Nucleotide metabolism - كلية الطب · 2020-01-22 · Page 2 Nucleotide metabolism...

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Nucleotide Metabolism ميكاديق الطبي ا الفري ي البية الطب ركزقية / اء التطبيبلقا ال و منحياها أ6102 / 6166 Done By :- Yousef Qandeel

Transcript of Nucleotide metabolism - كلية الطب · 2020-01-22 · Page 2 Nucleotide metabolism...

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Nucleotide Metabolism

الفريق الطبي األكاديمي

لكــية الطب البرشي

البلقاء التطبيقية / املركز

6102/6166أ حياها و من

Done By :- Yousef Qandeel

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Nucleotide Metabolism

و الخطوات الرئيسية فيها "بدون ما cycleمالحظة : اهم اشي تركزوا على المركبات الموجودة بأكثر من

" تنسوا باقي المركبات

Two types of pathways lead to nucleotides: the de novo pathways and

the salvage pathways.

De novo synthesis of nucleotides begins with their metabolic precursors:

amino acids, ribose 5-phosphate, CO2, and NH3.

Salvage pathways recycle the free bases and nucleosides released from

nucleic acid breakdown.

pentose phosphate pathwayبطلع من Ribose 5-phosphateللتذكٌر :

Salvage and de Novo Pathways

Salvage pathway تصنٌع .عبارة عن خطوتٌن فمطPRPP و اضافته للbase سابما الموجودة

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The purine ring structure is built up one or a few atoms at a time,

attached to ribose throughout the process.

Ribose اساسً فٌها و بنبً علٌها بالً المكونات

The pyrimidine ring is synthesized as orotate, attached to ribose

phosphate, and then converted to the common pyrimidine nucleotides

required in nucleic acid synthesis.

Although the free bases are not intermediates in the de novo pathways,

they are intermediates in some of the salvage pathways.

de Novo Pathway for Purine Nucleotide Synthesis

The synthesis of the purine ring is more complex. The only major

component is glycine, which donates C-4 and C-5, as well as N-7. All of

the other atoms in the ring are incorporated individually. C-6 comes

from HCO3– (or CO2) Amide groups from glutamine provide the atoms N-

3 and N-9. The amino group donor for the inclusion of N-1 is aspartate,

which is converted into fumarate in the process, in the same way as in

the urea cycle . Finally, the carbon atoms C-2 and C-8 are derived from

formyl groups in N10- formyl-tetrahydrofolate

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The Purine Ring System Is Assembled on Ribose Phosphate

PRPP = Phosphoribosyl pyrophosphate

و الناتج pyrophosphateو بنحذف Glutamine + ammoniaبنضاف الها

amine-1-phosphoribosyl-5

Glutamine phosphoribosyl amidotransferase catalyzes this reaction.

De novo purine biosynthesis, like pyrimidine biosynthesis, requires

PRPP, but for purines, PRPP provides the foundation on which the bases

are constructed step by step. The initial committed step is the

displacement of pyrophosphate by ammonia, rather than by a

preassembled base, to produce 5-phosphoribosyl-1-amine, with the

amine in the β configuration.

PRPP لل )االساس( هو الماعدةsynthesis purine ring و علٌه رح نضٌف بالً المركبات عكس

بنضاف فً مراحل متمدمة و ما بكون هو االساس او الماعدة PRPPبحٌث انه pyrimidineصنع ال

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de Novo Purine Biosynthesis

IMPعن تكوٌن الدكتور حكى انه الخطوات مش مهم نحفظها و فً شوٌة مالحظات نعرفها

purine de novoو هً فٌدٌو بشرح صنع

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VXWyWzbigrg

-: مالحظات

1- ATP + Gly بتفاعلوا مع phosphoribosyle amine اللً نتج من ازالة(

pyrophosphate منPRPP ًبواسطة االمونٌا فinitial step ) و ٌنتج

glycineamide ribonucleotide بحٌث ٌضافC-4 & C-5 & N-7 بواسطةglycine

و فً C-8 بحٌث ٌضٌف كمان ذرة كربون tetrahydrofolate (folic acid)بتفاعل -2

IMPلتكوٌن C-8التفاعالت المادمة رح ٌضٌف ذرة كربون ثانٌة

بعد هاي الخطوة بتصٌر الحلمة مغلمة -4

5- HCO3 C-6بتضٌف ذرة كربون CO 2او -

*5 ATP molecules will be consumed

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Inosinate Formation

IMP ًاول مركب ٌنتج فpurine synthesis

Generating AMP and GMP

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حسب حاجة الخلٌة و AMPاو GMPممكن ٌمر بأحد اتجاهٌن اما انه ٌصنع IMPبعد ما تكّون

ATP or GTPلتكوٌن phosphorylationباالخٌر بصٌر

الى IMPبحّول Adenylosuccinate synthetaseاول اشً االنزٌم AMPفً حالة انتاج

adenosuccinaate 1و بستهلن فً هذه العملٌة GTP+aspartate بعدها االنزٌم

adenosuccinate lyase بحّوله الىAMP عن طرٌك ازالةfumarate

NADHو بنتج XMPالى IMPبحّول IMP dehydrogenaseبالبداٌة االنزٌم GMPاما انتاج

و بستهلن GMP synthetaseبواسطة االنزٌم GMP( و من ثم صناعة ATP 3)اللً بتعطٌنا

2 ATP تحوٌل(ATP AMP 2ٌعتبر مثل استهالن ATP )+ glutamine+H2O

feedbackبصٌر الزم نعمل اٌماف لصنعهم بطرٌمة AMP & GMPبعد ما ٌصنع الجسم كمٌة من

inhibition بحٌثAMP & GMP او اشكالهم االخرى بتولف عمل اول انزٌم

glutamine phosphoribosyl amidotransferase او بوّلف احد االنزٌمٌن اللً بشتغلوا على

IMP حسب حاجة الجسم )فً حال زٌادةGTP رح ٌوّلف االنزٌم اللً بصنعه عشان ما ٌنتج كمٌة اكثر

و هكذا( كما هو موّضح بالصورة GMPمن

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Xanthine oxidase ٌة بتشتغل علٌه و بتعملوداالالنه انزٌم مهم

Inhbiton for synthesis of uric acid

Note that: - Degradation of purine is uric acid and not urea

*Urea comes from the degradation (catabolism) of protein in the liver then

goes to the kidney for excretion

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هو الناتج االخٌر و ٌخرج uric acid و ٌكون ال ال ٌحصل فً االنسان pathwayفً هذا ال التكملة

pathwayالثدٌات االخرى ٌكمل هذه ال معظم ًاما ف urineمن الجسم مع ال

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الخالٌا بترّجع ال RNAاو DNAو تحطٌم ا للخلٌةموت بعد ما ٌصٌر salvage pathwayالفً

base اللً بطلع و بتضٌفه لPRPP لتكوٌنnucleotide base بدون ما ٌروحوا مرة اخرى

urineمع ال للكلٌة و ٌطلعوا خارج الجسم

و ما بتكون جاهزة baseبنصنع ال de novoالتصنٌع اما

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Salvage pathway

اشٌاء كثٌرة من المركبات اللً نتجت من موت الخلٌه و من برجع بصنع بعد موت خلٌة منه الجسم

فً انزٌم برجع بصنع الهٌموغلوبٌن عشان hemeغلوبٌن و و ٌصٌر ما تتحطم بعد هٌموغلوبٌنال ها

purine & pyrimidineو نفس االشً لل ٌصٌر فً نمص فٌهم

Salvage Pathways Economize Intracellular Energy Expenditure

salvageاما فً ATPلمجموعة من بصٌر فً استهالن de novo synthesisحالة ً ف

pathway ما فً لذلن بوّفر على الخلٌة استهالنATP

Two salvage enzymes with different specificities recover purine bases.

Adenine phosphoribosyltransferase catalyzes the formation of adenylate

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whereas hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyltransferase (HGPRT)

catalyzes the formation of guanylate as well as inosinate (inosine

monophosphate, IMP), a precursor of guanylate and adenylate

Pyrimidine Nucleotides Are Made from Aspartate, PRPP, and

Carbamoyl Phosphate

The common pyrimidine ribonucleotides are cytidine 5-monophosphate

(CMP; cytidylate) and uridine 5-monophosphate (UMP; uridylate), which

contain the pyrimidines cytosine and uracil. De novo pyrimidine

nucleotide Biosynthesis proceeds in a somewhat different manner from

purine nucleotide synthesis; the six-membered pyrimidine ring is made

first and then attached to ribose 5-phosphate.

In the first step of the carbamoyl phosphate synthesis pathway,

bicarbonate is phosphorylated by ATP to form carboxyphosphate and

ADP. Ammonia then reacts with carboxyphosphate to form carbamic

acid and inorganic phosphate.

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Carbamoyl phosphate reacts with aspartate to form carbamoylaspartate

in a reaction catalyzed by aspartate

**Carbamoyl phosphate is also an intermediate in the Urea cycle

Transcarbamoylase . Carbamoylaspartate then cyclizes to form

dihydroorotate which is then oxidized by NAD+ to form orotate.

Orotate reacts with PRPP to form orotidylate, a pyrimidine nucleotide.

This reaction is driven by the hydrolysis of pyrophosphate. The enzyme

that catalyzes this addition, pyrimidine phosphoribosyltransferase,

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-:اعادة

هو الفترة اللً بضٌف فٌها purine & pyrimidine synthesisبٌن الفرق

ribose-5-phosphate ًبحٌث فpurine synthesis ًبكون هو االساس او الماعدة الل

باالخٌر pyrimidine synthesisببنً علٌها و بضٌف بالً المركبات علٌه اما فً

ribose-5-psohphate بنضاف للحلمة اللً تكّونت

End product for purine catabolism = uric acid

Xanthine oxidase مثل بشتغل علٌه بعض االدوٌة عشان ٌعملواallopurinol

inhibition for uric acid synthesis

Rich source for purine is و االسمان الحمص + organ's meat )المعالق(

من الدكتور بما انه المحاضرة ملخبطة و مش معروف شو ندرس منها ظة مالح

ا م ,ها فهم و انتبهوا لالساسٌاتدب بدها تركٌز و ,االمور لٌست صعبة ,ة"ال تتخٌلوا انه االمور صعب pyrimidine ringو purine ringاهم اشً اٌش المكونات اللً داخلة بال حتخترعوا اشً جدٌد

فٌهم amino acidو اهم main component in purine &pyrimidine ringsانو ال

& purineو اعرفوا الفرق بٌن بنضٌف المركبات واحد واحد ٌعنً de novo synthesisبعدٌن

pyrimidine synthesis مع الend-product for purine in humans "