Nuove tecnologie e vecchie metodologieNuove tecnologie e ... slide.pdf · and so widely varying...

VII° Convegno Nazionale Tecnico-Scientificosulle applicazioni della Modellazione Simulazione e Realtà Virtuale

Roma, 6-8 Novembre 2007Aula Magna Scuola Trasporti e Materiali dell’Esercito ItalianoCecchigno

Nuove tecnologie e vecchie metodologieNuove tecnologie e vecchie metodologieper il mondo dell’archeologia

St f CProblemi, strategie e prospettive Stefano CampanaUniversity of Siena

Landscape [email protected]

There are few fields of scientific research which make simultaneous use of so many

and so widely varying methods and instruments as does archaeologyand so widely varying methods and instruments as does archaeology

In this occasion we focus the attention on landscape archaeology and particularly onIn this occasion we focus the attention on landscape archaeology and particularly on

how does the archaeologist set about locating sites

A huge amount of archaeological sites are still buried

Archaeologists developed throughout years several kind of methods to identify buried

sites

In the last fifty years the most important technological input to detect archaeological

sites should be recognized in remote sensing, from satellite to ground-based

geophysical techniques.

Foreword

The context of the archaeological researchOur research experience as archaeologist has been developed through the last 30g gyears in TuscanyThe cultural and physical complexity and the size (22.990 km2) of Tuscany findparallel in some European countriesparallel in some European countries

Our approach is conceived as multi-scale:1) macro-environment (the region & the provinces)1) macro-environment (the region & the provinces)2) local environment/semi-micro (the local administration or the catchments area)3) point-environment/micro (the individual evidence)

We aim to be able to respond with varying degrees of refinementboth to matters of:1) i di id l h l i l hi t i l bl f ifi ll i tifi t1) individual archaeological or historical problems of a specifically scientific nature2) Conservation

Probably it should be hard to believe but we may underline that Italy don’t have a National Mapping Project of Cultural Heritage!

The background, the scales and the aims of our work at the University of Siena

For long time landscape studies, with particular regard to archaeological field walking survey, have been founded on the idea (often not declared explicitly) that the site distribution collected during fieldwork correspond to the total of

the original site population… or better … the results has been considered as it was the total of the

original site population

Obviously this approach isn’t acceptable (but very common!)

Three concept are useful to understand why it isn’t true and to try to measure quantity and quality of the archaeological mapping process

INTENSITYI d th l ti th d t il f th hIn one word we mean the resolution, the detail of the research

SURVEY REPLICATIONremote sensing & field surveyremote sensing & field survey

VISIBILITY

Some thoughts about archaeological population and archaeological visibility or the hidden landscapes

Visibility is an ambiguous term in archaeology that has many different meaning or better that is related with different factor

1)Use of soil (wooden areas, pastures, ploughed area, vineyard, olives cultivation, etc…)

2)Pedology & geology (clay, sandy soil, acid soil, etc…)2)Pedology & geology (clay, sandy soil, acid soil, etc…)

3)Recent landscape transformation (reclamation areas, industrial and urban “development”)

4)Agricultural development (intensive agriculture, subsistence agriculture)

5)Material culture (invisibility of some specific historical periods)

6)Progressive degeneration of many of the surface finds due to more than half a century of intensive ploughing

7)Inaccessible areas from the ground and/or from the air (military industry etc)7)Inaccessible areas from the ground and/or from the air (military, industry, etc)

8)Settlement pattern (continuity or discontinuity, show or hide archaeological evidence)

Every factor has a different impact on the archaeological research and therefore on theEvery factor has a different impact on the archaeological research and therefore on the research design depending from the point of view (ground or air) and the related

research method (aerial photography, ground survey, magnetic/ERT/radar survey)

The background, the scales and the aims of our work at the University of Siena

19301930

2000

Example of dramatic transformation of the character of the landscape in the province of Siena

After the abandonment of a villa

Farm house

Roman villa

Rammed earth construction, alsoknown as pisé de terre

Early mediaeval village

Material culture and progressive degeneration of surface findsdue to intensive ploughing

Water-Forest-Industry

Plow land-Pasture-Wine

and Olive cultivation

L dLand use

Alluvium plains

Clay

Geology

Others

y

Use of soil & pedology/geology

Reclaimed marsh (not centuriation pattern!)Industry

Areas of new urbanization

Recent landscape transformation

Olives cultivation Ploughzone

Vineyards Montalcino landscape

Agricultural development

Stratified settlement pattern


Macro scaleextensive survey methods

Roman villa

Existing knowledge• archaeological literature

Field Walking Survey• sampling

• archaeological literature• documentary evidence• Place names Remote sensing

• Satellite imagery

• Place names• Pictures• Local people knowledge

• Landsat & HRSI (Quickbird,

Ikonos)

• Local people knowledge• Epigraphic evidence• Unpublished collection of

• Airborne scanner

• (Multi-hyperspectral-LiDAR)

Unpublished collection ofartefacts in museum • Technical, thematic, ( yp p )

• Vertical air photograph

(historical but also modern)

Technical, thematic, historical maps

• Layers generated from (historical but also modern)

• Aerial survey

Layers generated fromtechnical maps…

Macro scale – Main sources of the archaeological mapping process

Visibility

Archaeological features 7891Archaeological features 7891

Tuscany: documentary sources and archaeological litterature

SpatialSpatial representation of the features (about 5000) detected through verticals inthrough verticals in Tuscany

• 3D interpretation• Accurate archaeological mapg p• Total coverage• Availability of historical coverage

Vertical air photographs - 5000 hilltop sites discovered through stereoscope air photo interpretation

Quickbird-2

Ikonos-2

The particular contribution of HRSI should be recognized mainly as lying in:recognized mainly as lying in:1. its multispectral properties and in particular in the near infrared band

2. the possibility of recording the whole of the landscape at times when crop marks or soil marks are at their best

IMMAGINI DA SATELLITE – Dal 2000 abbiamo avviato un programma di valutazione della resa archeologica

Satellite imagery – Ikonos & Quickbird to the study of Tuscan landscapes

marks are at their best.

The three aircrafts used during the XIVth Summer School Grosseto May 2005

Survey Oblique aerial photographs2000 1502001 60002002 22002003 15002004 47002005 16000

Some numbers from 2000 to 2007THE ARCHIVE = 36450 photographs per 380 hour flight2005 16000

2006 25002007 4300

p g p p gTOTAL AMOUNT OF DOCUMENTED SITES = 1800 sites

2006

The 3 aircrafts used during the InternationalS S h l A h l G t M 2005Summer School Archaeology, Grosseto May 2005

2007

Aerial Survey Project

NecropoliField systems

Buildings Hill fort

Medieval mound

Roman villa

Mound

Roman villa

Roman villa

Oblique photographs - Archaeological features

(NERC & ULM Cambridge & University of Durham, prof. D.Donoghue)

Sample area: visualisation of cloud points

Lidar, the latest challenge - a tool to overcome the problem of wooded areas & to see through the canopy to fossil landscapes never explored before …

Sample area in Maremma (GR) – Landscape characterised by a very dense canopy In the centre, under the dense vegetation, are well known the ruins of a medieval castle

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Field walking survey: from dots/symbols to mobile mapping and maps of artefact patterns

GIS-based data integration

Satellite

ObliqueM i G d C t l P i t

qMapping Ground Control Point

Vertical

LiDAR

FieldwalkingFieldwalking

Archaeological features = 18054

Total amount of the archaeological evidence in Tuscany


Micro scale &intensive survey methods

Roman villa

and much more…and much more…

Through time we have collected many case studies

Aiali

GrossetoGrosseto

Aiali is a place name sited on lowland between the Medieval town of Grosseto and the Roman town of Roselle

The site was detected from the air during the Aerial Archaeology ResearchSchool organized in the first CULTURE 2000 project in 2001 g p j

In the following years Aiali has become the most important test-site for theLaboratory of Landscape Archaeology and Remote SensingLaboratory of Landscape Archaeology and Remote Sensing

Since 2001 we have collected, processed and interpreted many differentkinds of data:kinds of data:

• Quickbird-2 satellite imageryhi t i l d t ti l (f 1954 t 2005)• historical and recent vertical coverage (from 1954 to 2005)

• oblique air photographs in various years, seasons and lightingCondition (2001, 2004, 2007)

• field-walking survey (grid & replicated collection)• geophysical survey (magnetometry, GPR, EM, ERT, ARP)• DGPS survey to produce detailed DTMy p• … in the next future hopefully LiDAR, Hyperspectral, etc…

Research design

Even though satellite imagery in this case failed to make a meaningful gcontribution at Aiali itself, we may consider that related to serendipity. Without a multitemporal approach

PAN data

Without a multitemporal approach the input of satellite imagery will not be effective for intra-site analysis but only for large scale archaeologicalonly for large scale archaeological landscape studies.

Anyway we may also consider that AialiAnyway, we may also consider that on the same image set it is possible to see many other archaeological f f h l

Aiali

features, some of them very close to Aiali. One such site lies only 800 m to the south-east, where field-walking survey has revealed the existence of a large medieval mound BrancaletaMSS data

Satellite data

As usual we started our work by examining the oldest

f

19541954

available aerial photographs, in this case from the

national coverage of 1954

Unfortunately no features were visible on this 19961996

historical flight because the area was at that time

used for olive cultivation

Even though the land-use changed to grain g g g

cultivation between the 1950s and 1970s we did not

find any features on vertical photographs of 1976,

2001

find any features on vertical photographs of 1976,

1996, 2001, 2002, 2005.

Historical and recent vertical aerial photographs2001

May 25 2004 May 30 2004

June 5 2004 June 9 2004

Oblique air photography

Oblique air photography

We carried out field-walking survey and surface collection within a 10 m square grid

The spots represent thedistribution of medieval potterydistribution of medieval pottery within the grids

The settlement began as an imperial Roman villaan imperial Roman villa in the Ist century AD

The pottery analysisThe pottery analysis reveals the abandonment of the villa between the end of the VIth and beginning of the VIIth

centuries AD, followed by a gap of about threeg pcenturies. During the late IXth and Xth century AD there are some vessels

Field walking surveywhich reveal a reoccupation of the site

In addition to confirming, very precisely, theprecisely, the evidence seen from the air, the magnetic surveymagnetic survey added a series of anomalies thatfill in man of thefill in many of the gaps in the main building complex

Magnetic survey (Overhouser magnetometer)

Magnetic survey using a fluxgate multiple probes system

Magnetic survey using high sensibility sensors (By H. Becker)

High-resolution GPR surveys (conducted in collaboration with S. Piro and D. G d A h t L b t LGoodman, Archaeometry Laboratory, Los Angeles, CA, USA) were applied over four areas to test the potential of this technique compared with other survey (ERT, mag, EM, fieldwalking, air photo)

For the measurements a GSSI SIR3000, equipped with a 400 MHz bistatic antenna

with constant offset, was employed

GPR - Time slices

, p y

Electro-Magnetic survey using EM-31 & EM-38

ARP (By TerraNova Michel Dabas Uni Paris)

From Heavens Above:European Cultural Landscapes Revealed by Aerial Archaeology

Schwerin, 29th–31st January 2007

University of DurhamDepartment of GeographyFebruary, 9, 2007

www.lapetlab.itarcheologiamedievale.unisi.it




University of SienaDep. Archaeology and History of Arts25‐27 May 2007

Hidden Landscapes of Mediterranean Europe. Cultural and methodological biases in pre‐ and protohistoric landscape studies

FIELD WALKING SURVEY &FIELD WALKING SURVEY &GRID COLLECTION










INTERPRETATION OF OBLIQUEAERIAL PHOTOGRAPHS










INTERPRETATION OFINTERPRETATION OF GRADIOMETRIC SURVEY










INTERPRETATION OF RADARSURVEY

The case study shows very clearly that the use of a variety of methods in the search for understanding of the site has made a considerablethe search for understanding of the site has made a considerable contribution to the overall result

Each technique has produced a remarkable increase in both the quantity and quality of the archaeological information available to us

In particular the use of geophysical survey represents an advance of great importance in our researches. In addition to confirming the evidence recovered from the air the geophysical data has without doubtevidence recovered from the air the geophysical data has without doubt added new and otherwise unseen evidence

In conclusion, we believe should be recognized that at least on large, complex and stratified archaeological site that the contribution of an integrated approach is extraordinaryintegrated approach is extraordinary

Conclusion about case histories


Local environmental scale(Semi micro scale)(Semi-micro scale)

Roman villa




What will happened if…From Heavens Above:European Cultural Landscapes Revealed by Aerial Archaeology


www.lapetlab.itarcheologiamedievale.unisi.itLarge scale geophysical prospection

Foerster MULTICAT 4 hectares/day 50 cm res

Fast electricalimagingsys ARP bysys ARP byTerranova (M.Dabas) 4 hectares/ day 50 cmday 50 cm res

GSSI Terravision6 hectares/day 12 cm res

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It is

It is mainly a matter of archeological visibility...

Clearly it will never be possible to extend this approach

to Tuscany as a whole, bearing in mind the scale of

archaeological mapping that we are attempting in this

part of Italy (For example, the archaeological map of

Grosseto province alone covers a total of 4030 sqkm

while Tuscany as a whole extends to nearly 23000

sqkm).

The archaeological objective and outcome has to take

account of the critical impact of the kinds of information

that are available for recording, in assessing the

potential or interpretation of a landscape it is at least as

important to know what may not be visible as to

appreciate what is visible

To achieve sample areas where we apply the highest level of research intensity and archaeological visibility means at least from our prospective better practice in:

CONSERVATION increased awareness of the archaeological resource as a whole, so as to create more effective and better-adapted policies for landscape monitoring and conservationmonitoring and conservation

ACADEMIC ISSUES To recognize “emptiness“ (that is, absence of evidence) as important as archaeological evidences should means (we hope) a new approach to theshould means (we hope) a new approach to the development of settlement pattern and landscape history

THE FUTURE the search for better visibility in our present ‘emptiness’ will hopefully produce new and perhaps different kinds of data, in turn creating new p p , gkinds of feedback into the investigative and interpretative process

Conclusion: the contribute to the archaeological process

The background, the scales and the aims of my work at the University of SienaAcknowledgments

C.Musson D.Powlesland H.Becker D.Donoghue S.Piro D.Goodman(ex-RCHMR) (West Heslerton LRC) (BSDHM) (Durham University) (CNR) (GAL-USA)

My mentorprof. R.Francovich(University of Siena)

The team of the Landscape Archaeology & Remote Sensing LAB - University of Siena

C.Felici E.Vaccaro L.Marasco M.Ghisleni B.Frezza F.Pericci M.SordiniC.Felici E.Vaccaro L.Marasco M.Ghisleni B.Frezza F.Pericci M.Sordini(PhD Student) (PhD) (PhD Student) (MA, PhD Student) (MA, PhD Student) (Graduate) (Undergraduate)

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