Lunedì 24 novembre ore 17, Aula B

Corso transdisciplinare:

"Etica e politica negli studi di genere".

Andrea Fumagalli e Cristina Morini

La vita messa al lavoro e forme di governance del lavoro: oltre il welfare verso il Commonfare

Riferimenti teorici I

Trasformazione dell’accumulazione

• teorizzazioni relative all’economia informazionale (Manuel Castells, 1996)

• nozione più larga e aperta di economia della conoscenza (Enzo Rullani 2004)

• le tesi sul capitalismo cognitivo (scuola dell’Isys-Matisse, Sorbona, 2002)

Riferimenti teorici IITrasformazioni del lavoro

• Lavoro autonomo di seconda generazione (Bologna-Fumagalli, 1997)

• Lavoro immateriale (Lazzarato , 1997, da un lato, Gorz, 2003, dall’altro)

• Condizione precaria (Sennet, Baumann, Beck, Gallino ma anche MayDay e movimenti sociali)

Riferimenti teorici IIIPensiero femminista

• Temi relativi alla riproduzione e al salario di lavoro domestico (fine anni ‘70, Dalla Costa & co, Silvia Federici)

• Il ruolo del pensiero della differenza sui temi del lavoro (da fine anni ‘80, Libreria delle donne di Milano, Luisa Muraro, Lia Cigarini)

• Femminilizzazione del lavoro (anni 2000)

Cognitive Bio-capitalism and value theory

Continuities:1. Labour continues to be the basis of value2. Labour exploitation continues to be the basis of

accumulation, but in different forms.

Breaks:3. Redefinition of productive-unproductive labour

ratio4. Redefinition of living-dead labour ratio5. Redefinition of concrete-abstract labour ratio

Il biocapitalismo cognitivo-relazionale

- Lavoro produttivo/improduttivo- La vita messa a valore- Dalla teoria del valore-lavoro alla

teoria del valore-vita- Ri/produzione sociale

Cognitive Capitalism and the new labour value theory I

With the shift from Fordism to cognitive capitalism, the social relationship embodied by capital from being a relationship between labour-power and machineries becomes a relationship between body and mind, brain and heart, unfolding itself within human beings. But, far from being the capital that becomes human, it is individual’s life, with its multiple singularities and differences, to become the basis for the expropriation by capital.

Cognitive Capitalism and the new labour value theory

• New forms of productive labour: knowledge, affect, imagine.

• Towards an “Anthropogenetic model of production” (Marazzi, 2007) , in which General Intellect is embodied in human beings and not in machineries

• Irreducibility of concrete labour to abstract labour • Life is put to labour and it becomes a source of value.

Towards a theory of life-value

Towards a theory of life-value

We enquiry three levels of productive labour:

1. The knowledge value (cognitive labour)

2. The affective value (affective labour)

3. The imagine value (symbolic labour)

Il biocapitalismo cognitivo-relazionale

• All’interno del nuovo sistema di produzione, le differenze, di generi e di razza, le soggettività, diventano centrali.

• Altro aspetto determinante del biocapitalismo cognitivo relazionale: non è più basato sul binarismo fordista (produzione/riproduzione; tempo di vita/tempo di lavoro; uomo/donna; natura/cultura; casa; fabbrica)

La ri-produzione sociale- forme di sfruttamento e di distruzione della

terra e alla immissione delle biotecnologie all’interno di circuiti commerciali

- coinvolgimento “emozionale” - messa al lavoro della dimensione sociale

indotta da forme cooperative che producono valore per il mercato

- divisione cognitiva del lavoro

La vita come plusvaloreEsempio della rivoluzione biotech (tecnologie genetiche; microbiologia, biologia molecolare e chimica organica tutelata da brevetti): utilizzata dal neoliberismo nei suoi tentativi di ristrutturare l’economia lungo linee postindustriali (bioproduzione post fordista: dalla produzione di fertilizzanti chimici o diserbanti alla reale generazione della pianta) Melinda Cooper, 2008

Femminilizzazione e precarietàLa femminilizzazione del lavoro si basa su tre linee guida• La precarietà del lavoro intesa come modalità

generale dell’organizzazione del lavoro contemporaneo

• Lo sfruttamento NEL LAVORO - ALL’INTERNO DEI PROCESSI PRODUTTIVI STESSI

• Processo di soggettivazione del lavoro, nel senso che il lavoro finisce per inglobare l’anima della lavoratrice e del lavoratore all’interno dei suoi stessi processi.

Nuovi apparati della governance contemporanea

Si assiste all’istituzione di nuovi mec-canismi della governance contempo-ranea fondati sul ricatto del bisogno e sul dispositivo del debito da un lato, nonché sulla retorica della creatività, del merito e della autorealizzazione, dall’altro.

Apparati biopolitici: l’era della ri-produzione sociale forzata

La governance della riproduzione sociale, oltre alla precarietà, il debito e il coinvolgimento emotivo (riconoscimento) è molto pervasiva.Con il passaggio dal capitalismo fordista al biocapitalismo il rapporto sociale rappresentato dal capitale tende a diventare tutto interno all’essere umano. Ma lungi dall’essere il capitale che si umanizza, è la vita degli individui a essere resa capitalizzabile.

Apparati biopolitici: l’era della ri-produzione sociale forzata

Il meccanismo di sfruttamento e accumulazione non si limita all'individuo inserito nel contesto lavorativo vero e proprio, tradizionalmente inteso, ma invade, forzando, tutta la sfera della vita, diventando bioproduzione. Così tempi e spazi della vita vengono razionalizzati brutalmente in funzione di una capacità produttiva, altrettanto attiva ma sicuramente meno consapevole (consumo, immaginazione, comunicazione, debito).

Interrogativi I• La femminilizzazione del lavoro illumina un

cambio centrale nel rapporto tra produzione e riproduzione nonché la crisi della divisione sessuale del lavoro (non vuole dire che si sono risolti i problemi per le donne…)

• Sulla scia delle analisi recenti della teorica femminista statunitense Nancy Fraser ( va approfondito, a questo punto, il rapporto tra donne e neoliberismo

Interrogativi II• L’organizzazione del lavoro si modella

oggi sul lavoro riproduttivo da cui l’assenza di barriere di tempo, di limiti all’impegno che, insieme alla perenne reperibilità, genera il pensiero perenne del lavoro, delle scadenze, dei progetti, dei contatti, degli obiettivi, delle possibilità. Esattamente come avviene nella riproduzione, nell’amore, nella cura

Interrogativi III• Quando il corpo e la vita divengono la materia

prima, chi è soggetto (attivo e passivo) di questo processo può essere riconosciuto come lavoratore?

• Dentro la dimensione precaria della a messa a valore del bios, evidentemente la nozione di classe (intesa come classe dei produttori) ha necessità di essere aggiornata. Che percezione ha questa presunta classe del proprio essere tale, nella frammentarietà della precarietà? Possiamo parlare di una condizione sociale comune?

Towards life subsumption I

In the bio-cognitive capitalism, real subsumption and formal subsumption are two sides of the same coin and feed off one each other. They, together, create a new form of subsumption, we can define life or subsumption of general intellect and human relations. This new form of the modern capitalist accumulation highlights some aspects that are at the root of the crisis of industrial capitalism. This leads to the analysis of new sources of valorisation (and increasing returns).

Towards life subsumption IIIWhen life becomes labour-force, labour time is not measured in standard units of measurement (hours, days). The labour day has no limits, if not the natural ones. We are in the presence of formal subsumption and extraction of absolute surplus value. When life becomes labor-force because brain becomes machine, or "fixed capital and variable capital at the same time", the intensifica-tion of labour performance reaches its maximum: we are so also in the presence of real subsumption and extraction of surplus value relative .

The governance of life subsumption I

"Foucault located the disciplinary societies in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries; they reach their peak at the beginning of the twentieth. They proceed to the organization of large areas of imprisonment. The individual never ceases passing from one closed environment to another, each with its own laws: first the family, then the school ("you are no longer in the family"), then the barracks ("you are no longer at school"), then the factory, sometime the hospital, and eventually the prison, which is disciplinary environment for excellence.“ (Deleuze, 1990)

From disciplinary society to the society of control

The governance of life subsumption III

Three form of social control

1. Debt and the violence of financial markets (Marazzi, 2013, Ross, 2014) i.e: austerity policy (in Europe)

Today, debt is no more only an economic and accountability term, but an indirect disciplinary tool (and therefore of social control), able to regulate the individual psychology (subjectivity) up to develop a sense of guilt and self-control (Lazzarato, 2013)

The governance of life subsumption IV

2. Precarity (Fumagalli, 2013, Standing, 2013)

The precarious condition today is synonymous with uncer-tainty, instability, nomadism, blackmail and psychological subordination by the means of survival. It is a dependency condition that does not manifest itself at the very moment in which it formally defines a labour contract but it is upstream and downstream. It’s an existential condition that induces total forms of self-control and self-repression with even stronger results than those of the direct disci-pline of the factory. The precarious condition defines an anthropological and behavioral psychology that is as strong as the labour becomes more cognitive and relational.

The governance of life subsumption V

3. The governance of subjectivity of individuals

Two ways:a. the control of the processes of formation of

knowledge (education system) privatization, specialization, less critical analysis the false ideology of meritocracy

b. the creation of an ad hoc individualistic imaginary brandisation of life in term of total commodification of existence leads to ensure that the individual transform itself in unique singularity, with wants and needs aimed more “to appear” rather than “to be”.

The governance of life subsumption VIIn conclusion, the governance of life subsumption is based on a calibrated use of two main disposi-tifs: social subjugation and enslavement.

Social subjugation is precisely the production of subjectivity appropriated by the capital, at the very moment in which the subject worker is freely involved in the valorization process, since in it he/she sees or, better, has the illusion of seeing his own realization.

Commonwealth IThe commonwealth is generally immaterial, it is the expression of the biopolitical existence of human beings and, as such, it is just as limited as human life. The commonwealth is made of the vital and cognitive faculties of the human being, from knowledge to the body, from relations to sensations, from language to movement, from sensuality to thought: there is always a production of surplus that derives from the mere fact of existing.This, why the commonwealth pre-exists cognitive biocapitalism, just like surplus-labour pre-exists the capitalist production system.

Commonwealth IIThe commonwealth, in its two main articulations (the re/productive commonwealth and the cognitive commonwealth), is the basis on which the process of life subsumption of labour to capital in the age of cognitive-bio-capitalism is articulated: it is a source of absolute as well as of relative surplus value. Its expropriation is achieved through different forms of communism of capital , the forms of contemporary governance.

Commonfare IA new idea of welfare, an idea that is able to deal with the two main elements that characterize the current phase of the sc . "Western" capitalist countries:• precarity and debt condition as dispositif of social control and dominance• the generation of wealth that arises from social cooperation and general intellect.

Commonwealth pre-exists to common goods: they are not synonymous

Commonfare IIA redefinition of welfare policy should be able to respond to the unstable trade-off inside the accumulation process of cognitive bio-capitalism: the negative relationship between life precarity and social cooperation. More particularly, it is necessary to remunerate social cooperation, from one side, and favour forms of social production, from the other.These two aspects constitute the two main pillar of what some scholars define: commonfare.

Basic Income

The remuneration of social cooperation implies the introduction of individual, unconditional basic income, for everyone who lives in the territory regardless of his/her professional and civil status. The unconditional basic income (UBI) should be understood as a kind of monetary compensation (remuneration) of the social productivity and of productive time which are not certified by the existing labour contracts. It occurs at the primary level of income distribution (it’s a primary income), hence it cannot considered merely as a welfare intervention, according both to workfare and Keynesian logic. This measure should be accompanied by the introduction of a minimum wage, in order to avoid a substitution effect (dumping) between basic income and the same wages

Commonfare policy

Social needs Instrument to implement in order to achieve them Income stability Unconditional Basic Income

Education Public and self-organized education centres till University

Information and communication

Free access to information and to knowledge, through free availability of immaterial infrastructure (wi-fi, network, oper-source and so on). Removal of intellectual property right and their regulation

Health Right to a free health system and care system

Housing Guaranteed house: opportunity for everyone to have a space for the creation and organization of their own lives

Mobility Low cost or free public transport service, free circulation of bodies in the territory: no border.

Commonfare policy

Social needs Instrument to implement in order to achieve them Income stability Unconditional Basic Income

Education Public and self-organized education centres till University

Information and communication

Free access to information and to knowledge, through free availability of immaterial infrastructure (wi-fi, network, oper-source and so on). Removal of intellectual property right and their regulation

Health Right to a free health system and care system

Housing Guaranteed house: opportunity for everyone to have a space for the creation and organization of their own lives

Mobility Low cost or free public transport service, free circulation of bodies in the territory: no border.

Andrea Fumagalli- Cristina Morini

Thank-you for your attention

“Emancipate yourselves from mental slavery; none but ourselves can free our minds”.

Bob Marley, Redemption Song