, 99, 102, 104, 125 -

128, 134, 135, 246, 247

Seqspiri – 71, 141, 190, 214,

331

Slegeli a. - 124, 127, 128, 135

Slegeli f. - 116, 124 - 129,

131, 135

Sopenhaueri a. – 135

C

CerniSevski n. – 186, 222, 246,

339, 345, 346, 370, 407, 408,

410, 412 - 414

CerqeziSvili v. – 22, 26

CikoiZe m. – 369

c

ciciSvili a. – 369

cxakaia m. – 22, 385, 386

cSoke h. – 424

w

wereTeli a. – 19 - 21, 23, 24,

209, 322, 330 - 332, 335, 336,

345, 346, 350, 407, 437

wereTeli g. – 20 - 24, 222 - 227,

229 - 245, 249, 322, 333, 342 -

344, 346, 349, 362, 384, 388,

390 - 395, 405, 407, 410 - 412,

431 - 433, 437 - 440

wereTeli m. – 22

wereTeli s. – 13, 26

W

WavWavaZe a. – 19, 116 – 123, 125,

423, 425.

WavWavaZe i. – 3, 4, 9, 18 - 24, 76,

78, 114, 117, 170, 176, 179 -

204, 207 - 209, 246, 286, 290 -

296, 322 - 330, 340, 350, 354,

358, 359, 373, 381 - 384, 388,

393, 396, 407, 414, 424, 428 -

430, 435, 437, 441

WilaSvili i. – 362, 438, 439

WiWinaZe z. – 14, 71, 107, 417,

420, 422

WonqaZe d. – 349

WrelaSvili s. – 22

WumburiZe j. – 423

454

x

xelaSvili i. – 3, 9, 12, 19, 27 -

47, 66, 76, 81, 82, 98, 286 -

290, 418, 435

xidaSeli S. – 25, 184 - 187,

190, 425.

xizaniSvili n. – 385.

xundaZe s. – 384.

xuciSvili s. – 81, 421.

j

jabadari i. – 22, 198, 362, 369,

385

javaxiSvili iv. – 12, 25, 114

jiblaZe s. – 386

jorjaZe a. – 26

h

harvi u. - 256

hegeli – 127, 190, 246, 247, 324,

328

heksli j. - 370

helveciusi k. - 155

helmholci - 255, 274, 276,

279, 415, 416

holbaxi p. - 60, 61

homerosi - 71, 190

hope-zieleri - 255

Архимандитр Гавриил (Герасиме

Кикодзе) - 426. Брокгауз - 434 Воскренский Г. - 420. Горъкий М. – 440. Декарт – 411 Джавахов И. - 417. Ефрон – 434. Жари Де Манси А. - 421. Зенъковский В. – 421 Каландаришвили Г.– 420. Кобзар В. – 241.

Колубовский Я. – 420. Лейкфелъд П. – 420. Николадзе Н. - 41б, 446. Орбели И А. – 419. Палъм Г. – 438. Половцов А. – 421 Радлов Э. – 420. Тарханов И. – 434. Церетели Г. – 438. Чернишевский Н. – 441. Шлегелъ Ф. – 423, 424.

455

Aristotle - 443 Bakunin M. - 447 Baratashvili N. - 446 Chavchavadze A. - 446, 447 .Chavchavadze I. - 446, 447 Danelia S. - 448 David Udzleveli – 443

Dionysius the Areopagite – 443

Dodashvili S. - 442, 443, 444 Efrem Mtsire - 443 Eptvime Mtatsmideli – 443 Gadamer H.G.- 424 Germanozishvili B. – 444 Giorgi Mtatsmideli- 443 Gogebashvili I. – 447 .Gogiberidze M. – 448 Ioane Batonishvili – 443 Ioane Petritsi – 443 Javakhishvili I. – 443 Jorjadze A. – 448 Kiknadze Ph.- 442, 443, 444, 445 .Kikodze G. - 442, 445, 446

Lavrov P. – 447 Lortkipanidze K.– 446 Nikoladze N. – 446 Nutsubidze Sh. – 448 Novalias – 223 Orbeliani G. - 446 Petre Iberi – 443 Plato – 443 Porphyry – 443 Purtseladze A. – 447 Razmadze S. – 442 Rustaveli (Shota Rustaveli) – 443 Schad I.- 421 Schlegel F. - 423 Schlegel W. - 423 Schleiermacher F.- 423 Tarkhnishvili I. – 447 Tkachov P.– 447 Tsereteli A. - 446, 447 Tsereteli G.- 446, 447 Uznadze D. – 448 Vazha-Pshavela – 447

456

s a r C e v i

winaTqma (m. maxaraZe) 3

pirveli Tavi

XIX saukunis qarTuli filosofiuri azris

Taviseburebani (m. maxaraZe) 6

meore Tavi

qarTuli filosofiuri azri XVIII-XIX saukuneTa

mijnaze da XIX saukunis pirvel mesamedSi 27

$1. iona xelaSvili (g. dedabriSvili, s. avaliani) 27

1. iona xelaSvilis filosofiuri

M msoflmxedveloba 27

2. iona xelaSvilis gnoseologiuri Sexedulebebi 34

3. iona xelaSvilis socialuri ideebi 36

4. iona xelaSvilis religiuri Sexedulebebi 40

$2. daviT bagrationi (s. avaliani) 47

1. sabunebismetyvelo mecnieruli msoflmxedveloba 47

2. daviT bagrationis social-politikuri ideebi 69

$3. ioane bagrationi (s. avaliani) 71

mesame Tavi

solomon dodaSvili 76

$ 1. solomon dodaSvilis filosofia

(l. mWediliSvili) 76

1. filosofiis zogadi cneba 81

2. filosofiis Semadgeneli nawilebi 82

3. Semecnebis unarebi, Semecnebis procesi 83

4. nebis formebi 84

5. dialeqtikuri triada gansjis sayovelTao

da aucilebeli kanoni 84

6. logikis raoba 85

7. logikis Tematikuri Sedgeniloba 88

$ 2. s. dodaSvili da qarTuli kultura (m. maxaraZe) 105

meoTxe Tavi

filosofiuri ideebi qarTul romantizmSi (l. zaqaraZe) 115

$1. aleqsandre WavWavaZe 117

$2. grigol orbeliani 124

457

$3. nikoloz baraTaSvili 131

mexuTe Tavi

gerasime qiqoZe 146

1. g. qiqoZis filosofiuri Sexedulebebi

(v. kakabaZe) 146

2. nebis Tavisuflebis problema (v. kakabaZe) 162

3. adamianis daniSnulebis sakiTxi g. qiqoZis

qadagebebSi (m. maxaraZe) 170

meeqvse Tavi

msoflmxedvelobrivi sakiTxebi qarTul mwerlobaSi 178

$1. ilia WavWavaZe (S. xidaSeli) 178

$2. iakob gogebaSvili (m. maxaraZe) 208

meSvide Tavi

Teoriuli filosofiis sakiTxebi XIX saukunis meore

naxevris saqarTveloSi (s. avaliani) 220

$1. giorgi wereTeli 220

1. biografiuli cnobebi 220

2. sabunebismetyvelo-mecnieruli materialuri

msoflmxedveloba 221

3. moZRvreba organuli samyaros kanonzomierebis

Sesaxeb 229

4. gnoseologiuri ideebi 239

$2. anton furcelaZe 243

$3. ivane TarxniSvili 252

1. biografiuli cnobebi 252

2. organuli samyaros filosofiuri problemebi 254

3. gnoseologiuri Sexedulebani 267

merve Tavi

eTikuri Sexedulebebi XIX saukunis saqarTveloSi

(g. SuSanaSvili) 282

$1 iona xelaSvili 284

$2 ilia WavWavaZe 288

1. Tavisuflebis roli da adgili i. WavWavaZis

SemoqmedebaSi 289

2. adamianuri cxovrebis azri da daniSnuleba 293

$3. eTikuri problematika vaJa-fSavelas SemoqmedebaSi 297

458

1. pirovneba da sazogadoeba 300

2. erovnuli da sakacobrio RirebulebaTa

mimarTeba vaJa-fSavelas SemoqmedebaSi. 304

$4. niko nikolaZe erovnuli sikeTisa da erovnuli

borotebis Sesaxeb 309

mecxre Tavi

esTetikuri azri XIX saukunis saqarTveloSi (l. wurwumia) 315

$1. nikoloz baraTaSvili 316

$2. ilia WavWavaZe 320

$3. akaki wereTeli 329

$4. niko nikolaZe 334

$5. giorgi wereTeli 340

$6. anton furcelaZe 345

$7. vaJa-fSavela 349

meaTe Tavi

social politikuri da sociologiuri azri

XIX saukunis saqarTveloSi 359

$1. social-politikuri azri (T. mTibelaSvili,

p. CxeiZe, m. WeliZe) 360

1. iagor (giorgi) WilaSvili (1790-1838) 360

2. ,,mesame dasi” 380

3. egnate ninoSvili (1859-1894) 384

$2. sociologiuri Sexedulebebi (s. avaliani) 384

1. giorgi wereTeli (1840-1900) 389

2. ivane TarxniSvili (1846-1908) 394

3. anton furcelaZe (1839-1919) 400

meTerTmete Tavi

qarTul-dasavluri da qarTul-rusuli filosofiuri

urTierTobani (s. avaliani) 404

SeniSvnebi: 415

reziume (inglisur enaze) 440

pirTa saZiebeli 447

459

gamocemaze muSaobdnen:

iza xarebava

qeTevan qarCava

irine faRava

omar qamadaZe

qaRaldis zoma 60X84 1/16

fizikuri Tabaxi 28.7

tiraJi 500

460

gamomcemloba `universali~

Tbilisi, 0179, i. WavWavaZis gamz. 19, �: 2 22 36 09, 5(99) 17 22 30

E-mail: [email protected]

qarTuli filosofiuri azris istoria · azris istoria III tomi meore gamocema oTxtomeulis meore...

Documents

Transcript of qarTuli filosofiuri azris istoria · azris istoria III tomi meore gamocema oTxtomeulis meore...