❯♥rstà t P♦

♣rt♠♥t♦ ♥♥r ♥♦r♠③♦♥

♦rs♦ r str ♥ ♥♥r ♦♠♥③♦♥

Pr♦tt♦ ♥ ♦♠♦r♦ ♦r♥③ tt

t ❱♦tà

r♥♦ t♦r

rs r♦ Pr♦ P♠r

P♦

♥♥♦ ♠♦

♥r③♠♥t

sr♦ r♥r③r ttt ♦♦r♦ ♠ ♥♥♦

tt♦ ♥ r③③③♦♥ ♠ ts

♥r③♦ ♥③ttt♦ ♣r♦ss♦r P♠r t♦r

♣r ssr stt♦ ♥ s♣♥t r s♣s♦

♠♦t♦ t♠♣♦ tr♠ ♥ qst♦ ♦r♦ ts

Pr♦s♦ ♦♥ ♣rs♦♥ ♦rt♦r♦

r♣♣♦ ♦t♦♥ ♥ ♣rt♦r ♦tt♦rss

t③ ♣r ssr stt s♠♣r s♣♦♥

t♥♦ ♠ rr

❱♦rr r♥r③r ♠ ♥t♦r ♣r r♠

s♣♣♦rtt♦ r♥t ttt♦ qst♦ ♣r♦♦

st ♣r r♠ tt♦ r♥r qst♦

trr♦ s♦♣rtttt♦ ♣r s♣♣♦rt♦ ♦♥♦♠♦

♥r③♦ ♠ ♥③t ♣r r♠ s♣♣♦rtt♦

s♦♣♣♦rtt♦ ♥ ♦♥ ♠♦♠♥t♦ st♥♦♠ ♥♦

♥ ♦♥ ♦s♦♥ ttt ♠ ♠ ♣r♠♦

t♠♦ ♣r ssr stt ♥ ♦ t♦ ♥ ♣r♦

rstà ♣rs♥tts ♥♦ ♣r♦rs♦ ♠♦

♦♠♠r♦

♦♣♦ qst ts è srr t♥ ♥t ♦♠♦r ♦r♥③ tt ♣t ♦r♥ ♦♠♦r♣② q ♣r♠tt ♦tt♥r ♠♠♥ ♥ ♦ tr ♠♥s♦♥ tsst♦♦ ♥♦♥ ttrrs♦ ♥s rtr♦s ♠♣♦♥ ♣rs♦ ♥ s♠ ♥ ♣rt♦r♥♦♥♦ ♣rs♥tt srtt tstt ♣r♠tr ♦♥♠♥t ♣r♥♣ rttrst ♥♣♦ss sst♠ s♣r♠♥t ♠♣♠♥tt♦ ♥ ♦rt♦r♦

♥♦ t♥♦♦ ♠♥ ♥ ♠♣♦ ♦♠ ♣r♠tt♦♥♦ ♠♦rr ♥♦s st♦♥ ♥ rs ♠tt ♣t♦♦ r♥t t♠ ♠♦t t♥ ♥♦♥ ♥s♦ ♠♥♠♠♥t ♥s ♥♥♦ r♦③♦♥t♦ ♠♥ ♥♦st ♦♠ s♠♣♦ t♦♠♦r r ❳ rs♦♥♥③ ♠♥t ♦ t♦♠♦r s♦♥ ♦tt tt tt♠♥t ♦♣s r♠♥ ♣r♦r st♥r ♥ ♠♦t ♣♣③♦♥ ♥ q ♥♦s ♥r♦♥♦tr s♦♥♦ ♥ rs t♥ r♦♦♦ t③③ ♣r ♥♦str trttr ♠tt♦r♦♥r ♦♠ s♠♣♦ ♦r♦♥r♦r ♥♦♣st ♦r♦♥r r str♠♥t t♥♦ r♦♦♦ ♥ ♥♦s ♥ trtt♠♥t♦ ♦r♦♥r♦♣t è ♥ t♥♦♦♥③t ♦r♥s ♥♦r♠③♦♥ ♥t ♦r♦♥r♦r ♣r♠tt ♦tt♠③③r rstt♦♥♦♣st ♦r♦♥r

♦♠♦r ♦r♥③ tt è stt ♣rs♥tt ♣r ♣r♠ ♦t ♥ r♥♦ ♥ tr♦

♠♠♥ rt♥ ♠♥ ♠♥ ♥ ♠③③ trs♣r♥t ss s♦♥ ♥ ♣tr♦sr♦t ♠♥ ♥ ♠③③ ♥♦♥ trs♣r♥t t s♦♥ ♣r♠ t♦♠♦r ♥ ♦

s♦ ♦tt♦ ♠♥♦ è stt ttt ♥ ♦r ♠♦r♠♥t t♥ ♥♥♦ ♣♦rtt♦ t♥ ssr ♥s♣♥s ♥ ♥♦st ♦t♠ ss ♣r♠tt ♥tt ♥s s♥③♦♥ttt♦ rtt♦ ♦♥ tsst♦ ♥③③ ♦♥ ♥s ♥rr♦ss♦ ♦♥ t♠♣ ♠♦t♦ r♣ qs♦♥♦ ttt tt♦r rst♥♦ ssr ♥t♦ ♣③♥t ♥♦♥ ♥ ♠♥♠♠♥t strt♦s♠ ♦ s♣♣♦ t♦♠♦r♦ ♣♦rtt♦ ♥t ♥ ♠♦t ♠♣ ♠♥ ♦r♥ ♣r♠tt r ♥ ♦r♥ ♥tr♥ ♦r♣♦ ♣r ♠③③♦ ttr ♥♦s♦♣♥ ♥t ♥♠r♦s ♥♥♦③♦♥ s♦♥♦ stt ♥tr♦♦tt r♥t♠♥t ♥ ♠♣ ♦t♠♦♦ str♦♥tr♦♦ r♦♦

st♦ ♦r♦ ts s rt♦ ♥ stt ♣t♦ ♣r♠ ♣t♦ ♥♦♥♦ srtt ♣r♥♣ s st♥♥♦ s t♥♦♦ t♥ ♠♥ ♦tt♥ ♣r ♠③③♦ ♥ ♦♠♦r♦ ♦r♥③ tt r t♣♦♦ ♠♣♠♥t③♦♥ ♥ sst♠ ♥③♥♦♥ ♦♠♣♦♥♥t ♣r♥♣ rttrst ♣♦ss ♣♣③♦♥ tr③♦ ♥ qrt♦ ♣t♦♦ ♥♦♥♦ ♣rs♥tt ♣r♦♣rtà ♦♥♠♥t sst♠ s♥♥♥♥♦♠tr♦ t③③ ♣r ③♦♥ s♦ ♦tt♦ s♦r♥t ♠♥♦s ♥ ♣rt♦r♥♦♥♦ srtt rttrst ♣r♥♣ ♥ st ♥ rttr③③③♦♥ ♣rst③♦♥ ♥tr♠ ♣♣rt q♥t♦ ♣t♦♦ ♥♦♥♦ srtt ♦♠♣♦♥♥t ♦tt ♦♥s♥t♦♥♦ ♣r♦tt③♦♥ ♥ t♦♠♦r♦ ♥ ♥ ♣rs♥tt♦ st♣ ♠ss♦ ♣♥t♦ s♣♥♦♥ ♣r♠tr t♦r ♣r♥♣♦tt♥ ♦♥ t ♣♣rt♦ s♣r♠♥t sst♦ stt♠♦ ♣t♦♦ ♥♦♥♦ ♣rs♥tt rs ♠sr ttt ♦♥ rt rstt ♦♥sr③♦♥ ♦♥s

♦♥ ♣rs♥t ♦r♦ ♥q s ♣r♦♣♦♥ r ♥③♦♥ s r③③③♦♥ ♥ ♦♠♦r♦ ♦r♥③ tt t ♦tà ♣♣ tr ♣r♦♥♦ ♦tt♠③③③♦♥ st♣s♣r♠♥t ♣r ♠♣♠♥t③♦♥ ♥ r♦ sst♠ ♥ r♦ qsr t s ♠♣♦♥♦♦ r

♥

♥tr♦③♦♥

♣t♦♦ Pr♥♣ s t♥ ♦r♥③ ♥trr♥③ tr ♦♥ ttr♦♠♥t ♥trr♦♠tr Pr♦③♦♥ ♠♠♥ Pr♠tr ♦♥♠♥t ♣r ♠♠♥ ♦♥r♦♥t♦ ♦♥ tr t♥♦♦ ♠♥

♣t♦♦ ♦♠♦r ♦r♥③ tt Pr♥♣♦ ♥③♦♥♠♥t♦ ♠♣♠♥t③♦♥ t♥ st♠ ♥ ♦♠♥♦ t♠♣♦ st♠ ♥ ♦♠♥♦ rq♥③ tr t♣ sst♠ ♦♥r♦♥t♦ tr ♦♥r③♦♥ ♥♦♥♥♥t t♥ ♣♣③♦♥

♣t♦♦ st♠ ♥♥♥ ♥♦♠tr♦ rttrst ♣r♥♣ ♠♦t♦r s♣ ♦♥♥ss♦♥ ttr rttr③③③♦♥ sst♠ ♥♦♠tr♦ st♦♥ ♠♦t♦r tr♠t

♣t♦♦ ♦r♥t ♠♥♦s rttrst ♣r♥♣ rttr③③③♦♥ s♦r♥t ♠♥♦s

♣t♦♦ t♣ s♣r♠♥t♦ ♦♠t♦r ♥t ♥ rt ♣r rs♦③♦♥ st♦rs♦♥ ♦♣♣t♦r r③♦♥ st ♦tt st♠ s♥♥♥ ♦♠♣t♦

♣t♦♦ stt sr ♠♣♦ s♦ sr rs♦③♦♥ ss rs♦③♦♥ trsrs

♣t♦♦ ♦♥s♦♥

♦r

♥♦ r

♦③♦♥ t♥ ♣r ♥s ♠r♦s♦♣ ♠♠♥ rt♥ ♠♥ Pr♦t♦t♣♦ t♦♠♦r♦ ♣r ♠♠♥ rt♥

♥♦r♥t ♦r♥t ♥trr♥③ ♦strtt strtt ♥♠♥t♦ stà ♥ ♥③♦♥ τ s♠♣♦ tt♠♥t♦ tr ♦♥ ♠ ♠♣♠♥t③♦♥ ♣r ♥trr♦♠tr s♠♣♦ r③♦♥ s♥s♦♥ s♠♣ s♥s♦♥ s♥ s♥ s♥ ♠ ♥r ♦♠♦r♦ ♦r♥③ tt s♦③♦♥ ss ♥ t♥ s♦③♦♥ trsrs ♥ t♥

♠ sst♠ ♠♦♠♥ ♥ sst♠ ♣tr♦♠♥ ♠ sst♠ P♦r③t♦♥♥st s♠♣♦ ♥s s♠♣♦ ♠ s ♠♠♥

❱ ①s ♦rr♦r ♠ ♣♦t♦ ♠♦t♦r sst♠ ♥♦♠tr♦ rr♦r ♣♦s③♦♥ ♦♥ s♥s♦ rr♦r ♣♦s③♦♥ ♦♥ qr rr♦r ♣♦s③♦♥ ♦♥ s♥♦ rr♦r ♣♦s③♦♥ ♦♥ s♥s♦ rr♦r ♣♦s③♦♥ ♦♥ qr rr♦r ♣♦s③♦♥ ♦♥ qr ♣ rr♦r ♣♦s③♦♥ ♦♥ s♥s♦ rr♦r ♣♦s③♦♥ ♦♥ qr rr♦r ♣♦s③♦♥ ♦♥ s♥♦ rr♦r ♣♦s③♦♥ ♦♥ s♥s♦ rr♦r ♣♦s③♦♥ ♦♥ qr rr♦r ♣♦s③♦♥ ♦♥ qr ♣

♣t ♦r ❳P P♦t♥③ ♦tt ♠ss ♥ ♥③♦♥ λ t♣ ♥trr♦♠tr♦ ♣r tt♠♥t♦ ♥ st ♦♥ tt♠♥t♦ νB ≃ 86 MHz ♥ st ♦♥ tt♠♥t♦ ♥ ♦♠♥♦ rq♥③ ♥ st ♠♣♦♥t♦ ♦♥ ♦ ♥ st ♠♣♦♥t♦ ♥ ♦♠♥♦ rq♥③ ♥ ♦ ♥ trr P♦t♥③ ♠ss ♠ ♠sr ♣r ♥③③ ♦r♥③ sr ♥③③ ♦r♥③

♦♠t♦r P ♥♦♦ r♥③ t♦r♦ P Pr♠tr ♣r♥♣ ♥t ♥ ♥t ♦♠♣♦♥♥t s♦ s♠③♦♥ s♣♦t s③ rt ♦♣♣t♦r r③♦♥ ♦♠♥t♦ tst ♦tt ss♠♦ sst♠ s♥♥♥ rt♦ ♦tt♦ ♠sr

♠♣♦ s♦ ♠srt♦ P♦t♥③ rtr♦s rt ❯ ♦♥ ♥s tr t♦r qs③♦♥ ♦r ♦♦ qs③♦♥ ♦♥t♦r♥♦ ♠♣♦ s♦ st♦rs♦♥ ♦♥t♦r♥♦ ♠♣♦ s♦ ♦♥♥tr r

♦♠♦r♦ ♦r♥③ tt r③③t♦ ♥ ♦rt♦r♦

♥♦

❱♦r t♣ rs♦③♦♥ ❬♣♠♠❪ ❯ s♦♥ ♦♣♣t♦r ♥♦ ③♦♥ s♦ ♥rss♦ ♦♥ sst♠ ❱

♥tr♦③♦♥

♦♠♦r ♦r♥③ tt tt ♥ t♥ ♣t ♦r♥ ♦♠♦r♣②♣r♠tt ♦tt♥r ♠♠♥ t♦♠♦r ♥ sst♠ ♦♦♦ ♦ ♥ qss strttr ♥ ♦ tr ♠♥s♦♥ ♥♦ ♥r ♥ r③♦♥ ♠♥♦s ♠sr♥♦ ♣r♦♣rtà rtr♦s ♦ rss ♥♦tr ♣rs♥t ♥t♦ ♥♦♥ rr ♦♥ttt♦ s♦ ♦♥ ♠♣♦♥ ♥③③r ♣r♠tt ♠♦♥t♦rr ♦♠♥t ♥ ♣t♦♦ ♥ t♠♣♦ r ♦♥ ♥ rs♦③♦♥ r 1÷ 15 µm

♣rtà r♥♦♥♦ qst t♥♦♦ ♣rt♦r♠♥t tt ♣♣③♦♥ ♠ ♥♦st ♥ q ♥♦♥♦ rst strt s♠♣r ♠♥♦ ♥s ♦ rt s♦♠♣♦ ♥ ♠t♦ ♠ ♣ò r♣♣rs♥tr ♥ tr♥t ♦♣s rs♦s ♦ ♠♣♦ss♥ ♣rt♦r ♥ tt t③③♦ ♠♣♦rt♥t t♥ è ♥ ♠t♦ ♦t♠♦ ♥♥s strttr ♦r ♦ ♥t tt ♦t ♣t♦♦ r♦♥♦ ♥ rs♦③♦♥ t♠♠♥ ♠r♦♠tr

tr ♠♣♦ ♦t♠♦ t♥ ♣ò ssr ♣♣t ♥ s tsst ♥♦♥ trs♣r♥t ♥tr♥ ♦r♣♦ ♠♥♦ ♣r ♠③③♦ ttr ♥♦s♦♣ r♥♥♦ ♦♠♦r♦ ♦r♥③ tt♥♦ str♠♥t♦ ♣r③♦s♦ ♥ ♠t♦

• ♥♦♦♦ ♠♦♥t♦r♦ ♦ stt♦ tsst t♠♦r• r♦s♦r ♥s ♣ ♦s♦♥ ♦r♦♥r• s♦♦tr♦ ♦♥tr♦♦ rt♥ rt♦③♦♥ t♥♥ ♠♥t• ♦♥t♦tr♦ ♠♥ ♣♦st♥tr♥t♦ ♦s♦♥ r

♣r♦♦♥tà r♥ rst ssr ♠tt ♦ sttr♥ ss♦r♠♥t♦ ♣rs♥tt♦ tsst♦ ♣rs♦ ♥ s♠ t ♣r♠tr s♦♥♦ ♣♥♥t r③♦♥ ♥♥t ♥③③♦♥ t③③t ♥ ♥t è ♣♦ss ♦tt♥r ♠♠♥ ♥♦ 2÷ 3 mm ♥ ♠♦r ♣rt tsst ♦♣♣r ♠♠♥ ♥tr♥ tr♠t t③③♦ ♥ s♣♦st ♠ q ttr

t s ♣r♦♣rtà t♥ ♣ò ssr ♠♥t ♠♣t ♥ qttr♦ ♣r♥♣ s

• ♦♣s ♦♥♥③♦♥ rs♦s ♦ ♠♣♦ss• ♦♣s s♦tt ♣♦ss rr♦r ♣r♠♥t♦ ♠♣♦♥• qs t♠♣♦ r rt♠ ♥ ♥tr♥t rr• r③♦♥ ♠sr ♠♠♥ ♥③♦♥

Pr♥t♠♥t t♦♠♦r r♦♥♦ s♣♣t ♥ tr t♥ ♠♥ ♦♥ ♣r♥♣ ss♠ ♦♠ s♠♣♦ t♥ trs♦♥ ♦r q s r♥③ ♣rt③③♦ ♦♥ s♦♥♦r ♣♦st♦ r③♦♥ ♠♥♦s r♥ r♥③ tr ♦rst ♥ tt♦ è r ♥ ♠♦♥ ♦t ♣ù ♦ rs♣tt♦ s♦♥♦ 3 · 108 m/s ♦♥tr♦1500 m/s t♦ ♣r♥♣♦ s ♠sr③♦♥ è rtr♦ t♠♣♦r ♦♥ rt♦r♥♦ ♦♠♦r♦ ♦r♥③ tt ♣r♠tt sr ♥s r♣ ♣ù rt ♥ ♥tss♦ ♣r♠tt ♥ ♦tt♥r ♠♠♥ ♠♦r♦♦ tsst ♦ r µm ♥♦ ♣r♦♦♥tà ♠♠tr ♠♦♠♥t♦ s♦ r ♦tt t♥ ♣ò ssr ♥trrt♠♥t ♥ ♠♦t str♠♥t ♠

t♦♦ r♠♥t♦ ♦ ♠sr ♠♠♥t ♥ ♠t♦s♠♦ ss♦ s♥ ss♦r♠♥t♦ ♦♠♣♦s③♦♥♠ r♦♥

❯❩

r è ♣♦ss r ♥ ♦♥r♦♥t♦ tr t♥♦♦ ♠♥ ♦♣rr ♥ r♦♥ ♠♣♦rt♥t ♥ tr♠♥ rs♦③♦♥ ♣r♦♦♥tà r♥

r ♦③♦♥ t♥ ♣r ♥s ♠r♦s♦♣

r st♦r ♦♠♦r ♦r♥③ tt tr♦ s♦ ♣r♥♣ ♥③ ♥♥ ❵r③ ♦♦r③♦♥ tr st♦s ♠♥ ♦st tr q ♥♦♥♦ r♦rt ♠s ♠♦t♦ rs ♥ ♦ ♠♥ ♥ st♥t sssstts ♥sttt ♦ ♥♦♦② ♥t③♦♥ ♠♠♥ trrs r ♥s♦♥ ♦strtt♦r ♣r♠♦♣♣r♦ ♦♥t♦r r♣♣♦ ♥ ♣t♠ ♥♦sts ♣r♠ ♠♠♥ r♦♥♦ rt ♥ ♠♣♦♥ ♠♦rt♦ ① ♦ rstr♦♥♦ r ♥ rs♦③♦♥ ss ♥♦ 15µm♦♥ s♦r♥t ♠♥♦s ♥③③ ♦♥ 830 nm ❯♥ s♠♣♦ ♠♠♥ r③③t ♦♥t t♥ ♥ r♣♦rtt ♥ r ♥ q è ♣♦ss ♥♦tr ♦♥t♦r♥♦ ♥r♦ ♦tt♦ ♥ rt♥ ♠♥

r ♠♠♥ rt♥ ♠♥

♥③♠♥t ♠♥ st♦ ♥ tr♦ s rt♥ ♠♥ ♥ strttr trs♣r♥t ♣♦♦ s sss♠♥t ♥ strttr ♥♦♥ trs♣r♥t t♠♥t s ♦♠ s♠♣♦ ♣ rtr♦sr♦t

♣r♠ t♦♠♦r ♥ ♦ s♦ ♦r ♠♥♦ ♠ tt ♥ q♣r♠tt ♥♥s s♥③ ♦♥ttt♦ ♥♦♥ ♥s ♦♦ ♥tr♦r ♥♥♦ s♠♥r rttrst ♠♦r♦♦ rt♥ ♥s ♦ s♦ ♦tt♦

❯❩

qst t♥♦♦ ♥♥ ♥str ♣ssò ♦♠♠r♦ ♣r ♥♦st ♦t♠♠♣r② ②st♠s ♥ ♥♦tr ♥ ♠♣t s tr t♣ tsst s♥♦ ♥③③♦♥ ♠♦r ♥ r è ♣♦ss r ♥ ♣r♠♦ ♣r♦t♦t♣♦ t♦♠♦r♦ ♣r♦ttt♦ r ♥s♦♥ ♥ ♦rt♦r t③③t♦ ♣r ♣r♠ s♣r♠♥t ♥ ♦t♠

r Pr♦t♦t♣♦ t♦♠♦r♦ ♣r ♠♠♥ rt♥

♥♥ ♥tr♦♦tt♦ ♦ trts q r ♥ r♦ r♥r ♥ rs♦③♦♥ ss r 10µm ♥ ♦tà ♥s 400A− scan/s ♣r♠tt♥♦ ♥ t ♠♦♦ ♥ ♠♦r qtà ♠♠♥ ♥r③♦♥ ♣ù r♥t ♦rr♦♠♥ rs♣tt♦ ♣r♥t sst♠ ♠♦♠♥ ♦♥s♥t ♥ ♠♣♦♥♠♥t♦ ♠♠♥ ♣ù ♦ s♥③ ♦♠♣r♦♠ttr♥ qtàtt rt♠♥t ♣r♠tr rs♦③♦♥ ss trsrs ♣r♦♦♥tà ♣♥tr③♦♥♥ tsst ♥♦♥ s♦♥♦ ♠♣♦rt♥t r♥③ rs♣tt♦ sst♠ tr③♦♥

♦ s♣♣♦ ♦♠♦r ♦r♥③ tt ♥♦♥ è ♥♦r tr♠♥t♦ r♥t st r♥♦ ♠♦rr♥ ♣rst③♦♥ ♥ tr♠♥ rs♦③♦♥ ♦tà ♥s

❯❩

P

Pr♥♣ s t♥

♣r♥♣ st♥♥♦ s t♥ s♦♥♦ ♦♥♠♥t ♠♣♦rt♥③ ♣r ♦♠♣r♥s♦♥ tt♦r ♣♦ss♦♥♦ ♥♥③r ♣rst③♦♥ sst♠ r ♥ ♥ ♦♠♣r♥r ♥③♦♥♠♥t♦ ♥ ♦♠♦r♦ ♦r♥③ tt ♥ ♥③t st♥③♦♥ tr ♦r♥t ♥♦r♥t ♣rs♣♣♦♥♥♦ ♥♦t ♦♥♦s♥③ ♥tr ♦♥t♦r q rst ♥ssr ♣r s♣r ♥♦♠♥ q ♥trr♥③ tt♠♥t♦ tt s♦♥♦t t♦r s ♣r♦♣ s♦tt♦ ♦r♠ ♦♥ ♥ ♦tà ♥ ♦t♦ ♣r c ≃ 3 ·108m/s ♦♥tr♦ ♠③③♦ ♦♠♦♥♦ è ♥ rttr③③t♦ ♥ rr③♦♥ n ♥ ♣r♠ ♣♣r♦ss♠③♦♥♦st♥t q r t ♦tà ♣r♦♣③♦♥ s♦♥♦

vp =c

n

♦r♥③

è ♥ r③♦♥ ttr♦♠♥t ♦ss ♥ ♠♣♦ ttr♦♠♥t♦ s ♣r♦♣ ♥♦s♣③♦ ♥ t♠♣♦ ♥ ♦t♦ ♥ ♠tr ♦♥ ♥ ♦tà ♣♥♥t ♥tr ♠③③♦ttrrst♦ st r③♦♥ ♠♦str ♥ ♣ ♥tr ♦r♣s♦r ♦♥t♦r ♥ tt♦ ♣r♦ss ♥r③♦♥ ss♦r♠♥t♦ s♦♥♦ s♣ ttrrs♦ t♦r q♥tst ♦ès♣♣♦♥♥♦ ss s ♦sttt ♣rt ♦t♦♥ ♠♥tr ♥♦♠♥♦ ♣r♦♣③♦♥ ♥♦s♣③♦ ♥ t♠♣♦ s ♥ ♦♠♣♦rt♠♥t♦ t♣♦ ♦♥t♦r♦

♥♦r♥t r③♦♥ ♠♥♦s ♣r♦♥♥t ♥ s♦r♥t ♥tr ♦ ♥♦r♣♦ ♦ ♠♣♥ ♥♥s♥③ è ♦r♠t ♠ss♦♥ ♥♣♥♥t ♦t♦♥ r♥t ♠♥t♦ ♥rt♦ ♥ r♥ ♥♠r♦ t♦♠ s♥ qst ♣rt ♣♦ss rq♥③ s rs ♦r♦ s♦r♣♣♦s③♦♥ ♣r♦ ♥ ♥♠♥t♦ rr♦r t♦r♦ r♦♥t ♦♥ ♦♥s♥③ ♦r♦ ♣♥♥③ t♠♣♦ ♣♦s③♦♥ ♦ssr③♦♥ ♥♦♥ s♦♥♦ ♥♦t ♣r♦r ♠♣♦ss♦♥♦ ssr srtt ♠♥t str♠♥t sttst st♦ t♣♦ r③♦♥ ♥ tt♦ ♥♦r♥t♦ ♥ ♥r ♣r③♠♥t ♦r♥t s♦ ♥♦r♥t q♥ ♥t♥stà rst ssr ♣r♦♣♦r③♦♥ ♠ t♠♣♦r ♠♣♦ ttr♦ s♦♥♦ s♥t ♦r♠

I(r, t) ∝⟨

|E(r, t)|2⟩

♦ r = (x, y, z) è tr♥ ♦♦r♥t ♥♥♦ ♣♥t♦ ♥♦ s♣③♦ tr ♠♥s♦♥ t èst♥t t♠♣♦r ♦ssr③♦♥ s♦ ♥ ♣♦s③♦♥ r ♥♦♥ sttst♠♥t st③♦♥r è ss q③♦♥ (1.1.1)♥t♥stà rst ssr ♦st♥t ♥ ♥t ♥tr♦ ♥ tr♠♥t♦ ♥tr♦ t♠♣♦r r③♦♥t♦r E(r, t) s♦♥♦ rttr③③t tt♦ ♣♣♦♥♦ r♦r ♦♥trr♦ tt③♦♥ s♦♥♦rr♦r s s♠♥t s ♥tr ♣ù ♥ ♠s♠♦ ♥tr♦

♦r♥t ♥ ♦tt s ♥s ♦r♥t ♦ ♦r♥t ♥ s ♥♦♥ ttr♦♠♥t ♠♥t♥ ♥ rt r③♦♥ s ♦♥ s stss r♥t s ♣r♦♣③♦♥ ♥♦trsst♦♥♦ t♣ ♦r♥③ s♣③ t♠♣♦r

❩ ❯

♦♥ ♣r♦♥♥t r♦♥ rs ♦ s♣③♦ ♣r♣♥♦r r③♦♥ ♣r♦♣③♦♥♥♦♥♦ tt ♦r♥t s♣③♠♥t s r♥③ s tr ♦r♦ r♠♥ ♦st♥t ♥ t♠♣♦♥ ♣rt♦r ♠♦r è ♠♥s♦♥ r♦♥ s♣③♦ ♥ s r qst ♦rr③♦♥tr s ♠♦r rst ssr ♥③③ ♦rr③♦♥ s♣③ tr

♥♦ s ♣r s ♥♦♥ s rrs s♠♣r ♣♣r♦ss♠③♦♥ ♦♥ ♣♥ ♣rtt♠♥t ♠♦♥♦r♦♠t ♥ rtà ss ♣rs♥t ③♦♥ rs♣tt♦ qst♦ ♥♠♥t♦ q s♦♥♦ ♠t♠t♠♥t sr ♦♠ ♦s③♦♥ stss s ♦♥ rst♥♦♥t ♦♣♦ ♣r♦♣③♦♥ ♣r ♥ rt st♥③ ♦ ♣r ♥ rt♦ ♥tr♦ t♠♣♦ ♦♥s♥③ q♥♦ r♣♣♦rt♦ s s ♣r ♣r qst tt③♦♥ s ♦♥ ♣rs♦ s ♦r♥③ t♠♣♦r❯♥ s♠♣♦ ♦r♥t è t♦ ♥♦♥ ♠♦♥♦r♦♠t ♠♣♦ ttr♦

E(r, t) = E(r)ej2πνt+φ(r)

♦ ν è rq♥③ ♦tt r③♦♥ ♠♥♦s φ è sPr qst ♦♥ tr♠♥st ♥♦♥ t♦r ♥t♥stà ♦tt è ♥t ♦♠

I(r) = cnε0|E(r)|2

2∝ |E(r)|2

♦ n è ♥ rr③♦♥ ♠③③♦ ♥ s ♣r♦♣ ε0 è ♦st♥t ttr ♦t♦

r ♥♦r♥t ♦r♥t

♠♣♦ ♦r♥③ ♥③③ ♦r♥③ ♥s t♠♣♦ ♦r♥③ ♥tr♦ ♠♦ t♠♣♦ ♥ q ♦♥ ♦s ♥ ♠♦♦ ♣r ♥ ♣rt♦r r♥t t ♥tr♦ss ♦♠♣ ♥ rt♦ ♥♠r♦ ♦s③♦♥ ♣r♠ ♠r s s ❯♥ ♠sr q♥ttt qst♦ ♦♠♣♦rt♠♥t♦ è t ♥③♦♥ t♦♦rr③♦♥ (1.1.4) q sr st♥s♦♥t♠♣♦r ♥tr♦ tt③♦♥ rt st♥t rs s♣rt ♥ t♦ rtr♦ τ s♦♥♦tr ss ♦t

Γ(τ) = 〈|E⋆(t)E(t+ τ)|〉 = limT→∞

1

2T

ˆ T

−T

E⋆(t)E(t+ τ)dt

♦♥ Γ(0) = I(t) ♥t♥stà ♠♣♦ ttr♦

❩

♣ss♦ ♦♥♥ ♥r s rs♦♥ ♥♦r♠③③t

γ(τ) =Γ(τ)

Γ(0)

♠♦♦ rst ssr ♦♠♣rs♦ tr 0 1

0 ≤ |γ(τ)| ≤ 1 = |γ(0)|st♦ ♦r ♦r♥s ♥ ♠sr r♦ ♦rr③♦♥ tr ♠♣ E(t) E(t+ τ)

♦♥♦ t♦r♠ ❲♥r♥♥ ♥③♦♥ t♦♦rr③♦♥ Γ(τ) è t ♥stàs♣ttr ♣♦t♥③ S(ν) P P♦r ♣tr ♥st② s♦r♥t s♦♥♦ s♥t q③♦♥

Γ(τ) =

ˆ ∞

0

S(ν)e−j2πνdν

♦♥s♥③ ♥♦♥♦ ♣rrt ♠ttt♦r ♦tt ♠♣♦ s♣ttr♦ ♣♦è ♥ r♦ ♣r♦rr♥trr♥③ ♥tr♦ r st♥t t♠♣♦r s♣③ ♥♦tr r③♦♥ srtt q③♦♥ (1.1.6)tr Γ(τ) S(ν) è ♠♦r♠♥t s ♥ s♦ ♥ ♥tr♠ ♣rs♥t♥♦ ♥ ♦r♠ ss♥

♠♦♠♥t♦ ♣r ♣r③♠♥t ♦r♥t |γ(τ)| rs ♠♦♥♦t♦♥♠♥t ♠♥tr τ s ♥s ♥ ♦r τc tr♠♥ r③③ ♥♣♣♦ ♥③♦♥ ♥♦r♠③③t t♦♦rr③♦♥

τc = τ :

[

|γ(τ)| = |γ(0)|2

]

tt♦ τc ♥s r③③ ♠tà t③③ ❲ ❲t t ①♠♠ r♦ t♦♦rr③♦♥ ♥ tt♦ t♠♣♦ ♦r♥③ ♦♥ ♠♥♦s Pr τ < τc tt③♦♥s♦♥♦ ♦rt♠♥t ♦rrt q♥ ♥tr♦ qst♦ t♠♣♦ ♣r♦♣③♦♥ r♦♥t ♦♥ ♠♥t♥ s ♣r♦♣rtà s♠♣♦ ♥♦♥ ♣rtt♠♥t ♠♦♥♦r♦♠t è sr ♦♠ ♥ ♣rtt s♥s♦ t♠♣♦ ♦r♥③ rst ssr ♥♥t♦ τc = ∞ tt s♦♠ ♥♦♥ sst♦♥♦ ♦♥ ♦♥ trttrst ♦r t♠♣♦ ♦r♥③ è s♠♣r ♥ ♦r ♥t♦

♥♥ ♣r♦♦tt♦ tr t♠♣♦ ♦r♥③ ♦tà ♥ ♥t♦ ♥③③ ♦r♥③ q è srtt s♥t

Lc = vpτc

st ♣ò ssr ♥ ♥t ♦♠ st♥③ ♥ ♣r♦rs ♦♥ ♠♥t♥♥♦ s♣r♦♣rtà r♦rtà

♥trr♥③ tr ♦♥ ttr♦♠♥t

♥♦ ♦ ♣ù ♦♥ ♦tt s♦♥♦ ♣rs♥t ♥ stss ♣♦r③♦♥ s♣③♦ ♦♥ t♦t ♣òssr rt ♠♥t ♣r♥♣♦ s♦r♣♣♦s③♦♥ tt ♠♣③③ ♦♠♣ss ♠♣ttr♦♠♥t s s♦♠♠♥♦ tr ♦r♦ tt ♥t♥stà rst♥t ♥♦♥ rs♣♦♥ qst s♠♣ ③♦♥ ♠ t♥ ♥ ♦sr③♦♥ r tt♦r q ♦ ss♠♥t♦ tr ♦♥ ♥③③ ♦r♥③ r③♦♥ rs♣tt rq♥③ Prt♥t♦ ♥é s r ♥♥trr♥③ è♥ssr♦ ♦♥ r♦♠♥t ♥♦ ♦ stss♦ ♣r♦♦ ♦s③♦♥ ♦r♦ stssrq♥③

s♦ ♦♥ ♠♦♥♦r♦♠t ♦♥sr♥♦ ♠♣ ttr ♦♥ ♠♦♥♦r♦♠t ♥ ♥ rt♦ ♣♥t♦ ♦ s♣③♦ r s♥♦ ss ♣ò ssr srtt♦ ♦r♠ (1.1.2) q ♣rs♥t♥♦ rq♥③ ♦tt ν ♠ ♠♣③③ Ei(r) s φi(r) rs ♦r♣♣♦♥♥♦ r③♦♥ ♦♥ t♦t rst ssr ♥♦r ♥♦♥ ♠♦♥♦r♦♠t ♦♥ ♠s♠ rq♥③

ETOT (r, t) = E1(r, t) + E2(r, t)

❩

♥t♥stà ♦tt ♦♥ t♦t rst ssr ♣r♦♣♦r③♦♥ qrt♦ ♠♦♦ ♠♣♦ttr♦ s♦♥♦ s♥t r③♦♥

ITOT ∝ |ETOT |22

=|E1 + E2|2

2♦ ♥♦♥♦ ♦♠ss ♣r s♠♣tà ♣♥♥③ s♣③ t♠♣♦r ♦stt♥♦ s♣rss♦♥ ♠♣ ttr ♥ (1.2.2) s ♦tt♥

ITOT ∝ |E1|2

2 + |E2|22 + E1E2ℜe

ej(φ2−φ1)

⇓ITOT ∝ |E1|2

2 + |E2|22 + E1E2 cos (φ2 − φ1) = I1 + I2 + 2

√I1I2 cos (φ)

♦ φ = φ2 − φ1q③♦♥ (1.2.3) è ♣♦ss ♥♦tr ♥t♥stà r③♦♥ t♦t ♥♦♥ rst ssr s♠♣♠♥t s♦♠♠ s♥♦ ♥t♥stà ♠ è ♣rs♥t ♥ ♥ tr♦r tr♠♥ stt♠♦r♣♣rs♥t tr♠♥ ♥trr♥③ q ♣ò ssr ♣♦st♦ ♦ ♥t♦ s♦♥ s trttrs♣tt♠♥t ♥trr♥③ ♦strtt ♠♥t♦ ♥t♥stà t♦t ♦ strtt ♠♥③♦♥♥t♥stà t♦t ♦ s♣♦ ♥ s♦ ♥ s♥ ♥trr♥t ♣♦ss♦♥♦ ♠♣ ♥ ♦♥♦r♥③ s s♥ rst♥t ♠♣③③ ♣r s♦♠♠ ♠♣③③ ♦♥ q♥ s ♣r ♥trr♥③ ♦strtt ♦♥trr♦ s ♥trr♥③ strtt q♥♦ s♥s ♥♥ s ♠♣ ♥ ♦♣♣♦s③♦♥ s

r ♥trr♥③ ♦strtt strtt

♥ r ♥♦♥♦ r♣♦rtt s♠♣ s♣ ♥ ♥tstà ♠♣ ♥♥♦ stss♠♣③③ I1 = I2 = I ♣rt♥t♦ q③♦♥ (1.2.3) s s♠♣ ♥t♥♦

ITOT = 2I [1 + cos (φ)] = 4I cos2(

φ

2

)

♥ ♣rt♦r s ♦tt♥♦♥♦ s♥t s

• φ = 0 ⇒ ITOT = 4I ♦♥♦r♥③ s ♥trr♥③ ♦strtt• φ = π ⇒ ITOT = 0 ♦♣♣♦s③♦♥ s ♥trr♥③ strtt

♥ ♠♦t sst♠ ♦tt ♥ t③③t qst ♣♥♥③ ♥t♥stà ♦tt s ♣r♠tt♥♦♥ t ♠♦♦ rr ♦♥ ♣rs♦♥ ♦ ss♠♥t♦ tr ♦♥ ♣r ♠③③♦ ♠sr ♥t♥stà ♦r♦ s♦r♣♣♦s③♦♥

❩

s♦ ♦♥ ♠♦♥♦r♦♠t r s r ♦♥ s♦♥♦ s♦tt tt③♦♥tt♦r♥♦ ♥ rt♦ ♦r ♠♦ ♣♦ss♦♥♦ ♥ ♣r♦♣r r③③ ♥ ∆ν st tt③♦♥s s φ1 φ2 s♥♦ ♥♦ ss♠♥t♦ sr tr♠t ♥ r t♦r ♦♥str③♦♥ ♥♦r♠ ♥ [0, 2π] ♦r ♠♦ E [φ] = π ♣rtr③♦♥ rst♥t ♣rs♥t ♥♠♣③③ ♥ s r♠♥♦♥♦ ♦st♥t s♦♦ ♣r ♥ rt♦ ♥tr♦ t♠♣♦ ♣r t♠♣♦ ♦r♥③ ♣rt♥t♦ è ♣♦ss r♠r ♥trr♥③ ♣ò r ♦♦ ♦♠♥t ♥ ♣rs♦r♥t ♠♣♦ s♣ttr♦ ♠ s♦♦ ♥tr♦ ♥③③ ♦r♥③ ss♦t ♦♥ ♠♥♦s ♦♥s♥③ r♥t t ♥tr♦ ♣rtr③♦♥ s ♦♠♣♦rt ♣♣r♦ss♠t♠♥t ♦♠ ♥ s♦ r③♦♥ ♠♦♥♦r♦♠t

♥t♥stà ♠ ♦r♦ s♦♠♠ rst ssr

ITOT ∝ 〈|E1+E2|2〉

2 = 12

[⟨

|E1|2⟩

+⟨

|E2|2⟩

+ 〈E⋆1E2〉+ 〈E1E

⋆2 〉]

⇓ITOT ≃ I1 + I2 + 2

√I1I2 |γ12| cos (φ12)

♦ γ12 è ♥③♦♥ t♦♦rr③♦♥ ♥♦r♠③③t φ12 è s r♦ ♦♠♣ss♦ ♦rr③♦♥ ♥s tr♠♥ ♥trr♥③q③♦♥ (1.2.5) è ♣♦ss ♥♦tr s ♣♦ss♦♥♦ ♣rs♥tr tr s ♣rt♦r

• |γ12| = 0 ♦♥ ♦♠♣t♠♥t ♥♦rrt ♥t♥stà t♦t rst ssr ♣r s♦♠♠ s♥♦ ♥t♥stà tr♠♥ ♥trr♥③ s ♥♥

• |γ12| = 1 ♦♥ ♦♠♣t♠♥t ♦rrt ♥t♥stà t♦t rst ssr ♣r s♦♠♠ ♦♥ ♠♦♥♦r♦♠t t ♦r♠

• 0 < |γ12| < 1 ♦♥ ♣r③♠♥t ♦rrt ♥t♥stà t♦t ♥♦r♠③③t rst r ♥♥♠♥t♦ ♦s♥♦ ♦♥ ♠♣③③ ♣r

V =IMAX + Imin

IMAX − Imin=

2√I1I2

I1 − I2|γ12|

tt stà r♥ ♥trr♥③ q ♥ s♦ ♥ I1 = I2 = I ♦rrs♣♦♥♣r♦♣r♦ r♦ ♦r♥③ V = |γ12|

s♦ ♦♥ ♠♦♥♦r♦♠t trst ♥ t♠♣♦ ♦♥sr♥♦ ♥trr♥③ rst♥t tr ♥♦♥ E(t) s rs♦♥ trst ♥ t♠♣♦ E(t + τ) ♥ rtr♦ t♠♣♦r τ q③♦♥ (1.2.5) ♥t

ITOT = 2I [1 + |γ(τ)| cos (φ(τ))]♦ φ(τ) = arg [γ(τ)] ♦♥s♥③ tr♠♥ ♥trr♥③ è t♦ r♦ t♦♦rr③♦♥γ(τ) q♥ t♠♣♦ ♦r♥③ τc

♣♣♦♥♥♦ r ♥♦♥ ♣♥ ♦♥ rq♥③ ♦tt ν s ♥③ ♥ s♣rss ♦r♠

E(r, t) = Ea(t)ej2πνt

♦♥ Ea(t) ♥ ♥③♦♥ t♦r ♥③♦♥ t♦♦rr③♦♥ rst ssr

Γ(τ) = Γa(τ)ej2πντ

♦ Γa(τ) = 〈E⋆a(t)Ea(t+ τ)〉 ♥t♥stà s♥ ♥trr♥③ ♦ ♣r ♠③③♦

(1.2.7) ♥t

ITOT = 2I [1 + |γa(τ)| cos (2πντ + φa(τ))]

st r♣♣rs♥t ♠ sst♥t tr rtr♦ τ ♥t♥stà ♦stt♦ ♥trr♦r♠♠ q ♥ r♣♣rs♥tt♦ ♥ r ♥♦tr stà r♥ ♥trr♥③ rst ssr♣♥♥t τ

V = |γa(τ)|

❩

♦♥s ♠sr qst♦ ♣r♠tr♦ V rr τ ♣r♠tt rr r③♦♥ r♦ ♦r♥③ t♠♣♦r ♥ ♥③♦♥ rtr♦ q♥ ♦♥♦sr t♠♣♦ ♦r♥③ τc s♦r♥t ♥ ♣rt♦r ♣r τ = 0 s ♦tt♥ ♣♦ stà ♦♥ s♥r♦♥③③t tr ♦r♦♠♥tr ♣r τ > τc qst♦ ♣r♠tr♦ ♥♦ ♥♥rs ♥ ♥t rtr♦ τ r♣♣rs♥t r③③ r ♥trr♥③ q ♣♦rt♥♦ ♥♦r♠③♦♥ rr♦ ♦ s♣ss♦r strttr ♥③③r

r ♥♠♥t♦ stà ♥ ♥③♦♥ τ

♦♥ ♥③♦♥ |γ| r ♦♥ τ ♠ s♦r♥t s♦r♥t s♦♥ rttrst ♠r♦s♦♣ ♣r♦ss♦ ♠ss♦♥ tt t③③♥♦ ♥ ♥trr♦♠tr♦ s♦♥è ♣♦ss st♠r τc ♦♠ ♦r τ ♣r stà s ♠③③ ♣rt♥♦ ♦♥③♦♥ ♠♠♥ ♦tt V = 1 tt♦ rtr♦ ♥tr♦♦tt♦ è st♦ r♥③ s♣③ ♣r♦rs ttt rs♦♥ ♦♥ ♣rt♥t♦ ♥trr♥③ s♦♦ q♥♦ rtr♦tr ♦♥ rst ssr ♠♥♦r t♠♣♦ ♦r♥③ ♦ss q♥♦ ♥③③ ♣r♦rs♦♥♦♥♦ ♥tr♦ ♥③③ ♦r♥③ Lc

Pr ♣♣③♦♥ ♥ ♠t♦ ♠♦ s r♥ ♥ssr♦ ♠srr ♦♥ ♣rs♦♥ ♣♦s③♦♥ ♥strttr ♥ ♥ tsst♦ ♦♥s♥③ ♥ rst ss ♦r♥③ ♦r♦ ♦♥ ♥③③ ♦r♥③ r ♣rt s♦r♥t ♥ s♣ss♦ ♠♣♠♥tt ♣r ♠③③♦ ♥♦♦ s♣r♠♥s♥t q s♠♠♥t ♥ ♦♦ sr s s s③♦♥♠♥t♦ ttr♦ ♥ ♥③♦♥ ♣♥ q♥♦ ♣♦r③③t ♥t ♦tt♠♥t tt ♥r ♠ss♦♥ s♣♦♥t♥♠♣t ♥ ♥ ♠♣♦ ♥tr♦ ♥③③ ♦♥

s♦ ♦♥ ♦♥ rq♥③ rs s♦ ♥ rq♥③ ♦♥ ♥trr♥t s♦♥♦ rs ν1 6= ν2 r③♦♥ ♦tt ♦tt♥t ♦r♦ s♦r♣♣♦s③♦♥ ♣rs♥t ♥♥t♥stà ♣r

ITOT (t) ∝ |E1(t)|2 + |E2(t)|2 + 2ℜe E⋆

1 (t)E2(t)⇓

ITOT ≃ I1(t) + I2(t) + 2√I1I2 cos [2π(ν2 − ν1)t]

♦ ♥ trsrt ♣r s♠♣tà ♣♥♥③ ♦ s♣③♦ r s ♣♦t③③♥♦ s ♥③ ♥φ1 = φ2 = 0

♥tstà t♦t t q③♦♥ (1.2.12) rst ssr r ♦♥ ♥♠♥t♦ ♦s♥♦ rq♥③ νB = ν2−ν1 tt rq♥③ tt♠♥t♦ ♥ r ♥ r♣♣rs♥tt♦ ♥ s♠♣♦ tt♠♥t♦ tr s♥ ♥t ♥ r♥③ ♦s③♦♥ ♣r 10% srt ♥ ♥♠♦r r③③ ♥ ♦♥ rst♥t ♣rs♥t ♥ ♥♣♣♦ ♣r♦♣r♦ rq♥③ νB

r s♠♣♦ tt♠♥t♦ tr ♦♥

♦t♦rt♦r è ♥ r♦ rr ♥ s♥ t rq♥③ tt♠♥t♦ ♣♦è s♥s ♣♦t♥③ ♦tt s♦♥♦ s♥t r③♦♥

P (t) =

ˆ

A

I(r, t)dA

♦ A è r ♠♥t s♥s♦r

♥trr♦♠tr

♥trr♦♠tr è ♥ ♠t♦♦ s♠♣ ♠ ♣♦t♥t t ♣r ♠sr st♥③ tr ♦tt♦♥ t ♣rs♦♥ ♥ ♣rt♦r ♥ ♦♥srt rss qst s ♦♥r♦♥t ♦♥♥ s♦ ♠♥♦s♦ s ♥ ♣r♦rs♦ rr♠♥t♦ ò ♣ò ssr ♦tt♥t♦ ttrrs♦ ♥♥trr♦♠tr♦ ♦tt♦ ♦è ♥ s♣♦st♦ r③♦♥ ♥tr♥t ♥ ♦♥ ♥tr♦♥ rtr♦ rt♦ ♥♦ ♣r♦rrr ♦r♦ st♥③ rs s♦r♣♣♦rr ♦ ♥trrr ♦♥ttr♦♠♥t ♦♠♣♦♥♦♥♦ r ♠♥♦s t ♣r♦♣♦st♦ sst♦♥♦ r ♠♣♠♥t③♦♥ ♣r r③③r ♥ ♥trr♦♠tr♦ ♣ù ♦♠♥ ♥♠t♦ s♦♥♦ ♥trr♦♠tr♦ ❩♥r ♥trr♦♠tr♦ s♦♥

• ♥trr♦♠tr♦ ❩♥r ss♦ è ♥ t♣♦ ♥trr♦♠tr♦ s♦♥ ♠♣③③♦sttt♦ s♣ ♠ ♣ttr ♦♥ ♥tr♥♦ sst♠ ♣r♦rr♦♥♦ str r♥t r♥③ ♠♠♥♦ ♦tt♦ ♣ò ssr ♥tr♦♦tt ♥♣♦ s♠♠tr ♥ ♥♦ ♠ ♣ttr ♥r♠♥t ♥♦ ♥♦ ♣r♦rs ♥♥srt♦ ♥ ♦tt♦ s♠♣♦ ♥♦ s♣♦ ♥ ♠♦♦ t ♣r♦rr ♥ r♥③ ♥

♠♠♥♦ ♦tt♦ ttt ♠♦♠♥t♦ ♣r♦rs s♦♥♦ s♣rt t ♥trr♦♠tr♦è ♥r

• ♥trr♦♠tr♦ s♦♥ ss♦ è t♣♦♦ ♣ù ♦♠♥ ♥trr♦♠tr♦ ♦tt♥t♦ s♥♦ r♦♠♥♥♦ ♥ s♦ ♦t♦♥ s ♣r♦rs rs trtt ♦♥♦ r♥③③ r♥t ♦ ♥r ♥ ♠tr rs ♥ ♠♦♦ s ♣♦ss r ♥♦ ss♠♥t♦♥ ♠♠♥♦ ♦tt♦ s ♣r♦rs rs♦♥♦ ♣r ♥♠r ♥tr ♥③③♦♥ ♥trr♥③ è ♦strtt ♥r ♥ ♦rt s♥ ♥ st ♥ s r♥③s♦♥♦ ♥ ♥♠r♦ s♣r ♠③③ ♥③③ ♦♥ ♥trr♥③ è strtt s♥ rst ssr ♣r♦ss♠♦ ③r♦

♥trr♦♠tr♦ ❩♥r ♥trr♦♠tr♦ s♦♥

r ♠ ♠♣♠♥t③♦♥ ♣r ♥trr♦♠tr

♥t♥stà rst♥t ♥trr♥③ è ♣r♦♣♦r③♦♥ s φ = 2πdλ ♣r ♥trr♦♠tr♦

♣ò ssr t③③t♦ ♣r ♠srr r♥③ ♣r♦rs♦ tr ♦♥ ttrrs♦ ♠sr stss s s♠♣♦ ♥ r♥③ st♥③ tr ♣r♦rs ♣r d = λ

2 ♣r♦ ♥♦ss♠♥t♦ ♥t♥stà ♣r π ss♠♥t♦ ♠♥t ♦ssr

♦♥sr♥♦ s♦ ♥trr♦♠tr♦ s♦♥ ss♠♥♦ ♠ ♣ttr ♦♥r♣♣♦rt♦ s♥ st rt♦ ♦t♦rt♦r rst ssr s♦♠♠ ♦♥rss s♣

EOUT = Eref + Esig

♦ Eref è ♠♣♦ rss♦ ♥♦ s♣♦ sst♦ ♣rs♦ ♦♠ rr♠♥t♦ Esig è ♠♣♦ rss♦tr♦ s♣♦ ♠♦ ♠srr ♥♦ rr ♣♦s③♦♥ ♦ s♣♦ ♠♦ ♥tr♥♦ ♥ ♥tr♦ ♣r♥t♦ è ♣♦ss rr ♥trr♥③ ♦tt ♣r♦♥♥t rs ♣r♦♦♥tà♦♠ srtt♦ ♥ ♣r♥③ ♥é t ♠t♦♦ r③♦♥ ♦tt rst è ♥ssr♦ r♥③ rtr♦ t♠♣♦r tr ♦♥ rtr♦s s ♠♥♦r t♠♣♦ ♦r♥③τc s♦r♥t ♦♥s♥③ rr♦r ♣ò ssr ♥tr♦♦tt♦ ♥ ♠sr③♦♥ st♥③è ♣r ♥③③ ♦r♥③ Lc

❯♥♦ s♥t♦ qst ♦♥r③♦♥ ♦♥ s♥♦♦ ♦t♦rt♦r è ♦♠♣♦♥♥t ♦♥t♥ s♥ r♠♦r ♥rt♦ ♥ r♦ rr♠♥t♦ s s♦♠♠♥♦ s♥ t♦t♦ ♥trr♥③ tt t ♣r♦♠ è rs♦ ♣r ♠③③♦ ♦♥r③♦♥ ♦♥ ♦t♦♦ ♥t ♥ q r♠♦r ♦♥♦ ♦♠♣♦♥♥t ♦♥t♥ ♥♦♥♦ ♥♥t tr♠t ♥s♦ttr③♦♥ tr s♥ ♠srt

P❯❩

Pr♦③♦♥ ♠♠♥

♦ s♦♣♦ ♦♠♦r ♦r♥③ tt è q♦ ♦tt♥r ♥ ♣r♦♦ ♥ ♣r♦♦♥tà ♥tr♠♥t♦ ♠♣♦♥ ♣rs♦ ♥ s♠ ♦ss ♥♠♠♥ ♠♥s♦♥ ♦ tr♠♥s♦♥ ♦ stss♦Pr r qst♦ s♦♥♦ ♣rs♥t r ♦♥r③♦♥ ♣♦ss ♣r ♠♣♠♥t③♦♥ ♥ sst♠ s♥ ss ♣♦ss r♥t ♣r♠tr ♥ tr♠♥♥♦ ♣rst③♦♥ ♥ tr♠♥ ♦tà ♥s qtà ♠♠♥ ♣r♦♦♥tà tà♦♠ ♥♦r ♦♥ t♥ è ♣♦ss ♦tt♥r tr rs t♣ ♠♠♥ ♥t s♥s♥ s♥ ♣r♦ss ♦r③♦♥ s③③③♦♥ ♠♠♥ ♣r♦♦tt s♦♥♦ ♥♦ tr t♥ ♠♥ ♠♦ ♦♠ s♠♣♦ ♦♠♦r ♦♠♣tr③③t s♦♥♥③♥t r

♥ r ♥ r♣♦rtt♦ ♥♦ s♠ s♠♣t♦ rr♥t ♣♦ss r③♦♥ s♥s♦♥ ♥ ♦♦ ♠♥♦ ♦♥ rt ♣♥ ♠♠♥

r s♠♣♦ r③♦♥ s♥s♦♥

rt s♥ ♦ ♠♦♥♦♠♥s♦♥ ss ♥③③♥♦ rtttà strttr ♦r♦ ♣r♦♦♥tà ♥♦ ♥ s♥♦ r③♦♥ ♦♠♦r ♦r♥③ tt s♦♥♦ t③③t♠♦t♦ r♦ ♦♠♥♠♥t ♣r ♠srr ♦♥ ♣rs♦♥ ♥③③ ♦♦ s③③③♦♥è ♥ t ♣r ♦♥ ♣♥t♦ ♣♦ss♦♥♦ ssr r♣♣rs♥tt ♥ ♥ r♦ ♣r♦♦♥tà♠♣③③ ♥♦tr ♠♦♠♥t♦ t s♦♥♦ rt ♥♦ ♥ s♦ r③♦♥ ♥ss♥ ♥♦r♠③♦♥ ♣ò ssr ♣rt ♠♠♥t s♥t ss s♥ ♣♦ss♦♥♦ ssr ♠♥t ♥t

rt s♥ ♦ ♠♥s♦♥ ss ♥♦♥♦ ♦tt♥t ♥♥♦ ♠♦t♣s♥s♦♥ s♥ st ♥♦ ♥ ♥ ♥ s♥s♦ trsrs ♦♥♦ r♣♣rs♥t③♦♥ ♣ù rq♥t♠♥t t③③t ♥ ♦st s♦♥♦ ♥♦tr ♠♠♥ ♠♦t♦ s♠ s③♦♥ st♦♦ tsstst ♦♥s♥t♦♥♦ ♥ tr strttr ♥tr♥ tsst sr ♠sr s♣ss♦r s③③③♦♥ t r♦t ♥♦♥ rst s♣ss♦ ♣r ♣r♠ttr ♥ ♠♦r ♦♥trst♦è ♣♦ss r♣♣rs♥tr rstt ♥ r♦sr♦ ♦ ♦♥ ♠♣♣ ♦♦r

rt s♥ ♦ tr♠♥s♦♥ ss ♥♦♥♦ ♦tt♥t ♥♥♦ rs s♥s♦♥ s♥ ♦r③③♦♥t ♥♣♥♥t♠♥t q ♠t♦♦ ♠♣♦♥♠♥t♦ ♥ t③③t♦ t r♦t ♥♦♥♦ qst t③③t s③③③♦♥ è ♠♦t♦ ♣ù ♦♠♣ss s♣ss♦ ♣♦rt ♦tt♥r ♠♠♥ ♣♦♦ r ♦ ♥tr♣rt③♦♥ Pr r♦str③♦♥ s♦♥♦q♥ t③③t t♥ ♠♣t ♥ tr ♠t♦♦♦ ♠♥ ♣♦ss tr♥t ♣♦ss♦♥♦ssr r♣♣rs♥t③♦♥ ♥ s③♦♥ ♠♠♥ ♣r ttt tr ♣♥ ♣ss♥♦ ♣r ♥ t♦♣♥t♦ ♦tt♥♥♦ ♦sì ♠♠♥ ♥ s③♦♥ ♠♣♦♥ t③③♦ ♥ q t♥ ♠♦③♦♥ t tr♠♥s♦♥ ♦♥sr t ♦♠ ♥ s♦s♣r ♣r♦♦♥tà r♦

P❯❩

r s♠♣ s♥s♦♥ s♥ s♥ s♥

♦r♠③♦♥ ♠♠♥ ♥ ♠♣♠♥t③♦♥ ♥ sst♠ ♣♦ss♦♥♦ ssrrs s♠ ♥r s♦♥♦ r♣♦rtt ♥ r

r ♠ ♥r ♦♠♦r♦ ♦r♥③ tt

♦♠♣♦♥♥t ♣r♥♣ sst♠ è ♥trr♦♠tr♦ s♦♥ q ♣ò ssr r③③t♦ s♥ s♣③♦ r♦ ♥ r ♣r ♠③③♦ ♦♣♣t♦r r③♦♥ s♦ ♣r♦♥♥t s♦r♥t♠♥♦s ♥ s♦ ♥ ♣rt ♣rtt♦r ♦tt♦ ♥ ♣r♦rr r♦ rr♠♥t♦ tr♠♥t♦♦♥ ♥♦ s♣♦ ♠♥tr tr ♥ r♠♦ ♠♣♦♥ tr♠♥t♦ ♦♥ ♦tt♦ s♠♥r ♠♣ Eref rr♠♥t♦ Esig ♠♣♦♥ ♥rt rss♦♥ s r♠ ♥♦♥♦r♦♠♥t ♣r♦♥♦ ♥ s♥ ♥trr♥③ s♦♥♦ (1.3.1)♥t♥stà ♠srt rt♦r s s♥t r③♦♥

ITOT ∝ 1

2

[

|Eref |2 + |Esig|2 + 2ErefEsig |γsr(τ)| cos (φref − φsig)]

st♦ s♥ ♣♦rt ♥♦r♠③♦♥ rr♥t ♥♠♥t♦ rtttà ♠♣♦♥ ♥♦ ss③ ♦tt♥♥♦ ♥ t ♠♦♦ ♥ ♣r♦♦ rs ♥tr ♣rs♥t ♥tr♥♦ ♦tt♦ ♥ s♠s♥s♦♥ s♥ ♥♦tr ♥♥♦ rstt t ♣r♦r r♣tt ♣r rs ♣♦s③♦♥ ♥♦ss trsrs ① ♦ ② s r s♥s♦♥ s♥ st ♣ò ssr ♦tt♥t s trs♥♦ ♠♣♦♥ trsrs♠♥t s ♠♥t t③③♦ s♣ ♥♦♠tr ♣r♠tt♦♥♦ ③♦♥ s♦ ♥ ♥ ♣♥t♦ s♣♦ s♣r ♠♣♦♥ ❯♥♥♦ ♣♦ rs ♣♥ s♥ qst♥♦ s♦ ♥♥t ♦ trs♥♦ ♠♣♦♥ ♥♦ tr r③♦♥ trsrs s ♦tt♥ s♥s♦♥ ♦ s♥

P P

❯♥ ♣♦ss tr♥t ♣r ♦r♠③♦♥ ♠♠♥ tr♠♥s♦♥ ♣ò ssr r♣♣rs♥tt ♠♦tà ♥ tt ♥ s♥ ♠♦t♦ ♠♥♦ t③③t ♥ q ♥♦♥♦ qst ♣♥r♦♥t ♠♣♦♥ ♥♦ r③♦♥ trsrs ① ② rs ♣r♦♦♥tà ③ ♥ ♥t qstt♥ ♣r♠tt ♦tt♥r ♥ t rs♦③♦♥ trsrs

♣r♦③♦♥ ♠♠♥ ♣♦ss♦♥♦ ssr ♥tr♦♦tt rttt ♦t ♠♦♠♥t♦ ♦tt♦ ♥③③t♦ r♥t qs③♦♥ t st r♠♦r ♣♦ss♦♥♦ ♣rs♥trs ♥ rs ♦r♠ st ♠♦♠♥t ss ♦ trsrs Pr ♦r t ♥♦♥♥♥t ♣ò ssr rst ♥t ♦tà qs③♦♥ ♦♣♣r ♣♦ss♦♥♦ ssr s♣♣t ♣♣♦st ♦rt♠ ♠♦♥t♦r♥♦ r③♦♥ è s♦tt♦ ♠♣♦♥ ♦tt♥♦ ♣rt♦r s♦③♦♥ ♦rrt ♥ ♣♦st♣r♦ss♥

Pr♠tr ♦♥♠♥t ♣r ♠♠♥

♥ ♣♦tr ♦♥r♦♥tr ♣rst③♦♥ r ♦♥r③♦♥ sst♠ tr ♦r♦ ♦rs♣tt♦ q tr t♥ ♠♥ è ♥ssr♦ ♦♥♦sr ♣r♥♣ ♣r♠tr s srttr③③ ♥ ♦♠♦r♦ ♦r♥③ tt r ♣ù ♠♣♦rt♥t s♦♥♦ ♥③③ ♦♥ ♦r♦ s♥stà r♥ ♥♠♦ rs♦③♦♥ ss rs♦③♦♥ trsrs ♦tà qs③♦♥ r♦♦ ♣r♦r♠♥ r♥t ♣rò s♦♦ ♣r

♥③③ ♦♥ ♦r♦ ♥tr③♦♥ tr ♠tr ♣ò ♥r ♣r ♥♦♠♥ sttr♥ s♦♥ s ♥ rs r③♦♥ ♦ ss♦r♠♥t♦ ss♠③♦♥♥r ♦t♦♥ ♥♥t ♣rt ♠tr st tt ♣r♠♦ ♠♦r♠♥t♣rs♥t ♥ ♣rt ss ♦ s♣ttr♦ ♦tt♦ s♦♥♦ ♥ ♣rt t ♦ stss♦ ♣♦ss♦♥♦ ♥tr♦rr tr♠♥ tt♥③♦♥ ♣♦t♥③ ♥♥t ♥ ♥③♦♥ ♣r♦♦♥tà ♠t♥♦♦sì ♣rst③♦♥ sst♠ ♦♥s♥③ st ♥③③ ♦♥ ♦r♦ t③③♦r♦ ♥tr♦ tt♦r♥♦ ♥③③ ♥tr λ0 ♣♥ ♥tr ♠♣♦♥ s ♦♥③③r è ♣♦ss ♥r s♥t ♥str ♦tt

• λ ∈ [750, 900] nm ♠♦r ♥str ♥ ♠t♦ ♦t♠♦ ♥ q♥t♦ ss♦r♠♥t♦ ♣rt q ♦stt♥t ♣r♥♣ ♦♦ è r♦tt♦ ♠♥♠♦ sst♠ ♦♠♠r③③t ♣rs♥t♥♦ ♥ ♥③③ ♦♥ ♥tr tt♦r♥♦ 800 nm

• λ0 = 1060nm ♥str ♥trt qst ♥③③ ♦♥ ♣rs♥t ♥ ss♦ ss♦r♠♥t♦ s♦♣rtttt♦ ♠♥♦r sttr♥ rs♣tt♦ ♥tr♦ ♣r♥t

• λ0 = 1300 nm ♥str ♥trt qst ♥③③ ♦♥ ♥ t③③t ♣r♥♣♠♥t♣r ♠♥ ♣ ♣rt rtr♦s ♥ q♥t♦ q♥ttà q ♣rs♥t ♥ qsttsst rst ♠tt ♥♦tr ♥ ♥♦♠♥♦ sttr♥ r♠♥ ♠tt♦ q è♥rs♠♥t ♣r♦♣♦r③♦♥ ♥③③ ♦♥

• λ ∈ [1550, 1700] nm t ♥str ♣ò ssr t③③t ♣r ♦tt♥r ♠♦r ♣r♦♦♥tà ♥s ttt ♣rst③♦♥ ♥ tr♠♥ ss♦r♠♥t♦ q♦s♦ ♣♦r♥♦

♥stà s♥stà è ♥ ♣r♠tr♦ è ♣♦ss tr♠♥r ♣r♦♦♥tà q sst♠ è ♥ r♦ ♣♥trr ♥ ♠♣♦♥ ♣rs♦ ♥ s♠ ♥♥t ♣ò ssrs♣rs ♦ tt♥t ss♦r♠♥t♦ srtt♥♦ t♥ ♥trr♦♠tr è ♣♦ss r♦rt rt ♦ s♥ ♥♦♥♦ rtr♦s tt♦ t♦ ♠♣♦ ttr♦ r♦ rr♠♥t♦ ♣ò r ♥ ♠♣③③ t s♥ ♦ ♣r♦♥♥t ♠♣♦♥♥ ♠♦t♣t♦ ♣r ss♦ ♠♥t♥♦ ♦sì ♠♣③③ s♥ ♥trr♥③ t♦t rt♦ rt♦r r③ qst ♣rtà sst♠ ♣rs♥t♥♦ ♥♦r♠♠♥t ♥ s♥stà r90 ÷ 100 dB ♦ss s♦♥♦ ♥ r♦ ♠srr s♥ ♣♦t♥③ ♣r 10−9 ÷ 10−10 ♦t ♣♦t♥③♦tt ♥♥t s♠♣♦ ♣r ♣r♦③♦♥ ♠♠♥ strttr ♦♠ q ♦r è rst♥ t s♥stà ♣♦è rt♥ è trs♣r♥t ♥t♥stà ♠♥♦s ♣r♦♦tt tsstrst♥♦ ssr ♠♦t♦ ss

P P

s♥stà ♣rt♥t♦ ♣ò ssr ♥t ♦♠ r♣♣♦rt♦ tr ♣♦t♥③ s♥ ♥rt♦ ♥♦ s♣♦ ♣rtt♠♥t rtt♥t ♦♥ rtttà R = 1 q ♥rt ♠♥♠rtttà Rs−min r ♠♣♦♥ ♦r♦ rss♦♥ ♥r ♥ s♥ ♣♦t♥③♣r ♣♦t♥③ r♠♦r t♦ ♦r t ♣♦t♥③ s♦♥♦ ♣r♦♣♦r③♦♥ ♦rrs♣♦♥♥trtttà s♥stà ♣ò ssr s♣rss ♣r ♠③③♦ s♥t r③♦♥

S =1

Rs−min

st ♣♥ ♣r♥♣♠♥t ♥③ r③♦♥ s♦r♥t r♠♦r ♣♦ss♦♥♦ssr ♣rs♥t ♥ sst♠ ♦♥s♥③ s♣ t♥ rr♦ s♥stà ♣♦ss♦♥♦ ssrr♣♣rs♥tt ♥ r♣♣♦rt♦ s♥r♠♦r SNR q♥ ♦r♠

SNR = 10 log

(

ηP

2hνBe

)

♦ η è ♥③ q♥t rt♦r ♦tt♦ 2hν è ♥r ♦t♦♥ P è ♣♦t♥③ s♥rt♦ Be è ♥ q♥t r♠♦r sst♠ r♠♥t♦♦♠ è ♣♦ss ♥♦tr q③♦♥ (1.5.2) s♥stà ♥ ♦♠♦r♦ ♦r♥③ tt rst ssr rtt♠♥t ♣r♦♣♦r③♦♥ ♣♦t♥③ s♥ rt♦ ♥rs♠♥t ♣r♦♣♦r③♦♥♠♣③③ ♥ r♠♦r ♦♥s♥③ ♥ r♣♣♦rt♦ s♥r♠♦r t♦ r ♥♠♥♦r ♠♣③③ ♥ ò rst ssr ♥ ♦♥tr♣♣♦s③♦♥ ♦♥ rst r ♥qs③♦♥ r♣ ♠♠♥ ♦♥ t rs♦③♦♥ q ♥sst s♥ ♥ r Pr ♥ ♦tt♥r rstt tt s r♥ ♥ssr♦ tr♦r ♥ st♦ ♦♠♣r♦♠ss♦

♥♥ ♦ s♦t ♥♦s ♥ rt♦r st♦ ♣r♦♥♥t ♣r♦rs♦ ♦tt♦ s♥ rr♠♥t♦ ♣ò tr♦r♠♥t ♠tr ♣rst③♦♥ ♥ tr♠♥ s♥stà ♥tt s♣♠♥t♣r r♥ ♦tà ♠♥ s♦♥♦ rst sr ♦♥ ♣♦ ♠♣③③ rt r♠♦r RINst♦ ♣rè ♦t♦rt♦r t ♦tà ♥♥♦ ♥ ♥♦ ♠♥♦r ♣rt♥t♦ ♣r ♦tt♥r ♥♥♦ t♦t s♥t ♣r s♥ ♠♣♦♥ ♥r ♥ r♦ rr♠♥t♦ ♦♥♦ssr t ♥♦tr ♥ tr ♥ r♠♦r ss♦ ♣♦ss♦♥♦ ssr t③③t sr ♦rr ♦♠♥ ♦ ♦♥ q ♣rs♥t♥♦ ♥♦ s♦t ♥♦s ♠tt♦

♥ ♥♠♦ ♥s r♥ ♥♠♦ r♣♣♦rt♦ tr ♦r ♠ss♠♦ q♦♠♥♠♦ ♠srt ♦ stss♦ st♥t ♣♦t♥③ s♥ rss♦ ♠♣♦♥ r♥t ♥s♥s♦♥ s♥ ❱♦r t♣ ♣r ♥ sst♠ s♦♥♦ ♦♠♣rs ♥♥tr♦ 40 ÷ 50 dB s♠♣♦ ♠♠♥ ♦♠ ♣rs♥t♥♦ ♥ r♥ ♥♠♦ r 35 dB

s♦③♦♥ ss rs♦③♦♥ ss r♣♣rs♥t ♣rs♦♥ ♦♥ ♣ò ssr♠srt ♥ st♥③ ♦è tr♠♥ ♣tà st♥r rs ♣♥t ♥♦ r③♦♥♦♥t♥ ③ st ♣♥ s♦st♥③♠♥t s♦r♥t ♠♥♦s t③③t ♥ ♣rt♦rrst ssr ♥rs♠♥t ♣r♦♣♦r③♦♥ ♠♣③③ ♥ ♥③③ ♦♥ ∆λ rs♦③♦♥ ss è ♣rt♥t♦ s♣r♠ s♥t ♦r♠

∆z =2 ln(2)

π

λ20

n∆λ♦ λ0 è ♥③③ ♦♥ ♥tr n è ♥ rr③♦♥ ♠③③♦ ♦♥srt♦ (1.5.3) rst ♥t ∆z è strtt♠♥t ♦t ♥③③ ♦r♥③ ♦♥t♠♥♦s q è ♥ss ♥ r③♦♥ ♣r♦♣♦r③♦♥tà ♥rs ♦♥ ♠♣③③ ♥ ♦♥s♥③ t③③♦ s♦r♥t ♠♣♦ s♣ttr♦ ♣ò ♣♦rtr ♥ ♥♦t♦ ♠♦r♠♥t♦ qst♦♣r♠tr♦ ♥♦tr rs♦③♦♥ ss rst ssr ♥♣♥♥t ♠♥s♦♥ s♦ ♠ss♦ ♠ ♣ò ssr tr♦r♠♥t ♠tt tr tt♦r ♥tr♦♦tt ♠♣♦♥ ♥③③t♦ q s♣rs♦♥ ss♦r♠♥t♦ s♦♥

sr s♦♥♦ ♣rt♦r s♦r♥t ♠♥♦s ♥ ♦ s♣ttr♦ ♥ ♠♦t♦ ♥ ♠♦♦ sr ♥s♣③③♦t ♥ rq♥③ ♠♦t♦ t③③t ♥ ♦♠♦r ♦r♥③ tt

P P

♣♠♥t ♣r t♥ ♥♦♥♦ st r③♦♥ ttr♦♠♥t ♦♥ ♥③③ ♦♥♥trt 840÷880nm ♦ 1300nm ♠♣③③ ♥ ♠♦r r 40nm ò ♣r♠tt ♦tt♥r♦r rs♦③♦♥ ss ♦♠♣rs ♥♥tr♦ 5÷10µm ♦♥ ♣♣♦st s♦r♥t s♣ è ♣♦ss♥ ♦tt♥r rs♦③♦♥ ♠♦r ♥♦ 1µm ♥ r ♥ r♣♦rtt♦ ♥♠♥t♦ t♣♦ rs♦③♦♥ ss rr ♥ ♦tt ♦♥srt

r s♦③♦♥ ss ♥ t♥

♥♦tr rst ♥ssr♦ s♣r sst♦♥♦ t♣♦♦ rs♦③♦♥ ss

• tt t ♣rst③♦♥ sst♠ ♦tt♦ s♦r♥t ♥t t③③t♦ ♣r ♣r♦rr♠♠♥

• t ♣♥♥t t♣♦ r♦str③♦♥ t st s rs s♥s♦♥ ttts tsst♦ ♠sr ♥♦♥♦ s♦r♣♣♦st rstt ♠t

♥ ♣r♠ ♣♣r♦ss♠③♦♥ s ♣ò ss♠r rs♦③♦♥ ss t è ♥♠r♠♥t ♠tà q ♦tt

s♦③♦♥ trsrs rs♦③♦♥ trsrs ♣♥ s♦st♥③♠♥t ♦♥③♦♥ ♦③③③♦♥ s♦ ♠♥♦s♦ s ♠♣♦♥ r ♣r♥♣ ♠r♦s♦♣ ♦tt♦♥♥③♦♥ ♥ ♣rt♦r ss è ♥t ♦♠ ♠♥♠ st♥③ ♦♥ s ♣♦ss♦♥♦ st♥r ♣♥t ♥t s♦ stss♦ ♣♥♦ trsrs t q♥ttà ♦♥ ♦♥ r♦ s♦♥ ♠ss♠♦ ♣♥t♦ ♦③③③♦♥ q♥ ♠♣③③ ♦ s♣♦t ♠♥♦s♦ ∆x rst♥t ♦③③③♦♥ r③♦♥ ttr♦♠♥t ♥♥t rs♦③♦♥ trsrs è ♣rt♥t♦ s♣r♠ s♥t ♦r♠

∆x =4λ

π

fld

≃ λ

πNA

♦ fl/d è r♣♣♦rt♦ tr ♥③③ ♦ ♥t fl ♠tr♦ r♦ ♦tt♦ ♥♥t dNA è ♣rtr ♥♠r ♥t ♦③③tr λ è ♥③③ ♦♥ ♥tr r③♦♥♠ss ♦♥s♥③ r③③ ♦ s♣♦t ♣ò ssr r♦t ♥♦ rr ♦♣♣♦rt♥♠♥t ♠tr♦ r♦ ♥③③ ♦

♥ ♥t sst ♥ ♣r♠tr♦ tt♦ ♦♥♦ b q tr♠♥ ♣r♦♦♥tà ♠♣♦ q s♦ ♠♥t♥ ♥trt ♣r♦♣r ♠♥s♦♥ s ♦ s♥♦

b = π∆x2

2λ❯t③③♥♦ ♥ ♥t ♣rtr ♥♠r t è q♥ ♣♦ss ♦③③r ♠ss♠♦ s♦s ♠♣♦♥ r ♠♦r rs♦③♦♥ trsrs ttt ò ♠♣ ♥ ♠♥③♦♥

P P

♣r♦♦♥tà ♦♦ q rst ss♥③ ♣r ♦tt♥r ♠♠♥ ♥t ♥♦ r③♦♥ ③ ❱rs ♥♦ s♦ ♥ ♥t ♣♦ ♣rtr ♥♠r ♣r♦♦♥tà ♦♦ ♠♥t rs♦③♦♥ trsrs ♣♦r s ♥s s♥ s♥ ♦♥ sst♠ ♥♦♠tr♦ qst♦ ♣r♠tr♦ rst ssr ♠tt♦ rs♦③♦♥ stss ♠♦t♦r ♣r s r♥ ♥ssr♦ tr♦r ♥ ♦♠♣r♦♠ss♦ ♥r♠♥t♥ ♣♣③♦♥ è ♣rr r ♥ r♥ ♣r♦♦♥tà ♠♣♦ ♠♦r ♥③③ ♦r♥③ s♣t♦ r♦ ♦③③③♦♥ r♥t♥♦ ♥ ♦♥ s♦ ♥ t rs♦③♦♥ss ❱♦r t♣ rs♦③♦♥ trsrs s♦♥♦ ♥t♦r♥♦ ♥ µm ♦♥ ♣r♦♦♥tà ♠♣♦ 1 ÷ 2 mm ♥ r ♥ ♣rs♥tt r③♦♥ tr ♠♥s♦♥ s♦ ♠♥♦s♦ ♣r♦♦♥tà ♠♣♦ ♥ s ss t ♣rtr ♥♠r

r s♦③♦♥ trsrs ♥ t♥

♦♥♦ stt s♣♣t tr♦r t♥ ♣♦ss♦♥♦ ♦r t ♦♠♣r♦♠ss♦ ♦♠ s♠♣♦ ♦③③③♦♥ ♠ss♠♦ ♦ s♣♦t s♦ ♣r ♦tt♥r ♥♠♠♥ ♥t s♦♦ ♥ ♥ ♣♦♦♥tr♦ s♣③ tt♦ ♥ rr ♣r♦♦ ♥ ♣r♦♦♥tà ♣♥t♦ ♦♦ ♥tt♦ trsr ♦♥t♥♠♥t ♥♦ ♠♣♦♥ sss♠♥t ♠♠♥ qst ♥♦♥♦♥t ♦♥ ♦♣♣♦rt♥ ♦rt♠ ❯♥tr t♥ ♣ò ssr t③③♦ ♦♣♣♦rt♥ s♣ ♦r♠s♦♥♦ ♦tt tt à s♣r♠♥tt ♥ ♠♣♦ str♦♥♦♠♦ q s♦♥♦ ♥ r♦ ♦rrr r♦♥t ♦♥ st♦rt ♠♦r♥♦ ♥tt③③ ♠♠♥ ♥

❱♦tà qs③♦♥ ♦tà qs③♦♥ ♣ò ssr ♥t ♦♠ ♥♠r♦ s♥s♦♥ ♥ ♣r♦♦♥tà s♥ s♦♥♦ ♦♣♣r ♥♠r♦ r♠ s♥ s♦♥♦ ♥♣♥♥③ ♣r♦t♦♦♦ s♥s♦♥ st♣ ♦♥srt ♣r r③♦♥ ♠♠♥ ❯♥♦tà t è ♠♣♦rt♥t ♥ rttr③③r ♥♦♠♥ t♠♣♦ r♥t r♥ ♦♠ tsst♥♦tr ♣r♠tt rrr ♠♣r③♦♥ ♣rs♥t ♥ ♠♠♥ ♦t ♥t r③♦♥ s♦ t③③♦ ♥ ♠t♦ ♠ ♥ ♦ ♦♠♦r♦ ♦r♥③ tt ♣rs♥tr ♥♦tà t s ♣r rrr ♠♥♠♦ rt s♠ s ♣r tr ♠♣♦♥ s♠♣♦ ♦♦ ♠♥♦ s ♠♦ r♥t qs③♦♥ ❯♥ r♣ qs③♦♥ ♣r♠tt ♥ ♥♠♥t♦ ♠ss♠ ♣♦t♥③ ♥♥t s ♠♣♦♥ q è ♠tt ♣♣♦st ♥♦r♠t♥tr♥③♦♥ ♥♦♥ s♣rr ♥ tr♠♥t♦ ♦r ♣♥♥t ♥③③ ♦♥ t♠♣♦ s♣♦s③♦♥ ♦r qst♦ t♠♣♦ ♥s ♠♥s ♦r è ♣♦ss ♠♥tr ♣♦t♥③ q♥ ♦tt♥r ♥t ♥ tr♠♥ s♥stà ♣r♦♦♥tà ttt ♠♥t♥t♦ ♠♣③③ ♥ q♥t r♠♦r Be s ♣r♦♦ ♥ ♦rt ♠♥③♦♥ ♣rt♥t♦ s r♥♥ssr♦ ♥ ♦♠♣r♦♠ss♦ tr ♦tà r♣♣♦rt♦ s♥r♠♦r

Pr sst♠ ♣t♦r ♦tà ♠♥ è t ♦tà r♣t③♦♥ ♦ s♣③③♦♠♥t♦ ♠♥tr ♣r ♣tr♦♠♥ ss ♣♥ ♦tà ♦♥ s♣♦st♦ r③♦♥ qss t ♥♦tr s♥ ♠srt♦ ♣ò ♠♥r s ♠t③♦♥ r③③ ♥ r ♦t ♦t♦♦♦ ♠♣t♦r tr♥s♠♣♥③ sst♠ qs③♦♥ t

t♠♣♦ qs③♦♥ rs ♠♥tr ♥♠r♦ ♣① trsrs q ♦r è t♦ ♥♠r♦ s♥s♦♥ ss st ♥ tt♦ t Nx ♣① trsrs ♥ ♥③③ s♥s♦♥ Lx qs③♦♥ ♥ ♦♥ ♥ ♣ss♦ ♣r

Lx

Nx

Pr srttr ♠♦ rs♦③♦♥ ♦ str♠♥t♦ ♦♦rr t ♠♥s♦♥ s ♥r♦r rs♦③♦♥ trsrs ♠sr ♥ ♣r♦♦♥tà ♥ ♣① è ♥ t ♦tà qs③♦♥ ♠♠♥ ♥♣rt♦r t ♥ ♣r♦♦♥tà ss Lz ♥ ♥♠r♦ ♣① ss ♣r Nz s♥♦ ss♣rs♥t ♥ ♠♥s♦♥ ♣r

Lz

Nz

♦♥s♥③ s ♥ sst♠ tt ♠sr ♣r♦♦♥tà ♦♥ Nx s♥s♦♥ ss ♥rq♥③ fR t♠♣♦ qs③♦♥

Tacq =Nx

fR

rs♦③♦♥ s♣③ ♥♦ ♦♠♦r♦ ♦r♥③ tt è r♥t ♥ s r♥③③ ♥stà ♣① ♦stts♦♥♦ ♠♠♥ ♣r♦♦tt st ♣♦ssr ♥ s♥t♥stà ♣① ♥ rsr s③③r s♦♠♦♥tà ♠♥s♦♥ r♦tt ♦♥ ♥ trs♦③♦♥ s♣♦st ♦♠♠r③③t ♦ ♣♦ss♦♥♦ ♥ rq♥③ ♥ ♠ s♥s♦♥ ss ♣r s♦♥♦ ♦♥s♥t♥♦ ♥ t ♠♦♦ ♥ qs③♦♥ ♠♠♥ t ♥stà ♣① ♥ ♥ t♠♣♦ rss♠♦

♦ ♣r♦r♠♥ ♦ ♣r♦r♠♥ tr♠♥ r♠♥t♦ ♣♦t♥③ s♥ ♠♥tr ♣r♦♦♥tà ♣♥tr③♦♥ q ♦ ♣ò ssr st♦ ♠tr♥③③t♦ ♠tt ♥③③ ♦r♥③ st♥t♥ s♦r♥t ♣♣t rs♦③♦♥♦ ♦ s♣ttr♦♠tr♦ ♥ ♣♥ ♠♣♦♥ ♦♠ r♦ ♠♣r ♥ ♦♥ sst♠ ♦r r ♦r r♦♦ ♥r♦r r 20 dB ♣r♦♦♥tà s♣r♦r 2 mm

♦♥r♦♥t♦ ♦♥ tr t♥♦♦ ♠♥

♠♠♥ ♦tt♥t ♦♥ ♥ ♦♠♦r♦ ♦r♥③ tt s♦♥♦ s♠ q ♦r♥t ♦rtt ♠♦ ♦♥ r♥③ ♥ t③③t r③♦♥ ♠♥♦s ♣♦st♦ s♦♥♦

Pr ♦tt♥r ♠♠♥ t♦♠♦r è ♥♥♥③ttt♦ ♥ssr♦ ♠srr strttr ♥tr♥ ♠tr ♦ tsst ♦♦ ♥♦ ♥ ♥ r③♦♥ ss ♦ trsrs ♥ sst♥♦rs ♠♦ ♣r ♠♣♠♥tr t♥ r③♦♥ ♠♠♥ ♥ ♥ ♥r tr♠t ♠sr rtr♦ t♠♣♦r ♥t♥stà rtr♦s ♠r♦strttr ♥tr♥ ♠♣♦♥

♥ ♦r ♥ s♦♥♦ t rq♥③ ♥ ♥t♦ tsst♦ ♥③③r ttrrs♦ ♥ s♦♥ trs♦♥ ♥ tt♦ ♦♥ s♦♥♦r ♥ ♠tr ♥ rss strttr ♥tr♥ q ♣rs♥t♥♦ rs ♣r♦♣rtà st t rq♥③ ♣♦ss♦♥♦ rrr ♣r♦♦♥tà s♥s♦♥ ♣rt♥t♦ ♦♥ s♦♥♦r ss ♥ tt♥③♦♥ r♥t s ♣r♦♣③♦♥ ♥ ♥tqst t♥ è stt s♣♣t ♠♣♠♥t stt ♣r ♣♣③♦♥ ♥ ♦rt♦r♦

♣r♥♣ r♥③ tr ♦r t♥ è tt♦ ♦tà ♣r♦♣③♦♥ rst ssr r ♥ ♠♦♥ ♦t ♠♦r q s♦♥♦ ♠♦♠♥t♦ trtt♦♣r♦rs♦ ♥tr♥♦ ♠♣♦♥ ♥ tr♠♥t♦ ttrrs♦ rtr♦ t♠♣♦r r③♦♥ttr♦♠♥t rtr♦s ò ♠♣ ♥ ♦♠♦r ♦r♥③ tt ♠sr st♥③r♦♥♦ ♥ rs♦③♦♥ t♠♣♦r ♣ù t ♠♠♥ trs♦♥ ♣♦ss♦♥♦ ♥t♦ ♦♥ s♦♥♦r ♣rs♥t♥♦ rq♥③ ♦♠♣rs ♥t♦r♥♦ 10MHz ♦♥s♥③ ss ♥♦♥♦ trs♠ssr♣♠♥t ♥ ♠♦r ♣rt tsst ♦♦ ♣rt♥t♦ è ♣♦ss ♦tt♥r ♠♠♥ strttr ♥ ♦r♣♦ s tr♦♥♦ ♥♦ ♥ ♥t♠tr ♣r♦♦♥tà

♥♥ rs♦③♦♥ trsrs ♦r è ♦r♥t ♣tà ♦③③r ♦♥s♦♥♦r ♠♦♠♥t♦ ♦③③③♦♥ s♦♥♦ è ♣ù rs♣tt♦ ♦♥ qstt♥ s ♦tt♥♦♥♦ ♣rst③♦♥ ♣♦r rs♣tt♦ q r♥ ♣r ♠③③♦ ♥ ♦♠♦r♦ ♦r♥③ tt ♥ ♦♥ s♦ rs♦③♦♥ ♠♠♥ ♦tt♥t ♠♦r ♠♥tr rq♥③ ♦♥ s♦♥♦r ♠♣t

❯♥ r♥t ♥ t♥ ♥ r♣♣rs♥tt t③③♦ s♣ r♦ tr♦♥ ②st♠ q ♣♦ss♦♥♦ ssr ♠♣t ♥tr♥♦ s♦♥ ♥♦s♦♣ r③ ♦r♦rttrst q ♣♦ ♠♥s♦♥ ♦tà ♠♦♠♥t♦ ss ♦st

P

♦♠♦r ♦r♥③ tt

♦tà ss♠ ♥ ♦r str♠♠♥t t♦ r 3 · 108 m/s ♦♥s♥③ rss♦♥ ♠♣ ♥ t♠♣♦ ♥♦♥ r rtt♠♥t sst♠ ttr♦♥ ♦♠ ♥ ♥ ♥♦r ♥ ♣rt♦r qst rtr t♠♣♦r è ♣♦ss rr st♥③ ♥♦r♠③♦♥s♣③ ♦♠♣t rss s♦♥♦

∆t =z

vp

♦ z è st♥③ ♦♠♣ ♦♥ vp è s ♦tà ♣r♦♣③♦♥ s♠♣♦ ♥ s♦ ♦r rs♦③♦♥ s♣③ ss♠ ♦r t♣ ♦r♥ 100 µm q ♦rrs♣♦♥♦♥♦ ♥ rs♦③♦♥ t♠♣♦r r 100 ns ♠♥tr ♣r sst♠ ♥ rs♦③♦♥ s tr♦ ♥ ♥ ♥t♦r♥♦ 10 µm è ♣♦ss ♦tt♥r ♥ rs♦③♦♥ t♠♣♦r r30 fs ♦♥s♥③ ♣r ♦r ♥♦♥♥♥t ♦tà ♥ ♠srr t st♥t t♠♣♦rè ♣♦ss t③③r t♥ t ♦rr③♦♥ ♦ ♥trr♦♠tr

Pr♥♣♦ ♥③♦♥♠♥t♦

♣r♦♥♥t s♦r♥t ♠♥♦s ♥ s♣rt ♥ r♣ ♠♥t ♥ ♠♣ttr ♥♦ s ♥ s ♠♣♦♥ s♠♥r ♠♥tr tr♦ ♥♦ ♣r♦rs♦ rr♠♥t♦ ♦♥ ♥③③ rtr♦ t♠♣♦r r rtr♦s ♠♣♦♥ ♥trrs♦♥ rss r♦ rr♠♥t♦ ♥ st♦ rt ♦♥ ♥ ♦t♦rt♦r ♥ st ♥trr♦♠tr♦ sst♠ ♠sr q♥t rtr♦ t♠♣♦r ♥t♥stà rtr♦s rr ♥③③ ♣r♦rs♦ rr♠♥t♦ ♥ t ♠♦♦ s ♦tt♥ ♥ ♣r♦♦ s♦♥ss s♦ ♥♥t ♥ ♥♦tr s♥s♦♥t♦ ♥ ♥♦ ♥ r③♦♥ trsrs ♥ ♦tt♥r ♥ ♥s♠ t ♠♥s♦♥ qst♦ r♣♣rs♥t s♦♥ ♦tt ttrrs♦ s③♦♥trsrs tsst♦ t r♦t ♣♦ss♦♥♦ ssr sss♠♥t s③③t ♥ s ♦rt♠ r ♦ ♦♥ ♠♠♥ ♦♦r

Pr ♣♣③♦♥ ♥ ♠♣♦ rr s♦t♠♥t ♥♦♥♦ t③③t sr r ♠♣s ♥ q♥t♦♣rs♥t♥♦ ♥ ♥③③ ♦r♥③ str♠♠♥t ♦rt t ♣♦t♥③ st ♣r♠tt♥♦♦sì ♥ ♠♥ ♦ t rs♦③♦♥ s♠♣♦ ♠♦t st s♦♥♦ stt ttt ♦♥ sr r ♠♣s r ♦rstrt q è ♥ r♦ ♠ttr ♥ ♣♦t♥③ ♥ st 100 mW♥rr ♠♣s ♠♦t♦ r ♥③③ ♦♥ ♥t♦r♥♦ 1300nm ♣r♦rr ♥ r③③ ♥s♥t ♣r ♦tt♥r ♥ rs♦③♦♥ ss r 5÷ 10µm ❯s♥♦ ♣♦t♥③ ♥♥t ♥♦r♥ 1 ÷ 10 mW è ♣♦ss ♥♦tr ♦tt♥r ♦tà qs③♦♥ ♥ r♠s s♦♥♦ ♦♥ ♥r♣♣♦rt♦ s♥r♠♦r r 100 dB

Pr ♣♣③♦♥ ♥ ♥♦♥♦ st ♦ ♣r♠♥s♥t ♦♣r♥♦ 1310 nm q rs♦♥♦ r♥r ♥ rs♦③♦♥ ss ♣r 15µm ♦♥ ♣♦t♥③ ♥ st r 5÷10mWs♥t ♣r ♠♥ ♥ t♠♣♦ r ♦t s♣♦st ♥ ♦♠♠r♦ t③③♥♦ qsts♦r♥t ♠♥♦s r③ ♦r♦ ♣rtà ♣♦è ♦r♦♥♦ ♥ r③③ ♥ ♦♥r♦♥t ♦♥ ♥♦r♠ ♦ ♣♦t♥③ ♦r♥ ♥ ♠❲tt

♦♠ srtt♦ ♥ ③♦♥ ♥trr♦♠tr ♠sr ♣♦ss♦♥♦ ssr ttt t③③♥♦ ♥ ♥trr♦♠tr♦ s♦♥

P❩

rs rttrst ♥♥♦ ♦♠♦r ♦r♥③ tt ♥ t♥♦♦ ♣r ♠♥ ♦♠♦ q ♥♦♥♦ st♦ s♣♦st

• t♥ ♣ò ♦tt♥r ♠♠♥ ♦♥ rs♦③♦♥ ss 1÷ 15 µm ♦ss ♥♦ ♦ ♦r♥ r♥③③ ♥ ♣ù rs♣tt♦ ♦r ♦♥♥③♦♥ st ♦r s ♥♥♦ q st♦♣t♦♦ ♣r♠tt♥♦ rs♦r ♠♦r♦♦ ♣rt♦r ♥ rttrst r rs♠♥t trs♦♥ ♠♥ ♣ò ssr tt♦ rtt♠♥tttrrs♦ r s♥③ rr ♥ ♦♥ttt♦ rtt♦ ♦♥ tsst♦ ♦ ♥ ♠③③♦ trs③♦♥

• ♥s ♠♣♦♥ ♣ò ssr tt ♥ t♠♣♦ r ♠♦♥t♦r♥♦ ♦rs♦ ♣t♦♦ rtt♠♥t s sr♠♦ ♠♠③③♥♥♦ ♦ t rs♦③♦♥ ò ♣r♠tt s♠♣♦ t♥ ♣♦ss ssr ♥ ♣r ♥t ♥tr♥t rr

• ♠♥ ♣ò ssr tt♦ ♥ st ♦è s♥③ ♥sstà s③♦♥r ♠♣♦♥ qst♦ ♣r♠tt ♦tt♥r ♠♠♥ strttr ♣r q ♦♣s sr ③③rt ♦♠♣♦ss r♥♦ rr♦r ♠♣♦♥♠♥t♦ ss♦t ♦♣s sss♦♥

• ♦♠♦r♦ ♦r♥③ tt t③③ r ♦tt ♣ò ♥trrs ♦♥ r str♠♥t ♥ q ttr ♥♦s♦♣ ♣r♦s♦♣ s♦♥ rr ♣r♠tt♥♦ ♥ qst♦♠♦♦ ♥ ♠♥ ♠♥♠♠♥t ♥s♦ ♥tr♥♦ ♦r♣♦ ♥♦tr ♣ò ssr ♥ sst♠♦♠♣tt♦ ♣♦rtt r♣♣rs♥t ♥ rttrst ♠♣♦rt♥t ♣r s♣♦st ♥

♠♣♠♥t③♦♥ t♥

t♥ ♥ ♣♣t ♥ ♦t♠♦♦ ♣ù q♥ ♥♥ r③ s tà s③③r strttr ♦r ♥ ♠♥r rt ♦♥ t rs♦③♦♥ ♥③♦ t③③t ♥♦ ♣r ♦tt♥r s③♦♥ ♦tt trsrs s♠♥t♦ ♥tr♦r ♦♦ ♠♥♦ ♥ ♣rt♦r♣r ♥③③r ♠tt rt♥ st♠♥t♦ ♣r♦r③♦♥ ♠ ♠♠r♥♣rt♥ ♠ ♠r ♦r♦rt♥♦♣t ♥tr ♦♣t sr ♥♦tr ♦♠♦r ♦r♥③ tt t③③t ♥ ♣r tr s♦ ♦tt♦ ♥ s strttr ♦♠ s♠♣♦ s♦ ♥r♦s♦ rt♥

♣r♠♦ sst♠ ♥♦ ♦r ♥ ♦tà s♥s♦♥ ♠tt 400 s♥s♦♥ ss s♥ s♦♥♦ s ♥♦♠r♦ s♦ ♥tr♦♦tt♦ ♦ s♣♦ ♠♦ rr♠♥t♦ st♦ ♣r♠♦♣♣r♦♦ ♥ ♠t♦ ♠♦♠♥ ♣♦é s♥ ♥♦♥♦ ♦tt♥t rtt♠♥t ♥♦♠♥♦ t♠♣♦ ♣r♠♦ sst♠ ♦♠♠r③③t♦ s♦♥♦ stt s♣♣t rs ♠♦r♠♥ts ♥rr s ♣r q♥t♦ rr ♦r③♦♥ t r♦t ♣r♥♣ ♥③♠♥t♥tr♦♦tt rr♥♦ ♠♦r rs♦③♦♥ ss ♠♥t♦ ♦tà s♥s♦♥

♠♣♠♥t③♦♥ ♥ s♦r♥t r ♥ ♥ ♦♠♦r ♦r♥③ tt ♣♦rtt♦ ♥t ♥ tr♠♥ rs♦③♦♥ ss ♥ tsst♦ q r♥ ♦r r2 µm ♥ st st ♥ ♠♦rr ♣rst③♦♥ sst♠ sst♥t s ♥ ♦r♥♦ ♥ ♦♠♥♦ rq♥③ ♦tà qs③♦♥ ♠♦r ♦♥sr♦♠♥t s♥③ ♥sstà r ♣rt ♠♥ ♥ ♠♦♠♥t♦ Pr r ò s♦♥♦ ♥s♣♥s ♥ s♦r♥t r ♥ ♥ ♦t♦rt♦r s♠♣♦ ♥ ♠r ♦♥ r ♦♣ ♥♦ s♣ttr♦♠tr♦ st♦ ♣♣r♦♦ ♥ ♠t♦ ♦rr♦♠♥ ♣♦è ♣r♦ ♥t♥stà s♥ ♥♦♥♦ ♦tt♥t t③③♥♦ trs♦r♠t ♦rr rq♥③ ♥③③t ♥♥t ♠♦r♠♥t♦ ♦tà s♥s♦♥ t♥ ♥ ♦♠♥♦ rq♥③ ♦r♥ ♥ ♠♦r s♥stà r③♦♥ r③ qst ♠♦r♠♥t ♥ ♦tà s♥stà ♦r♥♦ ♦ è ♣♦ss ♦tt♥r s♥s♦♥ ♦♠tr tsst♦ ♥ ♥ ♣r♦♦ t♠♣♦r♠♦t♦ r ♠♥tr ♥ ♣sst♦ t♠♣♦ rst♦ ♥ ♣r♦t♦ s♠♣♦ s♦♥♦ stt ♦tt♥t ♠♠♥ tr♠♥s♦♥ rt♥ ♦♥ s♦r♥t r ♥t③③♥♦ t♥ ♦tà 312500A− scan/s 249000 A− scan/s ♦ ♠♦r ♣rt sst♠ t③③t ♥ ♥ ♦♣r ♥ ♦tà qs③♦♥ r27000A− scan/s ♦♥ ♥ rs♦③♦♥ ss 5÷ 6 µm

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♥st t♥♦♦ ♦ s♦♥♦ stt s♣♣t rs ♦♥r③♦♥ tr qs ♥♥♦ ♣r♥♣

• ♠♦♠♥ ♣r♠ ssr stt s♣♣t ss t③③ ♥ s♦r♥t♠♥♦s ♠♣♦ s♣ttr♦ ♥ rr♠♥t♦ ♠♦ è ♥ r♦ ♦tt♥r ♥♥trr♥③ ss ♦r♥③ ♥ rr r st♥③ tr strt ♥tr♥ tsst♦

• ♦rr♦♠♥ ♥♦r♠③♦♥ ♥ rt ♣rtr ♦ s♣ttr♦ s♥ ♥trr♥③ ♦♥ rr♠♥t♦ sst♦ s ♦t ss s s ♥→ ♣tr♦♠♥ s♦r♥t t③③t ♠tt ♥ r→ ♣t♦r s♦r♥t è ♥ sr ♥③③ ♦♥ ♦r♦

r ♥r♠♥t ♥ ♥ ♥tr♦ ♣r♥t♦ ♥trt♦ ♥ λ0→ ♣t ♦r♥ r♦s♦♣② r♥t t♥ ♥ r♦

♦tt♥r ♠♦r rs♦③♦♥ trsrs

• tr r♥t→ ♥r r♥t t♥ t③③ ♥♦ s♠ r

t♦r ♥ ♣r♦→ ♣t ♣ts ♦tt tt è ♥ r♦ ♦♠♣♥sr rr

③♦♥ ♠♦♥♦r♦♠t ♠♦rr rs♦③♦♥→ P♦r③t♦♥♥st P ♠♦♥t♦r ♠♠♥t ♦ stt♦ ♣♦r③

③③♦♥ ♥ ♣♦r③③t r♦r♠♥t

♦♠ srtt♦ ♥ ♣r♥③ r③ st ttt s r ♦♥r③♦♥ ♦♠♦r♦ ♦r♥③ tt t♥ ♥ ♦♠♥♦ rq♥③ ♣rs♥t ♥ ♠♦r s♥stàrs♣tt♦ ♦♠♥♦ t♠♣♦ qst♦ ♥♦♠♥♦ ♣ò ssr srttt♦ ♣r ♦tt♥r ♥ ♠♦r ♦tà qs③♦♥ s♥s♦♥ ♥ ♠♦r ♣♥tr③♦♥ ♥ ♣r♦♦♥tà ♦ ♣r ♠♥tr s♥stà r ♠t♦ ♥③♦♥

s③♦♥ sss ♥ srtt♦ ♣r♦rs♦ ttt♦ ♣r ♣ssr ♠t♦ ♥s♥trr♥③ ♥ ♦♠♥♦ t♠♣♦ q ♥ ♦♠♥♦ ♦rr sr♥♦ ♥t ♣♦rtt ♥♦ t♥♦♦ s ♠♠♥ ♣r♦♦tt

st♠ ♥ ♦♠♥♦ t♠♣♦

♦♠ srtt♦ ♥③♦ qst♦ ♣t♦♦ è ♣♦ss rr ♥t♥stà ♠♥♦s rtr♦s t③③♥♦ ♥ ♥trr♦♠tr♦ tt♦ ♥ s♦r♥t ♠♥♦s ♥ r ♠tt♥ r♦ q ♥ s♣rt♦ ♥ s ♥ ♠ ♣ttr ♥ ♣rt s r rs♦ ♠♣♦♥ ♥③③r ♠♥tr tr ♥ tt r rs♦ ♥♦ s♣♦ rr♠♥t♦ tsst ♠♣♦♥ s♠♥t♦ ♣r♦♦♥♦ rtr♦s♦♥ s ♦♠♥♥♦ ♦♥ s♦ ♠♥♦s♦ rss♦♦ s♣♦ rr♠♥t♦ ♥♥ ♥t♥stà s♥ ♥ st ♥ rt ♥ ♦t♦rt♦r st♦ è t♣♦ ♥③♦♥♠♥t♦ ♥ sst♠ ♠♦♠♥ s♠ ♣r♥♣♦ ♥ r♣♦rtt♦ ♥ r è ♦♠♣♦st♦

• ♦r♥t ♠♣♦ s♣ttr♦ ♥♦r♠♠♥t ♥ ♦♦ ♣r♠♥s♥t ss ♦r♥③• ♥trr♦♠tr♦ s♦♥ ♥ r③♦♥ ♣r♦♥♥t s♦r♥t ♣r ♥rs rr♠♥t♦ ♠♣♦♥ r ♥trr♥③ tr s rt♦r♥♦ rs♦ rt♦r

• ♣♦ rr♠♥t♦ rtt r③♦♥ s♦r♥t ♥tr♥♦ ♥trr♦♠tr♦♣r rr tr♠♥ ♦♥r♦♥t♦ ♣r s♦ rtr♦s♦ ♠♣♦♥ ss♦ ♥s ♥③③ rr♠♥t♦ Lref ♥ q♥t♦ ♥ trst♦ ♦♥t♥♠♥t ♣r ♥ st♥③♣r ♣r♦♦♥tà ♥s ♥tr♥ ♠♣♦♥

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• ♠♣♦♥ s♦tt♦ s♠ tsst♦ ♦ ♠tr ♥③③r ♥ ♦tt♥r ♠♠♥♠♥s♦♥ ♦ tr♠♥s♦♥ è ♣♦ss t③③r s♣ ♥♦♠tr ♣r r s♦ ♥♥t ♦♣♣r r trsr ♠♣♦♥ ♥♦ ♥ ♦ ♥tr♠ r③♦♥ trsrs st♥③ ♠♣♦♥ ♥trr♦♠tr♦ ♥s ♥③③ Lsig

• t♦r ♦t♦♦♦ ♦♥rt ♣♦t♥③ ♦tt s♦ st ♥ ♥ s♥ ttr♦iph(t) ♥ ♠♦♦ t ♥ ♦rt♦ ♣r ♦tt♥r ♥♦r♠③♦♥ rst

r ♠ sst♠ ♠♦♠♥

s♦ ♦♥ ♠♦♥♦r♦♠t ♣rtt♠♥t ♦r♥t rq♥③ ♦tt ν ♥trr♦♠tr♦ ♥ rs♦♥ s♦ ♣r♦♥♥t s♦r♥t q ♥♦♥♦ rss ♦tt♥♥♦ s♥t ♦♥

Eref (r, t) = Erej[2πνt+φr(r)] Esig(r, t) = Ese

j[2πνt+φs(r)]

♦ s s♦♥♦ t st♥③ ♣r♦rs rt ♦♥ ♠♥♦s

φr(r) = 2βrLref = 2 2πλr

Lref φs(r) = 2βsLsig = 2 2πλsLsig

♦♥ βr,s ♦st♥t ♣r♦♣③♦♥ rt ♠③③♦ ♥ r③♦♥ s ♣r♦♣ λr,s ♥③③♦♥ 2 · Lr,s st♥③ ♣r♦rs ♥t rt♦r♥♦ ♦♥ ♥ r♠♦♥sr♥♦ st③♦♥ ♥ s♣③♦ r♦ ♦st♥t ♣r♦♣③♦♥ rst♥♦ ssr tr ♦r♦βr = βs = β ♦sì ♦♠ ♥③③ ♦♥ ♦r♦ λr = λs = λ ♠♣♦ ttr♦ rst♥t st ♥trr♦♠tr♦ è s♦♠♠ ♠♣ rss ♥t♥stà ss ss♦t è s♣r♠ s♣♣♥♦ q③♦♥ (1.2.3) ♥ ♠♦♦ s♥t

ITOT ∝ 12

(

|Eref |2 + |Esig|2 + 2ℜe

ErefE⋆sig

)

⇓ITOT ∝ 1

2

[

|Eref |2 + |Esig|2 + 2ErefEsig cos (φr − φs)]

⇓ITOT ≃ Iref + Isig + 2

√

IrefIsig cos(

2π∆Lλ/2

)

♦ ∆L è r♥③ tr ♣r♦rs ♦♠♣t s

P

♦t♦♦♦ ♦♥rt qst ♥t♥stà ♦tt ♥ ♦rr♥t ♦t♦♥rt ♠ s r③♦♥

Iph =

⟨

ηe

hν

|E|22η0

⟩

♦ η è ♥③ ♦t♦♦♦ e è r ttr♦♥ hν è ♥r s♥♦♦ ♦t♦♥ η0 è♠♣♥③ ♦♥ s♦ ♦♥srt♦ ♠♣ ♠♦♥♦r♦♠t (2.3.4) ♥t

Iph =ηe

hν

1

2η0

[

|Eref |2 + |Esig|2 + 2ErefEsig cos

(

2π∆L

λ/2

)]

è ♣♦ss ♥♦tr ♣♥♥③ ♦t♦♦rr♥t r♥③ ∆L tr ♣r♦rs q♥ ♥t OPD ♣t Pt r♥ tr♠♥ sr ♥trr♥③ è ♣r♦♦ ♣r♦♦ λ/2 ♦♥ trs③♦♥ ♦ s♣♦ rr♠♥t♦ t q♥ttà s♥ ♣rs♥t ♥ ♠ss♠♦ ♥t♥stà ♣rt♥t♦ qst♦ sst♠ ♥ s♥♦ ♦♥ ♠♦♥♦r♦♠t ♥♦♥ è s♥s ♣r♦♦♥tà

s♦ s♦r♥t ♦♥t♥♥t rs ♥③③ ♦♥ ♦ s♣ttr♦ ♣rs♥t ♥ r③③ ♥♦♥trsr ♦♥s♥③ ♦♥r③♦♥ ♣ò ssr stt ♥ ♣r♦♦♥tà tt♦q③♦♥ (2.3.5) ♥ ♣♣t ♦♥ ♦♠♣♦♥♥t ♠♦♥♦r♦♠t ♣r ♣rs♥t ♥ ♣r♦♦rs♦ s♦♥ ♦♠♣♦♥♥t ♦♥srt tt ♣r ∆L = 0 ♦ss ♣r st♥③ rt♥ tr s♣♦ rr♠♥t♦ ♠♣♦♥ tr♠♥ ♦s♥♦ ♥t ♥♥♥t ♦♥ ♥③③♦♥ s♥ ♦rrs♣♦♥♥t r ♦♠♣♦♥♥t s♣ttr s s♦♠♠♥♦ ♦strtt♠♥t st♦♥♦♠♥♦ è ♦t♦ ♦stt ♦ ♦r♥ ♥trr♥ è s♣r♠ ♦♥ s♥t ♦r♠

ITOT = Iref + Isig + 2√

IrefIsig |γsr| cos(

2π∆L

λ/2

)

♦ γsr è r♦ ♦rr③♦♥ tr ♠♣ ♠♣♦♥ q♦ rr♠♥t♦ ♣r♥♣♦ s t♥ è ♣r♦♣r♦ r③♦♥ rss♦♥ ♥t ♥

♠♣♦♥ ♥ ♣rt♦r ss ♥trrs ♦♥ s♥ rr♠♥t♦ s♦♦ q♥♦ ♥ trs③♦♥♦♥t♥ ♦ s♣♦ s tr♦ ♥ st♥③ ♣r ♣r♦♦♥tà ♦ strt♦ tsst♦ st♦ rtr♦s♦♥ stss st♥③ ♠♥♦r ♥③③ ♦r♥③ tr♠♥ q♥ ♣♦s③♦♥ ♦♥ ♥tr♥♦ ♠♣♦♥ Pr st♥r rs rss♦♥ ♥tr♥ ♠♣♦♥s r♥ ♥ssr♦ ♥r ♦rrs♣♦♥♥t ♥♣♣ tr tr♠♥ s♥ ♥trr♥③♦♥♥♦ r③③ Lc ♦♥s♥③ ♥③③ ♦r♥③ è t ♥ rs♦③♦♥ss sst♠ ♥♦tr s♦r♥t r♦♣r ♥ r♦♦ ♦♥♠♥t ♥ ♣rst③♦♥ ♥tr♠♥ rs♦③♦♥ ♣♦è ♠♦r è s r③③ ♥ ♠♥♦r è ♥③③ Lc ♠♦rrst ssr rs♦③♦♥ ss

❯♥ st♠ s♥stà sst♠ ♥ ♦♠♥♦ t♠♣♦ ♣ò ssr ♦t ♦♥r♦♥t♥♦ ♥♠r♦ ♦t♦♥ t s♥ ♦♥ ♥♠r♦ ♦t♦♥ rt r♠♦r ♦r ♣♥♦♦ ♥♠r♦ t♦t ♦t♦♥ t s♥ ♥trr♥③ è t♦ s♥t q③♦♥

Nsig = 2√

PrefPsigLcTesp

xd

η

hν

♦ Pref,sig s♦♥♦ ♣♦t♥③ s♥ rtr♦s xd è ♠ss♠ srs♦♥ ♦ s♣♦ rr♠♥t♦ Tesp è t♠♣♦ s♥s♦♥ t♦t❯♥ t③♦♥ q♥ttt r♠♦r è t♦ ♥ r qrt ttt ♦t♦♥ rt ♦t♦rt♦r r♥t ♦ stss♦ ♥tr♦ t♠♣♦r ♠♦♠♥t♦ ♣♦t♥③ rr♠♥t♦Pref t♣♠♥t ♦♠♥ s tr tr♠♥ s ♦tt♥ ♥ ♥♠r♦ ♦t♦♥ ♣r

Nnoise =

√

PrefLcTesp

xd

η

hν

❯❩

r♣♣♦rt♦ s♥r♠♦r ♥ sst♠ ♦♥sr♥♦ ♥ rt♦r è s♣r♠ ♣r♠③③♦ s♥t r③♦♥

SNRTD−OCT ≃ 10 log

(

Nsig

Nnoise

)2

= 10 log

(

4PsigLcTesp

xd

η

hν

)

s♦ ♦♠♦r♦ ♦r♥③ tt ♥ ♦♠♥♦ t♠♣♦ qst♦ SNR r s♦♥ ♣r♠tr s♥s♦♥ ♥trss s♠♣♦ ♣r ♠♥ ♦♦♦ ♥ rst♦ ♥ r♣♣♦rt♦s♥r♠♦r s♣r♦r 95 dB q③♦♥ (2.3.9) è ♣♦ss ♥♦tr ♠♥t ♥♦♥♦t♥t ♥ ♦♥sr③♦♥ ♦t♦♥ rtr♦s ♥tr ♣r ♥tr rt qs③♦♥ Tesp♥ rtà ♥♦♥♦ s③♦♥t tt♠♥t s♦♦ ♦t♦♥ rt ♥ ♥ ♥tr♦ t♠♣♦ ♠♦t♦ ♣ùr ♣r Lc

xdTesp ò ♦♠♣♦rt ♥ ♠♥③♦♥ s♥stà ♦♥ ♥ ♥t ♣rt

♥♦r♠③♦♥ ♠♥③♦♥ r♣♣♦rt♦ s♥r♠♦r ♦tà qs③♦♥ sst♠ rst ssr ♠tt s s♥stà

♣♦t♥③ ♠ss♠ ♠♠ss ♣ò ♥r s♦♦ ♠♥♦

st♠ ♥ ♦♠♥♦ rq♥③

❯♥ sst♠ ♥ r♦ r ♣♥♦ s♦ ♦t♦♥ rt s♥ t r♥t ♥tr♦ t♠♣♦ qs③♦♥ è ♦rr♦♠♥ ♥ trs♦r♠t ♦rr ♠sr ♦s♣ttr♦ ♣r♦ ♥ ♣r♦♦ s♥s♦♥ ♥r q rst ssr ♠♦t♦ s♠ q♦ ♦tt♥t♦ ♦♥ t♥ ♥♦tr ♥ qst♦ s♦ ♦♥trt♦ s♥ ♦r♥t♦ ♦ ♣ù ♥tr ♣òssr r♣t♦ ♥ ♠♦♦ s♠t♥♦ ♣♦é qst ♦♥trs♦♥♦ r♥t ♦♠♣♦♥♥t ♦s③♦♥♦ s♣ttr♦ ♦♠ srtt♦ ♥ ♣r♥③ qst t♥ s s ♥ tr ♠t♦ ♣tr♦♠♥ ♣t♦r ♣t ♦r♥ r♦s♦♣②

♣tr♦♠♥ ♦♠♦r♦ ♦r♥③ tt st♦ s s♣ttr♦♠tr♦ ♦♥♦st♦ ♥ ♦♠ rr s♣ttr ♦♣♣r ♥ ♦♠♥♦ ♦rr t③③ ♥ s♦r♥t ♠♣ ♥ ♥♦ s♣ttr♦♠tr♦ ss ♣rt ♣r ♠srr ♦s③♦♥ s♣ttr ♦ s♠ ♣r♥♣♦ s♣r♠♥t ♥ sst♠ è ♠♦t♦ s♠ q♦ ♥ ♦♥ r♥③ ♦ s♣♦ rr♠♥t♦ è ss♦ s♦ ♠ss♦ s♦r♥t ♥ r ♥ s♦ ♥t♦♦♥t♠♣♦r♥♠♥t s ♠♣♦♥ ♦ s♣♦ rr♠♥t♦ ♦ ♥ rtr♦s♦ s♥ rss♦♥ ♦sì ♦tt♥t ♥trrs♦♥♦ tr ♦r♦ st ♥trr♦♠tr♦ ♥ ♠♥t ♥♦s♣ttr♦♠tr♦ ♥ q rs ♦♠♣♦♥♥t s♣ttr ♥♦♥♦ s s♣③♠♥t ♣r ♠③③♦ ♥rt♦♦ r③♦♥ ♦♠♣♦♥♥t s♦♥♦ st♦ rt ♥ rr② s♥s♦r s♠♣♦ ♥ r♦strr ♦ s♣ttr♦ s♥ ♥trr♥③ ♦t♠♥t ♣r ♦tt♥r ♠♠♥ t③③ ♥ t♠♣♦ r ♥♦♥♦ ♠♣t t♥ ♠t PP❯ ♥rPr♣♦s♦♠♣t♥ ♦♥ r♣s Pr♦ss♥ ❯♥t ♥ r♦ ♦rr t t ♦tà

♥ r ♥ r♣♣rs♥tt ♥ ♣♦ss ♦♥r③♦♥ qst♦ sst♠ ♥ q trs③♦♥ ♦♥t♥ ♦ s♣♦ rr♠♥t♦ ♥ ♠♥t ♥ q♥t♦ ♥♦r♠③♦♥ t ♦♥ rss♦♥ ♥ qst s♠t♥♠♥t ♥ t ♠♦♦ s ♥♥♥♦ tt♦r str♦ ♦♠ r③♦♥ ♠♥ ♦ ♥rt③③ s♣③ ♣rs♥t ♥ t♥

s♦ ♥ s ♣rs♥t s♦♦ ♥ rss♦♥ ♣r♦♦♥tà ∆L = |Lsig − Lref | ♥t♥stàrt ♦ s♣ttr♦♠tr♦ st ♥trr♦♠tr♦ ♥ s♣ ♣s③♦♥ ω è t s♥t ♦r♠

ITOT (ω) = Iref (ω) + Isig(ω) + 2

√

Iref (ω)Isig(ω) cos [φs(ω)− φr(ω)]⇓

ITOT (ω) = Iref (ω) + Isig(ω) + 2√

Iref (ω)Isig(ω) cos(

ω 2∆Lc

)

♦ tr♠♥ s ♦♥ ♥trr♥t ♦♥♦

φs,r(ω) = 2βs,r(ω)Lsig,ref = ω2Lsig,ref

c

❯❩

r ♥ sst♠ ♣tr♦♠♥

s♥ ♥ ♦♠♥♦ rq♥③ ♦tt♥t♦ ♦♥ q③♦♥ (2.4.1) ♣rs♥t ♥ ♥t♥stà ♦♥♥♠♥t♦ s♥s♦ ♠♦t♦ ♦ s♣ttr♦ ♦♥ ♠ss s♦r♥t ♥♦r♠③♦♥ ♣r♦♦♥tà è q♥ ♦♥t♥t ♥♦s③♦♥ t tr♠♥ ♦s♥♦ q ♣♦ss ♥ rq♥③♣r

1

τ=

c

2∆L s♥ st t♦t tr♠♥ Iref (ω) + Isig(ω) ♦rrs♣♦♥ ♥ ♣♦ ♥trt♦ ♥ τ = 0 ò r♣♣rs♥t t♦♦rr③♦♥ ♦ s♣ttr♦ s♦r♥t tr t ♦♠♣♦♥♥t ♦♥t♥ s♥ ♥ s ♣rs♥t ♥ ♦r♠

F−1 [ITOT (ω)] ≃ Gsr(t− τ) +Gsr(−t− τ)

♦ ♥③♦♥ Gsr(t) è ♣r♦♦tt♦ ♦rr③♦♥ tr ♠♣♦ ttr♦ rr♠♥t♦ q♦ ♠♣♦♥ ♣rs♦ ♥ s♠ ss♠♥♦ qstt♠♦ s ♣r♦ ♣rt♦r ss♦r♠♥t t ♥rr ♥ s♦st♥③ ♠♦ s♥ ♥♥s s♣ttr ♦♠♣♦♥♥t Iref (ω) Isig(ω) sr♥③♥♦ ♣r rtr♦ rt♦ τ q è rtt♠♥t ♦t♦ r♥③ ♠♠♥♦ ♦tt♦∆L ♥③t♦ ♣r♦♦tt♦ ♦rr③♦♥ Gsr(t)♥♦tr q③♦♥ (2.4.2) è ♣♦ss ♥♦tr ♥♦r♠③♦♥ ♣rs♥t rtr ♥t ♠♦♠♥t♦ ITOT (ω) è ♥ s♥ r s ♦r③♦♥ tr♠t trs♦r♠t ♦rr ♦r♥s♥ s♥ r♠t♥♦ r♥♦ ♥ t ♠♦♦ ♥♠♠♥ s♠♠tr ♣r♦♦ ♣r♦♦♥tà ò♣ò ♣♦rtr ♥ rrt ♥s strttr ♥ s♠ ♥ s♦ ♥ ♦ s♣♦ rr♠♥t♦s tr♦♣♣♦ ♦♥t♥♦ ♥trr♦♠tr♦ rs♣tt♦ ♠♣♦♥ tr♦ tt♦r r♦ ♥s è♦sttt♦ ♦r♥ ♥♦s ♦ss rs rss♦♥ ♥♦♥ ♦t ♥♦♥♦ ♥tr♥♦ str♠♥t ♠sr

s♦ ♥r ♥trr♦r♠♠ s♣ttr ♦♥ ♣ù ♦♠♣♦♥♥t rss trtt③♦♥ ♠t♠t ♥♦♥ ♠ ♥ q♥t♦ tr♠t trs♦r♠t ♦rr è ♣♦ss rr s♥ ♦♠♣♦♥♥tt♠♣♦r ♦♥s♥③ ♥ s♥♦ ♣♦s③♦♥ rss♦♥ ♥t

♥♦♠♥t s♦ t♥ ♥ ♦♠♥♦ t♠♣♦ rs♦③♦♥ ss è t ♥③③ ♦r♥③ Lc s♦r♥t ♥ ♣rt♦r ♥ t rs♦③♦♥ s♣③ rttrstsr ♣r ♥ sst♠ r ♠♣♦ ♥ ♠ttt♦r ♦♥ r③③ s♣ttr♠♣ ♦è ♥③③ ♦r♥③ ♣♦ ò ♠♣ ♥ ♥tr♦ ♣r♦♦♥tà ♥ s♥s♦♥ ♠♦r ♥sst ♥ ♥♠r♦ t♦ ♣① N qst♦ rstt♦ ♣ò ssr ♦tt♥t♦ ♠♥♥♦♥ ♠♥s♦♥ ♦ ♥r♠♥t♥♦♥ q♥ttà ♥ s♥s♦r ♠r

❯❩

♥♠r♦ ♦t♦♥ s♥ t è t♦ ♦r♠

Nsig = 2Tesp

√

PrefPsigη

hν

♦ Tesp è t♠♣♦ s♥s♦♥ t♦t Pref,sig s♦♥♦ ♣♦t♥③ s♥ rtr♦s hν è ♥r s♥♦♦ ♦t♦♥ η è ♥③ q♥tst s♣♦st♦ ♦t♦s♥s♥ qst♦ s♦ ♥♠r♦ t♦t ♦t♦♥ r♠♦r♦s è s♠♣r t♦ r qrt ♦t♦♥ t♦t s♥ rr♠♥t♦

Nnoise =

√

PrefTespη

hν

♦♥s♥③ r♣♣♦rt♦ s♥r♠♦r ♥ s♦ sst♠ è ♦ ♦♥ s♥tr③♦♥

SNRSD−OCT ≃ 10 log

(

Nsig

Nnoise

)2

= 10 log(

4PsigTespη

hν

)

Pr ♥ ♦♠♦r♦ ♦r♥③ tt ♥ ♦♠♥♦ rq♥③ ♣r♦♦♥tà s♥s♦♥ xdr♣♣rs♥t ♥tr♦ ♥tr♦ ♦s③♦♥ s♣ttr ♦ s♣ttr♦♠tr♦ è ♥ r♦ rr t ♦r ♥ s♣rt♦ ♦s③♦♥ ♣♦ss♦♥♦ ♣♦rtr ♦ str♠♥t♦ ♥ str③♦♥ ♥rr♦sì ♥♦♠♥♦ s♥

♣t♦r sst♠ ♣t♦r ♦ ♣ù ♦♠♥♠♥t s♦r♥t ♦tt è ♥ sr ♥ strtt ♦♥ rq♥③ t♥ tt♦ ♥♦r♠③♦♥ ♥rq♥③ ♥♦♥ ♥ strtt s♠t♥♠♥t ♣r ♠③③♦ ♥♦ s♣ttr♦♠tr♦ ♠ t ♥t♥stà♥♦♥♦ rstrt sq♥③♠♥t ♠♥♥♦ ♥ s♥♦♦ ♦t♦♦♦ ♥ ♣sst♦ ♥♦ ♦st♦♥♦ s♣♣♦ t sst♠ è stt♦ srs s♣♦♥tà s♦r♥t st r♣♠♥t ♦r ♥③♠♥t ♦♥t ♠♥♦s r♥♦ ♦sttt sr tà str♥ q ♦♥t♥♥♦♣rs♠ rt♦ ♥ r♦ s♥t♦♥③③r r③♦♥ ♠ss r♥t♠♥t s♦♥♦ stt s♣♣t♦♥r③♦♥ ♣ù ♥ r♦ s♥t♦♥③③r r♣♠♥t ♥③③ ♦♥ rrt♦♥ ttr♦♠♥t st s♦r♥t è ♥③♦♥ ♥♠r♦ ♦♥ ♥rs♦ ♥③③♦♥ q ♣ò ssr s♣rss♦ s♥t r③♦♥

k(t) = k0 + δk · t

♦ δk = ∆k/∆t è tt♦r r③♦♥ ♥r ♥♠r♦ ♦♥ ♠♥t ♥ sst♠ r M ♥♠r ♦♥ qs♣③t ♣r ♦tt♥r ♥tr♦ ♥tr♦ ♥③♦♥ t♣♦

∆k = M · δk

♦♥ ∆k ♠♣③③ ♥ ♦tt ♥tr♦ ♣ò rr s♥ss♠♥♦ ♥ ♣r♠ ♣♣r♦ss♠③♦♥ r③♦♥ rq♥③ ν(t) ♥ ♠♥t♥t

♥r ♥ t♠♣♦ sr t♥ è ♥ r♦ ♥rr ♥ s♥ ♥t s♥t ♦r♠

Ein(t) = Einej2πν(t)t

ss♦ ♣r♦♥♥t s♦r♥t ♦tt ♥ s♦ ♥ r♠ ♥trr♦♠tr♦ ♥♦ è ♦♥♥ss♦♦ s♣♦ rr♠♥t♦ sst♦ ♠♥tr tr♦ è rtt♦ rs♦ ♠♣♦♥ s♠♥r ♦♥rtr♦s rr♠♥t♦ ♠♣♦♥ ♥♦♥♦ st♦ r♦♠♥t ♥t rt♦r ♠♦♠♥t♦ ♥③③ ♦r♥③ s♦r♥t è ♠♦t♦ ♠♦r rs♣tt♦ r♥③ ♠♠♥♦ ∆L ♦♥ ♣♦ss♦♥♦ ♥trrr ♦strtt♠♥t t♦ t♠♣ ♣r♦♣③♦♥ ♥ r♠ s♦♥♦ rs r③♦♥ ♥♦♥♦ s♠t♥♠♥t ♦t♦rt♦r rst♥♦ rtrt♥ rs♣tt♦ tr st♦ ♠♣ ♥ s♣ ♠♦③♦♥ s♣♣♦st ♥r ♥③③♦♥ s♦r♥t s♦♠ rq♥③ rs♦♥♦ ♥ q♥ttà ♣r♦♣♦r③♦♥ r♥③

❯❩

♠♠♥♦ ♦tt♦ ♦t♦♦♦ r ♥ s♥ ♥t ♥ rq♥③ ♥r♦r ♣r q tt♠♥t♦ ♥③③♥♦ ♦ s♣ttr♦ qst ♦♥ rst♥t ♥trr♥③ ♣♦s③♦♥ s♥♦rss♦♥ ♥t ♥ ♠♣♦♥ rs♣tt♦ rr♠♥t♦ ♣ò ssr rt ♥③♦♥ ♣♦ ♦rrs♣♦♥♥t t rq♥③ tt♠♥t♦

s♦ s♥♦ rss♦♥ st♥t t = ti sr ♠tt ♥♦♥ ♦♥ rq♥③ st♥t♥ν(ti) q ♥ ♥t ♦♥t♠♣♦r♥♠♥t ♠♣♦♥ ♥ s♠ ♦ s♣♦ rr♠♥t♦ t♠♣♦ t = ti + 2tsig s♥ rss ♦♣♦ r ♣r♦rs♦ ♥ trtt♦ ♥t rt♦r♥♦ ♣r 2Lsig,ref ♦♦♥♦ r♥♦ ♥trr♥③ ♠♦♠♥t♦ ♦♥ ♠ss è r ♥ t♠♣♦ r③♦♥ ss♠♦♥♦ rq♥③ st♥t♥ rs

νsig = ν(ti) νref = ν(ti + τ)

♦ τ è t♠♣♦ ♠♣t♦ ♣r ♣r♦rrr st♥③ ∆L ♥ ♥t rt♦r♥♦ ♦tà st♦ rtr♦ è s♣r♠ ♦♥ r③♦♥

τ = 2tsig − 2tref =2∆L

c

♦♥s♥③ st♥t t = ti + 2tsig s ♥r ♥♦♠♥♦ tt♠♥t♦ s♦♥♦ (1.2.12) s♥ rst♥t ♣rs♥t ♥ ♥♠♥t♦ ♦s♥♦ rq♥③ tt♠♥t♦

νB = νref − νsig = [νin + ν(ti + τ)]− [νin + ν(ti)] ∝ m2∆L

c

st rq♥③ rst ssr rtt♠♥t ♦t r♥③ ♠♠♥♦ ♦tt♦ ∆L q♣ò ssr rt tr♠t trs♦r♠t ♦rr s♥ ttr♦ ♥rt♦ ♦t♦rt♦r♥ q♥t♦ ss♦ ♣rs♥t ♥ r s♣ttr ♥trt ♣r♦♣r♦ rq♥③ tt♠♥t♦ ♥♦tr♠♣③③ t ♣♦ tr♠♥ ♣♦t♥③ rt♦r♥♦ rss♦♥ ♦r♦ ♠♦♦ ♦♥t rtttà strttr s♦tt♦ s♠

s♦ ♠♦t♣ rss♦♥ ♠♣♦♥ s♥ ♥trr♥③ ♦♥t♥ rs rq♥③ tt♠♥t♦ ♦♥♥ q è ♦t rt ∆L is♠ ♥tr rtt♥t Pr♠③③♦ trs♦r♠t ♦rr è ♣♦ss q♥ s③③r ♥ ♦♠♥♦ rq♥③ rt♣ ♣r ♦♥♥♦ ss tr♠♥r♥ ♣♦s③♦♥ ♠♣③③

s♥ ♥trr♥③ ♦tt♥t♦ r③ ♠♣♦ ♥trr♦♠tr♦ ♣ò ssr rt♦ ♥♦t♦rt♦r s♥♦♦ ♦♣♣r ♦t♦♦ ♥t ♥ ♦♠♣♥sr ♥t st♦rs♦♥ r③♦♥ ♣ò sr

♣t ♦r♥ r♦s♦♣② rs♦③♦♥ trsrs ♦tt♥t ♦♥ t♥ ♣r♥t♠♥t s♣♦st rst ssr ♥♦♥ tt rr strttr ♠r♦s♦♣ r ♦ sr s ♦♠♣r♦♠ss♦ rs♦③♦♥♣r♦♦♥tà ♠♣♦ ❯♥ r♥t tt ♣t ♦r♥ r♦s♦♣② ♣r t③③♦ ♠ss♠ rs♦③♦♥ trsrs ♦tt♥ ♦♥ ♥ sst♠ ♥t s♣t♦ ♣r♦♦♥tà ♦♦ ♥ ♣rt♦r è ♣♦ss ♦tt♥r ♦r rs♦③♦♥♦r♥ 1÷ 2 µm ♦♠♣r ♦♥ tr t♥ ♠r♦s♦♣

qs③♦♥ t ♥ ♣r ♠③③♦ ♠♠♥ ♥ ♦r♦ ♠♠♥ ♣♥♦ r♦♥t ♠♣♦♥ ♥♦tr trs♥♦ ♠♣♦♥ ♥♦ ss ♦♥t♥ ③ è ♣♦ss ♦tt♥r s♥s♦♥ s rs ♣♥ ♥ ♦t ♥t rs strt è ♣♦ss rr ♥ ♠♠♥ tr♠♥s♦♥ ♣♦ ♦♠ tt t♥ r ♥ s♥s♦♥ ss ♣r ♦♥ ♣① ♦♥s♥③ ♥ ♣r♦rr ♠♠♥ t rs♦③♦♥ è ♥ssr♦ ♥ sst♠ s♥s♦♥ t ♦tà

♦♠ ♠♦strt♦ ♥ Prr♦ ♥trr♥③ tr ♦♥ ttr♦♠♥t s♦ ♦♥ ♦♥ rq♥③ rs

P

tr t♣ sst♠

♦rs♦ ♥♥ t♥ ♠♣♠♥t③♦♥ ♣r ♦♠♦r ♦r♥③ tt s♦♥♦ stts♣♣t ♦t ♥ ♠♦rr ♣rst③♦♥ ♥ tr♠♥ qtà ♠♠♥ r♦st③③ str st♦ ♥♦♥♦ ♣rs♥tt r♥t ♥♥♦ ♦tt♥t♦ rstt ♠♦r

♥r ❯♥♦ ♣♥t ♦ sst♠ è ♦tà qs③♦♥♠tt r tt♦r tr rtr st ♣rt ♥ ♠♦♠♥t♦ ♦♥s♥③ ♠♥③♦♥ qst ♦♠♣♦♥♥t ♠♦ ♣ò r♣♣rs♥tr ♥ r♦ss♦ ♥t♦ s♦♣rtttt♦ ♣r t♦♠♦r st♥t ♦♠♠r♦

sst♠ ♥r ♦♠♥♥♦ ♣r♥♣ ♠sr ♥ ♦♠♥♦ t♠♣♦ ♦♥ ♥♦ s♠ ♦t♦rt♦r s♣♦st ♥ ♣r♦ ♥ ♣rt♦r s♥ s♥t ♥trr♦♠tr♦ ♥ sts♦♥tr♦ s♥s♦r ♥ ♠♦♦ t ♥♦♥ ♦♥srr ♣♥♥③ t♠♣♦r rr ♥ ♠sr s♣③♥t♥stà

♥ ♠♣♦rt♥t ♥♦♥♥♥t t t♥ s♦♥♦ t♦ ♥♠r♦ ♣① rst ♣r ♥s♥♦♦ ♠♣♦♥ ♣r♦♦♥tà ♣♥tr③♦♥ ♠tt ♣① s♣♦♥ ♥ ♦♥ s♦ ♥③tt♥♦♦ ♦♥ ♥♦♥♦ ♦strt rt♦r rs♦ ♣♦ss r③③③♦♥ qst s♣♦st

♣t ♣ts ♥t♦ ♥tr♦♦tt♦ ♦tt tt ♥ sst♠ ♦t♠rr ♣♦sstà ♦♠♣♥sr rr③♦♥ r♦♠t ♥tr♠♥t ♥♦♥♦ ♥♦♦

♣r♠ sst♠ r♦♥♦ ♣r♦♣♦st st str♦♥♦♠ ♣r ♦rrr st♦rs♦♥ ♦t s♦ ♣ss♦ ttrrs♦ t♠♦sr qst t♥ ♠♣t ♥♥♥s ♦♦ ♠♥♦ ♥ tt♦ t③③ò ♥ s♥s♦r r♦♥t ♦♥ rt♠♥♥ ♥♦ s♣♦ ♦r♠ ♣r ♦rrr s♥stà ♦♥trst♦ ♠♦rr qtà s♦♥♥ s♦tt ♠♥ s rò ♥ ♦③♦♥ r③ r q ♠♥tò ♣rtr♥♠r s ♣r ♠♦rr rs♦③♦♥ s♣ttr ♥♦ s♣♦ ♥r♠♥t♥♦ ♠tr♦ qst r ♦♥♥③♦♥♠♥t ♣r r 1 mm ♠♥s♦♥ ♦ s♣♦t ♥♥t s rt♥♠♥s rs♦③♦♥ trsrs ♠♦r ♥♦ 10 ÷ 15 µm tt r③♦♥ ♠t ♠ss♠ rs♦③♦♥ t♦r q ♥♦♥ ♣ò ssr r♥t s rr③♦♥ ♦r ♦t t③♦♥ ♣♣ st rttt s♦♥♦ ♥♦tr ♣♥♥t r③③ ♥ s♦r♥t ♠♥♦s ♠♣t ò s♣ ♠♣♦rt♥③ ♠♣♦ ♥t r♦♠t

♥ ♥r ♥ sst♠ ♦t♠♦ ♦♥ ♠♥t ♦tt tt ♦♥sst ♥ s♥t ♦♠♣♦♥♥t♦♥♠♥t s♥s♦r r♦♥t ♦♥ ♠sr r③♦♥ r♦♥t ♦♥ ♦t rr③♦♥♦rrtt♦r r♦♥t ♦♥ ♠♣rts ♥ tr♠♥t♦ ♣r♦♦ r♦♥t ♦♥ ♥♥t ♣r ♦rrr rr③♦♥ sst♠ ♦♥tr♦♦ ♦♥rt r♣♠♥t ♥♦r♠③♦♥ ♣r♦♥♥t s♥s♦r ♥♠♣s t♥s♦♥ ♦♠♥♥♦ ♦rrtt♦r

❯♥♦ s♥t♦ ♠♥ ♦tt♥t♦ ♦♥ qst t♥ ♦♥sst ♥ tt♦ ♣r♦♦♥tà ♠♣♦ è r ♣rt♥t♦ ♠ss ♦♦ r♥t ♣r♦♦♥tà rst ssr ♦♠♣t s♠♣♦ ♦t♦rtt♦r ♣♦s③♦♥t ♥ ♦♥♦ rt♥ ♥ rt♥ s♣r ♥♦♥♣♦ss♦♥♦ ssr ♠ss ♦♦ ♦♥t♠♣♦r♥♠♥t ♦♥ stss ♦♥r③♦♥ ♦ str♠♥t♦ ♠ sr♥ ♥ssr♦ sr s♥s♦♥ ♠t♣ r♥♦ ♣♥♦ ♦ sss♠♥t ♥r ♦♠ ♥③③t ❯♥ tr♦ ♠t t♥ è ♠♣♦ s♦ rst ssr rstrtt♦ ♥♦ ♦♠♣rs ♥♥tr♦ 1÷ 3 ❯♥ ♣♦ss s♦③♦♥ ♣ò ssr ♠♣♦ ♥ sst♠ ②tr♥ q è ♥ r♦ qsr ♥ sr s♥s♦♥ ♦♥t r♦strr r♠♥t♠♠♥ ♦♠ ♣ù ♠♣

❯♥ ♣♦t♥③ ♥t♦ t♦ ♠♦r♠♥t♦ rs♦③♦♥ tr ♦♥sst ♥ ♠♦rqtà ♥r ♠♠♥ ♦tt♥t ♦♦ q s♦♥♦ tt rr③♦♥ ò ♠♣♥♦tr ♥ ♠♦r♠♥t♦ ♣rst③♦♥ ♦rt♠ s♠♥t③♦♥ t♦♠t ssst♥③♥ ♥♦s ♠tt ♦♥ ♦♥s♥t t③♦♥ ♥ ♦♠♣r♥s♦♥ ♣t♦♦ ♥ ♦

❯❩

P♦r③t♦♥♥st ♠♣ ttr ♥trrs♦♥♦ ♣r ♦r♠r s♥ ♦rr③♦♥ ♠srt♦ s♦♥♦ q♥ttà tt♦r ♦♥s♥③ qst♦ sst♠ è ♥ r♦ rr ♠♠♥t ♦ stt♦ ♣♦r③③③♦♥ ♦♥ ♠♥♦s ♥♥t rss ♠♣♦♥ ♦ s♣♦ rr♠♥t♦

r ♠ sst♠ P♦r③t♦♥♥st

♥ r ♥ ♣rs♥tt ♥ ♣♦ss ♦♥r③♦♥ sst♠ P♦r③t♦♥♥st tt ♥ P q s♦♥♦ ♥ r♦ r♦♥♦sr ♠♠♥t ♣♦r③③③♦♥ ♥ ♣♦r③③t r♦r♠♥t tt♦ ♣♦r③③t♦r 45 ♥ ♣♦st♦ ♣r♠ ♠♣♦♥ ♥ ♠♦♦t ♥♦♥ s ♥t ♦♥ ♥♦ ss ♦tt ♦♥♠♥t ♥♦ s♦ ♠♥♦s♦rtr♦s♦ ♣ss ♥♦♠♥t ttrrs♦ ♣♦r③③t♦r ss♦ ♣♦ss ♥♦ stt♦ ♣♦r③③③♦♥♥r r♦tt♦ 90 rs♣tt♦ q♦ ♦r♥t♦ s♦r♥t r♠♦ rr♠♥t♦ ♥ ♥srt♦♥ ♥ ♣♦r③③t♦r ♥ r♦ r♦tr ♦ stt♦ ♣♦r③③③♦♥ 22.5 ♥ rr ♥trr♥③tr ♥ ♣♦r③③t ♥ s♥s♦ ♦r③③♦♥t ♥ ♣♦r③③t 45 ♥ qst♦ ♠♦♦ è ♣♦ss ♦tt♥r♥ tr♠♥ ♥trr♥③ s♦r♣♣♦st♦ ♥ tr♠♥ ♦♠♣♦♥♥t ♦♥t♥

st t♥ P ♥③♠♥t ♣♣t ♣r rttr③③r rr♥♥③ ♣ rt♥ ♦ s♠t♦ ♥t ♥ ♣rt♦r rr♥♥③ ♠ ♦♥ ♥③r ♥♠tt ♦♥s♥③ ♦♠♦r♦ ♦r♥③ tt ♣ò ssr ♠♣t♦ ♣r ♥r ♥♣r♦ ♠♠♥t♦ ♣t♦♦ ♦♠ ♦♠ rs st ♥♥♦ t♥ P♦r ♥ ♣♣r♦♦ tr♥t♦ ♣r tr r③♦♥ ♣r♦♣rtà ♦tt tsst tt ♥s♦ ♥ ♥ ♠♠♥t♦ ♥ rr♥♥③ ♥ ♣r♠ tsst♦ s ss♦tt ♦ s ♥r♦ssò ♣r♠tt ♥ ♥st③♦♥ ♣r♦ ♦♣♣♦rt♥tà ♥tr♥t t♠♣st

♦♥r♦♥t♦ tr ♦♥r③♦♥

♦rs♦ ♥♥ ♦③♦♥ sst♠ rst♦ ♥♦t♦ s♦r③ ♥ ♦tt♥rrstt s♠♣r ♠♦r ♥♦ s♣♦ ♦ s♣♣♦ ♠♦r ♠♣♦rt♥③ rr ♣ss♦ qst t♥ ♦♠♥♦ t♠♣♦ q♦ rq♥③

♥ ♥ sst♠ ♠♥t♦ r③③ ♥ s♦r♥t ♠♣ ♥ ♦ r♣♣♦rt♦ s♥r♠♦r ♣♦é s r♥ ♥ssr♦ ♠♥tr ♥ ♥ ttr♦♥ s♣♦st♦♦t♦s♥s ♠♣t♦ Pr ♠♥t♥r ♦ stss♦ sst♦♥♦ r ♣♦sstà ♠♥r ♦tà qs③♦♥ s♥ ♠♥r ♥tr♦ s♥s♦♥ ♥ ♣r♦♦♥tà ♦♣♣r ♠♥tr ♥t♥stà ♠♥③♦♥ ♠♣♦♥ tt ♥ ♠♦t s t ♠♥ ♦t♠♦ ♣♦t♥③ ♦tt♥♥t ♥♦♥ ♣ò ssr ♠♥tt ♦tr ♠t ♣rst ♠r♥ t♦♥ t♥rs ♥sttt

❯❩

♦♥s♥③ ♣r ♦r t ♥♦♥♥♥t ♦♥♦ ssr ♠♣t t♥tr♥t ♣ù s♥s

♦♥r③♦♥ ♥ ♦♠♥♦ rq♥③ ♦ s♣♦ r♠♥ ss♦ s♥ ♥trr♥③♦rrs♣♦♥♥t r ♣r♦♦♥tà ♥♦♥♦ qst s♠t♥♠♥t st♦ ♣r♠tt ♥ ♣♥♦t③③♦ ttt ♦t♦♥ rt s♥♦ ♥tr ♦♥ ♦♥s♥t r③♦♥ rttt ♠♦♠♥t♦ ♠♥t♦ s♥stà ♦tà qs③♦♥

♠t♦♦ r ♥r s♥stà ♦tt♥ ♦♥ t♥ s♠♣tàrr tt ♦♠♣sstà sst♠ ♥ trsrt rt♦r s♦r♥tsr q ssr ♥ r♦ rr ♥ s♣③③♦t ♥ ♥ ♠♣♦ ♥tr♦ rq♥③ ♥♦trr③ t③③♦ t s♦r♥t ss♦ rst ssr ♠♥♦ s♣♦st♦ tt♦ r♥t ♥tr♦♦tt♦ ♥t s♣rs♦♥ Pr ♦♥tr♦ ♠♦♠♥t♦ r③♦♥ ♠ss ♣♥ ♥③③♦♥ ♦st♥t ♣r♦♣③♦♥ r r ♦♠♣♦♥♥t s♣ttr ♦♥ s trs♠tt♦♥♦ ♦♥♦tà r♥t ò ♦♠♣♦rt ♥ r♠♥t♦ tt ♥③③ ♦r♥③ s♣t♦ rs♦③♦♥ ss ♣ò ssr ♦♠♣♥st♦ ♥tr♦♥♦ ♥ r♠♦ rr♠♥t♦ ♠tr ♦♠tr♦ ♦ q ♦♣♣r ♣♣♥♦ ♣♣♦st ♦rt♠

s ♦♥r♦♥t♥♦ ♠t♦ ♥♦ ♥t ♣r♠♦ rs♣tt♦ s♦♥♦rr ♣♦sstà ♠♣r ♥tr ♥③③ ♦♥ [1000, 1300] nm q♥ ♦tt♥r♥ s③③③♦♥ t rs♦③♦♥ strttr stt ♠♦t♦ ♥ ♣r♦♦♥tà s♠♣♦ ♥ ♠t♦♦t♠♦ t rq♥③ ♦tt s♦ ♠ss♦ t♦♠♦r♦ rst ssr ♥s ♣③♥ts♦tt♦♣♦st♦ ♥s ♦st ♣r è ♣♦ss rrr rt ♦ stss♦ s♠ ♥ q♥t♦ ♦♦♥♦♥ st♦ tt③♦♥ ssr ♥ ♣♥t♦ ♥tr♥♦ ♦ str♠♥t♦ ❯♥ tr♦ ♥t♦ sst♠♣t♦r rs♣tt♦ sst♠ ♣tr♦♠♥ è ♣♦sstà r♥r ♦tà s♥s♦♥ ♠♦t♦ t ♦r♥ 80000 ÷ 100000 A− scan/s r③ qst s♣ è♣♦ss qsr ♥ s♥s♦♥ s♥ ♥ ♥ t♠♣♦ ♣r 0.01 s

♦t♠♥t ♥ ♦♥r③♦♥ ♥ ♠♣t ♥ s♦r♥t ♠♥♦s ♥ strtt♦♥ ♥ s♠♣ ♦t♦rt♦r ♣♦st♦ ♥ ♦ ♥♦ s♣ttr♦♠tr♦ ♥ q♥t♦ r③♦♥♦♥ ♠r ♦♠♣♦rt ♥ ♠♥③♦♥ s♥ ♠♥tr ♣r♦♦♥tà s♥s♦♥ s ♠♥s♦♥ ♥t ♣① ♠s♠♦ s♥s♦r ♥♦tr s♥ s ♣♦ss r♠r ò r♥♦ ♠♥s♦♥ stss ♣① r♦s♦ ♠♥t♦ ♦♠♣sstà ♦st ♥ rr② s♣ ♣rr♥③ s♥♦♦ ♦t♦rt♦r ♥ t t♥

♦♠ srtt♦ ♥ ♣r♥③ ♠♦r ♣rt sst♠ ♦♣r ♥③③ ♦♥ ♦♠♣rs tr 1000 nm 1300 nm ♠t rs♦③♦♥ ss s♦♣rtttt♦ ♥ ♠♣♦♥ r q♥ ♥str ss♦r♠♥t♦ rst ssr ♣ù ♠♣ ♥ ♥ ♥t♦r♥♦ λ ≃ 850nm ♦♥s♥③♣r ♦r ♣♥♦ ♥t t♥ è ♦♥♠♥t ♠♣♦rt♥③ r③③r s♦r♥t t ♦tà ♠♣♠♥t r♦ ♥ ♥③③ ♦♥♥t♠♥t r ♣rs♥tt♦ ♥ s♦r♥t st st③③♦ ♥ tà t♥ r②Pr♦t ♥ r♦ ♠ttr ♥③③ ♦♥ ♦♠♣rs ♥ ♥ ♥ ♥trt 1310 nm r r120nm q ♦r♥s ♥ ♣♦t♥③ ♦tt ♥ st r 45mW ♥ ♦tà s♣③③♦♠♥t♦ 20 kHz

♦♠♦r ♦r♥③ tt ♥ ♦♠♥♦ rq♥③ s♦♥♦ ♥tt ♠t♦ ♣r♥♣ ♥♥s rt♥ ♠♥ r③ t ♦tà qs③♦♥ t♦ r♣♣♦rt♦ s♥r♠♦r t rs♦③♦♥ tt s♥stà t t♥ ♣rs♥t ♥ ♣♦r♠♥t♦ r 6dB♣r ♦♥ mm ♣r♦♦♥tà r♣♣♦rt♦ s♥r♠♦r ss ♥ ♦rt ♠♥③♦♥ ♠t♥♦ ♥ t♠♦♦ ♥tr♦ s♥s♦♥ ♠♥♦ 2mm ♥ ♣r♦♦♥tà ♥♦tr ♦rt ♥r♠♥t♦ q♥ttà t ♥ st ♥t♥s♦ s♦r③♦ ♦♠♣t③♦♥ rst♦ ♣r ttr trs♦r♠t ♦rrr♥♦♥♦ ♥ssr ♥tr♦③♦♥ ♦♣♣♦rt♥ ♠♦ ♦r③♦♥ s♥ tss♠ ♦tà♦♠ s♠♣♦ Pr♦r♠♠ t rr②s Ps q ♣r♠tt♦♥♦ qsr ♣r♦ssr s♥ ♥ t♠♣♦ r

❱

r s♠♣♦ ♥s

♥ r ♥ r♣♦rtt♦ ♥ s♠♣♦ ♥s ♦♦ ♠♥♦ st rs♣tt♠♥t♦♥ sst♠ t♦♠♦r♦ ♥ ♣rt♦r è ♣♦ss ♥♦tr ♦♥ t♥ ♥♦♠♥♦ rq♥③ rstt ♦tt♥t s♦♥♦ ♠♦r ♥ tr♠♥ ♣rst③♦♥ qtà ♠♠♥

♥♦♥♥♥t t♥

♦♥♦st♥t ♥♠r♦s ♥t sss ♥♦r st♦ ♥♦♥♦ s♣♦st ♥ ♣r♦♠ rr♥t ♠♣♠♥t③♦♥ ♥ ♦♠♦r♦ ♦r♥③ tt

♥ rr③♦♥ s♣rs♦♥ r♠ ♥trr♦♠tr♦ s♦♥♦ ♦sttt r♠tr ♦♠ s♠♣♦ tr♦ ♣r r ♦tt r ♦ tsst ♦♦ ♦♥s♥③ ♦st♥t ♣r♦♣③♦♥ r ♦♥ rq♥③ s♦♥ ♠③③♦ ♦♥srt♦ ò ♠♣ ♥s♣rs♦♥ st♦ ♥♦♠♥♦ ♥t ♠♣♦rt♥t s♦♣rtttt♦ ♥ s♦ ♠♣♦ s♦r♥t ♥r r qtà ♠♠♥ rt ♦♥ t♥ tt♦ s♣rs♦♥♦♥sst ♥ s♦♠♣♦s③♦♥ ♥♦♥ ttr♦♠♥t ♥ ♥ s♦ ♠♦t♣ ♦♥ ♠♦♥♦r♦♠t ♥ ♠♦♠♥t♦ ♥ ♣ss ttrrs♦ ♥ ♦r♣♦ ♦♥ ♥♦ s♣♦ ♥ rr③♦♥ ♦♠s♥ ♦♥ ♠♦♥♦r♦♠t ♣♦ss ♥ ♥③③ ♦♥ r♥t ss s ♣r♦♣ ♥ tsst♦ ♥ ♦tà rs ♥ ♣rt♦r ♥ ♦♠♣♦♥♥t s♣ttr r♥t♥♦ q♥♦ ttrrs ♠③③♦ ♦♥ ♦♥s♥t r♠♥t♦ ♠♣s♦ ♥ ♥rss♦ ò ♣ò ssr ♦♠♣♥st♦ ♠♦♥♦♦ s♣♦ ♥ rs ♣♦s③♦♥ s♣t♦ rs♦③♦♥ ss tt♦ s♦t♠♥t trsrtr ♠t♦ ♦♠♣♥s③♦♥ ♣♦ss♦♥♦ ssr ♥tr♦③♦♥ ♥ ♣rs♠ tr♦ ♦♥ ♠♥s♦♥r ♥ r♠♦ rr♠♥t♦ ♦ ♦r③♦♥ s♦tr ♦♥ t ♣r♦ss♥

s♦ ♠♠♥ rt♥ ♠♦r ♣rt s♣rs♦♥ ♥s tr♦ ♦sttsr♥ ♣rt ♥③③ ♦♦ ♠t♦♦ st♦ ♣r ♦♠♣♥s③♦♥ ♠♣ s♣r♦♣rt ♠tr ttr♦ q ♥♦♥♦ ♣r♦ttt ♥ ♠♦♦ t rttr tr♠♥t♥③③ ♦♥ ♥tr♦rr rtr r♣♣♦ r♥t ♦♠♣♥s♥♦ q ♣r♦♦tt ♠③③♦ttrrst♦

♥t♠♥t r♣♣ rr ♥♣♥♥t rr ♦♦ ♦st♦♥ sssstts ♥sttt ♦ ♥♦♦② ♠r ♥♥♦ sss♦ ♥♠r♦s ♠t♦ ♣r♦♠♣♥sr qst st♦rs♦♥

♠♥③♦♥ s♥ t ♣ò ssr st♦rt♦ s ♠♦♠♥t ♠♣♦♥ ♦ s♦♥ ♦♥ ♦♥s♥t r③♦♥ r♣♣♦rt♦ s♥r♠♦r q♥ ♣♦r♠♥t♦ rs♦③♦♥ ss trsrs st♦ ♥♦♠♥♦ ♥ st♦ ♣r♥♣♠♥t ♥♦♥ ♣rtt♦♠♥t♥♠♥t♦ ♠♦♥♦r♦♠ttà ♦♥ r♥t qs③♦♥ ♦ stss♦ s♥

s♦ sst♠ ♠♦♠♥t♦ ♠♣♦♥ ♦ s♦♥ ♥♥③♥♦ s♦♦ ♥ ♣rt ♣① ♦r♠♥♦ ♠♠♥ q♦r t♠♣♦ qs③♦♥ s♥ ♣r ♦♥ ♣① ♦ss♠♦t♦ r ♣♦r♠♥t♦ ♣ò ssr trsrt♦

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♦♥trr♦ ♥ sst♠ tr♦r♠♥t♦ ♠♠♥ ♦t ♠♦♠♥t♦ ♣ò ssr r♥t ♥ q♥t♦ r♣♣♦rt♦ s♥r♠♦r ♦♥ ♠♥tr r♥③ ♣r♦rs♦tr r♦ rr♠♥t♦ r♠♦ ♠♣♦♥ ♥t♥♦ ♠♣♦rt♥t s♦♣rtttt♦ q♥♦ ♥tr♦ s♥s♦♥ r 20 dB st♦ ♥♦♠♥♦ è ♦t♦ rs♦③♦♥ ♥t ♥③③ ♦♥r♥t qs③♦♥ s♥ q ♥ qst♦ ♥ t♠♣♦ rs ♣r♦♦♥tà ♦♥♠♦♦ ♥♦♥♥♥t è r ♠♥♥♦ ♠♥s♦♥ ♣① ♠r ♦♣♣r ♠♦♥♦ r♦♥ ♥trss ♠♣♦♥ ♥♦ ♣♥t♦ ♥ s ♦tt♥ ♥③ ♥③③tr r♠

♥♥ ♥ sst♠ r③③ ♥ ss♦t s♥ ♥♠r♦ ♦♥ è ♣♦ ♣rt♥t♦ qst♦ tt♦r ♣ò ssr trsrt♦ ♥♦tr ss♦ ♥ st♦ ♣r♥♣♠♥t ♥♦♥ ♥rtà ♥ s♥s♦♥ ♥♠r ♦♥ q ♥♦♥ s♦♥♦ ♦s♣ ♥ s♦r♥t q♥trsr ♥ s♦ ♥ ♥ s♣rt♦ ♥tr♦ s♥s♦♥ ♥ ♣r♦♦♥tà

♥ s♠♠tr♦ ♦ s♣ttr♦ s♥ qst♦ ♦♥ t♥ ♣tr♦♠♥ è ♥ ♥③♦♥ r ♣r s trs♦r♠t ♦rr rst ssr s♠♠tr rs♣tt♦ ♣♥t♦ ♥ ♠♠♥ s ♥♦ ò ♠♣ ♥ r③♦♥ q♥ttà t t ♥♥t ♥tr s♠♠tr stss trs♦r♠t s ♥♠♠♥ s♣r ♠t ♥tr♦ s♥s♦♥ ♦♠♣ss♦ Pr ♦r t ♥♦♥♥♥t s r♥ ♥ssr♦ ♦strr ♥s♥ ♦♠♣ss♦ ♥ rr ♥♦r♠③♦♥ rr♦ s s♥ q ♣ò ssr r♣rt ttrrs♦ rs tr♥t ❯♥ ♣♣r♦♦ è r♠ ♠t♦ ♥ q s ♦strs s♥ ♦♠♣ss♦ qs♥♦ ♥q ♠sr ♦♥st s♣ttr ♣rs ♦♥ ♥ trs③♦♥ s♥r♠♥t ♣r π/2 tr ♠t♦ ♥♦♥♦ t③③♦ ♥ ♦♣♣t♦r r ♦tt ① ♥♥trr♦♠tr♦ trs③♦♥ ♦ s♣♦ rr♠♥t♦ ♦♥ ♥tr♦③♦♥ ♥♦ ss♠♥t♦ π/2♦♣♣r ♣♣③♦♥ ♥ ♠♦t♦r s ttr♦♦tt♦ ♣r qs③♦♥ ♦ s♣ttr♦ ♦♠♣ss♦

♠♦r ♦r♥③ t♥ ♥ ♦♠♥♦ rq♥③ s♦♥♦ ♣rs♥t t♣ str ♥t r♠♦r ♦r♥③ ♦ ♦r♥ ♥♦s ♣r♠♦ è st♦ tr♠♥ t♦ ♥trr♥③ ♠t tr ♦♥ rss s rs ♣♥t♦♥t♥t ♥♦tt♦ ♥③③t♦ ♠♥tr tr ♦♥t r♠♦r ♥ r♣♣rs♥tt ♥trr♥③tr ♦♥ ♠♥♦s s ♦♠♣♦♥♥t ♦tt ♦stt♥t sst♠

♠♦♠♥t♦ ♦♥ ♦♥ ♣ò ♥trrr ♦♥ tr s♥ t ♣ò sr tr③♦♥ q♥ ♠♠♥ ♣♦ss♦♥♦ ssr ♣r♦♦tt ♥ ♥ s♦ ♥ r♠♦ rr♠♥t♦ ♥trr♦♠tr♦ rst ssr ♦t♦ Pr tr qst♦ ♥♦♥♥♥t è ♣♦ss t③③r ♥ rr♠♥t♦tt♦ ♦♥ s♣♦ ♠♦ ♦♣♣r ♦♥ s♣♦ ♠tstrt♦ ♥ ♦♥ strt♦ rtt ♥ ♦♠♣♦♥♥t r♥t ♥ ♠♥r ♥ tr♠♥ r♠♦r ♦r♥③ è s♥t ♠srr ♦ s♣ttr♦♥ ss♥③ ♠♣♦♥ s♦ttrr♦ q♦ rt♦ ♦♥ strttr ♥③③r ♣♦è s ss♠trsr ♥trr♥③ ♠t tr ♦♥ s ♦♠♣♦♥♥t ♦tt ♠♣♦♥ tt sst♠ ♦tt♦ ♣ò ♣rs♥tr ♥sttà s ♦♠ r③♦♥ ♠♥ ♦ s♣♥s♦♥ tr♠ r ♦tt q ♣♦ss♦♥♦ ssr ♦♠♣♥st t③③♥♦ ♥ ♠sr ♠ ♦ s♣ttr♦ ♥ss♥③ ♠♣♦♥

rr③♦♥ r♦♠t ♠♠♥ ♦♥ t ♦♥trst♦ rs♦③♦♥ r♦♥♦ t③③♦ sst♠ s♥♥♥ ♥ r♦ ♠♥t♥r ♣ù ♦st♥t ♣♦ss ♠♥s♦♥ s♦♠♥♦s♦ s♣♦t♥ ♦♠♠r♦ s♦♥♦ ♣rs♥t ♥t s♥♥♥ ♦♥ ♥ ♣rtr ♣♦ ò ♠♣ ♠tr♦ r♦ ♠♥t ♥ ♣r♦ss♠tà ♦r str♥ s rr③♦♥ sr r♦♠t♥♦tr s♦t♠♥t ♥t ♥♥♦ ♥ ♥③③ ♦ r♥t ♦♥ ♥③③ ♦♥

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♥♥t qst♦ ♣♦rt ♥ tr③♦♥ ♦ rs♦③♦♥ sst♠ qst♦ ♥♦♠♥♦ ♥ ♥t♦ ♦♠ rr③♦♥ r♦♠t q è ♠♥ ♣r ♠③③♦ t③③♦ ♥tr♦♠t t♥tr

s ♠♠♥ ♥ ♠♠♥ ♣r♦♦tt ♦♥ t♥ ♠♦t rrt♦r♥♥♦ ♦ssrt♦ s♦♥♦ ♣rs♥t ♠♦♥ ♦r♥ ♥♦♥ s♦♥♦ ♥♦r ♦♠♣rs ♣♥♦ ♣r ♠♥♥③ st♥③ st rr♦ ♥ r ♥ r♣♦rtt♦ ♥ s♠♣♦ ♠♠♥ ♣ ♥ s ♥③ qst♦ ♥♦♥♥♥t s♦ tt r♥t

r s♠♣♦ ♠ s ♠♠♥

♥ ♣♦tr rrr ♠♥t t tt s r♥ ♥ssr♦ ♠♣r ♥ ♦tt ♦r♦ ♥ s♣③ t♦♠♦r♦ q s♦♥♦ ♠tt rs♣tt♠♥t r③③ ♥ ♦♥t ♣rtr ♥♠r ♥t ❯♥ tr♦ ♠t♦♦ ♦rr③♦♥ ♥ r♣♣rs♥tt♦ t ♣r♦ss♥ ♥ s ♦r③♦♥ ♠♠♥ ♦♠ s♠♣♦ ♣♣③♦♥ ♥ tr♦ss♥♦ s♠♠♥ s♥

♣♣③♦♥

t♥ s♣♣t ♣r ♣r♠ ♦t ♥ r♣♣♦ rrt♦r t♦ ♠♦t♦ ♥ ♣r♠ ♥♥ ♦r ♠t♦♦ è stt♦ s♣♣t♦ ♥♦ ♥r ♥ ♣ù ♠♣♦rt♥t ♠♦tà ♣r ♠♥ ♥♦ ss ♥tt ♣r♠tt ♦tt♥r ♠♠♥ t rs♦③♦♥♥♦tr r③♦♥ ♠ss ♥♥♦ ♣♦t♥③ ss t ♣♦tr t③③r qst t♥ ♥ ♣r ♥♦s ♥ tsst ♣rt♦r♠♥t s♥s ♦♠ ♦♦ ❯♥♦ s♣♣ ♣ù s♦st♥③ ♦♠♦r ♦r♥③ tt rr ♣r♦♣r♦ r③♦♥ ♠♠♥ ♦ st♦ ♠♦r♦♦♦♦ ♠♥♦ s♠♣♦ ♦♥ t t♥ è ♣♦ss sr ♥s ♦r♥ r rst♥♦♦tt♥♥♦ ♥ t ♠♦♦ ♠♠♥ tr♠♥s♦♥ s♠♥t♦ ♥tr♦r ♦♦ ♦♣♣r è ♣♦ss♥r ♣t♦♦ ♦♠ ♦♠t③③♦ r ♦tt ♣r♠tt ♥ tr♦r ♥t♦ ♦♣rr ♥tr♥♦ ♣♣rt ♣♦♠♥s♦♥ ♦♠ s♠♣♦ ♥ trtt♦ str♦♥tst♥ ♥ s s♥♥ ♠♦r ♥ ♥t♥ strt ♠♥ ♣ù s♦stt ♣♦ss♦♥♦ ♦r♥r ♥♦r♠③♦♥ ♥③♦♥ ♥t♦♠ ss♦ s♥ ttrrs♦ ♦♣♣r ♦r♥③③③♦♥ strttr tsst♦ ♦♥ rr♥♥③ str③♦♥ s♣③ s♣ ♥t ♦♥trst♦ ♦♥ ♦♥trst♦♠♦♦r

sst♠ ♦tt t♥tr s♦♥♦ rttr③③t ♥ ♣♥♦ ♠♠♥ ♣tt♦ ♥s ♥t t♥tr ♥sst♠ ♥ q ttt r s t♦ ♠♠♥ s♦♥♦ ♣r ss ♦tt♦ ♣r♣♥♦r ♣♥♦ ♠♠♥ ♥ ♠♦♦t rrr rttt st ♣♦ss rr③♦♥

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♣♣③♦♥ ♣r ♦tt♥r ♠♠♥ ♥ ♣rt ♦r♣♦ ♠♥♦ ♥♦♥♦ ♠♥ trtt♦ str♦♥tst♥ ♣r s♦♣rt t♠♦r ♠♦♥t♦r♦ t③♦♥ rs ♣ ♥r rss♦ ♥ sst♠ s♦r ♥③♦♥ ♦③③ strttr ♦♥♥ss ♣rt ♥t ♦♠♦r ♦r♥③ tt è ♥♦tr ♥ t♥♦♦ ♠r♥t ♣r t③♦♥ strttr ♣ ss♦ s♥♥♦ ♠♠♥t ♠♦r♦♦ t s tr③♦♥ ♥♠♠t♦r ♦♠ ♣s♦rs s♠♣♦ ♣ò ssr t③③t♦ ♣r♠♦♥t♦rr rst ♦ s♣♣♦ r♥t r♥r③♦♥ tsst ♥♥t ♦♣♣r♣r ♦ssrr ♦ s♣♣♦ sst♠ r♦s♦r ♥ ♠r♦♥ ♣♥♦ t♦♣♦ ♦ st♦ str t♦♠♦r♦ ♣ò ssr ♥ t③③t♦ ♥ r♠t♦♦ ♣r ♥♦s ♠tt ♣ ♦♠ ♥r♦ r♠tt r s♦♥ ♣r ♦ st♦ ♥♦♠ ♣ s ♦♣ ♦♣♣r ♣r ♥s ♣♠♥t ♣ st♦ tt

❯♥ ♥③♦♥tà ♥trss♥t ♣r t♥ è r♣♣rs♥tt t♦ ♣♣♦rtt♦ r♦♦♦♥ ♥♦s ♥ trtt♠♥t♦ ♦r♦♥r♦♣t ♦r♥♥♦ ♥♦r♠③♦♥ ♥t ♦r♦♥r♦r ♣r♠tt♥♦ ♦tt♠③③r rstt♦ ♥♦♣st ♦r♦♥r s rttrst♣r♥♣ è ♣r♠ttr ♥ s③③③♦♥ ♥ t♠♣♦ ♠♦t♦ r♣♦ rtr ♥tr♥♦ ttrrs♦ ♥ ♥♦r♠ ttr ♥♦♣st ♥ s♦♥ r③ s rs♦③♦♥ r 10 µmrs♣tt♦ 200 ÷ 600 µm ♦r♦♥r♦r ♦ ♦r♦♥r sst♠ ♣r♠tt s③③r strttr ♦♠♣♦♥♦♥♦ ♣rt rtr ♣ tr♦sr♦t ♦♥ t ♣rs♦♥ ♥♦tr ♣r♠tt ♦ssrr ♦r♥ ♦③♦♥ tr♦sr♦s t♥♦ ♦♠♣r♥r ♦♠♣ss ♠♥s♠ ♥ st♥♥♦ s

♦♠♦r♦ ♦r♥③ tt ♥ st♦ ♥ ♣r ♣♥③♦♥ r③③③♦♥ tr♠♥t ♥tr♥t rr s♠♣♦ ♥ sst♠ 1310 nm ♦♣♣t♦ ♦♥ ♥ ♠r♦s♦♣♦♦♣rt♦r♦ è ♥ r♦ ♦tt♥r ♠♠♥ rt♥ ♥ ♣③♥t s♦tt♦♣♦st trt♦♠ ♥ s③③r ♠♦ ♣t♦♦ ♠r

♥tr ♥♦♥ ♥s qs③♦♥ ♠♠♥ ss♠ ♦♠♠r③③③♦♥ sst♠♦tt♠③③t ♣r t③③♦ ♥ ♦rt♦r♦ ♥♥♦ ♣♦rtt♦ ♥ r♥t ♠♥t♦ ♥♠r♦ ♥♠stt ♦♥ ♦♠♦r♦ ♦r♥③ tt ♥ q♥t♦ ♦ s♥♥♥ ♠♥s♦♥ ♦ tr♠♥s♦♥ stss ♥♠ ♣ò ssr st♦ ♥ ♦ ò rst ssr ♥trss♥t ♣♥t♦ sttr♥r♦ ♣♦é r♥ ♣♦ss ♦ st♦ strttr ♦tt s♥③ s♦♥♦ r rs ♥tr t♠♣♦r ♣r ♦tt♥r s③♦♥ st♦♦ ♦ ♣♦ ♠♦ ♥♠ st ♥ ♦♦ ♦ s♣♣♦ r ❳♥♦♣s s ♠r♦♥ ❩rs s♦♥♦ à stt s③③t ♦♥ sss♦ r③ t♥ ♦ t♦♣♦ ♦♥♥r③♦♥ rt♥ s♦♥♦ stt ♥stt s♥♦ sst♠ ♥t♠♥t s♦♥♦stt ♣rs♥tt ♠t♦ ♣r ♦tt♥r ♠sr t♦♠t ♠♠♥ t♦♣♦ t ♣r ♦ st♦ ♠♠♥t strttr ♥ rt♥ ♥ ♥r♦ ♦tt♦ st♦ ♥♥♦ ♦ ♠tt ♦♥♦ stt♥③③t ♥ ♣♦ r♣ ♠ tt ♦♥ ♣♦è t ♥♠ ♣rs♥t♥♦ ♦ ♦♥♠♥s♦♥ ♣r♦♥ q ♠♥

s♦ t♥ è stt♦ ♥tr♦♦tt♦ ♥ ♥ ♠♣ str♥ ♣♣③♦♥ ♦♠♦♠ s♠♣♦ ♥ st rtst ♥ ♥♥ s ♦tt rt ♣♥t ♦♦ ♥ ♥s r♥ s♠t ♠♠♥ s t ♠♦♥t ♥t ♦♣♣r ♥ ♥s ♣r♦♣rtà ♥♦ ♥str♠♥t ♠s s♠♣♦ ♦♠♦r♦ ♦r♥③ tt ♣ò ssr st♦ ♣r s♠♥r ♥♠tr ♠♣r♠ s q r♥r ♦♣♣r ♣r ♥③③r ♣rsrr rsstrt ♦♦r ♥ ♣♥t ♥♦tr t♦♠♦r ♣ò ssr t③③t ♥ ♥♥s ♥t♦tt ♥ tr♦ ♠tr ♥r♠♥t trs♣r♥t ♣♦r♦s♦ ♣♦è ♦♠♣♦st♦ rs strt ♥tr♥t ♣r♦♣rtà ♦tt st t♥ ♥♥♦ ♣♦rtt♦ ♣♦sstà ♥③③r r ♠tr ♣r③♠♥t♥tr ♦♠ s♠♣♦ ♥ strt s♦tt ♣♦♠r ♦ rt ♥♦ ♣♣r♦ rtts♠♦♥tt♦r tr♦ ♦♦rt♦ ♦ r♠ s♠tt

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♥③♠♥t ♦♠♦r ♦r♥③ tt r ♠tt rr ♠ s♣♣♦rtt ♦♥ ♦r♥t ♦ ♥♥③♠♥t ♣rt r♦ss stt③♦♥ ♥str ♥ st♦ r③ rstt ♦tt♥t qst t♥ ♥tr♦♦tt s ♠rt♦ ♣r ♣r♠ ♦t ❩ss t ♥ ♦♥ s♣♦st ♥♦t ♦♠ trts♦t s♦♥♦ ♦♠♣♥ ♥st ♥♥♦ s♦ ♦♠♠r③③r ♣r♦♣r ♣r♦♦tt ♦♠ s♠♣♦ ♦r ♥♦♦s sst♠ r♦s♦r ♥♦st P♦t♦♥s sst♠ ♣r rr ♠s sst♠ ♥trt ♣r r♦♦ ♠♥ ♦r P♦t♦♥rsst♠ ♣r ♦t♦r♥♦r♥♦tr ♣t♦ sst♠ ♦t♠ ♦ ♦rs rr ♥t♦♠♣♦♥♥t ♥ t r♥♦ ♣rs♥t s ♠rt♦ ♣♦ sst♠ ♥♦ tr q♦♥♦st♦ ♦♥ ♥♦♠ ♦♠♠r ❳ ♣r♦♦tt♦ t ♠♥ ♥ ♦♠♠r③③t♦♥ t tt♠r ♥♦ ♣ 162000$ sst♠ è ♦sttt♦ ♥ ♦♥s♦♣r qs③♦♥ ♦r③♦♥ s③③③♦♥ ♠♠♥ ♥ ttr ♠♦♥♦s♦ ♥♦♠♦♠♠r è r♦♥② st♦ t♦♠♦r♦ ❳ r♣♣rs♥t ♥♦③♦♥ rs♣tt♦ sst♠♣r♥t ♣r♦♦tt ♥ss t s♣♦♥ ♥ ♦♠♠r♦ q s♦♥♦ ♥♦t ♦♠① ① 117000 $

❯♥ t♦ ♥trss♥t ♦ s♣♣♦ è r♦♥♦ ♣t ♣ù 9905rt♦ ♠ rr♥t s♦♦ ♠♣♦ ♦t♠♦ ♠t♦ ♦♠♥♥t ♥ ♣③♦♥

t rt ❬❪ ♣♥ t rt ♥s ❬❪

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P

st♠ ♥♥♥ ♥♦♠tr♦

sst♠ ♥♦♠tr♦ è ♦♠♣♦♥♥t ♠♥ ♣r♠tt ③♦♥ r♦ ♦tt♦s♥tr s♣r ♥③③r ♥ ♣rt♦r st r s♦ ♥♥♥ ♦rr♦r ②st♠❱ ♦rs ♥ q ♦♥sst ♦♠♣♦♥♥t ♦♥♠♥t ♠♦t♦r r♦t♥♦ s♣ ♣r s♥♦ ss ♥ s♥s♦r rstts ♣♦s③♦♥ rs♣tt♦ s♣♦ sst♠ ♦♥tr♦♦ st ♦♥r③♦♥ ♣r♠tt ♦tt♥r rs♣♦st ♦ t ♣rst③♦♥ ♥ rq♥③♥ r è ♣♦ss r sst♠ ♥♦♠tr♦ ❱ t③③t♦ ♣r r③③③♦♥ st♣ s♣r♠♥t♦

r ❱ ①s ♦rr♦r

rttrst ♣r♥♣ ♠♦t♦r s♣

♠♦t♦r ♦♠♣ ♣r♦rs ♠tt s♦t♠♥t ♠♦t♦ ♠♥♦ 360 r ♣rs♥t ♥ r③♦♥ rtt♠♥t ♣r♦♣♦r③♦♥ ♦rr♥t ss♦ ♦r♥t ♥♦ qst ♥ ♣♣t ♠♦t♦r ♥③ r♦tr ♠♥tr rrst s ♦rs ♥rt♥♦ ♣♦rtà stss ♦rr♥t ♠♥t③♦♥ ♥ r♠♦ss ♠♦t♦r ♦♥t♥ ♣r♦♣r♦ ♠♦♠♥t♦ s♦tt♦ ③♦♥ ♦r③ ♥r③qst

♥♦r♠③♦♥ rr♥t ♣♦s③♦♥ ss♥t s♣ ♥♦♥♦ ♦r♥t s♥s♦r ♦tt ♣♦s③♦♥ q s♦♥♦ ♦♠♣♦st ss♥③♠♥t ♣ s♦r♥t ♠♥♦s ♦t♦♦ s♥ ♣r♦♥♥t s♥s♦r ♣♦s③♦♥ ♥♦♥♦ ♥tr♣rtt sst♠ ♦♥tr♦♦ q♦♥sst ♥ s rr ♦r♥t ♦rs ♥ s♥ ss♦t ♥ s♥♦♦ ♠♦t♦r♥♦tr ♦♥♥ qst t③③ rr♦r ♣♦s③♦♥♠♥t♦ ♦tà ♥tr ♦rr♥t ♣rstr t♥s♦♥ ♣♣r ttt♦r ♠♦t♦r ss ♦♥♥ss♦

♠♦♠♥t♦ ♦r ♣r♦♦tt♦ ♥ rt ttr♦♥ ♦♥tr♦♦ ♣ò ♥♥r ♦rrtt♦♥③♦♥♠♥t♦ ♠♦t♦r ♦rs ♥ ♦r♥s ♥ ♥t ss♣t♦r ♦♥ ♦ s♦♣♦ ♠♥t♥r sst♠ ♥ t♠♣rtr ♥r♦r 50 ttr♦♥ qst rr r ♥ t♥s♦♥♦♥t♥ ♦♠♣rs ♥♥tr♦ [±15,±18] V ♥ ♦rr♥t ♠ ♥♦♥ s♣r♦r 1.2 Arms ♣r♣rst③♦♥ ♦tt♠ ♠♥tt♦r ssr ♥ r♦ ♦r♥r ♦rr♥t ♠ss♠ 5 A ♦♥s♥③ ♠♥t③♦♥ ♣r s rr è ♦r♥t ♥ ♠♥tt♦r ♦strt♦ ♣♣♦st♠♥t ♣r t rt ♥ ♣rt♦r ♦rs ♥ r♦♠♥ t③③♦ P ♥r P♦r♣♣② ss ♣r♦♦tt♦ ♥ r♦ ♣r♦r ♥tr♠ rt ♦♥tr♦♦

♦♥♥ss♦♥ ttr

s ♦♥tr♦♦ è ♥ r♦ s♦r ♠♦t♣ ♥③♦♥ tr str ♣♦t♦ ♠♦t♦r ♠♦♥t♦rr ♣♦s③♦♥♠♥t♦ s♣ ♥trrs ♦♥ str♠♥t ♥♦s ♦qsr s♥ ♥rss♦ ♣r ♣♦t♦ str♥♦ tt qst ♦♠♣t ♥♦♥♦ st ♣r♠③③♦ ♦♥♥tt♦r s♣③③t ♥ tt♦ s ♥tr♠ s rr s♦♥♦ ♣rs♥t qttr♦♦♥♥tt♦r ♥③♦♥tà s♦♥♦ st♦ srtt

• ♦♥♥tt♦r ♠♥t③♦♥ st♦ ♣r ♦♥♥ss♦♥ ♦♥ ♠♥tt♦r P• ♦♥♥tt♦r ♦♥tr♦♦ ♠♦t♦r ♦♥ ♣♥ ♥ ♥③♦♥ s♣ ♥③③t ♠♦♥t♦r♦ ♣♦s③♦♥ s♣ ♣♦t♦ ♠♦t♦r

• ♦♥♥tt♦r s♥ ♦♠♥♦ st♦ ♣r♥♣♠♥t ♣r ♣♦t♦ ♠♦t♦r rrstr♥♦

• ♦♥♥tt♦r ♥♦st ♦♥ ♣♥ ♦r♥s ♥♦♠③♦♥ rr♥t ♣♦s③♦♥ ♦rr♥t t♥s♦♥ ♦♥ ♦ s♦♣♦ sr ♠♦♥t♦r♦ ♦♠♣t♦ sst♠

♦♥♥tt♦r ♠♥t③♦♥ ♦♥♥tt♦r ♣♦ss ♥③♦♥ ♦r s ♦♥tr♦♦ s♥ ♠♦t♦r ♦♥ ♠♥tt♦r P ♦r♥t ♦rs ♥ ♦♥♥ss♦♥♥ ♣r ♠③③♦ ♦♥♥tt♦r ♦① sr ♥ ♣rt♦r tr ♣♥ ♣rs♥t♥♦ s♥t♦♥r③♦♥

♥s♦♥ ♦♥t♥ ♣♦st ♠♥t③♦♥ +15 V ♦ ♠ss ♥s♦♥ ♦♥t♥ ♥t ♠♥t③♦♥ −15 V

♦♠ srtt♦ ♥ ♣r♥③ ♦rr♥t ♦r♥t s rr ss♠ ♦r ♠♦ 1.2 Arms ♦r ♦rr♥t ♠ss♠ 5 A

♦♥♥tt♦r ♦♥tr♦♦ ♠♦t♦r ♦♥♥tt♦r ♣rs♥t ♦♠♣t♦ ♦♥♥ttr s ♦♥tr♦♦ ♦♥ ♠♦t♦r ss ss♦t♦ ♦♠♥t♦ ♥ ♣r ♠③③♦ ♦♥♥tt♦r ♦①♠ r♦t sr ♥ ♣rt♦r ♦tt♦ ♣♥ ♣rs♥t♥♦ s♥t ♦♥r③♦♥

♥ ♦rr♥t s♥s♦r ♣♦s③♦♥ ♠♦t♦r ss ♣r s♥s♦r ♣♦s③♦♥ ♠♦t♦r r♠tr ♣r s♥ s♥s♦r ♣♦s③♦♥ ♠♦t♦r r♠tr ♣r s♥ ♦♠♥♦ ♠♦t♦r ♥ ♦rr♥t s♥s♦r ♣♦s③♦♥ ♠♦t♦r ♥ ♣♦t♥③ s♥s♦r ♣♦s③♦♥ ♠♦t♦r ♥ ♦♠♥♦ ♠♦t♦r t♥s♦♥ ♣♦st ♥ ♦♠♥♦ ♠♦t♦r t♥s♦♥ ♥t

♠♦t♦r ♦♠♥♥♦ ♦♥ ♦rrs♣♦♥♥t s rr ♣r ♠③③♦ ♦♥♥tt♦r r♦s sr q ♣♦ss♦♥♦ ♣♥ ♦♥ s♥t ♠♣♦st③♦♥

♥ ♦♠♥♦ ♠♦t♦r t♥s♦♥ ♣♦st ♥ ♦♠♥♦ ♠♦t♦r t♥s♦♥ ♥t ♦♥ t③③t♦ ♦♥ t③③t♦ ♥ ♦rr♥t s♥s♦r ♣♦s③♦♥ ♠♦t♦r ss ♣r s♥s♦r ♣♦s③♦♥ ♠♦t♦r ♥ ♦rr♥t s♥s♦r ♣♦s③♦♥ ♠♦t♦r ♥ ♣♦t♥③ s♥s♦r ♣♦s③♦♥ ♠♦t♦r r♠tr ♣r s♥ s♥s♦r ♣♦s③♦♥ ♠♦t♦r ♦♥ t③③t♦

♦♥♥tt♦r s♥ ♦♠♥♦ ♦♥♥tt♦r è ♣rs♣♦st♦ ♣r qsr ♥ ♥rss♦s♥ ♦♠♥♦ str♥♦ s♠♣♦ ♦r♥t ♥rt♦r ♥③♦♥ ♣r ♥rr s♥ ♥st t ♠♦♥t♦r♦ ♦rrtt♦ ♥③♦♥♠♥t♦ sst♠ ♦♥♥tt♦r ♣♣rt♥ ♠ r♦s♣ ♦① ♥ ♣rt♦r ♦tt♦ ♣♥ ♣rs♥t♥♦ s♥t ♦♥r③♦♥

♥ ♦♠♥♦ ♥♦♦ ♥rss♦ t♥s♦♥ ♣♦st ♥ ♦♠♥♦ ♥♦♦ ♥rss♦ t♥s♦♥ ♥t ♥ ♦♥tr♦♦ st rr ♥ ♥rss♦ ♣r t③♦♥ ♣♦t♦ str♥♦ ♥ st t♥s♦♥ ♦st♥t −12 V ♥ st t♥s♦♥ ♦st♥t +12 V ♦ ♠ss ♦ ♠ss

s♥ ♦♠♥♦ ♥rss♦ ♣ò ss♠r ♦r t♥s♦♥ ♦♠♣rs ♥♥tr♦ [−10,+10] V ♦r♠ ♦♥ s♥s♦ qr ♦ ♥t s ♥ tt♦ ♠t ♥ rq♥③ qst s♥s♦♥♦ ♦♥ s♥s♦ r ♥ rq♥③ ♥r♦r r 250Hz ♦♥ qr ♥r♦r r100 Hz ♥t s s♦tt♦ 175 Hz ♣♥ ♥♦♥♦ ♦♥♥ss s♦♠♥t ♠ss s♥ ♣♦t♦ str♥♦ è ♦♥srt♦♥ ♦♥r③♦♥ r♥③ P ♠♥tr s ♠s♠ ♣♥ ♥♦♥♦ ♦♥♥ss ♥ ♣♥ ss♦rst ssr ♥ ♠♦tà st♥r P ♣♥ rr ♣rs♥t ♥ ♦♥r③♦♥ ♦♣♥ ♦t♦r ♣rt♥t♦ ss♠ ♥ ♦ ♦♦ss♦ q♥♦ s ♦r ♥♦r♠♠♥t ♠♥tr è ♦tt♥t q♥♦ ♥ ♥ ♠♥③♦♥♠♥t♦♥♦tr sst ♣♦sstà ♦♥♥ttr t st ♥ rsst♥③ ♣♣ ♥ ♠♥r t ♥rr ♥ s♥ ♦ ♦♦ t♦ q♦r ♥ ♥ rr♦r s♥ ♥ st è ♠tt♦ ♥t♥s♦♥ 30 V ♥ ♦rr♥t 30 mA ♣♥ tt ♥ s♥ t ♦♥ ♦r t♥s♦♥ ♥ ♣rt♦r s ♥ ♦ ♦♦t♦ +5V ♥ ♣♣t♦ ss♦ rr str♥♦ è tt♦ tr♠♥t ♦♥ ♥ ♦ ♦♦ ss♦r♠♥ stt♦ ♥ ♥t s s♥ s rr ♠♦t♦r è ♣rs♥t ♠♣r P ♣r♠③③♦ q ♦rt♦rt♥♦ ♣♥ è ♣♦ss tr ♣♦t♦ str♥♦

♦♥♥tt♦r ♥♦st ♦♥♥tt♦r ♣rs♥t ♦♠♣t♦ ♦r♥r ♥♦r♠③♦♥ ♥③③t st♦♥ ♠♦t♦r ♠♦♥t♦r♦ ♦rrtt♦ ♥③♦♥♠♥t♦ sst♠ s♥♥rt ♣♦ss♦♥♦ ssr qst s qs③♦♥ t st♦♥ ♦ s③③t s♦s♦s♦♣♦ ♦♥♥tt♦r ♣♣rt♥ ♠ r♦s♣ ♦① ♥ ♣rt♦r ♦tt♦♣♥ ♣rs♥t♥♦ s♥t ♦♥r③♦♥

♥ ♣♦s③♦♥ s♣♦ ♥ ♦♠♥♦ ♥tr♥♦ ♥ rr♦r ♣♦s③♦♥ ♥ ♦rr♥t ♦r♥t ♠♦t♦r ♦♥ t③③t♦ ♥ tst ♥♣t ♥♦♥ t③③t♦ ♥ t♥s♦♥ ♣♦st ♦r♥t ♠♦t♦r ♦ ♠ss

tt s♥ ♥♦st ♥rt ♦♥♥tt♦r ♣rs♥t♥♦ ♥ ♠♣♥③ st 1 kΩtt♦ ♣r ♣♥ ss♠ ♦r 5 kΩ ♣♥ ♦r♥s ♥ s♥ ♣r♦♣♦r③♦♥ ♣♦s③♦♥ ♦ s♣♦ ♦♥ tt♦r s 0.5 V ♣r♦♥ r♦ ♠♦♠♥t♦ ttt♦ s♥ ♥rt♦ ♣♥ r♣♣rs♥t ♠♣③♦♥ ♥tr♥ ♣♣t s♥ ♦♠♥♦♦♥ tt♦r s 0.5 V ♣r ♦♥ r♦ ♦r♥t♠♥t♦ ♦ s♣♦

❩❩❩ ❱

s♥ rr♦r ♣♦s③♦♥ è ♣r♦♣♦r③♦♥ r♥③ tr ♣♦s③♦♥ rst q tt♥ ♣rt rst ssr r♥③ s♥ ♣rs♥t s ♣♥ sss♠♥t♠♦t♣t ♣r ♥q ♣♥ ♥r ♥ s♥ t♥s♦♥ ♣r♦♣♦r③♦♥ ♦rr♥t ♣♦t♦ ♠♦t♦r ♦♥ tt♦r s 2V ♣r ♦♥ ♠♣r ♥ ♣rt♦r qst ♦rr♥t tr♠♥ r③♦♥ ♣♦s③♦♥♠♥t♦♦ s♣♦ s♥ ♦r♥t♦ ♣♥ r♣♣rs♥t t♥s♦♥ ♣♣t ♠♦rstt♦ ♣♦st♦ ♠♦t♦r st ♥ tt♦r s♦ ♥ ♥ rst♦ s♦♦ ♠♦♥t♦r♦ ♣♦s③♦♥ ♦ s♣♦qst♦ s♥ ♣ò ♥ ♥♦♥ ssr ♣rs♦ ♥ ♦♥sr③♦♥

♦♠ srtt♦ ♥ ♣r♥③ è ♣♦ss t③③r ♥ s qs③♦♥ ♣r st♦♥ s♥ ♥♦st ♥ ♣♦tr t③③r qst str♠♥t ♠sr ♦♥ sst♠ ♠♦t♦r s♣ s♦♣r srtt♦ s r st ♥♦ ♥ ♠♥r t ♦r♥r s♥ ♣♦t♦ str♥♦ ♥rss ♥♦ ♣r qsr s♥ ♦♥tr♦♦ tt♦ s♣ rst s♦♥♦ s♥t

• ♦♥rtt♦r t♥♦♦ s ♥ st ♣r t♥s♦♥ ♣♦r ♦♥♦r ♦♠♣rs ♥♥tr♦ [−10,+10] V

• ♦ ♦♥ rq♥③ ♠♦r 20 kS/s ♦♠♣ss• rq♥③ ♠♣♦♥♠♥t♦ s♣r♦r 100 kS/s• s♦③♦♥ ♦♥rtt♦r ♠♥♦ 16 bit• ♠♣♥③ st ss ≤ 50 Ω

rttr③③③♦♥ sst♠ ♥♦♠tr♦

sst♠ s♥♥♥ ♥♦♠tr♦ sts ③♦♥ s♦ ♠♥♦s♦ ♥ ♥rss♦ ♥ ♠♦♦ ♥③③r ♥tr s♣r ♠♣♦♥ Pr s♦r t ♦♠♣t♦ ♦♠ srtt♦ ♥ ♣r♥③♥sst s♣ s♥ ♣♦t♦ ♥r ♣rt♦r s♥ ♦♥tr♦♦ ♦♥s♥③♣r ♠③③♦ s rttr③③③♦♥ è ♣♦ss ♥tr q ♥♦r♠③♦♥ s♦♥♦ ♠♦r♠♥t♠♣♦rt♥t ♣r r③③③♦♥ t♥ q ♦♥♦ ssr st♠♦ ♦r♥r ♥ ♥rss♦♥è s ♥ ♦rrtt♦ ♥③♦♥♠♥t♦ rstt ♣♦ss♦♥♦ ssr ♦tt♥t t③③♥♦ ♥ s qs③♦♥ t t♦♥ ♥str♠♥ts q ♣rs♥t s♥t ♣r♦♣rtà

• ♥rss ♥♦ ♥ ♦♥ t♥s♦♥ ♥♣♦r [0,+10] V ♦ ♥ ♦♥t♥s♦♥ r♥③ [−10,+10] V

• ❯st ♥♦ ♥ ♦♥ t♥s♦♥ r♥③ [−10,+10] V ♦ ♦• ♥rss t ♥ ♣r♦r♠♠ ♣ ♣• ❯st t ♥ ♣r♦r♠♠ ♣ ♣• ♥rssst ♣r ♦♥tt♦r ♥ ♣r♦r♠♠ tr tr• ❱♦tà ♠♣♦♥♠♥t♦ ♥rssst ♥♦ [0.1, 250000] scan/sec• ❱♦tà ♠♣♦♥♠♥t♦ ♥rssst t [0.1, 80000000] scan/sec

st♦♥ qst♦ str♠♥t♦ ♣ò ♥r r③ s♦ s♦tr r ♦♥ q è♣♦ss ♥rr qsr ttt s♥ ♣rs ♥ ♦♥sr③♦♥ s ♦♥tr♦♦ ♠♦t♦r tt♦ ♦♥ ♣♣♦st ♦♠♥ r ♦ t s♦tr è ♥ r♦ ttr s♣ ♥ ♥rss♦ st s qs③♦♥

♦♠ srtt♦ ♥ ♣r♥③ ♣♦t♦ ♣ò ♥r rr str♥♦ ♦r♥♥♦ ♣♥ ♦♥♥tt♦r ♥ ♦ ♦♦ t♦ +5V t♥♦ ♥ t ♠♦♦ qst ♠♦tà st ♥♦♦ ♥ ♣rs♣♦st ♣r r♦r ♣rt ♣♦st s♥ ♠♥tr st ♦ ♥r q♥t ♣♦è s♥ ♦♠♥♦ ♥r s ♦♥tr♦♦ ♣rs♥t♥♦ ♦r t♥s♦♥ ±10 V tt♦r s t③③t♦ ♣r sr ♠♦r ♣rt ♣r♦ è ♠♣♦stt♦ ♦r 1V/ ♣r ♠③③♦ ♣♣♦st♦ ♠♣r P ♥ ♥t ♥ r ♥ ♦♠♣♦rt♠♥t♦qtt♦ ♦♠♣t♦ t s♣♦st♦ ♥ tst ♥♦♥♦ r♣tt ♥ ♣r tr tt♦r sq 0.8 V/ 0.5 V/

❩❩❩ ❱

Pr q♥t♦ rr ♥♦r♠③♦♥ ♣r ♥♦st ♥♦♥♦ ♣rs ♥ ♦♥sr③♦♥ ttt s♥t s♥t ♦♥♥tt♦r ♥③③t s♥♦r♠♥t ♥ r♦r rttrst ♣r♥♣ s♥♦ ss

♣r♦ ♥③③t rttr③③③♦♥ sst♠ ♥♦♠tr♦ ♥♦♥♦ st ♠♣♥♦♦ s♠ r♣♦rtt♦ ♥ r ♠♦♠♥t♦ rs♣♦st ♠s♠ s♦t③♦♥ ♥♥rss♦ rst ssr rs ♣r s♥ ♠♦t♦r ♥ ♥ ♣rs♦ ♥ ♦♥sr③♦♥ s♦♦ ♥♦ ♦t♥ ♠♦♦ t r♥ ♣♥♦ ♦♥tr♦♦

r ♠ ♣♦t♦ ♠♦t♦r sst♠ ♥♦♠tr♦

s♥ ♦♠♥♦ t③③t ♣r rttr③③③♦♥ ♠♦t♦r ♣rs♥t♥♦ s♥trttrst

• ♥ s♥s♦ ♦♥ rq♥③ r ♦♠♣rs ♥♥tr♦ [1, 260] Hz ♠♣③③ ♦♥♦r t♥s♦♥ ♣♦♣♦ ±1 Vpp ±2 Vpp ±5 Vpp ±8 Vpp ±10 Vpp

• ♥ qr ♦♥ rq♥③ r ♦♠♣rs ♥♥tr♦ [1, 110] Hz ♠♣③③ ♦♥ ♦r t♥s♦♥ ♣♦♣♦ ±1 Vpp ±2 Vpp ±5 Vpp ±8 Vpp ±10 Vpp

• ♥ s♥♦ ♦♥ rq♥③ r ♦♠♣rs ♥♥tr♦ [1, 100] Hz ♠♣③③ ♦♥♦r t♥s♦♥ ♣♦♣♦ ±1 Vpp ±5 Vpp ±10 Vpp

s♥ ♣♦s③♦♥♠♥t♦ ♦ s♣♦ rst ssr ♣r♦♣♦r③♦♥ ♣♦s③♦♥ ♦ stss♦ ♦♥tt♦r s 0.5 V ♣r ♦♥ r♦ ♠♦♠♥t♦ ttt♦ ♦♥s♥③ è ♣♦ss rr s r♦t③♦♥ tt ♥ r ♥③③♥♦ t s♥♥♦♠♥t ♣r♥t ♥ s♥ ♠♣③♦♥ ♥tr♥ s ♥♠♥t♦ s♣♦♥ r♥③ ♣rs♥t ♦r t♥s♦♥ s♥♦ ♦♣♣♦st♦ q♦ ♣♦s③♦♥ ♥♦tr qst♦♥ t③③t♦ sst♠ ♥♦♠tr♦ ♣r ♠♣♦str r♦t③♦♥ ♦r rr♦r ♣♦s③♦♥♠♥t♦ ss♥t♦ ♠♦t♦r stss♦ s♥ rr♦r ♣♦s③♦♥ ss♠ ♥ ♥♠♥t♦ ♦♥t♦r♦ ♦♥ ♠♣③③ ♣♥♥t s♥ ♦♠♥♦ s ♦r♠ ♦♥ ♥ ♣rt♦r rr ♣r♠tr ♦♠ rq♥③ ♠♣③③ s♥ ♦♠♥♦ rr♦r ♠ ♣r♦♣r♦ ♥♠♥t♦♥♥ s♥ ♦rrs♣♦♥♥t ♦rr♥t ♣♦t♦ t♥s♦♥ ♣♣t ♠♦rstt♦ ♣♦st♦ ♠♦t♦r ♣rs♥t♥♦ ♥ rq♥③ ♦♣♣ rs♣tt♦ q ♦♠♥♦ ò è ♦♥s♥③ tt♦ ♦ s♣♦ ♥ r♠t♦ ♣r ♠③③♦ ♥ ♦rr♥t ♦♥trr ♥st♥t ♥ r♥ ♦rrtt♦ ♣♦s③♦♥♠♥t♦

♥ s♥s♦ q♥t③③t♦ ♦♥ t♥s♦♥ ♦st♥t qs♣③t ♥♥tr♦ t♥s♦♥ ♣♦♣♦

❩❩❩ ❱

♣r♦ ttt è ♣♦ss ♥♦tr s♥ ♠♦r ♠♣♦rt♥③ s♦♥♦ q t ♣♦s③♦♥ s♣ rr♦r ♣♦s③♦♥♠♥t♦ ♥ ♣rt♦r rstt ♥③♥♦ qstt♠♦ ♠♥t ♦♥ rq♥③ ♦♥ ♠♣③③ s♥ ♦♠♥♦♠♥t♥♦ rq♥③ ♣rst③♦♥ t♠♣ rs♣♦st rt ttr♦♥ ♣♦r♥♦ ♥q♥t♦ ♥♦♥ rs♦♥♦ sr ♥ ♠♥r ♦tt♠ ♦tà r③♦♥ ♣♦s③♦♥ ♦♥s♥③ qst♦ ♠♣ rr♦r rs ♠♦t♦ s♦♣rtttt♦ t rq♥③♠♥t♥♦ ♠♣③③ s♥ rr♦r ♥③ ♥r rt♦ rq♥③ ♠♦t♦ ♥r♦r ♠t ♥t♦ s tst ♣♦è s♦♠ s♣ ♣r♦rr♦♥♦ ♥♦ s♣③♦ ♠♦r ♦♣r♥♦♥♦ ♣ù r ♣rttà rq♥③ ♣♦t♦ ♦tà ♣♦s③♦♥♠♥t♦ ssr ♠♦r ò ♠♣ q♥ rs♣♦st sst♠ rr ♥ rtr♦ rs♣tt♦ ♦ st♠♦♦ s♥♦ ♥t ♠♦♦ ♥ rr♦r rs♥t st♦ ♥♦♥♦ ♣rs♥tt ♥ rstt ♦tt♥t tst ttt s s♥♦ ♠♦t♦r

♦t♦r ss ❳ ♥ r ♥♦♥♦ r♣♦rtt ♥ s♠♣ s♥ rr♦r ♣♦s③♦♥♠♥t♦ q♥♦ sst♠ ♥ s♦tt♦ ♦♥ ♥ s♥ ♦♠♥♦ s♥s♦ ♦♠ srtt♦♥ ♣r♥③ è ♣♦ss ♦ssrr qst♦ rr♦r ♣rs♥t ♥ ♥♠♥t♦ s♠ s♥ ♥rss♦ ♣rt♥t♦ rr♦r ♥tr♦♦tt♦ ♥ t③♦♥ ♣♦s③♦♥ ♠♦t♦r ♥t ♠♣♦rt♥t rsr rq♥③ s♦♣rtttt♦ ♣r ♦r t♥s♦♥ ♣♦♣♦ t q ♦rrs♣♦♥♦♥♦ ♠ss♠ srs♦♥ r♦t③♦♥

f = 1 Hz V = ±1 Vpp f = 5 Hz V = ±5 Vpp

f = 100 Hz V = ±8 Vpp f = 100 Hz V = ±8 Vpp ③♦♦♠

r rr♦r ♣♦s③♦♥ ♦♥ s♥s♦

❩❩❩ ❱

♥ r ♥♦♥♦ ♣rs♥tt s♠♣ rr♦r ♣♦s③♦♥ ♥ rs♣♦st s♥ ♣♦t♦ ♦♥ qr ♥ ♣rt♦r rr♦r ♥③ ♣ ♥ ♦rrs♣♦♥♥③ ♠♦♠♥t♦ ♣♦s③♦♥♠♥t♦ s♣ ♠♥tr rst ssr qs st ♣r rst♦ t♠♣♦ ò ♥st♦ r♣ r♦t③♦♥ ♦ s♣♦ ♣r♦rr ♥ r♥r ♣rs ♥♦③♦♥♥♦♠♥t s♦ ♦♥ s♥s♦ ♠♥t♥♦ rq♥③ ♣♦t♦ rr♦r ♣♦s③♦♥♠♥t♦ ♠♥t s r♥t r♦t③♦♥ ♥ ♣r♦♦ t♠♣♦ ♥ s♣ st♥♥♦ r♠st♦ ♥♦♠♥♦ è s♣ ♣r ♣rs♥③ ♥ ♥r③ ♥ ♠♦♠♥t s ♣r♦♣ ♥♦♥tr♦ ♣r♦♦ s♥ ♦♥ qr

f = 1 Hz V = ±10 Vpp f = 20 Hz V = ±1 Vpp

r rr♦r ♣♦s③♦♥ ♦♥ qr

♥ r è ♣♦ss ♦ssrr s♠♣ rr♦r ♥ s♦ ♥ s♥ ♦♠♥♦♣rs♥t ♥ ♦r♠ ♦♥ s♥♦ ♦♥ 10 t♥s♦♥ tt♦ rr♦r ♣rs♥t ♣♦ ♣ ♥ r③♦♥ st♦ ♥ ♦ t♥s♦♥ sss♦ ò ♣ò ssr ♣♣r♦ss♠t♦ ♣ rr♦r ♣♦ ♦♥ qr ♦♥ ♠♣③③ rs♥t ♦ rs♥t

f = 1 Hz V = ±1 Vpp f = 1 Hz V = ±10 Vpp

r rr♦r ♣♦s③♦♥ ♦♥ s♥♦ 10

❩❩❩ ❱

♥ r ♥ rt♦ rr♦r ♣♦s③♦♥ ♠♦t♦r ss X ♥ ♥③♦♥ rq♥③♦♥ s♥s♦ ♥♦♦ ♠♥♦ r♦t③♦♥ ♦ s♣♦ ♥ ♣rt♦r è ♣♦ss♥♦tr rr♦r r♠♥ ♦♥♥t♦ q ♠♦ r♦ ♣r rq♥③ ♥r♦r 70 Hz ♦ ♣r♥♦ ♦♠♣rs tr ±5 s ♥ rq♥③ ♠♥t ♦ ♥♦♥♦ rst ♠♦♠♥t s♣ ±10 rr♦r ♣♦s③♦♥♠♥t♦ ♣ò r♥r ♦r 1 ÷ 1.4

P♥♦

r rr♦r ♣♦s③♦♥ ♦♥ s♥s♦

♥ r r ♥♦♥♦ rt rr♦r ♣♦s③♦♥ ♠♦t♦r ss X ♥ ♥③♦♥ rq♥③ ♦♥ qr ♥♦♦ s♣③③♦t ♦ s♣♦ tt♦ s♦♥♦r♣♣rs♥tt rs♣tt♠♥t rr♦r ♣rs♥t ♥♥tr♦ ♦st♥t ♦♥ qr ♣ rr♦r ♦t r♦♥t st ss ♥ ♣rt♦r è ♣♦ss ♥♦tr q♥♦ s♥ ♥rss♦ r♠♥ ♦st♥t rr♦r r♠♥ ♦♥♥t♦ q ♥ts♠♦ r♦ ≤ 0.03 ♣ ♥ ♣rs♥t♥♦ ♥♥♠♥t♦ qs ♥r ♦♥ ♠♥tr ♠♣③③ r♦t③♦♥ ♣rt♥t♦rr♦r ♣♦s③♦♥♠♥t♦ ♣ò r♥r ♦r 1.6 st♦ rstt♦ ttt è ♦♥srrs♣♦♦ s♥t♦ ♥ q♥t♦ t rr♦r è ♣rs♥t s r♣♥t♥ r③♦♥ ♣♦s③♦♥ q♥ ♠♣s♦ ♦♥trr♦ ♠♦r ♠♣♦rt♥③ rst ssr ss♦ rr♦r s ♦tt♥ ♣r ♣rt ♦st♥t ♦♥ qr

P♥♦

r rr♦r ♣♦s③♦♥ ♦♥ qr

❩❩❩ ❱

P♥♦

r rr♦r ♣♦s③♦♥ ♦♥ qr ♣

♦t♦r ss ❨ ♥ r ♥♦♥♦ r♣♦rtt ♥ s♠♣ s♥ rr♦r ♣♦s③♦♥♠♥t♦ q♥♦ sst♠ ♥ s♦tt♦ ♦♥ s♥ ♦♠♥♦ s♥s♦

f = 1 Hz V = ±1 Vpp f = 5 Hz V = ±5 Vpp

f = 80 Hz V = ±5 Vpp f = 80 Hz V = ±5 Vpp ③♦♦♠

r rr♦r ♣♦s③♦♥ ♦♥ s♥s♦

❩❩❩ ❱

♥♦♠♥t s♦ ♠♦t♦r ss X è ♣♦ss ♦ssrr ♠s♠♦ ♥♠♥t♦ ♣r♥t♦♥ r♥③ ♠♣③③ rr♦r rst ssr ♠♥t rs s ♥♦♥ tà ♥♦♥ ♣rtt ♥③ stss ♠♦t♦r

♥ r ♥♦♥♦ r♣♣rs♥tt s♠♣ rr♦r ♣♦s③♦♥ ♥ rs♣♦st s♥ ♣♦t♦ ♦♥ qr ♥ tt♦ s♦♥♦ ♣rs♥t ♣ ♥ ♦rrs♣♦♥♥③ ♠♦♠♥t♦ s♣ ♥ rr♦r qs st ♣r rst♦ t♠♣♦ qst♦ rstt♦ è st♥③ s♠ q♦ ♦tt♥t♦ ♦♥ ♠♦t♦r X

f = 1 Hz V = ±10 Vpp f = 20 Hz V = ±1 Vpp

r rr♦r ♣♦s③♦♥ ♦♥ qr

♥ r è ♣♦ss ♦ssrr s♠♣ rr♦r ♥ s♦ ♥ s♥ ♦♠♥♦♣rs♥t ♥ ♦r♠ ♦♥ s♥♦ ♦♥ 10 t♥s♦♥ ♥ qst♦ rstt♦ è s♠ q♦ s♦ ♣r♥t

f = 1 Hz V = ±1 Vpp f = 1 Hz V = ±10 Vpp

r rr♦r ♣♦s③♦♥ ♦♥ s♥♦ 10

❩❩❩ ❱

♥ r ♥ rt♦ rr♦r ♣♦s③♦♥ ♠♦t♦r ss Y ♥ ♥③♦♥ ♥♦♦ r♦t③♦♥ ♦ s♣♦ rq♥③ ♦♥ s♥s♦ ♥ ♣rt♦r è ♣♦ss ♥♦tr rr♦r r♠♥ ♦♥♥t♦ q ♠♦ r♦ ♣r rq♥③ ♥r♦r 60Hz ♦ ♣r ♥♦ ♦♠♣rstr ±2 s ♥ rq♥③ ♠♥t ♦ s sr♥♦ ♠♦♠♥t s♣ ±10 rr♦r ♣♦s③♦♥♠♥t♦ ♣ò r♥r ♦r 1 ÷ 1.5

P♥♦

r rr♦r ♣♦s③♦♥ ♦♥ s♥s♦

♥ r r ♥♦♥♦ rt rr♦r ♣♦s③♦♥ ♠♦t♦r ss Y ♥♥③♦♥ ♥♦♦ s♣③③♦t ♦ s♣♦ rq♥③ ♦♥ qr ♦♠ s♦ ♠♦t♦r ss X s♦♥♦ r♣♣rs♥tt rs♣tt♠♥t rr♦r ♣rs♥t ♥♥tr♦ ♦st♥t ♦♥qr ♣ rr♦r ♦t r♦♥t st ss ♥ ♣rt♦r è ♣♦ss ♥♦tr q♥♦ s♥ ♥rss♦ r♠♥ ♦st♥t rr♦r r♠♥ ♦♥♥t♦ q ♥ts♠♦ r♦ ♣ ♥ ♣rs♥t♥♦ ♥♥♠♥t♦ qs ♥r ♦♥ ♠♥tr ♠♣③③ ♠♦♠♥t♦ rr♦r ♣♦s③♦♥♠♥t♦ ♣ò r♥r ♦r 1.7

P♥♦

r rr♦r ♣♦s③♦♥ ♦♥ qr

P♥♦

r rr♦r ♣♦s③♦♥ ♦♥ qr ♣

♥ ♥r ♥ s♦ ♦♥ s♥s♦ ♦♥ ♦r rq♥③ s♣r♦r 250Hz ♠♦t♦r r♥♦♥ str♦ st♦ ♥♦♠♦ ♣r♦ s st ♥ tt♦ s ♦♥tr♦♦ ♥♦♥rs rs♣♦♥r ♥ ♠♥r t t♠♣st s♥ ♦♠♥♦Pr q♥t♦ rr ♦♥ qr è ♣♦ss ♥♦tr ♣r rq♥③ s♣r♦r 10 Hz rr♦r♠srt♦ t♦r♥ ♥ ♦ ♠♦ ♥ ♠♥r r ♥♦♥ ♥st♥t♥ ♥♦tr è ♥ ♣rs♥t ♥ss♠♦ rtr♦ tr s♥ rt ♣♦s③♦♥ ♠♣③♦♥ ò ♣ò r♣♣rs♥tr s ♣ ♥ s♥ rr♦r st♦ ♣ò ssr ♦t♦ tt♦ ttr♦♥ ♣r♦♣③♦♥ s♥ ♥ s ♣♦t♦ ♥♦♥ s♦♥♦ st♥t♥ ♠ ♠♣♥♦ ♥ rt♦ t♠♣♦ rs♣♦st

Pr ♥tr♠ ♠♦t♦r ♥♦♥♦ ♦♥srt ♥♦ ♠♥ r♦t③♦♥ s♣ ♥ ♦tt♥r ♥♦ ♦tt ♦rrs♣♦♥♥t t ♦r è ♥ssr♦ sr ♥ ♠♦t♣③♦♥ ♣r♥ tt♦r

st♦♥ ♠♦t♦r tr♠t

st♦♥ sst♠ ♥♦♠tr♦ ♣ò ♥r r③ s♦ s♦tr r ♦♥ q è ♣♦ss ♥rr qsr ttt s♥ ♣rs ♥ ♦♥sr③♦♥ s s ♦♥tr♦♦ ♠♦t♦r ♥ ♣rt♦r ♦♥ ♣♣♦st ♦♠♥ r ♦ è ♦♣♣♦rt♥tà ttr ♥rss♦ st s♣ s qs③♦♥ t t♦♥ ♥str♠♥ts

st♦ ♥♦♥♦ r♣♦rtt ♣r♥♣ ♦♠♥ rs♣tt♦ ♥③♦♥♠♥t♦

qrtss♦♥❵♥ ♥③♦♥ r ♥ sss♦♥ qs③♦♥ t ♥ tt♦ è ♥r♦ ♥trr ♦♥ s ♦r♥t t♦♥ ♥str♠♥ts ❵♥

♥♦t♣t♥♥♥♥♠sr♠♥t②♣ ♥③♦♥ ♣r♥ ♥ ♦♥sr③♦♥ s♣♦st♦ ♥t♦ ♦♥ ♥♦♠ ♥ ♥ sts♣t♦ ♦♥ ♥♥ s♥♦ ♥ ♠sr s ♠sr♠♥t②♣Pr s♠♣♦ ♦♠♥♦

♥♦t♣t♥♥ ❵♦ ❵❱♦t

♥ ♥ st ♥ t♥s♦♥ ♦ s

♥♦♥♣t♥♥♥♥♠sr♠♥t②♣ ♥③♦♥ ♣r♥♥ ♦♥sr③♦♥ s♣♦st♦ ♥t♦ ♦♥ ♥♦♠ ♥ ♥ ♥rss♦ s♣t♦ ♦♥ ♥♥ s♥♦ ♥ ♠sr s ♠sr♠♥t②♣Pr s♠♣♦ ♦♠♥♦

♥♦♥♣t♥♥ ❵ ❵❱♦t

♥ ♥ ♥rss♦ ♥ t♥s♦♥ s

♦t♣t♥♥t ♥③♦♥ ♥r ♥ st ♥ s♥♦♦ s♥ t ♠ss♦ s ♥♦♦ ♣ù ♥ st ♥♦♦ t ♣♦ss♦♥♦ ssr ♦r t♥s♦♥ s♦t♠♥t r♣♣rs♥tt ♦♥♥ ♠tr ①♥ ♦ ♥ è ♥♠r♦ ♥ st ♥t ♥ sss♦♥

st♥r♥t♠ sr ♥t ①♣r ♥③♦♥ r ♥ s♦tt♦r ♥t q ♥♦♥♦ ss♦t ♣rt♦r ♦♣r③♦♥ s♣t ♥ ①♣r st rrs stss ♥ ♣rt♦r s♦♥♦ ♣rs♥t ♣rt♦r ♥t ♦♥srr

• tqr ♥t♦ s♣tt ♥ rst st t• t ♥t♦ t ♥ ♥rss♦ ♣♣♥ s♣♦♥

Pr s♠♣♦ ♦♠♥♦

st♥r♠②q❵tqrsr♥t srqt♣tt❬♣♦s♥❪

♦♥ rst st t ♦r♥s s♥ ♣♦t♦ s ♦♥tr♦♦ ♠♦t♦r tt♦ ♥ r ♣♦s ♥ s♦♥♦ st rs♣tt♠♥t s♠♦♥ ♣♦st q ♥t s♥ ♦♠♥♦ ♥t s ♥ ♣r♦♦ ♠♦♠♥t♦ ♥ t♠♦ ♠♣♦♥ ♥ ♥♥t♦ ♥t♦ rst st t ♥ ♥rt♦ ♦♥s♥③ ♥ r♦t♦ ♥ ♥♦♦♣r♦♦ s♥ ♥ t ♠♦♦ s ♦tt♥ ♥ s♥ ♦♥tr♦♦ ♦♥t♥♦ ♥ t♠♣♦♦♥ ♦♠♥♦

st♥r♠②q❵tsr♥t ♣♦t♥t♠t♠♣s ♥tt

è ♣♦ss rr s③③r ♥rss ♥♦ ♥ t♠♣♦ r ♦♥t♥♦

qt♣ttst ♥③♦♥ ♣r♥ sss♦♥ s ♥srs t ♥ ♦ st Pr ♥r t rs♦ str♥♦ ♦♥♦ ssr r♠t ♥③♦♥ strt♦rr♦♥s♦♣♣r strtr♦♥s t ♣♦ss♦♥♦ ssr ♦r t♥s♦♥ s♦t♠♥t r♣♣rs♥tt ♦♥♥ ♠tr ①♥ ♦ ♥ è ♥♠r♦ ♥ st ♥t ♥ sss♦♥

strtr♦♥s ♥③♦♥ ♣r♥ sss♦♥ s ♥ s ttt ♦♣r③♦♥ srttr ttr t ♥ ♥rss♦ ♥ st ♣rtà t ♥③♦♥ r♥③ strt♦rr♦♥s è ♥♦♥ ♥ ♦t ♥ss♥ tr s③♦♥

♠♣♦ s♦♥t♥♦s ♦tt♦ sss♦♥ è ♣r♠♣♦stt♦ s ♦r ♦♦ s ♦♣r③♦♥♥♦♥♦ tr♠♥t t♦♠t♠♥t ♦♣♦ ♣r♠♦ ♦ ♥ ♠♣♦stt♦ s tr ♦r s③♦♥ ♦♣r③♦♥ ♥ r♦♥ ♥♦♥ s r♠♥♦ ♥♦ s♣t♦ ♦♠♥♦ ♠②qst♦♣ qtr♠♥ sss♦♥

P

♦r♥t ♠♥♦s

t♥ s s s♥s rttrst ♣♦sst rtr♦s ♠♣♦♥ ♣rs♦ ♥ s♠ r♥t♠♥t ♠♦t ♥t ♥ ♠♣♦ ♠♥ ♦♠ s♦♥♦ stt♥tr♦♦tt ♠♣♦ sr ♥ r♦ ♠ttr ♥ s♦ ♦♥ ♥③③ ♦♥ r ♥♦tr ♥③③ ♦♥ ♦r♦ ♠♦r♠♥t t③③t è r 1310 nm st s♦r♥t ♠♥♦s ♣ ttr ♥ s♣③③♦t ♥ rq♥③ r s sr ♣t ♦r ❳P ①s♥ ♥♦♦s q ♣r♠tt ♥ ♥s ♥ r t♠ ♦♥t rs♦③♦♥ ss♦ ♦st♦ ♥ r♣♦rtt♦ ♥ r

r ♣t ♦r ❳P

rttrst ♣r♥♣

①s♥ ♥♦♦s ♦r rs ♠♦ s♦r♥t ♠♥♦s ♣♣rt♥♥t ♠ ♣t♦r qst ♣♣rt s♦♥♦ st♥ tr ♦r♦ ♥ s ♥③③ ♦♥ r③♦♥ ♠ss tt♦ st r s s♣♦st♦ q è ♥ r♦ ♥rr ♥③③♦♥ ♥♥tr♦ [1250, 1360] nm ss♦ è ♥ sr ss ♦♥ s♥t rttrst♣r♥♣

• P♦t♥③ st ♠ > 18 mW• r♥③ > 0.12 rad• ♥③③ ♦♥ ♥tr 1305.1 nm• ♥tr♦ ♥③③ ♦♥ t♥ 140.38 nm• ♥③③ ♦r♥③ > 10 mm• rq♥③ s♣③③♦t 100 kHz• ♠r♦ ♠♣♦♥ 1286 Samples• t② ② 77.3%• t② ② ♠♣♦♥ t 50.5%• rq♥③ ♦ str♥♦ [183, 332] MHz

♥tr♦ ♥③③ ♦♥ ♥trt♦ 1310 nm ♥ q s♦r♥t rs ♠ttr r③♦♥ ♠♥♦s♦♥ ♣♦t♥③ st r ♣r ♦r ♠♦

❩❩❩ ❯

st♦ ♦♠♣♦♥♥t ♥ ♦r♥t♦ ♦♥ ♥ ♠♥tt♦r ♥ r ♣r t③③♦ ♦ stss♦ tr♠ts♦ ♥ ♣rs♦♥ ♦♠♣tr ♥♦tr t♠♣rtr ♦r♦ ♦♥st è ♦♠♣rs ♥♥tr♦[10, 35]

rttr③③③♦♥ s♦r♥t ♠♥♦s

s♦r♥t sr ♥r ♥ s♦ ♠♥♦s♦ ss♠♥♦ rs ♥③③ ♦♥ ♦♠♣rs ♥ ♥♥tr♦ ♥t♦ ò s♥ è ♥ r♦ sr ♥ s♣③③♦t ♥♦ s♣ttr♦ ♦tt♦ ♥t♦r♥♦ ♥ t rq♥③ ♦♥s♥③ ♣r ♠③③♦ s rttr③③③♦♥ è ♣♦ss ♥tr♥tr♦ ♥③③ ♦♥ ♠ss s♣ttr♦ ♠ss♦♥ ♠srr rq♥③ s♣③③♦t♦r ♥③③ t♠♣♦ ♦r♥③ sr stss♦ ♥ ♦tt♥r ttt qst ♥♦r♠③♦♥ ♥♦♥♦ st r♥t ♣r♦ t③③t rs st♣ str♠♥t ♠sr st♦ s♣♦st

♣ttr♦ ♦tt♦ ♠ss♦♥ ♦♠ srtt♦ ♥ ♣r♥③ s♦r♥t ♦tt ♠ttr③♦♥ ♥ ♥ ♥tr♦ ♥③③ ♦♥ ♥t♦ q è ♠sr r③ s♦ ♥♥③③t♦r s♣ttr♦ ♦tt♦ ♣t ♣tr♠ ♥③r

st♦ str♠♥t♦ è ♥ r♦ ♠srr ♣♦t♥③ ♦tt ♥ ♥③♦♥ ♥③③ ♦♥ λ è ♦♠♣♦st♦ ♣r♥♣♠♥t ♥ tr♦ ♣ss♥ t♥ ♥ ♣♦r ♠tr ♥♥tttrrs tr♦ ♦tt♦ t♥ r ♦♠♣♦♥♥t s♣ttr ♥ ♥ tr st♦ ♥ ♦t♦rt♦r ♦♥rt s♥ ♦tt♦ ♥ ♦rr♥t ttr ♣r♦♣♦r③♦♥ ♣♦t♥③♦tt ♥♥t q s♥ ♥ t♥s♦♥ ♥ t③③t♦ rs♦ s♣♦♥ ♣r ttr ♣rt ♦♣rt♦r ♥♦tr ♥ ♥rt♦r r♠♣ tr♠♥ ♣♦s③♦♥ ♦r③③♦♥t trtt♥♦ ♦sì t♥♥ tr♦ ♦tt♦ ♠♦r ♣rt s t tr♦ ♦tt♦ ♥ r③③t♦ ♣r ♠③③♦ ♥ rt♦♦ r③♦♥ q è ♦sttt♦ ♥♦ s♣♦ ♦♥ ♥ s♣③t ♦rrt ♥♠♥t s s♣r ò q ♥ rr② rtt♦r qst♥t r 103 riflettori/mm ♦♥ s♣③tr tr rtt♦r ♦r♥ ♥③③ ♦♥ ♦♥srt rtt ♦♥ ♥♦ ♣r♦♣♦r③♦♥ λ r ♥ t ♠♦♦♥trr♥③ ♦strtt s♦♦ ♥ r③♦♥ s♣ ♦tt♥♥♦ ♦♠ rstt♦ ♥ sr♣③♦♥ s♣③tr r♥t ♥③③ ♦♥♥♥ tr♠t r♦t③♦♥ ♦ stss♦ rt♦♦ è ♣♦ss ♦③③r s♥ ♣rtr st rs ♦♠♣♦♥♥t s♣ttr ♥♥t

♠sr ♥♠♥t♦ ♣♦t♥③ ♦tt ♠ss ♥ ♥③♦♥ ♥③③ ♦♥ ♥ttt ♦♥♦ rtt♠♥t s♦r♥t ♦tt s♦tt♦ tst ♥③③t♦r s♣ttr♦ ♦tt♦♥ r ♥ r♣♦rtt ♣♦t♥③ st sr ♠srt ♦♥ ♥♦tr♦♥ ♦ q è ♣♦ss ♥♦tr ♠sr ♥ st ♦♥sr♥♦ ♥ rs♦③♦♥♦ str♠♥t♦ 1 nm rt ♦♥ ♥ tt♦r s ♣r 5 dB/div ♥♦tr è ♣♦ss♥③r ♣rs♥③ ♣ ♣♦t♥③ ♠ss♠ ♥③③ ♦♥ 1234.8nm 1375.3nm ♠♣③③ ♠sr r −8.53 dBm ♥ ♣rt♦r ♥tr♥♦ ♥tr♦ λ ∈ [1237, 1371] nm♠ss♦♥ ss♠ ♥ ♥♠♥t♦ ♣rss♦è ♦st♥t s ♠♥t♥ ♥ ♦r ♣♦t♥③ ♠ss r −11 dBm ò ♠♣ r③③ ♥ 3 dB ♥t ♦♠ r♥③ tr ♥③③ ♦♥ q ♣♦t♥③ ♠ss è ♠tà q ♠ss♠ ♠sr r

∆λ ≃ 134 nm

♥ ♥t ♥ tr♠♥ rq♥③ t ♦r ♦rrs♣♦♥ ♥ ♥ r ∆ν ≃ 23.7 THz r③③ 3 dB ♠srt rst ssr ♥trt ♥③③ ♦♥ r 1305 nm ♦♠r♣♦rtt♦ ♥ s♣ tst sr ♣t ♦r ❬❪

tr♠♥t♦ ♥ r♦ ♠srr ♣♦t♥③ ♦tt ♥ s♦ ♠♥♦s♦

❩❩❩ ❯

r P♦t♥③ ♦tt ♠ss ♥ ♥③♦♥ λ

❱r③♦♥ rq♥③ s♦r♥t ♦tt ♣rs ♥ ♦♥sr③♦♥ ♣r ♣r♦tt♦ è ♥r♦ ♠ttr r③♦♥ ♦♥ ♥③③ ♦♥ r ♥tr♥♦ ♥ ♥tr♦ t ♥♦♥♠♦♥ tr♠♥ rq♥③ ♣ò ssr srtt♦ ♦♥ s♥t

ν(t) = ν0 + ν1t+ η(t)

♦ η(t) r♦ ttt tr♠♥ rr♦r t ♥♦♥ ♥rtà r③♦♥ rq♥③s♣♣♦st ♥ ♣r♠ ♣♣r♦ss♠③♦♥ ♥r

Pr♥♥♦ ♥ ♦♥sr③♦♥ r③③ ♥ tr♦t ♥ s③♦♥ ♣r♥t ∆ν ≃ 23.7THz ♥♦t rq♥③ s♣③③♦t 100 kHz è ♣♦ss rr tr♠♥ ♠♦t♣t♦ ν1 ♣rs♥t♥tr♥♦ ♦r♠ (4.2.1) tt♦ r③♦♥ rq♥③ ♥ ss♥t ♥r ♥tr♥♦ ♥tr♦ [1237, 1371] nm ♦♥s♥③ ♦♥♦s♥♦ ♣r♦♦ s♣③③♦t r10 µs è ♣♦ss rr tr♠♥ ν1 r 2.37 THz/µs ♥♦tr ♠♦♠♥t♦ t②② rt♦ è 50.5% t ♦r ♥t

ν1 ≃ 4.7 THz/µs

♦ st♦ r③♦♥ rq♥③ ♥ st♦ t③③♥♦ ♦ s♠ ♠♦strt♦ ♥ r q è ♦sttt♦ ♦♣♣t♦r r③♦♥ ♥ ♠♥t♦ rtr♦ τ ♦t♦♦ ♥t♦ s♦♣♦ è q♦ rr ♥ tt♠♥t♦ s♥ ♥ ♠♥r t ♣r♠ttr ♦t♦♦ r③♦♥ ♦ stss♦ ♥ ♣rt♦r rq♥③ s♥ s♥t ♥trr♦♠tr♦ r♥trr♥ ♥ ttr♦♥ str♠♥t ♦♠ ♦s♦s♦♣ ♥ ♣♦tr s③③r ♦♥ ss

r t♣ ♥trr♦♠tr♦ ♣r tt♠♥t♦

t♦ rt♦ tst sr ♣t ♦r ❬❪ sr③♦♥ ♦♣♣t♦r r③♦♥ ♥ r♠♥t ♣t♦♦ t♣ s♣r♠♥t♦

❩❩❩ ❯

♦s♦s♦♣♦ t③③t♦ ♣r s③③③♦♥ r s♥ srtt è t t♦r s♦s♦♣ sr ♥t ♥♦♦s q ♣rs♥t

• ttr♦ ♥rss ♦♣♣ ♥ • ♠♣♥③ ♥rss♦ 50 Ω ♦ 1 MΩ• ♥ ttr♦♥ ♥ ♥rss♦ 500 MHz• ❱♦tà ♠♣♦♥♠♥t♦ ♥♦ 4 GSa/s• P♦rt ❯ ♣r st♦ t s s♣♣♦rt♦ r③♦♥ ♣♥ r

♦♥ ♣r♦♥♥t sr ♥ ♥rss♦ ♦ s♠ ♣r♦♣♦st♦ ♥ r ♣rs♥t ♦r♠

ejϕ(t)

♦ ϕ(t) è s s♥ ♣♥♥t rq♥③ ♦tt s♦♥♦ s♥t

ϕ(t) = 2πν(t)t

♦♥ ν(t) rq♥③ r r♦t s♦r♥t ♦tt s♣rss ♦♥ (4.2.1) r③♦♥ ♥ s ♥ rs♦♥ ♣r ♠③③♦ ♦♣♣t♦r r③♦♥ ♣r s♥ ♦tt♥t ♥ st qstt♠♦ s♦♥♦

(3) j√

2ejϕ(t)

(4) 1√2ejϕ(t)

s♥ s ♣r♠♦ r♠♦ (3) ♥ rtrt♦ τ ♥ ♠♦♦ t ♥trr♥③ tr ♦♥ r ♥tt♠♥t♦ s♥ ♥ ♥rss♦ ♦♥s♥③ s ♣♦rt (1) (2) s♦♥♦ ♦♣♣t♦rr③♦♥ s♦♥♦ ♣rs♥t ♦♥

(A) j√

2ejϕ(t−τ)

(B) 1√2ejϕ(t)

s♥ ♣rs♥t s r♠ st s♦♥♦ ♦♣♣t♦r rst♥♦ ssr s♦♠♠ ♦♥♥tr♥t (A)+ (B) ♠♦♠♥t♦ qst st ♥♦♥ s♦♥♦ ♠ ♥ ♣rs♥t♥♦ ♣♦ss♦♠♣♦♥♥t r♠♦r s r♥ ♥ssr r③♦♥ ♥tr♠ ♦♥ rst♥t ♣r ♠③③♦ ♦t♦♦ ♥t ♥ ♠♥r t ♦tt♥r ♥ s♥ ♠♦r ♥③③r♦ s♣♦ ♦t♦rt♦r ♥♦♥♦ ♠♥t s♥t ♦♥

(3) j

2

(

ejϕ(t) + ejϕ(t−τ))

(4) 12

(

ejϕ(t) − ejϕ(t−τ))

♥♥ s♥ ♥ st ♥ r♣♦rtt♦ ♥ r ♣r♥ ♦r♠

s(t) = |(3)|2 − |(4)|2 = cos [ϕ(t− τ)− ϕ(t)]

♥ r ♥ ♠♦strt ♥s s♣ttr s(t) ♦tt♥t♦ ♦♥ (4.2.7) q è ♣♦ss♥♦tr tr♠♥ tt♠♥t♦ ♣♦ss ♥ rq♥③ st♠t r νB ≃ 86.5 MHz ♥♦tr♥③③♥♦ t ♥♠♥t è ♣♦ss ♥③r ♦ s♣ttr♦ ♣rs♥t ♥ ♣ s♣r ò♠♣ s♦♥♦ ♣rs♥t ♥ ♦♠♣♦♥♥t r♠♦r♦s ♦tr tt♠♥t♦

♥ st♠r r③♦♥ rq♥③ s♦♣rtttt♦ rr♦r t♦ ♥♦♥ ♥rtà η(t) s♥ s(t) ♥ ♠♦t♦ ♥ rq♥③ ♥ tt♦ ♥♦♥♦ ♦strt rs♦♥

x(t) = s(t) cos(2πνBt)y(t) = s(t) sin(2πνBt)

♦♣♦ r st♦ ♥s s♣ttr x(t) y(t) trt♦ s♥ ♦♥ ♥ tr♦ ♣ss ss♦ ♥♠♦♦ t ♠♥t♥r s♦♦ ♦♠♣♦♥♥t ♥ ♥ s ♥ ♦t♦ ♦ s♦st♠♥t♦ ♥tr♦rrtr rq♥③ tt♠♥t♦ st♠t q r ♥ ♣rt♦r s r♥ ♥ssr♦ ♥r νB ♥srr ♥ (4.2.8) t ♣r t rr♦r st♠ ♥ ♠♥♠③③t♦ rq♥③ tt♠♥t♦ r♥ ♠♥♠♦ qst♦ ss♠♥t♦ rst ssr r

νB ≃ 87.558 MHz

❩❩❩ ❯

♦♥s♥③ ♥♠♥t♦ ♥r t♦r♦ ss ♥ ♠ ♥ tr③♦♥ ♥ ♥t♥ GHz q rst ssr r tr ♦r♥ r♥③③ ♥r♦r s r♣♣♦rtt ♦♥ rq♥③ ♦tt♠ss sr ♦r♥ ♥t♥ THz

r ♥ st ♦♥ tt♠♥t♦ νB ≃ 86 MHz

r ♥ st ♦♥ tt♠♥t♦ ♥ ♦♠♥♦ rq♥③

❩❩❩ ❯

s t♠♣ s q ♥ ♥③③t♦ s♥ è ♥r ♦♥s♥③ r③♦♥ rq♥③ ♥ ♥ss s♣♣♦st t ♥ rtà ♦♠ srtt♦ ♥ ♣r♥③ s♦♥♦ ♣rs♥t tr♠♥ rr♦r t ♥♦♥ ♥rtà stss ò ♠♣ r tt tr ♥ ss♦ r♠♥t♦♦ s♣ttr♦ ♣rs♥③ ♠♦t ♦♠♣♦♥♥t r♠♦r r③♦♥ rs♦③♦♥ ss sst♠ Pr ♦r qst ♥♦♥♥♥t s♦r♥t ♠♥♦s ♦r♥s ♥ s♥ ♦ q ♣ò ssr♠♣t♦ ♣r r♥r st♥t t♠♣♦r ♥ sr r③♦♥ ♦♥ ♠ss ♥ ♦tt♥r ♥ r③♦♥ rq♥③ ♣ù ♥r ♣♦ss st♦ s♥ ♦ r ♥ s r③♦♥ ♣r♦♣t s♦r♥t ♥ ♠♦♦ t rr ♥ s t♠♣ st♦rt ♥♦♥♥r ♥ ♣rt♦r st♥t ♠♣♦♥♠♥t♦ ♦rrs♣♦♥♦♥♦ ♣ss♦ r♦♥t st ♣r s♦ ♣♥t♦ ♠♦ ♦♥s♥③ rq♥③ ♠♣♦♥♠♥t♦ ♠♦ rst ssr ♣r rfC ≃ 305.5 MHz ♥♠♥t♦ ♥ ♦♠♥♦ t♠♣♦ ♦ s♣ttr♦ ♥ rq♥③ s♥ st♦sì ♠♣♦♥t♦ ♥♦♥♦ r♣♦rtt rs♣tt♠♥t ♥ r r q è ♣♦ss♥♦tr ♦ s♣ttr♦ rst ssr ♣ù ♣t♦ s♥③ r♦ss ♣ t ♦♠♣♦♥♥t r♠♦r♦s ♥♦tr s♦♠♥t ♦♠♣♦♥♥t s♣ttr ♥trt ♥ νB ≃ 84 MHz ♥ ♦♥srt r♥t

st♠ rr♦r t♦ ♥♦♥ ♥rtà r③♦♥ rq♥③ ♥ st s♥♦♦ stss♦ ♣r♦♠♥t♦ ♠♣t♦ ♣r s♦ s♥③ t③③♦ s♥ ♦ rq♥③ tt♠♥t♦ ♠♥♠③③ t rr♦r η(t) r

νB ≃ 84.552 MHz

♥ qst♦ s♦ ♥♠♥t♦ ♥r t♦r♦ ss ♥ ♠ ♥ tr③♦♥ ♥ ♥tà GHz q rst ssr ♠♥♦r rs♣tt♦ ♣r♥t rstt♦ ♠♦t♦ ss s r♣♣♦rtt ♦♥ rq♥③♦tt ♠ss sr

♥ ♦tt♥r rstt r♦st r♣r♦ ♥♦♥♦ s♣♣t ♦rt♠ ♥③♦♥♥ r ♥ ♣rt♦r ♣r♠♦ ♣r♥ ♥ ♥rss♦ s♥ ♦ ♦♥ s s t♠♣♦r s♦ ttrrs♠♥t♦ q ♣r♥r st♥t ♠♣♦♥♠♥t♦ st♥t trr ♥ ♥③ s♣③③♦t t ♦r♥s ♥ st s t♠♣ ♦♥ q ♠♣♦♥r s♥t s♦♥♦ ♥ ♦♥sr ♥ ♥rss♦ s♥ t ♦♥ s s t♠♣♦r st♥t ♠♣♦♥♠♥t♦ rt ♦♥ ♣r♠ ♥③♦♥ st♥t trr ♥ ♥③ s♣③③♦t t ♦r♥s ♥ st s♥ ♠♣♦♥t♦

r ♥ st ♠♣♦♥t♦ ♦♥ ♦

❩❩❩ ❯

r ♥ st ♠♣♦♥t♦ ♥ ♦♠♥♦ rq♥③

♥ ♦ rr P♦t♥③ ♠ss ♦♠ srtt♦ ♥ ♣r♥③ s♦r♥t♦tt ♦r♥s ♥ st ♥ s♥ ♦ q ♥ t③③t♦ ♦♥ ♦ s♦♣♦ ♦tt♥r ♥r③♦♥ rq♥③ ♣ù ♥r ♣♦ss s♥ ♦ ♣ò ssr s③③t♦ ♣r♠③③♦ ♥ ♦s♦s♦♣♦ ♥ r♣♦rtt♦ ♥ r q è ♣♦ss rr ss♦♣rs♥t ♥ rq♥③ ♠ r 310 MHz ♦♥ ♣♥t♦ ♠♦ ♥♦♥ ♥♦ tt qst♦ ♦r♠sr r 466 mV

③♦♦♠

r ♥ ♦

♣r♦♦ ♥tr s♣③③♦t ♥ ♥t♦ s♥t♦ ♥ s♥ trr ♥t ♦r♠ ♦♥ qr t② ② 96% q ♥ r♣♦rtt♦ ♥ r ♥ ♣rt♦r rrs♥t♦ r♦♥t st sr ♥③ s s♣③③♦t ♦ ♦♠♥ s♥r st♥tt♠♣♦r ♥ qsr s♥ t ♥♦tr ♦♣♦ ♥ ♥tr♦ t♠♣♦ r 5.05µs s♥ ♦ ♣rs♥t ♥ ♥♠♥t♦ ♥♦♥ s♥s♦ ♣rt♥t♦ ♥tr♦ ♠♣♦rt♥t rr♦r ♥ rr s♦ ♣ss♦ ♣r ♣♥t♦ ♠♦ ò ♠♣ s ♦ s s♥ st ♣♦ss♦♥♦ ♥t② ② t r 50.5%

❩❩❩ ❯

r ♥ trr

s♦r♥t ♦tt ♠tt ♥ s♦ ♠♥♦s♦ q ♣rs♥t ♥ ♣♦t♥③ ♦tt ♠sr♣r ♠③③♦ ♥ ♦t♦♦♦ s③③ s♦ sr♠♦ ♥ ♦s♦s♦♣♦ ♥ tt♦ s♥♦sì ♣r♦♦tt♦ è r♣♣rs♥tt♦ ♥ r q è ♣♦ss ♥♦tr ♣r♦♦ ♥trs♣③③♦t è 10 µs ♥tr♦ t♠♣♦r ♥ s♥ ♣rs♥t ♥ ♥♠♥t♦ ♣t♦ s♥③r♦ss ♦♠♣♦♥♥t r♠♦r♦s rst ssr ♠tt♦ r 5.05 µs

r P♦t♥③ ♠ss

r♥t ♠sr rttr③③③♦♥ s♦r♥t ♠♥♦s è ♠rs♦ ♣♦t♥③ ♦tt♠ss sr tt ♣r ♠③③♦ ♥ ♣♦r ♠tr rst ssr ♣♥♥t r tt♦r ♥♦s♣♦ tt ♦ssr s♦♥♦ s♥t

• rsr t♠♣rtr ♥tr♥ s♦r♥t ♣♦t♥③ r♦t ♠♥t• ♠♦♥♦ rt ♦♠♥t♦ tr str♠♥t ♣♦t♥③ rt r• ♠♥t♥♦ ♠♦t♦r sst♠ s♥♥♥ ♥♦♠tr♦ ♣♦t♥③ ss ♥ ♠

♥③♦♥ r 0.3 dB

♥③③ ♦r♥③ ♦♠ srtt♦ ♥ ③♦♥ ♥trr♥③ tr ♦♥ ttr♦♠♥t è ♣♦ss ♠srr ♥③③ ♦r♥③ ♥ s♦r♥t ♠♥♦s t③③♥♦ ♥♥trr♦♠tr♦ s♦♥ ♥ ♣rt♦r st♠♥♦ t♠♣♦ ♦r♥③ ♥tr♦ q stà

❩❩❩ ❯

s ♠③③ è ♥③③ ♦r♥③ Lc sr ♥ ♦tt♥r t ♠sr ♥t③③t♦ ♦ s♠ r♣♣rs♥tt♦ ♥ r ♥ s ♦♣r st♣ sst♠ s♥♥♥♦♠♣t♦ srtt♦ ♥ ♣t♦♦ sss♦

r ♠ ♠sr ♣r ♥③③ ♦r♥③

tt♦ r♠♦ ♠♣♦♥ r♠♥ ss♦ ♠♥tr r♠♦ rr♠♥t♦ ♠♦ ssr ♥r♦ sr trs③♦♥ s♣r♦r ♦r Lc t♦r♦ ♥♦ ss ♣r♦♣③♦♥ s♦ trtt♦ ♣r♦rs♦ ♥tr♥♦ sst♠ s♥♥♥ ♦♠t♦r ♣♥♦ ♦ ♥t ♥ ♠sr r

Lsig ≃ 127 mm

♦♥sr♥♦ ♥ ♥rss♦ ♦ s♠ ♣r♦♣♦st♦ s♥ srtt♦ q③♦♥ (4.2.2) ♣r♦♥♥t sr s r♠ st ♦♣♣t♦r r③♦♥ s ♦tt♥♦♥♦

(3) 1√

2ejϕ(t)

(4) j√2ejϕ(t)

r♠♦ rr♠♥t♦ s ♥tr♦ ♥ rtr♦ τ ♣♥♥t r♥③ ♠♠♥♦ ♦tt♦ ∆L♣r♦rs♦ ♦♥ ♥ ♦♥ s♥t ♦r♠

τ =2∆L

vp

♦ vp è ♦tà ♣r♦♣③♦♥ ♥ ♠③③♦ s♠♣♦ r ♦♥s♥③ s ♣♦rt (3) (4) s r♣r♦♣♦♥♦♥♦ s♥ rss

(3) 1√

2ejϕ(t)

(4) j√2ejϕ(t−τ)

♥ st ♣♦rt (2) ♦♣♣t♦r r③♦♥ s ♣rs♥t s♦♠♠ s♥ ♥trr♥t ♣rt♥t♦ ♦♥ ♥③③r ♣r♥ ♦r♠

(2) j2

(

ejϕ(t) + ejϕ(t−τ))

♥♥ qstt♠ ♥ rt ♣r ♠③③♦ ♥ s♥♦♦ ♦t♦♦♦ q rstts s♥ts♥ ♥ t♥s♦♥

s(t) = |(2)|2 =1

21 + cos [ϕ(t)− ϕ(t− τ)]

❩❩❩ ❯

q③♦♥ (4.2.13) è ♣♦ss ♥♦tr rr rtr♦ ♥tr♦♦tt♦ rq♥③ tr♠♥♦s♥♦ ♠ q♥ ♠sr ♥③③ ♦r♥③ ♣ò ssr ♦tt♥t ♥③③♥♦ s♥ ♥trr♥③ ♥ ♦♠♥♦ rq♥③ ♣r ♠③③♦ trs♦r♠t ♦rr

Pr q♥t♦ rr r♠♦ ♠♦ rr♠♥t♦ ♥♦♥♦ ♦♥srt r ♦♥r③♦♥ st♦ srtt

♦♠t♦rrs♣♦ st♦ st♣ è ♣ù s♠♣ s rt♦ ♥ s♦ ♦♠♣♦♥♥t ♦tt♦♠t♦r ♣r ♦③③r s♦ s♣♦ rtt♥t q ♥♦♥♦ ♠♦♥tt s ♥ ♣♣♦st♦s♣♣♦rt♦ ♦♥ ♥③♦♥ r♥tr ♦rrtt♦ ♥♠♥t♦ tr stss s♣♦st rstè ♦♥s♥③ tt♦ s♦ rss♦ ♦ s♣♦ r♥trr ♥ ♦♠t♦r ♥ ♥trrr ♦♥ ♦♥ ♣r♦♥♥t r♠♦ ♠♣♦♥

♥ ♥s ♣r♠♥r qst ♦♥r③♦♥ s ♥ ♣♦t♥③ rt♦r♥ ♣♦rt(4) ♦♣♣t♦r r③♦♥ ss♠ ♦r ♥r♦r −30dBm ♣r ttt srs♦♥ ♣♦ss ♥♦ss s♦ Prt♥t♦ ♠♦♠♥t♦ qst è ♠♦t♦ ♥r♦r ♣♦t♥③ rtr♦s r♠♦ ♠♣♦♥ 6 dBm ♥♦♥ è s ♥ss♥ t♣♦ ♥trr♥③ q♥ ♠sr ♥③③ ♦r♥③ ♥♦♥ è r③③

♥t♥ts♣♦ st♦ st♣ è ♣rs♥tt♦ r③③t♦ ♥ ♥ ♦r♦ ts ♣r♥t q ♦♠♣r♥ ♥t r♦♠t ♥♦ s♣♦ rtt♥t

♦♥ t ♦♥r③♦♥ s♦ ♠♥♦s♦ ♥ ♦③③t♦ s♦ s♣♦ ♥t ♦r ♣♦t♥③ rss ♥ s♦ ♥ qst♦ s tr♦ s ♣♥♦ ♦ s♦♥ ♥t ♠sr r5.8 dBm rs♥♦ ♦ s♣♦ ♦♥ rtr♦s ♣rs♥t ♥ ♠♣③③ rs♥t ♥ q♥t♦ r♦ ♥♥t s ♠ss ♦♦ s♦ rss♦ s♣r ♣r♦♣r ♣♦t♥③ ♥ ttt r③♦♥ ❯♥♦ s♥t♦ ò è s③③♥♦ st ♣♦rt (2) ♦♣♣t♦r ♣r♠③③♦ ♥ ♥③③t♦r s♣ttr♦ ttr♦ ♠♥③♦♥ s♥ rst♥t ♥♦♥ è rtt♠♥tss♦ ♥è tr♠♥ ♥trr♥③ ♣rs♥t ♥q③♦♥ (1.2.7) ♥è ♦ s♥ ♣r♦♥♥t r♠♦ ♠♦ rr♠♥t♦ ♣rt♥t♦ ♥ qst♦ st♣ rst ssr ♥t③③ ♥ ♠sr ♥③③ ♦r♥③

♦♠t♦r♥ts♣♦ st♦ st♣ è rstt♦ ♥ s♦♥ tr ♦♥r③♦♥ s♦♣rs♣♦st ♥ ♣rt♦r r♦ ♥ ♦♥♦t♦ ♦♠t♦r ♥t q ♦ ♥r③③ rs♦♦ s♣♦ ♣r ♦tt♥r st rss♦♥

♣♦s③♦♥♠♥t♦ ♥t ♥ stt♦ ♥ ♠♦♦ t r ♣♥♦ ♠♠♥ ♥♥t♦♥ tt♦ ♥ t③③t t♦r ♥t s♦tt ♥♦ s♣♦ ♦r♠ ss

1

si− 1

so=

1

fl

♦ si è st♥③ tr ♥t ♣♥♦ ♠♠♥ so è st♥③ tr ♥t ♣♥♦ ♦tt♦ fl è ♥③③ ♦ ♥t ♦r♠ (4.2.14) è ♣♦ss ♥♦tr s ♦♠t♦r ♦tt♦ ♥ ♣♦st♦ ♥ st♥③ ♥t ♣r ♥③③ ♦ s ♠♠♥ ♥ ♣r♦ttt ♥♥t♦ ♦♥s♥③ r♦ ♥♥t s♦ s♣♦ s♦ rss♦ ♦ stss♦ ♣rs♥t♥♦ ♠♥s♦♥ ♠♦t♦ ♣r♦ss♠ tr♦r♦ s♥③ r♦ss s♣rs♦♥

st ♥t ♠♣t ♣r sr ♠sr ♥③③ ♦r♥③ r s ♦r♥t ♦rs ♥ q ♣rs♥t ♥ ♦ ♥♦♠♥ fl = 60mm ♥ ♥♥tr♦ ♥③③ ♦♥ λ ∈ [1050, 1620] nm ♥ ♥s ♣r♠♥r qst ♦♥r③♦♥s ♥ st♥③ tr ♥t ♦♠t♦r s s♦st r♠♥t ♥③③ ♦ rt ♥ ♣rt♦r ss r 64 mm ♥♦tr trs♥♦ ♦ s♣♦ ♥♦ r③♦♥ ♦♥t♥ss s♦ ♣♦t♥③ rss ♣rs♥t ♥ ♠♣③③ r ♦st♥t ♣r 5.5 dBm

st♣ s♣r♠♥t è stt♦ s♣♣t♦ ♣r ♥ ♦♠♦r♦ ♦r♥③ tt ♦♣r♥t ♥t♦r♥♦ λ = 1550 nm ❬❪

❩❩❩ ❯

♠sr ♥③③ ♦r♥③ ♥ ttt ♦♣r♥♦ t♠♦ st♣ srtt♦ ♦♠t♦r♥ts♣♦ ♥ q♥t♦ rst ssr ♥♦ ♥ r♦ rr st ♥trr♥③ ♦♥ s♥♣r♦♥♥t sst♠ ♥♦♠tr♦ ♥♦tr ♦♥ trs③♦♥ ♦ s♣♦ ♠♦ ♥♦ ss ♣r♦♣③♦♥ s♦ ♠♥♦s♦ ♥ st ♥ qs③♦♥ s♥ ♥rt♦ ♦t♦rt♦r tt♦ qst♦ s♣♦st♠♥t♦ ♥ ♥ ♥ ♥t♦r♥♦ Lsig ♦♥ ♣ss♦ 1 mm ♦♥s♥③ ♣r♦rs♦ ♦tt♦ ♦♠♣t♦ s r♠♦ rr♠♥t♦ rst ssr ♦♠♣rs♦♥♥tr♦

Lref ∈ [90.6, 168.6] mm

trs♦r♠t ♦rr s♥ ♦t♦♥rt♦ s♣rss♦ q③♦♥ (4.2.13) è ♣♦ss♥r r③♦♥ ♥ tr♠♥ rq♥③ ♠♣③③ r s♣ttr ♦t trs③♦♥♦ s♣♦ rr♠♥t♦ ♥ ♣rt♦r ♦♠ srtt♦ ♣r♥t♠♥t ♥t♥t♦ r♥③s♣③ ♣r♦rs ttt rs♦♥ ♦♥ r♠♥ ♦♥♥t ♥tr♦ ♥③③ ♦r♥③ ♥trr♥③ ♣r♦ ♥ ♦♠♣♦♥♥t s♣ttr ♦♥ rq♥③ ♥t♥stà r ♥♥s♥ ♦♠♥♦ rq♥③ ♦♥trr♦ ♥ s♦ ♥ ∆L > Lc s♥ ♥♦♥ r♥♦ ♥trr♥③ ♣rt♥t♦ t r ♥♦♥ è ♠sr

r sr ♥③③ ♦r♥③

♥ r ♥ r♣♦rtt ♥③♦♥ ♦rr③♦♥ ♥♦r♠③③t |γ| ♥ s ♦rt♠ q è ♣♦ss ♥♦tr ♦③♦♥ ♠♣③③ tr♠♥ ♥trr♥③ ♥♦ trs③♦♥ ♦ s♣♦ ♠♦ ♣ò ssr ♣♣r♦ss♠t ♣r ♠③③♦ ♥ rtt q ♦rrs♣♦♥ ♥ ♥③♦♥ s♣♦♥♥③ ♥ s ♥r ♦ s♣♦ q♥♦ r♥③ tr ♣r♦rs♦tt ∆L rst ssr ♠♦r r 4÷ 5mm t ss♠♦♥♦ ♥ ♥♠♥t♦ ♥t ♦r♠

e−α|∆L|

♦♥s♥③ ♥③③ ♦r♥③ ♥t ♦♠ r♥③ ♣r♦rs♦ ♦tt♦ ♠tà ♠♣③③♠ss♠ ♣ò ssr rt ♥♦ (4.2.15) ♦r 1

2 ♦tt♥♥♦ ♥ t ♠♦♦

Lc = 2 · ln 2α

≃ 12.3 mm

♦r ♠ss♠♦ ♥ ♦tt♥t♦ q♥♦ r♠♦ rr♠♥t♦ è ♥♦ r 137 mm qst♥③ s s♦st r♠♥t trtt♦ ♣r♦rs♦ ♥tr♥♦ sst♠ s♥♥♥ ò ♣ò ssr r♦♥♦tt♦ tt♦ ♠③③ ♥ ♦♥ s ♣r♦♣♥♦ s♦♥♦ rs ♥ tt♦ r♠♦ rr♠♥t♦ è ♦sttt♦ ♣r♥♣♠♥t r ♠♥tr r♠♦ ♠♣♦♥ è ♦♠♣♦st♦ sst♠ ♥♦♠tr♦ ♥t ♥ ♣rt♥t♦ ttrrs♠♥t♦ qstt♠♦ ♦♠♣♦♥♥t♦tt♦ ♣ò ♣♦rtr ♥ r③♦♥ ♥♥ rr③♦♥ ♥ r♥t♠♥t♦ ♥ ♦ ♦♥

❩❩❩ ❯

P

t♣ s♣r♠♥t♦

♥ ♥r③③r ♠♦ r③♦♥ ♠♥♦s s ♠♣♦♥ ♥③③r s r♥ ♥ssr♦ t③③♦ ♦♠♣♦♥♥t ♦tt ♦♠ ♦♠t♦r ♥t ♦♣♣t♦r r③♦♥ ♥ ♣rt♦rrst ♦♥♠♥t ♠♣♦rt♥③ ttt ♣♣rt s♥♦ ♣r♦ttt r③③t ♣r ♦♣rr ♥③③ ♦♥ ♥trss sssst ♥ ♣rtt♦ ♦♣♣♠♥t♦ tr r ♣rt st♣s♣r♠♥t♦♥ qst♦ ♣t♦♦ ♥♦♥♦ srtt tt ♣r♦♣rtà ttt ♠♥t ♠♣t ♥ ♣r♦tt③♦♥ ♥♦ s♣♣♦ sst♠ s♥♥♥ ♦♠♣t♦ s♣♥♦ ♥♦tr ♣r♥♣ ♣r♠tr ss♦ è ♥ r♦ ♦tt♥r

♦♠t♦r

r③♦♥ ♠♥♦s ♣r♦♥♥t s♦r♥t ♥trt ♥ ♥③③ ♦♥ r1310 nm ♥ trs♠ss ♥♦ ♥ r ♦tt ♠♦♥♦♠♦ ♥è s r♥♦ ♠♥♠♦ ♣rt str ♥♦♥♦ t③③t ♦♥♥tt♦r ♦tt ♦♥ tr♠♥ ♥♦t♦ Pst rttrst ♠♣♥♦ st ♦♠t♦r r s P ♦r♥t♦ ♦rs♥ q ♥ ♠♦strt♦ ♥ r

r ♦♠t♦r P

tt♦ ♥t ♥tr♥ s♦♥♦ rt ♥t ♥ ♠♦♦ t ♦♥♦r s♣♥③③ ♦♥ s♥ ♣r♦♥♥t r ♠♦♥♦♠♦ ♦t ♦ stss♦ ♦♠t♦r♥♦tr s ♥t ♥ ♣♣t♦ ♥ rst♠♥t♦ ♥trss♦ ♥③③t♦ ♠♥♠③③③♦♥ rtr♦rss♦♥ s♣r

♦♠t♦r ♣ò ♥tr♦rr ♥ ♥♦♦ r♥③ ♣♣r♦ss♠ t♦r♠♥t ♦♥ s♥t♦r♠

θ ≃(

D

fl

)(

180

π

)

♦ θ è ♥♦♦ r♥③ D è ♠tr♦ r ♦tt s♥♦♦ ♠♦♦ fl è ♥③③♦ ♦♠t♦rst ♣♣r♦ss♠③♦♥ s♦♦ ♣r r ♠♦♥♦♠♦ ♥ q♥t♦ ss♠ ♥ ♣r♦♦ ♥t♥stà ss♥ ♥ ♥ r ♠t♠♦ ss r♣♣rs♥t ♥ s♦tt♦st♠ ♣r q♥t♦ rr♥♦♦ r♥③ ♣♦è ♣rs♥t ♥ ♣r♦♦ ♥t♥stà ♥♦♥ ss♥♦

♥ r ♥ strt♦ ♥♦♦ r♥③ t♦r♦ ♥tr♦♦tt♦ ♦♠t♦r P♣rs♦ ♥ ♦♥sr③♦♥ q è ♣♦ss ♥♦tr t r♥③ ♣rs♥t ♥ ♣♦ ♥r♦r♥trt♦ ♥③③ ♦♥ ♣r q ♥ ♠♥s♦♥t♦ ♦strt♦ t s♣♦st♦ ♦♥s♥③ s s♥ ♥rss♦ ss♠ ♣r♦♣rtà rs q ♣r♦tt♦ ss♦ ♣ò srtr③♦♥ st♦rs♦♥ ♠♣♦rt♥t

r ♥♦♦ r♥③ t♦r♦ P

rttrst t♥ ♣r♥♣ qst♦ ♦♠♣♦♥♥t ♦tt♦ s♦♥♦

• ♥③③ ♦♥ ♥tr λ = 1310 nm• ♥③③ ♦ fl = 18.67 mm• ♣rtr ♠r NA = 0.15• ♠tr♦ s♦ ♦♠t♦ d = 3.4 mm• ♥♦♦ r♥③ t♦r♦ θ ≃ 0.028• ♥tr♦ t♠♣rtr ♦♣r③♦♥ T ∈ [−40, 93]

♥t ♥

s♦ ♠♥♦s♦ t♦ s♣ sst♠ ♥♦♠tr♦ ssr ♦③③t♦ s♠♣♦♥ s♠♥r ♥ ♣r♦rr ♥s ♦rrtt t rs♦③♦♥ q♥ s r♥♥ssr♦ ♠♣♦ ♥ ♥t t♥tr ♥ ♣r t③③♦ ♥ sst♠ ♠♥ q st t♣♦♦ ♥t s♦♥♦ ♥ r♦ ♣r♦rr ♥ ♣♥♦ ♠♠♥ ♣tt♦ ♣rs♥t♥♦ ♥t♦ ♠♥s♦♥ s♦ ♠♥♦s♦ rs♥t ♥ ♠♥♠ ♣rt ♥♦♦ ♥♥③ò ♠♣ st♦rs♦♥ ♦♠tr ♥tr♦♦tt ♥♠♠♥ qst s♥♦ ♣♦ ♥ttà ♣rt♥♦ ♥♦♥ ♥ rst♦ ♥ ♣r♦ss♦ ♦rr③♦♥ ♦♠♣t♦ ♥♦tr s ♠♥s♦♥ s♦r♠♥ ♣rss♦è ♦st♥t s♥tr♦ ♠♣♦ s♦ rs♦③♦♥ ♠♠♥ r ♠♥♠♠♥t♥tr♥♦ r ♥③③tst ♥t ♥ s♦♥♦ ♠♥s♦♥t ♣r ♦rr ♠♦ ♣r ♥③③ ♦♥ tr s ♥rr♦ss♦ 450 nm÷ 1400 nm s♦♥♦ t♣♠♥t ♣r♦st rst♠♥t♦ ♥trss♦

t rt ♥ ♣r♦ ttt ♦rs ❬❪♠tr♦ t♦r♦ 1/e2 st♥③ ♣r ♥③③ ♦ ♥t♦♦ st♦ ♦♥ r③♦♥ ♠♥♦s ♥trt λ = 1310 nm

r Pr♠tr ♣r♥♣ ♥t ♥

♥ r ♥♦♥♦ strt ♣r♠tr ♣r♥♣ ♣r ♥ ♦rrtt♦ t③③♦ q ♥♦♥♦ st♦ ♥t

• ♠♥s♦♥ ♣♣ ♥trt P ♥tr♥ P♣ ♥ s♦ ♥ ♥ st♦ ♥ sst♠ s♣ s♥♦♦ ss ♣r♠tr♦ P ♥♦t♦ ♥ ♦♠ ♣rtr ♣♦str♦r è ♦③③t♦s ♣♥t♦ tt♦r♥♦ q ♥ r♦t③♦♥ ♦ s♣♦ ♠♥tr ♣r ♥ sst♠ ♦♥ s♣ qst♦ ♥ ♣♦s③♦♥t♦ tr ss ♥♦tr ♠♥s♦♥ ♣♣ ♥trts♣ ♠tr♦ s♦ ♦♠t♦ ♠ss♠③③ rs♦③♦♥ ♠♠♥ qst

• ♥♥♥ st♥ ♥ ♥t ♦♠ st♥③ tr ♣♥♦ ♣rtr ♣♥♦ ♠♦♥t♦ ♥t ♦ è ♣rs♥t tttr ♥ s♦ sst♠ ♦♥ s♣ ♣♥♦ ♣rtr è ♦③③t♦ ♥ ♣♥t♦ ♠♦ tr ss ♠♥tr ♦♥ ♥ sst♠ s♥♦♦s♣♦ qst♦ ♦♥ ♦♥ r♦

• ♥ ♥ è ♥t♦ ♦♠ ♥♦♦ ♦♠♣rs♦ tr ss ♦tt♦ ♥t r♦♥♥t ♣r♦♥♥t sst♠ ♥♦♠tr♦ st♦ ♥ ♥ ♥♦♦ ♠ss♠♦ ♥♥③ ♦tr q ♣rst③♦♥ ♣♦r♥♦

• Pr♦ st♥ P ♥ ♥t ♦♠ st♥③ tr ♣♥♦ ♠♦♥t♦ ♣r♠♥t ♣♥♦ ♦ s♦♥ ♥t ♠♣♦♥ ♥③③r

• ❲♦r♥ st♥ ❲ è ♥t ♦♠ st♥③ tr ♦♥♦ ♥t ♥ ♣♥♦ ♦ s♣♦st♦

• ♠♣♦ ❱s♦ ❱ ❱ ♥ ♥t♦ ♦♠ r ♠♥s♦♥ ♠ss♠ ♠♣♦♥ ♣ò ssr qst ♦♥ rs♦③♦♥ t♦r rt ♦strtt♦rst♦ ♥t r ♥ q s♦ ♠♥♦s♦ ♣ò ♠♦rs s♥③ sr tt♥③♦♥

• Pr♦♦♥tà ❱st ❱ ♣t ❱ è ♥t ♦♠ st♥③ tr ♣♥ ♣r

t ♣♥♦ ♦ ♦ ♠♥s♦♥ s♦ ♠♥t √2 ♦t rs♣tt♦ ♠tr♦

st ♥t ♥ st♦ ♣r♠tr♦ è ♥trss♥t q♥♦ ♠♣♦♥ s tr♦ s♣♥♦ ♦ ♦♠ ♥ ♥ s♦ t♥

• ♣♦t ③ t ♦rrs♣♦♥ ♠♥s♦♥ s♦ ♦r♠t♦ s ♣♥♦ ♠♠♥ ♥s♦ t♥ ss♦ ♥ r♥③ ♠♣♦rt♥t ♥ q♥t♦ qstt♠♦ ♦♥♦♥ ♣♥♦ s è ♣♦s③♦♥t♦ ♠♣♦♥ ♥③③r ♥ r è ♣♦ssr ♥ s♠③♦♥ t ♣r♠tr♦ ♦t♦ ♣r ♥ sst♠ s♥♥♥ ss ♦♥s♦ ♥ ♥rss♦ ♠tr♦ 4 mm ♥ s r♥♦ ♥♦r♠③♦♥ rr♥t r③♦♥ ♠♥s♦♥ s♦ ♣♦s③♦♥ s ♠♣♦ s♦ s♠③♦♥ st

❱r♥t sst♠ ♥♦♠tr♦ ♦♥ ♥ ♠♦t♦r ♥♦ s♣♦ ♣r ♥s ♥♦ ♥ s♦♦ ssPr r ♠♦r ♣rst③♦♥ ♥ tr♠♥ qtà rs♦③♦♥ ♠♠♥ qst è ♦♥st♦

♣♦s③♦♥♠♥t♦ ♠♣♦♥ s ♣♥♦ ♦ ♦è ♥ st♥③ ♥t ♣r ♦ ♥t EFL

P ❯❩

♦rs ♥ ♣r♥ ♥ ♦♥sr③♦♥ ♥ s♥♦ ♥③③ ♦♥ ♣r q ♥tè stt ♠♥s♦♥t ♥ ♣rt♦r s♠③♦♥ rst s♦ ♠♥t s♠♥s♦♥ rs♦ str♠ ♠♣♦ s♦ ♣rt♥t♦ ♠sr srà ♣♦♦ rt ♦♥♣r♦ str

trttr s ♠♥s♦♥ ♣♦s③♦♥ s♦ s ♣♥♦ ♦

r ♥t ♦♠♣♦♥♥t s♦ s♠③♦♥ s♣♦t s③

♦♥sr♥♦ ttt ♣r♠tr ♣♣♥ ♥t ♦♥③♦♥ ♦r♦ st r s ♥t ♦rs ♥ q è ♦strt ♣r ♦rr ♥ ♥ ♥tr♦ ♥③③ ♦♥ ♦♠♣rs♦tr 1250 nm 1380 nm r rttrst t♥ ♣r♥♣ qst♦ ♦♠♣♦♥♥t ♦tt♦ s♦♥♦

• ♥③③ ♦ EFL = 54 mm• P♣ ♥trt EP = 4 mm• Pr♦ st♥ PD = 80.8 mm• ❲♦r♥ st♥ WD = 42.3 mm• ♥ st♥ SD = 18.9 mm• ♥ ♥ SA = ±7.5 ×±7.5• ♠♣♦ s♦ FOV = 14.1× 14.1 mm2• Pr♦♦♥tà st DOV = 0.61 mm• st♦rs♦♥ < 1.1%• rtr ♠♣♦ < 0.2 mm

rt ♣r rs♦③♦♥ st♦rs♦♥

♥ ♠srr rs♦③♦♥ ♥ sst♠ ♠♥ s r♥ ♥ssr♦ t③③♦ s♣♠♦ rr♠♥t♦ ♥ ♣rt♦r t ♠♦ ♣rs♥t♥♦ ♥ ♦♥ s♣ss♦r st♥③ ♥tr ♥ ♥t ♦♥s♥③ rs♦③♦♥ sst♠ s♦tt♦ s♠ s ♦tt♥ ♥③③♥♦ ♣tà ♠s♠♦ ♥ st♥r qst ♥ st r s t ♦♠♥ s♦t♦♥♥ st♦rt♦♥ st rt ♦rs ♥ q ♥ ♥ ♠♦♦ ❯ ♥stt♦r st r ♦♥♥tr r ♦♥ ♣ss 100 µm 50 µm 10 µm r ♦♥ 30÷ 150 lp/mm

♦t ♥ rr♠♥t♦ ss ♦tt♦ ♥t ♥ s♦ sst♠ ss

P ❯❩

♥ r è ♣♦ss ♦ssrr s♣♦st♦ ♦r♥t♦ ♦rs ♥

r rt

st ♠♦ s♦♥♦ t ♣r r ♠sr ♦♠ s♠♣♦ rs♦③♦♥ st♦rs♦♥ rr♦r ♠ss ♦♦ st♠ts♠♦ tt♦ ♠♦r t③③ s♦♥♦

• rt ❯ ♣r ♠sr rs♦③♦♥ sst♠ ♠♥• r ♣r ♠sr st♦rs♦♥ ♥ ♠♠♥• r ♦♥♥tr s♦♥♦ ♣r ♥t③♦♥ rr♦r ♠ss ♦♦ st♠ts♠♦ tr rr③♦♥

• ♦♥ s♦♥♦ ♥t ♣r t③♦♥ rs♦③♦♥ st♦rs♦♥ sttà ♦♦

♥ ♥t trt ♥ ♦rt♦ ♥ rs♦♥ ♣♦st♦ P ♥ ♦♥sst♦♥♦ ♥ ♥♣♥♦ r♦♠t♦ s ♥ sstrt♦ trs♣r♥t ♥t♦ sstrt♦ è ♥tr♠♥t r♦♣rt♦ ♥s♣r r♦♠t rtt♥t tr♥♥ ♥

rt ❯ ♠♦♦ ♠♦r ♥trss ♥ ♠sr rs♦③♦♥è ❯ rt q s♦t♠♥t ♣rs♥t r♣♣ s ♠♥t ♦♥ tr ♥ ♦r③③♦♥t tr rt s♥♦ ♥ r♣♣♦ ♥ rst ssr s♥t♠♥t s♦t♦ t ♣r ♣♣r♥ s♦r♣♣♦s③♦♥ ♦r ♥ ♥♦♠♥♦ tt♦ rs♦③♦♥ s♣r ♣rt♦rtà r tr♥ ♥trt r♥ qst♦ ♠♦♦ ♥t♦s♦ ♥ q♥t♦ tà ♠sr rs♦③♦♥ s♣r♠♥t rr♦r st♠ rs♦③♦♥ sst♠ ♦tt♦ ♠♥s ♥♦tr ♣r ♦♥ ♠♥t♦♦ s♣ss♦r ♥ ♦ s♣③♦ tr ss ♦♥♦♥♦ ♠♦♠♥t♦ st♥③ tr tr ♥è ♠♦r♠♥t s rs♣tt♦ tr ♦r ♥t③♦♥ rs♦③♦♥ s♣r rst ssr♣ù s♠♣

♥♦ ♠♦♦ ♥ ♠♥t♦ rs♦③♦♥ sst♠ ♦tt♦ ♣ò ssr tr♠♥t♦ ♦ssr♥♦ r③③ ♥ ♦r③③♦♥t rt ♥ ♣rt♦r ♥♠r♦ r♣♣♦ ♥ qst♥♦♥ s♦♥♦ st♥ è ♣♦ss rr ♣♦t♥③ rs♦t sst♠ s♦tt♦ s♠ tt♦ trt ♣rs♥t s r♣♣ ♥♠rt +2 +7 ♥ rs♦③♦♥ tr♠♥ ttrrs♦ s♥t ♦r♠

Risoluzione = 2NGruppo+

(

NElemento−1

6

)

♦ NGruppo è ♥♠r♦ r♣♣♦ NElemento è ♥♠r♦ ♠♥t♦

P ❯❩

♥tà ♠sr rs♦③♦♥ ♦tt♥t ♣r ♠③③♦ q③♦♥ (5.3.1) è lp/mm ♥♣rs ♣r♠♠ ♥ ♦r t♣ s♦♥♦ r♣♦rtt ♥

NElementoNGruppo

−2 −1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

1 2 3 4 5 6

❱♦r t♣ rs♦③♦♥ ❬lp/mm❪ ❯

r Pttr♥s r s♦♥♦ ♥③③t ♣r♥♣♠♥t ♣r tr♠♥③♦♥ st♦rs♦♥ ♥tr♦♦tt ♦♠♣♦♥♥t ♦tt ♥ ♣rt♦r ss ♣rs♥t♥♦ ♥ ♦r③③♦♥t rt ♣rtt♠♥t ♣r ♥ tr s♦ ♠♠♥ st♦rt qst ♥ rst♥♦rt ♥♦r♠③♦♥ rt ♣♦ss♦♥♦ ssr st ♥♦r③♦♥ ♠♠♥ ♣r ♦rr③♦♥ t st♦rs♦♥ r s♦♥♦ ♦r♠t tr ♠♦

r 20× 20 ♥ s♣ss♦r 1.5 µm st♥③t 10 µm ♥♦ r③♦♥ ① ② r 20× 20 ♥ s♣ss♦r 5 µm st♥③t 50 µm ♥♦ r③♦♥ ① ② r 20× 20 ♥ s♣ss♦r 5 µm st♥③t 100 µm ♥♦ r③♦♥ ① ②

tr t♦r stt♦r st ♦♥♦st♦ ♥ ♦♠ ♠♦♦ st ♠♥s ♦♥sst ♥ ♥ sr rr ♥srtt ♥ ♥ r♦ q ♣rs♥t♥♦ ♥♦ s♣ss♦r rs♥t ♥tr♦rs♦ str♥♦ sr♥♦ st♥③ tr qst ♥ è ♣♦ss tr♠♥r rs♦③♦♥ sst♠♦tt♦ ♠♣t♦ tt♦ trt ♣rs♥t ♥ st 2 mm ♠tr♦ ♦♥ tr♥ts rr qs♣③t ♥ ♥♦♦ ♣r 10 ♦♥♦ ♣rs♥t ♥♦tr r ♦♥♥tr rtt♥t ♦♥ r 50 µm 100 µm 150 µm 200 µm 250 µm 300 µm 350 µm 400 µm 450 µm 500 µm ♥tr♦ ♠tr♦ 20 µm rst ssr ♣♥♠♥t rtt♥t

rs♦③♦♥ ♥ ♦t ♣r♥♥♦ ♥ ♦♥sr③♦♥ st♥③ ♥tr♦ ♦ s♣ss♦r rr st♥ ♥ ♣rt♦r è ♣♦ss t③③r s♥t ♦r♠

c = 2r · sin(

θ

2

)

=⇒ Risoluzione =1

c

♦ c è ♥t♦ s♣ss♦r ♦♣♣ ♥ r è r♦ st♥③ ♥tr♦ ♥ st♥ θ è ♥♦♦ tr ♦♣♣ ♥ r♦sr q 360 s♦ ♥♠r♦ ♠♥t ♥s♦ ♦♥srt♦ θ = 10

♦♥♥tr rs ♠♦♦ r ♦♥♥tr ♦♥sst ♥ r s♣ss♦r5 µm ♦♥ r 100 µm 200 µm 300 µm 400 µm 500 µm 600 µm 700 µm 800 µm 900 µm 1000 µm st r♦♥r♥③ ♦♠ stt♦r st s♦♥♦ t ♣r ♥r rr♦r ♠ss ♦♦ st♠ts♠♦ rr③♦♥ ♥tr♦♦tt sst♠ ♦tt♦

♦♥ ♥s r ♦♥ ♦♥sst♦♥♦ ♥ ♦♣♣ ♥ r♦sr♦ ♣r q ♣rs♥t♥♦ s♣ss♦r q♥t st♥③ tr ss ♥ ♣rt♦r trt ♣rs♥ttr r♣♣ ♠♥s♦♥ 1× 1 mm2 s♥♦ ♣r♠tt ♠sr rs♦③♦♥ 30 lp/mm 150 lp/mm ♦♥ ♥tr♦ 10 lp/mm tr ♥ rt♦♦ sss♦

PP ❩

♦♣♣t♦r r③♦♥

❯♥ ♦♣♣t♦r r③♦♥ è ♥ s♣♦st♦ ♣ss♦ qttr♦ ♣♦rt r♣r♦♦ ♣r♦ ♣rt♦♥ ttt ♣♦rt ttt ♦♥ ♦♣♣ ♣♦rt s♦t ♠tr s♦♥ ♥ st♦ r♣♦rtt

r ♦♣♣t♦r r③♦♥

tt♦r ρ ♥ st♦ ♥ s ♣r♦tt♦ s ♦ssr q♥q s s♦ ♦r ♣r♦rs ♦♥ ♥tr♦♦♥♦ ♥♦ ss♠♥t♦ π

2 ♥♣♥♥t♠♥t t♥♦♦ st ♣r r③③③♦♥ s♣♦st♦ ♠s♠♦

♦ st♦ ♥③♦♥♠♥t♦ ♦♣♣t♦r r③♦♥ ♣ò ssr st♦ ♣♥s♥♦ ♥strttr s ♣r♦♣♥♦ s♣r♠♦ ♦tt♥t s♦r♣♣♦s③♦♥ ♠♦ ♦♥♠♥t s♥ ♣r r♦♥ s♠♠tr s♦♥♦ ♣rs♥t ♥ s♣r♠♦♦ ♣r ♥♦ s♣r♥③③♥♦ ♠♣ qst s♣r♠♦ è ♣♦ss ♦tt♥r ♣♦t♥③ s ♥ s♥ r q è ♣r♦♣♦r③♦♥

P (z) =

12 [1 + cos(2∆βz)] guida 112 [1− cos(2∆βz)] guida 2

♦ z è ♦♦r♥t s♣③ ∆β = 12 (βP − βD) è s♠r♥③ tr ♦st♥t ♣r♦♣③♦♥

s♣r♠♦ ♥ ♥r βP 6= βD ♦♥s♥③ ♣♦t♥③ ♣ss ♥ tr ♦♥ ♣r♦tà ♣r ♥③③ ♦♣♣♠♥t♦ LA = π

2∆β s♠♣♦ s ♦♣♦ ♥ trtt♦ ♥③③ LA

2 ♥♦♥♦ s♦♣♣t

s♣rt ♠tà ♣♦t♥③ rst ♥ guida 1 ♠♥tr tr ♠tà ♥ trsrt guida 2♦tt♥♥♦ ♥ t ♠♦♦ ♥ ♦♣♣t♦r

♥ rr ♥ ♥trr♦♠tr♦ ♥ r ♦tt è ♣♦ss ♠♣r ♦♣♣t♦r r③♦♥ ♦♠ s♣♦st ❲ ♦r♥t ♦rs ♥ q s♦♥♦ ♣r♦ttt ♣r ♦rr♦♥ ♥③③ ♦♥ ♦♠♣rs ♥ ♥ ♥t♦r♥♦ 1300 nm

♠sr ♠♦♦ ♣♦t♥③ s♥t r ♣♦rt è ♣♦ss ♦strr t s♦♥ ♦♠♣♦♥♥t s♦tt♦ s♠ ♥♦ s♣♦ ♦r♦ rttr③③③♦♥ ♥ st t③③♥♦ ♥ sr t♥ ♥s Ps ♥rts q è ♥ r♦ ♠ttr ♥ r③♦♥♠♥♦s ♦♠♣rs ♥♥tr♦ λ ∈ [1330, 1450] nm ♠♥tr ♣♦t♥③ s r ♣♦rt s♦♥♦ rt♦♥ ♠t♠tr♦ sr ♥t ♥♦♦s ♥ ♥t ♣r♦ ♥♦♥♦ ttt ♥③③ ♦♥ 1330 nm ♦♥ ♥ ♣♦t♥③ trs♠ss rr♠♥t♦ 0 dBmr♠t ♦♦r ♥ ♣r♦tttt ♣♦rt s♦♥♦ ♥tt ♦♠ s

P♦rt ♥♦ ♥♣t P♦rt P♦rt ♥♦ s♥ ♦t♣t P♦rt r♦ss♦ t♣ ♦t♣t

P♦t♥③ r♦t s♦r♥t sr s♥③ ♥ s♣♦st♦ rttr③③r

♦r tt♥③♦♥ ♦tt♥t ♣r ♦♣♣t♦r s♦♥♦ r♣♦rtt ♥ qè ♣♦ss ♥♦tr ♦♥t ♦♣♣♠♥t♦ tr ♣♦rt ❯ ♥♦♥ s♦♥♦ ♣rtt♠♥t50% ♠ ♥sì r 47% 53% ♣♦t♥③ ♥ ♥rss♦ ò è ♦t♦ ♥♦♥ tà s♣♦st ♥ ♦♥ s♦ ♠sr ♥r♦r −30 dB rs♣tt♦ ♣♦t♥③ ♠♠ss ♣♦ss♦♥♦ ssr♦♥srt tt♥③♦♥ ♥tr♦♦tt r ♣♦rt s♦t ♣rt♥t♦ ♥ rt♦ ♦♠♣♦♥♥ts♠♥t ♣rs♥t♥♦ ttt rttstst t♣ ♥ ♦♣♣t♦r r③♦♥

tt ❬❪ ❯ ❯ ❯ ❯

tt ❬❪ ❯ ❯ ❯ ❯

s♦♥ ♦♣♣t♦r

st ♦tt

sst♠ s♥♥♥ ♥♦♠tr♦ ♦♠ srtt♦ ♥ ♣r♥③ è ♦♠♣♦♥♥t ♠♥♦♠♣♦st ♠♦t♦r s♣ ♦♥ ♥③♦♥ r s♦ ♠♥♦s♦ ♥♦ r③♦♥s♣③ ① ② Prt♥t♦ s r♥ ♥ssr♦ ♣rs♣♦rr ♥ ♦♥t♥t♦r ♣rsr ♥trtà qst♦ s♣♦st♦ ♣r♠tt ♣rtt♦ ♥♠♥t♦ ♦♣♣♠♥t♦ ♦tt♦ tr ♦♠t♦r♥t s♣ ♦♥s♥③ ♥ s♥t ♠♥s♦♥t ♥ strttr ♥ ♠♥♦ st q è ♥ r♦ ♦r♥r ♣r♦t③♦♥ ttt ♣rt ♠♥ ttr sst♠ ♦rr♦r ❱ tt♦ qst st♦ è ♦♠♣♦st tr ♠♥t ♦♥♠♥t

• ♥ ♣♦str♦r ♣r ss♦ stttr ♠♦ ♦rs ♥• Prt tr ♣r ♠♦♥t♦ ♥♠♥t♦ ♦♠t♦r s♣ ♥t• ♦♣r♦ ♥tr♦r

♠♦t③♦♥ r③③③③♦♥ tr ♦♠♣♦♥♥t ♣r rr tst s s s tt♦ ♥ s♦ ♥ ♦r③♦♥ ♦ss ♦r♥t ♥ ♣③③♦ ♥♦ ♦♣r③♦♥ t♦ rstr♥♦♥ rr♦ ♦r♥t♦ rstt ♦tt♠ ♥ tr♠♥ ♥rtà ♣rt ò r ♦♠♣r♦♠ss♦ ♦rrtt♦ ♥♠♥t♦ s♣♦st ♦tt ♥♦tr qst strttr s ♥ tr ♣③③ ♣r♠tt ♠♦♥t♦ sst♠ s♥♥♥ ♥♦♥ rtt♠♥t s s♣♣♦rt♦ ♠♦ ♠ ♥ s ♣r♦ttt ss ♣r s ♦tt♥ ♠♦r ♦♥tr♦♦ ♣r♦t③♦♥ ♣rt t q s♣ ♦♥♥ss♦♥ttr

s♥♦ ♦♥ t♦r ♦t♦ strttr r③③t

r ♦♠♥t♦ tst ♦tt

♣r♦tt③♦♥ qst♦ ♣♣rt♦ è stt s♣♣t ♦♥ s♦ s♦tr t♦r♠♥tr s r③③③♦♥ è t ♥♦♥ ♣rt♠♥t♦ ♥ ❯♥rstà t P♦ ♥ r ♥♦♥♦ ♣rs♥tt s♥♦ strttr s r③③t q è ♣♦ss ♥♦tr s♣♦st♦ ♥♦♠tr♦ ♥ ♥stt♦ ♦♥ tr ♣♣♦st t tstsst ♣♥ ♦♥ s♦♥ ♣rt s ♥♦tr tr ss ♥ ♣♣t♦ ♥♦ strt♦ ♣st ♦♥ttr ♥③③t ♣ss♦ ♦r ♠♦t♦r strttr ♠♥♦ q ♥ss♣t♦ t♠♥t ♣♣r♦♣rt tt stt s ♥ ♣rt tr st♦ ❯♥ ♦t♥stt♦ ♠♦t♦r ♥ ♥♦♥♦ sst ♦ s♥ ♣r ♠③③♦ qttr♦ t tst ♥rss ♦♥ s♦♥ ♦r♦ ttt♦ ♣rs♥t s s strttr ♥③♦♥ ss♦ ♣r ♥t ♥ ♠♦♦t ss ♦tt♦ qstt♠ ♦♥ ♦♥ q♦ st s♣ ♣rt♥t♦ ♥ st♦ ♥r③③♠♥t♦ s♦ ♠♥♦s♦ s ♠♣♦♥ ♥③③r s♦ ♥ ♥♠♥t♦ ♣♦s③♦♥ tr ♣♣rt rst♥♦ ♥♦♥ ♦rrtt ♣rst③♦♥ ♥tr♦ sst♠ ♥ tr♠♥ ♣rs♦♥ ♠ss ♦♦ rs♦③♦♥ ♣♦r♥♦ ♦♠t♦r ♥ ♥t♦ st♦ tr♠t ♦r♦ ttt♦ ♣rs♥t s ♣rt str ♥♠♥r t r ♥ ♦♣♣♠♥t♦ ♦tt♠ tr qst♦ ss ♥rss♦ s♣♥♥ ♦r♦ ♣rs♥t s ♣rt s♣r♦r ♥ ♣rs♣♦st♦ ♣r ♦♠♥t♦ ♥ ♦♥♥tt♦rttr♦ q ♣♦rt ♠♦t♦r s♥ ♣♦t♦ ♣r♦♥♥t s ♦♥tr♦♦ ♦♠♥③♦♥ ttr tr ♥tr♥♦ str♥♦ strttr ♥ tr♠t s ♣♥ ♦tt♦ ♣r ♠♦t♦r ss X ♦tt♦ ♣r ♠♦t♦r ss Y ❯♥ ♣♦ss st ♦♥♥tt♦r r s ♣r♦♦tt ♦r♥t ♦♥♥t♦rs

• ❨ ♣rs ttr ss 16 ♣♥ sr ♦♥ ♦♥ttt st• ❨ s♣♥ ttr rtt 16 ♣♥ sr ♦♥ ♦♥ttt st ♦♠♥t♦ ♣r ♦ ♠tr♦ 9.2 mm

♦♥♥tt♦r ♣♣rt♥♥t sr ♣rs♥t♥♦ s♥t rttrst ♣r♥♣ sst♠sr♦ ss♦ PsP ♦♥ttt sr rsst♥t ♦♥ ♠tr♦ 0.7mm sst♠ ♥♠♥t♦ ♦♥ sst♠ tt♦ ② st♥r ♦rr♥t ♠ss♠ s♣♣♦rtt ♣r ♦♥ttt♦ 6A r♥t ♣r♦ s♦t srtt st♦ qst ♦♥♥tt♦r ♥♦♥ s♦♥♦ stt t③③t s st rrt♣r ♦♠♥t ttr ♣r ♥♦♥♥♥t t st♦rs♦♥ ♥trr♥③ tr ♣♦rt♥t s♥ ♣♦t♦ rs♦ ♠♦t♦r ♣r♦♠ rst ttt rs♦ ♠♣♥♦ ♥ rs♦♥r③♦♥ ttr q è ♥♦r ♥ s s♣♣♦ ♦♥ ♠♦♦ ♠♦♠♥t♦ è ♣♦sssr r r ♣r♠tr t③③♥♦ ♦♥♥ss♦♥ ttr ♦r♥t ♦rs ♥

♠♥s♦♥♠♥t♦ ss♣t♦r ♦♠ srtt♦ ♥ ♣r♥③ s♣♦st♦ ♥♦♠tr♦ ♣r♦ ♦r ♦t♦ r♦t③♦♥ ♠♦t♦r ♦♥s♥③ s ♣r ♥ ♣♣rt♦ ss♣③♦♥r♣r♦♦tt♦ ♦♥ ♣♣♦st tt s ♣rt tr strttr

tt♦ ♣♦t♥③ ♥rt ♠♦t♦r ss♣r ♣ò ssr st♠t ♠sr♥♦ ♦rr♥t ♠ s♥♦ s♥t ♦r♠

Pmot = Rmot

[

Irms+ + Irms−

− Iq+ − Iq−

2

]2

♦ Rmot è rsst♥③ ♦♥ ♠♦t♦r 2.2 Ω Irms+ è ♦rr♥t ♠ s ♠♦rstt♦♣♦st♦ Irms

−

è ♦rr♥t ♠ s ♠♦rstt♦ ♥t♦ Iq+ è ♦rr♥t qs♥③ ♣r s♥ ♦♠♥♦ ♣♦st♦ 0.15A Iq

−

è ♦rr♥t qs♥③ ♣r s♥ ♦♠♥♦ ♥t♦ 0.10Atà ss♣t♦r s♠r ♦r ♦♥ ♠♥t r♦st♥t è r♣♣rs♥tt ♣

r♠tr ♦♥tà r♠ k sst♥③ r♠ Ø q s♦♥♦ ♥♦ ♥rs♦ tr♦♥ ♣rt♦r s qst rsst♥③ Ø ♣rs♥t ♥ ♦r ss♦ ss♣t♦r è ♥ r♦ trsrr♠♦t♦ ♦r ♣r♥♥♦ ♥ t ♠♦♦ ♣♦ss ♥♥ ♣♣rt ttr ♠♥

♥③♦♥ r ♣♥ s♦♥♦ ♣r♥t♠♥t srtt ♥ ③♦♥ ♦♥♥ss♦♥ ttr

P

rsst♥③ tr♠ ♥ ♦t ♦♥ s♥t q③♦♥

Ø =1

k=

Ths − Ta

Pmax

♦ Ths è ♠ss♠ t♠♣rtr ♣r♠ss Ta è t♠♣rtr ♠♥t Pmax è ♣♦t♥③♠ss♠ ss♣r ♦rs ♥ ♦♥s ♠♥t♥r ♠♦t♦r ♥ t♠♣rtr ♥r♦r 45 ♦♥s♥③ ss♣t♦r ♣♦ssr ♥ rsst♥③ tr♠ r

Ø ≃ 0.5 ❲

st♠ s♥♥♥ ♦♠♣t♦

r③③③♦♥ strttr tst è ♥③③t ♦♠♥t♦ sst♠ ♥♦♠tr♦ ♦rrtt♦ ♥♠♥t♦ tr qstt♠♦ ♦♥ ♦♠t♦r ♥t ♥ ♦♣♣♠♥t♦ r♦♣r ♥♠♣♦rt♥t r♦♦ rr♦ tt♥③♦♥ ♥tr♦♦tt ♥tr♦ sst♠ ♦tt♦ ♥ q♥t♦ ♣♦ ♠♠tr s♥♠♥t♦ ♣♦ss♦♥♦ sr s♦♥ ♥♦♥tr♦t s♦ ♠♥♦s♦ ❯♥ tr♦ tt♦r t♥r ♥ ♦♥sr③♦♥ ♥ss♠♦ sst♠ s♥♥♥ è r♣♣rs♥tt♦ st♥③♦ ♥t ♥ ♣♦è ♥ s♦ ♥ ♠♣♦♥ s tr♦ss ♦r ♣♥♦ ♦ ♠sr♣♦tr rstr ♣♦♦ r ♦♥ ♣rs♥③ r♠♦r

♥ r ♥ ♣rs♥tt♦ ss♠♦ sst♠ s♥♥♥ ♦♠♣t♦ ♠♣t♦ ♠♠♥ è ♣♦ss ♥♦tr ♣r♦tt③♦♥ strttr ♠t tst è stt s♣♣t ♥ ♦tt♠③③r ♣rst③♦♥ ♥tr♦ sst♠ ♦strr ♥ ♣♣rt♦ ♣ù ♦♠♣tt♦♣♦ss ♥ ♣rt♦r ss ♠♦t♦r X ♦♥ ♦♥ q♦ ♦♠t♦r ♠♥tr ss ♠♦t♦r Y ♦♥ ♦♥ q♦ ♥t ♥ ♥♦tr s♦♥♦ s♣♦ ssr ♣♦s③♦♥t♦ ♥ st♥③ ♣r ♥♥♥ st♥ ♠s♠ ♥t

r ss♠♦ sst♠ s♥♥♥

♥ r ♥ rrt♦ rt♦ ♦tt♦ t③③t♦ ♣r sr r ♠sr st♦r♣♦rtt ♥ tt♦ s♦ ♠♥♦s♦ ♠ss♦ sr ♥ ♥t♦ sst♠ s♥♥♥ ♠♣♦♥ ♣r ♠③③♦ ♣♦rt (1) → (3) ♥ ♦♣♣t♦r ♣♦t♥③ s♥ rss♦ tst ♣ss ttrrs♦ ♣♦rt (3) → (2) ♥ ♥♥ rt ♠srt ♦♥ s♦ ♥ ♣♦r♠tr ♥ ♥t ♣♦rt (4) ♥♦♥ ♥ ♦♣rt ♣rt♥t♦ ♦♥♥tt♦r st r♠♥ s♦♦♥ ♣♣♦st♦ t♣♣♥♦

Pr ♠sr ♠♣♦ s♦ ♠♣♦♥ è ♥♦ s♣♦ ♥ q♥t♦ rtt♥♦ ttt ♣♦t♥③♥♥t ss♦ ♣r♠tt tr ③♦♥ ♣rt tt♥③♦♥ ♥tr♦ ♣r♦rs♦♦tt♦ sst♠ s♥♥♥ ♦♠♣t♦ ♣ò ♥tr♦rr

P

Pr ♠sr rs♦③♦♥ trsrs ♠♣♦♥ è trt ♦rs ♥ ♣♦ètr♠t s ♦♠♣♦♥♥t è ♣♦ss ♦tt♥r ♥ rttr③③③♦♥ ttt sst♠

r rt♦ ♦tt♦ ♠sr

♠♣♦ s♦ ♠tr♦ s♦ ♦♥♦t♦ ♦♠t♦r P ♦rs♥ ♠sr d = 3.4mm ♠♦♠♥t♦ trtt♦ ♣r♦rs♦ ♣r♠ ssr t ♣r♠♦ s♣♦ è r 17.13mm ss♦ ss ♥ r♥③ ♥ ♥♦♦ ♣r θ ≃ 0.028 ♦t♦♦♥ q③♦♥ (5.1.1) ♦♥s♥③ r♦ ♠♥♦s♦ ♥♥t s sst♠ ♥♦♠tr♦ rstr ♥ ♠tr♦ r

d ≃ 3.42 mm

st♦ s♦ ♥ t♦ s♣♦st♦ ❱ ♦rs ♥ ♥tr♦ ♥ ♥tr♦ ♥♦③♦♥ ♥t♦ ♠tr♦ ♦ stss♦ r♦ ♥♥t ♥ ♣rt♦r ♥♦ è ♣♦ss♦tt♥r s♦♥♦ r♣♦rtt ♥ s♥t

♠tr♦s♦ ♥rss♦

♥♦♦ ♠♥♦ss ❳

♥♦♦ ♦tt♦ss ❳

♥♦♦ ♠♥♦ss ❨

♥♦♦ ♦tt♦ss ❨

1 mm +11 − 12.5 +22 − 25 ±12.5 ±252 mm +10 − 11.5 +20 − 23 ±12.5 ±253 mm +9.5 − 10 +19 − 20 ±12.5 ±254 mm ±8.5 ±17 ±12.5 ±255 mm ±8 ±16 +12.5 − 3 +25 − 6

♥♦ ③♦♥ s♦ ♥rss♦ ♦♥ sst♠ ❱

è ♣♦ss ♥♦tr ♦♥ ♥ s♦ ♠♥♦s♦ ♠tr♦ ♦♠♣rs♦ tr 3mm 4mm ♥♦ ♦tt ♦tt♥ ♦♥ qst♦ sst♠ ♥♦♠tr♦ rst♥♦ ssr ♠♦r ♦ ♥♥ rt♦ ♥t ♥ ♦♥s♥③ sst♠ s♥♥♥ è ♥ r♦ srs♥s♦♥ s♥tr♦ ♠♣♦ s♦ ♥t q t♦r♠♥t rs s♠♥r ♥ ♠♥r♦tt♠ s♣r ♠♥s♦♥ ♣r

FOV = 14.1× 14.1 mm2

t ♥ ♠♦t♦r sst♠ ♥♦♠tr♦ ♦♥♦ ♦♠♣r r♦t③♦♥ ♠♥ ♠♥♦7.5 ♥♦ ss X Y ♣rt♥t♦ ♠♣♦st♥♦ tt♦r s 1 V/ ♣♦t♦ ♥r♦♥ ♦r t♥s♦♥ ♦♠♣rs ♥♥tr♦ [−3.75,+3.75] V ♠t ♣r ♥♦ ♠♥♦rrs♣♦♥♦♥♦ ♣r♠tr♦ ♥ ♥ ♦tt♦ SA = ±7.5 ×±7.5 ttt♦ ♥ ♥rss♦ ♥t

t rt tst ♦ ♥♥♥ ②st♠ ❬❪♦ s♥ ♥ ♥t è ♥♦♦ ♠ss♠♦ ♥tr♦ q qst♦ ♦♠♣♦♥♥t ♦tt♦ è ♥ r♦ r♥tr ♦♥

rstt t♦ r♣♦rtt♦ ♥ ③♦♥ ♥t ♥

P

♥ ♥t ♦♥rs♦♥ tr r♦t③♦♥ ♠♥ ♦♠♣t ♠♦t♦r ♠srt ♥ r s♣③♦♣r♦rs♦ ♠srt♦ ♥ ♠tr ♥ ♦tt♥t ♣r ♠③③♦ s♥t r③♦♥

lx,y = EFL · tan (2φx,y)

♦ lx,y è ♦♦r♥t s♣③ ♥♦ ① ♦ ② EFL = 54mm è ♥③③ ♦ ♥t φx,y è♥♦♦ ♠♥♦ ss♥t♦ ♠♦t♦r ss X ♦ ss Y

s ♥ ♥♦♥♥♥t ♠♥ strttr sst♠ ♥♦♠tr♦ ♦r♥t♦ ♦rs ♥ st♥③ tr s♣♦ st ♥t rst ssr r 19mm ♣rt♥t♦ ss è ♠♦rrs♣tt♦ ♥♥♥ st♥ ♥t ♦♥st q♥ ♥ s ♦♦ ♠sr è ♣♦sstà t r♦t rst♥♦ ssr tt rr♦r ♥ q♥t♦ ♥♦♥ ♥♦♥♦ rs♣ttt rst ♣rtt♦ ♥♠♥t♦ ♦tt♦ tr r ♦♠♣♦♥♥t

s♦③♦♥ ss rs♦③♦♥ trsrs ♦♠ srtt♦ ♣r♥t♠♥t ♦♠♦r ♦r♥③ tt ♣rs♥t ♥ ♣r♠tr ♠♣♦rt♥t q tr♠♥♥♦ rt③③♥ r③♦♥ ♠♠♥ ♣rst③♦♥ ♥ ♥r♦ s♣♦st♦

❯♥♦ qst è rs♦③♦♥ ss q rst ssr ♣♥♥t s♦r♥t ♠♥♦st③③t è ♦ tr♠t q③♦♥ (1.5.3) tt♦ ♦♥sr♥♦ sr ①s♥ ♥♦♦s ♦♥ ♥③③ ♦♥ ♥tr λ0 = 1305 nm r③③ ♥ ∆λ = 140 nm rs♦③♦♥ ss t♦r ♥ r rst ssr r

∆z ≃ 5.37 µm

s♦ ♥ ♦♥ s ♣r♦♣ ♥ ♥ ♠③③♦ t ♦r s♦ ♣r ♥ rr③♦♥ n ♠tr ♣rs♦ ♥ s♠

❯♥ tr♦ ♣r♠tr♦ st♦ ♥ rttr③③③♦♥ ♥ sst♠ è rs♦③♦♥ trsrs q è ♦ ♣r ♠③③♦ q③♦♥ (1.5.4) ♥ ♣rt♦r ♦♥sr♥♦ ♥ ♠tr♦ s♦ ♥ ♥rss♦ ♥t r d = 3.42 mm ♥ ♥③③ ♦ EFL = 54 mm sr ①s♥ ♥♦♦s rs♦③♦♥ trsrs t♦r rst ssr r

∆x ≃ 26.5 µm

♥♦tr ♥③♦♥ rs♦③♦♥ trsrs t ♦r ♦rrs♣♦♥ ♠♥s♦♥ s ♣♥♦♦ s♦ ♠♥♦s♦ s♥t ♥t ♥♦stt♥♦ ♦r ∆x ♥q③♦♥ (1.5.5) ♣r♦♦♥tà ♠♣♦ ♦♥♦ rst ssr

b ≃ 845.28 µm

♦♥s♥③ ♥tr♦ t ♥tr♦ ♥t♦r♥♦ ♣♥♦ ♦ ♠tr♦ r♦ s♥t ♥t r♠♥ ♣rss♦è ♦st♥t ♦♥trr♦ ♥ s♦ ♣r♦♦♥tà ♠♦r ♦ s♣♦t s③ ♠♥t ♦♥♦♥s♥t ♣♦r♠♥t♦ ♣rst③♦♥ ♥ tr♠♥ rs♦③♦♥ trsrs ♥t③③ ♠♠♥♥ ♥t qst♦ ♦r è ♣♦ss rr ♥ ♥s ♥tr♥♦ ♠♣♦♥ è ♠tt ♣r♦♦♥tà ♥r♦r ♦♥♦ ♣rt♥t♦ rstt r♠♥♦♥♦ tt ♥tr♦ ♥♦ s♣ss♦r♦r♥ ♥t♥ ♠r♦♠tr

♥ s ♠sr rs♦③♦♥ trsrs ♥♦♥♦ ♣rs ♥ ♦♥sr③♦♥ ttt ♠♦ ♦♥t♥t ♥ trt ♠♦t③♦♥ ò rr tt♦ s♥♦ ss è ♥ r♦ ♥③r rttrst sst♠ rs tt♦

• ♠♦♦ ❯ stt♦r st ♣♦ss♦♥♦ ssr ♦♣rt ♣r ♠sr rs♦③♦♥ trsrs ♣r♠♦ ♦r♥s ♥♦r♠③♦♥ ♣ù r♦st rs sr ♥s rs♦③♦♥ ♦r♥ ♥tà ♠r♦♠tr ♠♥tr s♦♥♦ è ♥ r♦ rsttr♦r ♠♥♠ ♦r♥ ♥ ♠r♦♠tr

• r ♦r♦♥♦ ♣♦sstà rr ♣rs♥③ st♦rs♦♥ ♥tr♦♦tt sst♠♦tt♦ ♥ s♠ s♦♣rtttt♦ s ♦♥t♦r♥ ♠♣♦ s♦

• r ♦♥♥tr qst rs st♥③ ♥t♠♣♦♥ ♣r♠tt♦♥♦ ♥r rr♦r t ♥♦♥ ♦rrtt ♠ss ♦♦ tst ♦r ♣♥♦ ♦

P

❱♦tà qs③♦♥ ♣rst③♦♥ ♥ t♦♠♦r♦ t ♦tà s♦♥♦ ♣♥♥t ♦♠ srtt♦ ♣r♥t♠♥t ♥ ♦tà qs③♦♥ q s♣♦st♦ è♥ r♦ ♦rr ♥ ♣rt♦r ♥ sst♠ ss ♥ ♥♥③t s rq♥③ s♣③③♦t ♥ ♥③③ ♦♥ s♦r♥t ♠♥♦s s ♦tà ♥♦r r♦t③♦♥ ♠♦t♦r r♥t ③♦♥ s♦ ♥♦ r③♦♥ ① ②

s♣ t♥ sr ♠tt r③♦♥ ♠♥♦s ♣r ♥ t♠♣♦ s♥t♦ s♥ trr q ♣rs♥t ♥ rq♥③ ♣r 100 kHz ♠♦♠♥t♦ t② ② t rt♦è 50.5% ♥ st♠ ♦tà qs③♦♥ ♥ ♣rs♦ ♥ ♦♥sr③♦♥ s♦♦ ♥♥tr♦ t♠♣♦r r τ ≃ 5µs tt♦ ♥ rst♦ ♥ t ♣r♦♦ ♦ s♣♦st♠♥t♦s ♣♥♦ ♦ st♦ ♥♦ ♠♦t♦r ss X ♦ Y s ♠♦t♦ ♥r♦r rs♣tt♦ rs♦③♦♥ trsrs

x(t+ τ)− x(t) ≪ ∆x

r♠t ♦ s♣♣♦ ♥ sr ②♦r ♥♦ ♣r♠♦ ♦r♥ tr♠♥ rtrt♦ q③♦♥ (5.6.2)s ♣ò rsrr ♥ ♠♦♦ s♥t

x(t+ τ) ≃ x(t) +∂x

∂tτ + o(τ2)

♦♥s♥③ ♥sr♥♦ qst♦ ♥ ♦r♠ (5.6.2) ♦ s♣♦st♠♥t♦ s ♣♥♦ ♦ srt♦ s♦sr ♦♥③♦♥

∂x

∂t≪ ∆x

τ

s♦ ♣♦t♦ ♠♦t♦r tr♠t ♦♥ s♥s♦ ♣♦s③♦♥ ♥ r ([]) ss♥t ss♦ rst sr ♥♠♥t♦

θ(t) = A sin(2πft)

♦ A è ♠♣③③ f è rq♥③ s♥ ♦♠♥♦ ♦ s♣♦ ♦r A ♣♥ ♠♥s♦♥ r s♠♥r tt♦r s ♠♣♦stt♦ s♠♣♦ ♦♥ tt♦r 1 V/♠♣③③ ♣r ♦♣rr ♥tr♦ ♠♣♦ s♦ ssr ♦♠♣rs ♥♥tr♦ A ∈ [0, 3.75] V Pr ♠③③♦ q③♦♥ (5.6.1) è ♣♦ss ttr ♦♥rs♦♥ tr r♦t③♦♥ ♠♥ ♦♠♣t ♠♦t♦r ♠srt ♥ r s♣③♦ ♣r♦rs♦ ♠srt♦ ♥ ♠tr ♣rt♥t♦ ♦♥③♦♥ s♣rss (5.6.4) ♥t

∂x

∂t=

∂

∂t

[

EFL tan(

2θ(t)π

180

)]

≪ ∆x

τ

♦ EFL è ♥③③ ♦ ♥t ♥ tt♦r π180 ♥tr♥♦ t♥♥t è ♥ssr♦

♥ ♦tt♥r ♥♦ ♥ r♥t ([rad])♦stt♥♦ (5.6.5) ♥ rt t♠♣♦r x(t) qst rst ssr

∂x

∂t= EFL

2π

180

1

cos2(

2θ(t) π180

)

∂θ

∂t= EFL

2π

1802Aπf

cos (2πft)

cos2(

2θ(t) π180

)

♠♦♠♥t♦ s♥ ♦s♥♦ s♦s s♥t ♦♥sr③♦♥

|cos(2πft)| ≤ 1

0 < cos2(

2θ(t) π180

)

< 1

è ♣♦ss rr rt ♦ s♣♦st♠♥t♦ rst ssr ♠tt s♣r♦r♠♥t ♦♠ s

∣

∣

∣

∣

∂x

∂t

∣

∣

∣

∣

=

∣

∣

∣

∣

∣

EFL2π

1802Aπf

cos (2πft)

cos2(

2θ(t) π180

)

∣

∣

∣

∣

∣

≤ EFL2π

1802Aπft

♦♥s♥③ ♦♥♥♦ q③♦♥ (5.6.6) (5.6.8) s ♦tt♥ ♦♥③♦♥

EFL2π

1802Aπf ≪ ∆x

τ

P

♥♥ r③ ♣r♦♣rtà tr♥s③♦♥ s (5.6.9) ♥ s♦stt ♦ è ♥ (5.6.6) ò♠♣ ♣r♦♦tt♦ ♠♣③③rq♥③ s♥ s♥s♦ ♣♦t♦ s♦tt♦str s♥t ♠t③♦♥

Af ≪ 445.64 s

♥♦tr s♦♠ srs♦♥ θ(t) ttt ♠♦t♦r ♥ ♥ ♥ ♥tr♦ t♠♣♦r ♣r T/2♦r ♣r♥t ♠t③♦♥ ♥t

Af ≪ 891.28 s

s♠♣♦ ♣r sr ♥ s♥s♦♥ ♥ ♥tr r ♠♣♦ s♦ 14.1mm s r♥ ♥ssr♦♠♣♦str ♦r A = 3.75 V ♦♥ ♦♥s♥t ♦tà s♣③③♦t ♠tt ssr ♠♦t♦ ♠♥♦r r 237.67 fps r♠ ♣r s♦♥ ♦ r s♦♥♦ ♦♥trr♦ s s sr sr ♥♥s 100 fps s♥ s♥s♦ ♣♦t♦ ss♠r ♥ ♠♣③③ ♠♦t♦ ♥r♦r 8.91 V

rttr③③③♦♥ sst♠ ♥♦♠tr♦ è ♣♦ss ♥③r rs♣♦st ♠♦t♦r s♥ ♣♦t♦ ♠♣ q ♠s♠♦ s♦♥♦ Prt♥t♦ ♥ s♦ ♦♠♥♦♦♥ ♦♥ ♦s♥♦ ♥③♦ s♣③③♦t rst ssr rtrt st♦rt ♦♥trr♦ ♦♥ ♥s♥ s♥s♦ è ♣♦ss ♦tt♥r ♥ r♦t③♦♥ ♣t ♣tt♦ ♥♦♥ ♦♥srr ♣rt ♥③♥ θ(t) ♣ss ♦r ♥♦ q♦ ♠ss♠♦

s♦ ♣♦t♦ ♠♦t♦r tr♠t ♥ s♥ ♥r ♥ t♠♣♦ ♣♦s③♦♥ ♥ r ([])ss♥t ss♦ rst ssr

θ(t) =A

∆t· t− A

2

♦ A ∈ [0, 7.5] V è ♠♣③③ ♥tr s♣③③♦t ttt ♠♦t♦r ∆t è ♥tr♦ t♠♣♦r♠♣t♦ ♣r ♦♠♣r ♠♦♠♥t♦ −A

2 +A2

♦stt♥♦ t q③♦♥ ♥ ♦♥③♦♥ s♣rss (5.6.6) qstt♠ ♥t

∂x

∂t=

∂

∂t

[

EFL tan(

2θ(t)π

180

)]

=∂

∂t

EFL tan

[

2

(

Af · t− A

2

)

π

180

]

≪ ∆x

τ

♦ f = 1∆t è ♥rs♦ ♥tr♦ t♠♣♦r

♠♦♠♥t♦ ♦ s♣♦st♠♥t♦ ttt♦ ♠♦t♦r ♥trss ♥ ♥tr♦ ♥♦ ♠tt♦ rstrtt♦ s♥③ ♣rt ♥rtà è ♣♦ss ♣♣r♦ss♠r t♥♥t ♦♥t♥t ♥ rt ♦♥♥ ♥♠♥t♦ ♥r

tan

[

2

(

Af · t− A

2

)

π

180

]

≃ 2

(

Af · t− A

2

)

π

180

♦♥s♥③ ♥♦♠♥t s♦ ♣r♥t s♥♦ rt t♠♣♦r x(t) (5.6.11) s ♦tt♥ ♦♥③♦♥

EFL2π

180Af ≪ ∆x

τò ♠♣ ♣r♦♦tt♦ ♠♣③③q♥t♦ t♠♣♦r ♣♦t♦ s♦tt♦str s♥t♠t③♦♥

Af ≪ 2784 s

s♠♣♦ ♣r sr ♥ s♥s♦♥ ♥ ♥tr r ♠♣♦ s♦ 14.1mm s r♥ ♥ssr♦♠♣♦str ♦r A = 7.5 V ♦♥ ♦♥s♥t ♦tà s♣③③♦t ♠tt ssr ♠♦t♦ ♠♥♦r r 371.15 fps r♠ ♣r s♦♥ ♦ r s♦♥♦ ♦♥trr♦ s s sr sr ♥♥s 100 fps s♥ ♦♠♥♦ ss♠r ♥ ♠♣③③ ♠♦t♦ ♥r♦r 27.81 V

st st♠ rr♥t ♣♦ss ♦tà qs③♦♥ s♦♥♦ rtt♦ ♦ st ♦♥♦r t♦r ♥ qst♦ ♦r♦ ts ♥♦♥ è stt♦ ♣♦ss rr♥ rstt ♦♥ ♣r♦ t♣r ♠♥♥③ t♠♣♦ str♠♥t③♦♥ ♣♣r♦♣rt ♣r ♣♦rtr ♦♠♣♠♥t♦ t ♣r♦tt♦

P

stt

♥ qst♦ ♣t♦♦ ♥♦♥♦ r♣♦rtt ♣r♥♣ rstt ♦tt♥t t③③♥♦ st♣ srtt♦♥ ③♦♥ st♠ s♥♥♥ ♦♠♣t♦ ♥ ♣rt♦r t r♣♦rtt ♦♥t♥t ♥ qst♦♦r♦ ts s♦♥♦ ♠tt r ♣r♠tr ♦♥♠♥t ♥ ♦♠♦r♦ ♦r♥③ tt♥ q♥t♦ ♦ s♦♠♥t♦ r ♣r♦ rttr③③③♦♥ rst♦ ♥♦ st♦ ♣♣r♦♦♥t♦ ttt ♦♠♣♦♥♥t ♠♣t ♣r ♣♦rtr ♦♠♣♠♥t♦ r③③③♦♥ t ♣r♦tt♦

r♥t ♣r♦ st♦ s♣♦st ♦r ♣♦t♥③ rtr♦s ♥♦♥♦ rt ♣r ♠③③♦ ♥ ♣♦r ♠tr sr ♥t ♥♦♦s q ♥ stt♦ r♠♦t♦ tr♠t ♥♦♥♥ss♦♥ P❯ tt♦ ttrrs♦ ♣rt♦r ♦♠♥ ♠♣♠♥tt ♦♥ s♦tr è ♣♦ss ♠♠♦r③③r rr t ♣r♦♥♥t ♦ str♠♥t♦ ♠sr ♣r♠tr ♠♣♦stt ♣r sr ♠sr ♠♣♦ s♦ rs♦③♦♥ trsrs s♦♥♦ s♥t

• ♥③③ ♦♥ ♥tr λ0 = 1305 nm• ♠♣♦ ♠ 100 ms• ♠r♦ ♠♣♦♥ 2000• ♠r♦ t 4• ❯♥tà ♠sr dBm

♦♥ t ♦♥③♦♥ ♦♥ ♣♥t♦ ♣① ♠♠♥ ♥ qst♦ ♥ ♥ t♠♣♦ ♠♦ r 200ms q ♣♥ ♦rt♠♥t t♠♣♦ ♠ ♠♣♦stt♦ t♠♣♦ rs♣♦st ♦ str♠♥t♦ r③♦♥ s♥ ss♦ rt♦ ♥ ♥t qst♦ ♥tr♦ t♠♣♦r ♠sr ♣ò ssr♠♥t♦ ♦♥sr♥♦ ♥ t♠♣♦ ♠ ♥r♦r ♠ ò ♠♣r ♥ ♣♦r♠♥t♦ ♣rs♦♥ ♦♥trst♦ r♦sr♦ ♥♠♠♥ rst♥t

sr ♠♣♦ s♦

❯t③③♥♦ ♦ s♠ r♣♦rtt♦ ♥ r è ♣♦ss r♦strr ♠♣♦ s♦ sst♠è ♥ r♦ ♥③③r ♥ ♣rt♦r ♠♥♥♦ ♥♦ s♣♦ ♣♦s③♦♥t♦ s ♣♥♦ ♦ ♥♦♥♦♥t ♦♥t♦r♥ s♣r ♥tr♦ q è ♣♦ss sr r qs③♦♥ t♥ ♥s ♥♦ r③♦♥ ① ② s ♣♥♦ ♦ rst ssr ♥ ♣♣③♦♥ ♠t♦♦ ♥

♠♣t♦ ♣r s♦ ♦♦r♥t s♣③ z = 0 tt♦ ♦♠ è ♣♦ss r r ♦♣♣t♦r s ♦♥ ♠♥♦s ♥ ♥rss♦ ♣r♦♥♥t sr ♥ r♠ st ♠♥tr ♣♦r ♠tr ♦t♦ ♣♦rt (2) ♦ stss♦ ♦♣♣t♦r ♠sr ♣♦t♥③ rss ♦ s♣♦ ♥srt♦ ♣♦st♦ tst

♦♥ t ♦♥r③♦♥ è ♣♦ss sr ♥ ♠sr ♣r♠♥r rr♦ tt♥③♦♥ ♥tr♦♦tt s♣♦st ♦tt ♦♠♣♦♥♦♥♦ sst♠ s♥♥♥ ♦♠♣t♦ ♥♦ s♣♦ sst♠♥♦♠tr♦ r ♥ ♣♦t♥③ ♦tt r 9.95 dBm ∼= 9.89 mW ♣r ♠tà q r♦t s♦r♥t ♠♥tr ♦r ♣♦t♥③ rtr♦s ♦ s♣♦ tt s ♠t♠tr♦ rstssr r 3.01 dBm ∼= 1.99 mW ♦♥s♥③ ♦♥sr♥♦ ♣rt ♥sr③♦♥ 3 dB♥tr♦♦tt tr r♠ ♦♣♣t♦r r③♦♥ tt♥③♦♥ t♦t

Att ≃ 1.95 dB

❯ P ❱❱

♦♠ srtt♦ ♥ ♣r♥③ t③③♥♦ ♦ stss♦ s♠ è ♣♦ss s♥s♦♥r ♥tr♦ ♠♣♦s♦ ò è rs♦ ♣♦ss r③ ③♦♥ s♦ ♠♥♦s♦ ♣r ♠③③♦ ♠♦t♦r ♥♦♠tr q s♦♥♦ ♥ r♦ ss♠r ♥♦③♦♥ ♠♦r rs♣tt♦ ♦ ♥ ♥ rt♦ ♥t ♥ ♥ ♣rt♦r ♠sr ♥ ♦♥sr♥♦ ♣r ♥tr♠ ss ♥♦ ♠♥♦♠♣rs ♥♥tr♦ ±8 ♥ ♠♦♦ t s♠♥r ♣♦t♥③tà ♥t ♠♣t ♥♦tr ♥ ♦tt♥r ♠♣♦ s♦ ♣♦t♥③ rtr♦s ♦ s♣♦ ♥ rt ♥♦ r③♦♥ ① ② ♦♥ ♣ss♦ 0.016 ∼= 30 µm tr ♥ ♣♥t♦ sss♦

r ♠♣♦ s♦ ♠srt♦

♥ r ♥ rrt♦ rstt♦ qst qs③♦♥ q è ♣♦ss ♥♦tr ♠♣♦ s♦ ♠srt♦ ♦rrs♣♦♥ r q♦ t♦r♦ ♥ tt♦ t r♦t ♥♦♥♦r♣♣rs♥tt ♠♥t s rr♠♥t♦ ♥ q♥t♦ ♣♦ss♦♥♦ ssr ♥tr♣rtt ♥ ♥③♦♥ st♥③ ♣r♦rs ±15.5 mm ♦ ♥♦♦ ♦tt♦ ♥tr♦♦tt♦ s♣ ±16 ♥♦tr è ♣♦ss♥③r ♥ ♥s ♣♦tr ♥r s ♥r ♠♦r rs♣tt♦ q rs ♥tr♥♦ ♥ trttt q è r♣♣rs♥t③♦♥ r ♠♣♦ s♦ rt♦ t t♥ ♥t ♥ tt r r♣♦rt♥t ♣♦t♥③ rtr♦s♦ s♣♦ è ♣♦ss r ♥ s♦ ♥ s♦ s s♣r ♠♣♦ s♦rt♦ ss ss ♥ ♦rt tt♥③♦♥ ♥ ♣rt♦r ♥♠♥t♦ ♣♦t♥③ rss ♥trt♦ tt♥t♦ s♦♣rtttt♦ ♥♦ ss X ♠♥tr ♥tr r③♦♥ r♠♥ ♦st♥t ♣r qsttt♦ ♠tr♦ ♥t st tt ♥♦♥♦ ♥tr♦♦tt r♥t ③♦♥ s♦ ♠♥♦s♦tr♠t ♠♦t♦r ♥♦♠tr q ♣♦ss♦♥♦ ♥rr tr ♥♦♠♥ ♣r♥♣

• st♦rs♦♥ ♠♣♦ s♦ s♦♣rtttt♦ s ♦r ♦t tt♦ st♥③ tr ♣r♠♦ s♣♦ ♣♥♦ ♠♠♥ ♣♥ ♥♦♦ ♠♥♦ ♦♠♣rs♦ tr stsss♣

• st♥③ s ♣♥♦ ♠♠♥ ♥♦♥ ♣r♦♣♦r③♦♥ r♦t③♦♥ ♦ s♣♦ ♠ t♥♥t ♦ stss♦ ♥♦♦ ♦♥ ♦♥s♥t ♦tà ♣r♦rr♥③ s♦ s ♣♥♦ ♥♦♥♣r♦♣♦r③♦♥ ♦tà r♦t③♦♥ sst♠ ♥♦♠tr♦

• ❱r③♦♥ ♦♦ ♥t t③③t ♣r ♦③③r s♦ ♦♥ ♦♥s♥t ♠♠♥t♦ ♠♥s♦♥ r♦ s♥t

❯ ❯❩ ❯❩ ❱

r P♦t♥③ rtr♦s

sr rs♦③♦♥ ss rs♦③♦♥ trsrs

rstt ♦tt♥t r♥t rttr③③③♦♥ s♦r♥t ♠♥♦s è ♣♦ss ♦r rs♦③♦♥ ss sst♠ r③③t♦ è ♥ r♦ ♦rr ♥ ♣rt♦r s♦stt♥♦♥q③♦♥ (1.5.3) ♦r ♠srt ♥③③ ♦♥ r③③ ♥ rs♦③♦♥ ss♥ r rst ssr ♣r r

∆z ≃ 5.61 µm

❯t③③♥♦ ♦ s♠ r♣♦rtt♦ ♥ r è ♣♦ss sr ♥ ♠sr rs♦③♦♥ trsrs ♥♦ s♣♦ trt ♥ ♣♦s③♦♥t♦ s ♣♥♦ ♦ ♥♦♥♦ ttt rqs③♦♥ ♠♦ ♣rs♥t s ss♦ ♥♦♠♥t s♦ ♣r♥t ♠♣♦ s♦ ♥♠♣t♦ ♠t♦♦ ♥ ♣r s♦ ♦♦r♥t z = 0 ♥ s♠♥t ♣♦t♥③ rtr♦s♥♦ r③♦♥ ① ② ♦♥ ♣ss♦ 0.008 ∼= 15 µm tr ♥ ♣♥t♦ sss♦ ♠sr ♥ ♥ rss♦♥ ♥ q♥t♦ trt t③③t♦ ♣rs♥t ♥ rst♠♥t♦ r♦♠t♦t♠♥t rtt♥t ♠♥tr ♠♦ s♦♥♦ ♦t t♠♥t trs♠ss ♣rt♥t♦ ttrrs♦ ♥ r♣♣rs♥t③♦♥ ♥ s r ♥ ♦r ♣♦t♥③ rtr♦s t♦ ♦rrs♣♦♥ ♥ r③♦♥t♥♥t ♥♦ rs ♥ ss ♣♦t♥③ t♥ ♥r♦

♣r♥♣ rstt rr♥t ♠sr rs♦③♦♥ trsrs ♥♦♥♦ st♦ srtt

r ❱♥ r♣♦rtt♦ trt ❯ s ♥ rs♦♥ ♦♠♣t ♥♦ ③♦♦♠ ♣rt ♥tr ♠s♠♦ qst♦ ♥r♥♠♥t♦ è ♣♦ss st♥r s♥③ ♥rt③③ ♥ ♣♣rt♥♥t r♣♣♦ 4 ♥ ♣rt♦r s ♦♥sr♥♦ ♠♥t 5 6 q tr♠t ♦r♠ (5.3.1) ♦rrs♣♦♥ ♥ rs♦③♦♥ trsrs r

(5) → Risoluzione ≃ 25.39 lp/mm =⇒ ∆x ≃ 19.7 µm

(6) → Risoluzione ≃ 28.5 lp/mm =⇒ ∆x ≃ 17.5 µm

r ❱♥♦♥♦ rrt r ♦♥ è ♣♦ss rr ♥ rr♠♥t♦ qst♦ ♠♦♦ ♦r rs♦③♦♥ ♦tt♥ ♦♥ sst♠ s♥♥♥ rst ssr

Risoluzione ≃ 30 lp/mm =⇒ ∆x ≃ 16.7 µm

❯ ❯❩ ❯❩ ❱

r ❱♥ r♣♣rs♥tt♦ stt♦r st q è ♣♦ss st♥r s♥③ ♥rt③③ ♥ ♣♣rt♥♥t r♦♥r♥③ ♥♦ ♥ r♦ 250 µm ♣rt♥t♦ ♣r ♠③③♦q③♦♥ (5.3.2) rs♦③♦♥ trsrs r

∆x ≃ 17.4 µm

r rt ❯

r ♦♥ ♥s

❯ ❯❩ ❯❩ ❱

r tr t♦r

st ♦r rs♦③♦♥ trsrs s♣r♠♥t rst♥♦ ssr ♥r♦r rs♣tt♦ q♦t♦r♦ ♣♦è s♣ ♥tr♦♦♥♦ st♦rs♦♥ r♠♥t♦ ♠tr♦ s♦ ♠♥♦s♦r♥t s ③♦♥ s♥tr♦ ♣♥♦ ♦ ♥♦tr r♥♦ t ♠♥s♦♥ r♦ ♣r♦♦♥tà ♠♣♦ ♠♥s ò ♠♣ ♦♣♦ ♥♦ s♣ss♦r s♦ b ≃ 0.399 mm ♦r ♣♥♦ ♦ rs♦③♦♥ ♣♦r ♦♥s♥③ ♦♥sr♥♦ t ♦r♥t r ♠♦ rs♦③♦♥ trsrs ♠srt rstssr r

∆x ≃ 17.8 µm

st♦ ♠♣ ♣r♠tr♦ ♦♥♦ ss♠ ♥ ♦r ♣r

b ≃ 0.382 mm

rtt♥♦ qs③♦♥ r ♠♦ ♣rs♥t s trt è ♣♦ss sr tr♦r rrr♥t ♥s ♠♣♦♥ ♣♦s③♦♥t ♦r ♣♥♦ ♦ ♦ ♥♦ ♦r ♠♣♦ s♦

tt♦ ♣r♦♦♥tà ♠♣♦ ♥ ♥tr♦ s♣③ ♥tr♦ q rs♦③♦♥ ♥♦♥ss r♦ss tr③♦♥ ♦♥s♥③ ♥t♥t♦è strttr s♠♥r s tr♦ ♥ st♥③ ♥t ♣r♦ss♠ ♥③③ ♦ sst♠ è ♥ r♦ r♥tr ♦♥ ♣rst③♦♥ ♥ tr♠♥ rs♦③♦♥ trsrs ♦♥trr♦ s ♠♣♦♥ è ♠♦t♦ st♥t ♦ tr♦♣♣♦ ♥♦ rs♣tt♦ ♥t ♥ s♣♦st♦ ♥♦♥ rs ttr ♠ss ♦♦ tst♥ r ♥♦♥♦ r♣♦rtt qs③♦♥ trt ♦r ♦♦ ♥ ♣rt♦r ♥ r ♥♦♥♦ ♣rs ♥ ♦♥sr③♦♥ stt♦r st r ♦♥♥tr ♣♦s③♦♥t 1 cm st♥③ ♣♥♦ ♦ ♠♥tr ♥ r ♥♦♥♦ r♣♦rtt stt♦r st ♥ ♣♦r③♦♥ trt ❯ ♣♦st 1 mm st♥③ ♦ stss♦ t r è ♣♦ss ♥♦tr ♥ s♦ ♥t ♥♦♥ è ♥ r♦ ♠ttr ♦♦ ♠♦ ♦♥s♥③ rs♦③♦♥è ♠♣♦ss tr♠♥r ♥ ♥ s♦ ♠♦ s♦♥♦ ♥♦r st♥ ♣rt♥t♦ sst♠ è ♥ r♦ ♦rr ♥ rs♦③♦♥ trsrs r

∆x ≃ 26.1 µm

❯ ❯❩ ❯❩ ❱

st♥③ 1 cm st♥③ 1 mm

r qs③♦♥ ♦r ♦♦

❯♥ rstt♦ ♥trss♥t r qst st s ♠♦ ♦r ♦♦ è ♣♦t♥③ rssrst ssr ♥r♦r rs♣tt♦ q ♠srt ♥ s♦ trt ♥t s ♣♥♦ ♦ ♥♦s♣♦ ss rst ssr tt♥t 3÷ 4 dB ♥ s♦ 1 mm st♥③ r 20 dB ♣r 1 cm st♥③ ♠sr ♥ r

♦♠ srtt♦ ♣r♥t♠♥t ♥t s♣ ♣♦ss♦♥♦ ♥tr♦rr rr③♦♥ ♦♠♣♦rt♥♦ ♥ tt♥③♦♥ ♥ st♦rs♦♥ ♠♣♦ s♦ s♦♣rtttt♦ ♥♦ ♦♥t♦r♥♦st tt s♦♥♦ ♥ s ♥ r q è ♣♦ss ♥♦tr ♣♦t♥③ rssss ♥ ♦rt ♦ q♥♦ r③♦♥ s ♦♥t♥ ♥tr♦ ♠♣♦ s♦ ♥♦♠♥

P♦t♥③ rss ♦♥t♦r♥♦

r qs③♦♥ ♦♥t♦r♥♦ ♠♣♦ s♦

❯ ❯❩ ❯❩ ❱

♥ ♥t ♦♠ è ♣♦ss ♦ssrr rstt r♣♦rtt ♥ r ♥ ♥♦♥ s♦♥♦♣rtt♠♥t ♣r ♠ ♣rs♥t♥♦ ♥ r♥③ r 0.97 ♥♦ ss X 0.41 ♥♦ ssY ò r tt♦ ss ss♦♥♦ r ③♦♥ r♥t qs③♦♥ ♦t ♦♠♣♦♥♥t ♦tt t③③t Pr ♠③③♦ qst ♠sr ♦rt♠ s♣♣t ♣♣♦st♠♥t è ♥♦tr ♣♦sstà rrr ♠♥r qst♦ ♣r♦♠ ♦ s♣♣♦ t ♦rt♠ s qst♦ ♦r♦ ts

r st♦rs♦♥ ♦♥t♦r♥♦ ♠♣♦ s♦

s ♥ ♥♦♥♥♥t strttr sst♠ ♥♦♠tr♦ t r♦t rst♥♦ssr tt ♣♦ rr♦r ♥ q♥t♦ ♥♦♥ ♥♦♥♦ rs♣ttt rst ♣rtt♦ ♥♠♥t♦♦tt♦ tr r ♦♠♣♦♥♥t st♦ tt♦ s♦♣rtttt♦ rr♥t ♦rrtt st♥③ ♦ ès tr♠t qs③♦♥ r ♦♥♥tr r♣♦rtt ♥ r ♥ rt ♦r③③♦♥t è ♣♦ss ♥♦tr ss rst♥♦ ssr ♥♦♥ ♥t ♠ ♣rs♥t♥♦ ♥ st♦rs♦♥ò ♥ st♦ ♠♣♦sstà ♣rtt ♠ss ♦♦ sst♠ s♥♥♥ qttt è ♥ r♦ sr qs③♦♥ ♦♥ rs♦③♦♥ tt

r ♦♥♥tr r

❯ ❯❩ ❯❩ ❱

P

♦♥s♦♥

♦♠♦r ♦r♥③ tt ttr tt♥③♦♥ ♥♥r s♥③t ♦♣r♥♦ ♥♠♣♦ ♦t♦♥ ♥ q♥t♦ r♣♣rs♥t ♥ ♣♦t♥t t♥♦♦ ♠♥ s♣♣t ♥ rr♦♠ ♥♦tr ss ♣r♠tt ♥ s③③③♦♥ ♦ strttr ♣t♦♦ s♥③ ♥sstà ♥trr ♦♥ttt♦ ♦♥ ♠♣♦♥ ♥③③r ♦♠ ♥ ♥ ♦♣s ♥ st♦♣t♦♦ss ♦♣♣r ♣r♠tt s③③r ♠♦r♦♦ ♠♣♦♥ s♦tt♦ s♠ ♥ t♠♣♦ r s♦tt♦ ♥ t♥t str♥♦

t♥ è ♥ r♦ rr ♠♠♥ ♠♥s♦♥ tr♠♥s♦♥ t rs♦③♦♥♦♥ ♥t ♥ ♠♣♦ ♦♥♦♠♦ s♥t♦t♥♦♦♦ ♠ s♠♣♦ ♣♣③♦♥ ♥♥♦♥ ♠♣♦rt♥t ♠♣tt♦ ♥♦ ♥ r ♠♣ q ♦t♠♦♦ ♥♦s ♣t♦♦ rt♥ r♦♦ ♥trs♦r ♠sr st ♦♥ qst sst♠ ♦♥♦ ssr ♣rs ♦♥r♦♥t ♦♥ ♥♦r♠③♦♥♥ ♥♦t ♥ ♠♦♦ t ♣♦tr ♦r♠r ♥♦s ♦rrtt ♦♥s♥③ qtà ♦♠♣♦♥♥t ♦♥ ♥ ♣r♦ttt♦ ♥ ♦♠♦r♦ ♦r♥③ tt rst ssr ♦♥♠♥t♠♣♦rt♥③ ♥ q♥t♦ ♥♥♦ ♥ s♥♥t ♥♥③ s ♣rst③♦♥ sst♠ stss♦ ♥ ♥t ♥ ♠♥r rttt ♥tr♦ ttrrs♦ ♣rt ♥ ♠♦♠♥t♦ s r♥ ♥ssr♦r③③r sst♠ s♥♥♥ t ♦tà ♥ s♦ ♥ t♥ ♥ss t③③t ♣r ♥ t♠♣♦ r ♥ ♥tr♥t rr ♦r③♦♥ s③③③♦♥ t ♦♥♦ ♣♦ssr t♥③ ♣rst③♦♥ t

st♦ ♦r♦ ts ♣ò r♣♣rs♥tr ♥ s ♣r ♣r♦s♠♥t♦ r③③③♦♥ ♥ ♦♠♦r♦ ♦r♥③ tt ♥ q♥t♦ st♣ ♣r♦ttt♦ rst ssr tt♦ ♥s s♣ttr ♠♣♦♥ ♦♦ ♥ ♣rt♦r s♦♥♦ ♥ s r t♥r ♥ ♦♥sr③♦♥ ♥ ♦tt♥r ♥♦ st♦ ♦rrtt♦ tr♠t t♥ ♦♠ s♠♣♦ ♣♦s③♦♥♠♥t♦ ♠♦t♦r s♣ ♦tà s♣③③♦♠♥t♦ sr q qs③♦♥ ♦♣♣r ♣rst③♦♥ sst♠ ♥ tr♠♥ rs♦③♦♥ ♠♣♦ s♦

♥ r ♥ r♣♦rtt♦ t♦♠♦r♦ r③③t♦ tstt♦ ♥ ♦rt♦r♦ rttr③③③♦♥ sst♠ ♥♦♠tr♦ è ♣♦ss ♥③r s♣♦st♦ ♣r♦tttt♦♣ò ssr ♥ r♦ ♥r③③r s♦ ♠♥♦s♦ ♦♥ ♥ ♣rs♦♥ t s s♣r ♠♣♦♥ s♠♥r ♥tr♦ ♠♣♦ s♦ ♥t ♥ ♠sr st s s♦r♥t ♠♥♦s ♣♦rt♥♦ r♠r t♦♠♦r♦ ♣ò ssr ♥ r♦ ♦♣rr ♦♥ ♥ ♥③③ ♦♥ r r③③♥♦ ♥ t ♠♦♦ t♥ t♦tà♥♥ ♣r♦ ttt ♦♥ sst♠ ♦♠♣t♦ è ♣♦ss ♥r s♣♦st♦ s♣♣t♦♣ò ssr ♥ r♦ ♣r♦rr ♠♠♥ t rs♦③♦♥ s♦♣rtttt♦ ♠♣♦♥ ♣♦s③♦♥t s♣♥♦ ♦ ♥t ♥ è ♣♦ss rr ♥♦r♠③♦♥ s strttr ♥tr♥ stsstt str♠♥t③♦♥ t③③t ♣r rr t ♥ q s♣♦st ♥♦♥ è ♦tt♠③③t ♣r ♣♣③♦♥ t ♦tà ♣rt♥t♦ ♦♥ ♣rs♥t ♦r♦ s ♣r♦♣♦♥ r ♥③♦♥s r③③③♦♥ ♥ ♦♠♦r♦ ♦r♥③ tt t ♦tà ♣♣ tr ♣r♦♥♦♦tt♠③③③♦♥ st♣ s♣r♠♥t ♣r ♠♣♠♥t③♦♥ ♥ r♦ sst♠ ♥ r♦ qsr t s ♠♣♦♥ ♦♦ r

❯

r ♦♠♦r♦ ♦r♥③ tt r③③t♦ ♥ ♦rt♦r♦

♦ s♣♣♦ tr♦ t♥ è ♥♦r ♥ t♠ ♣rt♦ t♦ s♣♥t♦ s♦♣rtttt♦ tt♦r q

• ♦♥♦♠♦ ♠♣♦ ♠♥ r sst♠ ♦♥ t ♣rst③♦♥ ♦st ♥♦♥ t• ♥♦♦♦ sst♠ ♦♥♦ ssr ♠t♠ t♦♠t③③t ♥trr ♦♥ tr

str♠♥t

♥ ♥t ♦tr ♥sstà t③③r sst♠ ♠sr ♦♠♣♦st ♥ttr♦♥ ♦ ♦♥♦♠ ♥ tr♦ ♣♥t♦ t♥r ♥ ♦♥sr③♦♥ ♥♦ s♣♣♦ sst♠ trrr ♣rt s♦tr ♥ q♥t♦ s r♥ ♥ssr♦ ♠♣r ♦rt♠ ♥t ♥ r♦ str ♥ r♦ss ♠♦ t s③③r ♠♠♥ tr♠♥s♦♥ ♥ ♠♣ ♣♦r③♦♥ ♠♣♦♥ ♥ ♥ t♠♣♦ str♠♠♥t ♣♦♦ ♠♥♥♦ ttt ♣♦ss rttt st♦rs♦♥

♦r

❬❪ ♠ ♦♥ ♠ ♦♥ qst♦♥ ♦ ♥tr♥ ♥r♣r♥t ❲t t♦♠ttt♦♥ ♦ sr ②rs ❯s♥ ♦r ❯♥rst② ♣rt♠♥t ♦ ♦♠♣tr ♥ ♦♦♠♠♥t♦♥ ♥♥r♥ ❬s♣♦♥ ♥r③③♦ tt♣①♣♦r♦r❪

❬❪ ①s♥ ♥♦♦s ♥ ①s♥ ♣t ♦r ♥♥ ♣rt♦rs ♥❯♥t tt ♦ ♠r ①s♥ ♥♦♦s ♥ ❬tst♦ s♣♦♥ ♥ ♦rt♦r♦ ♦t♦♥ ❯P❪

❬❪ ♥ r♦ ♦♥ t♥♦ ♥s ♦ ♠t ♣rs♥tt ♥ ♦rs♦ s♠str♥ ♣r ♦♠♥③♦♥ t P♦t♥♦ ♥♦ ❬s♣♦♥ ♥r③③♦tt♣♦♠♣♦♠t♣rtPP♦♥t♥st♣❪

❬❪ rr ♠♥r ♣rt s♥s r ♠♣♦r t ❯♥rstà ♦♦♥❬s♣♦♥ ♥r③③♦ tt♣♠♥♦t⑦rrss♠♣❪

❬❪ r♦ tt♦ s♣♥s ♦♠♥③♦♥ ttr t P♦t♥♦ ♦r♥♦❬s♣♦♥ ♥r③③♦ tt♣t♣♦t♦t⑦♥♦♦♠❴ts♣♥s❴♠tt♦❴r♦❴s♣♥s❴♦♠♥③♦♥❴ttr❴tt♦❴r♦♣❪

❬❪ r♥r♦ tt♦ ♣♣♦ s♣r♠♥t ♥ t♦♠♦r♦ ♦r♥③ ♦ttt ❯♥rstà t P♦ ❬s♣♦♥ ♥r③③♦ tt♣ts♥♣t♣♣♦❴s♣r♠♥t❴❴♥❴t♦♠♦r♦❴❴♦r♥③❴♦tt♣❪

❬❪ r ♦② ❱r♠r r♦♦t ❱♥♦ ❱ ♦r rs♣♦r③t♦♥s♥st ♦ t ♠♥ rt♥ t ♦rrt♦♥ ♦ s②st♠ ♣♦r③t♦♥ st♦rt♦♥s♣t ♦t② ♦ ♠r ❬s♣♦♥ ♥r③③♦ tt♣s♦s♣s♥♦r♦♦♠♠❪

❬❪ ♥ ♥rs♦♥ ♥ ♣♣♦ ❱♥♦s ② P ♦s s♥ P r♥r ♠♥ ♦ r tr ♦♥trt♥ ♥ tr♦ s♥t ❩♥ ❬s♣♦♥ ♥r③③♦ tt♣①♣♦r♦r❪

❬❪ ♦♠ s ③tt ♣t s♦r ♦♣t ♦r♥ t♦♠♦r♣② s♥♥ r ♥♠ r♥ sr s♦r ♦r♥ ♦ ♦♠ ♣ts ❬s♣♦♥ ♥r③③♦tt♣♠r♦♥♦♣ts♦♠♣♦♥t♥t♣♦s♣❪

❬❪ ♥ ♥ ♥s ♥ ♠♣♠♥t③♦♥ ♥ ♠♥t t ❯♥rstà t rrr ❬s♣♦♥ ♥r③③♦ tt♣♠♦♥t♥t♠s♠♥♦ts❴♦♥❴s♥❴♣r♦ss❴♥❴♠t♣❪

❬❪ rts ♥rs♦♥ ❩♥r ♠r ♥ P ♣t ♦r♥ ♦♠♦r♣②♦♣♠♥t ♥ ♣♣t♦♥s r③ r ♥ ♥r② sr ♥sttt❬s♣♦♥ ♥r③③♦ tt♣s♣♥r♦t♣❪

❬❪ s♦r② ♠♦♥t♦rs ♥ tst ❯❨ ♣t P♦r♥♥ P♦t♦♦s t♦ ③ ❨♦r ❯ s♦r② ♠♦♥t♦rs ♥❬tst♦ s♣♦♥ ♥ ♦rt♦r♦ ♦t♦♥ ❯P❪

❬❪ s♦r② ♠♦♥t♦rs ♥ ❯sr ♥ ❯❨ ♥ P♦t♦♦st♦ ③ ♥t ❨♦r ❯ s♦r② ♠♦♥t♦rs ♥❬tst♦ s♣♦♥ ♥ ♦rt♦r♦ ♦t♦♥ ❯P❪

❬❪ r①r ❲♦♥ ♠♦t♦ ♠s ♣t ♦r♥ ♦♠♦r♣② ♥♦♦② ♥♣♣t♦♥s ♦♥ t♦♥ ❱♦♠ t③r♥ ♣r♥r ♥tr♥t♦♥❬tst♦ s♣♦♥ ♥ ♦t ♣rt♠♥t♦ ❯P❪

❬❪ ♥ ♥ ❩♥ ❳ ❲♥ ❩♦ ❩ ♥ P P♦③③ ❳ ♥ ♥♦s♦♣ ♦rr♥ ♠♥ ♣r♦ s ♦♥ t♦①s s♥♥♥ ♠♠s ♠rr♦r ❯♥t tt ♦ ♠r❯♥rst② ♦ ♦r ❬s♣♦♥ ♥r③③♦ tt♣①♣♦r♦r❪

❬❪ r s s ♦♥ Pr♥♣s ♦ ♦♣t ♦r♥ t♦♠♦r♣②t ♥ ❬s♣♦♥ ♥r③③♦ tt♣ssr♥tsr♣r♥♣s♦♦♣t♦r♥t♦♠♦r♣②❪

❬❪ rr♦ ③♦ ❱ ♦ ♥♦♦ ♠t♦♦♦ ♣r ♠♠♥ ♥③♦♥♦♦♥ Pàtr♦♥ t♦r ❬tst♦ s♣♦♥ ♥ ♦t ♣rt♠♥t♦ ❯P❪

❬❪ ♦ s♣♣ sr r③③ r ♥ sr st q♥t tr♠t♥trr♦♠tr t♦♠s③♦♥ t ❯♥rstà t r ♦ ♦r♦❬s♣♦♥ ♥r③③♦ tt♣r♦♥♥t♣♦♥t♥t♣♦s♠♥rstrsrs♣♣♣❪

❬❪ ♦♥③♦♥ s♣rs ♣t ♦r♥ ♦♠♦r♣② ♥♦ t ♦♥③♦♥ ♥tr♦r♦♦ r♦rr s♣rs ❬s♣♦♥ ♥r③③♦ tt♣s♣rst♦♥♦r♦r❴♦♥③♦♥s♣rs♣❪

❬❪ ♠♦t♦ ♠s Ptrs ♦♣♣rt r③♥s ♣t ♦r♥ ♦♠♦r♣②♥ ♠r♥ t♥♦♦② ♦r ♦♠ ♠♥ ♥ ♦♣t ♦♣s② tr ♠r ♥❬s♣♦♥ ♥r③③♦ tt♣s♥♥♠♥♦♣♠rtsP❪

❬❪ ♦♥♥♥ ♣♣♦ ♦♠♦r ♦r♥③ tt ♣r♥♣ ♥③♦♥♠♥t♦ st♦ t♥♦♦ ♣♣③♦♥ ♥ stt♦r ♥♦ t ❯♥rstà ♦♦♥ ❬s♣♦♥ ♥r③③♦tt♣♠sr♥♦t❴P♣❪

❬❪ ♦rs♥ ♥sPttr t qst♦♥ ♥ ♦r ❯♥rst② ♦ ♦♦tst ♦r② ❬s♣♦♥ ♥r③③♦ tt♣♦♠t♥♦⑦♥s♦♠♥ts♠ttr♥♥tqst♦♥♥tqst♦♥♥♣❪

❬❪ ♠♦ ♦♥♥t♦rs ❯♥♣♦ t♣♦ ♦♥♥t♦rs t♦ t③r♥ ♠♦ ❬s♣♦♥♥r③③♦ tt♣s♠♦♦♠t♦❲❯❴♥s♥♣♦❴♠t♣♦♣♣❪

❬❪ rt str sr P♦t♦♦♦② ♥ P♦t♦♠♥ ❨♦r ❯ P♥♠ Prss ❬tst♦ s♣♦♥ ♥ ♦t ♣rt♠♥t♦ ❯P❪

❬❪ rt♥ r♦ ♣♣♥t ♦♠♥③♦♥ tt t P♦t♥♦ ♥♦ ❬s♣♦♥♥r③③♦ tqst♦♥♥tqst♦♥♥♣❪

❬❪ t♦♥ P♦♦ s♣r♥③ ♥ ♥trr♦♠tr♦ s♦♥ ♦rt♦r♦ ♦tt ttr♦♠♥ts♠♦ t ❯♥rstà t ♦♠ ♣♥③ ❬s♣♦♥ ♥r③③♦tt♣srr♣②s♥r♦♠t♦♠t♦♥trP❩❴♣❪

❬❪ ③③♦ P♦♦ r♦ ❱♦ ♠♥t s ❱♦ ttr♦♠♥ts♠♦ ♦♥♣♦ sr ❬tst♦ ♣♦sst♦ r♥♦❪

❬❪ t♦♥ ♥str♠♥ts ♦ ❯sr ♥ rs ❯①❬s♣♦♥ ♥r③③♦ tt♣♥♦♠♣♠♥s♣❪

❬❪ P♦♥ ♦r♦ rr♦♥ r♦ rs♦♥ r♦ ♦♠♦r ♦r♥③tt ♣r ♦ st♦ ♠r♦strttr ♣ tr♦sr♦t ♥r ♦♠ t♥s ♥③ ♥③♦♥ ♣r sr③ s♥tr r♦♥ ❬s♣♦♥ ♥r③③♦tt♣st♦t♠s❴❴♣♥r❴❴st❴t♠♥♠❴❴♣❪

❬❪ Pr♠♥r♥ r②♥t♦ ♥ ❲ ♥ ♦ ❨♥s♥ ❳ ♥♥ ♣♣r ♦ s♥ rt♦♥ ♥ ss♠② ♦ ♥ ♣t ♦s♥s♦r Pr♦P ♦r ♣t ♦r♥ ♦♠♦r♣② ♣♣t♦♥ ♥♣♦r❬s♣♦♥ ♥r③③♦ tt♣①♣♦r♦r❪

❬❪ t ♥♥ ♥ ❱ ♥ ♥②ss ♥ ♠ ♠t♦♥ ♦r ♣t♦r♥ ♦♠♦r♣② ②st♠s ♥ ♠ ❬s♣♦♥ ♥r③③♦ tt♣①♣♦r♦r❪

❬❪ ♦rr♦ ♦♥ ♦rt♦r♦ ❱s③③③♦♥ r ♥ t❯♥rstà t ♦♠ ♣♥③ ❬s♣♦♥ ♥r③③♦ tt♣♠t♥r♦♠tstst♠♣♦rts♥tr♦♦♦♠♥♦rr♦♦♥♠t♣❪

❬❪ r♥ r♥♦ ❱ s ♣r♦ ♥♥ ♣♠♥ ♦rr ♦♠♥ ♣t ♦r♥♦♠♦r♣② ♥ ♦♦ ♦ ♥♥r♥ ♥ ♠♦♥ rsr ❯♥rst②❬s♣♦♥ ♥r③③♦ tt♣♥ss⑦♥♥♣❪

❬❪ ♠tt ♦s♣ ♣t ♦r♥ ♦♠♦r♣② ♦♥ ♦♥❯♥rst② ♦ ♥ ♥ ♥♦♦② ❬s♣♦♥ ♥r③③♦ tt♣①♣♦r♦r❪

❬❪ s♥ ♦♠♥s P ♥♦ r ♦r♦ r♥rs ♦♣♠♥t ♦ ♥ ♣t ♦r♥ ♦♠♦r♣ ♦r ♠ ♥♠ t♥ ♠♥P♦rt ❯♥rst② ♦ ♦♠r ❬s♣♦♥ ♥r③③♦ tt♣①♣♦r♦r❪

❬❪ tr ss ♥ r♥② ❲ ♦♠ Pr♦rss ♥ ♥tr♦r♦♥r② ♣t♦r♥ ♦♠♦r♣② ♦st♦♥ ❯ t♦♥ ♥sttts ♦ t❬s♣♦♥ ♥r③③♦ tt♣①♣♦r♦r❪

❬❪ t♦rs ♥ qr ♦♥t♥♦s ♥ r♦♥ t ❯s♥ s❬s♣♦♥ ♥r③③♦ tt♣st♠t♦rs♦♠♣q①♠♣sqr♦♥t♥♦s♥r♦♥ts♥♥st♠❪

❬❪ t♦rs ♥ qr t ❯s♥ s ❬s♣♦♥ ♥r③③♦tt♣st♠t♦rs♦♠♣q①♠♣sqrts♥♥st♠❪

❬❪ t♦rs ♥ ♦♥tr♦ t♣♣r ♦t♦r s♥ t t♣ts ❬s♣♦♥ ♥r③③♦tt♣t♠t♦rs♦♠♣q♦♥tr♦st♣♣r♠♦t♦rs♥t♦t♣tst♠❪

❬❪ t♦rs ♥ ♥rt ♦♥t♥♦s ♥ r♦♥ ♥s ❯s♥ s❬s♣♦♥ ♥r③③♦ tt♣st♠t♦rs♦♠♣q①♠♣s♥rt♦♥t♥♦s♥r♦♥s♥ss♥♥st♠❪

❬❪ t♦rs ♥ trt trr qst♦♥ ♦♥ ♥ ①tr♥ ♥t❬s♣♦♥ ♥r③③♦ tt♣st♠t♦rs♦♠♣q①♠♣sstrt♠ttrrqst♦♥♦♥♥①tr♥♥tt♠❪

❬❪ ♦rs tst t♦ P ♥♠ ♠♠ Pr ♦♠t♦♥ ❬s♣♦♥ ♥r③③♦ tt♣st♦rs♦♠r♥sPt♦P♣❪

❬❪ ♦rs tst t♦ ❱ ♦ ②st♠ r♦t rr♦rs❬s♣♦♥ ♥r③③♦ tt♣st♦rs♦♠r♥s❱t♦P♣❪

❬❪ ♦rs tst t♦ ♥ ♥s t♦ ♥♠ ♠♠❬s♣♦♥ ♥r③③♦ tt♣st♦rs♦♠r♥st♦P♣❪

❬❪ ♦rs ♣ ♥ P r ♦♠t♦♥ ❬s♣♦♥ ♥r③③♦tt♣st♦rs♦♠♥r♦♣♣♠♦tr♦♣❴♣♥P❪

❬❪ ♦rs ♣ ♥ ♥ ♥ss ♦r sr ♥♥♥ r♦s♦♣②❬s♣♦♥ ♥r③③♦ tt♣st♦rs♦♠♥r♦♣♣♠♦tr♦♣❴❪

❬❪ ♦rs ❯sr ♥♥♥ ♦ ②st♠s ❬s♣♦♥ ♥r③③♦tt♣st♦rs♦♠r♥s❱♥♣❪

❬❪ r♥t♥ r ♣r st s ❩rs rstt ♣r♠♥r t ❯♥rstà t P♦ ❬s♣♦♥ ♥r③③♦ tt♣r♥♣t♣♦♥t♥t♣♦sr♥t♥❴r❴♣❪

❬❪ s s♥♥ ❩♦ r ♠♦t♦ rq♥② ♦♠ ♣t srs ♦r♣t ♦r♥ ♦♠♦r♣② ♠r ❯ ssstts ♥sttt ♦ ♥♦♦②❬sr ♥r③③♦ tt♣s♣♠t♥❪

❬❪ ❲♥r♥ ❯r♦ ♦r♥③ ♥trrr♥③ t ❯♥rstà t ss♥❬s♣♦♥ ♥r③③♦ tt♣♥♠t♦♥r♥t❴♦ss♠s❴s♦r♥③♣❪

❬❪ ❨♥ r♥② ♦r t♠ ♦♠ s♣ ♦♣trq♥②♦♠♥ ♠♥ ♦st♦♥ ❯ ssstts ♥r ♦s♣t❬sr ♥r③③♦ tt♣s♦s♣s♥♦r♦strt♠r♦❪