Leggere e scrivere nella rete. Come cambiano le pratiche della lettura e della scrittura attraverso...

7/23/2019 Leggere e scrivere nella rete. Come cambiano le pratiche della lettura e della scrittura attraverso blog e social net…

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SEG\CRQGPÊ @CFOG QPS@G @G RINKPIR \CRFKPK

LKAIOPÊ @G OCPPCRC C LGOIQILGK

AIRQI @G OKSRCK NKFGQPRKOC GE

Gelirnk}giec c qgqpcng c`gpirgkog

PCQG @G OKSRCK GECaieingk c fcqpgiec `cooc gnzrcqc c`gpirgkog

Ocffcrc c qarg|crc ecook rcpc%Ainc aknbgkei oc zrkpgahc `cook ocppsrk c `cook qargppsrk

kpprk|crqi boif c qiagko ecpvird

Rcokpirc= Oksrcke`i= Osgfg Nk}}k

Ahgkr%nk Zril% Osgqk Akzcoog Nkpr% :;137;;

Airrcokpirc=

Ahgkr%ni Zril% Rkso Nir`cepg

Keei Kaak`cngai 2::7.2:;:



Ge`gac

Gepri`s}giec z% 3

Akzgpioi zrgniOc esi|c lriepgcrc ̀co Vcb z% ;3

;%; . Go Vcb qcg ps z% ;3;%2 . Go Vcb 2%: z% ;6;%1 . Sqcr Fcecrkpc` Aiepcep z% 21;%0 . Ok boifiqlcrk z% 26

;%0%; . Go lse}giekncepi ̀ cook boifiqlcrk z% 27;%0%2 . G boif c go nie`i cqpcrei z% 1<

;%3 . G qiagko ecpvird z% 18;%3%; . Fog qps`g qsooc rcpg qiagkog zrgnk ̀ co vcb z% 18;%3%2 . G qiagko ecpvird ̀ co vcb 2%: z% 0;;%3%1 . Ainsegpê |grpskog c ainsegpê rckog z% 06;%3%0 . O‗cqcnzgi ̀ g ‟Gelirnk}giec c qgqpcng c`gpirgkog„ z% 3:

Akzgpioi qcaie`i G boif c ok ocppsrk= koaseg akqg gnzirpkepg z% 31

2%; . Sek osefk ai`k ̀g boif z% 312%2 . Fgkz= `ko Osphcr Bogqqcp Zrimcap k Vs Ngef Lise`kpgie z% 37

2%2%; . Fgkz% Go boif `g Vs Ngef Lise`kpgie z% <62%1 . Ek}giec Ge`gkek= go zrifcppi asopsrkoc `k Qarg|crc qso lriepc

iaag`cepkoc kook aiookek Nsrcec z% 6<2%1%; . Ok ekqagpk `g ek}giecge`gkek%ain z% 802%1%2 . @cqarg}giec `g ek}giecge`gkek%ain z% 72



Akzgpioi pcr}i

G qiagko ecpvird ̀ c`gakpg kook ocppsrk z% ;:;1%; . Oc rcpg `cg ocppirg z% ;:;1%2 . Keibgg z% ;;<

1%2%; . kEibgg c go qsi qsaacqqi ge Gpkogk z% ;;<1%2%2 . Ainc lse}giek kEibgg z% ;2;1%2%1 . Go aiookqqi `g kEibgg z% ;28

1%1 . Fii`rck`q z% ;12

Akzgpioi {skrpiQargppsrk c ocppsrk cocppriegak z% ;17

0%; . @gfgpkog}}krc go qkzcrc z% ;170%2 . @ko qszzirpi ko pcqpi z% ;0;0%1 . Ok qargppsrk gzcrpcqpskoc z% ;3;

0%1%; . Oc zrcncqqc pcirgahc ̀ coo&gzcrpcqpi z% ;3;0%1%2 . Ok qprsppsrk gzcrpcqpskoc z% ;30

0%1%1 . Kspirg c ocppirg= esi|c lgfsrc z% ;<00%0 . Gzcrpcqpg ocppcrkrg z% ;6<

0%0%; . Ok ocppcrkpsrk gzcrpcqpskoc= |crqi esi|g fcecrg z% ;6<0%0%2 . Ok c.Ogpcrkpsrc z% ;8:0%0%1 . Ok c.Zicprw z% ;7:

Aieaosqgieg z% ;73

Bgbogifrklgk z% 2;;

Ge`gac `cg qgpg c boif aieqsopkpg z% 2;6



GEPRI@S]GIEC 3

Gepri`s}giec

[scqpi ok|iri gepce`c ge`kfkrc go vcb/ c koasec zkrpgaiokrgpcaeioifgc c kzzogak}gieg `k cqqi rcqc `gqziegbgog/ ge psppg{scfog kqzcppg ahc oi |cìei iffg qprcppkncepc aioocfkpi ko

qkzcrc c kook `gllsqgiec `cook aieiqace}k% Ok rkzg`kc|ios}giec `coo‗gelirnkpgak/ qgk zcr {skepi rgfskr`k foghkr`vkrc ahc zcr agò ahc aieacrec g qilpvkrc/ gepcrcqqk cgelosce}k knbgpg se pcnzi aieqg`crkpg oiepkeg/ zcrqgeikepgpcpgag/ k {scqpi aknzi= `kook ocppcrkpsrk koo‗gelirnk}giec/ok zri`s}giec c ok `gllsqgiec `cook aieiqace}k kpprk|crqkei crgnbko}kei {sipg`gkekncepc ecfog gelgegpg ei`g `cook rcpc ck||koirkei ok aieqkzc|ioc}}k `g {scqp‗sopgnk ainc bcecainsec/ `k zrcqcr|krc c aie`g|g`crc%

Go qkzcrc/ i ncfogi g qkzcrg/ c ok aieiqace}k |cefiei|cgaiokpg qcnzrc zg÷ zcr nc}}i `g boif c qiagko ecpvird/kzzogak}gieg ahc qzcqqi qg ncqaiokei c aielieìei ge sekqprsppsrk rcpgaiokrc c gzcrpcqpskoc/ {sko è {scook `co vcb=niopczogag ainsegpê `g spcepg.ocppirg qg gepcrcqqkei c `gqaspiei`g krfincepg ziziokrg ainc `g pcnkpgahc prkqasrkpc `kg nc`gk

prk`g}giekog/ c zkrpcagzkei kook lirnk}giec `g se‗izgegiec zsbbogak ge niì kppg|i4 g rsiog `g kspirc c ocppirc qg qlsnkeic aielieìei/ c g rkzzirpg prk ahg arck c ahg lrsgqac seaiepcespi pceìei k qipprkrqg kooc qgnncprgc `co zkqqkpi% Èfrk}gc k lceinceg ainc o‗SFA (Sqcr Fcecrkpc` Aiepcep' ahciffg hk se qceqi zkrokrc `g ‟gelirnk}giec izce qisrac„= zrciaaszk}giec zcr koaseg (qizrkppsppi c`gpirg/ fgirekogqpg ck``cppg ziai zrizceqg k agncepkrqg aie go vcb'/ rckopê

cepsqgkqnkepc zcr niopg spcepg ahc |cìei go losqqi `g



< GEPRI@S]GIEC

gelirnk}gieg `cniarkpg}}krqg qcnzrc zg÷/ aie ok qsk qprsppsrk

irg}}iepkoc/ ‟`k niopg k niopg„/ c eie zg÷ |crpgakoc `k ‟sei kniopg„%Ok zrkpgak `g ocffcrc c qarg|crc ‑ sqkeì go lirpsekpi

ecioif.gqni `g @crrgad @c Dcradhi|c (2::</ zz% 21.11'`grcnni ok ‟qargocppsrk„ ‑ qpk `g|cepkeì o‗kppg|gpê zg÷ `gllsqkqso vcb/ c oc aglrc ge zcrceec ksncepi `g esi|g boif pcnkpgagahc ekqaiei ifeg fgirei oi pcqpgniegkei4 qso vcb qg ocffc `gpsppi= `kg lokqh `g ariekak k` kzzrilie`gncepg c`gpirgkog/ `kg

qkffg brc|g kg pcqpg zg÷ osefhg c ainzocqqg/ qgk gzcrpcqpskog ahcprk`g}giekog% Nk eie qioi= boifiqlcrk c qiagko ecpvird qpkeei`g|cepkeì ecfog sopgng keeg g esi|g osifhg `co aielriepi`cniarkpgai/ ge asg irfkeg}}krc nibgogpk}gieg `g zgk}}k/ ikffgrkrc ok aceqsrk ainc ge Cfgppi/ Psegqgk c Kobkegk ecg zrgng ncqg `co 2:;;;%

Ok boifiqlcrk/ g qiagko ecpvird c go vcb ge fcecrkoc/ qgrg|cokei lie`kncepkog eie qioi zcr go rsioi ‟kopcrekpg|i„ ahcq|iofiei rgqzcppi koo‗gelirnk}giec prk`g}giekoc/ nk keahc zcrahç qpkeei `g|cepkeì go pcrrcei/ |grpskoc qioi lgei k seacrpi zsepi/ ge asg qg kogncepk go aieqceqi i go `gqqceqi/qizrkppsppi `cooc fgi|keg fcecrk}gieg/ |crqi ok aokqqc ziogpgakge fcecrkoc/ i |crqi ocffg c `gqcfeg `g ocffc ecooi qzcaglgai%\kofk ainc cqcnzgi gpkogkei ok rcacepc ocffc qps`gkpk zcr rglirnkrc go qgqpcnk seg|crqgpkrgi/ ahc hk qpgniokpi ok

ainsegpê `cfog qps`cepg zg÷ kppg|g qso vcb eie qioi kirfkeg}}krc rgzcpspc kqqcnbocc/ lokqh nib c nkeglcqpk}giegsqkeì ainc zrgeagzkog nc}}g `g ainsegak}giec qgpg gepcrecp/

; Ge {scqpg fgireg oc rg|iopc ziziokrg ge Cfgppi/ Psegqgk c Kobkegk/|cefiei irfkeg}}kpc ge rcpc4 qzcaglgag qgpg/ è go akqi `coo‗Cfgppi/|cefiei kzcrpg zcr gqprsgrc g nkeglcqpkepg qsg ainzirpkncepg `k qcfsgrc`srkepc oc nkeglcqpk}gieg/ c zcrncppiei `g qakrgakrc ge lirnkpi z`l `cgnkeskog zcr eie rgnkecrc aige|iopg ge qaieprg aie ok ziog}gk% Zcr

cqcnzgi aieqgfogkei k ifesei `g zirpkrc aie qç se lgirc `k ìekrc k se ziog}gippi zcr ge`sroi k qahgcrkrqg aie go zizioi c aiepri Nsbkrkd%



GEPRI@S]GIEC 6

boif c qiagko ecpvird/ nk keahc k zrizirrc/ qlrsppkeì ok

pcaeioifgk ‟vgdg„/ zrifcppg `g ‟rglirnk `ko bkqqi„/ kogncepkpg`kfog gepcr|cepg `cfog spcepg zg÷ qceqgbgog kooc {scqpgieg prkppkpc%[skepi kzzcek cqziqpi ag zsò lirqc kgspkrc k ainzrce`crc

oc rkfgieg `coo‗kaakegncepi `g koasec zriziqpc `g ocffc/ zceqkpc aie o‗ibgcppg|i `g c{sgzkrkrc g boif kg aokqqgag irfkeg`g qpknzk ibbogfkeì k rce`crc eipc oc fcecrkogpê `cg asrkpirg`cooc zkfgec gepcrecp/ zcr lirnkrc sek qirpk `g ‟kobi„ i‟ir`gec„ `cg boiffcr ge ifeg nincepi g`cepglgakbgog%

Boif c qiagko ecpvird `se{sc= qsg zrgng qg ocffc c qarg|c`cooc zg÷ `gqzkrkpc pcnkpgahc/ qsg qcaie`g ekqaiei esi|c`gekngahc qiagkog c ‟kngag}gc |grpskog„/ ahc ziqqiei cqqcrcaiqprsgpc ge bkqc kfog gepcrcqqg ge ainsec lrk g `g|crqg‟zrilgog„= `kooc g`cc ziogpgahc c ok |gqgiec `co nieì/ kg fsqpgocppcrkrg c nsqgakog/ `kooc zrclcrce}c qcqqskog k {scoocfkqprieingahc% Nk/ ainc qg |c`rê eco qcaieì c pcr}iakzgpioi/ boif c qiagko ecpvird `g|cepkei qcnzrc zg÷ qzcqqikeahc osifhg `g zrini}giec asopsrkoc c `gqasqqgiec gepirei kogbrg/ rg|gqpc/ c ifeg pgzi `g zsbbogak}giec qzcqqi eie rczcrgbgocqs akrpk qpknzkpk4 c qzcqqi g boif qg prkqlirnkei cqqg qpcqqg geakepgcrg `g qargppsrk aioocppg|k/ ge asg qarg|crc `g|gcec se kppiaiookbirkpg|i c eie qiogzqgqpgai/ geaosqg|i c eie zg÷ cqaosqg|i%È zcr {scqpc rkfgieg ahc oc `gqasqqgieg q|goszzkpcqg ecg boifocppcrkrg/ aie knzgk cai keahc ko `g lsirg `cook rcpc/ `g|cepkei

qzcqqi qpgniog k |crg c zrizrg nkeglcqpg ocppcrkrg/ i iaakqgieg zcr ge`kfkrc ok qiagcpê aie esi|c ahgk|g `g ocppsrk liregpc `kookocppcrkpsrk% Frk}gc k boif ainc Fgkz c Ek}giecge`gkek%ain/rgqzcppg|k.ncepc fcqpgpg `ko aioocppg|i (‟bke` `g qargppirg„' Vs Ngef c `ko frszzi `g qargppirg `cppi Ek}giec Ge`gkek/ okocppcrkpsrk c go qsi rkzzirpi aie ok qiagcpê/ aiqï ainc oc esi|cairrcepg ocppcrkrgc c g esi|g qpgog `g qargppsrk/ `g|cefieikrfincepg `g `gbkppgpi ‟`ko bkqqi„/ c eie zg÷ rgqcr|kpg k çogpcq

asopsrkog c acrahgc rgqprcppc `g gepcoocppskog%



8 GEPRI@S]GIEC

Fskr`keì k {scqpg boif/ kook zkrpcagzk}giec kppg|k `cg

esncriqg ocppirg c kook rgqieke}k ahc qiei ge frkì `g `krc kpcnkpgahc zrkpgakncepc kqqcepg qsg nc`gk prk`g}giekog/ qcnbrk`g zipcr kllcrnkrc ahc qgkni `k||cri fgsepg ge se‗cziak `g`cniarkpg}}k}giec `co qkzcrc/ c ge asg ko zsbbogai èlgekoncepc `kpk ok ziqqgbgogpê `g qacfogcrc zriìppg asopsrkogkopcrekpg|g% Go lkppi ahc g ocppirg `gqaspkei/ rcaceqgqakei iqcnzogacncepc ainncepgei g ogbrg ge rcpc/ lgei k` krrg|krckeahc k aiookbirkrc aie fog kspirg/ `gniqprk ainc ge rcpc oc

g`cc qgkei aieaczgpc ainc se bcec ainsec/ eie qioi zcrahçpsppg ec ziqqkei lrsgrc/ nk keahc/ c qizrkppsppi/ zcrahç psppg ziqqkei aieprgbsgrc k arckroc c krrgaahgroc% C` è ge |grp÷ `g{scqpg kqzcppg/ ahc fog kspirg `g|cepkei se zi‗ ncei kspirg= ahgqg prgeacrcrê `gcpri go aizwrgfhp c/ zsepkeì qioi k |ce`crc oc zrizrgc g`cc/ eie pcrrê aiepi `co esi|i rsioi ahc g ocppirg zrcpceìei/ eie qg `gniqprcrê ge frkì `g kzzirpkrc |kog`gaieprgbspg kooc ainsegpê `g ocppirg `co vcb%

Ok ekqagpk `g qiagko ecpvird gepcrkncepc `c`gakpg kookocppsrk c kook qargppsrk/ ainc kEibgg c Fii`rck`q/ zcrncppciffg `g arckrc |crg c zrizrg qzk}g |grpskog/ gegnnkfgekbgog lgeik ziai pcnzi lk/ gepcrkncepc `c`gakpg ko nieì `cg ogbrg%Qlrsppkeì ok pcaeioifgk ahc qpk kook bkqc `g psppg g ainsegqiagko ecpvird ‑ i||cri geprcaagkrc rkzzirpg prk qgefiog zrilgogceprkeì ge sek rcpc `g aiepkppg ‑ fog spcepg qpkbgogqaiei

rcok}gieg lrk oiri cqaosqg|kncepc ge bkqc kg fsqpg ocppcrkrg ahchkeei ge ainsec= g ogbrg rkzzrcqcepkei se bgfogcppi `k |gqgpk zcr zrcqcepkrqg c qprgefcrc kngag}gk aie koprc zcrqiec% Ge qiagkoecpvird `g {scqpi pgzi o‗spcepc zsò aieiqacrc oc ocppsrc ahc gese zrcagqi nincepi g qsig kngag qpkeei kllriepkeì/ cahgc`crc {sge`g aieqgfog c |kospk}gieg4 ecg ngfogirg akqg zsòainsegakrc `grcppkncepc aie fog kspirg `cg ogbrg ahc foggepcrcqqkei% Ge qzcaglgahc qc}gieg `g kEibgg c Fii`rck`q/

geioprc/ g ocppirg ziqqiei kzrgrc lirsn pcnkpgag/ c ge|gpkrc g



GEPRI@S]GIEC 7

zrizrg kngag k zkrpcagzkrc k `gqasqqgieg qs sei qzcaglgai ogbri/

qs se fcecrc/ qsook ocppcrkpsrk `g se `cpcrngekpi Zkcqc cqgngog/ i k `krc aieprgbspg spgog zcr ok ainsegpê `cg ocppirg={skog rcaceqgieg/ oged `g qgpg gepcrecp ahc kzzrilie`gqaiei ocpcnkpgahc kllriepkpc/ i ocppsrc aieqgfogkpc% [scqpg qiagkoecpvird/ geioprc/ cqqceì aioocfkpg aie g nkffgirg zirpkog`c`gakpg kook |ce`gpk ieogec `g ogbrg/ illriei koo‗spcepc ok ziqqgbgogpê `g ka{sgqpkrc se pgpioi/ qgk ge lirnkpi akrpkaci ahcge lirnkpi cocppriegai/ {skoirk {scqp‗sopgni qgk `gqziegbgoc%

G boif c g qiagko ecpvird lse}giekei/ `se{sc/ ioprc ahcainc qzk}g |grpskog `g `gqasqqgiec gepirei ko ogbri/ ainc zipcepg qprsncepg `g nkrdcpgef kopcrekpg|i/ i||gkeì kg zribocng `co qgqpcnk c`gpirgkoc prk`g}giekoc ge asg g frke`gfrszzg/ fcqpceì o‗gepcrk lgogcrk/ `kook arck}giec lgei kook zrini}giec/ `gqprgbs}giec c |ce`gpk/ qkpsrkei go ncrakpi aig zrizrg pgpiog/ pifogceì |gqgbgogpê k zriìppg asopsrkog ahc ge pkoniì rcqpkei qaieiqagspg kg zg÷% Ok rcpc/ keahc ge {scqpi akqi/illrc sek acrpk `cniark}gk c/ zieceìog qsooi qpcqqi zgkeiqce}k koasek fcrkrahgk/ zcrncppc zipce}gkoncepc k psppg g pgpiog`g k|crc ok qpcqqk |gqgbgogpê= ecook ‟ai`k osefk„ (Ke`crqie2::<' `cg zriìppg asopsrkog/ qkrkeei zig go zkqqk zkriok/ gainncepg c/ ge fcecrkoc/ g lcc`bkad `k zkrpc `cfog spcepg/ klkrc ok `gllcrce}k prk se zriìppi asopsrkoc c o‗kopri%

Aie ok agraiok}giec `g aiepcespg qso vcb ‑ qgkei cqqg ogbrg/

qkffg brc|g c krpgaiog/ i |g`ci/ gnnkfgeg c brkeg nsqgakog ‑ |gcec aieqg`crc|ioncepc rg`gnceqgiekpi go aieacppi `g kspircainc arckpirc `g aiepcespg/ zcrahç qzcqqi {scqpg eie qieiarckpg `k sek qiok lgfsrk4 iaairriei keahc go vcbnkqpcr ahcfcqpgqac ok zgkppklirnk ie ogec/ se k``cppi ko niepkffgi `gc|cepskog aiepcespg |g`ci.qieirg airrcokpg c koprc lgfsrc|krgkbgog k qcaie`k `co frkì `g qzcagkog}}k}giec `co boif c `gahg oi knngegqprk% Geioprc |keei aieqg`crkpg fog gepcr|cepg

`cook ainsegpê `cg ocppirg/ `kg qcnzogag ainncepg kg aieqgfog c



;: GEPRI@S]GIEC

qzsepg `g rglocqqgiec/ ahc `g|cepkei qzcqqi zkrpc gepcfrkepc

`cfog iffcppg gzcrpcqpskog `g ocppsrk/ i |g`ci.ocppsrk% È zcr pkogrkfgieg ahc Ogqk Qinnk/ ge se gepcrcqqkepc qkffgi zsbbogakpiqso qgpi `g Illgagek `g Ocppcrkpsrk Cocppriegak (IOC '/ zkrkfiekok qargppsrk ekrrkpg|k gzcrpcqpskoc ko ok|iri `g q{sk`rkagecnkpifrklgai/ ge asg o‗kspirc `g|cepk ‟qargppirc.rcfgqpk„=

ok qargppsrk cocppriegak rgahgc`c ainzcpce}c c akzkagpê arckpg|c aiqï`g|crqc `k ibbogfkrc kook aiookbirk}giec k zg÷ nkeg4 nipg|i zcr go {skoc

`kook lgfsrk `cooi qargppirc.kspirc qg zkqqk kook {scook `g qargppirc.rcfgqpk% Oi qargppirc.rcfgqpk `c|c qkzcr fcqpgrc ok ainzocqqgpê/qprsppsrkeì ok nkprgac ekrrkpg|k/ zri`saceì aiepcespg irgfgekog/ìqkeì ok ainzrcqce}k `g ogefskffg `g|crqg/ gnnkfgekeì fog sqg zg÷qzgepg `cg qilpvkrc/ zrc|c`ceì sek `gqprgbs}giec qs `gqziqgpg|g `gfgpkoggepcfrkpg/ qacfogceì c qkzceì `gkoifkrc aie psppc oc `gllcrcepg rgqirqcsnkec (zri`sppirg `g aiepcespg snkegqpgag c pcaeioifgag' ecacqqkrgc kookarck}giec ̀ coo‗izcrk ocppcrkrgk cocppriegak (Qinnk 2:;:'%

[scqpc rglocqqgieg qiei `k agraiqarg|crc k se zrcagqi fcecrc{skoc ok ekrrkpg|k gzcrpcqpskoc/ nk ge ogeck pcirgak bce qgk`kppkei ko niì aie asg ok nkffgir zkrpc `cg aiepcespg |gcecgnncqqk ge rcpc c lrsgpk `kfog spcepg4 aiepcespg qcnzrc zg÷‟gzcrnc`gkog„ c gzcrpcqpskog/ c `se{sc qcnzrc zg÷ kzcrpg/ losg`gc geqpkbgog/ rclrkppkrg geqinnk kg nkrfgeg `g ahgsqsrk ahc okrg|ios}giec `g Fspcebcrf hk gnziqpi kook `gllsqgiec `co qkzcrcqargppi% Akrkppcrgqpgahc {scqpc ahc (ainc qg |c`rê eco {skrpi

akzgpioi `c`gakpi koo‗gzcrpcqpskogpê' qiei qï go rgqsopkpi `g sek bce zrcagqk c|ios}giec pcaeioifgak `cg qszzirpg `g qargppsrk cocppsrk/ nk ahc/ k bce |c`crc/ qiei rgqaieprkbgog ge |krgc lkqg`cook osefk c ainzocqqk qpirgk `co rkzzirpi lrk o‗sini c ok`gllsqgiec `co qkzcrc% Ok lkqc ‟ziqpfspcebcrfhgkek„ ahcqpgkni kpprk|crqkeì/ ioprc ahc kzzirpkrc qiqpke}gkoggeei|k}gieg/ rcaszcrk niopg cocncepg ‟zrcfspcebcrfhgkeg„ ahc/aie o‗ge|ce}giec `cg akrkppcrg nibgog/ crkei qpkpg kaakepiekpg=qg zceqg kg pcqpg ‟airrippg„ c geqpkbgog/ rgaahg `g ainncepg c



GEPRI@S]GIEC ;;

foiqqc aiepgeskncepc kzzirpkpg k nkrfgec `co pcqpi irgfgekrgi/

`cook prk`g}giec nkeiqargppk nc`gc|koc/ k asg qcnbrkeiqingfogkrc g aiepcespg gzcrpcqpskog iffg `gqziegbgog ge rcpc4 nkqg zceqg keahc kook nsopgogeckrgpê qiqpgpsgpk `koo‗gnziqpk}giecogeckrc c qc{sce}gkoc/ ahc ls cocncepi lie`kepc zrgnk `cookqargppsrk c qsaacqqg|kncepc `cook qpknzk/ c ahc/ ainc qiqpgcecNkrqhkoo Na Oshke/ hk gnziqpi eie qioi se segai c`cfcniegai niì `g kzzriaagkrqg kg pcqpg nk/ lirqc/ keahc se zrcagqi niì `g ocffcrc c gepcrzrcpkrc go nieì% Ok

nsopgogeckrgpê/ pgzgak `cg zriacqqg kqqiagkpg|g `cook ncepc snkekc `cook qpcqqk ainsegak}giec irkoc/ `g|gcec se qcfei pgzgai `cgaiepcespg gzcrpcqpskog/ pkepi `k ge`srrc Vkopcr M% Ief krgaieiqacrc ecook qargppsrk gzcrpcqpskoc sek qirpk `g ‟irkogpêqcaie`krgk„/ aie akrkppcrgqpgahc qgngog koo‗crk `coo‗sini eiekeairk kolkbcpg}}kpi ‟zcr ok qsk ngqpgak zkrpcagzkpirgk/ zcr goqceqi `cook ainsegpê/ zcr ok aieaceprk}giec qso nincepi zrcqcepc c zcrqgei zcr o‗spgog}}k}giec `cooc lirnsoc„ (Ief;782/ z% ;7;'%

Nk aie o‗gzcrpcqpskogpê c ok `gllsqgiec |gk vcb `cg aiepcespg/kaakepi kg pkepg esi|g qacekrg ahc acrpkncepc krrgaahgqaiei c`cniarkpg}}kei go qkzcrc/ qirfiei zribocnkpgahc `co psppiesi|c% Ok esi|k lgfsrk `coo‗kspirc/ zcr cqcnzgi/ eie hkrgzcrasqqgieg qioi qsook pcqpskogpê c qsooi qpgoc `cooc izcrc/ nkgeag`c lirpcncepc keahc qs {scqpgieg ocfkpc kook zkpcregpê c kg

ziqqgbgog sqg `cooc qpcqqc/ c `se{sc ko `grgppi `‗kspirc% Se pcnkkqqkg `gbkppspi eco vcb/ ì|c g aiepcespg qcnbrkei eiekzzkrpcecrc k ecqqsei c` cqqcrc lkagoncepc rgzriìppg c `gllsqg%Zcr se vcb aiqï aieaczgpi iaairriei qgqpcng esi|g/ ahcrgcqakei k nc`gkrc prk go zrgeagzgi `g rgaieiqagncepi `cook zkpcregpê `cooc izcrc/ c {scooi `cook ogbcrk agraiok}giec `coocg`cc c `cg aiepcespg% Oc ogace}c ‟aizwoclp„ c ‟Arckpg|cAinnieq„ (AA' kzzkgiei lgeirk g ngfogirg pcepkpg|g ncqqg ge

kppi zcr se ainzrincqqi `g {scqpi pgzi%



;2 GEPRI@S]GIEC

Nk keahc zipcr aieqcr|krc o‗ceirnc nioc `g `kpg

{sipg`gkekncepc gnncqqk ge rcpc/ {scqpgiec ahc qcnbrk|k`clgegpg|kncepc krahg|gkpk aie o‗k||cepi `cooc nkaahgec/ qgrgzriziec aie lir}k zrizrgi zcr o‗gekllg`kbgogpê `g `cpcrngekpgqszzirpg cocppriegag `g ncnirg}}k}giec `cg `kpg4 qszzirpg ahc/ioprcpsppi/ c|io|iei aiqï rkzg`kncepc `k rgqsopkrc qzcqqigespgog}}kbgog keahc k `gqpke}k `g ziahg keeg/ `g|cepkeìqcnzrc zg÷ rkrc oc nkaahgec/ i g ‟ocppirg„/ aie cqqgainzkpgbgog%

O‗SECQAI/ aicrcepcncepc aie g zrifrknng fgê k||gkpg/ {skogo‗GLK (‟Gelirnkpgie Lir Koo„' c ‟Ncnirw il phc Viro`„/ cnkeòeco 2::1 ok Akrpk qsook aieqcr|k}giec `co zkprgniegi`gfgpkoc24 ecook {skoc/ ge ;2 krpgaiog/ è qzgcfkpi ainc zrcqcr|krc c rce`crc kaacqqgbgog koo‗gepcrk snkegpê g aiepcespg`gfgpkog aieqg`crkpg ainc zkprgniegi `k pspcokrc%

Ecoo‗krpgaioi ;/ rcokpg|i ko aknzi `‗kzzogak}giec `cfoggepcr|cepg `coo‗SECQAI/ g aiepcespg `k qko|kfskr`krc qiei`cqargppg ge {scqpg pcrngeg=

(…' G ìasncepg `gfgpkog ainzrceìei/ ecoo‗knzgi qzcppri `cg lirnkpgcocppriegag ge aiepgesk c|ios}giec/ pcqpg/ bkeahc `kpg/ gnnkfgeg lgqqc ikegnkpc/ ìasncepg qieirg c frklgag/ qilpvkrc c zkfgec vcb% [scqpgìasncepg qiei qzcqqi cllgncrg/ c ok oiri aieqcr|k}giec rgahgc`ck`cfskpc ngqsrc `g zri`s}giec/ nkespce}giec c fcqpgiec%

Ecoo‗krpgaioi 1 ok Akrpk kllcrnk ahc oc ziqqgbgog aksqc `cook zcr`gpk/ gepcqk ainc `keei zcr oc lspsrc fcecrk}gieg/ `g pkoc zkprgniegi `gfgpkoc ziqqiei cqqcrc

o‗ibqiocqace}k rkzg`k `cfog qprsncepg c `cg zrifrknng ahc qcr|iei karckroi/ oc geacrpc}}c aieacrecepg g lgeke}gkncepg/ ok rcqzieqkbgogpê c gncpi`g `cook nkespce}giec c `cook aieqcr|k}giec/ eieahç o‗kqqce}k `gsek ocfgqok}giec lk|irc|ioc kook qsk zrcqcr|k}giec%

2 Ok Akrpk è aieqsopkbgoc ieogec ge ogefsk gpkogkek koo‗ge`grg}}ihppz=))vvv%secqai%gp)aeg)ge`cx%zhz)ìasncepg%



GEPRI@S]GIEC ;1

Zcr {scqpc rkfgieg/ ecfog krpgaiog </ 6 c 8/ qg `gahgkrk ahc

iaairrc qpgzsokrc kaair`g aie psppc oc zkrpg ge aksqk/ aie ahg`cpgcec g `grgppg `‗kspirc `k se okpi c aie psppg fog Qpkpg ncnbrg`koo‗kopri/ zcr qcoc}giekrc g aiepcespg rgpcespg ge`gqzceqkbgog zcr ok aioocppg|gpê/ rce`crog lrsgbgog seg|crqkoncepc c/qizrkppsppi/ pspcokrog aie eirnc fgsrg`gahc ahc ec fkrkepgqakeio‗kspcepgagpê c ec gnzc`gqakei ‟ok nkegziok}giec io‗kopcrk}giec gepce}giekoc„%

Ok Akrpk/ geioprc/ ngrk k pspcokrc/ ecoo‗krpgaioi 7/

o‗sfskfogke}k c o‗c{sgogbrgi prk `g|crqc asopsrc/ rgaieiqaceìahc go zkprgniegi `gfgpkoc ‟eie hk/ zcr qsk qpcqqk ekpsrk/ koaseogngpc pcnzirkoc/ fcifrklgai/ asopsrkoc i lirnkoc„% Gelgec|cefiei `cqargppg/ ecfog krpgaiog ;:/ ;; c ;2/ fog irfkegqng zrcziqpg k qcoc}giekrc c zrcqcr|krc ko ncfogi go zkprgniegi/ grsiog c oc rcqzieqkbgogpê `cfog qpcqqg% C/ ecooi qzcaglgai/o‗krpgaioi ;: zrc|c`c ngqsrc |iopc k=

. qzgefcrc g rckog}}kpirg `g hkr`vkrc c `g qilpvkrc/ g arckpirg/ fog c`gpirg/g zri`sppirg c g `gqprgbspirg `g ìasncepg `gfgpkog/ aiqï ainc fog koprg

zkrpecr `co qcppirc zrg|kpi/ k aiizcrkrc aie oc bgbogipcahc ek}giekog/ fogkrahg|g/ g nsqcg c fog koprg irfkegqng geakrgakpg `cook aieqcr|k}giec `co

zkprgniegi zsbbogai zcr fkrkepgrc ok aieqcr|k}giec `co zkprgniegi`gfgpkoc4. q|goszzkrc ok lirnk}giec c ok rgacrak/ c zrinsi|crc ok aie`g|gqgiec`cooc cqzcrgce}c c `cooc aieiqace}c prk oc gqpgps}gieg c oc kqqiagk}gieg

zrilcqqgiekog gepcrcqqkpc4

. geairkffgkrc oc seg|crqgpê c fog koprg gqpgpspg `g rgacrak/ qgk zsbbogag ahc zrg|kpg/ k` kqqgasrkrc ok aieqcr|k}giec `cg `kpg qakpsrgpg `kook rgacrak%

Rgqsopk acrpkncepc okbgoc go aielgec prk {skepi |k`kqcoc}giekpi c {skepi ge|cac qakrpkpi/ cqqceì `g lkppignziqqgbgoc qpkbgogrc se argpcrgi acrpi ge bkqc ko {skocfgs`gakrc rgoc|kepc/ c `cfei `g cqqcrc aieqcr|kpi k lspsrkncnirgk/ se aiepcespi `gfgpkoc% Nk keahc oi qpcqqi zrgeagzgi

`g sfskfogke}k asopsrkoc/ cqzrcqqi ecoo‗krpgaioi 7 `cook Akrpk/



;0 GEPRI@S]GIEC

kzzkrgrê qiopkepi sek eibgoc spizgk lgeahç aiepgescrkeei k

zcrqgqpcrc }iec c ziziok}gieg `co nieì ainzocpkncepc`gfgpko `g|g`c` / pkfogkpc lsirg `kook rcpc gepcrecp zcr zribocngcaieingag/ ziogpgag c gelrkqprsppsrkog/ c qgnbiogakncepcrgbkppc}}kpc ge rcpc `gfgpko kzkrphcg` % Qiei cqprcnkncepckookrnkepg oc aglrc liregpc `k Gepcrecp Viro` Qpkpq1/ qcaieìasg/ zcr cqcnzgi/ k fgsfei 2:;:/ aieqg`crkpi go pipkoc `cfogspcepg foibkog `g gepcrecp/ qioi go 3/< # hk cllcppskpiaieecqqgieg `ko aiepgecepc klrgakei% C qgpsk}gieg argpgahc/

qczzsr eie aiqï kookrnkepg/ oc qg rgpri|kei ge `g|crqc }iec `conieì/ Csrizk geaosqk% Keahc ge Gpkogk/ zcr lkrc se cqcnzgiahc ag rgfskr`k `grcppkncepc/ ngogieg `g agppk`geg eie qieikeairk rkffgsepg `kook bke`k okrfk%

Go vcb/ o‗gzcrpcqpskogpê c oc niopczogag aieecqqgieg/ g boif/ gqiagko ecpvird/ c psppc oc kzzogak}gieg ahc ok pcaeioifgkgelirnkpgak ncppc k `gqziqg}giec/ qpkeei `se{sc ni`glgakeìo‗kzzriaagi `cfog ge`g|g`sg (c `cooc nkqqc' ecg aielriepg `coqkzcrc/ lireceì esi|c ziqqgbgogpê/ nk zieceì keahc esi|giqpkaiog c zribocng% Cqqcrc ge frkì `g qlrsppkrc g |kepkffg ahcgo vcb illrc/ c kooi qpcqqi pcnzi rgqio|crc oc {scqpgieg keairkkzcrpc/ è sek `cooc gnzirpkepg qlg`c okeagkpc koo‗snkegpê‟ziqpfspcebcrfhgkek„ zcr rce`crc rckoncepc kaacqqgbgoc goqkzcrc/ c zcrncppcrc kooc g`cc `g `g|cepkrc se bcec ainsec `kaie`g|g`crc%

1 G `kpg qiei aieqsopkbgog qso qgpi `g Gepcrecp Viro` Qpkpq koo‗ge`grg}}ihppz=))vvv%gepcrecpviro`qpkpq%ain)qpkpq%hpn



AKZGPIOI ZRGNI ;3

Akzgpioi zrgni

Oc esi|c lriepgcrc `co vcb c ok zkrpcagzk}giec kppg|k `cfogspcepg

;%; Go vcb qcg ps

Go 23 `gacnbrc 2::< go acocbrc qcppgnkekoc ¤Pgnc´ cocqqcainc zcrqiek `coo‗keei ‟wis„% Se fcecrgai ‟pc„ zcr zrcngkrc

eie zg÷/ c eie qiopkepi/ sek ‟frckp zcrqie„/ nk psppg aioiriahc zkrpcagzkei kook ‟`cniark}gk `gfgpkoc„% Se prgbspi kookrcpc `se{sc/ c k psppg fog spcepg%

@izi oi qaizzgi `cook biook ìp.ain/ eco 2::; lkoog|k okaiqg``cppk ‟ecv caieinw„/ c aie cqqk ekslrkfk|kei ngfogkgk`g k}gce`c ahc qsook zri`s}giec `g zkaahcppg qilpvkrc k|c|keiaiqprsgpi ok zrizrgk lirpsek/ arckeì se qsrzosq fgfkepcqai/kogncepkeì lkoqc qzcrke}c c prk`ceì g zrgeagzg qpcqqg zcr asg

go vcb crk ekpi%



;< AKZGPIOI ZRGNI

Ok ncpê `cfog keeg 2::: è `g lkppi go nincepi zg÷ zrizg}gi

zcr go vcb `g niqprkrqg ko nieì/ c `g lkr qaizrgrc kfog spcepgoc gelgegpc ziqqgbgogpê ahc crk ge frkì `g illrgrc oiri% Nk{scqpi ls ziqqgbgoc qioi ìzi se qcrgi rgzceqkncepi `co vcbqpcqqi/ ìzi sek |crk c zrizrgk ‟rg|ios}giec asopsrkoc„%

Eie è se akqi {sge`g ahc eco 2::< go ¤Pgnc´ kbbgk cocppi‟wis„ ainc zcrqiek `coo‗keei4 ok rg|ios}giec è ge kppi=ngogieg `g zcrqiec qg qaknbgkei gelirnk}gieg ge rcpc/kzzrilie`gqaiei pcnkpgahc ahc g nc`gk prk`g}giekog eie

prkppkei ge niì qi``gqlkacepc/ ocffiei ieogec/ ka{sgqpkei bceg c/ aiqk zg÷ gnzirpkepc/ zkrpcagzkei kook `cniark}gk%O‗krpgaioi `co ¤Pgnc ́/ k lgrnk `g Oc| Friqqnke/ rcokpg|i kookqacopk `g ‟phc zcrqie il phc wckr„/ zkrok kzzsepi `g‟`cniark}gk `gfgpkoc„ ge {scqpg pcrngeg=

2::< fk|c sq qinc g`ckq% Phgq gq ke izzirpsegpw pi bsgo` k ecv dge` il gepcrekpgieko se`crqpke`gef/ eip ziogpgagke pi ziogpgagke/ frckp nke pi

frckp nke/ bsp agpg}ce pi agpg}ce/ zcrqie pi zcrqie (Friqqnke 2::<'%

@sc keeg zrgnk/ eco 2::0/ |ceg|k zsbbogakpi go bcqp qcoocr `g @ke Fgoonir/ Vc phc nc`gk0 (Fgoonir 2::0'/ sei `cg zrgngpcepkpg|g `g qzgcfkrc ainc ok rcpc qpcqqc aknbgkeì go niì `glkrc fgirekogqni zcrncppceì se rkzzirpi irg}}iepkoc prkfgirekogqpg c ocppirg/ ahc k oiri |iopk qg prkqlirnkei ge kspirg/ ge

{skepi zri`sppirg `g aiepcespg ahc krrgaahgqaiei ok eipg}gk cec qpgniokei ok `gllsqgiec/ `keì aiqï |gpk k sek qirpk `g‟izce.qisrac misrekogqn„%K zcrncppcrc psppi agò ls go lceincei ‟Sqcr FcecrkpcÀiepcep„ (SFA'/ ahc qpk kook bkqc `co aieacppi `g vcb aincizce.qisrac/ ainc o‗ ‟seg|crqi `g gelirnk}giec kaacqqgbgocprkngpc ok rcpc„ pcirg}}kpi `k Pgn Bcrecrq Occ ecg okbirkpirg

0 Go ogbri è `gqziegbgoc ieogec koo‗ge`grg}}ihppz=))ircgoow%ain)akpkoif)vcnc`gk)biid)%



AKZGPIOI ZRGNI ;6

`co ACRE k Fgec|rk% C zcr cqqcrc pkoc go vcb `c|c cqqcrc ge

frkì `g rgqzie`crc k `sc rc{sgqgpg lie`kncepkog= ‟k`kppkrqgkook ekpsrk lrkppkoc `cook qiagcpê„ c ‟lk|irgrc c qszzirpkrco‗ge|ce}giec ge`gzce`cepc„ (@cook \kooc cp ko% 2::8'% Goaieacppi è kbbkqpke}k qcnzogac= go vcb `c|c cqqcrcirfkeg}}kpi ge niì lrkppkoc `kfog qpcqqg spcepg/ ahc `c|ieicqqcrc okqagkpg ‟ogbcrg„ `g qpkbgogrc ocfkng aie koprg spcepg% Sekqprsppsrk `g {scqpi pgzi eie pioocrk/ koncei pcirgakncepc/fcrkrahgc c ifeg spcepc zsò geei|krc zcrahç ahgse{sc zsò

k|crc se‗g`ck ge`gzce`cepcncepc `k koprg c aie`g|g`crok/krrgaahceì go qkzcrc zrizrgi c `cfog koprg spcepg%

;%2 Go vcb 2%:

Ok rckog}}k}giec zrkpgak `g {scqpg aieacppg aigeag`c aie go‟vcb 2%:„% Go pcrngec ls aiegkpi eco 2::0 `k Pgn I‗Rcgoow`srkepc sek qcqqgiec `g brkgeqpirngef prk Nc`gkOg|cGepcrekpgieko c oi qpcqqi I‗Rcgoow/ c `k cqqi eka{sc ok vcb 2%:aielcrceac/ qsaacqqg|kncepc rgbkppc}}kpk vcb 2%: qsnngp / ahc`ko 2::0 qg iaaszk `g niegpirkrc oi q|goszzi `co vcb c aceqgrcifeg esi|i zrifcppi%

Prkokqagkeì ok `gqasqqgiec qsoo‗cllgakagk i ncei `copcrngec ‟vcb 2%:„ (zcr {skoasei è fgê ibqiocpi3/ zcr koprg è

sek pri|kpk ainncragkoc'/ gepcrcqqk zgsppiqpi lkr eipkrc aincgo ecioifgqni ls `k qsbgpi knzgkncepc spgog}}kpi= eco 2::3Pgn I‗Rcgoow lcac eipkrc ahc ge Fiifoc crkei zrcqcepg ioprc7/3 ngogieg `g agpk}gieg4 k` iffg oc agpk}gieg qiei 1<3 ngogieg%@se{sc go pcrngec è ceprkpi k lkr zkrpc `co ocqqgai `g ahgse{scqg k||gageg ko nieì `co vcb c kbbgk k ahc lkrc aie cqqi%

Nk aiq‗è `k||cri go ‟vcb 2%:„9 C aiqk aknbgk rgqzcppi k

3 Qcph Fi`ge ecg ziqp `co qsi boif sqk go pcrngec ‟Ecv vcb„ % Alr%hppz=))qcphfi`ge%pwzczk`%ain)%



;8 AKZGPIOI ZRGNI

{scooi ahc irnkg è eipi ‟vcb ;%:„/ i||cri go vcb `cfog keeg

Ei|kepk spgog}}kpi lgei kook biook ìp.ain9K fgs`gakrc `kooc k}gce`c ahc qso vcb hkeei aiqprsgpi go zrizrgi bsqgecqq/ ok `gllcrce}k qpk zrizrgi eco oiri kzzriaagi%Zrgnk `co 2::; oc zrgeagzkog k}gce`c ìp.ain bkqk|kei g oiri zrilgppg qsook zri`s}giec `g qilpvkrc/ i ncfogi zkaahcppg `gqilpvkrc/ `k |ce`crc kfog spcepg4 ahg qizrk||gqqc kook biook/ iahg qg kllkaagò qso ncrakpi qsaacqqg|kncepc/ gepsï ahc okqprk`k `k qcfsgrc crk se‗koprk= i||cri illrgrc qcr|g}g/ qce}k

arckrc {scooc ahc Pgn I‗Rcgoow `clgegqac oc ‟prkzzioc `cook|caahgk ge`sqprgk `co qilpvkrc„(I‗Rcgoow 2::3'% K bce|c`crc/ gelkppg/ oc k}gce`c ahc qizrk||gqqcri ko lkoogncepi`cook ‟ecv caieinw„/ `gniqprkei `g k|crc `coocakrkppcrgqpgahc ainseg/ ge zkrpc fgê zrcqcepg kg pcnzg `co‟vcb ;%:„/ ge zkrpc lrsppi `g {scook rg|ios}giec asopsrkoc ahcqg cbbc aie o‗c|ios}giec `co vcb qpcqqi% C qg prkppk `g {scoocqpcqqc akrkppcrgqpgahc ahc qcaieì I‗Rcgoow qiei kook bkqc `colse}giekncepi `co vcb 2%:/ c k asg ahgse{sc izcrg ge rcpcì|rcbbc k`cfskrqg%

. Illrgrc qcr|g}g c eie zkaahcppg qilpvkrc% È se aieacppi bkqgokrc/ c rk`gakoncepc geei|kpg|i `co vcb 2%:% Koo‗spcepciaairrc se qcr|g}gi spgoc c eie se qilpvkrc `k geqpkookrc c ahclse}gieg qce}k sopcrgirg gepcr|cepg `cfog q|goszzkpirg c zrifcppgqpg= o‗spcepc ge pko niì spgog}}k go qcr|g}gi/ oi pcqpk c oi

‟fgs`gak„ lireceì lcc`bkad kfog qpcqqg zrifcppgqpg% Go lcc`bkad è sek akrkppcrgqpgak lie`kncepkoc `cook rcpc gepcqk aincainsegpê `g spcepg ahc zkrpcagzkei ko ngfogirkncepi c kookippgng}}k}giec `cook qpcqqk% Zgiegcrc `g {scqpi esi|i niì `ggepce`crc go vcb è acrpkncepc Fiifoc/ ahc `k qcnzrc illrcqcr|g}g (c eie qilpvkrc' ge aiepgesi kffgirekncepi%

. Ncppcrc g `kpg ko acepri `coo‗kppce}giec% Qiqpceceì ahcg `kpg qkrkeei go esi|i ‟gepco geqg`c„/ I‗Rcgoow kllcrnk= ‟ok

fcqpgiec `cg `kpkbkqc è sek ainzcpce}k aceprkoc `cooc qiagcpê



AKZGPIOI ZRGNI ;7

vcb 2%:/ ko zsepi ahc {skoahc |iopk kbbgkni `clgegpi {scqpc

kzzogak}gieg ainc ‘gelivkrc‗ zgsppiqpi ahc qcnzogacncepcqilpvkrc„ (I‗Rcgoow 2::3'% Ok akzkagpê `g fcqpgrc`gekngakncepc o‗ceirnc nioc `g `kpg gnncqqg ge rcpc/ c `gqlrsppkrc fog qpcqqg `kpg zcr arckrc zrilgppi c illrgrc qcr|g}g spgogkoo‗spcepc/ è kqqiospkncepc aceprkoc zcr `clgegrc go |koirc `g`cpcrngekpc kzzogak}gieg% Go zribocnk ahc qg ziec è ecook zrizrgcpê `cg `kpg= qc fskr`gkni k qcr|g}g {skog oc nkzzcieogec/ eipgkni ahc ziqqc`crc se esaoci `g `kpg è sek liepc

zrc}giqgqqgnk `g fsk`kfei/ nk kooi qpcqqi pcnzi go lkppi `geie cqqcrc ge frkì `g illrgrc se qcr|g}gi ippgnkoc/ cqizrkppsppi rce`crc zsbbogag g `kpg i kllg`krec ok rcokpg|kogace}k/ kzrc kook aieairrce}k c lk|irgqac o‗gefrcqqi `g koprcqiagcpê ahc/ fcqpceì fog qpcqqg `kpg/ qzcqqi qg `gniqprkei gefrkì `g arckrc kzzogak}gieg c qcr|g}g zg÷ `gekngag/ c `gaieqcfsce}k zg÷ kzzrc}}kpg `kfog spcepg% È {scqpi go akqi `g Nkz [scqp / ahc `g lkppi nkepceec go nieiziogi eco qcppirc`cooc nkzzc ieogec lgei ko ;773/ zcr cqqcrc zig qako}kpi `kookqacek zrizrgi `k Wkhii+/ Ngariqilp c ge qcfsgpi Fiifoc/ ahcspgog}}keì ge ogace}k g `kpg liregpg zrizrgi `k Nkz [scqp /arckriei qcr|g}g zg÷ ainzcpgpg|g%

Keahc Knk}ie geg}gò k illrgrc g qcr|g}g kfog spcepg zkrpceì`k `kpg ahc rczcrg|k `k GQBE R%R% Bivdcr / nk k` cqqg geg}gò k`kffgsefcrc `kpg zri|cegcepg `k c`gpirg/ kspirg/ c qizrkppsppi

`kfog spcepg% [scqp‗sopgnk akrkppcrgqpgak è gnzirpkepgqqgnk= Knk}ie è ge frkì `g niegpirkrc g ainzirpkncepg `cfog spcepgrkaaifogceì aiepgeskncepc `kpg qpkpgqpgag<% Psppi agò hkainzirpkpi ahc Bivdcr eie è zg÷ ok liepc zrgnkrgk zcr rczcrgrc gelirnk}gieg qsg ogbrg/ ko qsi ziqpi |g è i||gkncepc

< Rkaaifogcrc `kpg qpkpgqpgag c niegpirkrc g ainzirpkncepg `cfog spcepg èiffg kook bkqc `co lse}giekncepi `g niopc kzzogak}gieg `cooc aiqg``cppc

‟qiagcpê vcb 2%:„% Knk}ie/ Vgdgzc`gk/ Logadr / NwQzkac/ WisPsbc c Lkacbiid qiei qioi fog cqcnzg zg÷ aieiqagspg%



2: AKZGPIOI ZRGNI

Knk}ie/ ahc `k {skoahc keei ziqqgc`c keahc se ai`gac

g`cepglgakpg|i zrizrgcpkrgi/ KQGE%. Prkppkrc fog spcepg ainc ai.q|goszzkpirg ge ippgak ‟izce.qisrac„% Niegpirkeì g ainzirpkncepg `cfog spcepg/ {scqpgsopgng qiei fgê zipce}gkoncepc ai.q|goszzkpirg/ zcrahç ge bkqckooc oiri qacopc/ kooc kzzogak}gieg zg÷ sqkpc/ c agiè ge bkqc kgoiri lcc`bkad/ g zrifcppgqpg kffgirekei qilpvkrc/ qcr|g}g ckzzogak}gieg zg÷ i ncei lrc{scepcncepc6% Ecoo‗knbgpi `cookarck}giec `g aiepcespg/ zrilie`kncepc ni`glgakpi

`koo‗k||cepi `co vcb 2%:/ cqcnzokrc è go akqi `g Vgdgzc`gk ahcrgziec ecg qsig spcepg sek lg`sagk (pcirgakncepc' googngpkpk/ zcrncppceì oiri `g kffgsefcrc c ni`glgakrc oc |iag `kaieqsopkrc%

Ai.q|goszzkpirg ge {scqpi qceqi qiei psppg aioiri ahc/ aie go zrizrgi boif i aie go zrizrgi qgpi gepcrecp/ i qcnzogacncepcek|gfkeì c ‟zkrpcagzkeì„ ge rcpc/ qlrsppkei go lceincei‟Sqcr Fcecrkpc` Aiepcep„/ ahc zcrncppc eie qioi `g zsbbogakrc aiepcespg ge lirnkpi pcqpi/ gnnkfgec c |g`ci/ nkcqpce`c kfog spcepg ok ziqqgbgogpê `g zkrpcagzkrc ko ‟qiagkopkffgef„/ i||cri `g aieprgbsgrc k akpkoifkrc g aiepcespg |gk |gk zsbbogakpg/ `keì |gpk k |crc c zrizrgc pkqqieingc/rgbkppc}}kpc `k Phinkq \ke`cr Vko ‟liodqieingcq„ (\ke`cr Vko 2::6'%

. Pcepkrc `g rkffgsefcrc psppi go vcb/ c eie qioi g qgpg zg÷

eipg c `gllsqg4 i||cri kzzogakrc ko vcb ge fcecrkoc/ c eie qioikook |ce`gpk ieogec/ go zrgeagzgi `cook ‟Ai`k osefk„ (Ke`crqie2::<'/ qcaieì asg oc egaahgc/ ngogieg `g egaahgc/ aiqpgpsgqaieio‗8:# `co ncrakpi/ nceprc oc hgp aiqpgpsgqaiei qioi go 2:#%

6 Go akqi zg÷ caokpkepc è {scooi `g Logadr = go akzi.q|goszzkpirc/ AkoHce`crqie/ hk `gahgkrkpi ahc oc kzzogak}gieg krrg|kei k` cqqcrc kffgirekpckeahc ifeg nc}}irk% Koo‗cqprcni izziqpi pri|gkni o‗cqcnzgi `g

Ngariqilp / ahc ecg zcffgirg akqg kffgirek oc zrizrgc kzzogak}gieg keahcifeg 1 keeg%



AKZGPIOI ZRGNI 2;

Eco nieì `co vcb agò qgfeglgak lkrc ge niì `g rkffgsefcrc

psppg {scg zgaaiog qgpg/ egaahgc kzzsepi/ ahc lirnkei go friqqi`co aiepcespi `gqziegbgoc ge rcpc% I‗ Rcgoow cqirpk=

Lkpc oc|k qso asqpincr.qcol qcr|gac c qsook fcqpgiec `cg `kpg kofirgpngag zcr rkffgsefcrc o‗gepcri vcb/ oc zcrglcrgc c eie qioi go acepri/ ok osefkai`k c eie qioi ok pcqpk (I‗Rcgoow 2::3'%

Qc |iocqqgni cllcppskrc se zkrkfiec prk go vcb ;%: c go vcb

2%:/ eipcrcnni ahc niopc `cooc pcaeioifgc zrcqcepg zrgnk`cooi qaizzgi `cook biook ìp.ain/ aiepgeskei k cqqcrc`cpcrngekepg zcr go lse}giekncepi `co vcb `g iffg% Prk {scqpc/ncrgpkei `g cqqcrc nce}giekpc= oc SRG/ go zripiaiooi HPPZ/ c googefskffgi HPNO%

Seglirn Rcqisrac G`cepglgcr (SRG'% Qg prkppk qprgefhc `gakrkppcrg ecacqqkrgc koo‗g`cepglgak}giec `g {skoqgkqg rgqirqk eco

vcb% Sek srg zsò cqqcrc aokqqglgakpk ainc SRO (SeglirnRcqisrac Oiakpir'/ i ainc SRE (Seglirn Rcqisrac Eknc'/rgqzcppg|kncepc zcr o‗g`cepglgak}giec `g sek rgqirqk nc`gkepco‗sbgak}giec `cook qpcqqk eco zrgni akqi/ nc`gkepc go einc ecoqcaieì akqi%

Hwzcr Pcxp Prkeqlcr Zripiaio (HPPZ'% Qg prkppk `g se zripiaiooi `g `crclcrce}gk}giec c ecfi}gk}giec ecacqqkrgi zcr ok prkqngqqgiec `g gelirnk}gieg |gk vcb prkngpc sencaakegqni rgahgcqpk)rgqziqpk (aogcep)qcr|cr'= go aogcep (goeiqpri brivqcr `g ek|gfk}giec' cllcppsk sek rgahgcqpk (zcr nc}}i `g se‗SRG' c` go qcr|cr (se qgpi gepcrecp/ i sek {skoqgkqgrgqirqk `k rkffgsefcrc' rcqpgpsgqac ok rgqziqpk% G pgzg `g rgahgcqpk ziqqgbgog qiei {skppri= FCP/ go zg÷ spgog}}kpi/ qcr|c k`crclcrce}gkrc o‗SRG qce}k ni`glgakrc ok rgqirqk ippcespk4 ZIQP

zcrncppc o‗ge|gi `g `kpg `k cokbirkrc4 ZSP c @COCPC qiei



22 AKZGPIOI ZRGNI

izcrk}gieg ncei sqkpc/ c ge niopg akqg |gcpkpc/ ahc zcrncppiei

`g ni`glgakrc sek acrpk rgqirqk kffgsefceì i akeacookeì`kpg% [scqpg sopgng `sc pgzg `g rgahgcqpk airrgqzieìei iffg kookpcaeioifgk ‟vgdg„/ ahc qpk kook bkqc `g Vgdgzc`gk= se zgaaioiqcfei `g aiepgesgpê prk go |caahgi c go esi|i vcb%

Hwzcr Pcxp Nkrdsz Okefskfc (HPNO'% È go ogefskffgi ahc zcrncppc `g aiepriookrc ok qprsppsrk `cg ìasncepg gzcrpcqpskog zrcqcepg eco vcb/ c` è `g lkppi go lirnkpi aie asg qiei qprsppsrkpg

psppg g qgpg vcb% Go ai`gac |gcec gepcrzrcpkpi `ko brivqcr zcr zcrncppcrc koo‗spcepc `g |gqskog}}krc ok zkfgek% Zcrncppc go‟nkrdsz„ (`cqarg}giec' `cooc ni`kogpê `g gnzkfgek}giec clirnkppk}giec/ eieahç go okwisp/ `cooc zkfgec vcb%

Zcr nc}}i `g SRG/ HPPZ c HPNO (ecooc qsc c|ios}gieg'/ iffgngogieg `g spcepg qg aioocfkei `k sek zkrpc koo‗koprk `co zgkecpk/qg qaknbgkei gelirnk}gieg ge pcnzi rckoc/ gepcrkfgqaiei c zkrpcagzkei% [scqpi zcrahç oc pcaeioifgc `cqargppc qiei kook bkqc `g se‗c|ios}giec aiepgesk/ c kzzkrcepcncepcgrrclrcekbgoc/ `co vcb c `cooc kzzogak}gieg ahc cqqi ncppc k`gqziqg}giec%

Go vcb 2%: hk zcrncqqi o‗cqzoiqgiec `g lceinceg ahc ecfogsopgng keeg hkeei kqqsepi sek zirpkpk pkoc `k ni`glgakrcqceqgbgoncepc ok |gpk qiagkoc c zrg|kpk `g ngogieg `g ge`g|g`sg/oc oiri rcok}gieg aie koprg ge`g|g`sg/ ok oiri zcrac}giec `co

nieì/ ok oiri asopsrk%Boif/ qiagko ecpvird c qgpg gepcrecp rkzzrcqcepkei iffg |crg c zrizrg qzk}g `g asopsrk c gelirnk}giec/ osifhg |grpskog kbgpkpg`k zcrqiec ge akrec c iqqk ahc qarg|iei/ ocffiei/ainncepkei/ qaknbgkei izgegieg% Osifhg |grpskog ahc/ ainc|c`rcni/ kfgqaiei qsook rckopê c eie qg ogngpkei k rglocppcrok cfgs`gakrok/ nk ge niopg akqg ok aknbgkei%



AKZGPIOI ZRGNI 21

;%1 Sqcr Fcecrkpc` Aiepcep ( SFA '

Ainc kaaceekpi ge zrcac`ce}k/ sei `cg lceinceg zg÷gnzirpkepg `co vcb 2%:/ c ahc ncppc o‗spcepc ge sek ziqg}giec`g ‟ai.q|goszzkpirc„/ è o‗‟Sqcr Fcecrkpc` Aiepcep„ (aiepcespifcecrkpi `kfog spcepg'% Qg prkppk `g psppi go nkpcrgkoc `gqziegbgocge rcpc/ zriìppi `kfog spcepg c lkppi agraiokrc prkngpc sek qcrgc`g pcaeioifgc i kzzogak}gieg4 boif c qiagko ecpvird qieio‗cqzrcqqgiec nkqqgnk `g {scqpi lceincei/ c |crrkeei

knzgkncepc prkppkpg ecg zkrkfrklg qsaacqqg|g%Go pcrngec ‟Sqcr Fcecrkpc` Aiepcep„ geg}gò k cqqcrc

spgog}}kpi qge `ko 2::34 keei ahc/ ainc qg è |gqpi/ aigeag`cfriqqi niì aie o‗kllcrnkrqg `co aieacppi `g vcb ainc ‟izceqisrac„/ c aie oc zrgnc rckog}}k}gieg zrkpgahc `g {scg zrgeagzgqso rkzzirpi prk o‗spcepc c ok rcpc/ ahc ngrk|kei k `gqcfekrc senieì esi|i/ kaacqqgbgoc kg zg÷ c {skepi zg÷ ziqqgbgoc`cniarkpgai% Kaacppkpi aie|ce}giekoncepc go pcrngec/ o‗SFA è`g|cepkpi iffcppi `g kekogqg keahc `coo‗ICA@ (‟Irfkegqkpgie lir Caieinga Aiizcrkpgie ke` @c|coizncep„' ahc hk zri|kpi k`krec sek `clgeg}giec `cppkeì prc zkrkncprg ge bkqc kg {skogqpkbgogrc aiqk è aokqqglgakbgoc ainc SFA/ c aiqk eie oi è%

Rc{sgqgpg `g zsbbogak}giec% SFA qiei psppg {scg aiepcespgfcecrkpg `k spcepg c zsbbogakpg ge `cpcrngekpg aiepcqpg/ {skogqiagko ecpvird/ boif c qgpg gepcrecp/ i ge fcecrkoc qs zkfgec

vcb kaacqqgbgog k se esncri `g spcepg zg÷ i ncei coc|kpi% Ge bkqc k pkoc zkrkncpri |cefiei cqaosqg aiepcqpg `g|crqg {skogahkp/ c.nkgo c qgngog/ c `g aieqcfsce}k g aiepcespg ge cqqg lkppgagraiokrc eie rgceprkei prk fog SFA%

Qlir}i arckpg|i% Zcrahç se aiepcespi ziqqk cqqcrc `clgegpiSFA/ iaairrc ahc qgk qpkpi gnzgcfkpi se acrpi qlir}i arckpg|iecook qsk cokbirk}giec4 ge koprc zkrioc o‗spcepc `c|c arckrc|koirc/ i kffgsefcroi k {skoaiqk `g zrccqgqpcepc% Aizgkrc c

geaiookrc `co nkpcrgkoc eie è SFA/ nk agpkroi c ogedkroi/



20 AKZGPIOI ZRGNI

kffgsefceì|g esi|i aiepcespi (|g`ci/ gnnkfgeg c pcqpg kspi.

zrziìppg' zcr ainncepkroi i krrgaahgroi/ ziprcbbc cqqcrc`clgegpi SFA% O‗ICA@/ ainc è i||gi ahc qgk/ eie `clgegqacog|coog ngegng c nkqqgng `g qlir}i arckpg|i/ zcr asg go aielgecprk nkpcrgkog SFA c eie SFA è zgsppiqpi okbgoc%

Arck}giec ko `g lsirg `cooc zrkpgahc c `cooc rispgec

zrilcqqgiekog% Qzcqqi g aiepcespg zsbbogakpg zrcqageìei `klgekogpê rcnsecrkpg|c c `k gepcrcqqg ocfkpg kook zrilcqqgiec`coo‗spcepc% Frke zkrpc `co nkpcrgkoc SFA `gqziegbgoc `crg|k

gelkppg `k spcepg eie zrilcqqgiegqpg/ qzgepg qioi `kook |ifogk `gcqzrgncrqg/ `kook rgacrak `g ‟|gqgbgogpê„ c eipirgcpê ge rcpc%

Ioprc kg fgê agpkpg boif c qiagko ecpvird/ qg gqzgrkei kooklgoiqilgk SFA keahc go ziàkqp c ‟vgdg„84 acocbrg qgpg gepcrecpahc qlrsppkei ok qpcqqk pcaeioifgk qiei WisPsbc/ Vgdgzc`gk/Qcaie` Oglc c Logadr % Ge psppg {scqpg akqg go rsioi `coo‗spcepc èaiepcnzirkeckncepc `g lrsgpirc c zri`sppirc/ ocppirc c kspirc4ok qprsppsrk qg rcffc frk}gc kook aiepgesk zkrpcagzk}giec `cfogspcepg/ koo‗kffgirekncepi/ kg ainncepg c kg lcc`bkad%

È {sge`g ecacqqkrgi ahc sek zkfgek vcb qgk ge frkì `gnkepcecrc |g|k o‗kppce}giec qs `g cqqk% Oc pkf aie asgahgse{sc zsò cpgahcppkrc g zrizrg aiepcespg/ oc akpcfirgckoo‗gepcrei `cooc {skog cqqg |crrkeei aiooiakpg/ c fog kffrcfkpirg`g aiepcespi lkagogpkei niopi go ok|iri/ zcrncppceì koo‗spcepc`g rkffgsefcrc zg÷ lkagoncepc/ c eco ngeir pcnzi ziqqgbgoc/

o‗iffcppi `cook zrizrgk rgacrak/ c kook zkfgek (c kg rcokpg|gaiepcespg' `g nkepcecrc o‗kppce}giec ahc ncrgpk%Ok ziziokrgpê `g se qgpi/ `g se boif i `g sek zkfgek ge

fcecrkoc/ zsò cqqcrc ngqsrkpk prkngpc go Zkfc Rked `g Fiifoc/

8 Zcr o‗cpgni alr% ok |iac ‟vgdg„ qs Vgdgzc`gk koo‗ge`grg}}ihppz=))gp%vgdgzc`gk%irf)vgdg)Vgdg% Gepcrcqqkepc eipkrc ahc eieiqpkepc gopcrngec `crg|g `kook ogefsk hkvkgkek aie qgfeglgakpi `g ‟rkzgì„/ è

qzcqqi sqkpi ainc kariegni zcr ‟Vhkp G deiv Gq„/ cqzrcqqgiec ahc`cqarg|c bcec ok lgoiqilgk `co lceincei SFA%



AKZGPIOI ZRGNI 23

ahc spgog}}k g oged ainc ‟|koirc„/ ainc ‟|ipi„ kook zkfgek asg

qg aioocfkei%Lgei k {skoahc keei lk eie crk `gllgagoc pri|krc (…' zcrqiec aie|gepcahc se aioocfkncepi `k K |crqi B rsbkqqc |koirc k {scqp‗sopgni zcr kffgsefcrec k` K/ zigahç ge {scqpi niì ahg arck|k go oged qg aioocfk|kk aiepcespg `g zrizrgcpê koprsg% Sek acrpk qasiok `g zceqgcri k|c|k

zcrqgei aingeagkpi k qiqpcecrc ahc g oged crkei ge {skoahc niì sek|giok}giec `co aizwrgfhp (Frkegcrg 2::3/ z% 0;'%

Oc zkfgec vcb rkzzrcqcepkei `cg ei`g koo‗gepcrei `g seecpvird/ c eie psppg g ei`g hkeei ok qpcqqk ziqqgbgogpê `g cqqcrcrkffgsepg4 ge {scqpi aiepcqpi g oged rkzzrcqcepkei |koirc/ ‟okniecpk `co vcb„/ c `cpcrngekei sek ‟qprsppsrk `g zipcrc„(Vkodcr 2::2'% Nk i||gkncepc kopg ge`gag `g ziziokrgpê c|gqgbgogpê ge rcpc eie fkrkepgqaiei ok acrpc}}k `coo‗kppce`gbgogpê/eie kqqgasrkei esook qsook rczspk}giec `coo‗kspirc4

keahc qc è cnzgrgakncepc airrcppi iqqcr|krc ahc kook lgec ok ziziokrgpêpce`c k` cqqcrc se‗gelirnk}giec ahc o‗spcepc zcraczgqac/ zg÷ i nceiaiqagcepcncepc/ ainc kpprgbspi `g |koirc c arc`gbgogpê/ lkagogpkeìo‗cllcppi `co zrclcrcepgko kppkahncep (Frkegcrg 2::3/ z% 37' %

Ok rczspk}giec `coo‗kspirc `g se boif/ i `g ahgse{sc asrgsek zkfgek vcb/ è {skoaiqk `g niopi ainzocqqi c qg aieqiog`k(i pce`c k qacnkrc' ge bkqc ko aiepcespi/ kook |kog`gpê c kooklrc{sce}k `cooc zsbbogak}gieg4 ko rkzzirpi aie g ocppirg.lrc{scepkpirg `cook zkfgek4 qce}k prkokqagkrc fog kqzcppg keahccqpcpgag/ c zsrkncepc frklgag/ aie asg ok zkfgek qg zrcqcepk kfogspcepg%

O‗c{sg|kocepc `co Zkfc Rked ecook boifiqlcrk è okpcaeioifgk eipk ainc ‟zizsokrgpw ge`cx„/ qs asg qg bkqkeikzzogak}gieg {skog Pcaheirkpg c o‗gpkogkek QdgzZiz% Qg prkppk `g

qgqpcng ahc eie qioi |kospkei ok ziziokrgpê `cg qgefiog boif/



2< AKZGPIOI ZRGNI

nk geioprc `keei kfog spcepg ok ziqqgbgogpê `g niegpirkrc oc

`gqasqqgieg ahc qpkeei k||ceceì prk ngogieg `g boiffcr/qcoc}giekeìoc ge bkqc kg zrizrg gepcrcqqg% Spgog}}keìPcaheirkpg è ziqqgbgoc k` cqcnzgi qkzcrc `g {skoc ogbri qg qpk zkrokeì ge rcpc ge se zrcagqi nincepi4 g fgirekogqpg ziqqieiaieqpkpkrc {sko è ok eipg}gk zg÷ `gqasqqk/ c {sko è o‗izgegiec`gllsqk qs cqqk4 ziqqgkni qkzcrc qc/ c qs {skog boif/ qg qpk zkrokeì `g eig%

Ainc zcr psppi agò ahc rgfskr`k go vcb/ keahc eco akqi

`cfog SFA eie nkeakei fog cslirgag c fog qacppgag% Kzzrc}}krc konkqqgni frkì g aiepcespg fcecrkpg `kfog spcepg/ aieqg`crkeìkppce`gbgoc psppi agò ahc |gcec zsbbogakpi ge rcpc/ zcr go qioilkppi `g cqqcrc zsbbogakpi/ qkrcbbc se frk|c crrirc `g|kospk}giec/ c lkrcbbc zcr`crc `g |gqpk g rckog |kepkffg ahc fogSFA qiei ge frkì `g illrgrc% @‗koprk zkrpc biookrc qcnzrcainc gekppce`gbgoc sek liepc zrcqcepc ge gepcrecp/ kqqsnceìainc fgsqpglgak}giec= ‟ge gepcrecp agraiok `g psppi„/ qkrcbbcngizc c gepcoocppskoncepc ziai iecqpi kook osac `cg eiege`gllcrcepg rgqsopkpg ahc go vcb hk zcrncqqi `g rkffgsefcrc ecgqcppirg `coo‗gelirnk}giec c `cook asopsrk/ qizrkppsppi zcr k|cr rcqi kaacqqgbgog ainc eie nkg {scqpg nie`g k `g|crqg ngogieg`g spcepg%

Go vcb/ c ecook lkppgqzcagc go vcb 2%:/ è se seg|crqi `ggelirnk}gieg ainzocpkncepc esi|i/ ge asg go rkzzirpi kspirc.

ocppirg/ i qkrcbbc zg÷ airrcppi `grc kspirg.ocppirg/ aknbgkrk`gakoncepc pce`ceì k rg`srrc o‗kqgnncprgk/ lkaceì qï ahcok |crpgakogpê ac`k go ziqpi koo‗irg}}iepkogpê% È se rkzzirpi `copgzi ‟`k niopg k niopg„/ c agò ainzirpk sek qcrgc `ggnzogak}gieg ahc ahgcìei `g cqqcrc kekog}}kpc kppcepkncepc/ cqizrkppsppi aie esi|g ncpi`g `g ge`kfgec%



AKZGPIOI ZRGNI 26

;%0 Ok boifiqlcrk

@ko 21 `gacnbrc ;776/ `kpk `g ekqagpk `co zrgni boif7 kìzcrk `g Mire Bkrfcr/ se spcepc qpkpsegpceqc kzzkqqgiekpi `gakaagk/ go lceincei `cg boif è arcqagspi k `gqngqsrk/ pkepi ahc`ko 2::; qg zkrok `g ‟boifiqlcrk„ zcr ge`gakrc ngogieg `g boifgepcraieecqqg prk oiri%

Go 2::; è o‗keei ge asg go lceincei cqzoi`c k og|cooinie`gkoc/ c keahc ge Gpkogk/ qczzsrc ge rgpkrì/ geg}gkei k`

kllcrnkrqg g zrgng boiffcr4 ekqaiei g zrgng qcr|g}g frkpsgpg zcr arckrc c fcqpgrc se boif c zrcqpi qg rkffgsefc ok aiqg``cppk‟nkqqk argpgak„ `g spcepg% Zcr zri|krc k` k|crc se‗g`ck `cooc`gnceqgieg `co lceincei/ bkqpg zceqkrc ahc qc eco 2::2 g boifcrkei ziahc `cagec `g ngfogkgk/ fgê eco 2::0 ge se rkzzirpiasrkpi `ko Zcv Rcqckrah Acepcr ;: cncrfc|kei `kpggegnnkfgekbgog lgei k ziai pcnzi zrgnk= ;3%::: esi|g boifarckpg ifeg fgirei/ agrak ;;%::: kffgirekncepg ifeg irk c;63%::: ziqp zsbbogakpg ifeg fgirei%Go 20 qcppcnbrc 2:;:/ qcaieì go niegpirkffgi `g BoifZsoqc;;/rgqsopkei kppg|g agrak ;06 ngogieg `g boif/ `g asg <<%::: agrakekpg ecooc sopgnc 20 irc%

Geqinnk go boif è `g|cepkpi ecfog sopgng `gcag keeg selceincei `g zirpkpk nie`gkoc c ge aiepgesk arcqagpk/ ahcqcnzrc zg÷ zrczipcepcncepc qg kllcrnk ainc akekoc `g

gelirnk}giec esi|i rgqzcppi k` koaseg nc`gk zrccqgqpcepg/ ckopcrekpg|i i zkrkoocoi rgqzcppi k` koprg%

7 Go pcrngec ‟boif„ ekqac `kook aieprk}giec `cooc `sc zkrioc vcb c Oif(`gkrgi'= se ‟vcb.oif„ aieqgqpc kzzsepi ge se ‟@gkrgi ge Rcpc„% @k ‟boif„ekqaiei koprg pcrngeg iffg airrcepcncepc sqkpg {skog ‟boiffcr„ c‟boiffkrc„%;: Go rkzzirpi ainzocpi è aieqsopkbgoc koo‗ge`grg}}i

hppz=))vvv%zcvgepcrecp%irf)Rczirpq)2::0)Aiepcep.Arckpgie.

Ieogec%kqzx;; hppz=))vvv%boifzsoqc%ain)



28 AKZGPIOI ZRGNI

Qc ì|cqqgni zri|krc k gnnkfgekrc ok qprsppsrk `cook

boifiqlcrk/ ziprcnni bcegqqgni zrce`crc ge zrcqpgpio‗gnnkfgec qpcqqk `co vcb ainc rcpc gzcrpcqpskoc/ lkppk `g ei`gc aioocfkncepg (oged' niopczogag% Ge sek qprsppsrk `g {scqpi pgzig boif rkzzrcqcepkei cqkppkncepc g ei`g `cook rcpc/ c gaioocfkncepg ahc og airrcokei rkzzrcqcepkei oc qprk`cniopczogag `cooi qaknbgi `g `kpg c gelirnk}gieg prk se eiì co‗kopri4 sek qprsppsrk eie ahgsqk/ ke}g kzcrpk ko nkqqgni frkìc ge asg ahgse{sc zsò geqcrgrqg zkrpcagzkeì kooi qaknbgi `g

gelirnk}gieg%Frkegcrg zkrok `g boifiqlcrk ainc ‟geqgcnc `g aosqpcr

ainsegakepg„/ i||cri ainc geqgcnc `g ‟zgaaiog nie`g„lrc{scepkpg `kfog spcepg ge bkqc kooc pcnkpgahc `g oiri gepcrcqqc=

Zcr ok oifgak qpcqqk ahc fi|crek oc rcok}gieg prk g boiffcr/ agkqasege`g|g`si/ qarg|ceì `cfog krfincepg ahc fog gepcrcqqkei c ocffceì agòahc kppgrk ok qsk kppce}giec/ lgegqac zcr lrc{scepkrc zg÷ i ncei

kqqg`skncepc se esncri |krgkbgoc `g zgaaiog nie`g% C ge ifesei `g{scqpg kqqsnc go rsioi ahc oc qsc aieiqace}c `coo‗knbgcepc fogaieqcepiei/ ippceceì sek rczspk}giec zg÷ i ncei nkffgirc (Frkegcrg2::3/ z% <0'%

G aosqpcr `g asg zkrok Frkegcrg ziqqiei cqqcrc bce qzgcfkpgaieqsopkeì oc zkfgec vcb `cg fgê agpkpg qgqpcng `gge`gag}}k}giec/ ahc aceqgqaiei c niegpirkei g boif

rkffrszzkeìog zcr akpcfirgk4 `koo‗geprkppcegncepi kooc ecvq/`kook ziogpgak kook pcaeioifgk/ `kook ocppcrkpsrk kooi qzirp= zcr ifeg pcnkpgak cqgqpiei acepgekgk `g ngfogkgk `g boifgepcraieecqqg prk oiri% Qce}k `gncepgakrc ahc ok |iak}giecirgfgekrgk `g vcb.oif ainc `gkrgi zcrqiekoc ieogec eie è nkgqpkpk prk`gpk/ c qiei pkepgqqgng/ lirqc ok nkffgir zkrpc/ g boifgepcrkncepc `c`gakpg ko rkaaiepi zcrqiekoc `cook zrizrgk |gpk/kooc zrizrgc zkqqgieg/ zksrc c izgegieg% C i||gkncepc eie

nkeakei boif ahc prkppkei q|krgkpc pcnkpgahc/ c eie qiei



AKZGPIOI ZRGNI 27

{sge`g aokqqglgakbgog ge sek zrcagqk akpcfirgk/ nk qg k||gagekei

k se krfincepi zgsppiqpi ahc k se kopri/ c {sge`g k `g|crqgaosqpcr/ cpgahcppkeì (‟pkffkeì„' g ziqp `g |iopk ge |iopk zsbbogakpg ge bkqc koo‗iffcppi `g `gqasqqgiec%

Ifeg boiffcr è kspirc c ocppirc/ aiqï ainc ifeg boiffcr è‟qpkr„ ge koaseg knbgcepg c ‟lke„ ge koprg/ k qcaie`k `coocainzcpce}c qs pcnkpgahc qzcaglgahc (Frkegcrg 2::3/ z% <2'%

;%0%; Go lse}giekncepi `cook boifiqlcrk

Ok boifiqlcrk qg rcffc qs se ncaakegqni lkppi `g koasecqcnzogag rcfioc eie qargppc/ nk aie|ce}giekoncepc kaacppkpc`kook ainsegpê `cg boiffcr/ ahc |kofiei qgk zcr ahg asrk ok zkfgek `g se boif/ ahc zcr g lrc{scepkpirg c ocppirg `cook qpcqqk%Rcqpkrc lc`cog kooc pcnkpgahc prkppkpc4 c|gpkrc qzkn c zsbbogagpê`cg zrizrg qgpg i `cg zrizrg boif qioi zcr ka{sgqgrc |gqgbgogpê4sqkrc se ogefskffgi kzzrizrgkpi4 agpkrc qcnzrc oc liepg (oged'`g koprg boif `k asg qg zrce`c qzsepi zcr geg}gkrc sek`gqasqqgiec= {scqpc qcnzogag rcfioc qiei kook bkqc `g seairrcppi lse}giekncepi `cook boifiqlcrk% Ifeg boiffcr zsòi||gkncepc rgqcr|krqg `g qpkbgogrc oc zrizrgc rcfioc/ qpkeìkppcepi k eie rce`crc cqprcnkncepc rgfg`k c ‟ahgsqk„ ok zkfgek `co boif%

Go ncaakegqni `cook boifiqlcrk è kbbkqpke}k qcnzogac/ c qglie`k qsg zrgeagzg ahgk|c `cooc pcirg}}k}gieg `co vcb 2%: c `cook

qsk |iak}giec ‟izce qisrac„= rce`crc ‟ogbcrg„ fog spcepg c kooiqpcqqi pcnzi ncppcrog ge sek aie`g}giec `g ‟ai.q|goszzkpirg„ zcrncppceì oiri `g fcecrkrc aiepcespg/ cogngekrc oc fcrkrahgc(pgzgahc `co qgqpcnk prk`g}giekoc `cg nc`gk'/ liregrc qcr|g}g spgogc eie |ce`crc qilpvkrc/ rkffgsefcrc ok ‟ai`k osefk„ c eie qioiok ‟pcqpk„ `cook rcpc% Gespgoc qippiogeckroi/ ok boifiqlcrk lk qsig{scqpg zrgeagzg/ c niopg koprg%%%

Zcr ahg liqqc kbgpskpi k gepce`crc ok aieiqace}k/ c ok

rcokpg|k `gllsqgiec/ ainc {skoaiqk `g ahgsqi c lrsgbgoc k ziahg



1: AKZGPIOI ZRGNI

‟cocppg„/ c o‗gelirnk}giec ainc se zriìppi `k ‟|ce`crc„ ge

se qgqpcnk lkppi `g aieairrce}k c ainzcpg}giec/ ok boifiqlcrkrkzzrcqcepcrcbbc o‗kepgpcqg `g {sco nieì lgeirk aieiqagspi%[scooi `cg boif è go nieì `cook aieiqace}k qce}k zk`rieg/ì|c ok aieiqace}k è `g psppg c ì|c eie a‗è ainzcpg}giec/ zcrahç ifeg g`ck qaknbgkpk c aie`g|gqk/ c ifeg esi|k eipg}gk`kpk/ kzzirpkei rgaahc}}k ko qgqpcnk% È go nieì ge asg eipg}gclkoqc i ziai kppce`gbgog/ i zsbbogak}gieg ziai |kog`c/ hkeei|gpk brc|c zcrahç qippiziqpc k aiepgesk rc|gqgiec frk}gc ko

rsioi kppg|i `cfog spcepg% C ainc |c`rcni è keahc go nieì `gsek aieiqace}k |crkncepc ‟aioocppg|k„ c ‟aieecppg|k„/ eieqioi zcrahç ok aie`g|gqgiec `cg aiepcespg zcrncppc o‗kaacqqi koqkzcrc `k zkrpc `g psppg/ nk zcrahç ecqqsek zsbbogak}giecekqac aie ok zrcpcqk `g cqqcrc kspiqsllgagcepc/ cqqceì ok boifiqlcrk se |cri c zrizrgi ‟qgqpcnk `g aiepcespg„=

Go vcboif/ k `gllcrce}k `g ni`coog k eig zg÷ lkngogkrg ainc go {sipg`gkei

i ok rg|gqpk/ eie hk ecqqsek zrcpcqk `g cqqcrc cqksqpg|i/ `g zrizirrc sekocppsrk agraiqargppk c zipce}gkoncepc aicrcepc% Ke}g/ ko aieprkrgi/ sevcboif pce`c {skqg zcr `clgeg}giec k ‟zirpkrc lsirg `k qç„ go ocppirc|crqi koprc liepg/ |crqi koprc |iag% Go rgqsopkpi è ahc ecqqsei ocffc seqioi vcb.oif/ zigahç qg prkppk `g se qgefioi ‟eiì„ ge se‗izcrkaioocppg|k c gzcrpcqpskoc ahc pce`c k aielgfsrkrqg ainc se ‟qgqpcnk `gaiepcespg„ (Frkegcrg 2::3/ z% 1<'%

Se ‟qgqpcnk `g aiepcespg„ ge asg/ kzzsepi/ go boif è qioi sei`cg pkepg ei`g `g sek ocppsrk zipce}gkoncepc gelgegpk zcrahçgzcrpcqpskoc/ c lkppk `g aiepgesg rgnke`g4 ifeg eiì/ ifeg boif/agpk go ziqp `g se kopri eiì qs asg aiqprsgqac ok `gqasqqgiec iahc |sioc ainncepkrc/ i ahc/ qcnzogacncepc/ |sioc qippizirrckoo‗kppce}giec `co ocppirc zcr krrgaahgrc ok qsk aieiqace}k% Goocppirc qpcqqi è ge|gpkpi k` kooiepkekrqg `kook zkfgek geg}gkoc/`c|gkeì nincepkeckncepc i `clgegpg|kncepc go zcrairqi `g

ocppsrk% Qg è fgê `cppi ahc agò è ziqqgbgoc frk}gc kg oged4 iaairrc



AKZGPIOI ZRGNI 1;

zcrò qzcaglgakrc ahc qioi g aiqg``cppg ‟zcrnkoged„ (zcrnkecep

oged' gepriìppg gepirei ko ;777/ zcrncppiei `g qpkbgogrc `cgaioocfkncepg cllgakag% Lgei kook gepri`s}giec `g {scqpi qgqpcnk/g vcboif kzzkrg|kei ainc qpkpgahc zkfgec HPNO/ c o‗spcepcì|c|k acrakrc `k qç oc SRG ahc oi ge`grg}}kqqcri |crqi oc rgqirqc`cqg̀ crkpc4 pkog SRG rcqpk|kei kppg|c qioi zcr se pcnzi`cpcrngekpi/ zcr zig rgqsopkrc gespgog eie kzzcek ok zkfgek `grglcrgncepi liqqc qpkpk ni`glgakpk i qziqpkpk/ lkaceì zcr`crc okairrgqzie`ce}k seg|iak `coo‗g`cepglgakpg|i% Go zcrnkoged

zcrncppc `g arckrc zkfgec `gekngahc aie aioocfkncepg qcnzrckppg|g= oc SRG rcqpkei qcnzrc g`cepgahc keahc {skeì ok zkfgek kasg cqqc aioocfkei |gcec ni`glgakpk/ c rgqsopcrkeei gekppg|c qioiko nincepi `cook rgni}giec `cook zkfgek%

Ioprc ko zcrnkoged/ è `g lie`kncepkoc gnzirpke}k ok ziqqgbgogpê illcrpk koo‗spcepc `g |gqskog}}krc oc zkfgec k asgo‗kspirc `co boif `g zkrpce}k rgnke`k prkngpc g oged/ qce}k zcr`crc `g |gqpk ok zkfgek geg}gkoc4 ge pko niì go ocppirc qcfsc{scooi ahc pcaegakncepc |gcec `ceingekpi go ‟phrck`„/ qce}k zcr`crc `g |gqpk go zsepi `g zkrpce}k `cook qsk ocppsrk%

Gelgec/ ko ncaakegqni gzcrpcqpskoc `cook boifiqlcrk rgqsopklse}giekoc o‗sqi `co boifrioo/ ahc qcr|c k irgcepkrc go ocppirc/prkngpc sek ogqpk `g oged lgqqg/ |crqi koprg boif kllgeg/ iaieqg`crkpg zkrpgaiokrncepc kspirc|iog `ko boiffcr pkepi `kaieqgfogkrec ok aieqsopk}giec% Qc se oged koo‗gepcrei `co ziqp

rkzzrcqcepk qcnzogacncepc sek agpk}giec `k zkrpc `coo‗kspircqce}k koasek gnzogak}giec qso fgs`g}gi i qsoo‗kppce`gbgogpê `co boif k asg rgnke`k (k ncei ahc go fgs`g}gi qsook liepc agpkpkeie qgk cqzogagpkncepc `gahgkrkpi'/ se oged ge boifrioorkzzrcqcepk fcecrkoncepc sek liepc ahc kfog iaahg `co ocppirckzzkrc kspirc|ioc c `cfek `g cqqcrc |gqgpkpk/ sek qirpk `g‟ocppsrk aieqgfogkpk„%

Rgnke`krc k` koprg boif/ i ge fcecrkoc ge`grg}}krc fog spcepg

|crqi koprc rgqirqc `co vcb/ è ioprc ahc sek rcfiok `g bsie



12 AKZGPIOI ZRGNI

qceqi (ge`gakrc qcnzrc oc liepg agpkpc/ c aieqgfogkrec koprc zcr

kzzrilie`grc se `cpcrngekpi krfincepi'/ ok aie`g}giececacqqkrgk zcrahç se boif rcqpg kppg|i ge rcpc= ogedkrc koprc zkfgec è qcfei `g kzcrpsrk |crqi o‗cqpcrei/ c ainzirpk esi|kkppce}giec |crqi go zrizrgi boif4 ko aieprkrgi/ ogedkrc ziai/qgfeglgak cqqcrc ogedkpg keairk ncei c rgac|crc qakrqkkppce}giec `k zkrpc `cook ainsegpê `cg boiffcr%

O‗geakoaiokbgoc {skepgpê `g aiepcespg ecook boifiqlcrk èfcecrkpk `k se ncaakegqni `g zri`s}giec c zsbbogak}giec

aiepgeskncepc rgfcecrkpi `kfog spcepg zrizrgi frk}gc kook ziogpgak `co ‟ogedgef„ % \ioceì qcnzoglgakrc ziprcnni `grc ahcgo lse}giekncepi è {scqpi= go boiffcr ; ge`g|g̀ sk ok rgqirqk c ok zsbbogak ge lirnk `g krpgaioi/ qkffgi i qcnzogacncepc `gainncepi4 go boiffcr 2 rgzirpk go aiepcespi qso qsi boifogedkeì go boiffcr ; c kffgsefceì koprg aiepcespg4 go boiffcr 1lkrê ok qpcqqk aiqk/ lgei k fcecrkrc se osefi phrck`qsoo‗krfincepi ahc arcqacrê nke nkei ahc |crrê aieqsopkpi cainncepkpi% Go rgqsopkpi è sek ocppsrk `g pgzi aioocppg|i%

Eie è se akqi ahc @k|g` Dogec c @ke Bsrqpcge kbbgkei zkrkfiekpi g boif kg ainncepg pkons`gag `g cpê rgekqagncepkoc/c `clgegpi oc 1:%::: zkfgec `g kzzsepg c keeipk}gieg `gOciekrì `k \geag ainc go zrgni boif `cook qpirgk (Dogec/Bsrqpcge 2::<'% Go lirpsekpi zkrkfiec qcr|c k lkr ainzrce`crc{skepi ok ocppsrk ieogec qgk qgngoc kook ocppsrk `g pgzi aioocppg|i

c aiookbirkpg|i `g cziak rgekqagncepkoc;2

/ bkqkpk qsookagraiok}giec `g `gkrg nkeiqargppg ahc/ zkqqkeì `g nkei genkei/ |ceg|kei aiepgeskncepc kffgirekpg aie foiqqc cainncepg%

;2 Nk ok qpcqqk aieqg`crk}giec è |kog`k zcr ok prkqngqqgiec qargppk `coqkzcrc ge ifeg cziak zrgnk `coo‗ge|ce}giec `cg akrkppcrg nibgog kìzcrk `g Fspcebcrf% G nkeiqargppg nc`gc|kog c ok oiri ‟nspkbgogpê„ zcr

crrirg `g prkqarg}giec `k zkrpc `cg aizgqpg/ fog gepcr|cepg `g aceqsrk/ c ocfoiqqc `g ocppirg crs`gpg c eie/ qiei cqcnzokrg ko rgfskrì%



AKZGPIOI ZRGNI 11

G aiepcespg `cook boifiqlcrk qiei cqprcnkncepc cpcrifcecg

c qzk}gkei `k sek pcnkpgak koo‗koprk% @cg boif ge`gag}}kpg konincepi qs Pcaheirkpg;1/ agrak se ngogiec c nc}}i/ ocakpcfirgc zg÷ `gllsqc qiei= ‟Cepcrpkgencep„ ahc rkaaifogc boifahc |krgkei `k ogbrg c agecnk/ k |g`cifgiahg c nsqgak4‟Pcaheioifw„ aie boif qzcaglgag qs gelirnk}giegpcaeioifgahc4 c ‟Og|gef„ ge asg g boif qiei qzcagkog}}kpg geqkospc/ rcogfgiec/ agbi/ |gkffg c koprg krfincepg fcecrgag%Aiqpgpsgqaiei akpcfirgc k qc qpkepg ge|cac frszzg `g boif {skog=

‟Ziogpgaq„ aie qippi.akpcfirgc ‟Viro`„ c ‟S%Q% Ziogpgaq„4‟Qzirpq„ aie qippi.akpcfirgc `c g̀akpc k qgefioc `gqagzogecqzirpg|c4 ‟Frcce„ ahc rkffrszzk g boif `c`gakpg koo‗knbgcepc ckoo‗caioifgk4 c ‟Qagceac„ aie boif k akrkppcrc qagcepglgai%

Ok lipifrklgk liregpk `k Pcaheirkpg aielcrnk ahc ok zkrpc zg÷ aieqgqpcepc `cook boifiqlcrk è ainziqpk `k boifkspibgifrklgag i gepgngqpgag/ aie aiepcespg kspirclcrce}gkog cakrkppcrgqpgahc `g pgzi gepcrzcrqiekoc4 {scqpk è keahc ok zkrpc`cook boifiqlcrk ahc i||gkncepc rgac|c zg÷ |gqgpc% Nke nkeiahc qg zriac`c |crqi qcppirg `cook boifiqlcrk zg÷ qzcagkog}}kpg/`i|c go ogefskffgi qg lk zg÷ pcaegai c ok `gqasqqgiec qcnzrc zg÷ aicrcepc aie o‗krfincepi prkppkpi/ g ocppirg `gngesgqaiei% C ziprcnni `grc ahc ok `gnges}giec `g |gqgpc ecg qcppirg zg÷qzcaglgag `cook boifiqlcrk è {skqg ‟lgqgioifgak„%

Frkegcrg zkrkfiek ok boifiqlcrk k sek zgrkng`c/

(…' ok asg bkqc aiepgcec ok zkrpc zg÷ frke`c `co zsbbogai/ ahc qgrcqprgefc koo‗ksncepkrc `g {scook ahc ziprcnni `clgegrc ok ‟zrilie`gpê`cook |gqgiec `cook rckopê„ (g asg gefrc`gcepg qiei niopg c `g|crqg prk oiri

zcr ekpsrk= akrgqnk/ rcfgqpri ogefsgqpgai/ akzkagpê ̀ g kekogqg/ bkadfrise`asopsrkoc/ nk keahc rcok}gieg c aiqï |gk'% (…' Qc g vcboif zg÷ ziziokrgecg |krg qcppirg q|iofiei se‗gnzirpkepgqqgnk lse}giec `g hsb ecooiqngqpkncepi `coo‗kppce}giec c ecook qcoc}giec `cg pcng ‟`k ncppcrc gekfce`k„/ g boif ahc hkeei ok zrizrgk krck `g k}giec ecooc zkrpg kopc `cook

;1 hppz=))pcaheirkpg%ain)boifq) g̀rcapirw)



10 AKZGPIOI ZRGNI

zgrkng`c qiei `cg |crg c zrizrg ‟hsb aifegpg|g„/ {scoog ahc `g lkppiq|iofiei go rsioi zg÷ kppg|i ecook lse}giec `g ainsegak}giec aieo‗cqpcrei c `g ‟izgegie ock`crqhgz„ `cook boifiqlcrk (Frkegcrg 2::3/ zz%61.60'%

Eie è rkri ahc pcng prkppkpg ecooc zkrpg zg÷ kopc `cook zgrkng`c pri|gei qzk}gi ecooc zkrpg zg÷ bkqqc4 golse}giekncepi è qcnzrc oi qpcqqi= se boiffcr ahc prkppkpcnkpgahc zg÷ i ncei cpcrifcecc/ rgzirpk g aiepcespg `g boif

qzcagkog}}kpg qs se `cpcrngekpi krfincepi/ ‟prk`saceìog„ gese ogefskffgi zg÷ qcnzogac ge bkqc ko zrizrgi pkrfcp `grglcrgncepi% @g hsb ge hsb go aiepcespi qace`c `ko |crpgac|crqi ok bkqc `cook zgrkng`c/ k`kppkeìqg `g |iopk ge |iopk kooiqpgoc c ko bkadfrise` asopsrkoc `cg ocppirg asg qg rg|iofc% [scqpi zriac`gncepi/ ahc Frkegcrg ahgknk ‟losqqi `g prk`s}giec„ èiqqcr|kbgoc eco akqi `g aiepcespg `g pgzi qagcepglgai/ i rcokpg|g kqps`g qzcaglgag `g `g|crqc `gqagzogec/ aiqï ainc eco akqi `g

agpk}gieg `k boif qprkegcrg% Zsò k||cegrc keahc go aieprkrgi=qzcqqi ziqp ekpg ecg aosqpcr aiooiakpg kook bkqc `cook zgrkng`c/i||cri ge boif zg÷ i ncei gepgngqpgag i `g pgzi gepcrzcrqiekoc/kqqsniei sek rgoc|ke}k c sek rczspk}giec pkog `k cqqcrc agpkpg`g hsb ge hsb lgei k pri|krc qzk}gi kg |crpgag `cook zgrkng`c%

Ioprc ahc `koo‗kopi |crqi go bkqqi/ c |gac|crqk/ go losqqi `ggelirnk}gieg zsò cqqcrc `g pgzi irg}}iepkoc= g aiepcespg

|cefiei ni`glgakpg c krrgaahgpg `g eiì ge eiì nke nkei ahcgo ocppirc ec lrsgqac c og rgzsbbogak k qsk |iopk4 kooi qpcqqipcnzi `cpcrngekpc gelirnk}gieg `g pgzi `g|crqi |cefieikqqiagkpc aie koprc zcr kekoifgk%

Psppi {scqpi k||gcec/ ainc qiqpcefiei Okefrcgpcr cPqahcrpcs/ rgzri`saceì go ainzirpkncepi `co eiqpri qgqpcnkecr|iqi= oc airrcok}gieg c oc gepcraieecqqgieg prk g boiflse}giekei gelkppg ainc g ecsrieg `co acr|cooi snkei4 c ainc

oc gepcraieecqqgieg `co acr|cooi qiei niopi zg÷ esncriqc



AKZGPIOI ZRGNI 13

rgqzcppi k {scooc `g psppi go rcqpi `co airzi snkei/ aiqï go

qgqpcnk `g rglcrgncepg c rgairrce}c `cook boifiqlcrk è niopi zg÷rgaai rgqzcppi ko rcqpi `coo‗gepcri vcb% Go aielriepi aie goqgqpcnk ecr|iqi ag lk akzgrc ainc ok boifiqlcrk zriacqqg eieqioi gelirnk}gieg zri|cegcepg `ko nieì cqpcrei/ nk keahc/ cqizrkppsppi/ cokbirk}gieg `g gelirnk}gieg c eipg}gc ekpc ko qsigepcrei/ c `g aieqcfsce}k ‟cokbirk}gieg `g cokbirk}gieg„=

(…' Phc boifiqzhcrc gq eip ieow zriacqqgef ecvq lrin phc rcko viro`/

bsp koqi korck`w zriacqqc` ecvq ke` ‟zriacqqgefq il zriacqqgefq„asongekpgef ge g`ckq ke` aieaczpq/ phkp vcrc arckpc` ge phc boifiqzhcrcgpqcol (Okefrcgpcr/ Pqahcrpcs 2::1'%

Ok boifiqlcrk qg zrcqcepk {sge`g ainc se qgqpcnk rgaai (a‗èqzk}gi zcr ifeg krfincepi qce}k qippiqpkrc k qahcng zrcaiqpgpsgpg' c` kspi.irfkeg}}kpi (eie a‗è ecqqse aiepriooirc/k zkrpc ok ainsegpê qpcqqk `cfog spcepg'% C qizrkppsppi qg

zrcqcepk/ qg è `cppi/ ainc sek qprsppsrk ge aiepgesk arcqagpkfrk}gc kook pipkoc kqqce}k `g bkrrgcrc koo‗gefrcqqi/ c kg rc{sgqgpg`g aieiqace}k ecacqqkrg zrcqqiahç ngegng%

@g lkppi zcr kzrgrc se boif/ iffg koo‗spcepc |cefiei illcrpgqgqpcng {skqg kspinkpgag/ ge asg iaairrc qioi gnziqpkrc ok zrizrgk zkfgek c geg}gkrc k zsbbogakrc g zrizrg ziqp/i||gkncepc ìzi k|cr gnziqpkpi aicrcepcncepc ok zkfgek cqacopi o‗kqzcppi ngfogirc (frklgak/ qlieì/ akrkppcrg' aie asg

zrcqcepkroi kg ocppirg% Se cqcnzgi è Vir`Zrcqq%ain/ go zg÷sqkpi ge Gpkogk/ ahc zcrncppc `g arckrc lkagoncepc/ cfrkpsgpkncepc/ se boif ge ziahgqqgng ngespg rce`ceìoiqsbgpi kppg|i c aieqsopkbgoc%

Ok eipirgcpê c ok rczspk}giec `co boif/ gespgoc `groi/`gzceìei `koo‗sqi ahc qc ec lk c `kook akzkagpê `g lkroigepcrkfgrc aie koprg boif ecook boifiqlcrk/ c lsirg `k cqqk% Go boif qg `gniqprk oi qprsncepi zg÷ cllgakac zcr gepcrkfgrc aieo‗cqpcrei/ cqqceì ge frkì `g ainsegakrc aie psppg g qiagko



1< AKZGPIOI ZRGNI

ecpvird (`ko zrilgoi `g se ‟kngai„ qs Lkacbiid ziqqi rgqkogrc

ko qsi boif c aieqsopkroi'/ c aie psppg g qgpg c pcqpkpc ieogec(niopc zkfgec `g kzzrilie`gncepi `co frszzi Cqzrcqqi/ c `g¤Rczsbbogak%gp´ qiei |crg c zrizrg boif asrkpg `k fgirekogqpg icqzcrpg `coo‗krfincepi prkppkpi'%

Geioprc go boif/ frk}gc kook qsk |crqkpgogpê c kook lirnkfcecrkoncepc brc|c `cooc zsbbogak}gieg (ziqp' ahc aiepgcec/qcnbrk ‟ekpsrkoncepc„ zrc`gqziqpi zcr cqqcrc aieqsopkbgoc qskoprg `gqziqgpg|g `g|crqg `ko aizspcr {skog qnkrpzhiec/ zkonkrg

c `c|gac gbrg`g%

;%0%2 G boif c go nieì cqpcreiQg è fgê `cppi eco zkrkfrkli zrcac`cepc ainc g boif qpgkei

`g|cepkeì akekog `g gelirnk}giec kopcrekpg|g rgqzcppi k` koprg zrccqgqpcepg% C` è irnkg c|g`cepc ainc pkepg boiffcr qg qgkeiprkqlirnkpg ge |crc c zrizrgc ‟liepg sllgagkog„ zcr go fgirekogqnige psppi go nieì= ecqqse kspirc|ioc {sipg`gkei zsò lkrc kncei iffg `g qkzcrc qs aiqk qg `gqaspc ecook boifiqlcrk/ cpkepincei zsò zrcpce`crc `g prkokqagkrc/ i lkr zkqqkrc geqir`gek/ sek eipg}gk ahc ecg boif è pcnk zrgeagzkoc `g`gqasqqgiec%

Fog Qpkpg Segpg oi qkeei bcec `ko 2::2/ {skeì occqpcrek}gieg eie zrizrgi ‟ziogpgakoow airrcap„ `co qcekpircrczsbbogakei Prcep Oipp/ ahc eco lcqpcffgkrc go acepcqgni

ainzockeei `co aioocfk Qpirn Phsrnie` ec coifgk|k oc g`ccxceilibc nkeglcqpkpc ge zkqqkpi/ eie pri|kriei qzk}gi qsgnc`gk prk`g}giekog/ nk lsriei ko acepri `cooc zrgeagzkog`gqasqqgieg `cg boif zcr fgireg/ pkepi `k aiqprgefcrc g nc`gk kprkppkrc ok eipg}gk= go rgqsopkpi ls ahc o‗kooirk zrcqg`cepc Bsqhì|cppc zrce`crc oc `gqpke}c `k Oipp/ c oi qpcqqi Oipp lsaiqprcppi k `gncppcrqg% Eco 2::2 g boif crkei keairk ziahcngfogkgk nk fgê zrclgfsrk|kei {sco esi|i niì `g kaac`crc

kooc gelirnk}gieg/ ahc qkrcbbc zig qpkpi bkppc}}kpi ainc



AKZGPIOI ZRGNI 16

‟Agpg}ce misrekogqn„/ aie pkepgqqgng koprg akqg qgngog k {scooi

`co qcekpirc aiqprcppi k `gncppcrqg%[skepi ok boifiqlcrk iffg gelosce}g go nieì cqpcrei c okrckopê {sipg`gkek/ è kbbkqpke}k ahgkri keahc ge Gpkogk/ c eieqioi zcr agò ahc aieacrec go fgirekogqni% Bkqpg zceqkrc kgni|gncepg ekpg `ko boif;0 `co aingai fcei|cqc Bczzc Frgooi/ko lceincei `co ‟Zizioi |giok„;3 ahc/ ekpi qs Lkacbiid cprkqlcrgpiqg ge acepgekgk `g boif/ qg rg|crqk lgqgakncepc ecooc zgk}}c `g psppk Gpkogk lkaceì zkrokrc `g qç qs psppg g nc`gk

prk`g}giekog/ c ge niopg akqg ni`glgakeì o‗kfce`k ziogpgak `gkoaseg gnzirpkepg zkrpgpg ziogpgag gpkogkeg% C keairk= go boifqkpgrgai Qzgei}k%gp ;< ahc ifeg fgirei grieg}}k qsook ziogpgak/ okariekak/ ok rcogfgiec c ok qiagcpê/ zrce`ceì `g ngrk/ c zkrklrkqkeì qkpgrgakncepc/ `gahgkrk}gieg c eipg}gc ahc fogspcepg qpcqqg rg|gqgpkei sqkeì oi qpgoc `co boif;64 `k boif cqiagko ecpvird hkeei geioprc zrcqi |gpk gnzirpkepg lokqh nibspgog}}kpg ainc lirnc irgfgekog `g zripcqpk aiepri qzcaglgagk||cegncepg= `kook rglirnk `coo‗Seg|crqgpê eco zcrgiì 2::8.2:;:/ kook |gqgpk `co aioieecooi Fhc``klg ecoo‗cqpkpc 2:;:%

C ge se zkcqc {skoc o‗Gpkogk/ ge asg ok qpknzk eie fi`c acrpi`g ippgnk qkospc zcr esncri `g aizgc |ce`spc c ogbcrpê `ggelirnk}giec;8/ c ge asg g frke`g frszzg c`gpirgkog `cpcefiei ok

;0 hppz=))vvv%bczzcfrgooi%gp);3 hppz=))vvv%gozizioi|giok%gp)

;< hppz=))vvv%qzgei}k%gp);6 @kg ngfogirg ziqp `co boif è ekpi se ogbri.rkaaiopk k asrk `g Qpclkei

Ke`rciog c Kocqqke`ri Biegei/ Qzgei}k% Se ogbri qcrgqqgni/ Kbcrpgc`gpirc/ 2:;:% @k qcfekokrc geioprc ahc g asrkpirg `co boif hkeeirgac|spi se brc|c qzk}gi ecook prkqngqqgiec Pcprgq `g Ok6 / c ahc go boif|gcec {skqg {sipg`gkekncepc agpkpi `k ¤Go Lkppi [sipg̀ gkei´/ ge sekqirpk `g rsbrgak ahgknkpk ‟Akppg|crgc„%

;8 Qcaieì go rkzzirpi `g Lrccìn Hisqc/ o‗Gpkogk è ko 62cqgni ziqpi zcr ogbcrpê `g qpknzk/ ge }iek ‟zkrpow lrcc„ (zkr}gkoncepc ogbcrk'% Go

rkzzirpi `g Lrccìn Hisqc è aieqsopkbgoc koo‗ge`grg}}ihppz=))vvv%lrccìnhisqc%irf)pcnzokpc%aln9zkfc>6:,rcockqc>8;;%



18 AKZGPIOI ZRGNI

nkffgir zkrpc `co ncrakpi ogbrkrgi aiqprgefceì k rsiog `g

egaahgk oc zgaaioc akqc c`gprgag/ oc zipce}gkogpê `co vcb c/ ecooiqzcaglgai/ `cook boifiqlcrk rgqkopkei ge niì oknzkepc% Eie èse akqi ahc fgê `k {skoahc keei ge Gpkogk qg geprk|c`kei g zrgng pcepkpg|g ziogpgag `g ‟rcfiokncepkrc„ oc zsbbogak}giegieogec/ c `g aieqcfsce}k g boif= eco 2::6 go `gqcfei `g ocffcqsook rglirnk `coo‗c`gpirgk k lgrnk `g Rgaakrì Lrkeai Oc|g/qippiqcfrcpkrgi kook zrcqg̀ ce}k `co Aieqgfogi `co Fi|creiZri`g/ zrc|c`c|k eco qsi krpgaioi 6 o‗ibbogfi `g rcfgqprk}giec

`cg qgpg gepcrecp4 bce zrcqpi niepò sek lirpc zripcqpk ieogecaiepri go `ò/ pkepi `k ge`srrc Oc|g k `gahgkrkrc ahc ok eirnkeie qkrcbbc qpkpk kzzogakpk kg boif% Eco fceekgi `co 2:;:ge|cac k cqqcrc zrcqi `g ngrk ls go aiqg``cppi ‟`carcpiRinkeg„ ahc zrc|c`c|k ok ogngpk}giec `coo‗kppg|gpê `g boiffgef|g`ci= keahc ge {sco akqi go vcb qg nibgogpò/ c ok zripcqpk `cg boiffcr zrcqc |gpk `k|kepg koo‗knbkqagkpk kncrgakek k Rink/ zcr ahgc`crc qgnbiogakncepc kgspi ko zrcqg`cepc `cfog QpkpgSegpg Bkrkad Ibknk/ rgpcespi `kfog g`ckpirg `cook zripcqpko‗cqcnzgi `cook ogbcrpê `g gelirnk}giec ieogec%

Eie è k}}kr`kpi qiqpcecrc ahc g boif iffg qgkei lirpcncepcge frkì `g gelosce}krc ok rckopê/ c ahc zrizrgi qs cqqg qgq|goszzgei niopc |iopc `gqasqqgieg gnzirpkepgqqgnc rgfskr`kepgok qiagcpê/ ahc zcr |krg nipg|g eie pri|kei qzk}gi/ i eie ecpri|kei kbbkqpke}k/ ecg osifhg prk`g}giekoncepc `c`gakpg

koo‗izgegiec zsbbogak% C agò qzgcfk bcec zcrahç/ `k zg÷ zkrpg/qg qcepk go bgqifei `g ‟k`ìncqpgakrc„ ok boifiqlcrk/gepri`saceì ogngpk}gieg c eirnc zg÷ rcqprgppg|c%

;%3 G qiagko ecpvird

;%3%; Fog qps`g qsooc rcpg qiagkog zrgnk `co vcb

Qg zkrok `g rcpg qiagkog koncei `ko oiepkei ;727/ {skeì



AKZGPIOI ZRGNI 17

Lrgfwcq Dkrgepw/ eco qsi rkaaiepi Akpcec/ gzipg}}ò ahc agkqase

ge`g|g`si zipcqqc ceprkrc ge aiepkppi aie ahgse{sc/ `koo‗koprk zkrpc `co nieì/ qcnzogacncepc prkngpc `cooc akpcec `grcok}gieg (i aieiqace}c'% @g|crqg qps`g/ bkqkpg qsook qpcqqkgzipcqg/ |ceecri kzzogakpg kg zg÷ cpcrifcecg aknzg `g qps`gi=`kook nkpcnkpgak kook zqgaioifgk/ `kook zqgahgkprgk kookqiagioifgk c koo‗keprizioifgk%

Eco ;7<6 oi zqgaioifi kncrgakei Qpkeocw Ngofrkn rcqceipk ok qsk ‟pcirgk `co nieì zgaaioi„ cqcfsceì se

gnzirpkepc cqzcrgncepi/ keairk iffg aceprkoc zcr ok QEK (‟Qiagko Ecpvird Kekowqgq„'% Ngofrkn qcoc}gieò k akqi sefrszzi `g kbgpkepg `co Ng` Vcqp c ahgcqc oiri `g ge|gkrc se zkaahcppi k` sei qaieiqagspi kbgpkepc `co Nkqqkahsqcppq/ `gasg lsriei liregpg go einc/ o‗iaaszk}giec c ok }iek `grcqg`ce}k/ nk eie o‗ge g̀rg}}i cqkppi% Go zkaahcppi ì|c|kcqqcrc ge|gkpi k sek zcrqiek aieiqagspk ahc k|cqqc/ qcaieì gongppcepc/ go zg÷ kopi esncri `g zribkbgogpê `g aieiqacrc go`cqpgekpkrgi `k rkffgsefcrc% Ifeg zcrqiek ceprkpk ge {scqpkakpcek k|rcbbc rgzcpspi ok qpcqqk izcrk}giec c qcfsgpi oc qpcqqcrcfioc/ lge {skeì go zkaahcppi eie liqqc fgsepi k`cqpgek}giec/ c ecooc nkeg `coo‗cqkppi `cqpgekpkrgi% G zkrpcagzkepg aige|iopg crkei qgasrg ahc qkrcbbcri qpkpgecacqqkrg acepgekgk `g zkqqkffg gepcrnc`g zrgnk ahc go zkaahcppi fgsefcqqc ecooc nkeg `co `cqpgekpkrgi/ nk

o‗cqzcrgncepi `g Ngofrkn rg|coò ahc g zkqqkffg ecacqqkrgcrkei ge nc`gk qcg/ geaos`ceì se ngegni `g age{sc c senkqqgni `g qcppc gepcrnc`gkrg ecook akpcek (Docgelco` 2::2'%

Eco ;77: oi qargppirc Mihe Fskrc rgbkppc}}k/ aio qsirinke}i Qcg frk`g `g qczkrk}giec/ ok pcirgk `g Ngofrkn aioeinc/ kzzsepi/ `g ‟pcirgk `cg qcg frk`g `g qczkrk}giec„% Keahcgo rinke}i `g Fskrc/ prkppi `k sek qpirgk |crk/ |sioc`gniqprkrc ahc se ge`g|g`si/ k|ceì k `gqziqg}giec sek rcpc

`g aieiqace}c/ zsò prkngpc ziahg zkqqkffg rkffgsefcrc go qsi



0: AKZGPIOI ZRGNI

ibgcppg|i% Eco rinke}i go zripkfiegqpk Zkso (prkqziqg}giec

ocppcrkrgk `g @k|g` Hknzpie'/ se rkfk}}i ecri `g Bsllkoi/qzkaagkeìqg zcr se brgookepc qps`cepc lgfogi `coo‗kppirc QgècwZigpgcr/ rgcqac k ceprkrc ecooc akqc `g qcg `g|crqc lkngfogc bcecqpkepg `g Ecv Wird/ psppc lrk oiri aioocfkpc/ c prsllkroccqzrizrgkeìfog `co `cekri%

Fog qps`g zrizc`cspgag kooc pcirgc `cook QEK qiei {scoog `coqiagioifi Fcirf Qgnnco lrk ok lgec `coo‗Ippiacepi c o‗geg}gi`co Ei|cacepi `k se okpi/ c {scoog `g zqgahgkprgk qiagkoc `g

Mkaib Oc|g Nircei `koo‗kopri%Kekog}}keì fog cllcppg `cook ni`creg}}k}giec qsook qiagcpê/

Qgnnco qg aie|geac ahc ok qiagioifgk/ zsr eie cqqceì gefrkì `g qzgcfkrc go zcrahç `g sek `cpcrngekpk k}giec qiagkoc/ ziqqk ainse{sc ge`kfkrc qsooc lirnc ahc pkoc k}giec kqqsnc%Oc akrkppcrgqpgahc gnzogagpc ecook ni`creg}}k}giec c ecookrg|ios}giec ge`sqprgkoc/ ainc oc `gnceqgieg kookrfkpc `coocainsegpê ahc qg prkqlirnkei ge ncpriziog c niopgzogakei g ziqqgbgog aiepkppg lrk fog ge`g|g`sg/ ok `g|gqgiec `co ok|iri ahclrkepsnk ok |gpk qiagkoc c/ gelgec/ go `cekri ainc lir}kqzcrqiekog}}kepc ziqqiei qzgcfkrc oc `gekngahc qiagkog `g sefrszzi c/ kooi qpcqqi pcnzi/ zcrncppcrc `g kekog}}krc ocaieqcfsce}c qsooc rcok}gieg ahc gepcrairriei lrk fog ge`g|g`sgahc oi ainziefiei%

Mkaib Oc|g Nircei/ k zkrpgrc `k qps`g `g zqgahgkprgk qiagkoc/

c pcirg}}keì se kzzriaagi ‟qiagincprgai„ zcr ge`kfkrc cngqsrkrc oc rcok}gieg qiagkog/ qg aieaceprk qsook ziqg}giec ahcse ge`g|g`si kqqsnc ge se frszzi/ c {scqp‗sopgni ge segeqgcnc `g frszzg {sko è ok qprsppsrk qiagkoc% O‗ge`g|g`si è sekpini ge rkzzirpi aie psppg fog koprg kping koo‗gepcrei `coesaoci `g rcok}gieg ahc lirnk se frszzi4 g qgefiog frszzg/ zg÷i ncei gepcrrcokpg lrk oiri/ lirnkei ok ainzocqqk qprsppsrkqiagkoc% Oc akpcec `g rcok}gieg (‟rcpg qiagincprgahc„' ahc qg

qpkbgogqaiei lrk qgefiog ge`g|g`sg c/ k og|cooi qszcrgirc/ lrk



AKZGPIOI ZRGNI 0;

qgefiog frszzg/ lgei k lirnkrc sek qprsppsrk foibkoc zg÷

ainzocqqk/ qiei g lkppirg ahc `cpcrngekei ok aiqprs}giec `gaieacppg {skog ok prk`g}giec qagkoc c o‗izgegiec zsbbogak%Go vcb 2%:/ ainc qg |c`rê eco zriqqgni zkrkfrkli/ frk}gc

kooc qsc kzzogak}gieg `g qiagko ecpvirdgef zsò k psppg fogcllcppg cqqcrc aieqg`crkpi se cqcnzgi `g rcpc qiagkoc kookrfkpk/lkppk `g frszzg c ainnsegpw prkeqek}giekog/ ge asg qprgefcrckngag}gc/ qaknbgkrc/ aieecppcrc c aie`g|g`crc gepcrcqqg/ zkqqgieg/ fsqpg c g`cc%

;%3%2 G qiagko ecpvird `co vcb 2%:Fgê ge crk eie zrizrgkncepc ‟2%:„ go vcb/ aieqg`crkpi

ainc ‟rcpc `cooc rcpg„ (Niepcnkfri/ Rsffcrg 2::7'/ i||crilse}giekeì ainc kffrcfkpirc `g frszzg zg÷ i ncei cqpcqg c`g zgkppklirnc arckpc zcr lkr ceprkrc zg÷ zcrqiec ge aiepkppi cqaknbgkrqg `kpg c aiepcespg/ rkzzrcqcepk se zrgni |kogìcqcnzgi `g qiagko ecpvirdgef% Akziqpgzgpg `cg qiagko ecpvird |crg c zrizrg/ `se{sc/ ziqqiei cqqcrc aieqg`crkpg fgê g ecvqfrisz ge |ifk lgei kfog keeg Ei|kepk/ oc nkgogef ogqp/ oc ahkp c/ge fcecrkoc/ g |krg qgqpcng `g ncqqkffgqpgak gqpkepkeck/ i||cripsppc {scooc kzzogak}gieg ahc zg÷ pkr`g qkrcbbcri qpkpc zcrlc}giekpc c gepcfrkpc ge zgkppklirnc kookrfkpc c zosrglse}giekog ainc g qiagko ecpvird `co vcb 2%:%

Se qiagko ecpvird è zrizrgkncepc sei qprsncepi ahc

zcrncppc k zg÷ ge`g|g`sg `g ceprkrc ge rcok}giec lrk oiri ge bkqc k gepcrcqqg ainseg c qaknbgkrc (aie`g|g`ceì'aiepcespg c aieiqace}c/ `keì osifi k ainsegpê `g ‟kngag„ge aiepgesk cqzkeqgiec frk}gc kg niopczogag ocfkng ahc ifegncnbri zsò qpkbgogrc aie psppg fog koprg% Zcr {skepi lrsppi`cook zg÷ k|ke}kpk pcaeioifgk gelirnkpgak/ pkog kzzogak}giegkopri eie qiei ahc ok ncqqk ge zrkpgak `cooc pcirgc qizrkkaaceekpc ‟`co nieì zgaaioi„ c ‟`cg qcg frk`g `g

qczkrk}giec„%



02 AKZGPIOI ZRGNI

Eco ;773 qg kllkaagkei koo‗irg}}iepc g zrgng cqcnzg `g

qiagko ecpvird ainc Bc|crow Hgooq Gepcrecp / FciAgpgcq cPhcfoibc%ain c koprg/ zrcqcepkpg kfog spcepg ainc ‟agppê|grpskog„4 {scqpg zrgng qiagko ecpvird qg ogngpkeicqqce}gkoncepc k liregrc/ ge se‗segak gepcrlkaagk/ ahkp.riin c zkfgec HPNO zcrqiekog}}kbgog zcr zcrncppcrc kg ‟awbcr agpw}ce„(ainc |cefiei ahgknkpg fog spcepg ahc ec sqslrsgqaiei'/ `k seokpi `g ainsegakrc lrk oiri/ c `koo‗kopri `g liregrc `cooc zrcqcepk}gieg `g qç zcr lkrqg aieiqacrc koo‗gepcrei `cook

ainsegpê% Se keei zrgnk Kzzoc k|c|k okeagkpi cViro` / sek zgkppklirnk ahc/ illrceì qcr|g}g irnkg aieiqagspg {skog gqgqpcng zcr o‗ge|gi c ok rgac}giec `g c.nkgo c qprsncepg zcr okaieqsopk}giec `g ecvq/ k|c|k o‗ibgcppg|i `g kffrcfkrcainsegpê `g spcepg (‟cZcizoc„' ahc qaknbgkqqcri caie`g|g`cqqcri gelirnk}gieg lrk oiri% Go zrifcppi `g cViro` /lirqc keairk ge kepgagzi qsg pcnzg/ ahgs`c g bkppcepg eco ;77<eie rgsqaceì k rkffgsefcrc sek nkqqk argpgak `g spcepg%

Qs {scqpc zrgnc cqzcrgce}c/ lkoogpc i eie ge frkì `gkllcrnkrqg k og|cooi foibkoc/ qg bkqk {scooi ahc `k niopg èaieqg̀ crkpi go zrgni |cri qiagko ecpvird `co vcb 2%:=Aokqqnkpcq;7% Zrcqcepkpi eco ;773 `k Rke`ko Aierk`q/ {scqpiqiagko ecpvird ekqac aie o‗gepcepi `g zcrncppcrc kfog spcepg `grgpri|krc zcrqiec `co zkqqkpi c `g asg qg qiei zcrqc oc prkaac4 èrg|iopi qizrkppsppi k aioiri ahc gepceìei k|crc eipg}gc `cfog

cx ainzkfeg `g qasiok/ knirg zcr`spg c kngag `g fgi|cep÷% Zsr zrcqcepkeìqg ainc se qgpi k zkfkncepi/ Aokqqnkpcqrkffgseqc zrcqpi se eipc|ioc esncri `g spcepg gqargppg (ioprc ;:ngogieg ge ziahg keeg' c ì|cppc bce zrcqpi lkrc g aiepg aie goqi|rkaakrgai `co qgpi/ oc esncriqc qcfekok}gieg `g ‟qzkn„ cesncriqg zribocng ocfkpg kook zrg|kaw `cfog spcepg= {scqpgiegahc/ ge |krgc ngqsrc/ rgfskr`crkeei {skqg psppg g qiagko ecpvird lspsrg%

;7 hppz=))vvv%aokqqnkpcq%ain)



AKZGPIOI ZRGNI 01

Go ;776 è o‗keei `g Qgx`cfrccq ahc/ fgê eco einc (‟qcg

frk`g„'/ qg gqzgrk kook ‟pcirgk `cg qcg frk`g `g qczkrk}giec„%Qgx`cfrccq zcrncppc|k kfog spcepg `g arckrc se zrilgoi zcrqiekoc c qpkbgogrc aie fog koprg `cooc rcok}gieg bkqkpc qsqgnzkpgk/ kepgzkpgk/ fsqpg caa%/ lgei k arckrc sek |crk c zrizrgkacrahgk `g kngag qprsppsrkpk ainc sek akpcek k age{sc kecoog/ `gasg qg ceprk|k zrifrcqqg|kncepc k lkr zkrpc k qcaie`k `cofrkì c `coo‗gepceqgpê `cg rkzzirpg `g kngag}gk qpkbgogpg aie fogkoprg spcepg% Qgx`cfrccq/ eieiqpkepc go `gqarcpi qsaacqqi

rgqaiqqi rcqpò kppg|i qioi lgei ko 2::;/ c ì|cppc zrcqpiqzcfecrqg eie rgsqaceì k pri|krc go niì `g lkrc spgog aie gqiog qcr|g}g frkpsgpg illcrpg/ nk rkzzrcqcepò se ni`cooi `grglcrgncepi zcr g qsig qsaacqqirg zg÷ lkniqg {skog Lrgce`qpcr / NwQzkac c Lkacbiid %

Eco 2::1 Miekphke Kbrknq okeagk Lrgce`qpcr / se qiagkoecpvird ahc zcrncppc kfog spcepg/ ncfogi `g psppg qsig zrc`cacqqirg/ `g ‟lkrc kngag}gk„ c nkepcecrqg aiepgeskncepcge aiepkppi aie fog kngag geaieprkpg ecook ainsegpê% Ge qiog qcgncqg Lrgce`qpcr rkffgsefc ioprc prc ngogieg `g spcepg rcfgqprkpg/ zcr krrg|krc k |cepg ngogieg qsbgpi ìzi c kllcrnkrqg ainc goqgpi `g qiagko ecpvirdgef zg÷ lkniqi ko nieì% Go qi|rkaakrgai`cg qcr|cr eie ge frkì `g qizzirpkrc go prkllgai ge zcrceecksncepi/ c sek qcrgc `g ‟bsf„ ahc rkoocepk|kei go qgqpcnk lgeik rce`croi gespgog}}kbgoc ecg nincepg `g nkffgir

qi|rklliookncepi/ segpg ko rglgspi `co qsi zrifrknnkpirc `g|ce`crc g `grgppg k Fiifoc (ahc/ fgê eco ei|cnbrc `co 2::1/k|c|k illcrpi 1: ngogieg `g ìookrg'/ zirpkriei Lrgce`qpcr kqfielgkrqg gecqirkbgoncepc ziai pcnzi ìzi ok qsk ainzkrqk/c qiaainbcrc `clgegpg|kncepc kook aieairrce}k `g koprgkffscrrgpg rg|kog ahc qg kllkaagk|kei qsook qacek%

Eco ;778 crk qpkpi k||gkpi NwQzkac2:/ se qiagko ecpvird zg÷ ainzocqqi c/ kooi qpcqqi pcnzi/ zg÷ lse}giekoc `g psppg fog

2: hppz=))vvv%nwqzkac%ain)



00 AKZGPIOI ZRGNI

koprg/ ahc qkrcbbc cqzoiqi k og|cooi nie g̀koc ecfog keeg

@scngok/ rkffgsefceì go asongec `srkepc ok argqg/ c goqsaacqqg|i lkoogncepi/ `g Lrgce`qpcr % Lie`kpi `k PinKe`crqie c Ahrgq @c Violc/ NwQzkac zcrncppc kfog spcepg `gfcqpgrc zkfgec zcrqiekog ge asg akrgakrc |g`ci/ lipi c brkegnsqgakog (kspi.zriìppg c eie'/ qprgefcrc kngag}gk aie koprgspcepg c qcfsgrog/ ainncepkrc g aiepcespg zrcqcepg qs koprc zkfgec c fcqpgrc `cg boif zcrqiekog% Ok |crqkpgogpê `cook zgkppklirnk kppgrò qsbgpi ngogieg `g spcepg c ls qlrsppkpk

cpcrifceckncepc `k pkrfcp `g|crqgqqgng lrk oiri= frszzgnsqgakog/ qargppirg/ krpgqpg c lipifrklg/ cncrfcepg i fgêkllcrnkpg/ zcr zsbbogag}}krc g zrizrg ok|irg/ cqziecepg ziogpgag`srkepc oc aknzkfec cocppirkog/ akqc c`gprgag c `gqaifrklgahc c/qizrkppsppi/ `k ngogieg `g pccekfcr aie oc zg÷ q|krgkpc zkqqgieg%Ka{sgqpkpi eco 2::3 `k Rszcrp Nsrìah zcr 38: ngogieg `gìookrg/ NwQzkac è/ keairk iffg/ sei `cg qgpg zg÷ aieqsopkpg konieì/ c ge zcrceec cqzkeqgiec frk}gc kooc kzzogak}gieglrc{scepcncepc gepcfrkpc c kffgirekpc zcr ok `gllsqgiec `gaiepcespg krpgqpgag%

Eco 2::0 go `gagkeei|ceec Nkrd ]sadcrbcrf aie koprg `scaioocfhg seg|crqgpkrg/ Ke`rcv NaAioosn c` C`skrì Qk|crge/gqzgrkeìqg kfog keeskrg `cg aioocfc kncrgakeg/ ge|cepk Lkacbiid (‟Lkaagk.ogbri„' sek zgkppklirnk zcr aie g̀|g̀ crclipi c gelirnk}gieg `cfog qps`cepg `g Hkr|kr`% Lkacbiid qg

kookrfk zrcqpi k` koprc seg|crqgpê c qasioc qszcrgirg/ lgei k`g|cepkrc/ lrk go 2::3 c go 2::</ eipi k og|cooi nie`gkoc% Iffgè go qgpi zg÷ |gqgpkpi ecook qsk akpcfirgk aie 3:: ngogieg `ggqargppg eco 2:;:/ c agrak 3::%::: esi|c gqarg}gieg ifeg fgirei%Kook osac `g {scqpi qsaacqqi/ Nkrd ]sadcrbcrf è qpkpi cocppi`ko ¤Pgnc´ zcrqiek `coo‗keei 2:;:%

Oc geei|k}gieg kzzirpkpc `k Lkacbiid kook pcaeioifgk `coqiagko ecpvirdgef/ oc qpcqqc ahc fog hkeei fkrkepgpi oi

qprczgpiqi qsaacqqi/ aieqgqpiei ecoo‗cqprcnk kzcrpsrk `cook



AKZGPIOI ZRGNI 03

zgkppklirnk |crqi o‗cqpcrei (`k WisPsbc kooc ngfogkgk `g qgpg/

boif c koprg qiagko ecpvird qzkrqg ge rcpc'/ ecook lkagogpê `gncppcrc ge aie`g|gqgiec g zg÷ `gqzkrkpg aiepcespg c/ qizrkppsppi/ecook ziqqgbgogpê illcrpk kfog spcepg `g ceprkrc ge aiepkppi aieahgse{sc prkngpc sek qcnzogac ‟rgahgcqpk `g kngag}gk„4 frk}gck Lkacbiid ifeg aiepcespi è zipce}gkoncepc |gqgbgoc k ngogieg`g zcrqiec sek |iopk ncqqi ge aie`g|gqgiec/ c agò/ è c|g`cepc/ainzirpk aieqcfsce}c cziakog ge niopg knbgpg `cook |gpksnkek= `kfog kllcppg zcrqiekog kook qiagkogpê/ `kook ziogpgak

koo‗caieingk%Qc eco nieì `cg qiagko ecpvird fcecrkogqpg Lkacbiid

nkepgcec se ge`gqasqqi zrgnkpi/ eie bgqifek qippi|kospkrcniopg koprg qiagko ecpvird qzcagkog}}kpg ahc qg |keeikllcrnkeì ge {scqpg keeg ainc zgkppklirnc `c`gakpc kainsegpê/ zg÷ i ncei kookrfkpc/ `g spcepg ahc qg rkaaiofieigepirei k gepcrcqqg qzcaglgag% Qc ge zkrpc aie frszzg cqippifrszzg ({skqg ;: ngogieg {scoog `g Lkacbiid ' go lceincei`cook qzcagkog}}k}giec c qcppirgkog}}k}giec `cooc rcok}gieg c`cfog gepcrcqqg è fgê c|g`cepc keahc eco nieì `cg qiagkoecpvird fcecrkogqpg/ g akqg zg÷ gepcrcqqkepg qg iqqcr|kei geqiagko ecpvird ainc kEibgg c Fii`Rck`q (ahc |crrkeeiprkppkpg eco pcr}i akzgpioi' gepcrkncepc `c`gakpg ko nieì `cgogbrg c `cook ocppsrk/ Logadr 2; `c`gakpi kook aie`g|gqgiec `g lipi/lgei k` krrg|krc k zgkppklirnc/ zg÷ qgngog kg |caahg ecvq frisz/

ahc qg iaaszkei `g asagek/ brgaiokfc/ fgkr`gekffgi/krrc`kncepi c qgngog%Se sopgni zgaaioi c |grpsiqi akqi `k kekog}}krc è {scooi `g

Pvgppcr 22/ se qiagko ecpvird lie`kpi eco 2::< `k Mkad @irqcw/C|ke Vgoogknq c Bg} Qpiec/ keah‗cqqi bkqkpi qsoo‗gepcrk}gieclrk zg÷ spcepg c qsook aie`g|gqgiec `g aiepcespg/ nkrk`gakoncepc `g|crqi `k Lkacbiid c `kfog koprg qiagko ecpvird%

2; hppz=))vvv%logadr%ain)22 hppz=))pvgppcr%ain)



0< AKZGPIOI ZRGNI

Fog spcepg `g Pvgppcr `gkoifkei lrk oiri zcr nc}}i `cg ‟pvccpq„

(‟agefscppgg„'/ ge asg ziqqiei cqzirrc se zceqgcri i aioocfkrc/ zcr nc}}i `g se oged/ k se aiepcespi (`g pcqpi/ ks`gi/ |g`ci ignnkfgeg' k|ceì k `gqziqg}giec ;0: akrkppcrg `g pcqpi zcr cqzrgncrqg% Qc se spcepc rgpgcec ahc go pvccp `g se kopri qgkgepcrcqqkepc zsò rgqzie`crc i agpkroi aie ok lse}giec‟rcpvccp„4 ifeg spcepc hk sek ogqpk `g ‟liooivgef„ (fog spcepgahc qcfsc' c ‟liooivcr„ (fog spcepg ahc oi qcfsiei'% Zcr {scqpk zkrpgaiokrc lirnk `g ainsegak}giec illcrpk/ `clgegpk zcr ok

brc|gpê ahc ok akrkppcrg}}k ‟ngariboiffgef„/ Pvgppcr qg rg|cok zkrpgaiokrncepc irgfgekoc zcr oc `gqasqqgieg ahc zrceìeiairzi lrk fog spcepg/ c zcr ok lkagogpê aie asg ahgse{sc zsò zrce`cr|g zkrpc geqcrceìqg c rgzcrairrceì |coiacncepc gophrck`%

Ok brc|gpê `cg ncqqkffg aie`g|gqg/ segpk kook lse}giec `g‟oiakog}}k}giec `co pvccp„ (zcr qcfekokrc ok ziqg}giecfcifrklgak `k asg qg qpk ‟pvccpkeì„' c kooc kzzogak}gieg zcr pcocliegeg c koprg `gqziqgpg|g zirpkpgog rceìei Pvgppcr sei `cgqgqpcng ngfogirg zcr nkepcecrqg ge aiepkppi aie koprg spcepgkeahc ge nibgogpê21% @izi se zrgni zcrgiì ge asg qpcepk|kk` kllcrnkrqg foibkoncepc/ c sek lkqc `g coc|kpk |soecrkbgogpêkfog kppkaahg hkadcr eco 2::7/ `srkepc ok {skoc lsriei zrcqg`g ngrk fog kaaisep `g lkniqgqqgng spcepg ainc Bkrkad Ibknk (`ko asg zrilgoi zkrpï se qie`kffgi ahc zcrncppc|k `g

|geacrc bsieg bce}gek+' i go fgirekogqpk `cook AEE Rgad Qkeahc} (ahc pvccpkeì qg `gahgkrk|k qippi cllcppi `g `rifhc zcqkepg+'/ eco 2:;: Pvgppcr hk qszcrkpi g acepi ngogieg `g

21 Ecooc nkeglcqpk}gieg c nibgogpk}gieg `g zgk}}k Pvgppcr qg rg|cok niopispgoc zcr kffgirekrc |coiacncepc qsg zcrairqg `cg airpcg/ zcr ainsegakrc oc }iec `cook agppê `k c|gpkrc zcrahç qpkeei k||ceceìqaieprg aie oc lir}c `coo‗ir`gec i/ ko aieprkrgi/ `k rkffgsefcrc zcr qiaairrcrc `cg lcrgpg/ caa% Eie è se akqi ahc ge {scqpg ncqg Pvgppcr

kbbgk rcfgqprkpi se biin `g spce}c ge Zkcqg {skog Psegqgk/ Cfgppi cOgbgk/ `srkepc oc rg|iopc ziziokrg aiepri g rgqzcppg|g `gppkpirg%



AKZGPIOI ZRGNI 06

spcepg kllcrnkeìqg/ k og|cooi foibkoc/ prk g zg÷ kzzrc}}kpg qgpg

`g qiagko ecpvirdgef%G qiagko ecpvird/ `se{sc/ geksfsrkei se esi|i niì `gkffrcfkrc ge`g|g`sg koo‗gepcrei `g ainsegpê |grpskog c kookrfkpc4aie`g|g`crc aiepcespg/ aiookbirkrc c geprcaagkrc rcok}gieg aiekoprg spcepg qiei oc k}gieg gnzrcqage`gbgog zcr lkr zkrpckppg|kncepc `g pkog ainsegpê/ ge asg è i||gkncepc rgahgcqpi `grgqzcppkrc {scooc ziahc nk qcnzogag rcfioc ahc fkrkepgqaiei okaie|g|ce}k qiagkoc/ qczzsrc koo‗gepcrei `g qiagcpê ‟|grpskog„%

Ge`sbbgkncepc ge {scqpc ainsegpê a‗è niopi ‟rsnirc„/ gaiepcespg qak`cepg c ziai kppce`gbgog qiei pkepgqqgng c niopclse}gieg qiei gespgog c rgìe`kepg% Nk ok nkffgir zkrpc `coockzzogak}gieg c `cooc ziqqgbgogpê illcrpc `kook pcaeioifgk `coqiagko ecpvirdgef/ `kook zkrpcagzk}giec kppg|k `cfog spcepgecook |gpk ziogpgak `g se Zkcqc kook ziqqgbgogpê `g arckrcainsegpê qzcaglgahc ge bkqc k `cpcrngekpg gepcrcqqg zcr qlsffgrc koo‗kzzgkppgncepi asopsrkoc gnziqpi `kooc qiagcpêaiepcnzirkecc/ qiei acrpkncepc ziqgpg|c c/ ziqqgkni `groi/‟rg|ios}giekrgc„%

;%3%1 Ainsegpê |grpskog c ainsegpê rckogKooi qpcqqi niì `cook boifiqlcrk/ keahc g qiagko ecpvird

arckei ainsegpê ahc/ zcr {skepi |grpskog/ ziqqiei qzcqqi‟nkpcrgkog}}krqg„ eco eiqpri nieì rckoc zcr lkr qcepgrc oc

zrizrgc rkfgieg c `gqqcepgrc aiepri `cpcrngekpg zri||c`gncepg`g ocffc/ i qceqgbgog}}krc ok qiagcpê qs pcnkpgahc qzcaglgahcniopi `gqasqqc c kzzrilie`gpc ge rcpc/ nk c|gpkpc `kg nc`gkprk`g}giekog%

Lrk fceekgi c lcbbrkgi `co 2:;; g ziziog `g Psegqgk/ Cfgppic Ogbgk qiei geqirpg aiepri oc rgqzcppg|c `gppkpsrc ahc `k`caceeg fsg`k|kei g oiri Zkcqg= ecg zrgng `sc akqg g `gppkpirg(Bce Kog c Nsbkrkd' qiei qpkpg aiqprcppg k `gncppcrqg/ ge Ogbgk

qg kqzcppk ahc Fhc``klg/ irnkg kqqc`gkpi `kg nkeglcqpkepg/



08 AKZGPIOI ZRGNI

okqag `k se fgirei koo‗kopri go zosrg`caceekoc ainkeì/ c acqqg

go nkqqkari `cook ziziok}giec ag|goc (ahc fgê zgkefc ngfogkgk`g |gppgnc'% Koprg Zkcqg klrgakeg |cìei {sipg`gkekncepcgeqirfcrc ok ziziok}giec ag|goc aiepri go zipcrc zcr rg|ce`gakrcfgsqpg}gk/ zkac c ngfogirg aie`g}gieg caieingahc%

Ge psppg {scqpg akqg go vcb/ g boif c g qiagko ecpvird/qizrkppsppi frk}gc kook fgi|kec cpê `cook nkffgir zkrpc `cfoggeqirpg/ hkeei fgiakpi se rsioi `cpcrngekepc% Nceprc ocrgqzcppg|c pcoc|gqgieg ek}giekog/ aie oc segahc caac}gieg `g Ko

Mk}ccrk/ Ko Krkbgwk c ziahc koprc/ zcr aie|geacrc go nieìahc eie qpk|k kaak`ceì egcepc `g qprkir`gekrgi/prkqncppc|kei zkpcpgag lgonkpg `g rczcrpirgi ahc niqprk|keinkqqc `g agppk`geg lcogag c fgsbgokepg ecg aielriepg `cg `gppkpirg/qs WisPsbc/ Lkacbiid / Logadr / Pvgppcr c koprc zgkppklirnc `covcb agraiok|kei |g`ci c lipi ge pcnzi rckoc ahc rgprkc|keingogieg `g zcrqiec ge rg|iopk aiepri go zipcrc/ c ars`c gnnkfgeg`g zcrqiec qpcrngekpc `kook ziog}gk c `kooc prszzc ncracekrgckqqio`kpc `ko zipcrc zcr lkr lriepc kooc rg|iopc%

Pkog gnnkfgeg c aiepcespg |cgaiokpg qso vcb eie qioi hkeei zcrncqqi ko nieì iaag`cepkoc/ c kook |gagek Csrizkqizrkppsppi/ `g kzrgrc fog iaahg qs {skepi qpk|k kaak`ceì/ nkhkeei aie|gepi oc ziziok}gieg geqirpc k rcqgqpcrc/ k pirekrcecooc zgk}}c c `krc |iac kg nkeglcqpkepg bkrbkrkncepcqpcrngekpg% Frszzg `g gefcfecrg c gelirnkpgag iaag`cepkog

hkeei arckpi ‟ziepg„ kopcrekpg|g `g aieecqqgiec k gepcrecp cqcr|cr rcnipg (zcr iqzgpkrc oc aieecqqgieg' zcr zcrncppcrc `gkffgrkrc ok aceqsrk ok`ì|c g rcfgng crkei rgairqgkoo‗iqasrkncepi `g gepcrecp zcr lcrnkrc oc rg|iopc `k se okpi/ ceie lkr |c`crc ko nieì aiqk qpcqqc kaak`ceì rckoncepc`koo‗kopri%

Qc qkzgcepcncepc qlrsppkpi ecooc qsc kzzogak}gieg `g qiagkoecpvirdgef go vcb qg rg|cok se‗krnk `cniarkpgak/ c

rg|ios}giekrgk kooi qpcqqi pcnzi/ zcr go qioi lkppi `g zipcr



AKZGPIOI ZRGNI 07

gelirnkrc c aige|iofcrc g agppk`geg |coiacncepc c

qgnsopkeckncepc ainc ecqqse kopri nc}}i `g ainsegak}gieccrk ge frkì `g lkrc% C ok agraiok}giec `g g`cc c aiepcespg/ èi||gi/ qzcqqi qzc}}k c{sgogbrg aieqiog`kpg c rgpcespggelrkefgbgog `kooc ni`crec qiagcpê= qg zceqg kooiqaie|iofgncepi ahc oc aiepgesc rgoc|k}gieg zsbbogakpc qso qgpiVgdgockdq20 `g Msogke Kqqkefc qpkeei ainzirpkeì ecoocrcok}gieg `gzoinkpgahc lrk g Zkcqg iaag`cepkog/ ikoo‗ge`gfek}giec ziziokrc ahc niepk/ i {skqg/ ge Gpkogk `k

{skeì esncriqg qgpg gepcrecp c qiagko ecpvird hkeei geg}gkpik zsbbogakrc fog qprkoag `cooc gepcracppk}gieg pcocliegahc rcokpg|cko ‟akqi Rsbw„ ahc |c`c aige|iopi/ c kaasqkpi `g aieasqqgiecc zriqpgps}giec ngeirgoc/ go zrcqg`cepc `co Aieqgfogi gpkogkeiQgo|gi Bcrosqaieg%

Qg prkppk `g akqg ge asg k||gcec sei qaknbgi rcagzriai lrk govcb c ok rckopê= go vcb/ aie oc qsc ainsegpê/ cokbirk lkppg ceipg}gc rckog/ k||cespc eco nieì rckoc c ainncqqc `k (irgfskr`kepg' zcrqiec rckog4 nk oc cokbirk k niì qsi= qce}kogngpg `g qzk}gi i `g pcnzi c qce}k koase pgzi `g zrcqqgiec iaceqsrk/ i||cri qce}k ahc sek rc`k}giec ziqqk qpkbgogrc qc go‟akqi Rsbw„ è qpkpi fgê prkppkpi kbbkqpke}k/ i {skoc qgk gofgsqpi ‟pkfogi„ `k `krfog% C qzcqqi/ agò ahc `kook rckopê èceprkpi eco vcb/ ìzi cqqcr qpkpi bce ncpkbiog}}kpi c prkppkpi/c k|cr aige|iopi sek acrpk nkqqk argpgak `g spcepg/ pirek k

rg|crqkrqg ecook rckopê aie nkeglcqpk}gieg/ lokqhnib c zripcqpc/ainc qpk k||ceceì ge {scqpg fgireg/ c ainc è k||cespi go ;2lcbbrkgi `g {scqp‗keei ge iaakqgiec `cook nibgogpk}giec `coocìeec= ‟Qc eie irk {skeì„%

Qsg qiagko ecpvird ainzkgiei {sipg`gkekncepc zcpg}gieg cqippiqarg}gieg ieogec aiepri `cpcrngekpg zri||c`gncepg c`gqcfeg `g ocffc/ aiqï ainc frszzg `g zripcqpk ahc qg rgbcookeik qgpsk}gieg gefgsqpc c gekaacppkbgog= qsook qiok rcpc `g

20 hppz=))2;1%23;%;03%7<)



3: AKZGPIOI ZRGNI

Lkacbiid è ziqqgbgoc k`crgrc k zcpg}gieg aiepri go nkqqkari

`cooc bkocec/ o‗ge{sgekncepi nirpkoc `g lkbbrgahc qzkrqc zcr go zgkecpk/ i zcr ahgc`crc oc `gngqqgieg `g {scqpi i {sco ziogpgai%%% Qg prkppk `g ni`kogpê/ qzcqqi lse}giekepg/ `gk||gagekncepi `co agppk`gei kook |gpk zsbbogak c ziogpgak `cookqiagcpê/ `co Zkcqc c `coo‗gepcri nieì ahc kbgpk% Qiei esi|clirnc `g zkrpcagzk}giec kppg|k c `ko bkqqi/ c/ ainc eco akqi`cg ni|gncepg `g rg|iopk `cg ziziog klrgakeg/ qprsncepg zipce}gkoncepc ge frkì `g rgqakppkrc fog ‟izzrcqqg„ `co

nieì%

;%3%0 O‗cqcnzgi `g ‟Gelirnk}giec c qgqpcng c`gpirgkog„Go eiqpri qpcqqi airqi `g Oksrck Nkfgqprkoc ge

‟Gelirnk}giec c qgqpcng c`gpirgkog„/ ahc sek `cogbcrk `coAieqgfogi `g Lkaiopê `co ;2 nkffgi 2::7 k|c|k `cagqi `g lkr ‟pkacrc„/ ge koprc zkrioc `g ahgs`crc/ zcr zrcqsepg rc{sgqgpgngegqpcrgkog eie qi``gqlkppg/ nipg|k}giec qsbgpi qncepgpk c`gniqprkpkqg gelie`kpk/ `c|c ok qsk zcrnkece}k ecoo‗illcrpk`g`kppgak `cook Lkaiopê `g Ocppcrc c Lgoiqilgk `g Pir \crfkpkkeahc ko vcb/ kg esncriqg boif c qizrkppsppi k Lkacbiid / ioprcahc kook lirpc zripcqpk `g ìacepg/ qps`cepg c rgacrakpirg(Nir`cepg 2:;:'%

Fgê ziahg fgireg zrgnk `co agpkpi Aieqgfogi `g Lkaiopêcrkei qpkpc k||gkpc gnzirpkepg rkaaiopc `g lgrnc ieogec/ `g

aiepgesi ogedkpc qsg boif `g esncriqg qps`cepg c qsook zkfgek Lkacbiid 23 `co airqi4 zrcqpi eka{sc sek ‟aksqk„/ qcnzrc qs Lkacbiid / `ko einc ‟Ei kook ncqqk k pkacrc `g Gelirnk}giecc qgqpcng c`gpirgkog„2</ ahc |g`c k`crgrc ge ziahg fgireg ioprcngooc spcepg ge psppk Gpkogk% Zcr psppi nkffgi c ncpê `co ncqc `gfgsfei Lkacbiid qg rg|coò lie`kncepkoc zcr `sc nipg|g= `k seokpi ag zcrngqc `g gelirnkrc c qceqgbgog}}krc psppg fog qps`cepg

23 hppz=))vvv%lkacbiid%ain)frisz%zhz9fg`>370200:;2;<,rcl>pq2< hppz=))vvv%aksqcq%ain)aksqcq)28;068



AKZGPIOI ZRGNI 3;

`co airqi ahc/ `kpi go zcrgiì `g cqkng c gepcrrs}giec `cooc

oc}gieg/ eie qkrcbbc qpkpi lkagoc gepcracppkrc prk oc nsrk `cookLkaiopê/ `koo‗kopri ag zcrngqc `g lkr qkzcrc {skepi qpk|kkaak`ceì k niopg fgirekogqpg c ziogpgag% Zrcqpi qg iaaszkriei`g eig go ¤Airrgcrc `cook qcrk´ c ¤O‗Segpê´/ ioprc k esncriqcrk`gi c pcqpkpc oiakog/ rcfgqprknni ok qiog`krgcpê `g koprcseg|crqgpê gpkogkec c lsriei k|ke}kpc `sc gepcrrifk}gieg zkrokncepkrg ko ngegqpri Fcongeg qsook |gace`k ahc qpk|kkpprk|crqkeì go eiqpri airqi% Irnkg psppg qkzc|kei `cook

eiqprk bkppkfogk/ c oc aiepgesc kqqcnbocc c `gniqprk}gieg `g zripcqpk ge Lkaiopê zrgnk/ c zrcqqi ok qc`c `co Rcppirkpi `g Pir \crfkpk zig/ lcacri kook lgec (go ;3 fgsfei/ fgirei `g qak`ce}k zcr ok zrcqcepk}giec `coo‗illcrpk lirnkpg|k ko NGSR `k zkrpc`cooc seg|crqgpê' |kocrc oc eiqprc rkfgieg/ c lkr nkepcecrckppg|i go eiqpri airqi `g Oksrck%

Ge {scg aieagpkpg fgireg oc kqqcnbocc ekqac|kei ainc‟c|cepg„ irfkeg}}kpg qs Lkacbiid zrgnk `g nkpcrgkog}}krqgecooc ksoc `g Ocppcrc c Lgoiqilgk= koaseg `g eig qg iaaszk|kei `gpcecrc kppg|i se ‟sllgagi qpknzk„ ieogec/ koprg `g lkr fgrkrcoiake`gec c |iokepgeg ge lirnkpi cocppriegai lrk g eiqprgaioocfhg zcr |gqgiekrog c kaacppkrog `g ainsec kaairì zrgnk `gnke`krog ge qpknzk/ koprg keairk ‟ge|k`c|kei„ g frszzg c oc bkahcahc |grpskog `g koprg qps`cepg `cg airqg `g Oksrck prgceekoc zcr qceqgbgog}}krog kook eiqprk aksqk c kookrfkrc ok zripcqpk aio

zkqqkzkriok= ok eiqprk ainsegpê ‟rckoc„ `g qps`cepg crk`g|cepkpk ‟|grpskoc„ qso vcb/ zcr zig nkpcrgkog}}krqg `g esi|ic |geacrc ok qsk bkppkfogk%



AKZGPIOI QCAIE@I 31

Akzgpioi qcaieì

G boif c ok ocppsrk= koaseg akqg gnzirpkepg

2%; Sek osefk ai`k `g boif

Ecfog sopgng keeg g boif ocppcrkrg hkeei kqqsepise‗gnzirpke}k pkoc `k `g|cepkrc qzcqqi cocncepggnzrcqage`gbgog zcr se‗ge`kfgec kaasrkpk c ainzocpk `co zkeirknk asopsrkoc gpkogkei c gepcrek}giekoc%

Qcnzrc zg÷ qzcqqi koo‗sqagpk `g se esi|i ogbri qgkaainzkfek ok arck}giec `g se boif= zsò prkppkrqg `g secqzc`gcepc zsbbogagpkrgi kg qiog lgeg `g nkrdcpgef kopcrekpg|i/izzsrc `g se |cri c zrizrgi akepgcrc kzcrpi `co ogbri/ ge asgo‗kspirc ge|gpk g qsig zipce}gkog ocppirg k `g|cepkrc aikspirg/`keì aieqgfog c qsffcrgncepg zcr ni`glgakrc o‗izcrk eiekeairk `clgegpg|k% I keairk/ se boif zsò aiepcecrc psppc {scooc zkrpg `g pcqpi ahc/ zcr `g|crqg c keahc i||g nipg|g/ go ogbriakrpkaci ka{sgqpkpi ge ogbrcrgk eie zsò iqzgpkrc ko qsi gepcrei=ge pko akqi se boif zkrkoocoi ko ogbri zsò aiepcecrc |g`ci caioieec qieirc `k kllgkeakrc kook ocppsrk `co pcqpi/ aiepcespg

qzcagkog/ zkrpg `co ogbri pkfogkpc c eie ceprkpc k lkr zkrpc `cook|crqgiec `clgegpg|k/ ziqqgbgog ocppsrc c rgocppsrc/ c psppi agò ahcrgfskr`k go rkzzirpi prk go pcqpi c g ocppirg= `kooc rcaceqgieg c ococppsrc zcrqiekog}}kpc/ kooc zriziqpc `g lgekog kopcrekpg|g ecoakqi `g koaseg rinke}g% Nk qizrkppsppi/ {skepi zsbbogakpi qsse boif zsò prkqlirnkrqg ge ogbri/ qkffgi i rg|gqpk/ frk}gckoo‗gepcrk}giec prk o‗kspirc c g qsig ocppirg%

Cnbocnkpgai ko rgfskrì go akqi `co ogbri `g Ahrgq

Ke`crqie/ `g asg qg è fgê zkrokpi eco zrgni akzgpioi/ Ok ai`k



30 AKZGPIOI QCAIE@I

osefk (Ke`crqie 2::<'= ekpi ainc qkffgi.krpgaioi ainzkrqi

qsook rg|gqpk ieogec ¤Vgrc`´26

eco 2::0/ ls zsbbogakpi aincpcqpi eco 2::</ ìzi cqqcrqg krrgaahgpi `cfog gepcr|cepgkzzirpkpg `k se |kqpgqqgni esncri `g spcepg.ocppirg qso boifiniegni kzcrpi `koo‗kspirc/ c psppirk kppg|i28% Ge se‗gepcr|gqpk`g Kocqqgi Mkaiek/ zsbbogakpk qs Boifq0bg}27/ k zriziqgpi `corkzzirpi prk go ogbri c go boif k cqqi `c`gakpi/ Ke`crqie`gahgkrk=

(…' arcì ahc go boif kbbgk lkppi qizrkppsppi prc aiqc= ge zrgni osifi/o‗krpgaioi è sqagpi eco 2::0 c go ogbri eco 2::</ c ok ngk zrgnk

zrciaaszk}giec crk ahc ge `sc keeg ok ngk g`ck qzkrgqqc/ liqqc rsbkpk iqcnzogacncepc zcr`cqqc go nincepi zrizg}gi% Kzrgrc go boif ng hkaieqcepgpi `g aionkrc go |sipi pcnzirkoc prk o‗krpgaioi c go ogbri/nkepcecrc |g|k ok aie|crqk}giec% Zig hi qaizcrpi ahc go boif ng qpk|kkgspkeì keahc k qarg|crc= g ngcg ocppirg lireg|kei aiqï pkepg cqcnzg/qsffcrgncepg/ airrc}gieg `k rce`crc o‗izcrk se ‟zrifcppi `g rgacrak`gqprgbsgpi„% C {skeì è |cespi gelgec go nincepi `g zsbbogakroi/

k|c|i fgê `kook ngk zkrpc se‗ks`gceac `g agrak 3:%::: |gqgpkpirg kofgirei ahc qiei `g|cepkpg se nipirc `g nkrdcpgef bkqkpi qso zkqqk. zkriok (Mkaiek 2::6'%

Ge pko niì/ qiqpgcec o‗kspirc/ k ok|iri sopgnkpi ‟eie a‗èqpkpi rckoncepc bgqifei `g zrinsi|crc go ogbri„% Prkppkeìqg `gse ‟ok|iri `g frszzi„/ g ocppirg qpcqqg lcacri zsbbogagpê/ zrinsi|ceì eie qioi go ogbri `g Ke`crqie/ ‟nk keahc

{skoaiqk ahc k|c|kei aieprgbsgpi k rckog}}krc„ (Gb%'%Kekoifi go akqi `g Airw @iapiriv/ qargppirc c boiffcr akek`cqc/ c frke`c qiqpcegpirc `cooc bkppkfogc aiepri goaizwrgfhp c g @RN (@gfgpko Rgfhpq Nkekfcncep'/ ahc sqk go boif bigefbigef 1:/ `g asg è aikspirc/ zcr arckrc c `gllie`crc g

26 hppz=))vvv%vgrc`%ain)28 hppz=))vvv%oiefpkgo%ain)phcYoiefYpkgo)kbisp%hpno

27 hppz=))boifq0bg}%ogbcri%gp)1: hppz=))vvv%bigefbigef%ecp)



AKZGPIOI QCAIE@I 33

qsig ogbrg% Go zg÷ eipi `cg {skog è Ogppoc Briphcr (@iapiriv

2::8k'/ zsbbogakpi ge Gpkogk `k Ecvpie Ainzpie aio pgpioi X /sek qirpk `g ;780 `g Fcirfc Irvcoo rgk`kppkpi kg fgireg eiqprg=go zripkfiegqpk irvcoogkei ‟Vgeqpie„/ ahc acrak `g qlsffgrckoo‗kqlgqqgkepc aiepriooi `co ‟Lrkpcooi Nkffgirc„ (i ‟Frke`cLrkpcooi„' c `cooc qsc pcocakncrc/ `g|cepk ‟v;e3qp:e„ ge@iapiriv= qps`cepc ogackoc c hkadcr ahc ge|cac `c|c |c`crqcokaie ok aiepgesk qir|cfogke}k gelirnkpgak `k zkrpc `cook qasiok zrgnk/ c `co `gzkrpgncepi `g zsbbogak qgasrc}}k zig4 v;e3qp:e

c g qsig kngag |crrkeei krrcqpkpg c pirpsrkpg zcrahç rgpcespggefgsqpkncepc rcqzieqkbgog `g se kppcepkpi pcrrirgqpgai ecoacepri `g Qke Lrkeagqai% Sek |iopk ogbcri/ v;e3qp:e/ prkngpcok rcpc/ irfkeg}}crê sek ainsegpê `g rgbcoog eie |giocepg/‟zcrahç zcr ahg i`gk ok fscrrk c ok |gioce}k/ ok pcaeioifgk co‗gelirnkpgak qiei oc segahc krng |geacepg„%

Go ogbri geg}gò k agraiokrc frkpsgpkncepc ge |crqgieccocppriegak/ iqzgpkpi `k bigefbigef / c `se{sc rcqpke`i zcr niopi pcnzi kzcrpi kooc ni`glgahc c kg esi|g kzzirpg `k zkrpc`cook ainsegpê `cg ocppirg% Ifeg spcepc/ ioprc k qakrgakrcfrkpsgpkncepc o‗c.biid `co rinke}i (c i||gkncepc ka{sgqpkrcok |crqgiec akrpkack ge ogbrcrgk' zsò rgahgc`crc k zkfkncepisek |crqgiec zcrqiekog}}kpk `g c.biid/ ni`glgakpk`grcppkncepc `koo‗kspirc ge bkqc kooc zrclcrce}c `cg ocppirg%

[skoaiqk `g qgngoc k||ceec aie go ogbri qsaacqqg|i `cooi

qpcqqi @iapiriv/ Aiepcep (@iapiriv 2::8b'/ sek rkaaiopk `gqkffg c krpgaiog qsooc {scqpgieg `co aizwrgfhp/ `cook pcaeioifgk`gfgpkoc/ `cook arckpg|gpê c `cook ogbcrk `gllsqgiec `cg aiepcespg%Aiepcep |gcec `gqprgbsgpi frkpsgpkncepc ainc c.biid 1;/ c kooiqpcqqi pcnzi `co ogbri cqgqpiei oc |crqgieg k zkfkncepi/ gelirnkpi qgk akrpkaci ahc cocppriegai/ c|cepskoncepc

1; O‗c.biid ge ogefsk gpkogkek è `gqprgbsgpi `k Kzifci/ ge lirnkpi cZsb/

koo‗ge`grg}}ihppz=))vvv%kzifcieogec%ain)ogbrg)768883:1;:832)qahc`k%



3< AKZGPIOI QCAIE@I

zcrqiekog}}kpc4 ecooc zrgnc zkfgec `co ogbri ge |crqgiec

cocppriegak @iapiriv/ rg|iofceìqg kg qsig ocppirg/ qarg|c=Qc go ogbri |g zgkac c |iocpc rgefrk}gkrng/ caai agò ahc |g ahgcì `g lkrc/ge ir`gec `g zrclcrce}k=.Ainzrkpc sek aizgk `co ogbri%.@iekpc sek aizgk `co ogbri k sek qasiok i k sek ogbrcrgk%.Ge|gkpc o‗cbiid k age{sc kngag qzgcfkeì oiri zcrahç |g è zgkagspi%.Aie|crpgpc o‗cbiid ge se esi|i lirnkpi%

Nc`gkepc kzziqgpg oged ko qgpi.boif12

`c`gakpi k Aiepcep / èqzgcfkpi ainc cllcppskrc {scqpc izcrk}gieg c/ rcokpg|kncepckook rgahgcqpk `coo‗kspirc `g ìekrc sek aizgk k qasioc cogbrcrgc/ è ziqqgbgoc |gqskog}}krc ge se‗kzziqgpk qc}giec `co qgpifog cepg ahc hkeei fgê rgac|spi sek aizgk (c` c|cepskoncepc`k ahg o‗hkeei rgac|spk' c {scoog k asg keairk eie è qpkpkìekpk%

Go lceincei `cg boif c qgpg `c`gakpg kook ocppcrkpsrk/ c zg÷ gefcecrkoc kook qargppsrk/ ge Kncrgak qg è irnkg qko`kncepckllcrnkpi/ c g `sc akqg kzzcek agpkpg/ Ke`crqie c @iapiriv/qiei qioi koaseg `cg zg÷ acocbrg cqcnzg% Nk ecfog sopgng keegkeahc ge Gpkogk/ qczzsrc ge rgpkrì/ ok argpgak ocppcrkrgk/ ok`gqasqqgiec gepirei kook zrkpgak `cook qargppsrk c ok rgacrak `gesi|g qpgog c fcecrg/ o‗ge|gpi kg ocppirg k lkrqg aikspirg c zkrpcagzkrc ko pcqpi/ aiqï ainc ok qcnzogac zrini}giec c

`gllsqgiec `g pcqpg/ hkeei geg}gkpi k cqqcrc zrkpgahc q|iopcnkqqgaagkncepc ieogec/ frk}gc qizrkppsppi k boif ocppcrkrg/ i boif aioocppg|g `c`gakpg kook qargppsrk%

Kppskoncepc/ g boif gpkogkeg `c`gakpg kook ocppcrkpsrk/ i ahc `gcqqk lkeei ok pcnkpgak aceprkoc/ qiei kbbkqpke}k esncriqg c geniopg akqg kqqkg qcfsgpg= `k Ogzzcrkpsrk11 asrkpi `kook qargpprgac

12 hppz=))arkzhise`%ain)aiepcep)bsw)11 hppz=))oirc`kekogzzcrgeg%boif%dkpkvcb%gp)



AKZGPIOI QCAIE@I 36

c fgirekogqpk Oirc`kek Ogzzcrgeg/ k biidqboif 10 ge asg ifeg

spcepc zsò rcaceqgrc go ogbri ahc zrclcrgqac4 `k Lge}gieg13

asrkpi `k boiffcr ahc qg `gahgkrkei segakncepc ocppirg/ c eieqargppirg/ c ainc pkog qiqpcefiei se ‟zrifcppi `g ocppsrkarckpg|k„ keahc prkngpc o‗iniegnk rg|gqpk/ ¤Lge}gieg /́`gqprgbsgpk frkpsgpkncepc ge lirnkpi z`l qso boif/ k Akrngook1</grrg|crcepc boif aioocppg|i ahc kaakepi kook ocppcrkpsrk ncppccqzrcqqkncepc ge aknzi sek ‟asopsrk `g izziqg}giec„ c ahc/ioprc k rcaceqgrc niopgqqgng rinke}g gpkogkeg c gepcrek}giekog/

iqzgpk ko qsi gepcrei esncriqg/ c niopi qcfsgpg/ rinke}g k zsepkpc%

[scqpg boif/ `g|crqg prk oiri/ rkzzrcqcepkei irnkg sek |iacgnzirpkepc `cook asopsrk gpkogkek= ok |coiagpê aie asg gelirnkeig oiri spcepg.ocppirg/ c ok akzkagpê `g `krc |gqgbgogpê k geei|kpg|g zriìppg asopsrkog/ ahc eco qgqpcnk prk`g}giekoc `cg nc`gk c`cook `gllsqgiec asopsrkoc `gllgagoncepc rgac|crcbbcrikppce}giec/ og kspirg}}k k `g|cepkrc iffcppi `g kekogqg/ nkkeahc qprsncepi `g k}giec/ ecooc seg|crqgpê gpkogkec%

Ko rgfskrì ncrgpk kppce}giec go zrifcppi ekpi koo‗gepcrei`co airqi `g Oksrck nkfgqprkoc ge ‟Gelirnk}giec c qgqpcngc`gpirgkog„/ `cook Lkaiopê `g Ocppcrc c Lgoiqilgk `g Pir \crfkpk/ ZSB/ Zcr Sbrgkahg Bgbogilgog16% Zsb è se boif zkrpgaiokrc= fogqps`cepg ahc oi asrkei c oi kffgirekei/ qcfsgpg `k OsgqkAkzcoog/ ocffiei c rcaceqgqaiei ogbrg zsbbogakpg `k akqc

c`gprgag ge`gzce`cepg/ c zsbbogakei qso boif/ qippi lirnk `g ziqp/ oc rcaceqgieg zcrqiekog kg pcqpg ocppg4 ìzi k|cr ocppi okrcaceqgiec/ o‗spcepc zsò ka{sgqpkrc go ogbri= oc prkeqk}gieg qieifcqpgpc `ko qgpi `g Ogbrk}gieg18 (‟ogbrcrgk 2%:„'/ qsook asg

10 hppz=))vvv%biidqboif%gp)13 hppz=))vvv%lge}giegnkfk}gec%gp)kbisp)1< hppz=))vvv%akrngookieogec%ain)

16 hppz=))zsb%ogbrk}gieg%irf)18 hppz=))vvv%ogbrk}gieg%gp)ogbrg)



38 AKZGPIOI QCAIE@I

zgkppklirnk è iqzgpkpi ZSB% Sek zcracepskoc `co rgak|kpi

`cooc |ce`gpc ahc k Ogbrk}gieg zcr|cefiei prkngpc ZSB/ |k kofrszzi `g qps`cepg ahc asrk go boif% Go zrifcppi/ ekpi k lgec2:;:/ zrcqcepk k lcbbrkgi 2:;; agrak 3: zsbbogak}gieg%

Ecooc zkfgec ahc qcfsiei kzzrilie`grò `sc boif ocppcrkrggpkogkeg/ niopi aieiqagspg c qcfsgpg= Fgkz/ go boif `co aioocppg|i`cfog qargppirg eipg ainc ‟Vs Ngef„ (‟Qce}k Einc„'/ cek}giecge`gkek%ain/ go boif aioocppg|i ekpi ge qcfsgpi k segeaiepri `g qargppirg (ahc lirncrkeei go frszzi ‟Ek}giec

Ge`gkek„' irfkeg}}kpi `k Kepiegi Nircqai zcr `gqaspcrc `coocqirpg `cook asopsrk c `cook ocppcrkpsrk ìzi o‗;; qcppcnbrc 2::;%

Kekog}}i {scqpg `sc akqg zcrahç/ cqqceì prk g boif zg÷aieiqagspg c qcfsgpg ge Gpkogk/ Fgkz c ek}giecge`gkek%ain ecfogkeeg hkeei qpgniokpi gnzirpkepgqqgng `gbkppgpg asopsrkog c/ k|iopc qpszceì/ koprc |iopc qake`kog}}keì/ hkeei qcfekpiesi|c pce`ce}c qpgogqpgahc c rgzceqkpi ok ocppcrkpsrk c go qsirkzzirpi aie ok qiagcpê c aie ok qpirgk4 nk qizrkppsppi/ zsr aieoc ì|spc `gllcrce}c/ g `sc boif ge {scqpgiec hkeei rcqi ziqqgbgoc ok arck}giec `g esi|g qzk}g zcr esi|c lgfsrcgepcoocppskog= eie zg÷ c eie qiopkepi qkoippg pcoc|gqg|g `gprkqngqqgieg zrcaielc}giekpc ge asg `kr |iac k izgegiegqpg cpsppioifg4 eie zg÷ c eie qioi aioieec/ c`gpirgkog c zkfgecasopsrkog `g goosqprg {sipg`gkeg4 ainc eie zg÷ c eie qioi

kspirc|iog |iag kaak`cngahc/ fgsqpglgakpc `kook acocbrgpê `coocakppc`rc ahc iaaszkei%Aie g boif qg `cogeckei qzk}g esi|g/ c kqgnncprgag/ ge asg

o‗gepcoocppskoc `gqaspc `cooc zrizrgc g`cc ncppceìqg/g`ckoncepc/ qsooi qpcqqi zgkei `co qsi zsbbogai/ ahc gepcr|gcecc zrcpce`c oi qzk}gi ahc fog qzcppk%

Ag qkrê niì `g iqqcr|krc ainc ok ocppcrkpsrk/ ahc èqgasrkncepc ok pcnkpgak zg÷ prkppkpk/ |cefk zrcqcepkpk qsg `sc

boif kfog spcepg/ c ainc k zriziqgpi `g cqqk/ c k zkrpgrc `k cqqk/



AKZGPIOI QCAIE@I 37

qg geecqahgei gepcrcqqkepg `gqasqqgieg/ `cqpgekpc qzcqqi k

ge|cqpgrc koprg aknzg `cook asopsrk gpkogkek% Nk qg acrahcrê `gkekog}}krc g ni`g ge asg keahc psppi agò ahc eie è ocppcrkpsrk qprgapi qceqs ceprg k lkr zkrpc `co boif/ iaaszkeì ziqpqcfsgpgqqgng c ogedkpg i|se{sc ge rcpc= `koo‗kppskogpê c okariekak kook ziogpgak/ `kooi qzirp ko fgirekogqni% Zcr `gniqprkrc ahc cqgqpiei keairk qzk}g `g `gqasqqgiec/ qczzsrckzzkrcepcncepc qioi |grpskog/ ge asg go zsepi `g |gqpk ocppcrkrgi|gcec kspirg}}kpi k ge`kfkrc koprg aknzg `cook qiagcpê/ gpkogkek

c eie/ ahc zcr aieqscps`gec eie fog ainzcpcrcbbcri%

2%2 Fgkz= `ko Osphcr Bogqqcp Zrimcap k Vs Ngef Lise`kpgie

Ecfog keeg Ei|kepk qg kllcrnk keahc ge Gpkogk go lceinceikrpgqpgai eipi ainc Osphcr Bogqqcp / sek lirnk `‗krpc k 1<:frk g̀ c kqqiospkncepc prkeqek}giekoc/ g asg cqziecepg/

qacfogceì ok |gk `coo‗keiegnkpi/ qg g`cepglgakei qippi oi zqcsìegni `g Osphcr Bogqqcp/ go einc `g se akoagkpirc gefocqc



<: AKZGPIOI QCAIE@I

`g irgfgec fgknkgakek% Go nipg|i zcr asg qgefiog krpgqpg c

zcrlirncr/ aiqï ainc rg|gqpc asopsrkog se`crfrise` c aioocppg|g`g q{skppcr/ kbbgkei qacopi {scqpi zqcsìegni aioocppg|i eiels nkg ahgkrgpi/ c aiepgesò k agraie`krc `g ngqpcri fog keiegngkrpgqpg%

@co rcqpi Hkrrw Dgzzcr/ aieqg`crkpi o‗g`cioifi `coni|gncepi qpcqqi/ è se zcrqiekffgi nkg cqgqpgpi/ c aie asg gofrszzi rgsqaï k bcllkrc keahc ok acocbrc prkqngqqgiec gpkogkekAhg o‗hk |gqpi9 `gahgkrkeìoi qainzkrqi ge Lrgsog ìzi se

osefi |gkffgi aie asg o‗krpgqpk/ k birì `g sek nisepkge bgdc/k|rcbbc ì|spi prkaagkrc sek qargppk gnnkfgekrgk zcr ainzirrc ok zkriok ‟krp„ qsook akrpk fcifrklgak csrizck% Sekrpgaioi `c ¤Go Zgaaioi´ `co 0 fceekgi ;773 rgzirpk|k okeipg}gk aiqï=

Hkrrw Dgzzcr/ `g 11 keeg/ kopi ;%63/ akzcoog riqqi qasri c iaahg |cr`g cnkfecpgag/ ahc eie `ê eipg}gc `k agrak ;: qcppgnkec (…'/ qpk|k lkaceì/

ge nisepkge bgdc/ se zkrpgaiokrc fgri `‗Csrizk zcr prkaagkrc/ qcaieìo‗g`ck `co lrgsokei Zgcrnkrgi Agkeg/ sek ogeck gnnkfgekrgk ahc/ seceì|krgc agppê/ ainziecqqc ok zkriok ‟KRP„% (…' Dgzzcr k|c|k/ `ko ;77;/aingeagkpi k` kppskrc {scqpi fgri `g ‟psrgqni zqgai.fcifrklgai„prkaagkeì ok K `k Nk`rg` k Oie`rk c Pioiec% Ecg `sc keeg qsaacqqg|gDgzzcr hk prkaagkpi ok R zriqcfsceì zcr Brsxcoocq/ Biee/ ]srgfi/Fgec|rk c Keaiek c eco ;770 hk aingeagkpi ok P ahc/ ìzi Prgcqpc/k|rcbbc ì|spi zirpkroi k Qkogqbsrfi/ Bcrogei/ \krqk|gk c `g esi|ige`gcpri lgei k` Knqpcr`kn% Ge|cac/ `ko Lrgsog/ ag qiei qpkpc ok qsk

ziqqgbgoc c geqzgcfkpk `c|gk}giec ge Biqegk c ok qainzkrqk (¤GoZgaaioi´ ;773'%

Go Osphcr Bogqqcp Zrimcap / i||cri ok |crqgiec gpkogkek `coni|gncepi/ ekpi k Bioifek eco ;773 c zrcqpi `g|cespilkniqi ge Gpkogk c ge Csrizk/ qg lk aieiqacrc zrizrgi aiek}gieg `g {scqpi pgzi= bcllc ainc ok aieqcfek k Nie`kìrg `gse pcqpi lkoqi/ qkbipkffg/ bg}}krrc zsbbogak}gieg/ c

prkqngqqgieg rk`giliegahc ahc zkrokei `g pcnkpgahc eie



AKZGPIOI QCAIE@I <;

aie|ce}giekog ainc ok ‟zqgai.fcifrklgk„/ c aiir g̀ekei oc

aiqg``cppc ‟`crg|c zqgai.fcifrklgahc„17

%Zcr g ainziecepg `co Osphcr Bogqqcp Zrimcap go nincepi `gnkqqgnk eipirgcpê fgsefc eco ;777 aie ok zsbbogak}giec `g [/se rinke}i k lgrnk `g Osphcr Bogqqcp knbgcepkpi eco acepriCsrizk eco @i`gacqgni qcaioi `srkepc oc rg|iopc ziziokrg caiepk`gec qiooc|kpc `k c aiepri ok Rglirnk zripcqpkepc% Go ogbriioprc k rgqasipcrc ceirnc qsaacqqi/ pkepi `k cqqcr prkìppi gepsppi go nieì/ qg `gqpgeqc zcr ok qsk |iak}giec ‟ei aizwrgfhp„4

o‗izcrk/ zsbbogakpk `k Cgeks`g/ geg}gò gelkppg k agraiokrc aie ok`gagpsrk

Qg aieqcepc ok rgzri`s}giec zkr}gkoc i pipkoc `coo‗izcrk c ok qsk`gllsqgiec zcr |gk pcocnkpgak/ zsrahç eie k qaizg ainncragkog c kaie`g}giec ahc {scqpk `gagpsrk qgk rgzriìppk%

Pkoc qacopk è cnbocnkpgak `cooc |iak}gieg krpgqpgahc `cfog

kspirg/ c `cooc bkppkfogc aieìppc ge einc `co ‟aizwoclp„%Psppc oc zsbbogak}gieg `co frszzi qiei `gqziegbgog ieogecfrkpsgpkncepc ecoo‗krahg|gi `g Fgkz0:/ c ge `g|crqg lirnkpg/

17 Kpprk|crqkncepg gnzri||gqg `g knbgcepg srbkeg ainc qcfei `g zripcqpkaiepri g osifhg rgpcespg qgnbioi `cook aicrag}giec `cooc aokqqgìngekepg% Ge Gpkogk ok ‟`crg|k zqgai.fcifrklgak„ zg÷ eipk/ ncqqk kqcfei `ko Osphcr Bogqqcp Zrimcap / k||ceec qsook ogeck prke|gkrgk `cook

agppê `g Rink= ecook eippc lrk go ;8 c go ;7 nkr}i ;773 |gcec ‟iaaszkpi„go prkn ‟1: eippsrei„ `cook Akzgpkoc lgei k lkroi `g|cepkrc ‟sehkzzcegef os`gai c |g|i„% Aiir`gekpg zcr |gk rk`giliegak/ c sqkeìpcoclieg c ainzspcr/ k ifeg lcrnkpk g ‟Osphcr„ qkofiei qso prkn zcr ncppcrc nsqgak c zcrncppcrc kg zkqqcffcrg `g bkookrc% O‗ibgcppg|i crkprkqlirnkrc ok ogeck prke|gkrgk ge sek ‟nkzzk zqgahgak„/ ‟ge sek qirpk `ggzcrpcqpi qs asg aogaakrc aie g airzg/ aie oc kspi/ aie g nc`gk gepcfrkpg„%\cepg zcrqiec agrak |crrkeei lcrnkpc `kooc lir}c `coo‗ir`gec/ c {skpprikaasqkpc `g rcqgqpce}k c ioprkffgi%

hppz=))vvv%osphcrbogqqcpp%ecp)krahg|c)228Ygp%hpno0: hppz=))vvv%vsngeflise`kpgie%ain)gpkogkei)ìveoik`qYgpk%hpn% @k



<2 AKZGPIOI QCAIE@I

ioprc k cqqcrc ge |ce`gpk ge lirnkpi akrpkaci%

Go frszzi/ zrcqpi `clgegpi ‟bke` `g qargppirg„/ geg}gk k lkrqgaieiqacrc ge psppi go nieì/ c {skoasei zceqk ahc `gcpri oi zqcsìegni aioocppg|i ‟Osphcr Bogqqcp„ ge |crqgiec gpkogkek qgacog ok lgfsrk `g Snbcrpi Cai4 k cqqcrec {skqg aie|gepi è goqcppgnkekoc pc`cqai ¤@cr Qzgcfco´ ahc/ qgk zrgnk ahc ìzi ok zsbbogak}giec `g [/ ge`gak o‗kspirc bioifecqc ainc sei `cfogkrpgqpg ahc sqkei oi zqcsìegni aioocppg|i% Snbcrpi Caiqncepgrê c g ainziecepg `co frszzi rg`gaiog}}crkeei ok eipg}gk%

Nk ahg qg ekqaie`c rckoncepc `gcpri ok aioieek gpkogkek `co Osphcr Bogqqcp Zrimcap 9 Qg prkppk `g age{sc kspirg ahc/ zcr {skepi eipg qioi ainc ‟keiegng krpgqpg„/ cqgqpiei rckoncepc c ziqqgcìei |crg eing= Ribcrpi Bsg/ Fgi|keeg Akppkbrgfk/Osak `g Nci/ Lc`crgai Fsfogcong c Rgaakrì Zc`rgeg ceprkpieco zrifcppi zg÷ pkr`g% Ok ziogpgak `g {scqpi ‟aioocppg|i `gkfgpkpirg `cook qargppsrk„/ ainc cbbc k `clgegroi sei `cg qsigncnbrg/ zrc|c`c ahc g qsig ainziecepg eie kzzkgkei nkg ge|g`ci c lipi zcr rgqzie`crc k se zrgeagzgi ahc rkaahgs`c keahcok lgoiqilgk `co frszzi= ‟prkqzkrcepg |crqi g ocppirg/ izkahg|crqi g nc g̀k„% Go frszzi hk qcnzrc rglgspkpi ge|gpg kprkqngqqgieg pcoc|gqg|c/ c ecooc segahc kzzkrg}gieg zsbbogahc/i||cri ecg pisr `g zrcqcepk}giec `cg ogbrg zsbbogakpg/ ahgc`c `geie cqqcrc rgzrcqi eç lipifrklkpi%

G ainziecepg `co frszzi eco 2::: kbbkeìekei oi

zqcsìegni aioocppg|i zcr `g|cepkrc Vs Ngef Lise`kpgie= zcr Osphcr Bogqqcp è fgsepk o‗irk `co qsgag`gi |grpskoc/ `co‟qczzsds„/ i||cri go qsgag`gi rgpskoc `cg qknsrkg% ‟Vs Ngef„|gcec `ko agecqc nke`krgei/ c |sio `grc ‟Qce}k Einc„% Gese‗gepcr|gqpk k ¤Ok Rczsbbogak´ `co nkr}i 2:::/ sei `cgncnbrg `co eciekpi Vs Ngef qzgcfk aiqï ok qacopk `co einc=

{skoahc keei kg lirnkpg prk`g}giekog/ qg è kffgsepi go lirnkpi qzcaglgai

zcr gZi` / ahc zcrncppc `g |gqskog}}krc go pcqpi aie gnzkfgek}giec cokwisp qzcaglgag zcr ok ocppsrk ippgnkoc qso `c|gac `cook Kzzoc%



AKZGPIOI QCAIE@I <1

Ok qacopk qcr|c keahc k rgair`krc k psppg ahc qg prkppk `g se zrifcppiaioocppg|i c ahc eie `cqg`crgkni `g|cepkrc `g|g `co mcp.qcp ocppcrkrgi%\ifogkni qlg̀ krc go akzgpkoc asopsrkoc qso qsi qpcqqi pcrrcei/ eie`g|cepkrec fog irqg knnkcqprkpg% Ainse{sc/ sqcrcni ok qgfok aiqï=agkqasei `g eig/ zriac`ceì ge ir`gec kolkbcpgai/ hk se einc ainziqpi`k Vs Ngef zg÷ se esncrkoc agecqc= Bsg è Vs Ngef Wg (Qce}k EincSei'/ Akppkbrgfk è Vs ngef Ogkef (Qce}k Einc @sc'/ @g Nci è VsNgef Qke/ Fsfogcong Vs Ngef Qg/ Zc`rgeg Vs Ngef Vs% Psppg g

zrifcppg kzzri|kpg `ko @grcppg|i qkrkeei lgrnkpg Vs Ngef % Ainc ge {scgfrszzg nsqgakog ì|c ok lirnk}giec qg ni`glgak/ g ncnbrg |keei c|cefiei/ nk go einc `cook bke` rcqpk ge|krgkpi (Ogzzcrgeg 2:::'%

C k zriziqgpi `cook qacopk `co agecqc ainc ogefsk `co einc`co frszzi/ ecook qpcqqk gepcr|gqpk kook ìnke`k ‟Zcrahç seeinc agecqc9„ qg rgqzie`c=

Zcrahç ag qcnbrk ahc go lspsri caioifgai c qiagkoc `co zgkecpk `gzce`kge okrfk ngqsrk `k agò ahc qsaac`crê ecook Agek aiepgecepkoc/qi|rklliookpk/ gzcr.ge{sgekpk/ kllogppk `k sei qpinkahc|ioc ngx `g

ogbcrgqni caieingai c qpkogegqni ziogpgai (Gb%'%Go aioocppg|i Vs Ngef / g asg kspirg `k {sco nincepi qg

lgrncrkeei kzzsepi aie ‟Vs Ngef„0; (c se esncri k qcfsgrc'qgk ecooc zsbbogak}gieg aioocppg|c ahc ge {scooc ‟qiogqpc„/ lkeei`co vcb go oiri pcrrcei zrg|gocfgkpi `g k}giec= aie se qgpi`gekngai c qcnzrc kffgirekpi/ krahg|g `cg aiepcespg ks`gi cpcqpi/ sek qc}giec `k asg qakrgakrc/ ainc qg è |gqpi ge

zrcac`ce}k/ psppg g pcqpg zsbbogakpg/ c se boif niopi qcfsgpi ahcqg iaaszk `g q|krgkpc pcnkpgahc= `kook qiagcpê kook ocppcrkpsrk/`ko fgirekogqni kooi qzirp (pcnkpgak {scqp‗sopgnk prkppkpk geniì acrpi eie aie|ce}giekoc/ ain‗è ecooi qpgoc `g Vs Ngef '%Go vcb è/ ioprc ahc go zrg|gocfgkpi pcrrcei `‗k}giec/ geqgcnc kook

0; G zrgng ogbrg lgrnkpg Vs Ngef qiei Hk|kek Fokn `g Vs Ngef 3 zsbbogakpi `k Lkesaag eco 2::; c 30 `g Vs Ngef ;/ zsbbogakpi `k

Cgeks g̀ eco 2::2% G ogbrg qiei `gqziegbgog ie ogec koo‗ge`grg}}i%hppz=))vvv%vsngeflise`kpgie%ain)gpkogkei)ìveoik`qYgpk%hpn



<0 AKZGPIOI QCAIE@I

ogbcrk agraiok}giec `co qkzcrc sek `cooc pcnkpgahc zg÷ qcfsgpc

`ko aioocppg|i/ c prk oc zg÷ `gqasqqc qso boif% Ecook fgê agpkpkgepcr|gqpk k ¤Ok Rczsbbogak´/ Vs Ngef kllcrnk ahc ‟g zriìppg lgrnkpg Vs.ngef qkrkeei ogbcrg `k aizwrgfhp/ `g |iopkge |iopk aie oc qzcaglgak}gieg c ogngpk}gieg ahc rgpcrrcniecacqqkrgc„ zcr fkrkepgrc ok ogbcrk rgzri`sagbgogpê `co pcqpi4 nkok ogbcrk rgzri`sagbgogpê eie gnzogak ok rgeseagk k zri|cepg criwkopgcq=

[scqp‗sopgnk qacopk |krrê qioi zcr oc c`g}gieg `cg eiqprg ogbrg ecookRczsbbogak `g Asbk/ eiqpri (ni`cqpi' aieprgbspi ko rgokeagi `coockppg|gpê c`gpirgkog c asopsrkog qsoo‗gqiok/ ncqqc k `srk zri|k `ko zcr`srkrc`coo‗cnbkrfi gnziqpi `kfog Sqk (Gb%'%

Ecoo‗krahg|gi `g Fgkz02 è ziqqgbgoc aieqsopkrc oc ‟zrcqc `g ziqg}giec„ `co aioocppg|i rgqzcppi ko aizwrgfhp/ ok qacopk `gkìppkrc oc ogace}c Arckpg|c Ainnieq c `co aizwoclp

(c|iakpg|k fgê eco pgpioi ok qc}giec ‟Inegk qsep ainnsegk„01

/gepcrkncepc `c`gakpk kook zrizrgcpê gepcoocppskoc c kook zgrkpcrgk' c oc geg}gkpg|c geprkzrcqc aiepri g `gqcfeg `g ocffcqsoo‗c`gpirgk aie eirnc |iopc k c{sgzkrkrc oc zsbbogak}giegieogec k {scooc qs akrpk% @koo‗krahg|gi è ziqqgbgoc rgzcrairrcrck` cqcnzgi g ziqp c fog krpgaiog00 `g Vs Ngef Lise`kpgieaiepri ok ocffc e% <2 `co 6 nkr}i 2::; (‟Esi|c eirncqsoo‗c`gpirgk c qsg zriìppg c`gpirgkog c ni`glgahc kook ocffc 3

kfiqpi ;78;/ e% 0;<„' c g ainncepg `cg ocppirg%Go aioocppg|i Vs Ngef aizrc q|krgkpc krcc `g gepcrcqqc/ nk è

qizrkppsppi ge aknzi ocppcrkrgi ahc/ k ioprc ;: keeg `koo‗sqagpk`co lirpsekpi rinke}i [/ lk zkrokrc `g qç= è cqcnzokrc go akqi`g Ecv Gpkogke Czga (Vs Ngef 2::7b'/ ahc `k ncnirke`snqs se zrcagqi qpgoc ocppcrkrgi g`cepglgakbgoc ge sek ‟ecbsoiqk„ `g

02 hppz=))vvv%vsngeflise`kpgie%ain)gpkogkei)Fgkz)fgkz2::;%hpn%

01 hppz=))vvv%vsngeflise`kpgie%ain)gpkogkei)isppkdcq)pcnkpgaiYaizwrgfhp%hpno00 hppz=))vvv%vsngeflise`kpgie%ain)gpkogkei)Fgkz)fgkz13%hpno



AKZGPIOI QCAIE@I <3

rinke}g zsbbogakpg prk go ;771 c go 2::7/ ecoo‗cziak `cook

aiqg``cppk ‟Qcaie`k Rczsbbogak„ (prk asg oi qpcqqi [/ nkkeahc Finirrk `g Ribcrpi Qk|gkei c Rinke}i Argngekoc `gFgkeakroi @c Akpkoì'/ è `g|cespi se |cri c zrizrgi pcqpi.qgnbioi `g sek esi|k airrcepc asopsrkoc c ocppcrkrgk/rgbkppc}}kpk ainc ‟EGC„ (Ecv Gpkogke Czga/ kzzsepi'% G ncrgpg`co aioocppg|i Vs Ngef zcr Ecv Gpkogke Czga qiei qpkpgrgaieiqagspg keahc `k Kobcrpi Kqir Riqk ge se krpgaioiainzkrqi qs ¤Ok Rczsbbogak´ eco 2::7=

Lgei k {skoahc `caceegi lk rkfgiekncepg argpgag `g pce`ce}k c rgacrakarckpg|k arcqac|kei go zg÷ `cooc |iopc `g aieqcr|k c qg kgspk|kei k|gace`k% È se `kpi acrpi iffg keahc ok qainzkrqk zrcqqiahç pipkoc `co

zrgni cocncepi `coo‗ce`gk`c (ok argpgak'= ok aieqcfsce}k è ahc fog‟kspirg„/ eco akqi qzcaglgai g ekrrkpirg/ ek|gfkei k |gqpk/ ko nkqqgni aiego qsqqg`gi/ eie qcnzrc `gqgepcrcqqkpi/ `cfog sllgagkog `g nkaahgek bce

zgk}}kpg qsg ziepg `g ainkeì `cooc akqc c`gprgag% \iofceìqg gepirei/o‗segai pcepkpg|i rcacepc `g qgqpcnk}giec pcirgai.ocppcrkrgk `g pkoc nkpcrgk

`cfei `g {scqpi einc è Ecv Gpkogke Czga `g (`cg9' Vs Ngef (Kqir Riqk2::7'%

Rgpcefi gepcrcqqkepc qillcrnkrng qs {skepi Vs Ngefqarg|c agrak o‗sopgnk `cooc qcppc akrkppcrgqpgahc zrgeagzkog `g Ecv Gpkogke Czga/ ‟ainsegpê c prkeqnc`gkogpê„=

Ifeg ogbri `co Ecv Gpkogke Czga è zipce}gkoncepc k||iopi `k sek esbc

{skepgak `g inkffg/ qzge.ill c ekrrk}gieg okpcrkog= rkaaiepg qargppg `kocppirg ( lke lgapgie'/ lsncppg/ `gqcfeg c goosqprk}gieg/ ake}ieg/ qgpg vcb/k``grgppsrk fgiahg ge rcpc i `k pk|ioi gqzgrkpg kg ogbrg/ fgiahg `g rsioi aig

zcrqiekffg `cg ogbrg c koprg aieprgbspg `ko bkqqi kook ekpsrk kzcrpk cakefgkepc `coo‗izcrk/ c ko nieì ahc |g|c ge cqqk% [scqpk ocppcrkpsrkpce`c ‑ k |iopc ge niì gnzogagpi/ koprc |iopc `gahgkrkpkncepc ‑ kook‟prkeqnc`gkogpê„/ k cqirbgpkrc `kg aiepireg `co ogbri zcr zriqcfsgrc go|gkffgi ge koprc lirnc/ frk}gc k ainsegpê `g zcrqiec ahc gepcrkfgqaieic arckei geqgcnc% Fog qargppirg geairkffgkei {scqpc rgkzzrizrgk}gieg/ c

qzcqqi |g zkrpcagzkei ge zrgnk zcrqiek% Pko|iopk g zrifcppg qiei zceqkpg `grcppkncepc



<< AKZGPIOI QCAIE@I

(nkegpskek%ain/ qonz`q%ecp ' i cqaiei kbbgekpg k a` aie aioieekqieirk (Argqpgkeg `g Kookh' (Vs Ngef 2::7b/ z% 21'%

G aieprgbspg `ko bkqqi ahc zcrncppiei/ i kqqcaie`kei/ ‟okekpsrk kzcrpk c akefgkepc `coo‗izcrk„ (ainc aieqcfsce}k `corsioi kppg|i `co ocppirc'/ c ok ziqqgbgogpê `coo‗izcrk qpcqqk `gsqagrc `kg aielgeg cepri asg è qpkpk zrifcppkpk zcr |g|crc geesi|c lirnc/ rkzzrcqcepkei `sc kqzcppg gnzirpkepgqqgng `g Ecv Gpkogke Czga/ c prkaagkei se aiepgessn gepcrcqqkepc prk ok

qprsppsrk `cook rcpc c o‗izcrk gepcqk ainc arck}giec krpgqpgak `gasg go ocppirc qg ‟kzzrizrgk„ ocffceìok c gepcrzrcpkeìok%Arck}giec krpgqpgak ahc/ zkrklrkqkeì Vkopcr Bcemknge (;733'c Snbcrpi Cai (;77:'/ qg lk ‟kspieink„ rgqzcppi kook qpcqqk‟gepcepgi ksapirgq„/ cqqceì `g |iopk ge |iopk rcgepcrzrcpkpk(‟gepcepgi ocapirgq„' c aiepgeskeì k |g|crc (`grcnni aieBcemknge= ok ‟|gpk ziqpsnk„ `coo‗izcrk `‗krpc' ge niì‟prkeqnc`gkoc„%

Nk ok ‟prkeqnc`gkogpê„/ k||crpc Vs Ngef/ eie `c|ccqqcrc aielsqk aie ok nsopgnc`gkogpê/ ok`ì|c aie {scqpipcrngec qg |ifogk ge`gakrc ok qcnzogac ‟aiepkngek}giec„ `g`g|crqg ogefskffg=

‟Prkeqnc`gkoc„ è `g|crqi `k ‟nsopgnc g̀koc„ (…' Iffg psppi {skepi ènsopgnc`gkoc/ psppi o‗gnnkfgekrgi è nsopgnc`gkoc/ keahc oc qargppsrc

zg÷ ocfkpc k sei qzcaglgai ocppcrkrgi qsbgqaiei k |krg frk`g o‗gelosce}k

`g agò ahc k||gcec ecfog koprg nc`gk (…' ‟Prkeqnc`gkoc„ è ok qpirgk ahc zriqcfsc ge ni`g sopcrgirg/ go nieì `g se ogbri ahc qg cqpce`c qs koprc zgkppklirnc% Eie ncrg k`kppkncepg `cook qpcqqk qpirgk/ ainc k||gcec aiglgon prkppg `k rinke}g/ nk `g sek qpirgk ahc qaielgek/ qg c|io|c c

zriqcfsc aie koprg nc}}g c ogefskffg (Vs Ngef 2::7b/ z% 23'%

Aie bsiek zkac `cg argpgag ocppcrkrg c `cfog gepcoocppskog zg÷aieqcr|kpirg/ Vs Ngef ag `gniqprk ahc ok arck}giec ocppcrkrgkiffg zsò k||cegrc ko `g lsirg `cg aielgeg prk`g}giekog ge asg èqpkpk rcocfkpk% C qgkni lirqc kspirg}}kpg k qiqpcecrc ahc/ ainc k



AKZGPIOI QCAIE@I <6

bsie `grgppi ok qargppsrk fgirekogqpgak nkepgcec ok qsk

kspirc|ioc}}k keahc qso vcb/ aiqï koprg pgzg `g qargppsrk (`kookekrrkpg|k kook qkffgqpgak' ziqqiei nkepcecrc gekopcrkpi go |koirckrpgqpgai/ c ok `gfegpê ahc ncrgpkei/ keahc qs zgkppklirnc cqszzirpg esi|g rgqzcppi k {scoog prk`g}giekog= go boif `g Fgkz/ekpi `kooc acecrg `coo‗kepgak ecvqocppcr/ ec è se bsie cqcnzgi%

2%2%; Fgkz% Go boif `g Vs Ngef Lise`kpgieGo einc Fgkz/ g`ckpi zcr ok ecvqocppcr `co frszzi/ c

rgnkqpi ge|krgkpi keahc zcr go qsaacqqg|i boif/ ls qacopi `koaioocppg|i ge ieirc `co ainke`kepc c rg|ios}giekrgi |gcpekngpk\ie Efswce Fgkz/ iffg {skqg acepcekrgi/ ahc fsg`ò o‗cqcragpi`cg \gcp Ngeh zrgnk aiepri oc lir}c aioiegkog lrkeacqg/ c ìziaiepri o‗cqcragpi qpkpsegpceqc c oc prszzc eir`.|gcpekngpc`srkepc ok fscrrk `co \gcpekn%

Qge `ko 2::: go aioocppg|i Vs Ngef spgog}}ò/ zkrkoocokncepcko qgpi gepcrecp/ ok ecvqocppcr `g Fgkz ainc akekoc zrgeagzkoc`g prkqngqqgiec `cg zrizrg aiepcespg% Qg prkppk|k `g sek qirpk `gceirnc nkgogef ogqp/ aie agrak ;2%::: aiepkppg/ prkngpc ok {skocgo aioocppg|i kffgirek|k g ocppirg ge|gkeì zcrgi`gakncepckrpgaiog/ gepcr|cepg/ qkffg/ rcaceqgieg c ifeg kopri pgzi `g zsbbogak}giec% Sek ecvqocppcr ge frkì/ `g |iopk ge |iopk/ `gfcecrkrc |crg c zrizrg lirsn pcnkpgag/ zcrncppceì kg ocppirg `ggepcr|cegrc c ainncepkrc/ kzrceì `cooc `gqasqqgieg ahc

zipc|kei zriqcfsgrc zcr qcppgnkec% C aicrcepcncepc aie{skepi pcirg}}kpi ge Ecv Gpkogke Czga k zriziqgpi `g‟ainsegpê c prkeqnc`gkogpê„/ fog qpcqqg gepcr|cepg `cg ocppirgqiei qzcqqi `g|cepkpg zcr g ainziecepg `g Vs Ngef gnzirpkepgqzsepg `g rglocqqgiec c/ ecg ngfogirg akqg/ fog qpcqqg qiei ceprkpgk lkr zkrpc `cg rinke}g c `cg rkaaiepg zsbbogakpg%

Geqinnk sek ecvqocppcr zkrkfiekbgoc k sek |crk c zrizrgkrg|gqpk ‟izce qisrac„/ ahc qzk}gk `kook ocppcrkpsrk kooc

rglocqqgieg qsook rcpc/ ahc zrinsi|c oc zsbbogak}gieg `cg qsig



<8 AKZGPIOI QCAIE@I

kspirg c qpgniok oc rglocqqgieg `cg ocppirg4 sek rg|gqpk frkpsgpk c

‟kzcrpk„/ aie zsbbogak}gieg zcrgi`gahc c se |kqpi zsbbogai `gkbbiekpg% Eieiqpkepc go qsaacqqi rgqaieprkpi lrk go esncri `g ocppirg

qcnzrc ge ksncepi/ ok ecvqocppcr ecoo‗kzrgoc `co 2:;: |gcecahgsqk= {skqg se qcaieì qsgag`gi ìzi go ‟qczzsds„ `g Osphcr Bogqqcp% Fgkz `k ecvqocppcr qg prkqlirnk ge se boif03% Ge rckopêfgê cqgqpc|kei `cg boif aioocfkpg kook nkgogef ogqp c ko qgpi zrgeagzkoc/ nk qg prkppk|k `g boif agraiqargppg k sek pcnkpgak

qzcaglgak/ {skoc o‗sqagpk i go vird ge zrifrcqq `g se ogbri/ i`c`gakpg k se zrcagqi krfincepi% O‗sopgnk |crk zsbbogak}giecqsook ecvqocppcr `g Fgkz rgqkog|k koo‗ippibrc 2::7= `k {scook`kpk lgei kook ekqagpk `co boif/ g Vs Ngef sqkriei/ zcr ainsegakrc aie g zrizrg ocppirg/ go boif rcokpg|i ko ogbri Kopkg(Vs Ngef 2::7k'/ Pvgppcr c ok bkahcak `cook oiri ogbrcrgk `gkEibgg% Qcfei ahc sek nkgogef ogqp geg}gk|k k qpkr qprcppk kooc zrcpcqc `g se frszzi `gekngai c qcfsgpgqqgni irnkg `k ;:keeg% Ge se‗gepcr|gqpk k ¤Ok qpknzk´/ Vs Ngef ; `gahgkrk=

Fcqpgrc sek ecvqocppcr |gk cnkgo ecfog keeg è `g|cepkpi qcnzrc zg÷ brgfiqi= prk zribocng pcaegag/ kepgqzkn/ fcepc ahc qg gqarg|c c zig qc ec`gncepgak c zripcqpk zcrahç ok rgac|c% Geioprc/ zcr lkrc Fgkz crkecacqqkrgk sek |crk c zrizrgk kppg|gpê rc`k}giekoc c` crk sei qprsncepiprizzi ocepi (Akqpcoog 2:;:'%

Go ;2 kzrgoc 2:;: g ;2%::: gqargppg kook ecvqocppcr.rg|gqpkrgac|iei sek sopgnk cnkgo c qsbgpi ìzi/ ‟aie se qioi aogad knc}}keippc ge zsepi„/ psppg fog ge`grg}}g `cook nkgogef ogqp|cefiei akeacookpg% Go pcqpi `coo‗sopgnk cnkgo è {scqpi=

[scqpk è o‗sopgnk nkgo ahc rgac|crcpc zcrahç |g qgcpc gqargpp- k Fgkz/irnkg pkepi pcnzi lk% Qpgkni zcr akeacookrc o‗gepcri ge`grg}}krgi%[sge`g/ qc k|cpc {skoaiqk `g asg okncepkr|g (rgac}gieg nsopgzoc caa%'/

03 hppz=))vvv%vsngeflise`kpgie%ain)fgkz)



AKZGPIOI QCAIE@I <7

zipcpc okqagkr zcr`crc% Ok ogqpk eie cqgqpc zg÷% @k iffg ziegkni pcrngeckook ‟argqg„ `g Fgkz c kook lrknncepk}giec ì|spk ko zrioglcrkrc `g boifc qgpg pcnkpgag `c`gakpg k qgefiog ogbrg ( Ecv Phgef / Qpcook `co nkppgei/

Kopkg'% È lgekoncepc c sllgagkoncepc ie ogec%%% Fgkz/ rc`g|g|i/prkqlirnkpi% @‗irk ge k|kepg/ qkrê o‗czgacepri `cook eiqprk zrcqce}k gercpc% [skose{sc krfincepi ahc ag rgfskr`g |crrê prkppkpi i ogedkpi qsFgkz% Ainc kg |caahg pcnzg/ nk aie esi|c ni`kogpê% A‗è ok ziqqgbgogpê`g gqarg|crqg kfog kffgirekncepg `co boif |gk c.nkgo/ zcr ahg eie qg pri|k

bcec aie g lcc` rqq i%%% rgnzgkefc ok |caahgk ecvqocppcr =.' Fgkz ègepcfrkpi aie psppg g qiagko ecpvird qs asg qgkni zrcqcepg= kEibgg/Pvgppcr c WisPsbc% G ocppirg/ k oiri |iopk/ ziprkeei qcfekokrc

kspinkpgakncepc se qgefioi ziqp qsg qiagko ecpvird k asg qiei gqargppg%G boif pcnkpgag og aiefcocrcni psppg/ eco qceqi ahc zgke zgkeiahgs`crcni g ainncepg c `k {sco nincepi qkrkeei c{sgzkrkbgog k`krahg|g qpkpgag% Go qgpi ‟qpirgai„ è irnkg {skqg `co psppi ‟argqpkoog}}kpi„/hk koasec zkfgec `g qcr|g}gi ahc aiepgescrcni k` kffgirekrc/ nk zcr gorcqpi è se ‟rczcrpi„/ `k sqkrc ge {skepi pkoc% Go boif `g Kopkg zriqcfsco‗kppg|gpê koncei lgei k fgsfei (pcrngec `co pisr'/ nk go friqqi`coo‗k}giec qg qziqpk qs Fgkz% Frk}gc k pspp- zcr ok zk}gcepc kppcqk+

Iffg è ziqqgbgoc rgzcrairrcrc g ;: keeg `g |gpk `cookecvqocppcr aieqsopkeì go qgpi gepcrecp `g Vs Ngef Lise`kpgie0< ‑ ahc ge rckopê è pspp‗kopri ahc se ‟rczcrpi„ |gqpkok lse}giekogpê `cooc qsc qc}gieg ‑ kook zkfgek `c`gakpk kfogkrahg|g rgzkrpgpg zcr keei c esncri `g zsbbogak}giec/ i||criaie g argpcrg `g krahg|gk}giec `g sek |crk c zrizrgk rg|gqpk4 psppiagò ahc ls zsbbogakpi ìzi ok ahgsqsrk `cook ecvqocppcr ceprò k

lkr zkrpc `co esi|i boif%Fgkz kzzkrc ainc se boif koo‗k|kefskr`gk c/ eieiqpkepcqgk keairk `gllgagoc lkrc se aielriepi prk go qsi qsaacqqi c{scooi `cook qpirgak ecvqocppcr ahc oi hk zrcac`spi/ a‗è `kqainncppcrc ahc qkrê ge frkì `g rcfgqprkrc zrcqpi fog qpcqqgesncrg (ge pcrngeg `g |gqgpc c lcc`bkad' c `g qszcrkrogknzgkncepc% [scqpi keahc frk}gc koo‗kzcrpsrk `co boif |crqikoprg qiagko ecpvird {skog Pvgppcr c kEibgg/ c go akekoc Wispsbc

0< hppz=))vvv%vsngeflise`kpgie%ain)gpkogkei)Fgkz)fgkz2::7%hpn



6: AKZGPIOI QCAIE@I

`co aioocppg|i/ rkffgsefgbgoc `k se kzziqgpi bkeecr ziqpi qsook

hinc `co boif%

G ziqp zsbbogakpg qs Fgkz qiei rkffrszzkpg ge qzcaglgahcqc}gieg/ prk asg= ‟kzzsepg„/ ‟ogbrg„/ ‟eipg}gc„/ ‟zcrqiekffg„/‟zrcqc `g ziqg}giec„ c ‟prkeqnc`gk„% Kaakepi k {scqpc/ ahcqiei oc zrgeagzkog akpcfirgc `g rkffrszzkncepi pcnkpgai/ |g èi||gkncepc ok qc}giec ‟hinc„ ahc zcrncppc `g rkffgsefcrcqcnzrc ok zkfgek zrgeagzkoc aie o‗sopgni kffgirekncepi%Geioprc/ `kook zkfgek zrgeagzkoc `co boif è ziqqgbgocrkffgsefcrc g |krg ziqp krahg|gkpg ge bkqc ko ncqc `g zsbbogak}giec/ `ko zrgni ziqp `co ;1 kzrgoc 2:;:/ {skqg sek zrcqcepk}giec qippi lirnk `g |gfecppk/ `ko pgpioi Fgkz è nirpi% C||g|k Fgkz% Eie nkeakei zig oc zkrioc.ahgk|c `k asgrkffgsefcrc g |krg ziqp ge bkqc kooc pkf/ sek qc}giec aie g

ainncepg zg÷ rcacepg c g ainncepkpirg zg÷ kppg|g/ c



AKZGPIOI QCAIE@I 6;

i||gkncepc go boif rioo aie g oged `cg boif aieqgfogkpg/ prk asg g

lkniqg Akrngook/ Ogzzcrkpsrk c g[sge`gag06

% Go boif/ gelgec/ ègepcrkncepc aieqsopkbgoc ge ogefsk gefocqc%C zcr go aioocppg|i Vs Ngef/ zkocqcncepc ge aieprkqpi aie go

prk`g}giekoc qgqpcnk `cook asopsrk c `coo‗gelirnk}giec/ qirrcppi`k ‟acrpk zqcsì.argpgak ahc arc`c `g irgcepkrc go `gbkppgpiasopsrkoc„/ c `k sek ‟akqpk `g nc`gkpirg ge asg ngogpkei |crg c zrizrg ‘aippgngqpg‗ ̀ cook `cegfrk}giec„ (Vs Ngef 2::7b/ z% 2'/ ocargpgahc/ k |iopc keahc |giocepc/ ahc `k {scfog qpcqqg

‟nc`gkpirg„ zri|cefiei/ `g|cepkei {skqg nipg|i `g |kepi% Eie è se akqi ahc ko nkrfgec qgegqpri `cook zkfgek `g Fgkzrgqkopgei aie c|g`ce}k/ ainc qg lkrcbbc eco akqi `g osqgefhgcrgkzzrc}}kncepg `g argpgak `k kzzirrc qsook {skrpk `g aizcrpgek `gse ogbri/ g fgs`g}g cqzrcqqg qsg Vs Ngef `k koaseg lkniqg{sipg`gkeg c zcrgi`gag gpkogkeg% Ainc zcr cqcnzgi= ‟G Vs Ngefqpkeei aie Ko.[kg`k/ go asg ibgcppg|i qgkni eig c lk `g Hgpocr se `gocppkepc% Lkpc qcepgrc ok |iqprk |iac/ g |iqprg |koirg% C/ qcarc`cpc/ nke`kpcog kllkeasoi„% Prkppi `k ¤Go @incegakoc´/ `gasg qg qzcaglgak= ‟fgirekoc lie`kpi `k Nkracooi `coo‗Sprg„%

Fgkz |gcec kffgirekpi aie ok lrc{sce}k `g agrak se ziqpifeg 3 fgireg= `g ifeg kffgirekncepi g ocppirg rgac|iei eipg}gk|gk cnkgo (nkepceceì ge {scqpi akqi sek acrpk aiepgesgpê aieok ecvqocppcr' i zcr nc}}i `cg lcc` rqq% Rcokpg|kncepc ko pgzi`g krfincepi prkppkpi ecg ziqp/ go esncri `cg ainncepg |krgk

eipc|ioncepc4 aieqg`crkeì g ziqp zsbbogakpg eco ncqc `gippibrc 2:;: g ainncepg |keei `kg ;21 zcr Oc bcqpgc `cookQcrbgk/ lkoqi c|cepi/ ziqp `c`gakpi kfog qaieprg k||cespg`srkepc ok zkrpgpk Gpkogk.Qcrbgk `co ;2 ippibrc/ c g ;32 zcr G ngekpirg `g Qke Miqç c ok lgapgie gqpkepkeck/ qsookqzcppkaiokrg}}k}giec nc`gkpgak `cook ogbcrk}giec `cg prcepkprçngekpirg agoceg/ kfog ippi `g Ok `ck aiozgqac keairk/ qs sekrcaceqgiec `g Aoks`gi Kepiegi Pcqpg rcokpg|k k se qkffgi `g

06 hppz=))vvv%g{sge`gag%irf)ecvq%zhz



62 AKZGPIOI QCAIE@I

Vs Ngef 0/ c kg {skppir`gag `g Sek rg|ios}giec% Nkincppi/ ok

zicqgk/ ok `gllcrce}k c go zipcrc ahc aiqpgpsgqac sek rcaceqgiec`g Vs Ngef 0 ko ogbri Go ncqqkffcri `g Kbìokh Dk`cr% Hi zrcqi ainc cqcnzg {skppri ziqp niopi `g|crqg prk oiri= g zrgng`sc ‑ qsook zkrpgpk Gpkogk.Qcrbgk c qsook ogbcrk}giec `cg ngekpirg ‑ qprcppkncepc ocfkpg kook ariekak c koo‗kppskogpê c ahc hkeeigepcrcqqkpi zcr niopg fgireg boif c nc`gk ge fcecrkoc/ c fog koprg ‑ qiqpke}gkoncepc rcokpg|g k `sc rcaceqgieg ‑ `g knbgpiqkffgqpgai.ocppcrkrgi% Qg zsò rgpcecrc lgqgioifgai ahc kbbgkei

kppgrkpi zg÷ kppce}giec (qc |kospgkni go esncri `g ainncepg gepcrngeg `g kppce}giec' g ziqp rcokpg|g k pcng kppskog/ rgqzcppi kfogkoprg `c`gakpg k pcng zg÷ iqpgag zcr ok nkffgirke}k `cg|gqgpkpirg= ge {scqpi akqi Fgkz qg ainzirpk ko qsi gepcreiainc zg÷ ge fcecrkoc ok boifiqlcrk (qgngoc k sek zgrkng`c'qcaieì {skepi pcirg}}kpi `k Frkegcrg (2::3' c `g asg qg è zkrokpi ecooc zkfgec zrcac`cepg%

Ok osefhc}}k nc`gk `cg ziqp `g Fgkz è `g agrak <%::: bkppspc/ akrkppcrgqpgak {scqpk ahc kaainsek ok ocppsrk `cgaiepcespg `g Fgkz kook ocppsrk qkffgqpgak/ lkppk `g pcqpg zg÷ incei osefhg/ c kppg k` kzzrilie`grc/ zg÷ i ncei`cppkfogkpkncepc/ se krfincepi qzcaglgai% Zg÷ ge fcecrkoc/ qc|iocqqgni ‟cpgahcppkrc„ g aiepcespg `co boif ge {scqpgiec/eipcrcnni ahc/ zcr {skepi oc pcnkpgahc prkppkpc qgkei niopicpcrifcecc/ ok nkffgir zkrpc `cg ziqp zrcqcepk se pkfogi

qkffgqpgai.ocppcrkrgi%Keahc ok`ì|c o‗krfincepi qcnbrk cqqcrc `g ariekak ckppskogpê/ ainc eco akqi `cg zrgng `sc ziqp ahc hi agpkpi/ goaiepcespi cqsok `ko pcnk `g zkrpce}k zcr `gzkekrqg gerglocqqgieg zg÷ knzgc= eco akqi `co ziqp qsook ogbcrk}giec `cgprcepkprç ngekpirg qg rglocppc qsook qzcppkaiokrg}}k}giec `cfogc|cepg c qs ainc oc pcocakncrc rgcqakei ‟k ni`glgakrcekrrkpg|kncepc oi q|iofcrqg `cfog c|cepg„/ zcr krrg|krc k

rkfgiekrc qsooc geqpkep lgapgie c zkrkfiekrc ok rgqkogpk `cg



AKZGPIOI QCAIE@I 61

ngekpirg koo‗sqagpk `cg aieairrcepg `kook akqk `co Frke`c

Lrkpcooi/ c qsooc ecsriqagce}c ahc ‟hkeei `gniqprkpi ahc goeiqpri acr|cooi gepcrzrcpk ok rckopê kpprk|crqi qahcng ekrrkpg|g„(go ahc ibbogfk k rkaaiepkrc ok rckopê aieecppceìok ge sekprknk segpkrgk'4 qiqpceceì gelgec ok ecacqqgpê `g qkzcr `gqpgefscrc oc bsiec qpirgc `k {scooc ‟k||cocekpc„/ caieaos`ceì aie go fgs`g}gi ecfkpg|i qsooc gqpkep lgapgie ahc/aie ok zrcpcqk `g rkaaiepkrc g lkppg {skqg ge `grcppk/ c qce}k se`gqpkaai pcnzirkoc k`cfskpi (go ‟lrkppcnzi„'/ ‟zrg|kei go

ekrrkpirc `g {sco `gqpkaai `kfog c|cepg ahc qcr|c k ncppcrog ge zriqzcppg|k/ agiè k irgcepkrog |crqi go zsepi `g lsfk `co lspsri„%Koo‗geag`cepc akzgpkpi kg prcepkprç ngekpirg c kooc ni`kogpê`cook ogbcrk}giec eie qg kaaceek ecnncei/ zcrahç kg VsNgef eie gepcrcqqk|k qzgcfkrc ariekahgqpgakncepc fog c|cepg‟kppskog„/ nk ke`krc ioprc%

È gepcrcqqkepc eipkrc ainc go aieacppi qpcqqi `g ‟kppskogpê„ zgkaagk ziai ko aioocppg|i4 ge se ziqp `co 22 ippibrc 2:;:/ Og|cge Zk|gk/ 2:;: (zrcac`spi `k koasec eipc qso ‟lrkppcnzi„'/rcokpg|i k se geaiepri qso ogbri Ecv Gpkogke Czga pcespiqg kZk|gk/ qg ocffc=

Kbbgkni zkrokpi zg÷ |iopc/ {sg qs Fgkz/ `cook ecacqqgpê `g se‟lrkppcnzi„/ se pcnzi eiqpri/ qlkqkpi c kspieini rgqzcppi koockffrcqqgieg `cook ariekak/ `coo‗izgegiegqni/ `cooc qpirgc piqqgahc/ `cooc|ifhc asopsrkog% Se pcnzi eie keqgifcei/ ahc kaaiofk ge qç c rkoocepg

zrcqqgieg c qioocagpk}gieg/ c ec qnir}g o‗gnzcpi zcr rgcokbirkroc (VsNgef 2:;:'%

Lkrqg pcepkrc `koo‗kppskogpê c `kook ariekak/ qlrsppkeì/ainncepkeì c fgs`gakeì lkppg kzzcek kaak`spg |sio `grc zcr g Vs Ngef/ ahc rgzrceìei Kokge Bk`gis/ ainzirpkrqg ainc gopizi ‟ahc hk bgqifei `g zrcagzgpkrqg ecook pcnzirkogpê ahc fog|gcec illcrpk/ qce}k cqqcrc kllkppi ge frkì `g qpkbgogrc sek

`srkpk zrizrgk„% Zcr asg pizg qiei keahc g psppioifg zriepg k



60 AKZGPIOI QCAIE@I

`krc izgegieg qs ifeg krfincepi/ c fog ‟kppg|gqpg `k aogad ahc

kzriei frszzg qs Lkacbiid qs {skose{sc aiqk kaak`k„% Piziè geqinnk ‟ahg eie qg zrce`c go pcnzi `g cokbirkrc crglocppcrc„/ ge rk`gi ainc ge pcoc|gqgiec/ qs Lkacbiid ainc qso zrizrgi boif%

Ok ‟pcepk}giec.pizi„ qg zrcqcepk psppg g fgireg/ {skeì hkg se boif niopiqcfsgpi% Kook |gfgogk `g ifeg ziqp ahc eie qgk ‟`g kppskogpê„ (k zceqkrag

bcec/ ahc cqzrcqqgiec geqceqkpk+'/ eig ag ahgc`gkni= ‟Nk ziqqgkni`k||cri eie zkrokrc `cook pko koprk aiqk9„/ izzsrc= ‟Ahc gnzrcqqgiec

`gkni qc/ nceprc qsaac`c ok aiqk X c psppg qc ec iaaszkei/ eig zsbbogahgkni se ziqp qs pspp‗kopri9„ (Gb%'%

C zkrkfiekeìqg k Lsrgi Mcqg ahc zrizrgi go fgirei zrgnk`cook qprkfc `g Zgk}}k Liepkek `gahgkrk|k aieaosqk ok qpcqsrk `gQzkrpkdsq% Qgnbioifgk `cook rg|iopk/ c ahc {sge`g zrizrgi ‟ecgncqg ge asg {skoasei zrczkrk|k ok Qprkpcfgk `cook pceqgiec/ qggepcrrifk|k k lieì qsook rg|iopk qzkrpkahgqpk„/ g Vs Ngeffgsqpglgakei ok qacopk `g c|gpkrc o‗kppskogpê zcr `c`gakrqg k` kopri=ainc go ok|iri `g Mcqg eie zcr`c gnzirpke}k koo‗geìnkeg `cookqprkfc `g Zgk}}k Liepkek/ nk ke}g zsò krrgaahgrqg aie esi|caieeipk}gieg kzzirpkpc ko pcqpi/ aiqï g ziqp `co boif ziqqieiprkppkrc krfincepg `g|crqg aie ok aie|ge}giec ahc cqqg eie`g|cepcrkeei ncei gnzirpkepg qioi zcrahç ‟eie `g kppskogpê„4 `g zg÷= ge agò ahc kaak`c gepirei qg zsò pri|krc oi qpgnioi zcr

`gqaspcrc `g {skoaiqk ahc kzzkrcepcncepc è qaieecqqi aie okrckopê/ nk ahc k bce |c`crc `cook qpcqqk rckopê zsò lkr zkrpc%Fgsqpglgakeì ok qacopk `g pirekrc qs Ecv Gpkogke Czga nceprco‗Gpkogk c o‗Csrizk kpprk|crqkei se zcrgiì niopi ainzogakpi/ gVs Ngef kllcrnkei=

Qg zsò `krc o‗id k se ziqp fgê zriepi qsooi qzcaglgai.zicpgai.pcaegai.ocppcrkrgi `co eiqpri ok|iri… Nceprc gepirei o‗Csrizk rgbiooc9

Pcr}gfei/ ok Lrkeagk/ ok Frcagk/ go airpci `cook LGIN9… Qg zsò c qg`c|c/ qc arc`gkni ge {scooi ahc lkaagkni/ (…' qc |c`gkni ge agò ahc



AKZGPIOI QCAIE@I 63

kaak`c go rgpirei `cooi qpcqqi rgniqqi ahc cqzoirgkni ecg eiqprg ogbrg% Ecfog sopgng pcnzg kbbgkni zsbbogakpi niopg ziqp ‟ g̀ kppskogpê„% K |iopcok ariekak ag `ê o‗sopgnk qzgepk/ è zrcpcqpi `g gepsg}gieg liofirkepg% Ge segqpkepc zrce`c lirnk zsbbogakbgoc {sco aikacr|i `g zceqgcrg ahc fgêairrc|k {sg c oê zcr oc qgekzqg% Koprc |iopc o‗cokbirk}giec rgahgc`cpcnzi% Qc qgkni `k||cri `g lriepc k se c|cepi/ cqqi brgoocrê ge{skose{sc aiqk oi agraie`g% Go nincepi `g qarg|crec `grcppkncepcnkpsrcrê… eco lrkppcnzi (Gb%'%

[scqpc aieqg`crk}gieg qso aieacppi `g kppskogpê zcr go

aioocppg|i Vs Ngef / c qs ainc o‗kppskogpê qpcqqk |cefk (i eie|cefk' prkppkpk eco boif/ qiei ge`gakpg|c `coo‗gepcri ok|iriq|iopi `kfog kspirg/ `g ainc cqqg qg ziefkei rgqzcppi kookqiagcpê (eie qioi gpkogkek' c `g ainc kllriepgei oc rglocqqgiegahc ok rgfskr`kei gepcrzrcpkeìec aknbgkncepg c lceinceg% Clirqc/ nceprc acrahgkni `g |kospkrc/ c zcr acrpg |crqgfgsqpglgakrc/ o‗gnzirpke}k `k `krc kook asopsrk c kookaieiqace}k prkqncqqc `kg boif ainc Fgkz/ ag rce`gkni aiepi

ahc o‗kekogqg `g lceinceg esi|g/ ekpg `kooc esi|c pcaeioifgc c`ko vcb 2%: ecooi qzcaglgai/ rgahgc`c esi|c ncpiìoifgc `gge`kfgec/ c qzcqqi esi|c pcrngeioifgc c se esi|i ocqqgai zcr `cqarg|crec g rgqsopkpg%

Ahg liqqc kbgpskpi k zceqkrc c k |kospkrc se zriìppiasopsrkoc ge bkqc koo‗ks`gceac/ c kook ziziokrgpê c koo‗kppskogpê`cg pcng ge cqqi prkppkpg/ eie akzgrcbbc lirqc o‗kzzkrcepcgekppskogpê `cg ziqp zsbbogakpg qs Fgkz/ i fgs`gahcrcbbc okqacopk ainc kspiocqgiegqpk `k se okpi/ c` cogpkrgk c |iospkncepcgnziziokrc `k se kopri% Nk sei `cg frke`g ncrgpg `cook boifiqlcrk è zrizrgi {scooi `g `krc ‟`cniarkpgakncepc„qzk}gi k psppi/ c k psppg/ qce}k ahc se krfincepi prkppkpi zrc|kofk qs se kopri/ qce}k agiè ahc/ ainc k||gcec ecoprk`g}giekoc qgqpcnk `cg nc`gk/ {scooi pcoc|gqg|i qizrkppsppi/o‗kppskogpê ziqqk akeegbkog}}krc pcng zg÷ knzg/ i ahc ok

ariekak ziqqk ge|k`crc oi qzk}gi `k `c`gakrc k rglocqqgieg zg÷



6< AKZGPIOI QCAIE@I

zrilie`c/ c ahc rgahgcìei se `cpcrngekpi okqqi `g pcnzi/ i go

‟lrkppcnzi„/ ecacqqkrgi zcr ok oiri cokbirk}giec% [sco‟lrkppcnzi„ ahc/ {skqg zkrkìqqkoncepc/ qcnbrk cqqcrcrcaszcrkbgoc zrizrgi ecg boif c zg÷ ge fcecrkoc ecook rcpc/qzcqqi k``gpkpg ainc ok aksqk `coo‗cqprcnk |coiag}}k}giec `coqkzcrc/ c `cook aieqcfscepc brc|c rcngegqace}k `g agò ahc qgkzzrce`c%

2%1 Ek}giec Ge`gkek% Go zrifcppi asopsrkoc `k Qarg|crc qsolriepc iaag`cepkoc kook aiookek Nsrcec

Ek}giec Ge`gkek08 è go zrifcppi `g se frszzi `g qargppirg cgepcoocppskog lkacepg zkrpc `coo‗ Kqqiagk}giec Asopsrkoc Nkspk/aiqpgpsgpkqg koo‗geìnkeg `cfog kppcepkpg `g Ecv Wird cVkqhgefpie `coo‗;; qcppcnbrc 2::;% Go frszzi qg rgseï zrizrgi zcr `gqaspcrc `g qargppsrk ‟ge pcnzi `g fscrrk„/ i||cri `g {skogaieqcfsce}c k|rcbbc qsbgpi ok asopsrk/ c ok qargppsrk ecooiqzcaglgai/ ìzi g frk|g lkppg aie asg qg kzrg|k go esi|ingooceegi% Zrinipirc `coo‗geg}gkpg|k ls Kepiegi Nircqai/ ahceco qcppcnbrc 2::; ainsegaò oc qsc gepce}gieg k `g|crqggepcoocppskog aie sek ocppcrk07 ahc/ qc rgocppk iffg/ k {skqg ;:keeg `g `gqpke}k/ kqqsnc ok zirpkpk `g se |cri c zrizrgiìasncepi zrifrknnkpgai c/ zcr acrpg |crqg/ `g se nkeglcqpi

ocppcrkrgi% Ecoo‗kzzcooi/ aie asg Nircqai qg rg|iofc k qargppirg cgepcoocppskog zcr ge|gpkrog k zrce`crc zkrpc ko zrifcppi/ qg ocffc=

Ag gepcrcqqk se geaiepri/ rckoc c qce}k acrgniegc/ `g ziqg}gieg c `grglocqqgieg/ ge asg agkqasei zirpg ok qsk snkegpê/ `g|crqgpê/ qceqgbgogpê cogbcrpê/ zcrahç ng qcnbrk ahc niopc aieqscps`geg ncepkog ahc hkeei

08 hppz=))vvv%ek}giecge`gkek%ain)

07 Go pcqpi `cook ocppcrk è aieqsopkbgoc koo‗ge`grg}}ihppz=))vvv%ek}giecge`gkek%ain)2::1):1):;)qarg|crc.qso.lriepc.iaag`cepkoc)



AKZGPIOI QCAIE@I 66

ìngekpi ok |gpk asopsrkoc `cfog sopgng `caceeg qg rg|cogei qcnzrc zg÷geqiqpcegbgog qc eie frippcqahc

‟Aieqscps`geg ncepkog„/ ahc go ekqacepc frszzi `g Ek}giec Ge`gkek è ahgknkpi k qniepkrc izzieceìqg {sge`g k {skepgqiqpcefiei

ahc ok qpirgk è lgegpk4 ahc o‗kppg|gpê snkek ge fcecrkoc c {scook asopsrkoc/krpgqpgak c qzgrgpskoc ge zkrpgaiokrc/ ziqqiei q|iofcrqg irnkg qioikoo‗gepcrei `g fgiahg ahgsqg/ pcrngekog/ `cepri seg|crqg asopsrkog ahgsqg

ahc eie aiepcnzokei zg÷ ok ziqqgbgogpê `coo‗gnzrc|gqpi4 ahc qg zsò qioirgagaokrc/ ainbgekrc c rg|gqgpkrc nkpcrgkog asopsrkog irnkg gecrpg cai`glgakpg ge se nkogeaiegai fgiai `g qzcaahg qce}k lgec4 ahc psppi ègepcrqaknbgkbgoc c `czipce}gkpi ecoo‗seg|crqi irg}}iepkoc `cook‟ainsegak}giec„ pipkoc c `cook rcpc%

@k {skepi `gqasqqi `srkepc o‗geaiepri aie|iakpi `kNircqai/ c `k psppg fog gepcr|cepg qsaacqqg|g `g ahg eie zkrpcagzòko `gbkppgpi/ zrcqc lirnk Qarg|crc qso Lriepc Iaag`cepkoc asrkpi`k Kepiegi Nircqai c @krgi \iopiogeg (2::2'4 ogbri `kookqargppsrk aioocppg|k/ c kepcqgfekei zcr acrpg |crqg `co boif ahcqkrcbbc ekpi o‗keei qsaacqqg|i/ ahc rgsqaï k qpgniokrc segepcrcqqkepc `gbkppgpi qsfog krfincepg prkppkpg3:% Go ogbri rkaaifogcgepcrcqqkepg zrcqc `g ziqg}giec rgqzcppi ko lspsri `cook ocppcrkpsrkìzi g lkppg `coo‗;; qcppcnbrc/ ahgc`ceìqg qc/ c ainc/aknbgcrkeei go ogefskffgi c ok qargppsrk/ c qc qgk fgsqpi

kqzcppkrqg {skoaiqk `kook ocppcrkpsrk qpcqqk/ {skqg kqqcfekeìocse ‟rsioi„ `k rgqzcppkrc ainc liqqc se‗gqpgps}giec%Kzzkrc gepcrcqqkepc ko zriziqgpi ocffcrc se zkqqkffgi

`coo‗gepcr|cepi `g Akrok Bcec`cppg/ Go zgcei4 o‗ksprgac/

3: Ec è se cqcnzgi go ogbri `g Fgsogk Gkees}}g O‗gelirnk}giec ocppcrkrgkeco vcb/ zsbbogakpi eco 2::7 zcr Bgbogie% O‗ksprgac/ zrizrgi k zkrpgrc`ko boif `g Ek}giec Ge`gkek c `kooc pcnkpgahc q|gqacrkpc eco ogbri `g

Nircqai c \iopiogeg/ kekog}}k koaseg `cg akqg zg÷ gnzirpkepg ge asg okocppcrkpsrk |gcec |cgaiokpk/ zriniqqk c `gqasqqk ge rcpc c ecg boif%



68 AKZGPIOI QCAIE@I

zrce`ceì zri|iakpirgkncepc qzsepi `k koasec

‟geqizzirpkbgog„ ìnke`c ziqpc `ko ¤Ecv Wird Pgncq´ c`kook rg|gqpk ¤Vrgpcrq´ ‑ ainc= ‟aiqk lkrkeei fog qargppirg ìzio‗;; qcppcnbrc9„/ i ‟|ig ahc qgcpc qargppirg zceqkpc ahcaknbgcrê {skoaiqk eco |iqpri niì `g qarg|crc/ eco |iqpriogefskffgi/ ecg |iqprg pcng9„ ‑ kllcrnk=

Qg gepcrrifkei fog qargppirg {skqg liqqcri sek akpcfirgk qzcagkog}}kpk/ainc oc ainzkfegc kqqgasrkpg|c (keahc oiri ìzi o‗;; qcppcnbrc

k|rkeei zsr ì|spi gepcrrifkrqg qs ainc rckfgrc ko ariooi `cooc oirik}gieg ge birqk'% [scooi ahc k nc rgzsfek `g zg÷ è {scqpk OcppcrkpsrkGqpgpsgpk/ zrkpgakpk c ocppk ainc sek qlcrk lse}giekoc `cook qiagcpê`gllcrce}gkpk% Ok ahgcqk zcr zrcfkrc/ go prgbsekoc zcr ok fgsqpg}gk/ oc srec

zcr go |ipi `cniarkpgai/ g |gookffg psrgqpgag zcr rgokqqkrqg% Aiqï okocppcrkpsrk (…' zceqkpk zcr lkrc bcec acrpc aiqc c qioi {scooc= qsqagpkrcgepcrzrcpk}gieg/ fgs`g}g `g |koirc/ `gqzspc `co fsqpi/ rgcnzgrc qpirgcocppcrkrgc/ nkzzc/ akeieg% Eie è lirqc {scqpi ahc ok rce`c gecrpc/ c{sge`g nirpk9 (Bcec`cppg 2::2/ z% ;1'

Oi qaizi `g Akrok Bcec`cppg è `g `gqaspcrc `g ocppcrkpsrk ge{skepi pkoc/ q|geaiokeìok `k {scg rsiog ahc crrieckncepc oc|cefiei kpprgbsgpg% Sek ocppcrkpsrk ahc eie `c|c qpkaakrqg`kook rckopê/ nk rcqpkrc qko`kncepc keairkpk k` cqqk zcr eieak`crc ecook prkzziok `cook rcpirgak% Rcpirgak ahc/ zrizrgiìzi g lkppg `coo‗;; qcppcnbrc/ è qngqsrkpkncepc ksncepkpkrce`ceì ‟lge}giec„ keahc ok qpirgk% Ge {scqpk prkzziok ag

qiei lgegpg qizrkppsppi g fgirekogqpg/ ahc ziahg fgireg ìzi fogkppcepkpg fgê zrcqcepk|kei fog c|cepg zrigcppkpg ge k|kepg/rkaaiepkeìog ‟`ko lspsri„/ rce`ceìog fgê qpirgk zcr `gniqprkrc `g cqqcrc cqqg qpcqqg zripkfiegqpg `cook qpirgk% Ec èse cqcnzgi go lkppi ahc fgê qg zkrokqqc `g ‟Pcr}k FscrrkNie`gkoc„ zcr cpgahcppkrc go nincepi qpirgai ahc qg kzrg|kaie fog kppcepkpg `g Nkehkppke c Vkqhgefpie= izcrk}giec{scqpk aie asg `kook rckopê/ lkppk lge}giec/ ag qg qpk|k zrifrcqqg|kncepc kooiepkekeì%



AKZGPIOI QCAIE@I 67

Ok rckopê/ kllcrnk Akrok Bcec`cppg sqkeì oc zkrioc `g

Fk``k/ |k aiopk ainc ‟qcepgncepi `co ainzocqqi„/ c okocppcrkpsrk `c|c geaos`crc ‟go psppi„ `cook rckopê/ zcr eieprkqlirnkrqg ge lge}giec c ak`crc `g aieqcfsce}k ecooc nkfogc`cook rcpirgak%

Nk ok rckopê c go |gqqspi {sipg`gkei `cook qiagcpê aincqpgnioi c pcnkpgak qpcqqk `cook ocppcrkpsrk ziqqiei eie bkqpkrc%Pg}gkei Qakrzk/ eco qsi qkffgi Agraiokrc qcfrcpgqqgnk `k`gllie`crc `g ekqaiqpi lrk fog kspirg `g lge}giec / keah‗cqqi

rkaaiopi eco ogbri asrkpi `k Nircqai c \iopiogeg/ qiqpgcec ahc‟eig qargppirg eie rkzzrcqcepgkni ecqqsei„ nk qioi okqgefiokrgpê/ c agò è `gniqprkbgoc keahc `ko lkppi ahc `g ifegpcqpi oc zrgnc `sc zkrioc `cppc qiei go einc c go aifeinc`coo‗kspirc%

Qargppirg ainc rkzzrcqcepkepg `coo‗ge`g|g̀ skogpê `se{sc/ahgknkpg k `krc izgegieg c k ‟rckfgrc ko pcnk zriziqpi„%Qargppirg kg {skog/ ge {skepi gepcoocppskog/ |gcec aieacqqi niopiqzk}gi/ è |cri/ nk è zsr qcnzrc sei ‟qzk}gi `cook rck}giec„/ zcrahç {scooi `coo‗k}giec kzzkrpgcec ko zipcrc% Eie è se akqiahc/ qiqpgcec Qakrzk/ qgk go zipcrc qpcqqi k rgahgc`crc cqsqagpkrc rck}gieg kooc k}gieg/ ‟zsrahç go pcnk c oi qzk}gi `cookrck}giec qgkei sek ncqqgeqacek/ sek lge}giec„% C o‗cnbocnk`co aiepriooi `k zkrpc `co zipcrc/ ge {scqpi akqi ziogpgai/ qsooiqzk}gi `cook rck}giec è zrizrgi go qie`kffgi ahc `cpcrngek

qzcaglgahc ìnke`c k asg qg `ê sek acrpk ogbcrpê `g rgqzie`crc4nk ok rgqziqpk (rck}giec' qkrê fgiailir}k ogngpkpk ko pgzi `gìnke`k qacopk c qcoc}giekpk%

Prkppkrc c qarg|crc `g se `cpcrngekpi pcnk/ eco fgirekogqniainc ecook ocppcrkpsrk i ecook qkffgqpgak/ rgqahgk `g ak`crcecook qpcqqk prkzziok `cg qie`kffg ahc kzzkrcepcncepcokqagkei ok ogbcrpê `g rgqzie`crc c qahgcrkrqg/ nk ge rckopê/goosngekeì sek pcnkpgak/ ec okqagkei ge inbrk pkepc koprc% C

qc zcr Bcec`cppg bgqifek kooiepkekrqg `ko rgqahgi `cook



8: AKZGPIOI QCAIE@I

lge}giec/ zcr Qakrzk fog kspirg `g ekrrkpg|k qiei/ k pirpi i k

rkfgiec/ |crg c zrizrg ‟crifkpirg `g lge}giec„ zrizrgi zcrahçqarg|iei rkaaiepg k pcnk/ rgokqagkei gepcr|gqpc qs se pcnk cgepcr|cefiei k `gbkppgpg geaceprkpg qs se `cpcrngekpi pcnk%

Kfog qargppirg qg rgahgc`c k |krgi pgpioi `g rgqzie`crc kse‗cqgfce}k/ `g qi``gqlkrc `cooc kqzcppkpg|c=

Hi qcepgpi qzcqqi rg|iofcrc se kzzcooi kfog qargppirg gpkogkeg (…' Zri|ik coceakrc qinnkrgkncepc g aiepcespg `g {scqpi kzzcooi= ‟|ig qargppirg

gpkogkeg eie qkzcpc qarg|crc rinke}g/ ok ocppcrkpsrk gpkogkek hk go lgkpiairpi/ eie è kbgpskpk k ekrrkrc qpirgc `g knzgi rcqzgri% Qgkpcrkzzrcqcepkpg|g/ rkaaiepkpcag aiqk qsaac`c |crkncepc ge Gpkogk/ lrk oc

zgcfhc `cg ncqpgcrg qprkeg/ ecook pcqpk `cook fcepc/ zrclcrgbgoncepc lrk ocaokqqg qiagkog q|kepkffgkpc/ lrk oc zcrqiec eirnkog (…' Qgkpcagecnkpifrklgag/ koogeckpc oc zkrioc ainc lipifrknng c niepkpc oc lrkqgainc ge{sk`rkpsrc„ (Qakrzk 2::2/ z% 22'%

Ko`goê `cooc aieaosqgieg k asg Akrok Bcec`cppg/ Pg}gkei

Qakrzk c fog koprg fgsefiei aie g oiri gepcr|cepg qs Qarg|crc qso lriepc iaag`cepkoc/ c aie ziqg}gieg k |iopc keahc`gqair`kepg/ hi rgzirpkpi {scqpg lrknncepg `co ogbri zcr c|g`ce}gkrc {skog liqqcri fog krfincepg prkppkpg `k {scofrszzi `g gepcoocppskog ahc koo‗geìnkeg `coo‗;; qcppcnbrc qgrgpri|kriei k `gqaspcrc `g ocppcrkpsrk/ c `g {skog liqqcri g zribocng ahc {scqp‗sopgnk k|rcbbc ì|spi kllriepkrc geGpkogk% C prk oc {scqpgieg `k kllriepkrc/ qcnzrc qcaieì

Qakrzk/ |g è keahc o‗cfcniegk asopsrkoc c ocppcrkrgk `conieì kefoiliei ge Gpkogk4 oi qargppirc qiqpgcec/ eco qsiqkffgi fgê agpkpi/ ahc iaairrcrcbbc rg`gnceqgiekrok c ‟lkrok`g|cepkrc sek prk oc pkepc asopsrc `co nieì„% @‗koprie`c g`gqahg gpkogkeg ecfog qpirc `g Ecv Wird |cefieige`gllcrcepcncepc cpgahcppkpg qippi ‟viro` nsqga„ geqgcnc kg`gqahg `g psppi go nieì/ c aiqï oc prk`s}gieg `g rinke}g

gpkogkeg ainzkgiei ‟qzkrqc ge nc}}i k {scooc gefocqg ckncrgakec c lrkeacqg c gqrkcogkec c airckec„ (G|g/ z% 27'%



AKZGPIOI QCAIE@I 8;

Sek ocppcrkpsrk/ `se{sc/ nkrfgekoc c zri|geagkoc zcr koaseg/

eie qsllgagcepcncepc |koirg}}kpk c aiopg|kpk `koo‗ge`sqprgkasopsrkoc zcr koprg4 `k asg ag qg kqzcppk ahgqqê {skoc qlir}i zcr cqqcrc ‟rkzzrcqcepkpg|k„ `cook qiagcpê/ c k asg qg ahgc`c `gaielirnkrqg/ eco ogefskffgi c ecooi qpgoc/ k` koprc lirnc `‗krpcainc go agecnk zcr pirekrc ge ksfc% È {scqpk ok lipifrklgk zrcqcepkpk/ k pirpi i k rkfgiec/ `kook argpgak qsooi qpkpi `g qkospc`cook ocppcrkpsrk koo‗geg}gi `co ngooceegi% C` è `k {scqpc zrcncqqc ahc zkrpc go ok|iri `g Ek}giec Ge`gkek/ ahc

kzzri`crê qso vcb aie se boif ahc ge ziahgqqgni pcnzi lkrê zkrokrc `g qç zrcqcepke`iqg kg qsig spcepg.ocppirg `k se okpiainc esi|k lirnk `g argpgak ocppcrkrgk kaacqqgbgoc k psppg/ c`koo‗kopri ainc |cri c zrizrgi |g|kgi asopsrkoc ahc cqkngek c|cgaiok ocppcrkpsrk/ zicqgk/ qkffgqpgak c gelirnk}giec asopsrkocpisp aisrp / qcnzrc kook rgacrak `g esi|g lceinceg asopsrkog cesi|g pkocepg k asg `kr |iac%

@co boif zkrocrò zg÷ knzgkncepc eco zriqqgni zkrkfrkli/nk è lie`kncepkoc ge{sk`rkrc qsbgpi ok zcrnkece}k ge rcpc `co boif ge {scqpg keeg ainc sek qirpk `g lgoi riqqi/ ahc |k `kooc bkppspc geg}gkog `co ok|iri `co frszzi c oc rglocqqgieg ekpc`koo‗geaiepri aie|iakpi `k Kepiegi Nircqai/ kook zrgnkgeg}gkpg|k c`gpirgkoc `g Ek}giec Ge`gkek= ok aiookek akrpkack Nsrcec%

O‗knbg}giqi zrifcppi `g Nsrcec è ekpi eco 2:;: aie

o‗gepcepi `g zrizirrc pcqpg/ ge ogefsk gpkogkek c qprkegcrk/ eie`gllsqg/ c aie ziahc qzcrke}c `g cqqcroi/ zrcqqi g ocppirg gpkogkeg%Qg prkppk `g prc zsbbogak}gieg keeskog ge lirnkpi akrpkaci/kspilgeke}gkpc c qiqpcespc cqaosqg|kncepc aie fog kbbiekncepg(|cepg csri keesg' `cg ocppirg% Ecooc gepce}gieg `cook rc`k}giec gpcqpg `g|cepcrkeei kzzcpgbgog keahc k bgbogilgog c aiooc}giegqpg/|gqpk ok pgrkpsrk cqprcnkncepc ogngpkpk%

Ok aiookek hk se se aingpkpi `g rc`k}giec lirnkpi `k

Ke`rck Gefocqc/ @incegai Zgepi/ Ke`rck Rkiq c Nkqqgni



AKZGPIOI QCAIE@I 81

Go pkrfcp `g rglcrgncepi geg}gkoc `g Ek}giec Ge`gkek zcr ok

`gqprgbs}giec `cg esncrg `g Nsrcec è `gahgkrkpkncepc `g 2::ocppirg kbbiekpg4 go zrifcppi/ koncei ge {scqpk lkqc geg}gkoc/eie qcnbrk {sge`g lgekog}}kpi k se |cri c zrizrgi fsk`kfeink/ ainc qg c|geac `kook fgê agpkpk qc}giec `co qgpi `c`gakpkkook aiookek/ k rce`crc lrsgbgog `cpcrngekpg pcqpg pcepkeì/ `ko zsepi `g |gqpk qprcppkncepc caieingai/ qcnzogacncepc `grgceprkrc aie g aiqpg `g zri`s}giec=

o‗g`ck `g lieì `g Nsrcec è `g qkopkrc psppg g zkqqkffg gepcrnc`g prkkspirc c ocppirc (ge zkrpgaiokrc ok `gqprgbs}giec/ eipirgkncepcaiqpiqgqqgnk' (…' Kbbgkni akoaiokpi ahc 2:: kbbiekncepgì|rcbbcri zcrncppcrag `g ke`krc ge zkrg aie oc qzcqc |g|c `cook

zri`s}giec (oc segahc ahc kbbgkni `cagqi `g pcecrc ge aiepi'=gnzkfgek}giec/ qpknzk/ qzc`g}giec c qzcqc `g fcqpgiec `co qgqpcnkZkwZko% C aie {scqpg qio`g lgeke}gkrc g prc |iosng `co 2:;;% È sei `cgpcepkpg|g ziqqgbgog zcr sqagrc `kook zkos`c `coo‗cpcrei okncepi cqiqpcecrc ge niì kppg|i ok `gllsqgiec ngogpkepc `g pcqpg ahc iffg/ ge

Gpkogk/ qkrcbbc `gllgagoc ocffcrc kopri|c% Ge {scqpi qceqi/ Nsrcec è sekqlg`k kzcrpk koo‗gepcrk ainsegpê gepcoocppskoc gpkogkek4 keahc k rgair`krocahc cqgqpc/ i ziprcbbc%

È c|g`cepc ainc aie ok zri`s}giec c ok `gqprgbs}giec `g Nsrcec/ go frszzi `g Ek}giec Ge`gkek/ qczzsrc aie esncrgkeairk ziai qgfeglgakpg|g/ qg ziefk ge sek ziqg}giec kopcrekpg|krgqzcppi ko ncrakpi c`gpirgkoc gpkogkei/ zgsppiqpi pgngì ecg

aielriepg `cfog qzcrgncepkogqng/ ahgsqi rgqzcppi k `cpcrngekpcei|gpê (qzcagc qc qprkegcrc c ziai rc``gpg}gc'/ c ziai `gqziqpi k‟qie`krc ecooc zrilie`gpê„ zcr qaizrgrc esi|g pkocepg% Ogngpg{scqpg/ i||gkncepc ì|spg kooi qpkpi `g argqg `cooc pkepc zgaaiocc nc`gc akqc c`gprgag/ ahc fcecrkoncepc lie`kei ok zrizrgkkppg|gpê zrizrgi qsook rgacrak c qsoo‗geei|k}giec zcr ceprkrc geesi|c egaahgc `g ncrakpi%

Nk aie ok aiqg``cppk ‟`gllsqgiec ngogpkepc„ `cg pcqpg è zrizrgi ko zkeirknk asopsrkoc c gepcoocppskoc gpkogkei ahc



80 AKZGPIOI QCAIE@I

Ek}giec Ge`gkek gepce`c okeagkrc ok qlg`k4 se zkeirknk ahc/

ecooi qzcaglgai knbgpi ocppcrkrgi/ qg rgpri|k aie ok argpgak c okocppcrkpsrk `g|gqc ge qahcng aieprkzziqpg c qzcasokrg/ ainc‟`sc ziopriec ge sek qpke}k |sipk„4 nceprc/ ge rckopê/ qkrcbbcgo nincepi `g prkzkqqkrc qzcagkog}}k}gieg c rcagepg/ `g rgkzrgrc gfgiahg ahgsqg/ `g qakr`gekrc qahcng ncepkog aiooks`kpg„(Bcec`cppg 2::2/ z% ;2'%

Go ncrgpi `cg ncnbrg `g Ek}giec Ge`gkek/ ge {scqpi zrgnikeei `g kppg|gpê c`gpirgkoc `cook aiookek Nsrcec/ qpk zrizrgi

ecoo‗k|cr pcepkpi `g qlsnkrc go aielgec lrk argpgak c ocppcrkpsrk/pifogce`i k ceprknbc {sco rsioi kaak`cngai c‟gqpgps}giekog}}kpi„ ahc ippi keeg zrgnk `ceseagk|kei qsooc zkfgec `g Qarg|crc qso lriepc iaag`cepkoc% C g pcqpg `cook aiookekkzzcek `cqargppk/ qiei lirqc `cg bsieg cqcnzg `g sekocppcrkpsrk ahc cqac lgekoncepc `kook prgeack `cg fsqpg c `cfogqpgog `kpg zcr acrpg c gnnspkbgog/ c |gkffgk irk kllgkeakpk `k sekargpgak esi|k/ eie qiogzqgqpgak/ c qizrkppsppi `gekngak c `ko bkqqi% I||cri {scook ahc qg lk qprk`k prk g ziqp/ c g rcokpg|gainncepg/ `co boif `g Ek}giec Ge`gkek%

2%1%; Ok ekqagpk `g ek}giecge`gkek%ain

Go frszzi `g qargppirg c gepcoocppskog ahc qg lirnò `izio‗geaiepri aie|iakpi `k Kepiegi Nircqai/ c geg}gkoncepc eipiaie go qioi einc `g Kqqiagk}giec Asopsrkoc Nkspk/ lcac ok qsk

ainzkrqk qso vcb o‗; nkr}i 2::1 aie go boifek}giecge`gkek%ain% È k zkrpgrc `k {scqpk `kpk/ c aie se



AKZGPIOI QCAIE@I 83

zrgni ziqp lgrnkpi `kooi qpcqqi Nircqai/ ahc geg}gk k agraiokrc

go einc `g Ek}giec Ge`gkek/ aie go {skoc qg g`cepglgahcrê eieqioi go boif/ nk o‗gepcri frszzi `g qargppirg% Kqqiagk}giecAsopsrkoc Nkspk rcqpcrê ge sqi qizrkppsppi ainc eingekpg|iocfkoc= è aie {scqpi einc ahc qiei rcfgqprkpg g `grgppg `‗kspirc`cooc zsbbogak}gieg c oc rcqzieqkbgogpê rcokpg|c kg aiepcespg ckook fcqpgiec `co boif%

Go einc qacopi è cnbocnkpgai `cg zrgeagzg qpcqqg ahck|c|kei gqzgrkpi ok ekqagpk `co frszzi zrgnk/ c `co boif zig/

lrk go 2::2 c go 2::1= gepcoocppskog.boiffcr pcespg geqgcnc `k se zrifcppi ainsec/ nk aie g`cc c |c`spc `gllcrcepg prk oiri%Zrizrgi ainc fog ge`gkeg `‗Kncrgak= cqzrcqqgiec `g se zosrkogqni rgaahgqqgni asopsrkoncepc c kooi qpcqqi pcnziakrgai `g aieprk``g}gieg% @cppi ge ziahc rgfhc/ cqprkziokpc`kook qc}giec ‟Ahg qgkni„32 `co boif/ ls qacopi go einc Ek}giec ge`gkek

zcrahç ag zgkac|k o‗g`ck `g sek ek}giec ainziqpk `k niopg ziziog`g|crqg/ irfifogiqkncepc `g|crqg c irfifogiqkncepc ogbcrg `g ngfrkrckpprk|crqi oc oiri zrkpcrgc geprcaagkeì qaknbg c aielriepg/ c k |iopckeahc qaieprg%

Se boif aioocppg|i `se{sc/ zceqkpi ainc qzk}gi ogbcriì|c zcrncppcrc o‗geaiepri/ oi qaiepri/ nk keahc o‗geariagi cok aiepkngek}giec prk asopsrc/ ogefsc/ ogefskffg c qpgog `g|crqg%C go rgqaiepri zrkpgai `g {scqpk lgoiqilgk aie asg go frszzikzzri`k|k qso vcb/ oi qg rgpri|k ecoo‗kzcrpsrk `k qsbgpi`gniqprkpk `kg ncnbrg `co frszzi |crqi o‗cqpcrei/aige|iofceì koprc lgfsrc kzzkrpcecepg k nie`g `g|crqg `k{scooi `cook ocppcrkpsrk% Qcnzrc ge ‟Ahg qgkni„ qg ocffc=

k se zrgni frszzi `g qargppirg c pckprkepg ahc qg crkei geaieprkpg zcr seaie|cfei c se ogbri/ `ko pgpioi Qarg|crc qso lriepc iaag`cepkoc/ qg qiei

32 hppz=))vvv%ek}giecge`gkek%ain)ahg.qgkni)



8< AKZGPIOI QCAIE@I

zig kffgsepg keahc singeg `g agecnk c koprg% Nk eig |irrcnni ahcìnkeg ag liqqcri keahc nsqgagqpg/ qagce}gkpg/ zcrqiec ahc qg iaaszkei`cg zg÷ q|krgkpg knbgpg `co qkzcrc c `cook asopsrk/ c koprg keairk ahc eigiffg eie rgsqagkni eckeahc k gnnkfgekrc% Nceprc ok qgpsk}giec kppskocè ahc agkqasei |gcec rcocfkpi eco qsi rsioi c eco qsi aknzi c pri|ksei qzk}gi qioi qc kaacppk `g rgnkecrc aielgekpi cepri {scqpg ogngpg/`cocfkeì k qzcagkogqpg c nc`gkpirg go ainzgpi `g rkllgfsrkroi c `gaiooiakroi ge sek kzziqgpk egaahgk zrcir`gekpk/ ge se zgaaioi fgiaiahgsqi c ‑ k eig zkrc ‑ qce}k lspsri%

O‗knbg}giec `g ek}giecge`gkek%ain/ eie qce}k iqpkaiogainc |c`rcni/ crk c` è {scook `g zcrncppcrc g`ckoncepc kahgse{sc `g lkr zkrpc `co zrifcppi/ ge`gzce`cepcncepc `ko zrizrgi ‟rsioi„ i ‟aknzi„/ zcr aie{sgqpkrc sei ‟qzk}gi„cepri go {skoc cqzrgncrqg ogbcrkncepc qacfogceì krfincepg/fcecrg/ qpgog c ogefskffg ahc fog qiei zg÷ aiefcegkog4 i||cri zcrncppcrc k psppg `g zkrpcagzkrc kppg|kncepc kg ni|gncepgasopsrkog `cook rcpc% Qg iqqcr|k lkagoncepc {sg ok `gllcrce}k

qiqpke}gkoc lrk {scqpi pgzi `g boif/ pce`ce}gkoncepc kzcrpi kpsppg/ c Fgkz/ fcqpgpi segakncepc `kg 3 qargppirg lkacepg zkrpc`co aioocppg|i Vs Ngef Lise`kpgie%

Ek}giecge`gkek%ain è fcqpgpi `k se esncri kbbkqpke}kknzgi `g kspirg/ coceakpg ecook fgê agpkpk qc}giec ‟Ahg qgkni„`co boif% Ko nincepi lgfsrkei prk fog kspirg kppg|g `co boif|cepsei eing/ prk g zg÷ lkniqg `cg {skog keahc RibcrpiQk|gkei% Se kopri coceai ge|cac/ rgzirpkpi ecook nc`cqgnkqc}giec `co boif/ aiepk |cepgqcg eing `g kspirg ahc/ zcr rkfgieg`g|crqc/ hkeei kbbkeìekpi go zrifcppi `g Ek}giec Ge`gkek ceie ec lkeei zg÷ zkrpc4 prk {scqpg lgfsrkei keahc KepiegiNircqai/ @krgi \iopiogeg/ Pg}gkei Qakrzk/ Akrok Bcec`cppg/Rkso Niepkekrg c koprg= i||cri fog qpcqqg g`ckpirg `co zrifcppi caikspirg `g Qarg|crc qso lriepc iaag`cepkoc%

\c`rcni zg÷ k|kepg ainc qgk zrizrgi ok `gllcrce}k prk oc

ziqg}gieg `cg `g|crqg ncnbrg `g Ek}giec Ge`gkek k` k|cr



AKZGPIOI QCAIE@I 86

`cpcrngekpi ok lsirgsqagpk `ko frszzi `g koaseg kspirg/ ge

zkrpgaiokrc Nircqai%O‗kopi esncri `g asrkpirg zcrncppc se kffgirekncepiniopi lrc{scepc `g ek}giecge`gkek%ain/ aie sek nc`gk `gagrak `sc)prc ziqp fgirekogcrg/ zsbbogakpg `k kspirg `g|crqg% Eiecqqceìag sek |crk c zrizrgk rc`k}giec (koprk aiqk è okrc`k}giec `g Nsrcec' k `cppkrc ok ogeck c`gpirgkoc/ kfog kspirg è`kpk zgcek ogbcrpê `g zsbbogakrc aiepcespg qacfogceì {skockrfincepi prkppkrc/ qce}k koase |geaioi% Qcnzrc qs ‟Ahg

qgkni„ go lse}giekncepi `co boif |gcec qzgcfkpi aiqï=

Ek}giec Ge`gkek è se boif aioocppg|i% Agkqase aiookbirkpirc hk sekaacqqi zcrqiekoc ko qgpi ahc fog zcrncppc `g zsbbogakrc kspieinkncepcagò ahc |sioc/ qce}k zkqqkrc kpprk|crqi koase lgopri rc`k}giekoc c koasepgzi `g nc`gk}giec% O‗irfkeg}}k}giec `g Ek}giec Ge`gkek è `caceprkpk/irg}}iepkoc/ rg}inkpgak% Eie cqgqpc sek rc`k}giec aceprkoc/ eie ag qiei

ziqg}gieg sekegng/ nk qgefioc kspieingc ge`g|g`skog%

Ainc è i||gi/ agò ainzirpk sek acrpk cpcrifcecgpê `cgpcng prkppkpg= o‗kzzriaagi aknbgk `k se kspirc koo‗kopri/ oc ziqg}gieg `g|crfiei c qzcqqi oc aieprk``g}gieg cqzoiìei%Ocffceì o‗sopgni ziqp `g Kepiegi Nircqai `ko qgfeglgakpg|ipgpioi Ainngkpi/ qargppi go 26 nkffgi 2::3 zcr `krc eipg}gk`cook qsk |ioiepê `g sqagrc `ko zrifcppi/ rgqsopk ahgkri ainc/koncei `ko zsepi `g |gqpk `g Nircqai/ {scook ahc è ok

rgaahc}}k `co boif qg prkqlirng ge koaseg akqg ge se zribocnk=[skeì koaseg `g eig hkeei ncqqi ko nieì kpprk|crqi go nc}}i `cookrcpc {scqpk zgaaiok aiqk `gekngak/ arckpg|k c aiepriairrcepc eco

zkeirknk asopsrkoc `g {scqpg keeg c `cooc qsc qprsppsrc (…'% O‗g`ck crk`g lkrc {skoaiqk ahc qg nsi|cqqc ecook `gnceqgiec `co ainbkppgncepi c`co qifei/ agiè `g se ni|gncepi segai ahc pcecqqc ge`gqqiosbgoncepcsegpg `cepri `g qç qgk go aielogppi `cooc g`cc c o‗kqzgrk}giec koo‗kzcrpsrk`g qzk}g/ ahc o‗knirc zcr o‗iffcppi c ok aiqk ge qç/ qgk ok rcqzieqkbgogpê

gepcoocppskoc rk`gakoc ahc o‗geake`cqace}k/ o‗geprkeqgfce}k c o‗gepcfrgpêkrpgqpgak c `g aieiqace}k% K zkrioc qg crk psppg `‗kaairì% Nk {skeì



88 AKZGPIOI QCAIE@I

zig qg è prkppkpi `g prk`srrc oc gepce}gieg ge ainzirpkncepg aicrcepg(ainc è qsaacqqi ge iaakqgiec `coo‗geg}gkpg|k zsbbogak qs {scook ahckbbgkni ahgknkpi ‟Ok rcqpksrk}giec„' qiei cncrqc `gllcrce}c pkog ahceie qg zsò lkr lgepk `g eie |c`crc aiepgeskeì ainc qc egcepc liqqc%Agò ahc è k||cespi eie è sek qcnzogac `g|crqgpê `g izgegieg qs{skoaiqk `g nkrfgekoc/ nk sek qzkaakpsrk zrilie`k qs {skoaiqk `gqiqpke}gkoc ahc eie qg zsò gfeirkrc eç rgasagrc (…' (Nircqai 2::3b'%

O‗‟geg}gkpg|k zsbbogak„ `g asg zkrok Nircqai aieqgqpc ge segeaiepri.`gbkppgpi/ zrc|gqpi ge iaakqgiec `cook Lgcrk `co ogbri

`g Pirgei `co 2::3/ qsooi qpkpi `g qkospc `coo‗c`gpirgk c `cookasopsrk ge Gpkogk/ c ge |gqpk `co {skoc o‗kspirc k|c|k zsbbogakpise ziqp/ Ok rcqpksrk}giec (Nircqai 2::3k'/ zceqkpi ‟ainc seaieprgbspi geg}gkoc kook `gqasqqgiec„% Eco ziqp ge {scqpgiecNircqai `clgeg|k o‗cziak ge asg |g|gkni ainc se ‟zcrgiì `g zcqkepc rcqpksrk}giec„/ ge asg ifeg aknzi `cook |gpk/ `cookasopsrk/ c `coo‗irfkeg}}k}giec qiagkoc è ‟kooc zrcqc aiese‗gepiqqgak}giec„4 c qc k og|cooi caieingai/ ziogpgai/ qiagkocc rcogfgiqi niopg gepcoocppskog eie hkeei ecqqsek rcnirk k`ceseagkroi/ {skeì qg fskr`k ko zkeirknk asopsrkoc gpkogkeifog qpcqqg ziefiei ‟ngooc `gqpgefsi„%

Nircqai qg ìnke`k qc qgk fgsqpi/ i eie qgk zgsppiqpi `kaieprkqpkrc/ go lkppi ahc oc akqc c`gprgag/ zrciaaszkeìqg qioi`co esncri `g aizgc |ce`spc/ c {sge`g segakncepc `cg zrilgppg/rcocfhgei kg nkrfgeg `co qgqpcnk asopsrkoc ek}giekoc

`cpcrngekpg kspirg qioi zcrahç qg zrcqsnc ahc g oiri pcqpg eieqg |ce`crkeei/ i qg |ce`crkeei ziai%

Ecfog sopgng ncqg qg è q|goszzkpi se |g|kac `gbkppgpi/ qsg fgirekog/ kookrk`gi c ge rcpc/ qsooi qpkpi `coo‗c`gpirgk c qsooc qsc oifgahc/ ì|c zcrò qgè ngrkpi ge niopg akqg k qziqpkrc o‗kppce}giec qs koprg pcng (fcecrgocppcrkrg qï fcecrg ocppcrkrg ei/ ziziokrc qï ziziokrc ei/ `cqprk c qgegqprk/çogpc c nkqqc/ Frknqag caa…' pcepkeì `g gnbrgfogkrc go `gbkppgpi `cepri

zgaaioc frgfogc aiooks`kpc c lsir|gkepg% Zcr ekqaie`crc o‗kqzcppi

brsagkepc `cook `ceseagk c ok rk`gakogpê c snkegpê ahc ok nsi|c% (…' Qc



AKZGPIOI QCAIE@I 87

fskr`gkni ge`gcpri keahc qioi ko qcaioi kzzcek zkqqkpi/ ok qgpsk}giec èpkoc ahc {skqg psppg fog qargppirg zg÷ frke`g `co Ei|cacepi (Dkldk/Zrisqp/ Miwac/ Nsqgo/ Lksodecr/ Bcadcpp…' iffg eie |crrcbbcri zg÷

zsbbogakpg `kfog c`gpirg c `kg oiri lse}giekrg (ahc zsrc aiepgeskei k|ce`crog ecooc c`g}gieg caieingahc c k rgak|krec zrilgppi'% Zcr rkfgieg`g aizgc |ce`spc c `g pgrkpsrc/ zcr `cagqgieg caieingahc qszcrgirg ‑ |g`grkeei ‑ {skeì eie k``grgppsrk zcr se‗g`ck zgaaiok zgaaiok/ `szogakpkc zkri`gqpgak `g rckopê% I qkrcbbcri aiqprcppg ge }iec aiqï nkrfgekog ckqlgqqgkpc `k rgqsopkrc ge|gqgbgog c geizcrkepg ge nc}}i kook nkqqkakrpkack zinzkpk ahc qg nkefgk psppi (Nircqai 2::3k'%

Koaseg ‟ge`gkeg„/ aiqï gepkepi geg}gkei k cqqcrc ahgknkpg fogkspirg.boiffcr `g ek}giecge`gkek%ain/ rczogakei k Nircqaiainncepkeì go qsi ziqp/ i zsbbogakeì rgqziqpc kzcrpc qso boif% Zcr {skqg psppi go ncqc `g kzrgoc 2::3/ ok zkfgek okqagkqzk}gi ko bippk c rgqziqpk prk ahg ok zceqk ainc Nircqai (AkrokBcec`cppg c Pg}gkei Qakrzk zcr cqcnzgi kzziffgkei oc qsc ziqg}gieg' c ahg ge|cac eie ec aie`g|g`c go ‟zcqqgngqni„/ c

qizrkppsppi eie rgpgcec ahc ok zkrpgaiokrc qgpsk}giec `ceseagkpk`k Nircqai qgk rgqaieprkbgoc qioi ecfog sopgng keeg% Prk {scqpgsopgng qg qahgcrk Fgsqczzc Akogacpg/ ahc rgqzie`crê/ qgk `ko boif ahc `kooc zkfgec `g ¤Ogbcrk}giec´/ aie se krpgaioi `kopgpioi Ok qlg`k c go rgqakppi% Akogacpg aieair`k aie Nircqai qsolkppi ahc niopg `cg zg÷ frke`g qargppirg `co Ei|cacepi iffg geGpkogk eie pri|crcbbcri c`gpirg `gqziegbgog k zsbbogakrc g oiripcqpg/ nk rgpgcec ‟qcaiokrc„ ok nkrfgekogpê `cfog qargppirg/ c eie

aieqcfsce}k `cooc ocffg `g ncrakpi k asg qg zgcfk go qgqpcnkc`gpirgkoc% Ge se zkqqkffgi cqprkziokpi `ko ziqp ge {scqpgiecAkogacpg kllcrnk=

Gi arcì ahc ag qgk eco psi gepcr|cepi sek qirpk `g eiqpkofgk |crqi sersioi aceprkoc `cooi qargppirc c `coo‗gepcoocppskoc ahc eie arcì ag qgknkg qpkpi/ koncei eco rcacepc zkqqkpi% Eç lsirg `koo‗Gpkogk/ eç ‑ pkepincei ‑ ge Gpkogk% (…' Nk {sg arcì/ eie qg prkppk eç `g qlg`krqg eç

`g okncepkrqg/ nk `g kaacppkrc qcrcekncepc ‑ acrakeì keahc `grckfgrc/ acrpi/ è ksqzgakbgoc/ nk nkepceceì zcrò qcnzrc se osagì



7: AKZGPIOI QCAIE@I

qceqi `g rckopê ‑ se rsioi `g ‟nkrfgekogpê„ ahc ok ocppcrkpsrk econieì (c qizrkppsppi ge Gpkogk' hk `k koncei koaseg qcaiog% (…'[scqpi eie qgfeglgak ‟`gqgnzcfei„% [scqpi/ koncei zcr nc/ qkg ahceie qgfeglgak ahc sei qargppirc `cbbk zceqkrc qioi k qarg|crc g qsigogbrg c eie `cbbk zkrpcagzkrc k `gbkppgpg/ irfkeg}}krc aie|cfeg/qarg|crc krpgaiog/ aiookbirkrc aie |krg qcfncepg `co nieì c`gpirgkoc casopsrkoc% Nk k se ‟nieì zkrkoocoi ngfogirc„/ pg aielcqqi ahc qieiqpkeai `g zceqkrc%

Qcfsgrkeei koprc rgqziqpc/ aie ziqp ge asg go ogefskffgi

geg}gk k lkrqg keahc aioirgpi/ lgei kook rippsrk qcfekpk `ko fgêagpkpi ziqp aie asg Nircqai okqagk go frszzi4 k osg qgkffgsefiei Rkso Niepkekrg c Fgkeeg Bgie`gooi c koprg% Ge se ziqp/ `ko pgpioi Ge sqagpk/ keahc Pg}gkei Qakrzk ainsegak okqsk `cagqgiec `g kbbkeìekrc go zrifcppi4 c aie`g|g`ceì{skepi kllcrnkpi ge Ainngkpi `k Nircqai/ `gahgkrk=

Eco airqi `g {scqpg `sc keeg c `sc ncqg/ Ek}giec Ge`gkek hk cokbirkpi

niopc kekogqg/ |gqgieg/ zriziqpc% K {skoasei qiei qcnbrkpc se ziainkeahc|iog/ k` koprg prizzi kffscrrgpc% Nk ge ifeg akqi/ ng kqzcppk|iahc liqqcri iaakqgieg zcr lirnkrc se aikfsoi `g lir}c/ `cepri c lsirg `g{sg/ eie acrpi zcr arckrc koprc qczkrk}gieg c esi|c geainzrceqgieg(Qakrzk 2::3'%

G |krg ziqp ahc qg qsqqcfsiei/ aie asg |krg kspirgainsegakei `g eie lkrc zg÷ zkrpc `co frszzi/ okqagkei

gearc`sog g ocppirg ahc/ ecg |krg ainncepg/ ahgcìei oc aksqc `g{scqpc lsirgsqagpc c qg ìnke`kei qc qpgk zcr `gqprsffcrqgo‗gepcri zrifcppi% Ko ziqp `g Qakrzk se zrgni ocppirc/ aie piegkeahc kbbkqpke}k griegag/ qarg|c= ‟Bc‗/ qasqkpc/ ge|cac `gke`kr|cec aiqï kook qzgaagiokpk/ bceahç ge lgok rgfiriqkncepcge`gkek/ eie lkrcqpc zrgnk k `grag ahg rcqpk9„% Keahc Oirc`kekOgzzcrgeg/ kzzcek se‗irk ìzi ok zsbbogak}giec `co ziqp/ainncepk ok `cagqgiec ainsegakpk `k Qakrzk qarg|ceì=



AKZGPIOI QCAIE@I 7;

Agki Pg}gkei% [skoasei/ ziai lk/ eco ngi boif qg ahgc`c|k zcrahçk||gcec psppi {scqpi% Hi rgqziqpi ahc c|g`cepcncepc eie oi qi/ c zceqi`g eie |iocroi qkzcrc% Zcrò/ ag pcefi k lkrpg)|g qkzcrc sek aiqk= k|cpclkppi se ok|iri ceirnc/ qce}k go {skoc eie qg ziprcbbc zkrokrc/ iffg/ `grgekqagpk `cook `gqasqqgiec asopsrkoc qso vcb% Ge niopg ag ksfsrgkni ahcps/ Nircqai/ Bgie`gooi/ Niepkekrg ag rgzceqgkpc% Qc aiqï eie liqqc/ goqcaieì ksfsrgi è ainse{sc `g aiepgeskrc k pri|kr|g ge rcpc% Keah‗gi/ainc Fgsqczzc Fceek eco qsi ziqp `g iffg/ qiei aie|gepk ahc {scqpiqgk go osifi ì|c qg pri|k iffg ok rglocqqgiec c o‗geei|k}giec qsookasopsrk% Qzcri/ `g asirc/ ahc eie oi kbbkeìegkpc%

C ge cllcppg o‗kppg|gpê asopsrkoc ge rcpc `g Nircqai c Qakrzk/ainc `cfog qpcqqg \iopiogeg/ Bcec`cppg c koprg/ eie lgegqac aie oklsirgsqagpk `k Ek}giec Ge`gkek/ nk zriqcfsc aie ok rg|gqpkieogec c akrpkack ¤Go zrgni knirc´31/ lie`kpk `kooi qpcqqiNircqai c psppirk kppg|k c niopi qcfsgpk%

Eieiqpkepc fog cllcppg ecfkpg|g ahc zri|iaò ok lsirgsqagpk `k Ek}giec Ge`gkek `g koaseg ainziecepg `co frszzi/ ainc

o‗kbbkqqkncepi nincepkeci `co esncri `cfog spcepg.|gqgpkpirg`cook zkfgek/ ek}giecge`gkek%ain `gniqprò `g cqqcrc se |cri c zrizrgi |g|kgi `g asopsrc c ni|gncepg/ sek qirpk `g akepgcrckzcrpi `cook argpgak ocppcrkrgk c `cook `gqasqqgiec asopsrkoc|cgaiokpc |gk vcb% Go |coiac rgaknbgi `g esi|g boiffcr zriepg kpcecrc qcnzrc kppg|i go boif/ o‗kopi esncri `g aiookbirkpirg/ kasg acrpi eie nkeak|kei esi|c pcnkpgahc `k kllriepkrc c zrifcppg `k zirpkrc k|kepg/ zcrngqcri ko boif `g sqagrc `ko

zkepkei ge asg qg crk akaagkpi/ rgzrce`ceì zrcqpi {sipk crgaielcrnkeìqg prk g boif ocppcrkrg zg÷ aieqsopkpg ge rcpc%

Go zrifcppi `cook aiookek Nsrcec/ `g asg qg è zkrokpi eco zkrkfrkli zrcac`cepc/ qpk k `gniqprkrc ainc go frszzi ge{scqpg keeg qgk rgsqagpi k ok|irkrc ainzkppi/ qczzsr aie psppc oc`g|crqgpê `g ziqg}gieg prk g qsig ncnbrg/ c kooi qpcqqi pcnzi k`krc sek zgaaiok rgqziqpk kooc ìnke`c ziqpc `k Nircqai%

31 hppz=))vvv%gozrgniknirc%ain)ge`cx%zhz



72 AKZGPIOI QCAIE@I

2%1%2 @cqarg}giec `g ek}giecge`gkek%ain

Ok qprsppsrk `g ek}giecge`gkek%ain è niopi `gekngak cfrklgakncepc bce irfkeg}}kpk% Ecook hinc `cook zkfgek èrkaahgsqi psppi agò ahc iaairrc ko ocppirc zcr sek bsiekaieqsopk}giec= fog krahg|g `cg ziqp/ go akpkoifi `cooc zsbbogak}gieg/ go aioocfkncepi k Nsrcec/ oc akpcfirgc zg÷gnzirpkepg `cfog krfincepg prkppkpg/ g boif c g qgpg aieqgfogkpg zcr kzzrilie`grc `cpcrngekpc pcnkpgahc%

Go boif è krpgaiokpi ge qcppc qc}gieg ge asg qiei krahg|gkpg/

zcr pcnk c ge ir`gec arieioifgai/ psppg g ziqp zsbbogakpg ecfogkeeg% @g qcfsgpi rgzirpi oc qc}gieg akpkoifkpc qso boif/ crkffgsefgbgog `kook hinc `cook zkfgek=

Kookrng= srfce}c/ ge`gfek}gieg/ {scqpgieg frk|gAkrpc= qargppg fgê zsbbogakpg kopri|c i gepcr|cepg ocppg kaie|cfeg@gkrg= cqzcrgce}c/ ainncepg koo‗kppskogpê@gqzkprgi= zrgnc prk`s}gieg gpkogkec `g qargppirgqprkegcrgGeagqgieg= pcqpg rc`kppg zcr Ek}giec Ge`gkek c `g zkrpgaiokrc rgoc|ke}kNiqqc= zriziqpc/ zrifcppg/ qcfekok}gieg `g c|cepg\kqg ainsegakepg= aielriepg c aiepkfg/ qaielgekncepg`g aknzi

Qc oc qc}gieg ‟Akrpc„/ ‟@gqzkprgi„ c ‟Geagqgieg„ aiepcefiei ziqp zrcppkncepc `c`gakpg kook ocppcrkpsrk/ kook argpgak ocppcrkrgk ckook prk`s}giec `g `cpcrngekpg pcqpg/ i zg÷ fcecrgakncepckoo‗gelirnk}giec asopsrkoc/ oc rgnkecepg qc}gieg illriei seiqzkaakpi gepcrcqqkepc qsook |kqpgpê `cg pcng prkppkpg{sipg`gkekncepc `kfog kspirg.boiffcr/ qcfei ahcek}giecge`gkek%ain è niopi zg÷ `g se boif ocppcrkrgi%

G ziqp zsbbogakpg zrcqcepkei sek osefhc}}k nc`gk ainzrcqk



AKZGPIOI QCAIE@I 71

prk oc 3%::: c oc 8%::: bkppspc/ c ge frke zkrpc ko pcqpi

kllgkeakei koprc pgzioifgc `g aiepcespi/ ainc |g`ci c brkegnsqgakog/ nc`gkepc kzziqgpg oged ko akekoc `g Wispsbc i zcr nc}}i `g zikàkqp/ c gnnkfgeg%

Go esncri `cg ainncepg kg ziqp è zgsppiqpi bkqqiaieqg`crkeì ok `gllsqgiec c ok |gqgbgogpê `co boif% Iqqcr|keìg ziqp zsbbogakpg ecoo‗krai `g age{sc fgireg/ ok nkffgir zkrpc `gcqqg eie qszcrk g |cepg ainncepg/ c ziahgqqgng |keei ioprc gacepi% È ahgkri ahc se boif ainc ek}giecge`gkek%ain/ |gqpio‗kopi esncri `g ziqp zsbbogakpg/ rkrkncepc nkepgcec |g|ko‗kppce}giec qs se `cpcrngekpi aiepcespi zcr se osefi okqqi `gpcnzi= ok |coiagpê `‗kffgirekncepi `cook zkfgek aksqk zcr niopg ziqp sek zrcaiac zcr`gpk `g |gqgbgogpê/ `cpcrngekeìec{sge`g o‗ibqiocqace}k% Nk ok rkzg`gpê `g kffgirekncepi `cook zkfgek eie è ok qiok aksqk `co bkqqi esncri `g ainncepg kg

ziqp4 k` cqqk qg kffgsefc ok qzcaglgagpê pcnkpgak `g koaseg



70 AKZGPIOI QCAIE@I

aiepcespg ahc/ ainc iqqcr|kpi eco akqi `g Fgkz/ prkppkeì

zrc|kocepcncepc `g ocppcrkpsrk/ zicqgk c qkffgqpgak/ iainse{sc `g krfincepg `k ‟k``cppg kg ok|irg„ {skog o‗c`gpirgk cgo ncrakpi ogbrkrgi/ ziai qg zrcqpkei k geecqakrc osefhg`gbkppgpg prk g |gqgpkpirg)ocppirg `co boif% C/ ainc eco akqi `co ziqp `g Nircqai `g asg qg è zkrokpi ge zrcac`ce}k/ qzcqqi fogsegag ainncepkpirg qiei fog qpcqqg ncnbrg `g Ek}giec Ge`gkek%

Qg è fgê `cppi ahc o‗kopi esncri `g asrkpirg `cook zkfgek

zcrncppc sek acrpk cpcrifcecgpê `cg pcng prkppkpg/ lkaceì `gek}giecge`gkek%ain sei `cg boif zg÷ caocppgag zrcqcepg ge rcpc%Kekog}}keì g ziqp zsbbogakpg qg zsò ahgkrkncepc eipkrc aincgo boif rgcqak {skqg qcnzrc k` kllgkeakrc k ziqp zrcppkncepc`c`gakpg kook ocppcrkpsrk i kook argpgak ocppcrkrgk/ ziqp zg÷‟kppskog„ acrakeì `g aieaceprkrqg qsg zrgeagzkog lkppg `cook{sipg`gkegpê/ fgê eipg c knzgkncepc prkppkpg `kg |krg nc`gk/ ikeairk eie kbbkqpke}k aieiqagspg% Go ;3 ei|cnbrc 2:;: zcr cqcnzgi/ `cg {skppri ziqp zsbbogakpg `sc prkppkei `g ocppcrkpsrkc `g ogbrg ge sqagpk/ se pcr}i/ Gnzri||gqk}gieg `g Qgo|gk @cNkrah/ prkppk `g qargppsrk qzcrgncepkoc ge zriqk c o‗sopgni/ Sek zgaaiok eipg}gk `g|crqk `kooc koprc `g Ociekrì Zkongqkei/ qgiaaszk `g se akqi `g kppskogpê/ pkepi gnzirpkepc {skepi pkagspi`kg nc`gk prk`g}giekog= oi qagizcri `cook lknc `g sekfgirekogqpk zrcakrgk `co ¤Airrgcrc `cook qcrk´%

Ge se zkqqi cqprkziokpi `k Gnzri||gqk}gieg/ ziqp krahg|gkpige ‟@gkrg„30/ qg ocffc=

bsqqò kook zirpk c` go oszi ok lcac ceprkrc% qg kaaini`kriei ge seiqzgfioi `g sei qzk}gi ahc eie crk `g ecqqsei `cg `sc% osg ngqc oc nkegk|kepg= ¤Ahc zkeagk frke`c hkg+´% ¤Hi se ‟asirc |irkac„´ fog rgqziqcAkzzsaacppi \giok/ kzrceì oc |grfiocppc `g sek agpk}giec% go oszi qpk|k

zcr`ceì se zcoi ìzi o‗kopri c aie cqqg {skoahc zcqkepc}}k% ocg ogrkaaioqc k` sei k` sei c og ngqc eco lk}}iocppi (@c Nkrah 2:;:'%

30 hppz=))vvv%ek}giecge`gkek%ain)akpcfirgc)@gkrg)



AKZGPIOI QCAIE@I 73

O‗gepcri ziqp è qargppi ge {scqpi qpgoc= kzzkrcepcncepc qce}k

rgqzcppkrc ok zsepcffgkpsrk/ aielie`ceì knbgcepg c zcrqiekffg/ qlsnkeì go zsepi `g |gqpk `co ekrrkpirc/ cqi|rkzzieceì go nincepi `cook qargppsrk aie {scooi`coo‗knbgcepk}giec/ o‗kppi `cook ekrrk}giec aie ok ekrrk}giecqpcqqk=

caai/ crk se zsepi ge asg ok ekrrk}giec aingeagk|k k zcr`crc go qsirgpni= go qiogpi nieioifi gepcrgirc/ {skoahc `gfrcqqgiec ge `gqairqi

ge`grcppi ogbcri nk ok zsepcffgkpsrk eie crk asrkpk c oc aiepgescrcppglgahc k|c|kei cqksrgpi go bgkeahcppi% ziqqgbgoc ahc eie rgsqagqqc zg÷k akokrqg ge se `gkoifi9 go oszi keeseagò= ¤Pg okqagi go ziqpi´ zrgnk `goc|krc oc keairc (Gb%'%

I||cri se ziqp qsook zriqk arckpg|k/ qargppi ge zriqkarckpg|k% È {scqpi sei `cg ziqp ‟pgzgag„ `gek}giecge`gkek%ain/ aiqï ainc g pkepg `c`gakpg kook zicqgk/qargppg ge lirnk `g zicqgk c zsbbogakpg `grcppkncepc ge |crqg % Cqg prkppk ge fcecrc `g ziqp ge asg qg `ê aiepi `g ogbrg ge sqagpk/ i`g kepgagzk}gieg `g qzcrgncepk}gieg zicpgahc c ocppcrkrgc k asgse kspirc qpk ok|irkeì/ c ahc eie pri|crcbbcri lkagoncepcqzk}gi ko `g lsirg `g se boif ocppcrkrgi%

C ge se boif aiqï cpcrifceci/ kaakepi k se ziqp qsookqargppsrk arckpg|k i qsook ekrrkpg|k ge fcecrkoc/ {skoc Gnzri||gqk}gieg/ zsò pri|krc qzk}gi se ziqp ahc prkppk

pcnkpgahc `g zg÷ qprgefcepc kppskogpê ainc ok zrcakrgcpê `conieì `co ok|iri fgi|kegoc% Zkiok Akrsqi/ fgirekogqpklrccokeac/ geg}gò go ;1 ei|cnbrc sei qagizcri `cook lknc c`cook qcpc/ c ahc qg zriprkqqc zcr age{sc fgireg/ zcr `ceseagkrcok qsk zrcakrgk aie`g}giec `g ok|iri zrcqqi go ¤Airrgcrc `cookqcrk´= kqqse}giec aie aieprkppi ‟ai%ai%ai%„/ qcppc keeg `gaiookbirk}giec aie qpgzce`gi ngegni k pcnzi `cpcrngekpi/ crgaielcrnk qcnzrc zcr se nkqqgni `g ì`gag ncqg% Ok fgi|kec

lrccokeac eco nincepi ge asg/ ogbcrkpiqg se ziqpi okqagkpi



7< AKZGPIOI QCAIE@I

|kakepc `k se fgirekogqpk/ qg kqzcppk|k `g |c`crc lgekoncepc

aielcrnkpk ok qsk ziqg}giec/ c ippcecrc se aieprkppi zg÷qi``gqlkacepc/ qg |g`c ‟qak|koakpk„ `k se fgi|kec kzzcek`gzoinkpiqg kook Qasiok `g Fgirekogqni/ qcepceìqg `grc `kgaioocfhg ‟eie qkrkg nkg kqqsepk„%

Ge Sek zgaaiok eipg}gk `g|crqk `kooc koprc/ krahg|gkpi ge‟Kookrng„33/ o‗kspirc.boiffcr Ociekrì Zkongqkei eie `êqcnzogacncepc eipg}gk `cook aie`g}giec `g zrcakrgcpê `g ZkiokAkrsqi/ c `co aieqcfscepc qagizcri `cook lknc `cook qpcqqk/ nk

`ceseagk sek qirpk `g aielogppi `‗gepcrcqqc eco akqi qzcaglgai= zsò cqqcrc keairk kppce`gbgoc se {sipg`gkei ainc go ¤Airrgcrc`cook qcrk´ eco prkppkrc sek `cooc zribocnkpgahc zg÷ lirpg `cook|iri fgi|kegoc/ qc sek qsk rc`kpprgac è ge qagizcri `cook lknc zrizrgi zcr oc aie`g}gieg `g ok|iri k asg è aiqprcppk `ko{sipg`gkei qpcqqi9

Ok zrgnk ìnke`k ahc ng |gcec ge ncepc è ‟ainc `krcbbc {scqpk

eipg}gk go Airrgcrc `cook qcrk9„% Go zrcakrgi `g asg go fgirekoc ì|rcbbcrkaaiepkrc ok qpirgk ge {scqpi akqi ok|irk zcr go fgirekoc qpcqqi% Eie a‗è/{sge`g/ sek qirpk `g airpiagrasgpi prk ok ziqg}giec ahc go Airrgcrc kqqsnc`g qiogpi ecg aielriepg `g `cpcrngekpc {scqpgieg/ zrce`ceì ziqg}giec/ c gainzirpkncepg ahc oi qpcqqi {sipg`gkei kppsk ko zrizrgi gepcrei/ ecgrgfskr`g `cg zrizrg aiookbirkpirg9 (…' [skoc kspirc|ioc}}k zsò k|crc sefgirekogqpk `co Airrgcrc `cook qcrk eco `gqaspcrc `g zrcakrgkpi c `g ncrakpi`co ok|iri/ aie g pieg ahc kqqsnc `g qiogpi ge {scqpc agraiqpke}c/ {skeìsei `cg qsig aioocfhg è ge qagizcri `cook lknc zcr {scqpgieg rcokpg|c ko

qsi rkzzirpi aio fgirekoc9 (Zkongqkei 2:;:'%

Ok eipg}gk k|c|k geg}gkpi k agraiokrc oi qpcqqi ;1 ei|cnbrc/ zrgni fgirei `g qagizcri `cook lknc `cook fgi|kec lrcc okeac/ zrizrgi frk}gc ko boif3</ @gkrgi `g sei qagizcri/ kzcrpi `kookqpcqqk zcr qceqgbgog}}krc g ocppirg agrak ok qsk |gace`k4 c/ zrkpgakncepc gfeirkpk `kg nc`gk pcoc|gqg|g c qioi koaseg fgireg

33 hppz=))vvv%ek}giecge`gkek%ain)akpcfirgc)kookrng)3< hppz=))zkiokakrq%psnbor%ain)



78 AKZGPIOI QCAIE@I

c zcr oc qpcqqc zrciaaszk}gieg se kopri ge|iak o‗gqpgps}giec `g

se ‟qge`kakpi `cg zrcakrg„4 sek ainncepkprgac rkaaiepk ok zrizrgk cqzcrgce}k `g fgirekogqpk aiqprcppk/ k ioprc 3: keeg `gcpê/ k aknbgkrc agppê zcr eie cqqcrc ogace}gkpk/ c se koprikeairk rkfgiek qsook qacopk ‟kspiocqgiegqpk„ `g sek lirnk `g zripcqpk {skoc oi qagizcri `cook lknc/ pgzgak/ qcaieì goocppirc.ainncepkpirc/ `cooc qiagcpê kspirgpkrgc ‟ecooc {skogkoo‗ge g̀|g`si i keahc ko aioocppg|i è okqagkpk qioi ok ziqqgbgogpê `coo‗kspiocqgiegqni zcr rkzzrcqcepkrqg

qiagkoncepc„%Qs ek}giecge`gkek%ain a‗è qzk}gi zcr psppi c zcr psppg= ok

ocppcrkpsrk aie|g|c aie ok argpgak/ c` ceprknbc rgcqaiei kaie|g|crc aie ok ariekak c o‗kppskogpê4 qiei pkepg g akqg `gkppskogpê eie gfeirkpg `ko boif/ ahc keahc qippi {scqpi kqzcppinkeglcqpk sek acrpk `gllcrce}k aie Fgkz ahc/ ainc qg è |gqpi/rgqzcppi k c|cepg `g ariekak {sipg`gkek nkepgcec se acrpi`gqpkaai/ i ahc `cfog qpcqqg c|cepg qg qcr|c zcr q|goszzkrc`gqasqqgieg `g|crqc%

Ge niopg akqg ek}giecge`gkek%ain kzzkrc ainc se boifecacqqkrgi zcr o‗segagpê `g niopc `gqasqqgieg qakpsrgpc ko qsigepcrei= qiei se cqcnzgi g esncriqg ziqp qsook {scqpgiec‟zsbbogakrc zcr Nie`kìrg„ kzzkrqg ecoo‗cqpkpc 2:;:%

Ok `gqasqqgiec qs ek}giecge`gkek%ain zrce`c o‗k||gi `kse ziqp `co 22 kfiqpi . Gi kspirc Nie`kìrg c oi qake`koi k`

k}gce`kn (Nkeasqi 2:;:' . `g \gpi Nkeasqi/ kspirc `gesncriqg ogbrg zsbbogakpg zcr Nie`kìrg/ ahc/ agpkeì sekrpgaioi `g Nkqqgni Fgkeegeg qs ¤Ok Rczsbbogak´ (Fgkeegeg2:;:' agrak ok nkxg c|kqgiec lgqakoc `g Nie`kìrg/ c okaiqg``cppk ‟ocffc k` k}gce`kn„ (`carcpi ocffc 0: `co 23nkr}i 2:;:' aie asg go frszzi Nie`kìrg zipç |crqkrc kolgqai qioi 8/<ngogieg `g csri k lriepc `cg 13:ngogieg ì|spg/`gahgkrk `g eie qcepgrqg ‟k ziqpi aie ok aiqagce}k„

aiepgeskeì k qarg|crc zcr Nie`kìrg/ c `g eie |iocr



AKZGPIOI QCAIE@I 77

aieqcfekrc kook akqk c g̀prgac o‗sopgni ogbri ge lkqc `g

sopgnk}giec%Ge Zsbbogakrc zcr Nie`kìrg9/ ziqp ainzkrqi go 2qcppcnbrc 2:;:/ Ke`rck Airpcoocqqk/ rglcrceìqg ko zribocnk`g ‟aiqagce}k„ `g Nkeasqi eco aiepgeskrc k zsbbogakrc zcr Nie`kìrg/ kllcrnk=

@se{sc= ge inkffgi kg eie prkqasrkbgog c rgqzcppkbgogqqgng `cppkng `cookaiqagce}k ge`g|g`skoc/ qg qkarglgahcrcbbcri/ qï (c eibgoncepc/ acrpi'/ g

zrizrg gepcrcqqg zcrqiekog/ nk keahc (c zcr {sco ahc rgfskr`k eig ocppirgqizrkppsppi' fog gepcrcqqg `cook aioocppg|gpê= ;' zcrahç g ziogpgakncepc ckrpgqpgakncepc `gllirng |c`rcbbcri rgìppk ok zrizrgk agraiok}giec 2'

zcrahç/ `g aiepri/ g ziogpgakncepc c krpgqpgakncepc aielirng ok|c`rcbbcri kaarcqagspk 1' zcrahç ksncepcrcbbc sopcrgirncepc go|iosnc `g lsiai `cook zrizkfke`k bcrosqaiegkek (Airpcoocqqk 2:;:'%

Prkokqagkeì ok zsr kzzkqqgiekepc `gqasqqgiec/ c oc `g|crqcaieaosqgieg `cfog gepcoocppskog ahc |g zkrpcagzkriei zcr nc}}i

`cg |krg ziqp c ainncepg/ iaairrc qippiogeckrc ahc ls {scqpisei `cg nincepg ge asg go boif nkepceec zg÷ |g|k o‗kppce}giecqs `g qç/ krrg|keì k aiepkrc ioprc 2:: ainncepg ge akoac kg|krg ziqp4 go psppi zcr cqqcrc rgsqagpi k prkppkrc ge niì niopiainzocpi/ c qizrkppsppi zosrkoc/ sek `cogakpgqqgnk {scqpgiec{skoc go rkzzirpi prk gepcoocppskog `g qgegqprk c akqc c`gprgagkppskoncepc irgcepkpc k `cqprk/ c aige|iopc/ k pirpi i k rkfgiec/

ecoo‗keeiqk {scqpgiec `co aielogppi `‗gepcrcqqg `co zrcqg`cepc`co Aieqgfogi gpkogkei% Qcfsgrkeei sek qcrgc `g ziqpgnzirpkepgqqgng lgrnkpg `k Lrkeai Air`coog/ Hcocek Mkeca}cd/Qpclkei Zcpriaahg c koprg/ lgei k qziqpkrc ok `gqasqqgiec qsookakrpk qpknzkpk= qc ec iaaszkriei zcr fgireg/ niopc |iopc`keì |iac `grcppkncepc kfog kspirg `cg ziqp ge {scqpgiec/¤O‗Gepcrek}giekoc´/ ¤O‗Segpê´/ go ¤Airrgcrc `cook qcrk´/ ¤OkRczsbbogak´ c niopc koprc pcqpkpc/ qgpg c boif/ k zkrpgrc `k

Akrngook/ Fgkz c Ogzzcrkpsrk%



;:: AKZGPIOI QCAIE@I

Go boif eco akoì ncqc `g kfiqpi/ ahc è fcecrkoncepc se

zcrgiì {skqg `g ‟`gfgsei„ `coo‗gelirnk}giec zcr fog gpkogkeg/qg `gniqprò akzkac `g geecqakrc c kogncepkrc se kzzkqqgiekepc`gbkppgpi ahc ls ge frkì `g zriprkrqg zcr qcppgnkec/ sqaceì zrgnk `ko boif qpcqqi/ c ‟aiepkngekeì„ frke zkrpc `cook boifiqlcrk gpkogkek/ c zig `kook rcpc qpcqqk/ qpgniokeìgepcoocppskog c fgirekogqpg k zrce`crc ziqg}giec% Se nincepignzirpkepc zcr go boif `se{sc/ nk keahc se cqcnzgi `g`cniark}gk c zkrpcagzk}giec `ko bkqqi qs pcng fcecrkoncepc

kzzkeekffgi `g sek rgqprcppk acrahgk `g gepcoocppskog% C/qizrkppsppi/ o‗iaakqgiec `g se cqcnzokrc `gbkppgpignnkfgekbgoc qioi qs se boif= gqzgrkpi `k sek eipg}gk `gariekak fgs`g}gkrgk.caieingak/ zriqcfsgpi qs {scqpgieg cpgahcc ziogpgahc/ lgei k` kllriepkrc zribocng `g qpgoc ocppcrkrgi/ `gnieiziogi asopsrkoc c` caieingai `g frke`g frszzg c`gpirgkogk `keei `coo‗c`gpirgk ge`gzce`cepc/ c pkepc koprc {scqpgiegairrcokpc4 psppi agò qcfsceì oc ‟qgekzqg„/ c g niopczogagaioocfkncepg c zcrairqg/ ahc qioi ok rcpc c oc rcok}gieg prk fogspcepg.ocppirg.qargppirg/ rceìei ziqqgbgog%



AKZGPIOI PCR]I ;:;

Akzgpioi pcr}i

G qiagko ecpvird `c`gakpg kook ocppsrk

1%; Oc rcpg `cg ocppirg

O‗gelirnk}giec è `k qcnzrc se cocncepi gnzrcqage`gbgoc zcr go ncrakpi c/ zg÷ ge fcecrkoc/ zcr ok agraiok}giec c gonkepcegncepi `g bceg c qcr|g}g koo‗gepcrei `g sek qiagcpê=keahc go ngfogir zriìppi/ qc eie k`cfskpkncepc zsbbogag}}kpi/ `gllgagoncepc rkffgsefcrê go zsbbogai/ i se zrcagqi pkrfcp/ zcr asg è qpkpi zrifcppkpi%

[scqpi bkekoc/ {skepi lie`kncepkoc/ zrgeagzgi qg rg|cok zg÷i ncei |kogì zcr `g|crqg pgzg `g ncrag c ecg zg÷ q|krgkpgni`coog `g ncrakpi/ nk/ è c|g`cepc/ eco ncrakpi ogbrkrgi zrcqcepk zribocnkpgahc `g|crqc c/ ge se acrpi niì/ segahc% Ge zrgni osifi zcrahç/ `g|crqkncepc `k koprg bceg/ g ogbrg qg zrcqcepkei ainc iffcppg `gllgagoncepc {skoglgakbgog k zrgirg= qgka{sgqpk go ‟aiepcegpirc„/ nk qg è gepcrcqqkpg ko qsi‟aiepcespi„ ahc/ qioi qsaacqqg|kncepc/ ziprê cqqcrc |kospkpi ckzzrc}}kpi (@sbgeg 2::;/ zz% 36.<2'% Ge qcaieì osifi/ go

aiepcespi eie rkzzrcqcepk se |koirc iffcppg|i/ nkkqqiospkncepc qiffcppg|i c aieecqqi kooc cqzcrgce}c zcrqiekog/kg fsqpg c ko bkadfrise` asopsrkoc `co ocppirc.ka{sgrcepc% Gogbrg/ ogngpkeìag ko aieacppi fcecrgai `co pcrngec c eie`gqpgefsceì lrk ogbrg akrpkacg c` cocppriegag/ qiei iffcppgkzzkrcepcncepc psppg sfskog nk/ kooi qpcqqi pcnzi/ `g|crqg lrkoiri/ zcrahç ‟segag„/ ecg ncqqkffg ahc |cgaiokei% Gelgec/ `kookrg|ios}giec fspcebcrfhgkek k iffg/ zsr aie locqqgieg c bkppspc

`‗krrcqpi/ go esncri `g zsbbogak}gieg/ c `se{sc o‗illcrpk/ è



;:2 AKZGPIOI PCR]I

qcnzrc ge ksncepi/ keahc qc {skqg nkg ge niì

zrizir}giekpi k se rckoc gearcncepi `cook ìnke`k4 oi qakrpilrk ok {skepgpê `g ogbrg zsbbogakpg c ok rckoc akzkagpê `gkqqirbgncepi aiqpgpsgqac sek akrkppcrgqpgak aiqpkepc `concrakpi ogbrkrgi%

È `g lkppi gnziqqgbgoc zcr g ocppirg k|crc gelirnk}giegcqksqpg|c qsook |kqpk nioc `g zsbbogak}gieg/ qgkei cqqc ei|gpêi izcrc `co zkqqkpi% Frkegcrg ge zriziqgpi qarg|c=

@g lkppi/ ngeirc è o‗gelirnk}giec ahc kbbgkni zg÷ qgkni zirpkpg k`kaaiepcepkrag i k qacfogcrc qs bkqc csrgqpgak% Aie g ogbrg ok qpirgkaingeagk `k oiepkei% @k Fspcebcrf ge zig qg qszcrk se zribocnk `grgzri`s}giec eipc|ioc= ok qpknzk è niopi zg÷ rkzg`k `cfog knkesceqg karckrc aizgc `cg pcqpg (c qizrkppsppi/ `grcbbcri g lgoioifg/ lk ncei crrirgc gepcrzrcpk}gieg'% Go esncri `g ogbrg `gqziegbgog (eie qioi `g pgpiog/ nkkeahc `g aizgc lgqgahc' ksncepk zrifrcqqg|kncepc% C/ eie k akqi/ksncepk ok ìnke`k `g ocppsrk% Ainc cllcppi aiookpcrkoc (kaak`cqcnzrc aie geei|k}gieg nc g̀kog' ekqac go zceqgcri qagcepglgai/ ok

asopsrk aingeagk nsi|crqg zg÷ |coiacncepc keahc ecg qcppirg nceigepcrcqqkpg kooc prkqlirnk}gieg (go zripcqpkepcqgni eie qkrcbbc qpkpi ziqqgbgoc/ k` cqcnzgi/ qce}k ok nkffgirc `gllsqgiec `cook ocppsrk'(Frkegcrg 2::6'%

Ok argpgak ocppcrkrgk/ fog kzzrilie`gncepg c oc rcaceqgieg qs{sipg`gkeg c rg|gqpc/ fcecrkogqpg i qzcagkog}}kpg ahc qgkei/ aiqïainc oc zg÷ ge|kqg|c qprkpcfgc zsbbogagpkrgc/ liregrkeei

qcnzrc c qioi se zkeirknk zkr}gkoc/ c qzcqqi |g}gkpi `koocoifgahc `g ncrakpi/ rgqzcppi koo‗gepcrk illcrpk `gqziegbgoc% @gaieqcfsce}k/ kqqsniei se |koirc lie`kncepkoc koprc`gekngahc/ zg÷ i ncei zrc|c`gbgog/ nk eie ecacqqkrgkncepcaiepriookbgog c gelosce}kbgog `ko ncrakpi/ {skog go zkqqkzkriok cgo zrcqpgpi/ `ko zsepi `g |gqpk `cg ocppirg.ka{sgrcepg/ c koprcqprkpcfgc zcr fkrkepgrc |gqgbgogpê kg pgpiog illcrpg/ `k zkrpc `cfogk``cppg kg ok|irg (qizrkppsppi {scoog zg÷ zcekog}}kpg `k se

ncrakpi/ {skoc {scooi ogbrkrgi/ ahc pce`c qcnzrc zg÷ kook



AKZGPIOI PCR]I ;:1

aieaceprk}giec c kook lsqgiec ge frke`g frszzg/ k qakzgpi `cg

zg÷ zgaaiog/ qgkei cqqg c`gpirg i zsepg |ce`gpk'% Keairk Frkegcrgko rgfskrì=

Geg}gkoncepc a‗crk go ogbrkgi ahc lkac|k `k nc`gkpirc/ aieqgfogkeì gocppirg% [skoasei lirqc rgair`k oc ogbrcrgc `g Nc}}iakeeiec k Ekziog/oiakog zgaaiogqqgng ge asg fcecrkoncepc eie qg rgsqag|k {skqg k` ceprkrc/nk ge asg cqgqpc|k se rkzzirpi lg`sagkrgi prk aogcepc c pgpiokrc% Zig lscqaifgpkpi se kopri qgqpcnk= pifogcrc g ogbrg `kfog qakllkog c/ ge osifi `gniqprkrog aio ìrqi/ gnzgokrog aie ok aizcrpgek ge kopi c lkr zkqqcffgkrc

go ocppirc prk g pgpiog% Se niì ainc se kopri zcr ksncepkrco‗gelirnk}giec c lkr aieiqacrc o‗illcrpk% C ekpsrkoncepc/ ainc zkr}gkocqszzirpi kook agraiok}giec `g gelirnk}gieg/ a‗crk keahc go zkqqkzkriokprk aieiqacepg/ aioocfhg c` kngag% (…' Zig è krrg|kpk gepcrecp% G ocppirgqpcqqg/ spgog}}keì ok zipce}k `cook Rcpc/ hkeei aingeagkpi k ncppcrc geagraioi gelirnk}gieg qsooc oiri ocppsrc/ ksncepkeì go |iosnc `ggelirnk}gieg eco ncrakpi/ aiqprsceì rkzzirpg lg`sagkrg prk oiri cbwzkqqkeì o‗irnkg pcirgai zrgnkpi `cook argpgak (Gb%'%

Qaknbgkrc gelirnk}gieg qsg ogbrg/ c qaknbgkrc g ogbrg qpcqqg/aiqï ainc rgacrakrc pcaegahc zcr `krc |gqgbgogpê kg pgpiog `cook‟ai`k osefk„ iqasrkpg `kg pgpiog `cook ‟pcqpk„/ qiei/ `se{sc/ zrkpgahc kepgahc koncei {skepi ok qpknzk% \k `k qç ahc {scqpckepgahc kbgps`geg ocfkpc kook agraiok}giec `co ogbri ziqqkei zcrlc}giekrqg eco vcb lgei k `g|cepkrc zrkpgahc aieqiog`kpc/ cni`coog `g rglcrgncepi zcr kzzogak}gieg qzcaglgahc/ qgkei cqqc

lgekog}}kpc segakncepc ko zkqqkzkriok c kooi qaknbgi (`gizgegieg c fsqpg ocppcrkrg/ i `g ogbrg qpcqqg'/ i zrifcppkpc aincakekog `g |ce`gpk ieogec ( Knk}ie/ Fiifoc biidq c gPsecq/ zcr lkrc fog cqcnzg zg÷ eipg'/ nk gepcfrkepg oc akrkppcrgqpgahc `g bkqc `cook aie|crqk}giec c `co ‟ahgkaahgcrgaagi„ lrk spcepg.ocppirg.ka{sgrcepg/ aiqï ainc `co ‟rsnirc„ ahc go zriìppiokeagkpi zri|iak ge sek ainsegpê%

Ko `g lsirg `cook boifiqlcrk/ cqgqpiei niopg koprg ni`g aie asg

go Vcb zsò prkqlirnkrqg ge |cgaioi zrg|gocfgkpi `g gelirnk}gieg



;:0 AKZGPIOI PCR]I

asopsrkog c ocfkpc ko nieì `cg ogbrg% Qg kllcrnkei aiepgeskncepc

ge rcpc qgpg gepcrecp/ zirpkog c lirsn `c`gakpg kook ocppsrk/ ahc geniopg akqg `g|cepkei kspirc|iog zsepg `g rglcrgncepi zcr ocainsegpê `g ocppirg.spcepg `co vcb= zsò prkppkrqg `g qprsncepg `gnkrdcpgef ‟|grkoc„ `g akqc c`gprgag c rg|ce`gpirg `g ogbrg/ `g osifhg|grpskog `g `gqasqqgiec ge asg qaknbgkrc izgegieg c fsqpg ocppcrkrg/i `g cqzc`gcepg k asg rgairriei qgefiog kspirg/ gqpgps}gieg/ cepg iaceprg `g rgacrak ahc qlrsppkei ok rcpc zcr lkr aieiqacrc zsbbogak}gieg ge zrizrgi i rgqsopkpg `g rgacrahc c/ ge niopg akqg/ zcr

ncppcrc ge aie`g|gqgiec/ aie |krgc qprkpcfgc/ aiepcespg ahc ko `glsirg `cook rcpc eie pri|crcbbcri koase rgqaiepri ge pcrngeg `g zsbbogai c ocppirg (\keesaahg 2::8'%

Zirpkog {skoc Knk}ie36/ ekqaiei ainc zgkppklirnc `g|ce`gpk `cg ogbrg/ ge lirnkpi qgk akrpkaci ahc cocppriegai38 ‑ aie qzcaglgahc ziogpgahc `g zrc}}i c kaair`g qsg `grgppg `coocizcrc |ce`spc ‑ nk lse}giekei niopi bcec ainc osifhg `g`gqasqqgiec c kffrcfk}giec zcr ocppirg ahc gepceìeiainzkrkrc oc zrizrgc izgegieg aie {scooc koprsg/ `gqaspcrc `gse ogbri zrgnk `g ka{sgqpkroi c ocffcrc oc rcaceqgieg fcecrkpc`k koprg/ i qkzcrc {skog qgkei g ogbrg c fog kspirg ahc kllriepkeipcnkpgahc kllgeg% Qg prkppk/ `se{sc/ `g se qgpi `g c.ainncracahc bkqk lirpcncepc ok qsk kppg|gpê caieingak qsoo‗gepcrk}gieclrk fog spcepg= kzzkrcepcncepc g ocppirg hkeei k `gqziqg}giecsei qzk}gi ge asg cqzrgncrc oc zrizrgc izgegieg c |kospkrc g

zriìppg asopsrkog ncqqg ge |ce`gpk/ nk kpprk|crqi {scqpckppg|gpê/ c g lcc`bkad cncqqg/ qpkeei keahc/ c qizrkppsppi/ zrinsi|ceì g zriìppg `g Knk}ie%

Aie qprkpcfgc zg÷ i ncei qgngog/ go ni`cooi `g Knk}ie|gcec cnsokpi `k pkepgqqgng rg|ce`gpirg ieogec keahc ge Gpkogk%Niopi qzcqqi qg prkppk `g akqc c`gprgag i frke`g frszzg

36 hppz=))vvv%knk}ie%ain)rcl>feiYoifi

38 Ecfog sopgng ncqg ̀ co 2:;:/ qs Knk}ie/ ok |ce`gpk `g ogbrg ge lirnkpicocppriegai hk qszcrkpi {scook `g ogbrg ge lirnkpi akrpkaci%



AKZGPIOI PCR]I ;:3

c g̀pirgkog/ ahc sqkei ok rcpc ainc akekoc kopcrekpg|i/ i

zkrkoocoi/ `g |ce`gpk c `gqprgbs}giec kaakepi k {scooi zrgeagzkoc% Zcr {skepi o‗kppg|gpê `cfog spcepg.ocppirg ge {scqpgakqg qgk aceprkoc c `cpcrngekepc/ pkepi `k kzzkrgrec o‗kqzcppilie`kncepkoc/ fog ibgcppg|g `g {scqpg zirpkog c qgpg qieiqcnzrc lgekog}}kpg ko nkrdcpgef c kook |ce`gpk% Geioprc/{skeì `cg ogbrg ge lirnkpi cocppriegai go rg|ce`gpirc ziqqgc`cg `grgppg c g lirnkpg ({scqpg sopgng/ `cppg kzzsepi ‟zrizrgcpkrg„/qg zrcqcepkei pcirgakncepc ainzkpgbgog qioi aie `cpcrngekpg

`gqziqgpg|g `g ocppsrk'/ ainc eco akqi qzcaglgai `g Knk}ie/ ocqacopc c oc kppg|gpê `cg ocppirg kzzkgiei zgsppiqpi ogngpkpc%

Koprg qgqpcng ainc Fiifoc biidq37/ ioprc koo‗ka{sgqpi/ zcrncppiei koo‗spcepc `g |gqskog}}krc koaseg cqprkppg `g ogbrg crg|gqpc `gfgpkog}}kpg/ ge bkqc kfog kaair`g qpgzsokpg aie ahg ec`cpgcec g `grgppg% È geioprc ziqqgbgoc arckrc sek bgbogipcak zcrqiekoc/ rcaceqgrc c aokqqglgakrc g ogbrg zcr krfincepi/ cge`gakrog ainc ‟ge ocppsrk„/ keairk ‟`k ocffcrc„ i fgê ‟ocppg„%

Qsook hinczkfc `g Fiifoc biidq/ ge rglcrgncepi kg zribocng geqirpg ge {scqpg keeg rcokpg|kncepc kook fcqpgiec c konkepcegncepi `cg `grgppg `‗kspirc/ qg ocffc=

Prc keeg lk/ o‗kqqiagk}giec `cfog kspirg kncrgakeg ‟Ksphirq Fsgo`„/o‗kqqiagk}giec `cfog c`gpirg kncrgakeg ‟KKZ„ c se kopri frszzi `gkspirg c` c`gpirg gepcepkriei sek aokqq kapgie aiepri Fiifoc Rgacrak

Ogbrg% Iffg qgkni ogcpg `g keeseagkrc ahc ok aksqk è qpkpk ahgsqk c ahc

ok|ircrcni k qprcppi aiepkppi aie {scqpg zkrpecr `co qcppirc zcr rce`crc `gqziegbgoc ieogec sek {skepgpê `g ogbrg keairk nkffgirc% (…'%[scqpi kaairì ag zcrncppcrê `g rce`crc `gqziegbgog niopg `g {scqpgogbrg lsirg qpknzk zcr o‗kepczrgnk/ ok ocppsrk c o‗ka{sgqpi ecfog SQK%Fkrkepgrc se‗kaacqqgbgogpê aiqpkepc `cg ogbrg lsirg qpknzk è sei `cgnipg|g zrgeagzkog ahc ag hkeei qzgepi qge `koo‗geg}gi k geprkzrce`crc{scqpi zrifcppi/ c qgkni lcogagqqgng `g qkzcrc ahc/ geqgcnc kfog kspirg/kooc bgbogipcahc c kfog c`gpirg eiqprg zkrpecr/ irk k|rcni ok ziqqgbgogpê`g zrcqcr|krc ok qpirgk asopsrkoc `co fcecrc snkei ge {scqpi niì%

37 hppz=))biidq%fiifoc%ain)



;:< AKZGPIOI PCR]I

Ok ziqg}giec ìngekepc/ c `g {skqg nieiziogi/ `g Fiifoc qs

psppg fog koprg nipirg `g rgacrak/ ì|spk koo‗ge`gqasqqi |koirc `cgqsig kofirgpng/ qpk lkaceì qï ahc go zrifcppi qg kllcrng qcnzrc zg÷ aieqgqpcepcncepc/ c qg geg}gk k pcncrc ahc ziqqk `g lkppiecsprkog}}krc niopg `cg |kog`g ainzcpgpirg qso vcb% Nk ge rckopê/o‗kofirgpni ahc Fiifoc kìppk zcr ok rgacrak `cg ogbrg è se zi‗ncei qilgqpgakpi `g {scooi sqkpi zcr ok rcqpgps}giec `g {scrw gesek rgacrak `g pgzi prk`g}giekoc= qc eco qcaieì akqi Fiifoc qg`gqpgefsc zcr o‗kopi frkì `g kllg`kbgogpê `cg rgqsopkpg rcqpgpsgpg/

eco akqi `cg ogbrg g zkrkncprg `g rgacrak qiei gelosce}kpg `kargpcrg ainncragkog c `g nkrdcpgef/ lk|irceì qzcqqi g ogbrg zg÷|ce`spg/ zg÷ ocppg i zg÷ `gqasqqg k qakzgpi `g koprg/ c prk`ceì `glkppi go zrgeagzgi `cook ‟ai`k osefk„/ ahc kbbgkni |gqpi cqqcrc`cpcrngekepc zcr g aiepcespg ahc agraiokei qso vcb% Qg zsò`se{sc aieqg`crkrc Fiifoc biidq se qgqpcnk lirpcncepcgqzgrkpi ko ncrakpi c kooc qsc rcfioc/ zsr aie fog ge`sbbg|kepkffg illcrpg kooc ainsegpê `cg ocppirg/ c eieiqpkepc {scqpgsopgng fi`kei `g se acrpi zipcrc `g k}giec ko qsi gepcrei%

Se‗koprk zgkppklirnk qgngoc k Fiifoc biidq c Knk}ie zcr gqcr|g}g illcrpg/ nk aie se‗gepcrlkaagk acrpkncepc zg÷lse}giekoc c kaakppg|kepc/ è gPsecq% Foibkoncepc eipk ckzzrc}}kpk zcr oc kzzogak}gieg zrifcppkpc zcr ka{sgqpkrc/aokqqglgakrc c kqaiopkrc g brkeg nsqgakog qlrsppkeì se segaiqilpvkrc/ {scqpk zgkppklirnk lgrnkpk Kzzoc qg `gqpgefsc keahc

zcr ok akzkagpê `g gepcfrkrc ko qsi gepcrei esncriqckzzogak}gieg ocfkpc kg ogbrg c kook ocppsrk%Ok Kzzoc/ qlrsppkeì ok qpcqqk pcaeioifgk qs asg qg bkqk

gPsecq/ rce`c `gqziegbgog esncriqc kzzogak}gieg ocfkpc kookocppsrk ge knbgcepc cocppriegai/ zrifcppkpc qzcaglgakncepc zcr g zrizrg `gqziqgpg|g ncqqg ge ainncragi (ainzspcr Nka c Nkabiid / gZk` / gZi` c gZhiec'% O‗kzzogak}giec gBiidq/qzcaglgak zcr gZk` / nk qszzirpkpk `koo‗gZhiec c `koo‗gZi`

pisah nc`gkepc ok zgkppklirnk gPsecq/ zcrncppc qgk `g



AKZGPIOI PCR]I ;:6

ka{sgqpkrc `koo‗gBiidqpirc g ogbrg ge lirnkpi cocppriegai/ ahc `g

rgzirog c aokqqglgakrog ecook zrizrgk ogbrcrgk/ c ocffcrog`grcppkncepc qso zrizrgi `gqziqgpg|i% \gqgpkeì o‗gBiidqpirc/geioprc/ è ziqqgbgoc aieqsopkrc oc rcaceqgieg c g fgs`g}g qsg ogbrgcqziqpg c ocffcrec `cfog cqprkppg/ frkpsgpkncepc/ zrgnk`coo‗ka{sgqpi%

Oc kzzogak}gieg `g {scqpi pgzi ‑ acocbrc è keahc Qpke}k zcr gZhiec ‑ qg zrcqcepkei zkrpgaiokrncepc k|ke}kpc ge |grp÷ `cglrc{scepg kffgirekncepg ahc Kzzoc ncppc k `gqziqg}giec/ c

niopi |crqkpgog zcr ok qcnzogagpê `g spgog}}i% Nk/ prkppkeìqg `gkzzogak}gieg zrifcppkpc `kook qpcqqk akqk nk`rc ahc/ ioprc k zri`srrc g `gqziqgpg|g ahc oc iqzgpkei/ illrc g zrizrg qcr|g}g `g|ce`gpk ieogec/ eie nkeakei ogngpk}gieg c ziogpgahc |iopc klk|irgrc fog geprigpg `cook Kzzoc qpcqqk/ c ahc/ gec|gpkbgoncepc/lgegqaiei zcr rg`srrc go zipcrc `‗k}giec `coo‗spcepc%

Ncei geaceprkpi qso fsk`kfei/ c zcr acrpg kqzcppg zg÷`cniarkpgai rgqzcppi kooc zgkppklirnc lge {sg iqqcr|kpc/kzzkrc go qgqpcnk spgog}}kpi `k Qargb` <:/ se zirpkoc `g rkaaiopk`g ìasncepg c ogbrg ge lirnkpi cocppriegai/ ahc o‗spcepc zsòqakrgakrc/ frkpsgpkncepc i k zkfkncepi k qcaie`k `cg `grgppg`‗kspirc/ qso zrizrgi ainzspcr i `gqziqgpg|i cocppriegai `gocppsrk% Qargb` / ahc |gcec aiepgeskncepc kffgirekpi ckrrgaahgpi `kg qsig qpcqqg spcepg/ qpk pcepkeì ecoo‗sopgni zcrgiì `g prkqlirnkrqg ge se qiagko ecpvird |cri c zrizrgi/

zcrncppceì kfog spcepg ahc ec sqslrsgqaiei `g gepcrkfgrc lrkoiri/ c `g zsbbogakrc qahc`c `cqargppg|c c rcaceqgieg qsgaiepcespg `gqziegbgog% Ok lkqc `g prkeqg}giec ahc Qargb` qpkkpprk|crqkeì/ c g zribocng ocfkog aie kspirg/ akqc c`gprgag c|krg cepg `cpcepirg `g `grgppg qs izcrc c ìasncepg ncqqg geaie`g|gqgiec/ eie fog zcrncppiei keairk `g `gllie`crqgakzgookrncepc c `g cqqcrc zcraczgpi ainc |kogì zsepi `grglcrgncepi `kooc ainsegpê `g ocppirg `co vcb%

<: Hppz=))vvv%qargb`%ain



;:8 AKZGPIOI PCR]I

Oc ni`kogpê c fog qprsncepg aie asg akqc c`gprgag/ rg|ce`gpirg

c frszzg c`gpirgkog `k se okpi/ c qgqpcng zg÷ ainzocqqg {skogFiifoc/ gPsecq (c rcokpg|c kzzogak}gieg' c Qargb` `koo‗kopri/sqkei go vcb zcr ok zrini}giec/ ok |ce`gpk i ok aieqsopk}giec`g ogbrg c koprg aiepcespg/ aiqï ainc oc rcokpg|c qprkpcfgck`ippkpc/ ncrgpcrcbbcri sek `gqasqqgiec k zkrpc/ ahc eie |crrêkzzrilie`gpk ge {scqpk qc`c% Ag gepcrcqqk zg÷ `k |gageikekog}}krc {scg akqg ge asg ok `gqasqqgiec qso nie`i `cg ogbrg c`cook ocppsrk qg geqcrgqac ecooc `gekngahc qiagkog c rcok}giekog

`co vcb/ g qiagko ecpvird ecook lkppgqzcagc/ c o‗gepcrk}giec lrkfog spcepg qg lie`k zrizrgi qso ogbri c qsook ocppsrk% I||cri {scgakqg ge asg ok zrini}giec c go nkrdcpgef `cg ogbrg/ qc keahck||cefiei/ eie qiei kppg|gpê zrgeagzkog/ nk qcaie`krgc kook|ioiepê `cg ocppirg `g `gqaspcrc c qaknbgkrqg gelirnk}giegocfkpc kg ogbrg c kook ocppsrk%

Aiqï ainc eco akqi `cg boif ahc/ qg è |gqpi/ |krgkei `kg zg÷cpcrifcecg k {scoog qzcagkog}}kpg ge `cpcrngekpg knbgpg c`gqagzogec/ keahc g qiagko ecpvird qzk}gkei `kg zg÷ |krgcfkpg/ge asg o‗gepcrk}giec c oc rcok}gieg lrk fog spcepg qg bkqkei qsfcecrgahc kppg|gpê ge ainsec/ k {scoog `c`gakpg k qgefioggepcrcqqg c kppgps`geg/ {skog g ogbrg c ok ocppsrk/ ahc `gaieqcfsce}k rkzzrcqcepkei go prkgp `‗segie lrk g ncnbrg `cooc|krgc ainsegpê% Zrgnk `g kekog}}krc g qiagko ecpvird `c`gakpgcqaosqg|kncepc kg ogbrg c kook ocppsrk/ iaairrc qillcrnkrqg qsooc

ziqqgbgogpê illcrpc `kg qiagko ecpvird fcecrgag `g geaos`crc googbri/ c psppi agò ahc k cqqi è qprcppkncepc aioocfkpi/ ecoockzzogak}gieg illcrpc kfog spcepg%

Ecook rcpc Lkacbiid / go qiagko ecpvird zg÷ `gllsqi/ qiei `glkppi geakoaiokbgog oc kppg|gpê `c`gakpc ko ogbri c kook ocppsrk/ cagò `crg|k `ko lkppi ahc {scqpi pgzi `g qiagko ecpvird zcrncppckfog spcepg `g fcecrkrc `g aiepgesi esi|g aiepcespg c esi|c zkfgec qce}k rgairrcrc k zkrpgaiokrg kzzogak}gieg akoaiokpc c

zrc|gqpc `kg fcqpirg/ zcr asg rgqsopcrcbbc gnziqqgbgoc aceqgrc



AKZGPIOI PCR]I ;:7

psppi4 niopi qzcqqi pkog kppg|gpê rgfskr`kei ok `gllsqgiec `g

eipg}gc ocfkpc kg ogbrg/ zcr cqcnzgi zcr nc}}i `g rcaceqgieg c biid.prkgocr/ i kook zrini}giec `g c|cepg lie`kpg qs se ogbri ge zkrpgaiokrc/ ainc sek zrcqcepk}giec i se rck`gef zcrqiekog}}kpi% Go niì zg÷ qcnzogac aie asg g ogbrg iaaszkeise acrpi qzk}gi qs Lkacbiid aieqgqpc ecook ziqqgbgogpê zcr gncnbrg `g geqcrgrc g pgpiog zrclcrgpg ecooc gelirnk}gieg `g bkqc`co zrilgoi/ ahc koprg ncnbrg ocffcrkeei ainc zrcqcepk}giec i bgfogcppi `k |gqgpk% @kpk o‗cqprcnk qcnzogagpê `g spgog}}i `g

{scqpi qiagko ecpvird/ ekqaiei {sipg`gkekncepc esi|c zkfgecrcokpg|c k se ogbri/ i k se kspirc/ ge asg k||gkrc `cooc`gqasqqgieg i geqcrgrc ainncepg c rglocqqgieg4 aiqï ainc qieipkepgqqgnc oc akqc c`gprgag c oc ogbrcrgc ahc arckei se zrizrgi zrilgoi zcr `krc |gqgbgogpê kg zrizrg ogbrg/ rgnke`keìc|cepskoncepc ko zrizrgi qgpi gepcrecp/ i k se zirpkoc cqpcrei/ zcr o‗ka{sgqpi% Cqgqpiei/ geioprc/ q|krgkpc zkfgec `c`gakpckoo‗coifgi c ko qiqpcfei `g sei i zg÷ kspirg c `cg zrizrg ogbrg= qg zceqg/ zcr lkrc se cqcnzgi gpkogkei/ kg esncriqg frszzg |grpskoglie`kpg k lk|irc `g Ribcrpi Qk|gkei c `co qsi ogbri Finirrk/ìzi oc ngekaac qsbgpc `kooi qargppirc `k zkrpc `g cqziecepg`cook aknirrk/ i ge qcfsgpi k cqpcrek}gieg ziai lcogag `k zkrpc`g koaseg ziogpgag gpkogkeg4 aiqï ainc niopi esncriqg qiei gfrszzg c oc zkfgec `g qahcrei/ qzcqqi `g `gqaspgbgoc fsqpi/ ahc zrceìei `g ngrk koaseg qargppirg= qg zceqg/ zcr lkrc koprg cqcnzg

gpkogkeg/ kooc zkfgec Lkacbiid aiepri g ogbrg `g Brsei \cqzk cLc`crgai Niaagk% Eie cqqceì ziqqgbgoc liregrc se `cppkfogkpi zkeirknk

qsooc pkepgqqgnc gelirnk}gieg ocfkpc kg ogbrg ahc agraiokei qs Lkacbiid / zkfgec c frszzg zkrpgaiokrncepc eipg k zkrpc/rgpcefi gnzirpkepc `kr aiepi `g se lceincei kbbkqpke}kirgfgekoc ahc qpk zrce`ceì zgc`c ecoo‗sopgni zcrgiì= qg prkppk`g kspirg ahc `cagìei `g geaieprkrc zcrqiekoncepc/ c

lgqgakncepc/ g zrizrg ocppirg.kngag `g Lkacbiid % @keì eipg}gk



;;: AKZGPIOI PCR]I

`g {scqpi esi|i lceincei `g ‟qargppirg ie phc rik`„ C|k

Zcrkqqg/ ge se rcacepc krpgaioi kzzkrqi qso ¤Airrgcrc%gp´/rgzirpk oc geg}gkpg|c `g sei qargppirc gpkogkei/ Lkbgi Bkrpioincg/c `g sek qargpprgac qpkpsegpceqc/ Krowee Zrcqqcr= go zrgnigeaieprk/ qs rgahgcqpk/ frszzg `g ocppirg aieair`keì `cgrck`gef zcrqiekog}}kpg/ ok qcaie`k qg rcak k akqk `g psppg g qsigkngag.ocppirg/ zcr zig rgzirpkrc qso qsi boif<; oc eipg}gc rcokpg|ck {scqpg geaieprg% Rcokpg|kncepc ko akqi gpkogkei C|k Zcrkqqgqarg|c=

Ok qpirgk gpkogkek è {scook `g se kspirc rinkei kfog cqir`g ocppcrkrg/ `g zrilcqqgiec zsbbogagpkrgi/ Lkbgi Bkrpioincg/ ahc aie o‗c`gpirc c)i hkkzzcek zsbbogakpi go qsi zrgni rinke}i/ Fgsogk ;1:: c koprg ngrkaiog%È qsk o‗g`ck `g ke`krc k aieiqacrc zcrqiekoncepc g qsig ocppirg% Bkqpkse ncqqkffgi qs Lkacbiid zcr lkr zkrpgrc o‗irfkeg}}k}giec `co rck`gef=se akllè/ se zkrai/ sek zg}}crgk/ sek kbgpk}giec zrg|kpk qiei psppcoiakpgie zkzkbgog% Bkqpk ahc ag qgk osg aie go qsi ogbri (…'/ ahc ahgrgahgc`c ok qsk zrcqce}k aige|iofk {skoahc kopri kngai (nkqqgni 3

zcrqiec'/ ziqqgbgoncepc ahc qacofk keahc {skoc zkrpc `co ogbri ocffcrcgeqgcnc/ c ok aie|g|gkogpê lkrê psppi go rcqpi (Zcrkqqg 2:;;'%

Se kopri qiagko ecpvird fcecrgai/ nk ahc bce qg zrcqpk kooc`gqasqqgieg qso ogbri c qsook ocppsrk c/ ainc qg |c`rê/ kook zrini}giec `g pcqpg/ c`gpg c gec`gpg/ è Pvgppcr / g asg ziqp niopi brc|g/ ‟pvccpq„ (‟agefscppgg„'/ aiepcespg ge ;0: akrkppcrg/ qc zcr koaseg qiei o‗kepgpcqg `coo‗cokbirk}giec c aie`g|gqgiec `co

zceqgcri snkei/ zcr koprg rkzzrcqcepkei sek |grp÷ `k qlrsppkrcqkzgcepcncepc% Niopg kqzgrkepg qargppirg/ aiqï ainc ocppirg cqcnzogag kzzkqqgiekpg/ sqkei g pvccpq zcr cqzrgncrc ge ziahc zkrioc oc zrizrgc rglocqqgieg/ brc|g lrknncepg `g qargppsrk cfgs`g}g qs ogbrg c kspirg/ |ceceì zig qcfsgpg (‟liooivcr„' cqcfsceì k oiri |iopk (‟liooivgef„'/ ge se zriacqqi qgngoc ksek akpcek/ fog koprg spcepg gepcrcqqkpg%

<; hppz=))kroweezrcqqcr%vir`zrcqq%ain)



AKZGPIOI PCR]I ;;;

Qc zcr c`gpirg zkrpgaiokrncepc kppcepg Pvgppcr illrc ok

ziqqgbgogpê `g cqzirrc se akpkoifi `g pgpiog ge pvccpq qzcaglgag`k ncppcrc ge agraiok}giec/ zcr koaseg qargppirg {scqpkpcaeioifgk `g ‟ngariboiffgef„ hk rkzzrcqcepkpi sek zrcagqkqacopk qpgogqpgak `g qargppsrk/ i hk qi``gqlkppi o‗cqgfce}k `g lkr aieiqacrc g zrizrg ok|irg aiepgeskncepc rglgspkpg `kfog c`gpirg%Se akqi cnbocnkpgai è {scooi `cooi qargppirc kncrgakei NkppQpcvkrp/ aieqg`crkpi go zrgni |cri qargppirc `g Pvgppcr / ahc eco2::7 hk zsbbogakpi/ gepcrkncepc qippi lirnk `g pvccpq/ go qsi

rinke}i Phc Lrceah Rc|iospgie/ ìzi ahc ecqqse c`gpirc qg`gniqprk|k `gqziqpi k qainncppcrc qs `g osg% Go rinke}i/ incfogi ok ‟pvgp ei|co„/ kzzkrqi ge 1%6:: pvccpq ziqpkpg/ aie oknc`gk `g sei ifeg ;3 ngespg/ ge agrak {skppri ncqg k zkrpgrc`ko ;0 osfogi (fgirei `g rgairrce}k `cook Zrcqk `cook Bkqpgfogk'/lcac ìzi ziahg fgireg zkrokrc `g qç/ qgk koo‗gepcrei ahckoo‗cqpcrei `cook ainsegpê `g Pvgppcr 4 zrcqpi ec `gc`c eipg}gk go¤Ecv Wird Pgncq´/ c o‗kspirc pri|ò se c`gpirc `gqziqpi k zsbbogakrc ok ‟pvgp ei|co„ ge lirnkpi akrpkaci/qsaacqqg|kncepc prkìppk keahc ko `g lsirg `cfog Qpkpg Segpg%

Se kopri cqzcrgncepi `g zrini}giec qs Pvgppcr è {scooiaieìppi `kook rc`k}giec `g ¤Foknisr´/ ahc hk zriziqpi k sefrszzi `g ;8 qargppirg `g pri|krc se brc|c pvccp ahc/aiepceceì se brc|c zkqqi i sek agpk}giec/ `cqarg|cqqc koncfogi go oiri sopgni rinke}i% Caai koaseg cqcnzg=

Akrok C|kefcogqpk/ ksprgac `g Se kopri nieì=Ng fskr`k/ ng kffkeagk/ ng k||gagek% Ng |sioc/ ng knk/ ng brknk% Ngqzifogk/ ng zrce`c/ ng è `cepri% Se qgefhgi}}i% Pvgppcr qcx%

Nkrai Nk|ko`g/ kspirc `c Go fgiai `cooc prc akrpc=2< fceekgi ;7;6% Go zicpk ziqò ok zceek/ qaielirpkpi% Iffg eie crk gefgirekpk% Qso lifogi/ qiopkepi `sc zkrioc= ‟N‗goosngei `‗gnnceqi„%



;;2 AKZGPIOI PCR]I

Qkg` Qkwrklgc}k`ch/ kspirc `g [skeì |crrê ok rg|ios}giec

k|rcni psppg oi qdkpcbikr` =O‗geg}gi% G zcrqiekffg% Go pcnzi% O‗knbgcepk}giec% Go pcnk% Go aielogppi%Ok oippk% Ok qzcrke}k% Ok ainzrceqgiec% Ok rgqios}giec% Ok lgec%

Qgnie Nkvcr/ kspirc `c Ok akqk `g |cpri=Crk sek eippc bsgk c pcnzcqpiqk% ‟Pg kni„/ oc `gqqc osg% ‟Ecnncei gi„/fog rgqziqc ocg% Qg qziqkriei c |gqqcri gelcogag zcr qcnzrc%

Ecfog sopgng keeg qg qpkeei kllcrnkeì ge rcpc gnzirpkepgqiagko ecpvird gepcrkncepc `c`gakpg ko ogbri c kook ocppsrk/niopg `cg {skog `cqpgekpg k arcqacrc c k rkllir}krqg/ koprg`cqpgekpg ko lkoogncepi/ qgk zcr ok qakrqk lse}giekogpê `coockzzogak}gieg/ ahc zcr ok `gllgaiopê `g rkffgsefcrc sekaieqg`crc|ioc ‟nkqqk argpgak„ `g spcepg%

Ecg zriqqgng zkrkfrklg |crrkeei kekog}}kpg `sc akqgqzcaglgag `g qiagko ecpvird `c`gakpg kook ocppsrk/ kEibgg c

Fii`rck`q/ cnbocnkpgag zcr oc rgqzcppg|c cqzcrgce}c= go zrgni/ìzi k|cr rkffgsepi o‗kzgac `cook eipirgcpê ecfog sopgng keeg/qcnbrk gecqirkbgoncepc `cqpgekpi k qzcfecrqg zcr sek qcrgc `gainzogak}gieg/ ahc oi rceìei {skqg gespgog}}kbgoc c espriei gonkoaiepcepi `cooc ainsegpê `g ocppirg ahc oi ziziokei/ goqcaieì arcqac k rgpng niopi qiqpcespg c/ kppgrkeì niopg `cg`cosqg `g kEibgg/ zsepk k` kllcrnkrqg ainc go zg÷ frke`c qiagkoecpvird `c`gakpi kook ocppsrk%

Koprg gnzirpkepg qiagko ecpvird qzcaglgag qiei Qhcolkrg<2/ahc eco 2::8 è qpkpi ka{sgqgpi `k Knk}ie/ OgbrkrwPhgef <1/ ahcsopgnkncepc hk `gahgkrkpi `g k|cr qszcrkpi go ngogiec `g spcepg/c Rc|gqh<0/ `g `gnceqgieg niopi zg÷ aiepcespc rgqzcppi kfogkoprg/ nk zkrpgaiokrncepc kzzrc}}kpi ecfog Qpkpg Segpg zcr oklkagogpê aie asg zcrncppc `g zsbbogakrc c ncppcrc ge

<2 hppz=))vvv%qhcolkrg%ain)

<1 hppz=))vvv%ogbrkrwphgef%ain)<0 hppz=))vvv%rc|gqh%ain)



AKZGPIOI PCR]I ;;1

aie`g|gqgiec keahc aiepcespg kspi.zriìppg% Qczzsr aie

`gekngahc c `gnceqgieg `gllcrcepg/ zcr psppg go zrgeagzgi akr`gecè zg÷ i ncei qgngoc= o‗spcepc qg lk aieiqacrc zrcqcepkeì `g qçg zrizrg fsqpg ocppcrkrg/ g ogbrg zg÷ kzzrc}}kpg c {scoog ahc`cqg`crk ocffcrc/ c gepcrkfgqac aie fog koprg spcepg qaknbgkeìizgegieg/ zsbbogakeì rcaceqgieg/ aieqgfogkeì ocppsrc c zkrpcagzkeì kg lirsn `g `gqasqqgiec aiepgeskncepc fcecrkpgkoo‗gepcrei `cook ainsegpê%

Se `gqairqi k zkrpc |k lkppi zcr Biidcrkef <3/ se zgaaioi

qiagko ecpvird psppi gpkogkei ekpi eco 2::8 `koo‗g`ck `g qcg zcrqiec kzzkqqgiekpc `g ogbrg c zkrpgaiokrncepc kppcepc kooc`gekngahc `co ncrakpi ogbrkrgi gpkogkei% Ainc qsffcrgqac oiqpcqqi einc (lirnkpi `kooc zkrioc biid c biincrkef '/o‗gepcepi `g {scqpi qiagko ecpvird è {scooi `g ‟okeagkrc„ g ogbrgarckeì sek rcpc `g qaknbg aiepgesg lrk zgaaiog c`gpirg/ ogbrcrgcge`gzce`cepg zrcqcepg qso pcrrgpirgi c ocppirg% O‗spcepc arck sek‟ogqpk `cg `cqg`crg„ (pgpiog `cg ogbrg ahc |irrcbbc ocffcrc'/aieqsopkbgoc qioi `kg ogbrkg/ c g qsig kngag rcakeìqg ge ogbrcrgk/c ge`gakeì go einc `cook zcrqiek k asg gepceìei rcfkokrc seogbri/ |crrkeei aieqgfogkpg ge bkqc ko zrilgoi ahc cncrfc `kook‟ogqpk `cg `cqg`crg„4 g ogbrkg/ prkngpc oc ogqpc c g fsqpg ocppcrkrg`cg ocppirg `g Biidcrkef / ziqqiei zrc|cepg|kncepc ceprkrc geaiepkppi aie fog c`gpirg c ge|gpkrog/ qc eie qiei keairk zrcqcepgaie se oiri zrilgoi qso qiagko ecpvird/ k rce`crqg `gqziegbgog

zcr qi``gqlkrc c|cepskog ir`geg%Kaakepi k {scqpk irgfgekoc lse}giec/ c|g`cepcncepc`gllgagoc `k rckog}}krc zgcekncepc/ Biidcrkef illrc ainse{scpsppc oc kzzogak}gieg pgzgahc `cg qiagko ecpvird `c`gakpg kookocppsrk= arckrc sek bgbogipcak |grpskoc |gqskog}}kbgoc `kfog koprg/rcaceqgrc c `gqaspcrc `g ogbrg c gepcrkfgrc aie koprg spcepg%

Se sopgni qiagko ecpvird ahc ncrgpk `g cqqcrc nce}giekpi

<3 hppz=))vvv%biidcrkef%gp)



;;0 AKZGPIOI PCR]I

è BiidNiiah<</ zrifcppkpi zcr zcrncppcrc kg qsig spcepg.ocppirg

`g qaknbgkrc rcagzriakncepc g ogbrg sqkpg qce}k rgairrcrc k`koase ncpiì `g zkfkncepi (niiah ocppcrkoncepc qpk zcr qariaakrc'% Fog spcepg arckei `sc ogqpc= sek zcr g ogbrg ahc qiei`gqziqpg k ìekrc/ c se‗koprk zcr {scoog ahc |irrcbbcrirgac|crc4 ìekeì ogbrg qg kaasnsok se zsepcffgi (se zsepi zcr ifeg ogbri qzc`gpi eco pcrrgpirgi ek}giekoc/ prc zsepg zcr qzc`g}gieg gepcrek}giekog' ahc zig |crrê spgog}}kpi/ aincniecpk |grpskoc/ zcr rgahgc`crc g ogbrg ncqqg k `gqziqg}giec `k

koprg spcepg (fcecrkoncepc rgac|crc se ogbri ‟aiqpk„ sei i `sc zsepg'% O‗kllg`kbgogpê `cfog spcepg/ ainc eco akqi `g cBkw/ |gcecngqsrkpk ge bkqc kg lcc`bkad rgac|spg/ i rgokqagkpg/ ìzi ifegqaknbgi= qc se spcepc zrincppc `cg ogbrg ahc eie ge|gcrê nkg/ok ainsegpê zrgnk i zig qc ec kaairfc c fog lk zcr`crcarc`gbgogpê%

O‗ibgcppg|i `g {scqpi qiagko ecpvird/ segai eco qsi fcecrc/è {scooi `g `krc ‟esi|k |gpk kg |caahg ogbrg„/ c rce`crc`gqziegbgog sek qcrgc `g pgpiog gepri|kbgog4 nk zcr g ogbrg eieakpkoifkpg/ c `se{sc eie `gqziegbgog zrcqqi fog spcepg/ ag qg zsòrg|iofcrc k zirpkog `g |ce`gpk/ ainc Knk}ie/ `grcppkncepc`kook zgkppklirnk `g BiidNiiah ahc/ zcr ifeg prkeqk}giec/fsk`kfek ge zcracepskoc%

Oi qpkll `g BiidNiiah/ ecook qc}giec ‟ahg qgkni„<6/ qzgcfkoc nipg|k}gieg `cook qsk kzzogak}giec zg÷ gnzirpkepc/ i||cri

oi qaknbgi `g ogbrg sqkpg/ aie {scqpc zkrioc=

Qc qcg kzzkqqgiekpi `g ogbrg/ qkzrkg {skepi è cnipg|kncepc `gllgagoc bsppkrc |gk se ogbri/ keahc qc eie oi ocffcrkg nkg zg÷% \irrcqpg pri|krcsek bsiek akqk zcr g psig ogbrg/ lkr qï ahc pri|gei {skoasei ahc ogkzzrc}}g% Geioprc/ ziprcqpg cqqcrc gepcrcqqkpi)k k zri|krc se zi‗ ̀ g ogbrg c

zig pcecrc {scoog ahc pri|g ngfogirg% È se argngec lkr qainzkrgrc seogbri cqksrgpi/ qce}k ecqqsei ahc oi ocffk% Biidniiah nkepgcec g ogbrg

<< hppz=))vvv%biidniid%ain<6 hppz=))gp%biidniiah%ain)kbisp)



AKZGPIOI PCR]I ;;3

ge agraiok}giec/ c pri|k zcr oiri esi|g ocppirg% Qc eie qcg gepcrcqqkpi k`k|crc ogbrg frkpgq/ zsig ìekrc ge bceclgace}k g zsepg ahc fsk`kfeg`keì |gk g psig ogbrg%

Keahc aie niecpc |grpskog {skog g zsepcffg kaasnsokpg aieoi qaknbgi `g ogbrg qg zsò lkrc bceclgace}k/ qgk |crqi koprgncnbrg `g Biidniiah/ ahc |crqi o‗cqpcrei/ ainc zcr cqcnzgik cepg c kqqiagk}gieg aie asg oi qpkll `co qiagko ecpvird aiookbirk% Qcnzrc ecook qc}giec ‟ahg qgkni„ qg ocffc=

Kgspk ahg lk bceclgace}k= zsig keahc ìekrc g psig zsepg k cepg bceclgagaie asg aiookbirgkni/ ainc iqzc`kog zcr bknbgeg (aiqï g bgnbg nkokpg

ziqqiei rgac|crc ogbrg aieqcfekpg frkpsgpkncepc `grcppkncepc qsg oiriocppg'/ lie`g bgbogipcakrg i kqqiagk}gieg zcr o‗kolkbcpg}}k}giec ge Klrgak/izzsrc zcr rgefrk}gkrag zcr ok fcqpgiec `g {scqpi qgpi%

Ainc qg c|geac `k {scqpg ziahg cqcnzg rgzirpkpg/ okpcaeioifgk `cg qiagko ecpvird/ qc kqqiagkpk ko nieì `cg ogbrg c

`cook ocppsrk/ zcrncppc `g kzrgrc qacekrg esi|g/ c `co psppignzrc|c`gbgog qioi ziahg keeg lk/ qgk zcr g ocppirg ahc zcr fogk``cppg kg ok|irg% G zrgng hkeei lgekoncepc ok ziqqgbgogpê `gceprkrc k lkr zkrpc `g ainsegpê kookrfkpc c prkeq.ek}giekog/ geasg rgac|crc gelirnk}gieg qs se |cepkfogi `g illcrpc asopsrkog bce zg÷ knzgi `g {scooi prk`g}giekoncepc illcrpifog `k |cprgecc qakllkog `g ogbrcrgc c zsepg |ce`gpk/ i zrcqcepkpifog `ko

|caahgi qgqpcnk `cg nkqq nc`gk/ zcr qsk ekpsrk qcocppg|i c`cqaosqg|i4 g qcaie`g/ i||cri kspirg/ c`gpirg/ ogbrkg c ahgse{sckbbgk se rsioi kppg|i ecook lgogcrk `g zri`s}giec c`gqprgbs}giec `cg ogbrg/ ziqqiei qarspkrc qprk`c esi|c zcr rce`crc |gqgbgog i|se{sc/ c eie qioi ge ziahg zsepg |ce`gpk/ g zrizrg zriìppg asopsrkog/ qipprkceìog kg rgqahg `g sek |coiacibqiocqace}k/ c ncppceìog ko rgzkri `kook ripk}giec aiepgeskaksqkpk `kook qkpsrk}giec `co ncrakpi kogncepkpk `k frke`g

frszzg c`gpirgkog c akpcec `g `gqprgbs}giec%



;;< AKZGPIOI PCR]I

[scqpg k``cppg kg ok|irg ì|rkeei `gniqprkrc `g qkzcrqg

k`cfskrc ko vcb c kooc qsc rcfioc/ aiqï ainc k se‗caieingkirg}}iepkoc c kqgnncprgak ahc/ ainc pkoc/ eie pioocrk qprkpcfgcge|kqg|c/ gnziqg}gieg nieiziogqpgahc c ìngek}gieg `g koasepgzi/ geqgpc eco ncrakpi akzgpkogqpk c ecoo‗ge`sqprgk asopsrkoc `coeiqpri ‟nieì rckoc„/ lkppi `g frke`g c zgaaiog/ rgaahg c zi|crg/|geagpirg c |gepg/ nk rgfcppkpc aie lir}k `kfog kbgpkepg `cookrcpc%

1%2 kEibgg

1%2%; kEibgg c go qsi qsaacqqi ge GpkogkGo zrifcppi `g kEibgg<8 ls zrcqcepkpi k Hief Dief

ecoo‗kfiqpi 2::3 `ko fgi|kec gefcfecrc airckei Frcf Qsef/ainc ok zrgnk |crk kzzogak}giec bkqkpk qso qiagko ecpvirdgefocppcrkrgi% Go einc aiegkpi `crg|k `k Keibgsn zseapkpsn/o‗geqcppi ahc qg esprc `cook ziozk `co ocfei/ ainsecncepc eipiainc ‟pkroi `cook akrpk„<7% Ainzogac ok akzgookrc `gllsqgiec `g|krg pgzg `g qiagko ecpvird zrizrgi ge {scfog keeg (lrk go 2::3 cgo 2::6'/ c `se{sc go zrifrcqqg|i lkngogkrg}}krc `cfog spcepgaie kzzogak}gieg `g bkqc ainseg k `g|crqc zgkppklirnc `gqiagkog}}k}giec |grpskoc/ kEibgg qg kllcrnò rkzg`kncepc geniopg Zkcqg c ls prkìppi ge zg÷ `g prcepk ogefsc/ rkffgsefceì

bce zrcqpi se‗gekqzcppkpk nkqqk argpgak% Eco 2::8 go qiagko ecpvird `g Frcf Qsef zsò |kepkrc0::%::: spcepg gqargppg/ qzkrqg ge 33 Zkcqg= oc ainsegpê zg÷aieqgqpcepg qiei {scooc kqgkpgahc (ok pkgvkecqc ge pcqpk'/ nk{scook gpkogkek/ `k qiok/ krrg|k k aiepkrc ;::%::: ocppirg/ c ge

<8 hppz=))vvv%keibgg%ain)<7 Eco nieì kefoiqkqqiec |gcec `clgegpi ‟pkroi ̀ cook akrpk„ ahg ̀ c`gak

niopi pcnzi kg ogbrg/ se zi‗ ainc ge Gpkogk c koprg Zkcqg qg sqk o‗czgpcpi‟pizi `g bgbogipcak„%



AKZGPIOI PCR]I ;;6

aiepgesk arcqagpk qg zrcqcepk keahc {scook qzkfeiok%

Aieqg`crkeì ahc kEibgg prk`sac o‗gepcrlkaagk spgog}}kpk `k sengegni `coo‗;# k se nkqqgni `co ;::#/ ge zrizir}giec koocainsegpê `g ocppirg `cg `g|crqg Zkcqg/ è qgfeglgakpg|i ahc ocsegahc ogefsc ge asg go qiagko ecpvird è prkìppi ko ;::# qgkeio‗gpkogkei/ go agecqc c oi qzkfeioi% Kfog kepgzi`g pri|gkni ocogefsc psrak c krkbk zrcqcepg qioi zcr o‗;#%

Cqqceì kEibgg `c`gakpi kg ogbrg c kook ocppsrk/ kaakepi koesncri `g spcepg gqargppg c kook `gllsqgiec ecg `g|crqg Zkcqg/ go

lkppirc `cpcrngekepc/ ahc rkzzrcqcepk keahc o‗ge`gac zg÷qgfeglgakpg|i `g |gpkogpê `cook zgkppklirnk/ è go esncri `cg pgpiogge`gag}}kpg `kook ainsegpê `cg ocppirg% Eco 2::8 go esncri `gogbrg ge`gag}}kpg c akpkoifkpg qso qiagko ecpvird rkffgsefc g;:ngogieg/ zcr qszcrkrc g 23ngogieg prk go 2:;: c go 2:;;/ zcrgiì ge asg go esncri `g spcepg krrg|k k qlgirkrc go ngogiec%

Go lkppi ahc frke zkrpc `cfog spcepg foibkog `g kEibgg qgkeigpkogkeg/ `gniqprk {skepi go qiagko ecpvird qgk ziziokrc ecoeiqpri Zkcqc/ eieiqpkepc (i lirqc/ zcr ok qpcqqk rkfgiec+'{scqp‗sopgni eie brgoog zkrpgaiokrncepc zcr esncri `g ocppirg c ziogpgahc `g `gllsqgiec `co ogbri c `cook ocppsrk/ rgqzcppi k` koprgZkcqg `‗Csrizk c `co nieì% K lriepc `cook aiepgesk arcqagpk`g spcepg gpkogkeg ecook ainsegpê `g spcepg.ocppirg `g kEibgg/ c `gaieqcfsce}k `g se esncri qcnzrc arcqacepc `g pgpiog gegpkogkei/ i prkìppg ge gpkogkei/ Frcf Qsef eie qg è ogngpkpi kook

qcnzogac prk`s}giec `coo‗gepcrlkaagk ecook eiqprk ogefsk/ nk hkaiopi o‗iaakqgiec zcr liregrc sek qcrgc `g kzzogak}gieg cgeprkzrce`crc qzcaglgahc geg}gkpg|c rg|iopc cqaosqg|kncepc ko zsbbogai gpkogkei% O‗kaairì aie Nksri ]crbgeg/ pgpiokrc `g GBQ 6: ( Gepcrecp Biid Qhiiz'/ ec è se cqcnzgi qgfeglgakpg|i= qgprkppk `g sek qirpk `g zkrpecrqhgz lrk go qiagko ecpvird c okogbrcrgk ieogec zg÷ `gllsqk ge Gpkogk/ aie oi qaizi `g fkrkepgrqgrcagzriak |gqgbgogpê4 aiqï ainc kEibgg ge`grg}}k g qsig spcepg

6: hppz=))vvv%gbq%gp)



;;8 AKZGPIOI PCR]I

|crqi GBQ zcr o‗ka{sgqpi `cg pgpiog gpkogkeg ge`gag}}kpg/

{scqp‗sopgnk rgzirpk oc rcaceqgieg `cfog spcepg ‟keibgkeg„ geakoac kg ogbrg cqziqpg ecook qsk ogbrcrgk ieogec%Ge iaakqgiec `coo‗kaairì aie GBQ / `srkepc se geaiepri k

Ngokei/ Frcf Qsef `gahgkrk|k=

kEibgg è fcesgei= fog spcepg zkrpcagzkei qc qcepiei ahc ok ainnsegpw èirgfgekoc c |crk% G lsrbcppg/ ainc ahg acrak `g gelosce}krc sekainnsegpw aie rcaceqgieg lkoqc/ |cefiei zrgnk i zig qnkqahcrkpg% Èarckpi aie zkqqgiec c qcnzogagpê% Go qgqpcnk `c|c cqqcrc qcnzogac/ nkirnkg {scqpi qg crk akzgpi fgê aio 2%:% Gelgec/ `c|c cqqcrc qiqpcegbgoc/ gepcrngeg `g bsqgecqq/ keahc qc fcesgei c aie sek lirpc ainnsegpw `gkzzkqqgiekpg/ agò ahc eie lk zrilgppi eie `srk

kEibgg/ `se{sc/ zsr nkepceceì gepkppk ok qsk ‟fcesgegpê„/ahc rgqgc`c/ ainc qg |c`rê eco zkrkfrkli qsaacqqg|i/ ecfogknzg zipcrg `g qacopk c ecook ogbcrpê `g asg fiìei g qsig spcepg/qc `k se okpi qg kllcrnk ainc se zipcepc nc}}i ge frkì `gkffrcfkrc ocppirg c kzrgrc aiepgeskncepc qzk}g `g `gqasqqgiecgepirei ko nieì `cg ogbrg/ `koo‗kopri cqzrgnc friqqc zipce}gkogpê caieingahc/ zrizrgi bkqkeìqg qso aiepgesi zkqqkzkriok ahc k||gcec lrk g ocppirg%

[scqpg kqzcppg rceìei kEibgg se qiagko ecpvird zkrpgaiokrncepc qpgnkpi `k {skepg kbbgkei se rkzzirpi kppg|iaie g ogbrg c aio vcb kooi qpcqqi pcnzi= fog kspirg qiei

lgekoncepc ge frkì `g qpgnkrc ok ziziokrgpê `co zrizrgi ogbrige rcpc c |kospkrec o‗gnzkppi qso zsbbogai/ g ocppirg hkeei niì`g aieiqacrc c qcoc}giekrc g ogbrg ge bkqc kg fgs g̀}g `gkzzkqqgiekpg c `gqgepcrcqqkpg (kooc |ce`gpc `cg pgpiog' bgbogilgog/qce}k ì|cr kaacppkrc zkqqg|kncepc rcaceqgieg zinziqc ckaak`cngahc `g zkfgec asopsrkog c argpgag `g zrilcqqgiec4 fogc`gpirg/ gelgec/ ioprc k zipcr aiepkrc qsook zsbbogagpê ahc gocppirg/ |ioiepkrgkncepc c ge|ioiepkrgkncepc/ kogncepkei `g

aiepgesi qsg ogbrg ahc ge`gag}}kei c `gqaspiei/ ziqqiei



AKZGPIOI PCR]I ;;7

niegpirkrc ge pcnzi rckoc/ zsr qc bkqkeìqg qs se aknzgiec

`g spce}k ainse{sc ogngpkpi c agraiqargppi/ lkppirg {skog ocpce`ce}c `co ncrakpi/ g fcecrg `g zsbbogak}gieg zg÷ rgacrakpg coc lkqac `g pkrfcp zg÷ rgacppg|c |crqi `cpcrngekpg pgpiog%

Go rgqsopkpi è ahc/ zcr niopg ocppirg/ kEibgg è irnkg sekspirc|ioc/ c ge niopg akqg geqszcrkbgoc/ qprsncepi `ggelirnk}gieg ocppcrkrgc% Go 1 fceekgi 2:;: oi qargppirc EgaiokOk Fgigk zsbbogaò qs ¤Go Lkppi [sipg g̀kei´ se pkfogcepckrpgaioi/ kEibgg= argpgag k``gi/ ok rcaceqgiec ok lkaagkni eig/

ge asg zrce`c|k `g ngrk ok argpgak prk`g}giekoc/ cqkopkeì{scook zri|cegcepc `ko bkqqi/ c gepcrkncepc zriìppk ckogncepkpk `kfog spcepg `g kEibgg% O‗krpgaioi `g Ok Fgigk geg}gkaie `cfog cqcnzg `g rcaceqgieg/ ge asg oi qargppirc qg ègnbkppspi ek|gfkeì qs kEibgg=

‟ G Ngqcrkbgog= pgpkegai c fcegkoc ziozcppiec `cook ocppcrkpsrk ni`crek%Niqprk g qcfeg `co pcnzi nk go pcnzi eie k|rcbbc zriac`spi qsfog

snkeg ainc hk lkppi qc go qsi kspirc (‘se zk}}i ahc qg arc`c|k \gapir Hsfi‗/ oi `clgeï Aiapcks' eie oi k|cqqc qargppi„% [scqpi qilgqpgakpifgs`g}gi qs sei `cg rinke}g zg÷ gnzirpkepg `co XGX qcaioi eie è izcrk`g sei qargppirc/ eç `g se argpgai/ c ecnncei `g se fgirekogqpk asopsrkoc%Qg prkppk `g sek `cooc pkepc rcaceqgieg ahc |g ainzkrgrkeei qsooiqahcrni `co ainzspcr kook |iac G Ngqcrkbgog aioocfkeì|g k` kEibgg/ gonkffgir qiagko ecpvird ocppcrkrgi zrcqcepc qsook zgk}}k (…' K ahgqarg|c è akzgpkpk ok qcfscepc k||cepsrk= aieqg`crkeì se nc}}i bosll

Egaiokg Ogoge/ o‗kspirc `g C`sak}giec qgbcrgkek/ qpirgk kspibgifrklgak

`g se fgi|kec ahc arcqac prk g argngekog `cook Prkeqegqprgk zrgnk `gprkqlcrgrqg eco aseccqc ainc pkpskpirc c qkopskrgi lrc{scepkpirc `g Akqk

Zise` k Rink/ hi acrakpi go qsi ogbri qs kEibgg qzcrkeì ge niopcqprieakpsrc% Hi pri|kpi ko aieprkrgi zkrcaahg fgs`g}g ziqgpg|g/ nk prk ocqprieakpsrc ac e‗crk sek ahc ng hk qsbgpi aie{sgqpkpi% Go pgpioi ahc

zrcac`c|k ok zsepgfogiqk `cniog}giec `coo‗izcrk `g Ogoge/ k lgrnkCe}iB/ ‟Qiei se sini `g nieì/ hi lkppi go ngogpkrc k Aseci% EgaiokgOgoge= c`sakpi nkoc„/ crk sek zrcqk ge fgri ahc qgepcpg}}k|k niopi bcecok |coocgpê `co ogbri (Ok Fgigk 2:;:'%



;2: AKZGPIOI PCR]I

Ok Fgigk/ zkrpceì `k qcnzogag cqcnzg ainc {scqpg/ c

agpkeì koasec prk oc acepgekgk `g ngfogkgk `g rcaceqgieg zrcqcepg qs kEibgg/ |sioc `gniqprkrc ainc oc `gekngahc cgepcrkppg|c `gqasqqgieg gepirei kg ogbrg/ aokqqgag iaiepcnzirkecg ahc qgkei/ ziqqkei rg|cokrqg niopi zg÷ zri`sppg|c `cooc/ qpkpgahc c kspirclcrce}gkog/ zkfgec asopsrkog crcaceqgieg argpgahc k asg crk|kni kbgpskpg%

G ocppirg gpkogkeg qg lg`kei qcnzrc ncei `cg oiri prk`g}giekog nc`gkpirg

asopsrkog% Hi kqqgqpgpi k niopg `gbkppgpg ge asg g qioieg `cooc eiqprc ocppcrcrgncqpk|kei lgei kook nirpc Kìrei/ Hirdhcgncr c Ke`w Vkrhio zcr fgsqpglgakrc qpirgakncepc aieacppg {skog ok ‟nirpc `cook argpgakngogpkepc„% Nkg sei zcrò ahc zri|kqqc k lkrc nck asozk qiooc|keì go|coi qsook ekpsrk `g pkepc rcaceqgieg zrilcqqgiekog= zc}}g qargppg qzcqqige bkppcrgk/ zrc|c`gbgog/ nkeakepg `g zkqqgiec i ge prkqzkrce}k qcr|gog ikqpgiqg i qpgpgakncepc cepsqgkqpg {skeì eie gespgoncepc acr|cooipgag/ goasg |cri `cqpgekpkrgi eie è nkg go ocppirc nk koprg k``cppg kg ok|irg (‟ckooirk zcrahç eie rgairrcrc kooc nkgo aioocppg|c ge|cac ahc k se

{sipg`gkei ek}giekoc 9„ ng qiei qzcqqi ìnke`kpi'% G ainncepkpirggpkogkeg `g kEibgg/ ko aieprkrgi ‑ prizzi esncriqg zcr eie rinzcrc gorcagepi `g gepcoocppskog/ qargppirg c kqzgrkepg pkog ge asg qzcqqi qiei ahgsqgkeahc g ‟ogp boif„ ‑ qiei ocppirg kaakegpg c `gqgepcrcqqkpg/ c niqprkei `gk|crc kpprk|crqkpi o‗gepcrk cqzcrgce}k `g se ogbri= hkeei qzcqi qio`g zcr ka{sgqpkroi/ c pcnzi zcr ocffcroi/ oi hkeei `k||cri knkpi i `cpcqpkpi/c qzcqqi aie ainzcpce}k c qce}k gespgog zs}}c qippi ko ekqircqpgpsgqaiei sek zkqqgiec c se‗gepcoogfce}k ahc rgqsopkei aiepkfgiqc%Nipg|i zcr asg zrclcrgqaiei aieqgfogkrqg g ogbrg prk `g oiri zgsppiqpi ahc

kqzcppkrc o‗ceecqgnk rcaceqgiec akzkac `g kaaiqpkrqg k se ogbri ainc kse pizi nirpi% Lirqc/ zcr sek |iopk/ g qioieg `g asg qizrk ziprcbbcrincppcrqg ge `gqasqqgiec `k|kepg k se‗cqzcrgce}k ainc {scqpk% K nceiahc eie zrclcrgqakei nirgrc aini`kncepc qippi go ariooi `cooc pirrg`‗k|irgi c `g rgqcepgncepi `cepri asg qg k`ìrncepkei ifeg qcrk (Gb%'%

[skepi kllcrnkpi `k Ok Fgigk ge {scqpi krpgaioi crkqgasrkncepc fgê eipi kg ocppirg `cook rcpc/ nk {scqpc zkrioc/ zcrkopri kllg`kpc k se {sipg`gkei/ {skoc ¤Go Lkppi [sipg`gkei´/niopi ocppi c `gllsqi prkq|crqkoncepc lrk fog gepcoocppskog



AKZGPIOI PCR]I ;2;

gpkogkeg/ eie zipc|kei eie qpgniokrc se kaacqi `gbkppgpi qgk

ecg niopg boif ocppcrkrg/ ahc qsooc zkfgec c g qgpg gepcrecp `g{sipg`gkeg c qcppgnkekog/ prk g {skog keahc ¤Go Rglirngqpk´ c¤Zkeirknk´% O‗gepcrrifkpg|i ainsec kooc `g|crqc `gqasqqgieg zsò cqqcrc qcnzoglgakpi aiqï= ‟zsò `k||cri go zkqqkzkriok `gkEibgg/ c `cg qsig spcepg/ geag`crc zg÷ `cook argpgak ocppcrkrgk/kaak`cngak i fgirekogqpgak ahc qgk/ k asg crk|kni kbgpskpg/pkepi `k gelosce}krc g fsqpg c fog ka{sgqpg `cg ocppirg9„% Kfgs g̀akrc `koo‗gnzirpke}k ahc niopg c`gpirg/ qizrkppsppi

zgaaiog/ c qargppirg gpkogkeg/ ge {scqpg sopgng keeg/ kpprgbsgqaieikooc rcaceqgieg zriìppc qs {scqpi qiagko ecpvird/ ok rgqziqpk èqï% Zsò qcnbrkrc bkekoc/ zcr ahg kbbgk `gncqpgahc}}k aie okrcpc c oc gelirnk}gieg ahc cqqk |cgaiok/ qippiogeckrc ok`gllcrce}k lrk sek rcaceqgiec6; `g kEibgg/ qcnzrc |gqgbgoc/ainncepkbgoc c ogedkbgoc i|se{sc/ rgqzcppi k sek rcaceqgiec zsbbogakpk/ hga cp esea/ qs sek zkfgek asopsrkoc `g se{sipg`gkei akrpkaci/ eie qippiziqpk kg ainncepg `cg ocppirg/knncqqi ahc {scqpg ok ocffkei/ c ‟gnziqpk„ `k sek rc`k}giecahc/ ioprc k qcoc}giekrc go ogbri ge {scqpgiec/ qg geakrgak `g `krcok qsk gepcrzrcpk}giec c` c|cepskoncepc go qsi fgs`g}gi qsooiqpcqqi/ qce}k kaacppkrc koase ‟aieprk``gppirgi„/ zcr sqkrc sepcrngec akri kook ziogpgak c ko fgirekogqni gpkogkeg%

1%2%2 Ainc lse}giek kEibgg

O‗kppg|gpê lie`kncepkoc illcrpk `kook zgkppklirnk `g kEibggaieqgqpc eco arckrc sek ogbrcrgk zcrqiekoc/ i||cri qcoc}giekrc/aokqqglgakrc c rgzirrc se acrpi esncri `g ogbrg qso zrizrgiqakllkoc |grpskoc% G ogbrg ziqqiei cqqcrc fgê zrcqcepg qso qiagkoecpvird/ qc zrcac`cepcncepc ge`gag}}kpg `k koprg ocppirg/ izzsrcì|rkeei cqqcrc ge`gag}}kpg zcr ok zrgnk |iopk `gfgpkeì/ ge se

6; @k sek qcoc}giec `g <:: rcaceqgieg qargppc `k 111 spcepg `g|crqg/ ok

fgirekogqpk c boiffcr Bkrbkrk Qfkr}g eco 2::7 hk zsbbogakpi zcr Rg}}iog kEibgg/ go pkroi `cook ocppsrk%



;22 AKZGPIOI PCR]I

kzziqgpi aknzi `g rgacrak/ go ai`gac GQBE62% @izi k|cr

aiooiakpi se ogbri qso zrizrgi qakllkoc/ kEibgg zcrncppc `gaokqqglgakroi ge bkqc ko zrifrcqqi `g ocppsrk/ illrceì qcg ziqqgbgog iz}gieg= ‟`k ocffcrc„/ ‟ge ocppsrk„/ ‟lgegpi„/ ‟eielgegpi„/ ‟kbbkeìekpi„ c ‟`k aieqsopk}giec„% Geioprc/ è ziqqgbgoc geqcrgrc koprg `kpg kzzkrcepcncepc qcaie`krg/ nk gerckopê gnzirpkepg zcr `cpcrngekrc ok ziqg}giec ahc o‗spcepc.ocppirc iaaszcrê ecoo‗gepcrk ainsegpê= ge ahc fgirei.ncqc.keei go ogbri è qpkpi ocppi/ c qc oi qg è rgocppi i oi qg qpk

rgocffceì/ ì|c c ainc è qpkpi ka{sgqpkpi/ c qc qg è `gqziqpg kac`croi ge zrcqpgpi k` koprg spcepg%

Gelgec/ `g ifeg ogbri ahc qg fgê ocppi i qg qpk ocffceì/ è ziqqgbgoc geqcrgrc sek rcaceqgiec zcrqiekoc/ c `krc se fgs`g}gicqzrgnceì se |ipi ahc |k `k sek k age{sc qpcoogec (`k‟qakrqi„ k ‟bcoogqqgni„'% G ogbrg eie keairk ocppg c `g asg eie qgè ge ziqqcqqi/ nk ahc c|g`cepcncepc qg `cqg`crcrcbbc k|crc iocffcrc/ ziqqiei cqqcrc kffgsepg ge sek ‟ogqpk `cg `cqg`crg„= qg|crrê aiqï gelirnkpg agrak ifeg esi|i kffgirekncepi ahcrgfskr`k g pgpiog ge ogqpk c/ qizrkppsppi/ qg ziprê cqqcrc k||gqkpg qc{skoahc spcepc/ ahc fgê og ziqqgc`c/ è `gqziqpi k ac`crog ge zrcqpgpi%

Ok ogbrcrgk `g se spcepc eie è nkg kspieink c qfkeagkpk`kooc koprc= `g ifeg ogbri ahc qg ziqqgc`c qso zrizrgi qakllkockEibgg lk qkzcrc {skepg koprg spcepg oi ziqqgcìei/ {skepc

rcaceqgieg qiei qpkpc cllcppskpc qsooi qpcqqi c `k ahg/ aiqïainc ahg oi qpk ocffceì/ i hk kzzcek lgegpi `g ocffcroi/ c ge{skog frszzg qc ec qpk `gqaspceì% G ogbrg/ g fcecrg `g ogbrg c oc zrclcrce}c `g ocppsrk ahc cncrfiei `k sek ogbrcrgk zcrncppiei`g akoaiokrc/ ge zcracepskoc/ go frkì `g kllgegpê lrk g `g|crqg

62 Oi q|kepkffgi `coo‗ge`gag}}k}giec `g pgpiog nc g̀kepc o‗geqcrgncepi `coai`gac GQBE rgqgc`c eco akqi `g c`g}gieg `g|crqc/ i rgqpknzc/ `g sei

qpcqqi pgpioi= go qgqpcnk rgaieiqac g pgpiog ainc ogbrg `g|crqg c/ `gaieqcfsce}k/ og ge`gag}}k zg÷ |iopc%



AKZGPIOI PCR]I ;21

ocppirg `cook ainsegpê% Qc ge se qiagko ecpvird fcecrgai/ {sko

è zcr cqcnzgi Lkacbiid / go rkzzirpi `g se ge`g|g`si aie fogkoprg è rcfiokpi ge bkqc ko esncri `g kngag}gc ge ainsec/ cqioi k se og|cooi qcaie`krgi gepcr|cefiei koprg pgzg `g gepcrcqqgc kppgps`geg kllgeg/ ecg qiagko ecpvird `c`gakpg ko nieì `cgogbrg/ ainc kEibgg/ o‗segai ncpri `g ngqsrk zcr akoaiokrco‗kllgegpê lrk `sc i zg÷ zrilgog è bkqkpi qsook ainzkpgbgogpê lrkoc ogbrcrgc zcrqiekog= pgpiog/ kspirg/ fcecrg/ krcc pcnkpgahc c koprglkppirg `cpcrngekpg `kooc pkf aie asg è ziqqgbgoc cpgahcppkrc g

aiepcespg geqcrgpg ge qakllkoc%Keahc ge kEibgg/ ainc ecooc `g|crqc kzzogak}gieg `g qiagko

ecpvirdgef/ g ncnbrg ahc ceprkei ge rcok}giec prk oiri qiei`cppg ‟kngag„4 nk/ ainc ecooc rcok}gieg rckog qg pce`c k`gqpgefscrc lrk kngag c aieiqacepg/ lrk fog spcepg ahc ziziokei{scqpi qiagko ecpvird ocppcrkrgi è ziqqgbgoc `clgegrc go rkzzirpilrk spcepg ge pcrngeg `g ‟kngag}gk„ c ‟|gagekpi„% O‗‟kngai„ è sespcepc `g asg |ifogkni qkzcrc psppi/ i {skqg= {skoc ogbri hkkzzcek ncqqi ge qakllkoc/ aiqk hk kzzcek rcaceqgpi/ k ahc zsepi è ecook ocppsrk `g se ogbri ahc eig kbbgkni fgê ocppi iocffcrcni ge qcfsgpi/ caa%4 se ‟|gagei„ è se spcepc `g asg aggepcrcqqkei ncei kqzcppg= zcr cqcnzgi/ ziprcnni k|cr eipkpi`g k|crc aie {scqpi ziahg ogbrg c ocppsrc ge ainsec/ nk ok qskogbrcrgk è ainse{sc gepcrcqqkepc c |koc ok zcek eie zcr`crok `g|gqpk% Prk g ncnbrg/ geioprc/ cqgqpiei g ‟ogbrkrgke„/ i||cri g

bgbogipcakrg/ aio ainzgpi `g kgspkrc ok ainsegpê (qizrkppsppicokbirkeì/ ìzi k|croc |gqgiekpc c airrcppc/ oc rgahgcqpc `gge g̀ag}}k}giec `g esi|g pgpiog' c rce`crc cllgagcepc golse}giekncepi `co qiagko ecpvird `keì aieqgfog cqsffcrgncepg spgog kfog koprg ncnbrg% Qg `g|cepk ‟ogbrkrgke„ qcqg |gcec qacopg c eingekpg `k koprg spcepg/ k oiri |iopk fgêeingekpg ‟ogbrkrgke„4 qiogpkncepc se spcepc è qacopi ainc‟ogbrkrgke„ ìzi cqqcrqg `gqpgepi `keì qsffcrgncepg c aieqgfog

ecg esncriqg frszzg `g kqqgqpce}k rg|iopg kg ocppirg/ i zcr k|cr



;20 AKZGPIOI PCR]I

rgac|spi esncriqg kzzrc}}kncepg ziqgpg|g qsooc rcaceqgieg

zsbbogakpc i/ keairk/ zcrahç ok qsk ogbrcrgk qg zrcqcepk zkrpgaiokrncepc gepcrcqqkepc/ bce ir`gekpk c lrc{scepcncepckffgirekpk%

Ainc qg è |gqpi ge zrcac`ce}k/ zcr ifeg pgpioi è ziqqgbgocaieqsopkrc oc rcaceqgieg zriìppc `kg ocppirg/ c |kospkrc qc cqqcqiei qpkpc `‗kgspi rgqzcppi koo‗g`ck ahc ag qg qpk lkaceì `coogbri% Oc rcaceqgieg ippcefiei zg÷ |gqgbgogpê ge bkqc ko esncri`g |kospk}gieg ziqgpg|c ahc rgac|iei c/ k oiri |iopk/ rceìei

zg÷ |gqgbgog g ogbrg k asg qiei rglcrgpc%

Frk}gc k {scqpg lkppirg kzzcek `cqargppg (ziziokrgpê `cg ogbrgakoaiokpk ge bkqc ko esncri `g ogbrcrgc ge asg qiei zrcqcepg/fgs`g}g cncqqg `kg ocppirg aio argpcrgi `cooc age{sc qpcoogec/rcaceqgieg/ c |ipk}gieg qs {scqp‗sopgnc' kEibgg qg zrcqcepkainc go nieì g`ckoc zcr bgbogilgog c knkepg `cook ocppsrk% Ahg

liqqc kbgpskpi ko qgqpcnk prk g̀}giekoc `cg ogbrg c `cook



AKZGPIOI PCR]I ;23

agraiok}giec `g gelirnk}gieg k cqqg rcokpg|c/ lkpgahcrcbbc k

ainzrce`crc oc `gekngahc `g {scqpi qgefiokrc qiagko ecpvird%Ok zribkbgogpê `g gnbkppcrqg ge ogbrg `g asg eie qg crk kaieiqace}k/ qioi ek|gfkeì ge kEibgg c asrgiqkeì lrk fogqakllkog `cg `g|crqg ocppirg/ eie hk cfskog eco nieì prk`g}giekoclkppi `g ogbrcrgc/ |cprgec/ fgirekog c rg|gqpc= qziqpkrqg |grpskoncepclrk zkfgec aiepcecepg ioprc |cepgage{sc ngogieg `g ogbrgc{sg|krrcbbc k zcrairrcrc `cagec c `cagec `g ahgoincprg geogbrcrgc c bgbogipcahc/ ocffcrc ahgog c ahgog `g akrpk qpknzkpk

aiepcecepc rcaceqgieg/ fgs`g}g argpgag c zsbbogagpê c/ kooi qpcqqipcnzi/ aie|crqkrc aie psppg fog koprg ocppirg geaieprkpg qprk`klkaceì%

C|g`cepcncepc go |koirc kffgsepi rgqgc`c/ zg÷ ahc ecook {skepgpê ‑ `co rcqpi/ ok ainzocpc}}k `g gelirnk}gieg/ nk keahc g rgqahg `grgìe`ke}k c i|croik` gelirnkpg|i qiei akrkppcrgqpgahcrgaieiqagbgog se zi‗ i|se{sc eco vcb ‑/ ecook {skogpê c ecook`cniark}gk irg}}iepkoc `g fsqpg/ rsiog c izgegieg% Qc se`cpcrngekpi ogbri/ frk}gc k nkqqgaac aknzkfec zsbbogagpkrgc c zrini}giekog/ ge ogbrcrgc/ c g̀aioc c aceprg ainncragkog |ce`cpkepgqqgni/ eie è qaiepkpi ahc qs kEibgg rglocppcrê oi qpcqqike`kncepi%

Zrce`gkni ainc cqcnzgi g ogbrg `g Brsei \cqzk= qc g pgpiogk lgrnk `co fgirekogqpk ‟ge|kìei„ ifeg kefioi `cg zsepg|ce`gpk/ `cg {sipg`gkeg c `cg pcocfgirekog `co eiqpri Zkcqc/ c

`se{sc qg zgk}}kei lrk g lrk zg÷ |ce`spg qs bkqc keesk/ gekEibgg qg zrcqcepkei ge nkegcrk bce zg÷ qibrgk/ c qgasrkncepcncei ge|k`cepc% Nk caai ok ei|gpê= `co ocppirc ahc hkainzrkpi/ c zrcqsngbgoncepc ocppi/ se ogbri `g \cqzk nk eiehk niì `g rg|cokrag se qsi fgs`g}gi/ aieqg`crcrcni qioi se`kpi/ i||cri o‗k|cr qzcqi sek acrpk qinnk zcr o‗ka{sgqpi(segai cocncepi/ `co rcqpi/ ahc gepcrcqqk ko ncrakpi c`gpirgkoc`g nkqqk'% Nk zcr ok ainsegpê `g kEibgg k|cr ka{sgqpkpi (c

ocppi' go ogbri eie è `g zcr qç cocncepi qi``gqlkacepc= iaairrc



;2< AKZGPIOI PCR]I

fskr`krc kg fgs g̀}g cqzrcqqg/ kooc rcaceqgieg c kg |krg

ainncepg% @ieec `g asirg/ ahc prk g ogbrg `g \cqzk è ko nincepi go zg÷ ocppi ge kEibgg/ rgairrc ge ;3; ogbrcrgc c go qsi |ipiainzocqqg|i è `g prc qpcoogec (‟aiqï aiqï„'% Ge akoac ko ogbriainzkgiei;3 rcaceqgieg61/ aie sek zrc|koce}k `g qprieakpsrcecg aielriepg `co ogbri% Niopg `gahgkrkei `g k|croi k|spi gercfkoi/ c {skoasei qg `gac `gqziegbgoc k ac`croi k` koprgocppirg% Se ocppirc qarg|c= ‟eie ac ok ziqqi lkrc% Nkg rcfkoi ls

ncei frk`gpi% @gqziegbgoc zcr oi qaknbgi% Ainc esi|i„%Nceprc sek ocpprgac oi fgs`gak ‟qcr|goc/ qinnkrgi cngqifgei„% Ko aieprkrgi se‗koprk ocpprgac/ ahc `gahgkrk `gkzzrc}}kroi/ qarg|c ‟(%%%' `k {scqpi ogbri ok lgfsrk lcnngegocec prkc se kqzcppi `g frke`c {skogpê= `grcg gepcoogfcepc/ kqpspk/qakoprk/ lirpc c qgasrk `g agò ahc |sioc+„%

Zsò qpszgrc keairk `g zg÷ go akqi `c Ok qiogps`gec `cgesncrg zrgng/ izcrk zrgnk `g Zkioi Fgir`kei c |geagpirc `coZrcngi Qprcfk `co 2::8/ ahc hk |ce`spi ioprc se ngogiec `gaizgc c` è qpkpi kzzrc}}kpgqqgni `kook argpgak% Qs kEibgg/ zsr cqqceì psppirk go qcaieì ogbri zg÷ ocppi ge kqqiospi (zrcqcepcge ioprc 21%::: ogbrcrgc'/ rgzirpk se fgs`g}gi ainzocqqg|i ahciqagook lrk prc c {skppri qpcoogec (i||cri lrk ‟aiqï aiqï„ c‟bcooi„'% Oc rcaceqgieg zg÷ |ipkpc/ i||cri oc zg÷ kzzrc}}kpc`kg ocppirg/ qiei zrizrgi {scooc ecfkpg|c ecg aielriepg `co

rinke}i% Ok rcaceqgiec zg÷ kzzrc}}kpk (zrclcrgpk `k 28: zcrqiec'/ `g se spcepc ahc qg lgrnk ‟Ewncrgk„/ rgzirpko‗griegai pgpioi ‟Ok qiogps`gec `cooi qargppirc„60=

Hi ocppi {scqpi ogbri zcrahç ng è qpkpi zrcqpkpi% Rgkqqsepi ge sek qiok zkriok= è |kasi% Go qceqi `g esoogpê ahc aige|iofc {scqpi zriìppi ‑ `kpi

61 hppz=))vvv%keibgg%ain)biidq)@ieecY`gYasirg)76888:0371<2;):;b3b:c;cl111;:7lb)

60 hppz=))vvv%keibgg%ain)biidq)OkYqiogps`gecY`cgYesncrgYzrgng)76888:0366:26):;c306<l80ca3kbb8a)



AKZGPIOI PCR]I ;26

ahc ge {scqpi akqi è o&cqcnzgi `g se‗ippgnk aknzkfek zrini}giekoc zg÷ ahc `g bsiek ocppcrkpsrk ‑ qprgefc oi qpinkai `co ocppirc qge `kooiqpgoc% Go ogbri è gelkppg qargppi niopi nkoc= zsepcffgkpsrk c qgepkqqg qiei

bsppkpc qce}k ir`gec/ kooi qbkrkfogi% Eie qg rgqzcppkei oc rcfioc`coo‗gpkogkei% Nk eie bkqpk+ Qg kqqgqpc gecrng kooi q|iofcrqg `g seìasncepkrgi/ lrc`ì c q{skoogì/ `cook |gpk `g `sc lgfsrc `g ksping%(…' @k||cri akppg|i cqcnzgi `cook ocppcrkpsrk `g iffg/ ahc `gniqprkahc= go zrcngi Qprcfk irnkg eie è qgeiegni `g {skogpê/ ahc okNie`kìrg qpk ak`ceì qcnzrc zg÷ ge bkqqi% Niopi niopi prgqpc%%% psppi+

Ecook ainsegpê `g ocppirg `g kEibgg |kofiei koprc rcfiocgekzzogakbgog ko `g lsirg `cook rcpc= zsò akzgpkrc ahc se ogbri ziaikzzrc}}kpi `kook argpgak qgk niopi ziziokrc c kzzrc}}kpi zrcqqifog ‟keibgkeg„ c ahc/ ko aieprkrgi/ `g se bcqp.qcoocr qg `gqaspk ziai/ i zcr egcepc4 aiqï ainc è niopi lrc{scepc ahc ̀ g sei qpcqqikspirc |cefk zg÷ kzzrc}}kpi se pgpioi ncei eipi rgqzcppi k` koprgahc hkeei ippcespi frke`c qsaacqqi `g argpgak c `g zsbbogai% Eco2::7 Oirc`kek Ogzzcrgeg `ko qsi boif qarg|c|k=

[skog qiei g acepi ogbrg zg÷ aieiqagspg c zg÷ |ipkpg `kg ocppirg `g Gepcrecp(i/ zcr ncfogi `grc/ `k {scook knzgk zkrpc `g ocppirg zrcqcepc qsookogbrcrgk |grpskoc `g kEibgg'9 Zcr i||gc rkfgieg esncrgahc/ ag qiei g

bcqp.qcoocr/ qgk zsrc lrk oiri `g|crqgqqgng= Finirrk c Go akaagkpirc `gk{sgoieg/ Hkrrw Zippcr c O‗cocfke}k `co rgaagi/ Go einc `cook riqk c

Ei|cacepi% [skoahc qirzrcqk ge zg÷ |gcec `kg aokqqgag/ go asg argpcrgi `gqacopk lkrcbbc zribkbgoncepc zcr`crc go qieei kg ocppcrkpg= Go fgi|kec

Hio`ce c Qg``hkrpk/ kaakepi k Go qgfeirc `cfog kecoog c k Lkhrcehcgp

03;% C k Gpkoi Ako|gei/ zrcqcepc aie eie ziahc izcrc= Go bkriecrknzkepc/ Go |gqaiepc `gnc}}kpi/ Qc sek eippc `‗ge|crei se |gkffgkpirc/

Go qcepgcri `cg eg`g `g rkfei/ Oc agppê ge|gqgbgog% C ainc nkg è ge ippgnk ziqg}giec se pgpioi `gq`cfekpi `koo‗kaak`cngk ainc Fsg`k fkokppgak zcr fog kspiqpizzgqpg `g @isfokq K`knq9 Zcrahç/ lrk g rinke}g `g Egaaioò Knnkegpg/ Pg zrceì c pg zirpi |gk è `gagkqqcppcqgni/ nceprc go bcqp.qcoocr Gi eie hi zksrk è |cepgage{scqgni c Ainc @gi ainke`k/aie asg oi qargppirc |geqc go Zrcngi Qprcfk/ è qcqqkepkprccqgni9 C ahc`grc `g [ `g Osphcr Bogqqcpp ahc zrcac`c Prc ncprg qizrk go agcoi `g

Niaagk9 (Ogzzcrgeg 2::7'%



AKZGPIOI PCR]I ;27

Go zrgni `glcppi/ cqzoiqi ecg ncqg `g osfogi c kfiqpi/ ls ok

ocepc}}k `co qiagko ecpvird k cokbirkrc oc rgahgcqpc `gge g̀ag}}k}giec `g esi|g pgpiog4 nk/ ge fcecrkoc/ psppk ok zgkppklirnk qg `gniqprò zkrpgaiokrncepc ocepk/`koo‗kffgirekncepi `g eipglgahc c qpkpgqpgahc ko qcr|g}gi `gge|gi c rgac}giec `cg ncqqkffg%

Go |cri prkaiooi krrg|k qsbgpi ìzi/ lrk ippibrc c ei|cnbrc/pkepi ahc fog qpcqqg ‟ogbrkrgke„ ahgcìei kfog spcepg/ainsegakeì prkngpc ncqqkffg `g ziqpk i `grcppkncepc ge boif

cqpcreg |gqpk o‗gnzkqqc `co qgpi/ `g eie ge|gkrc koprc rgahgcqpc `gge`gag}}k}giec `g esi|g pgpiog/ k|ceìec ngfogkgk ge ai`kkeairk `k cokbirkrc% Gepkepi oc ogbrcrgc `cfog spcepg geg}gkei k zcr`crc g `kpg geqcrgpg/ niopc rcaceqgieg qg akeacookeikspinkpgakncepc c oc aizcrpgec `cg ogbrg qzkrgqaiei eco esook%kEibgg è ko aiookqqi/ c ecg esncriqg frszzg `g ‟nspskkqqgqpce}k„/ ahc gepkepi qg niopgzogakei qso qiagko ecpvird/ainc qsg |krg boif ocppcrkrg `cook rcpc/ qg `gqaspc qs ainc‟qko|krc„ oc ogbrcrgc ahc qpkeei ke`keì zcr`spc% Qso frszzi zg÷ lrc{scepkpi `g kEibgg/ ‟qcr|c kgspi aie kEibgg„/ kookqc}giec ‟nkolse}giekncepi `co qgpi„63/ qg niopgzogakei gncqqkffg `g spcepg `cosqg%

Se spcepc ahc qg lgrnk ‟Os`vgf„/ zcr cqcnzgi/ go 23ippibrc 2:;: qarg|c=

[scqpk |iopk |ifogi zriaoknkroi qce}k zcrglrkqg= `k koaseg fgiregkEibgg |k ahc è sei qahgli+ Qc ì|cqqg lkrc o‗coceai `g psppc oc lse}giegahc eie |keei |g keeigcrcg k nirpc c qkrcbbc ainse{sc gespgoc/ |gqpiahc oc aieiqacpc bcec psppg% Psppi agò sqkeì ainzspcr `g|crqg/ brivqcr `g|crqg/ ogecc `g|crqc% Ok |ifogk `g cngfrkrc krng c bkfkfog kopri|c èlirpgqqgnk% Go zribocnk è= ì|c9 (…' Qasqkpc go piei/ lirqc se zi‗sopgnkpg|i/ nk qiei `k||cri geak}}kpi%

‟Cllcnkr„ ge|cac qarg|c=

63 hppz=))vvv%keibgg%ain)lirsnYphrck`9pizgaG̀ >1;3;0;0!ecvYphrck`



;1: AKZGPIOI PCR]I

Qc eie rgzrgqpgekei kook q|copk go lse}giekncepi `co bkoiaai/ |kì kocffcrc c k qarg|crc `k se‗koprk zkrpc% Cngfri% \kogfgk `g akrpiec/ ocfkpkaie oi qzkfi c zgcek `g ogbrg/ bgfogcppi `g pcr}k aokqqc `g qiok ke`kpk/ c|gk+ Aiqï è%

Qg geg}gk k zceqkrc `g ngfrkrc/ nk eie è keairk ahgkri ì|cke`krc/ c qizrkppsppi ainc lkrc k prkqzirpkrc aie qç ok zrizrgkogbrcrgk c psppc oc gelirnk}gieg k cqqk rcokpg|c% Niopg spcepggeg}gkei k aieqgfogkrc `g lkrc |gqgpk k se kopri qiagko ecpvird `c`gakpi kg ogbrg= qg prkppk `g Fii`rck`q/ sek zgkppklirnk niopi`gllsqk eco nieì kefoiqkqqiec/ c qgngoc/ zcr lse}gieg ckzzogak}gieg illcrpc/ k` kEibgg% Gepkepi spcepg cqzcrpg pri|kei gni`g zcr prkqlcrgrc `k sek zgkppklirnk koo‗koprk ok zrizrgkogbrcrgk/ oc rcaceqgieg c oc koprc gelirnk}gieg/ qzgcfkeì ainclkrc k ogngpkrc ok `gqzcrqgiec `cg `kpg%

Kefcoi Rgaag/ qargppirc c boiffcr niopi qcfsgpi ckzzrc}}kpi ge rcpc/ zsbbogak qso qsi boif c qso qsi zrilgoi `g

Pvgppcr sek ocppcrk kzcrpk6<

k Frcf Qsef/ `g qcfsgpi rgzirpkpkgepcfrkoncepc=

Ngi zri`c ak|kogcrc/ {skeì lie`kqpg kEibgg eig psppg ec rgnkecnniliofirkpg% Ko zsepi `g okqagkrag kooc qzkooc ok ainzrceqgbgoc rgpriqgk `geig ocppirg c kzrgrc koo‗seg|crqi nieì oc eiqprc ogbrcrgc/ oc eiqprcocppsrc c/ {sge`g/ oc eiqprc kegnc% Eie ag lcac `glcppi go ncppcrag k esì/niqprkeì k psppg {scooc ahc crkei oc eiqprc zg÷ qcfrcpc zrclcrce}cogbrcqahc c/ {sge`g/ g eiqprg zg÷ rcaie`gpg qifeg% ‟Qc |sig qkzcrc

{skoaiqk `g se sini/ qaizrg aiqk ocffc„% Eig rglsffgnni psppg `k{scqpk rkaainke`k}giec/ c` gokrg c fgsog|g kzzri`knni kooc rg|cirgcepkog `g {sco psi zkrpgaiokrc qiagko ecpvird ahc ag rce`c|k psppg aiqïsfskog qc zsr `gllcrcepg% Geasrkepg `g cqqcrc sek qirpk `g Irdsp 66 `cg ogbrgc `cooc ocppsrc/ gnzcrpcrrgpg rgcnzgnni g eiqprg zrilgog `g eipc c

6< hppz=))kefcoirgaag%psnbor%ain)ziqp);<<:678;17)ocppcrk.kzcrpk.k.frcf.qsef66 hppz=))vvv%irdsp%ain) Irdsp è se qiagko ecpvird okeagkpi eco 2::0 `k

Fiifoc/ nk keairk ziai `gllsqi% Ok qsk zkrpgaiokrgpê aieqgqpc ecook

ziqqgbgogpê illcrpk kfog spcepg `g ceprkrc k lkr zkrpc `g `g|crqc ainsegpê kqcaie`k `g gepcrcqqg/ ogefsk c ek}giekogpê%

http://www.orkut.com/

http://www.orkut.com/



AKZGPIOI PCR]I ;1;

rcaceqgieg% Irk/ keahc qioi go pcepkr `g k||gagekrag kooc qzie`c `co psignzcri ag è zcrgfogiqi% Eie ag qiei sqcreknc c zkqqvir` ahc pcefkei%O‗kzzriì kooc psc rg|c è qcnzrc zg÷ `gllgaiopiqi c ok ocepc}}k `cookek|gfk}giec zrcqqi g psig nkrg ag è |gczzg÷ `g qaielirpi% @ibbgkni aieaïò rgpcecrc ahc eie pg rgair`g zg÷ `g eig9 @ibbgkni/ eig hkzzw lcv`cooc bkppkfogc ocppcrkrgc/ rgpcecrag kbbkeìekpg `ko eiqpri aieìppgcri9Qkzzg ahc eie cqgqpc cqcragpi/ qc zsr crigai/ ahc rcqgqpc ko prk`gncepi`co qsi ainke`kepc%

Niopg ‟keibgkeg„/ pcnceì ahc eie qg prkppg `g se zribocnk

pcnzirkeci/ geg}gkei k ngfrkrc |crqi Fii`rck`q/ ahc gepkepi/ainzogac ok argqg `g kEibgg/ `g|gcec kbbkqpke}k ziziokrc keahcge Gpkogk/ zsr qc keairk qfskregpi `g pgpiog ge gpkogkei c eieprkìppi ecook eiqprk ogefsk (cqqceì {scook gpkogkek sekainsegpê `g ocppirg keairk gegeloscepc qsook esi|k zgkppklirnk'%

Go ncqc `g fceekgi 2:;; è qpkpi o‗sopgni ncqc `k||criargpgai zcr kEibgg/ c k lcbbrkgi ok qgpsk}giec qcnbrk

ocepkncepc pirekrc kook eirnkogpê frk}gc kg ‟bsf„ `g |iopk ge|iopk rgqiopg4 nk eie è lkagoc {skepglgakrc ok zcr`gpk `g spcepg`co acocbrc qiagko ecpvird/ c |kospkrc ge sek zcracepskoc acrpk{skepg `g cqqg kbbgkei `cagqi `g kzzri`krc qs Fii`rck`q i qskoprc zgkppklirnc qgngog (niopi fcppiekpi è go qiagko ecpvird OgbrkrwPhgef / nk oc qsc kzzogak}gieg gepcfrkog qiei`gqziegbgog qioi `gcpri zkfkncepi'%

Zsr qc se ‟prk|kqi„ `g ocppirg |g è qpkpi/ è zrc|c`gbgoc ahc qckEibgg qkzrê rgqiooc|krqg c rgqio|crc `clgegpg|kncepc g ‟bsf„ahc oi hkeei `keecffgkpi/ ziprê nkepcecrc keairkgeaieprkqpkpk ok qsk cfcniegk ge Gpkogk% Geioprc/ go lkppi ahcniopg `cfog spcepg ahc hkeei kppg|kpi se kaaisep qs Fii`rck`qeie hkeei ecacqqkrgkncepc `gqkppg|kpi {scooi `g kEibgg/ zrcqsngbgoncepc sqkeì ceprknbc oc zgkppklirnc/ c ahcFii`rck`q/ zrcqcepkeì se esncri keairk ogngpkpi `g pgpiog ge

gpkogkei/ qg rg|cok zcr irk ziai kpprkppg|i eco eiqpri Zkcqc/



;12 AKZGPIOI PCR]I

okqagk bce qzcrkrc ahc niopg spcepg gpkogkeg pirecrkeei k `krc

lg`sagk ko zrifcppi `g Frcf Qsef% Gelgec/ oc kzzogak}giegrcacepcncepc okeagkpc zcr g `gqziqgpg|g zirpkpgog qcnzrc zg÷`gllsqg/ {skog gZk` / gZhiec/ `gqziqgpg|g bkqkpg qsook pcaeioifgk Ke`rig` `g Fiifoc/ c koprg/ lkeei `g kEibgg go qiagko ecpvird `c`gakpi kook ocppsrk zg÷ lse}giekoc ge nibgogpê%

1%1 Fii`rck`q

Go qiagko ecpvird Fii`rck`q68 ls lie`kpi eco 2::<`koo‗gefcfecrc gelirnkpgai brgpkeegai Ipgq Ahkeòcr/ c zrcqcepk se‗gnziqpk}giec niopi qgngoc k {scook `cook zgkppklirnk `g kEibgg (k asg qg geg}gkoncepc qg gqzgrk'/ aielse}gieg c kzzogak}gieg `g bkqc {skqg sfskog/ nk aie koasec`cpcrngekepg geei|k}gieg% Fgê eco 2::6 go esncri `g spcepggqargppg ko qiagko ecpvird krrg|k k qlgirkrc g 6::%:::/ c g ogbrgge`gag}}kpg qiei ioprc `gcag ngogieg% Eie è se akqi ahc/ ecooiqpcqqi keei/ Fii`rck`q qgk fgê ecook ‟Piz ;: Vcbqgpcq„ `co¤Pgnc´67 kppcqpkeìqg ge {sgepk ziqg}giec%

Eco 2:;: fog spcepg `g Fii`rck`q qszcrkei irnkg g `scngogieg c/ ainzogac ok argqg `g kEibgg/ lrk cqqg geg}gkei k lkrqgeipkrc qzkrspg frszzg `g ocppirg gpkogkeg ahc kzzri`kei qsoqiagko ecpvird brgpkeegai zirpkeì aie qç oc zrizrgc ogbrcrgc% G

ogbrg ge`gag}}kpg qiei irnkg ioprc 8:ngogieg k og|cooi foibkoc/aie i||gk c ecppk zrc|koce}k `g pgpiog kefoiqkqqieg/ geqcrgpg eco`kpkbkqc `k ocppirg zrc|kocepcncepc gefocqg c kncrgakeg%

Ok zgkppklirnk `g Fii`rck`q/ qg è `cppi/ è ge niopg kqzcppgqgngoc k {scook `g kEibgg/ o‗ibgcppg|i è qcnzrc {scooi `g arckrcsek ogbrcrgk zcrqiekoc/ aokqqglgakrc/ |ipkrc (keahc ge {scqpi

68 hppz=))vvv%fii`rck`q%ain)

67 hppz=))vvv%pgnc%ain)pgnc)qzcagkoq)2::6)krpgaoc):/288:0/;<8<2:0Y;<8<1:3Y;<7;;<6/::%hpno



AKZGPIOI PCR]I ;11

akqi aie go argpcrgi `cooc age{sc qpcoogec' c rcaceqgrc g ogbrg

geqcrgpg ecg zrizrg qakllkog/ arckrc sek ‟ogqpk `cg `cqg`crg„ cqprgefcrc kngag}gk aie koprg ocppirg aie`g|g`ceì gepcrcqqg/fsqpg c izgegieg qsg ogbrg% Keahc qs Fii`rck`q/ geioprc/ è ziqqgbgoc ka{sgqpkrc (prkngpc Knk}ie c koprg rg|ce`gpirg ieogec'ogbrg/ c qaknbgkrog ac`ceìog i rgac|ceìog ge zrcqpgpi%

Zsr qc ecook ainsegpê `g Fii`rck`q eie cqgqpc ok`gqpge}giec lrk ‟kngag„ c ‟|gageg„/ o‗gepcr.rcok}giec lrk fogspcepg qg bkqk qsooc qpcqqc `gekngahc `g kEibgg/ nk ok

ainzkpgbgogpê lrk g zrilgog |gcec ngqsrkpk zg÷ `cppkfogkpkncepc=g |koirg ge zcracepskoc rceìei aiepi qgk `cg ogbrg ge ainsec ziqqc`spg ecooc rgqzcppg|c ogbrcrgc/ c `cooc krcc pcnkpgahcrgfskr`kepg fog qpcqqg/ ahc `co frkì `g kllgegpê lrk g fsqpgocppcrkrg/ zrcppkncepc akoaiokpi prkngpc g `kpg cqprkziokpg `k|ipk}gieg c fgs`g}g cqzrcqqg qsg ogbrg%

G`cepgai è go rsioi `cg ‟ogbrkrgke„ k asg è rgahgcqpi `g

kqqgqpcrc fog koprg ncnbrg `cook ainsegpê c` cokbirkrc oc



;10 AKZGPIOI PCR]I

rgahgcqpc `g esi|c ge`gag}}k}gieg/ nk aknbgk go argpcrgi aie asg

fog qpcqqg |cefiei eingekpg pkog= ge Fii`rck`q {skoqgkqg spcepc zsò lkrc rgahgcqpk `g `g|cepkrc ‟ogbrkrgke„ qce}k k|cr q|iopi ge zrcac`ce}k koase rsioi zkrpgaiokrc/ c qce}k ahc qg qgk `gqpgepi zcr zkrpgaiokrg ncrgpg%

G zsepg `g lir}k c `g geei|k}giec `g Fii`rck`q rgqgcìeiecook ncpgaioiqk irfkeg}}k}giec gepcrek `co `kpkbkqc/ rcokpg|iqgk kg ogbrg ge`gag}}kpg ahc kg `g|crqg frszzg `g `gqasqqgiec/ ahcrce`c oc kzzogak}gieg k `gqziqg}giec `cfog spcepg niopi ncei

akipgahc rgqzcppi k {scooc `g kEibgg% Qgk ge Keibgg/ ahc geFii`rck`q/ go qgqpcnk zrgeagzkoc zcr ge`gag}}krc esi|g pgpiogeco `kpkbkqc zrc|c`c o‗geqcrgncepi `co ai`gac GQBE/ c pkocargpcrgi ainzirpk gec|gpkbgoncepc go `szogakrqg `g gelirnk}giegrcokpg|c k `g|crqc c`g}gieg c rgqpknzc qs sei qpcqqi ogbri/ aiei||gk `gqzcrqgiec `g `kpg= zcr qkzcrc/ zcr cqcnzgi/ {skepgocppirg `g kEibgg ziqqgcìei Ok qiogps`gec `cg esncrg zrgng/iaairrc acrakrc psppc oc rgairrce}c `co pgpioi eco `kpkbkqc/ cakoaiokrc {skepc |iopc ok qgefiok c`g}giec/ i rgqpknzk/ è zrcqcepc ecooc ogbrcrgc zcrqiekog4 c/ kooi qpcqqi niì/ zcr |kospkrec g fgs`g}g ainzocqqg|g c aieqsopkrc oc rcokpg|crcaceqgieg qg ì|rê kaac`crc kooc zkfgec `c`gakpc k ifegqgefiok c`g}giec ge`gag}}kpk%

Ge Fii`rck`q/ eieiqpkepc go qgqpcnk `g ge`gag}}k}giec qgksfskoc/ go zribocnk `cook `gqzcrqgiec `cg `kpg |gcec ge zkrpc

rgqiopi zcrlc}giekeì go argpcrgi `g aokqqglgak}giec c `gcpgahcppkpsrk zcr nc}}i `cooc pkf% Qc se pgpioi zrcqcepc ge zg÷c`g}gieg è bce ge`gag}}kpi k zrgirg/ c ‟pkffkpi„ k ì|crc/ kifeg rgacrak eco `kpkbkqc Fii`rck`q rcqpgpsgrê psppg g `kpg kcqqi rcokpg|g c fog kffgirekncepg `g |iopk ge |iopk `gqziegbgog% Eieiqpkepc eckeahc Fii`rck`q zcrncppk/ aie sek qiokrgacrak/ `g aieiqacrc go esncri ainzocqqg|i `g ocppirg ahc ziqqgcìei Ok qiogps`gec `cg esncrg zrgng (keahc ge pko akqi

iaairrcrê kaairzkrc psppg g rgqsopkpg ippcespg `kooc qgefioc



AKZGPIOI PCR]I ;13

c`g}gieg ge`gag}}kpc'/ è ainse{sc ziqqgbgoc aieqsopkrc ge

se‗segak zkfgek psppi agò ahc rgfskr`k go ogbri= oc rcaceqgieg/g ainncepg/ g fgs`g}g ainzocqqg|g c ge {skog frszzg qc ec qpk`gqaspceì%

Rcokpg|kncepc kg frszzg `g `gqasqqgiec Fii`rck`q qg rg|cokniopi zg÷ `gekngai rgqzcppi k` kEibgg= è ziqqgbgoc geqcrgrc `g|iopk ge |iopk qie`kffg qsook ocppsrk c esi|g c|cepg/ aiqï aincogedkrc gepcrc qahc`c `cg ogbrg `g asg qg gepce`c `gqaspcrc4 zcr ifeg `gqasqqgiec è ziqqgbgoc arckrc zrkpgahc akrpcooc c

qippiakrpcooc ahc rceìei zg÷ lkagoc qcfsgrc se gepcri phrck`/ irkffgsefcrc g qgefiog ziqp% Fgsqczzc Frkegcrg ecoo‗kfiqpi 2:;:(ahc ainc qg è |gqpi airrgqzie`c ko nincepi argpgai `gkEibgg'/ qarg|c ge zriziqgpi=

Ok ngk zcrqiekoc gnzrcqqgiec è ahc/ ge se aielriepi `grcppi/ koaoksqprilibgai kEibgg rcqpg qioi go |kepkffgi `cook oiakog}}k}giec gegpkogkei% Ge ifeg akqi ok |crk zipce}k `cooi qprsncepi ok aifog

{skeì pg rce`g aiepi ahc/ kzrceì se frszzi i zkrpcagzkeì k sekaie|crqk}giec/ zsig ogedkrc `cepri oc `gqasqqgieg fog kspirg cncppcrag oc aizcrpgec `co ogbri% Ge {scqpi niì g ziqp |cefieikspinkpgakncepc aioocfkpg kook qahc`k `co ogbri% [scqpi qgfeglgakahc {skeì qpkg fskr`keì se pgpioi zcr `cag`crc qc pg gepcrcqqk/ ègnnc`gkpkncepc aioocfkpi k psppc (i {skqg' oc k}gieg ahc oirgfskr`kei (Frkegcrg 2:;:'%

Frszzg aiqï `gekngag eie qioi lk|irgqaiei sek ngfogirc

gepcr.rcok}giec lrk fog spcepg.ocppirg nk/ ge niopg akqg/ zcrncppiei esi|c lirnc `g aiepkppi lrk g ocppirg c fog kspirg4{scqpg sopgng ziqqiei `gqaspcrc `cg zrizrg ogbrg aie g ‟lke„/kffgirekrog qs esi|c sqagpc/ `krc aieqgfog spgog/ caa% Pkogfrszzg/ geioprc/ ainc psppc oc qc}gieg `cook zgkppklirnk/ qg zrcqpkei niopi bcec k qpkbgogrc aiepkppg aie o‗cqpcrei/ qgk`cepri ahc lsirg ok zgkppklirnk (zkrpgaiokrncepc kzzrc}}kpc ockzzogak}gieg ahc ocfkei Fii`rck`q k qiagko ecpvird ainc Lkacbiid c Pvgppcr '/ zcrncppceì ge pko niì aiepgesg qaknbg



;1< AKZGPIOI PCR]I

c` c|gpke`i `g rce`crc oc `gqasqqgieg lrk g ncnbrg qpkpgahc c`

kspirclcrce}gkog%Cqgqpiei geioprc kzzogak}gieg c lse}gieg `co psppi irgfgekog ceie zrc|gqpc ge kEibgg/ `kg {sg} c g ‟prg|gk„/ zcr ncppcrc kook zri|k oc zrizrgc aieiqace}c/ kg frszzg `g qargppsrk arckpg|k geasg ngqsrkrc ok akzkagpê `cfog spcepg `g aielriepkrqg aie o‗krpc`cook qargppsrk%

Koprk frke`c geei|k}giec è o‗kzzogak}giec ‟ksphir zrifrkn„8:=

fog kspirg ziqqiei arckrc `cooc ogbrcrgc zcrqiekog}}kpc aie asg/prkngpc qzcaglgahc lse}gieg/ lkrqg qcfsgrc `kg ocppirg/ arckrc `cg zgaaiog boif ocfkpg kg zrizrg ogbrg c akrgakrc aiepcespg |g`ci `kkllgkeakrc kg ogbrg rgziqpg ge qakllkoc4 {scqp‗sopgnk lse}giec(ahc aieqgqpc ge nsopgzog aioocfkncepg kg akekog zcrqiekog `gWisPsbc' qg rg|cok niopi spgoc zcr zcrncppcrc ok |gqgiec `g se biidprkgocr/ `g qacec cqprkziokpc `k prkqziqg}gieg

8: hppz=))vvv%fii`rck`q%ain)ksphir)zrifrkn



AKZGPIOI PCR]I ;16

agecnkpifrklgahc `cg zrizrg ogbrg/ i zcr zrcqcepk}gieg c

rck`gef ahc qg gepce`c qippizirrc koo‗kppce}giec `cg ocppirg%

[scqpc geei|kpg|c kzzogak}gieg/ bce lse}giekepg c qcnzrckffgirekpc/ lkeei `g Fii`rck`q se qiagko ecpvird `gekngai cniopi kpprkppg|i% Ok qlg`k `g kEibgg/ k asg qg `c|cge`gqaspgbgoncepc go ncrgpi `g k|cr ‟qaizcrpi c |koirg}}kpi zcr zrgni ok ocppsrk ainc cocncepi qiagkog}}kepc„ (Bio}keg 2:;;'/ zcr nkepcecrc go qsi zrgnkpi koncei ge Gpkogk/ `i|rê `se{sc

geaos`crc/ ioprc kook rgqios}giec `cg ‟bsf„ ahc oi hkeeikzzcqkepgpi c rcqi gespgog}}kbgoc zcr ncqg/ ok arck}giec `gesi|c kzzogak}gieg c qcr|g}g aie asg aiepcecrc ok lsfk `cg qsigspcepg/ c bkppcrc o‗kffscrrgpk aieairrce}k `g Fii`rck`q%



AKZGPIOI [SKRPI ;17

Akzgpioi {skrpi

Qargppsrk c ocppsrk cocppriegak

0%; @gfgpkog}}krc go qkzcrc

[skepi iqqcr|kpi ecg akzgpiog zrcac`cepg `gniqprk ainc okocppcrkpsrk/ ok qargppsrk c o‗gelirnk}giec asopsrkoc kbbgkeiecfog sopgng keeg/ zkrkoocokncepc koo‗c|io|crqg `cooc pcaeioifgcgelirnkpgahc c `g gepcrecp/ aie{sgqpkpi qzk}g c rsiog `g zrgni zgkei qso vcb% C go rkzzirpi lrk ok asopsrk qargppk c okpcaeioifgk eie qg cqksrgqac ge qgpg/ boif c qiagko ecpvird zceqkpg zcr iqzgpkrok c `gllie`crok4 qcnzrc zg÷ qzcqqio‗c|ios}giec `cooc pcaeioifgc gelirnkpgahc c `g Gepcrecpgelosgqac `grcppkncepc qsook zri`s}giec asopsrkoc%

Iffg è ziqqgbgoc rgzceqkrc o‗kzzriaagi `cooi qps`giqi |crqiizcrc `co zkqqkpi ‟zribocnkpgahc„ `ko zsepi `g |gqpklgoioifgai/ illrceì esi|c ziqqgbgogpê `g c`g}gieg argpgahcfrk}gc ko qszzirpi `coo‗gelirnkpgak snkegqpgak4 ec è secqcnzgi go zrifcppi `g ‟c`g}giec argpgak gzcrpcqpskoc„ `cooi ]gbkoìec Oksrce}gkei `g Fgi|keeg Biaakaagi ahc/ qlrsppkeì

oc zipce}gkogpê `co ogefskffgi HPNO/ ecooc gepce}gieg `g ahgok|irk ko zrifcppi/ lrk asg Rkso Nir`cepg/ zcrncppc ko ocppirc`g ‟ek|gfkrc„ eco pcqpi c kllriepkrc `cooi qpcqqi eie sek/ nkpsppc oc ziqqgbgog c`g}gieg argpgahc8;%

Kooi qpcqqi niì è qpkpi ziqqgbgoc rckog}}krc go zrifcppi OG] ( Ocppcrkpsrk Gpkogkek ]kegahcoog'/ `g Zkq{skoc Qpizzcoog cCsfcegi Zgaahg/ ahc ge se qioi a`.rin rkaaifogc gepcfrkoncepcngooc izcrc `g ocppcrkpsrk gpkogkek% Ok OG] / fgsepk irnkg kook

8; hppz=))rnagqk`s%ocp%segrink;%gp)biaakaagi)



;0: AKZGPIOI [SKRPI

|crqgiec 0%:/ ioprc ahc cqprcnkncepc zrkpgak/ qg è rg|cokpk ge

niopg akqg lie`kncepkoc zcr oi qps`gi gepcrei kooc izcrcrkaaiopc c zcr ok ainzkrk}giec prk oc qpcqqc/ frk}gc kook ziqqgbgogpê illcrpk kg ocppirg `g ‟gepcrrifkrc„ g pcqpg%

O‗geaiepri lrk ok pcaeioifgk c o‗c`gpirgk hk rcqi ziqqgbgogqacekrg esi|g/ `g lkppi ngfogirkeì niopc lkqg `cook lgogcrk `g zri`s}giec c `gqprgbs}giec `co ogbri/ c illrceì ziqqgbgogpê ahceco qgqpcnk c`gpirgkoc prk`g}giekoc qkrcbbcri qpkpc gnzceqkbgog4c irk/ kook argqg ahc ge|cqpc frke zkrpc `coo‗c`gpirgk eie qioi

gpkogkek/ ok qios}giec qcnbrkei zrizirok zrizrgi ok rcpc c okaiepgesk c|ios}giec pcaeioifgak `g qilpvkrc c `gqziqgpg|gqzcaglgag%

Nk qc psppi agò è irnkg kbbkqpke}k ahgkri/ eieiqpkepc geprizzg akqg `kpi zcr qaiepkpi/ |g qiei kqzcppg esi|g ahcge|cqpiei ok zri`s}giec asopsrkoc `cfog sopgng keeg ahc eie|cefiei ge`kfkpg kppcepkncepc/ c ahc ncrgpcrcbbcri `g cqqcrckzzrilie g̀pg% Oc pcaeioifgc zg÷ k|ke}kpc/ illrceì esi|cni`kogpê c esi|g qzk}g `g zri`s}giec asopsrkoc/ c rg`gqcfekeìg rsiog `g ahg arck g aiepcespg c `g ahg ec lrsgqac/ gelosgqaiei geniopg akqg `grcppkncepc qso zriìppi asopsrkoc= eie è qioi goqszzirpi (oi qahcrni `co ainzspcr/ `coo‗c.biid rck`cr/ i `cg`gqziqgpg|g gbrg`g ko ziqpi `cook akrpk' k rgqsopkrec ni`glgakpi/nk oi qpcqqi pcqpi4 eie zg÷/ c eie qioi/ go ‟aiepcegpirc„/ nk goaiepcespi% Ok qargppsrk zsò `g|cepkrc gzcrpcqpskoc/ c ok ocppsrk

zcr`crc ogeckrgpê= rgnke`g/ qkopg ekrrkpg|g/ qairrgncepini`sokrc c nsopgnc g̀kogpê ziqqiei/ ge ogeck `g zrgeagzgi/`g|cepkrc oc esi|c akrkppcrgqpgahc `cg pcqpg%

Pcqpg ahc/ ge {scook ahc Fgei Rieakfogk (2:;:' hkrcacepcncepc `clgegpi Ok {skrpk rg|ios}giec `cg ogbrg/ zcr {skepi lrsppi `cook zg÷ k|ke}kpk `cooc c|ios}gieg pcaeioifgahc/ ziprcbbcri qingfogkrc k {scoog ahc agraiok|kei zrgnk`coo‗ge|ce}giec `cg akrkppcrg nibgog `g Fspcebcrf= i||cri

nibgog c akefgkepg/ nk qizrkppsppi ‟kzcrpg„ c/ zcr {skepi



AKZGPIOI [SKRPI ;0;

ziqqgbgoc/ pioocrkepg rgqzcppi kooc ni`glgahc kzzirpkpc `kg

ocppirg%K zkrpgrc `k {scqpg kqzcppg/ c kekog}}keì g akqg zg÷cnbocnkpgag/ {scqpi akzgpioi qg aieaceprcrê qs {skepiaieacrec oc esi|c lirnc `g pcqpskogpê c ok oiri krahgpcppsrk/ gorkzzirpi prk kspirg c ocppirg c o‗kzzriaagi `g {scqpg sopgng |crqig zriìppg asopsrkog%

0%2 @ko qszzirpi ko pcqpi

Keahc go ogbri/ zcr {skepi rkzzrcqcepg sei `cfog‟qprsncepg„ aie asg o‗sini hk zg÷ lkngogkrgpê `k Fspcebcrf ge zig/ pkepi `k ge`srrc Snbcrpi Cai k zkrkfiekroi k iffcppg{skog ‟go asaahgkgi/ go nkrpcooi/ ok rsipk/ oc lirbgag„ (Akrrgèrc/Cai 2::7/ z% 0'/ è lrsppi `g se‗c|ios}giec pcaeioifgakngoocekrgk% G bgbogilgog c {skepg pcniei zcr ok qirpc `cookasopsrk qargppk/ |c`ceì ecooc esi|c pcaeioifgc oc aksqc `cookqsk gnngecepc lgec/ pceìei k gfeirkrc {scqpk c|ios}giec/ geniopc qsc lkqg rg|ios}giekrgk/ lkppk `g aiepgesg zcrlc}giekncepg|iopg k aieqcfekrc go ogbri ecook lirnk ge asg oi aieiqagkniiffg%

È ecacqqkrgi `gqpgefscrc lrk go ogbri ge {skepi qszzirpi `gqargppsrk c ‟qprsncepi„ `g ocppsrk/ c go ogbri ge {skepi

aiepcespi.pcqpi% Qszzirpg c qprsncepg `k {scqpi zsepi `g |gqpkqiei psppg {scoog spgog}}kpg `koo‗snkegpê qge `k {skeì kìppò okqargppsrk ainc lirnk kopcrekpg|k koo‗irkogpê zcr ok prkqngqqgiec`co qkzcrc= `kook zgcprk/ go brie}i/ go ocfei (go pcrngec ogbcr irgfgekrgkncepc ge`gak|k oi qprkpi `g zcoogaiok qgpskpi prk goprieai c ok airpcaagk `cfog kobcrg/ spgog}}kpi ainc nkpcrgkoc `gqargppsrk'/ go asigi c go zkzgri (bwboiq crk go einc frcai zcr ge`gakrc go zkzgri cfg}gkei'/ lgei kook akrpk4 `kooc zkrcpg `cooc

ak|crec/ oc pk|iocppc c g aiaag/ ko |iosnce/ c `k {scqpi ko



;02 AKZGPIOI [SKRPI

ai`cx% [scqp‗sopgni zkqqkffgi/ ahc qg ainzgc ocepkncepc lrk

go GG c go G\ qcaioi/ è sei `cg zg÷ gnzirpkepg ecook qpirgk `coogbri= go |iosnce/ `k qripiokrc (go pcrngec `crg|k kzzsepi `kookpgei |io|crc' aie `sc nkeg c ocffcrc ainc se aiepgessnqce}k qcfncepk}gieg/ |gcec qiqpgpsgpi `ko ai`cx/ zrgni |cri c zrizrgi ‟ogbri ‘k zkfgec‗/ `k qlifogkrc c eie `k q|iofcrc/ zrcasrqirc `co ogbri ni`crei„ (Bcrpioi cp ko% 2::0/ z% ;<'%

O‗kqzcppi rg|ios}giekrgi `co ai`cx aieqgqpc ecook ziqqgbgogpêillcrpk zcr ok zrgnk |iopk ko ocppirc `g zipcr aieqsopkrc zkrpg

`g|crqc `co pcqpi k zrizrgi zgkagncepi/ rkffgsefceìoclkagoncepc frk}gc kook rgocfkpsrk zcr lkqagaiog (qg zrclgfsrkei/keairk ge esac/ o‗ge`gac c ok esncrk}giec `cooc zkfgec'4 psppiagò k||ceg|k okqagkeì go qszzirpi lcrni qs se pk|ioi i qs seocffgi/ i||cri qce}k ahc ko ocppirc |cegqqc rgahgcqpk ‟sekainzocqqk nibgogpk}giec `co airzi„ (Ahkrpgcr ;770'%

Aie o‗ge|ce}giec `cook qpknzk k akrkppcrg nibgog k izcrk `gFspcebcrf/ go ogbri (geg}gkoncepc geasekbioi' aingeacrê k`gllie`crqg akzgookrncepc frk}gc kooc pgrkpsrc qpknzkpc ge qcrgc(ok Bgbbgk ls ok zrgnk izcrk aiqï qpknzkpk/ aie sek pgrkpsrk `gagrak ;8: aizgc' c `se{sc qpke`kr`g}}kpc/ c `g|cepk zcr ok zrgnk |iopk se‗‟izcrk ahgsqk„/ lgqqkpk qcaieì oc gepce}gieg`co qsi kspirc/ i asrkpirc4 è k {scqpi zsepi ahc geg}gkrckoncepc k` kqqsncrc |koirc aiearcpi go aieacppi `g kspircainc arckpirc `coo‗izcrk/ c `g {scqp‗sopgnk ainc zriìppi

ainncragkoc ioprc ahc asopsrkoc% Ocepkncepc/ nkgecqirkbgoncepc/ |cefiei qzi`cqpkpg `ko oiri rsioi `g zrgni zgkei ecook prkqngqqgiec c `gllsqgiec `co qkzcrc/ fog k``cppgkfog qargzpirgk/ qgk niekqpgag ahc okgag/ c g |krg aizgqpg cknkesceqg/ aiqï ainc fog qpk}giekrg/ fog segag kspirg}}kpg `kkzziqgpc ainngqqgieg k rgzri`srrc g pcqpg seg|crqgpkrg%

Ok qpknzk q‗geqcrï ge {scqpi zriacqqi ge niì rg|ios}giekrgi c

`grinzcepc/ qakr`gekeìoi `koo‗gepcrei/ ni`glgakeìec g ncaakegqng



AKZGPIOI [SKRPI ;01

`g zri`s}giec c {sge`g `g `gqprgbs}giec/ kopcrkeì zrifrcqqg|kncepc oklgqgieingk `coo‗iffcppi.ogbri zcr prkqlirnkroi `k nkeslkppi krpgfgkekocge se zriìppi ainncragkoc aie sek zrizrgk lgqgieingk `g ncrakpi(Bcrpioi cp ko% 2::0/ z% ;:;'%

Ok aiqg``cppk ‟krq ekpsrkogpcr qargbce`g„ |gcec qiqpgpsgpk`koo‗‟krq krpglgagkogpcr qargbce`g„/ c g ogbrg gepcqg ainc zriìppgkrpgfgkekog `k {scoog zriìppg ge qcrgc% Nk/ aiqï ainc go ai`cx cgo |iosnce aie|gqqcri zcr niopi pcnzi zrgnk ahc go zrgniqiqpgpsgqqc `clgegpg|kncepc go qcaieì/ keahc g zrgnggeasekbiog agraiokriei kllgkeakeì g |caahg ai`gacq4 ke}g/ecooc zrgnc c`g}gieg `g geasekbiog/ g pgzifrklg pcepk|kei `grgzri`srrc c gngpkrc/ {skepi k qacopc frklgahc c `g lirnkpi/ fogqpcqqg ai`gag nkeiqargppg/ ‟pkepi ahc koo‗kzzkrce}k fog qpcqqgaiepcnzirkecg pce`c|kei k aielie`crc g `sc zriìppg/ eiesqkeì `gqpgefscrog eczzsrc ecg ìasncepg sllgagkog„ (Gb%'%

@k Fspcebcrf kg eiqprg fgireg/ qczzsrc aie gnzirpkepg

|krgkepg/ go ogbri {skoc iffg oi aieiqagkni qg è kllcrnkpi ainco‗‟gepcrlkaagk„ `g ocppsrk zg÷ zrkpgak c/ `g aieqcfsce}k/ zg÷sqkpk% K zkrokrc `g ‟gepcrlkaagk„/ zcr `clgegrc go ogbri aincqprsncepi `g ocppsrk ahc zcrncppc `g gepcrkfgrc aio pcqpi/ èFgei Rieakfogk ge Ok {skrpk rg|ios}giec=

Eco qceqi zg÷ fcecrkoc `co pcrngec/ {skose{sc qprsncepi ahc ag kgspg kgepcrkfgrc aio nieì gepirei k eig ge ni`g go zg÷ ziqqgbgoc ‟k`kppg„ kook

eiqprk aielirnk}giec lgqgak c qceqirgkoc/ kooc eiqprc kbgps`geg `gainzirpkncepi/ kooc eiqprc aie|ce}gieg asopsrkog c qiagkog ‑ q|iofceì`se{sc sek lse}giec `g nc`gk}giec lrk eig c go nieì ‑ zsò cqqcrcaieqg`crkpi sek gepcrlkaagk% Ziprcnni {sge`g `grc/ k` cqcnzgi/ ahc oklirahcppk c go aiopcooi ‑ ahc ag kgspkei k ‟gepcrkfgrc„ aio agbi ‑ qieikeah‗cqqg `cooc gepcrlkaac (…'% Zrce`gkni irk zcr se gqpkepc ge cqkncoc akrkppcrgqpgahc `co ogbri/ aieqg`crkpi ainc gepcrlkaagk lrk eig c gopcqpi% Oc qsc `gnceqgieg `c|iei zcrncppcrc `g sqkroi/ prkqzirpkroi/|iopkrc lkagoncepc oc zkfgec sqkeì oc nkeg% Go aieprkqpi lrk zkfgek

bgkeak c geahgiqpri ecri kgspk ok ocppsrk% Oc `gnceqgieg `co akrkppcrc`c|iei cqqcrc k`kppc kook `gqpke}k lrk go ogbri c fog iaahg (…'% Ok



;00 AKZGPIOI [SKRPI

rgocfkpsrk eie `c|c cqqcrc prizzi zcqkepc nk `c|c cqqcrc rcqgqpcepc (glifog eie qg `c|iei qpkaakrc' c `c|c zcrncppcrc `g qlifogkrc go ogbriqce}k `gllgaiopê (Rieakfogk 2:;:/ zz% 3.<'%

Ge {skepi pkoc/ ifeg ‟gepcrlkaagk„ ziqqgc`c akrkppcrgqpgahc c zrizrgcpê qzcaglgahc ge bkqc ko pgzi `g pcqpi aie asg zcrncppc `ggepcrkfgrc= ceagaoizc g̀c c `g}giekrg hkeei `gnceqgieg|iosngeiqc c qiei qargppg aie akrkppcrg zgsppiqpi zgaaiog zcrahç`c|iei zipcr aiepcecrc sek acrpk nioc `g gelirnk}gieg4 serinke}i hk `gnceqgieg niopi zg÷ aiepcespc c/ `gaieqcfsce}k/ go qsi qszzirpi.gepcrlkaagk qg zrcqcepk ge lirnkpgrg`ippg% Fgiailir}k `k pkog akrkppcrgqpgahc `gzce`crê keahc gopgzi `g gepcrk}giec lrk go ocppirc c go pcqpi/ i||cri o‗kppi qpcqqi`cook ocppsrk ainc fcqpi lgqgai= g ping ceagaoizc`gag c g`g}giekrg aiqpgpsgqaiei ogbrg `k aieqsopk}giec/ c `se{sc oc oirigepcrlkaac/ `cppc kzzsepi ‟`k qarg|kegk„/ qiei zceqkpc zcr cqqcrc sqkpc ge `cpcrngekpg aiepcqpg/ rgqsopke`i qaini`c ge

koprg (qkrê rkri |c`crc {skoasei ocffcrc se‗ceagaoizc`gk geprcei'4 ko aieprkrgi g rinke}g/ zceqkpg zcr sek ocppsrk `g pgziqc{sce}gkoc/ c |cgaiokpg qs qszzirpg zg÷ ocffcrg c prkqzirpkbgog(caac}gie lkppk zcr rinke}g zkrpgaiokrncepc osefhg c `se{scrgzkrpgpg ge zg÷ |iosng/ i aieaceprkpg ge sei qioi `g `gnceqgiegcoc|kpc' ziqqiei cqqcrc lrsgpg g`ckoncepc i|se{sc= ge |gkffgiainc ge ziopriek/ ko zkrai ainc k ocppi%

Qg zsò `se{sc aieqg`crkrc ok qpirgk `co ogbri/ ainc ok qpirgk

`cooc ‟gepcrlkaac„ `g ocppsrk4 c k {scqpc qg kffgsefiei psppg gesi|g `gqziqgpg|g ahc zcrncppiei ok ocppsrk ge knbgcepccocppriegai= `kg ainzspcr/ k |krgi pgpioi sqkpg zcr ok ocppsrk c okqargppsrk fgê `kfog keeg Qcqqkepk.Qcppkepk/ kg |krg qprsncepg ahc zcrncppiei `g ocffcrc se pcqpi cocppriegai ‑ qc cqqi qgk`grcppkncepc arckpi c zceqkpi zcr cqqcrc lrsgpi ge knbgcepccocppriegai/ i `gfgpkog}}kpi qsaacqqg|kncepc/ zsò eie k|crc

gnzirpke}k k {scqpi zsepi `co eiqpri `gqairqi ‑ ainc g |krg c. biid rck`cr c `gqziqgpg|g gbrg`g/ qnkrpzhiec/ ocppirg nsqgakog c



AKZGPIOI [SKRPI ;03

pkbocp ahc/ prk oc acepgekgk `g lse}gieg c kzzogak}gieg/

zcrncppiei keahc ok ocppsrk `g c.biid%Gepcr|gcec/ c iaairrc rgbk`grok/ keahc eco akqi `cg esi|gqszzirpg/ ok ecacqqgpê `g pcecr aieacppskoncepc qczkrkpg go ogbrige {skepi qszzirpi c ‟gepcrlkaagk„/ `ko pcqpi gepcqi aincaiepcespi/ c geqgcnc `g ncqqkffg c gelirnk}gieg= {scooi ahcfcecrkoncepc è `clgegpi ‟c.biid„/ zcr cqcnzgi/ aiqpgpsgqac gopcqpi ge lirnkpi cocppriegai/ c {skoqgkqg `gqziqgpg|i ahc zcrncppk `g rgaieiqacrc/ qszzirpkrc/ c `se{sc `cai`glgakrc c

ocffcrc pkoc pcqpi/ lsefc `k ‟c.biid rck`cr„ i/ ge brc|c/ ‟c.rck`cr„% Ok zrgnk |crk ei|gpê ahc qg zsò lkagoncepc eipkrc èahc/ aie ok qargppsrk c ok ocppsrk cocppriegak/ zcr ok zrgnk |iopkse pcqpi zsò cqgqpcrc k zrcqage`crc `ko qsi qszzirpi4 oi qpcqqipcqpi cocppriegai/ lirnkpg c @RN (@gfgpko Rgfhpq Nkekfcncep' zcrncppceì/ zsò g`ckoncepc cqqcrc lrsgpi prkngpc `gqziqgpg|g`g|crqg%

Fog keeg Ei|kepk qcnbrkriei/ goosqirgkncepc/ go nincepi zg÷ zrizg}gi zcr ok zri`s}giec c ok |ce`gpk `g `gqziqgpg|g cocppriegag`g ocppsrk4 zkrc|k ahc fog segag ogngpg k sek `gllsqgiec `k||criakzgookrc `g pcqpg cocppriegag liqqcri ocfkpg qcnzogacncepc kooiqakrqi og|cooi `g c|ios}giec pcaeioifgak `cfog qpcqqg `gqziqgpg|g/ c`cfog qahcrng `cg ainzspcr/ keairk zkrpgaiokrncepc qpkeakepg zcr o‗iaahgi snkei c `g `gnceqgieg ziai k`kppc kook prkqzirpkbgogpê%Ge rckopê qg qkrcbbc ì|spi kqzcppkrc keairk agrak {sge`gag keeg/ c

kqqgqpcrc ko lkoogncepi `g esncriqg zrifcppg `g `gqziqgpg|g `gocppsrk (keeseagkpg ainc g ‟zriìppg `co qcaioi„ c zig rg|cokpgqg`cg loiz'/ zrgnk ahc `k||cri qg zipcqqc zkrokrc `g ocppsrkcocppriegak ainc lceincei kllcrnkpi c `gllsqi keahc ko `g lsirg`g knbgcepg ainc seg|crqgpê c gqpgpspg `g rgacrak% Nk è gepcrcqqkepceipkrc ainc ge {scfog qpcqqg keeg/ zrcagqkncepc eco ;77</Frcfirw M%C% Rkvogeq/ ge Oc qc`s}gieg `co ainzspcr / kllriepkqqcok {scqpgiec `cook ocppsrk cocppriegak c `cg (lkepkqagcepglgag/ zcr

{scg pcnzg' `gqziqgpg|g `c`gakpg=



;0< AKZGPIOI [SKRPI

Ecfog sopgng age{skep‗keeg/ g aiqpg `g qpknzk/ akrpk c prkqzirpg qiei psppgqkogpg/ nceprc {scoog `cooc oiri aieprizkrpg cocppriegahc ‑ akoaioi/ ncnirgkcocppriegak c pcocainsegak}gieg ‑ qg qiei `gnc}}kpg koo‗geagrak ifeg `sckeeg% Iffg oc `sc asr|c `co aiqpi qg qiei gepcrqcakpc/ c` è zg÷aie|cegcepc zri`srrc c `gqprgbsgrc ogbrg cocppriegag ahc eie qpknzkrc ogbrgqs akrpk% O‗segak aiqk ahc gnzc`gqac kg ogbrg cocppriegag `g kllcrnkrqg è golkppi ahc eie |g qgkei `gqzokw cocppriegag k bkqqi aiqpi/ kllg`kbgog/ lkagog`k prkqzirpkrc c k` kopk `clgeg}giec% @izi age{scacepi keeg `g ir`gekrgkknngegqprk}giec/ o‗kppg|gpê c`gpirgkoc è `g esi|i qsoo‗iroi `coaknbgkncepi/ se aknbgkncepi rk`gakoc% Ekpsrkoncepc/ g ogbrg qs akrpkhkeei keairk koaseg |kepkffg% Eie qg rinziei lkagoncepc% Eie hkeei

bgqifei `g bkppcrgc% Qg ziqqiei ocffcrc ge |kqak `k bkfei i qippi ok osac`grcppk `co qioc% Qiei ge agraiok}giec `k zg÷ `g age{scacepi keeg/ c ifeg

zcrqiek gqprsgpk qk ainc sqkrog% Nk hkeei keahc q|kepkffg% Eie ziqqieicqqcrc sqkpg `kfog kekolkbcpg% Eie qkeei zkrokrc aie eig/ eç k`kppkrqg keig/ eç qiei airrc`kpg `g goosqprk}gieg kegnkpc i `g nsqgak% Eie ag

zcrncppiei `g aknbgkrc k eiqpri zgkagncepi oc `gnceqgieg `cg akrkppcrg/eç `g }iinkrc qs se‗goosqprk}giec i lkrec sek zkeirkngak (…' G ogbrg qsakrpk eie qiei k bsie ncrakpi/ `src|iog/ lkagog `k aizgkrc i `k ippcecrc/eç è lkagoc rgacrakrc gelirnk}gieg ko oiri gepcrei% C acrpkncepc eie qg

zrcqpkei k cqqcrc prkqzirpkpg ge {skepgpê% G ogbrg cocppriegag ziprcbbcricqqcrc psppi {scqpi czzsrc aiepgeskrc k ziqqc`crc niopc `cooc |grp÷ `cgogbrg qs akrpk% Ziprcnni kffgsefcrc eipc k nkrfgec/ qippiogeckrc brkegaie c|g̀ ce}gkpirg aioirkpg/ c ncppcrc qcfekogbrg lrk oc oiri zkfgec%Ziprcnni k|crc rgnke`g aiepriookpg `ko ocppirc i fcecrkpg `koakoaiokpirc% G ogbrg ziprcbbcri cqqcrc zcrqiekog}}kpg `kg ‑ i zcr aiepi`cg ‑ ocppirg4 ahg hk `cppi ahc ifeg aizgk `cbbk cqqcrc sfskoc k ifegkoprk9 G ogbrg cocppriegag ziprcbbcri keahc aieqcepgrc kfog kspirg `gainbgekrc |iac/ nsqgak/ aioirg/ |g`ci/ gnnkfgeg/ esncrg c pcqpi% Iffg

oc nkaahgec kspinkpgahc zcr ok ocppsrk `g ogbrg ziqqiei zcrlgei ocffcrck` kopk |iac (…' Gnnkfgekpc se ogbri zcr bknbgeg ahc qgk ge frkì `gocffcrqg k se bknbgei zrgnk `cook ekeek% Kqaiopkeì go rcqzgri `co

bknbgei/ go ogbri ziprcbbc kbbkqqkrc go |iosnc/ kppceskrc oc osag/ crkoocepkrc go rgpni `cook ocppsrk nkei k nkei ahc go zgaaioi q‗kbbkeìekko qieei% Ekpsrkoncepc eie zsò `krfog go bkagi `cook bsiekeippc% Nk/qc è zcr {scqpi/ eckeahc se ogbri qs akrpk zsò lkroi% Geqinnk/ psppi{scooi ahc iecqpkncepc ziqqgkni `k||cri `grc k lk|irc `cook akrpk èahc è zg÷ ocffcrk `coo‗krfgook/ zg÷ zrkpgak `co zkzgri/ zg÷ caieingak

`cook zcrfkncek (Rkvogeq ;77</ z% 38'%



AKZGPIOI [SKRPI ;06

K {sge`gag keeg `g `gqpke}k/ c eieiqpkepc ok pcaeioifgk qg

qgk qzgepk ioprc ok qpcqqk lkepkqgk `g Rkvogeq/ ahg |iocqqc`glce`crc o‗gnzirpke}k `cook ocppsrk cocppriegak ì|rcbbc sqkrc zg÷ i ncei ok qpcqqk celkqg `gniqprkpk `koo‗kspirc ge {scqpicqprkppi4 ecg zrgng keeg `co esi|i ngooceegi ok argqg `cooc ìp.ain prk|ioqc keahc go ncrakpi `cg zrgng `gqziqgpg|g k|ke}kpg `gocppsrk% C ahg ecfog keeg Ei|kepk k|c|k qainncqqi ahc okocppsrk cocppriegak eie qg qkrcbbc nkg kllcrnkpk/ qcnbrò k|crcrkfgiec% Nk ecfog sopgng keeg niopc akqc zri`spprgag hkeei

lgekoncepc rgaingeagkpi k arc`crc ge zrifcppg ahc crkei qpkpgkaakepiekpg/ c prk oc qpcqqc è ekpk sek lirpc ainzcpg}giec/acrpkncepc ziqgpg|k zcr fog spcepg.ocppirg= `k se okpi/ fog i`gcreg`gqziqgpg|g cocppriegag `g ocppsrk qiei k|ke}kpgqqgng/ c aie zrc}}g (ge niopg akqg' `cagqkncepc kbbir`kbgog/ `koo‗kopri/ fogc`gpirg/ keahc g zg÷ rcqpgg/ pceìei irnkg k rgqzie`crc k sekìnke`k qcnzrc arcqacepc `g pcqpg cocppriegag/ qgk rce`ceì`gqziegbgog `g koasec izcrc fgê zsbbogakpc g rgqzcppg|g lirnkpg`gfgpkog/ qgk geg}gkeì/ nk qiei {scqpg g akqg zg÷ |grpsiqg/ k zsbbogakrc `grcppkncepc pcqpg cocppriegag ge lirnkpg ainzkpgbgogaie g |krg `gqziqgpg|g gnncqqg qso ncrakpi%

Ziqqgkni aieqg`crkrc {scqpk ahc qpgkni |g|ceì/ ok lkqc`cook qargppsrk c `cook ocppsrk cocppriegak9 Lirqc qkrcbbccaacqqg|i rgpcecrok pkoc/ zcrahç ok akrpk qpknzkpk aiepgesk knkepcecrc se rsioi lie`kncepkoc ecook prkqngqqgiec `co qkzcrc4

nk è lsir `g `sbbgi ahc lrsgrc cocppriegakncepc `g pcqpg qargppg èiffg sek zrkpgak niopi aieqiog`kpk c `gllsqk/ c eie zg÷ pgzgak`cg aiqg``cppg ‟awbirf„% C` è c|g`cepc ahc ko ogbri prk`g}giekocqg qgkei kllgkeakpg iffg esi|g qszzirpg `g ocppsrk/ gnncqqg qsoncrakpi eie qioi zcrahç ge cqqg niopc k}gce`c gepcrek}giekogrgziefiei gnzirpkepg kqzcppkpg|c `g fsk`kfei/ nk keahc zcrahçse esncri qcnzrc arcqacepc `g ocppirg/ qizrkppsppi `cooc esi|cfcecrk}gieg ‟ekpg|c `gfgpkog„/ qg `gniqprk zriepi k lrsgrc keahc

pcqpg ge lirnkpi cocppriegai/ ioprc ahc akrpkaci%



;08 AKZGPIOI [SKRPI

@se{sc/ qc keahc eie è {scqpk o‗cziak ge asg ok ocppsrk

cocppriegak qszcrcrê {scook prk`g}giekoc/ c go ogbri cocppriegai{scooi k qpknzk/ è geecfkbgoc ahc qgk ge kppi sek ‟rg|ios}giec„ahc zirpk esi|g qszzirpg k` kllgkeakrqg k {scoog prk`g}giekog/aiqï ainc esi|c lirnc `g ocppsrk c esi|c lirnc `g pcqpskogpê kainzcpcrc/ i {skepincei k aie|g|crc/ aie {scoocaieqiog`kpcqg `k Fspcebcrf k iffg% Fgei Rieakfogk/ecoo‗gepri`s}giec ko qsi fgê agpkpi ogbri/ zkrokeì kzzsepi `g‟{skrpk rg|ios}giec„ `cqarg|c ok lkqc kppskoc ge {scqpg pcrngeg=

O‗gepri`s}giec c ok `gllsqgiec `co zcrqieko ainzspcr zrgnk c `cooc rcpg zigillriei kg pcqpg qszzirpg `g|crqg `k {scoog prk`g}giekog/ `g|crqg ge zrgniosifi `kook akrpk qpknzkpk c `kg ogbrg% Ok zkfgek è qiqpgpsgpk `kooi qahcrni/g akrkppcrg qpknzkpg qg prkqlirnkei ge bgp% C go ogbri ‑ i koncei/ go ogbri ko{skoc qgkni kbgpskpg ‑ qcnbrk ngekaagkpi qs zg÷ lriepg% Esi|c lirnc `gpcqpskogpê (qgpg vcb/ gzcrpcqpg%%%' qg zriziefiei ainc kopcrekpg|c kookqprsppsrk lie`kncepkoncepc ogeckrc ahc `g eirnk oi akrkppcrg}}k (…'%Qpgkni geqinnk |g|ceì sek |crk c zrizrgk rg|ios}giec/ ahc niopg

rgpcefiei/ zcr knzgc}}k c gnzirpke}k/ zkrkfiekbgoc k {scookfspcebcrfhgkek/ c ahc koaseg ‑ k` cqcnzgi Rifcr Ahkrpgcr ‑ aieqg`crkeikeairk zg÷ rk`gakoc (…'% Qc aieqg`crgkni go zkqqkffgi `k irkogpê k qargppsrkainc ok zrgnk/ lie`kncepkoc rg|ios}giec ecook qpirgk `cg qszzirpg c `cooclirnc `g prkqngqqgiec `cook aieiqace}k/ go zkqqkffgi `ko ‟|iosnce„ ko‟ai`cx„/ `kook lirnk.ripioi kook lirnk.ogbri/ ainc sek qcaie`k pkzzkcqqce}gkoc `g {scqpi aknngei% C ok rg|ios}giec fspcebcrfhgkek ainc qsipcr}i nincepi/ qg prkppk `cook {skrpk rg|ios}giec ahc gepcrcqqk go nieì`cook pcqpskogpê (Rieakfogk 2:;:/ z% X'%

Prkokqagkni ge {scqpk qc`c o‗keeiqk/ zsr qc kzzkqqgiekepc/{scrcooc prk {skepg `glceìei c {skepg iqpcffgkei ok ocppsrkcocppriegak/ c prk {skepg qainncppiei/ ippgngqpgakncepc i zcqqgngqpgakncepc eie gnzirpk/ ahc go ogbri cocppriegaiqiqpgpsgrê {scooi k qpknzk/ zcr ge`kfkrc ge|cac qc/ c ainc/koo‗c|io|crqg `cooc gepcrlkaac `g ocppsrk/ c `se{sc `cg qszzirpg`g qargppsrk/ gepcr|cefkei aknbgkncepg qiqpke}gkog keahc

ecoo‗knbgpi `cook pcqpskogpê c `cooi qpgoc `g qargppsrk `cg



AKZGPIOI [SKRPI ;07

aiepcespg |cgaiokpg `k qszzirpg cocppriegag% Ainc qg è iqqcr|kpi

eco akqi `cg boif kekog}}kpg eco qcaieì akzgpioi/ ok qargppsrk zsò `g|cepkrc aioocppg|k/ go rsioi `cg ocppirg aknbgkrcaieqg`crc|ioncepc/ c go pcqpi kzrgrqg frk}gc kg aiepgesg rgnke`g zcrncqqg `kg oged% [scqpi ni`cooi `g pcqpskogpê/ ahc |crrêkzzrilie g̀pi ecg zriqqgng zkrkfrklg/ è fcecrkoncepcrgaieiqagbgoc ge aiepcespg kaacqqgbgog zcr nc}}i `co vcb/ aiqïainc ge pcqpg c zsbbogak}gieg aiqprsgpg qcfsceì o‗krahgpcppsrkc ok frknnkpgak `coo‗gzcrpcqpi c ahc/ qc lgei k {skoahc keei lk

crkei aieqg`crkpg ainc cqzcrgncepg ziqp.ni`creg i ziqp.qprsppsrkogqpg (qioi zcr rcqpkrc eco aknzi `cook pcirgk c `cookargpgak ocppcrkrgk'/ iffg kzzkgiei ge niopg akqg se‗k`cfskpkrgqziqpk k esi|c c aiearcpc cqgfce}c qgk `cfog kspirg/ ahc `coocainsegpê `cg ocppirg%

Nk ok qprsppsrk `cg pcqpg cocppriegag c gzcrpcqpskog zcrncppckeahc `g rcaszcrkrc c lkr zrizrg niopg kqzcppg‟zrcfspcebcrfhgkeg„/ c rgnkqpg lsirg `kook qcaiokrc prk`g}giecpgzifrklgak= fog cocncepg cqpcreg c zkrk.pcqpskog zcr cqcnzgi/ahc ecoo‗gnziqpk}giec fspcebcrfhgkek |cefiei cqzsepg/ ircocfkpg ge ziqg}giec ‟zcrglcrgak„ rgqzcppi koo‗iffcppi‟aceprkoc„ `cook ocppsrk/ pirekei k` kqqsncrc/ ainc |c`rcni cainc qg è ge zkrpc |gqpi zcr boif c qiagko ecpvird/ se rsioi `g zrgni zgkei ecoo‗gzcrpcqpi4 go ocppirc eie è zg÷ zrc|gqpi ainc`cqpgekpkrgi zkqqg|i `cg ncqqkffg |cgaiokpg `ko pcqpi/ nk è

ge|gpkpi k aiookbirkrc/ c k lkrqg se zi‗ kspirc keah‗cfog% O‗g`ck`g qargppirc ainc `cngsrfi `co pcqpi/ ahc zcr go lkppi qpcqqi `gk|crc se kspirc ì|rcbbc cqqcrc ‟kspinkpgakncepcaieqg`crkpi kspirc|ioc„ (Akrogeg ;777/ z% 3;'/ gnziqpk aiepkepk lir}k `kook rg|ios}giec `g Fspcebcrf/ kzzkrc qlsnkpkecfog gzcrpcqpg c ecg aiepcespg `cook rcpc/ ahc ge|cac qcnbrkei zrc`gogfcrc esi|c lgfsrc `g kspirg/ ahc qkzzgkei ok|irkrc geq{sk`rk ncqaiokeì ogefskffg c aiepcespg/ c `gniqprkeìqg

geaosqg|g |crqi esi|g zipce}gkog kspirg%



AKZGPIOI [SKRPI ;3;

zg÷ i ncei ogeckrc4 nceprc qkrcbbc geaieaczgbgoc/ qc eie

zkrkìqqkoc/ ok lrsg}giec `g aiepcespg gzcrpcqpskog prkngpc goqszzirpi akrpkaci/ eie ge frkì `g rgqzie`crc kooc cqgfce}crgahgcqpc `koo‗gzcrpcqpi% [scqpc aieqg`crk}gieg eie ngrkeiacrpi k qippi|kospkrc oc zipce}gkogpê c g |kepkffg (lkagogpê `grczcrgncepi `cg aiepcespg k |kepkffgi `cg ocppirg/ |gqgbgogpê zcr fog kspirg/ kbbkppgncepi `g gnzirpkepg |iag `g qzcqk zcr fog c`gpirg/ caa%' geqgpg ecook `gllsqgiec |gk vcb/ c ge lirnkpicocppriegai/ `g pcqpg prk`g}giekog/ {skepi zgsppiqpi k

qippiogeckrc oc `gllcrce}c qiqpke}gkog prk `g|crqc pcqpskogpê/`gllcrce}c ahc eie qcnzrc qiei `kpc zcr qaiepkpc%

0%1 Ok qargppsrk gzcrpcqpskoc

0%1%; Oc zrcncqqc pcirgahc koo‗gzcrpcqpiOc zrgnk pcirgk ge kqqiospi qsoo‗gzcrpcqpi è lkppk rgqkogrc ko

oiepkei ;703/ ge crk/ zcr aiqï `grc/ ‟zrc.gelirnkpgak„/ {skeì\keec|kr Bsqh zcr zrgni qg ziqc go zribocnk `g qps`gkrc seqgqpcnk `g ncnirg}}k}giec `cooc gelirnk}gieg ahc zcrncppcqqc `g aieqsopkroc zriac`ceì zcr kqqiagk}gieg cainzkrk}gieg/ c `gqaiqpkeìqg `ko prk`g}giekoc qgqpcnk `gkrahg|gk}giec zcr ir`gec kolkbcpgai i esncrgai/ ahc kffrk|k go zribocnk `cook qcoc}giec= Bsqh rgpcec|k gnziqqgbgoc

aieqsopkrc o‗ceirnc nioc `g zsbbogak}gieg ahc eco pcnzi qgke`k|k kaasnsokeì/ zcrahç g argpcrg lgei k` kooirk spgog}}kpg/ caie|ce}giekoncepc kaacppkpg/ eie zcrncppc|kei `g qcoc}giekrcg `kpg spgog c qakrpkrc {scoog qcaie`krg% Eka{sc `k {scqpcaieqg`crk}gieg o‗g`ck {skqg zrilcpgak `co ncncx/ iqqgk seknkaahgek ahc liqqc ge frkì `g rcfgqprkrc/ sqkeì okpcaeioifgk `cg ngarilgon/ g aiepcespg `g se |kqpi esncri `g zsbbogak}gieg/ c zcrncppcrc kg ocppirg `g aieqsopkrog

qgnsopkeckncepc/ rgahgknkrog c ainzkrkrog/ c kooi qpcqqi pcnzi



;32 AKZGPIOI [SKRPI

keeipkrc g zrizrg ainncepg c zcrairqg kqqiagkpg|g ainzgspg/ `k

rce`crc zig `gqziegbgog k` koprg ocppirg%Qkrê Pc` Ecoqie ecfog keeg Qcqqkepk k pcirg}}krc/aiegkeìec keahc go pcrngec/ o‗‟hwzcrpcxp„ k|ceì bcec gencepc fog qps`g `g Bsqh4 c |cepg keeg zg÷ pkr`g/ ge Ogpcrkrw Nkahgecq/ zkrocrê `g gzcrpcqpi ge {scqpg pcrngeg= ‟qargppsrk eieqc{sce}gkoc/ pcqpi ahc qg `grknk c aieqcepc ko ocppirc `gqacfogcrc (…'% Se gzcrpcqpi è sek qcrgc `g brkeg `g pcqpi prk asgqiei `clgegpg ocfkng ahc aieqcepiei ko ocppirc `gllcrcepg

aknngeg„ (Ecoqie ;78;/ zz% ;.2'%Ge {scqpi okqqi `g pcnzi/ `kooc rgacrahc `g Bsqh k {scooc k

zg÷ rgzrcqc aieìppc `k Ecoqie/ qps`g c pcirgc qs pcqpskogpê/qargppsrk c ocppsrk `g pgzi eie qc{sce}gkoc ‑ ziprcnni `grcqsoo‗gzcrpcqpi kepc ogppcrkn ‑ crkei fgê qpkpg k||gkpg/ cqkrcbbcri zriqcfsgpg/ ge knbgpi zg÷ zrcppkncepc snkegqpgaiaie kspirg {skog Rioke` Bkrphcq/ Ngahco Liaksop/ c Mka{scq@crrg`k4 g {skog/ qczzsrc aie kzzriaag `g|crqg/ rcqcri ziqqgbgocgnnkfgekrc esi|c lriepgcrc zcr ok ocppcrkpsrk c ok argpgakocppcrkrgk/ aie i||gc rgzcrasqqgieg keahc eco aknzi `cookqcngipgak/ `cook ogefsgqpgak c `cook qiagioifgk asopsrkoc% C` è{scqpk kllgegpê lrk `sc aknzg kzzkrcepcncepc geaieagogkbgog/{skog ok argpgak ocppcrkrgk c o‗gelirnkpgak/ ahc zcrncppc kFcirfc Z% Okeìv `g pcirg}}krc sek qirpk `g ‟aie|crfce}k„= ok‟pcirgk argpgak„ ‑ ainc Okeìv `clgegqac acrpk argpgak

ocppcrkrgk/ c qizrkppsppi {scook ziqp.qprsppsrkogqpk ‑ c oc esi|cpcaeioifgc aie|crfiei ecook qargppsrk gzcrpcqpskoc c/ zcr nc}}i`g {scqpk/ ceprknbc ncppiei rk`gakoncepc ge `gqasqqgieco‗gepcri qgqpcnk fspcebcrfhgkei/ `koo‗kppi `g arck}giec `cgaiepcespg lgei kooc lkqg `g prkqngqqgiec c `gllsqgiec `cookaieiqace}k% Se kppkaai `grcppi k psppg {scg aieacppg ahc okqpknzk k|c|k gnziqpi zcr qcaiog/ {skog oc g`cc `g pcqpi lgqqi cgnnibgoc/ kspirc ainc qiffcppi ge`g|g`skoc (‟gi„'/ ogeckrgpê/ c

aie asg k|c|k gec|gpkbgoncepc qcfekpi o‗gepcrk qpirgk



AKZGPIOI [SKRPI ;31

`coo‗c`sak}giec snkek% Nk/ keahc zrgnk ahc {scqpi zsepi `g

aie|crfce}k |cegqqc zgcekncepc rkffgsepi ‑ c rckoncepc qggeg}gkqqc k sqkrc go ainzspcr zcr cokbirkrc/ qarg|crc/ aioocfkrcc ocffcrc pcqpg ‑ cqzcrgce}c `g qargppsrk c ocppsrk `g pgzi eieogeckrc lgirg|kei keahc qsook akrpk qpknzkpk/ zcr {skepi {scqpkaingeagkqqc irnkg k` kzzkrgrc ainc se ogngpc/ {skqg sekprkzziok/ ahc gnbrgfogk|k c ahgs`c|k sek esi|k lirnk `gpcqpskogpê/ ahc zcr `clgeg}giec zrcpce`c|k `g cqqcrc losg`k c‟kzcrpk„% Qg zceqg k Fcirfc Osgq Birfcq/ qizrkppsppi zcr go

rkaaiepi Go Fgkr`gei `cg qcepgcrg ahc qg bglirakei/ i k GpkoiAko|gei ahc/ ìzi oc gnzirpkepgqqgnc qzcrgncepk}giegqpgogqpgahc `cfog keeg Qcppkepk ge rinke}g (i ‟gzcr.rinke}g„'ainc Go akqpcooi `cg `cqpgeg geariagkpg c Qc sek eippc `‗ge|creise |gkffgkpirc/ eco ;783/ ziai zrgnk `g nirgrc/ ge Oc}giegkncrgakec pcirg}}k|k o‗‟gzcr.rinke}i„ ainc niopczogagpê zipce}gkoc `co ekrrkbgoc/ ‟ni`cooi `cook rcpc `cg ziqqgbgog„/gnnkfgekeì go pcqpi ‟ainc qprsppsrk kaasnsokpg|k/ ni`sokrc/ainbgekpirgk„ (Ako|gei ;788/ z% ;1;'%

@sc keeg zg÷ pkr`g/ eco ;786/ Ngahkco Miwac/ aieqg`crkpi go zrgni |cri qargppirc `g ekrrkpg|k cocppriegak c gzcrpcqpskoc/ zsbbogak|k Klpcreiie% K qpirw/ aiqprsceì sek prknkkqqiospkncepc zrg|k `g ogeckrgpê/ ainziqpk `g 317 boiaahg `gpcqpi aioocfkpg lrk oiri aie 73; oged/ |iopg k zcrncppcrc sekocppsrk zcrqiekog}}kpk c lkppk `g zcrairqg ge`g|g`skog%

È c|g`cepc/ `k {scqpc zrcncqqc/ ainc ok ocppcrkpsrk c okargpgak ‑ ahc zsrc eie rkzzrcqcepkei kppskoncepc oc `gqagzogec zrc|kocepg ecg aiepcespg gzcrpcqpskog ‑ kbbgkei `kpi qpgnioglie`kncepkog koo‗c|ios}giec `cook pcaeioifgk gzcrpcqpskoc% C golkppi ahc ecooc pcirgc c `cqarg}gieg `coo‗gzcrpcqpi qg sqg keairkiffg go ocqqgai `g kspirg ainc Bkrphcq/ Liaksop c @crrg`k ec èlirqc ok ngfogirc pcqpgniegke}k4 qg zceqg kook lirpsek `cgpcrngeg ocqqîk/ eiì/ rcpc/ pcok c zcrairqi spgog}}kpg `k Bkrphcq

ge Q)] zcr fgsqpglgakrc ok qprsppsrk nsopgogeckrc `cook ei|cook



;30 AKZGPIOI [SKRPI

Qkrrkqgec `g Hieirç `c Bko}ka4 i ko ncaakegqni `g rgnke`g/

ainc Liaksop `clgegqac go pcqpi ec O‗Krahcioifgk `co qkzcrc4 ckeairk= kg pcrngeg `gqqcngek}giec/ rcpgaioi `gllcrce}gkoc c`caceprkncepi sqkpg `k @crrg`k ge @cook Frknnkpioifgk zrgnk/ c ec Ok `gqqcngek}giec zig/ zcr cqzrgncrc ok ecacqqgpê`g kbbkeìekrc oc g`cc `g ogeckrgpê c ainzocpc}}k `cg pcqpg%

0%1%2 Ok qprsppsrk gzcrpcqpskocAieqg`crgkni gzcrpcqpskoc sek qprsppsrk ainziqpk `k

`g|crqg boiaahg (i ocqqîc'/ go asg aiepcespi zsò cqqcrc `gqcnzogac pcqpi kolkesncrgai/ i aieqpkrc `g gnnkfgeg/kegnk}gieg/ qsieg/ i zg÷ cocncepg ‟niepkpg„ geqgcnc% Pkocaieqg`crk}giec qsook |krgcpê `cg ogefskffg spgog}}kpg ecookqargppsrk gzcrpcqpskoc lk eipkrc sek zrgnk qiqpke}gkoc`gllcrce}k lrk go pcqpi prk`g}giekoc c {scooi cocppriegai/ cqqceì{scqp‗sopgni ge frkì `g |cgaiokrc gelirnk}gieg |crbkogkaakepi k gelirnk}gieg eie |crbkog% K pko zriziqgpi Okeìv`clgegqac ‟gzcrnc`gkoc„ ok pcaeioifgk `coo‗gzcrpcqpi=

Go aieacppi `g ‟gzcrnc`gk„ qcnzogacncepc cqpce`c ok ei}giec `g pcqpiecoo‗gzcrpcqpi (…'% Seceì brkeg `g `gqairqi |crbkoc k gnnkfgeg/nkzzc/ `gkfrknng c qsieg aie ok qpcqqk lkagogpê aie asg og gepcfrkei k`koprg brkeg `g `gqairqg |crbkog/ cqpceìei go aieacppi `g pcqpi ioprc ok zsrk|crbkogpê (Okeìv ;770/ z% 20'%

G boiaahg `g pcqpi ‑ ok`ì|c aie ok zkriok ‟pcqpi„ge`gahgkni {skoqgkqg pgzi `g aiepcespi/ qgk cqqi |crbkoc i eie|crbkoc ‑ rcokpg lrk oiri zcr nc}}i `cg oged/ ainziefiei sekqprsppsrk rcpgaiokrc/ nsopgogeckrc c lrknncepkpk/ aiqpcookpk `gpkepg ziqqgbgog rgnke`g gepcrkppg|g lrk se eiì c o‗kopri `co pcqpi%Rgnke`g ahc/ zcrncppceì `g|crqg zcrairqg ziqqgbgog zcr kpprk|crqkrc go rcpgaioi gzcrpcqpskoc/ `cpcrngekei kzzriaag kgpcqpg eie seg|iag c pce`ce}gkoncepc qiffcppg|g%

È ge bkqc k {scqpg cocncepg lirpcncepc akrkppcrg}}kepg ahc



AKZGPIOI [SKRPI ;33

o‗gzcrpcqpi kbbkeìek `clgegpg|kncepc o‗gnziqpk}giec

pgzifrklgak c fspcebcrfhgkek/ ahc zrc|c`c pcqpg qprsppsrkpgfcrkrahgakncepc/ iqqgk aie se geg}gi (zsepi `‗kaacqqi zrgeagzkoc ko pcqpi' c sek lgec (ogngpc cqprcni ahc ahgs`c gopcqpi'/ c aie aielgeg ecppg ahc qczkrgei go ‟acepri„ `kook‟zcrglcrgk„ ‑ aieacppg/ {scqpg sopgng/ ahc ecoo‗kekogqg `gOkeìv/ bce qg zrcqpkei k ge`gakrc rgqzcppg|kncepc fogcocncepg pcqpskog c ncpk.pcqpskog/ aiqï bce `gqpgepg ecookprk`g}giec pgzifrklgak% Aicrcepcncepc aie {skepi pcirg}}kpi

`k Bsqh c Ecoqie/ ge sek qprsppsrk `g pgzi gzcrpcqpskoc gprk`g}giekog aieacppg `g qzk}gkogpê c fcrkrahgk gepcreg kg pcqpg|cefiei k nkeakrc/ zrizrgi zcrahç ok ogeckrgpê ‑ ahc Okeìv(;770/ z% ;:7' `clgegqac ‟rcpirgak ogeckrc qc{sce}gkoc `co zrgni/ qcaieì/ pcr}i„ ‑ ainc gnziqpk}giec ncepkoc/ ioprcahc irfkeg}}kpg|k c krfincepkpg|k/ eie è zg÷ o‗cocncepi zrcìngekepc4 qc ok ogeckrgpê rcqpk |kog`k zcr ok qargppsrk c okainziqg}giec `cg qgefiog boiaahg `g pcqpi/ ecoo‗krahgpcppsrkainzocqqg|k ahc pgcec geqgcnc g `g|crqg boiaahg cqqk zcr`c|koirc%

Ge se pcqpi eie ogeckrc/ c kping}}kpi/ zsò eie cqqcr|g se zsepi geg}gkoc/ c `‗kaacqqi/ bce zrcagqi= go ocppirc zsò geg}gkrcok ocppsrk `k zg÷ zsepg ‟agiè pkepg gefrcqqg {skepg qiei g brkegaioocfkpg/ `kg {skog qg zsò rkffgsefcrc ok qgefiok ocqqîk„(Okeìv ;770/ z% ;;;'% Se pcqpi qce}k se zsepi `‗kaacqqi

zrc`clgegpi c akoaiokpi `koo‗kspirc/ i aie zg÷ zsepg `‗kaacqqi‟nibgog„/ gnzogak ecacqqkrgkncepc ok rg̀ clgeg}giec `coaieacppi `g lgec% O‗gzcrpcqpi/ qg è `cppi/ è o‗cnbocnk`coo‗kzcrpsrk `cook pcqpskogpê= eie qioi zcr go ocppirc g zsepglgekog `g ocppsrk ziqqiei cqqcrc pkepg {skepc qiei oc qgefiococqqîc |gk |gk rkffgsepc `srkepc go qsi zcrairqi/ nk geioprco‗gzcrpcqpi è sek qprsppsrk zipce}gkoncepc gelgegpk c qcnzrccqzke`gbgoc |crqi o‗cqpcrei4 frk}gc kook ziqqgbgogpê illcrpk kg

ocppirg `g gepcrkfgrc (aie`g}giec gnzrcqage`gbgoc zcr se



;3< AKZGPIOI [SKRPI

gzcrpcqpi ippgnkoc' aio pcqpi/ {scqp‗sopgni zsò pioocrkrc

aiepgesg knzogkncepg c kffgsepc/ c zrcqcepkrqg ainc zcrceecncepc geainzgspi4 ge se pcqpi aiqï qprsppsrkpi/qiqpgcec Ecoqie (;78;/ z% 36'/ ‟eie cqgqpc o‗sopgnk zkriok% Eie zsò cqgqpcrc ok |crqgiec lgekoc `g {skoaiqk/ o‗sopgni zceqgcri%A‗è qcnzrc se esi|i zsepi `g |gqpk/ sek esi|k g`ck/ sekrcgepcrzrcpk}giec„%

Zrcqcepkeìqg cqprcnkncepc losgì c zrg|i `gqc{sce}gkogpê/ o‗gzcrpcqpi |c`c qlsnkrc keahc g qsig aielgeg/

qgk gepcreg ahc cqpcreg% Ok fcrkrahgk gepcrek è sei `cfogcocncepg lie`kepg `co prk`g}giekoc ogbri k qpknzk= qieic|g`cepg g rkzzirpg `g lir}k lrk go pcqpi zrgeagzkoc/ aieqg`crkpiainc iffcppi aceprkoc `g ocppsrk/ c go ncpk.pcqpi/ aieqg`crkpiainc |cgaioi `g gelirnk}gieg qsqqg`gkrgc/ zrcqcepkpc koocppirc ainc qcaie`krgc% Bkqpg zceqkrc kooc eipc c kg rgnke`g bgbogifrklgag ahc/ fcecrkoncepc aie `gnceqgieg rgìppc/|cefiei aiooiakpg cepri zkrcepcqg/ ge lieì kook zkfgek i gelieì ko akzgpioi c/ ge niopg akqg/ kook lgec `coo‗gepcri airzsq`co pcqpi/ nk qcnzrc ge ziqg}giec zcrglcrgak% [scqpg cocncepgncpk.pcqpskog/ è c|g`cepc/ qiei zrcqcepkpg ainc cocncepgfcrkrahgakncepc gelcrgirg/ c `g aieqcfsce}k zcraczgpg zg÷ainc iqpkaiog ko zcrairqi ogeckrc `g ocppsrk/ ahc ainc pkzzcecacqqkrgc zcr ok ainzrceqgiec `g {skepi qg qpk ocffceì%

O‗gzcrpcqpi/ ko aieprkrgi/ kzzkrc ainc sek qprsppsrk qce}k

acepri (i aie se esncri gnzrcagqkpi `g aceprg zipce}gkog' c`se{sc zrg|i `g nkrfgeg= g rkzzirpg fcrkrahgag pceìei kni g̀lgakrqg/ i k` keesookrqg ainzocpkncepc% Eipc `gqzgcfk}giec c ainncepg/ agpk}gieg i gepcrg pcqpg `g koprg kspirg/aiqï ainc rgnke`g gepcreg c` cqpcreg ko pcqpi/ ziqqiei zrcqcepkrqg qsooi qpcqqi zgkei `co pcqpi zrgeagzkoc/ c kpprkrrco‗gepcrcqqc `co ocppirc lgei k ge`sroi k okqagkrc/nincepkeckncepc i `clgegpg|kncepc/ ok ocppsrk zrcac`cepc% K

pko zriziqgpi Okeìv kllcrnk=



AKZGPIOI [SKRPI ;36

Go aioocfkncepi cocppriegai cogngek gnnc`gkpkncepc o‗izziqg}giec bgekrgk lrk pcqpi c eipk qs asg qg bkqk ok rcok}giec `g qpkpsq pgzgak `coogbri qpknzkpi% Qcfsgrc se aioocfkncepi zsò zirpkrc go ocppirc qgk k se

zkqqi qsaacqqg|i ̀ co pcqpi qgk k se pcqpi `g|crqi= zsò aie`srrc keahc k`koprc izcrc `cooi qpcqqi kspirc i k sek |krgcpê `g ainncepg argpgag/|krgkepg pcqpskog c qgngog% (…' Go aioocfkncepi gzcrpcqpskoc ziecgeqinnk go pcqpi ahc qg qpk ocffceì ko acepri `coo‗seg|crqi pcqpskoc/gqpgpsceì se esi|i pgzi `g fcrkrahgk ge asg go zipcrc `co acepri qgcqpce`c qs sek zcrglcrgk gelgegpk% Psppk|gk zigahç ecoo‗gzcrpcqpi {scoacepri è qcnzrc |grpskoc/ pcnzirkeci c `caceprkbgoc/ ‑ ge koprc zkrioc/ èarckpi qiopkepi `koo‗kppi `g ocffcrc {sco zkrpgaiokrc pcqpi ‑ cqqi eie

pgrrkecffgk nkg koprg kqzcppg `cook rcpc ainc lkrcbbc se pcqpi qpknzkpi(Okeìv ;770/ z% ;2:'%

[skepi `cppi `gniqprk ainc o‗gzcrpcqpi eie pioocrg koaseaielgec ahc ziqqk/ ainc eco akqi `co ogbri k qpknzk/ rce`crc gpcqpg ahgsqg ko zrizrgi gepcrei c gqiokpg `k {skose{sc aiepcqpi%Go lkppi ahc ecoo‗gzcrpcqpskogpê oc eipc c g rgnke`g k` koprg pcqpg ckspirg ziqqkei kqqsncrc oi qpcqqi |koirc `co pcqpi zrgeagzkoc`cook ocppsrk/ è qgepinkpgai `g se zrgeagzgi ahgk|c `co vcb/ clkppi zrizrgi `koo‗gzcrpcqpi/ ahc ziprcnni ahgknkrc ‟`g eiekspiqsllgagce}k„% Eieiqpkepc ok prk`g}giec fspcebcrfhgkek agkbbgk aieqcfekpi pcqpg ahgsqg c bce aielgekpg/ zcr eieainsegakrc aie o‗cqpcrei c rcgpcrkrc qcnzrc o‗g`cepgaincqqkffgi (k zrcqage`crc `koo‗gepcrzrcpk}giec `cg ocppirg/ è{scqpi o‗ibgcppg|i `co ogbri prk`g}giekoc'/ qkzzgkni ainc g

pcqpg c fog kspirg kbbgkei {skqg qcnzrc se ‟`cbgpi„ aie okprk`g}giec c aie go qkzcrc zrcac`cepcncepc prkqncqqi% K pko zriziqgpi qg rgair`g ok `clgeg}giec `g Nkrgk Airpg (;76</ z%;2;' `g pcqpi ainc ‟gzcrqcfei„/ `k rgaie`srrc k se‗segpêqcngipgak qszcrgirc `clgegpk ‟nkaripcqpi„%

Go zrgeagzgi `g gepcrpcqpskogpê/ qg `gniqprk |gqgbgoncepc`cpcrngekepc ecook qargppsrk qagcepglgak c qkffgqpgak/ ge asgniopi qzcqqi go ok|iri `g se kspirc è qprcppkncepc airrcokpi k

{scooi `g se qsi aioocfk/ aiqï ainc oc pcqg qiqpcespc eie



;38 AKZGPIOI [SKRPI

ziqqiei zrcqage`crc `k koprc zrcac`cepg/ ahc o‗kspirc gepce`c

rkllir}krc/ qszcrkrc i aielspkrc% Nk ok asopsrk pgzifrklgak eie zsò rce`cr aiepi cqksqpg|kncepc `g pkoc airrcok}giec zcr i||gogngpg lgqgag ocfkpg ko qszzirpi spgog}}kpi/ c qzcqqi/ ainc `cppige zrcac`ce}k/ è ok qpcqqk gnziqpk}giec fcrkrahgak k lkr zkqqkrc |iospkncepc ge qcaieì zgkei ifeg aioocfkncepi|crqi o‗cqpcrei/ eie `keì izzirpsekncepc aiepi `co rkzzirpiprk go pcqpi c go qsi aiepcqpi% Eco nieì gzcrpcqpskoco‗gepcrpcqpskogpê zsò cqqcrc knzgkncepc rgqzcppkpk/ k||crkeì

ok zrilc}gk `g Bsqh ahc gnnkfgek|k `cooc nkaahgec ge frkì`g aieqsopkrc c ainzkrkrc zg÷ pcqpg aiepcnzirkeckncepc/frk}gc k `cg aioocfkncepg lrk fog qpcqqg%

Zcr qzgcfkrc bcec {scqpk akzkagpê `coo‗gzcrpcqpi `grkzzirpkrqg aie o‗cqpcrei/ Okeìv gnnkfgek `g qarg|crc seqkffgi gzcrpcqpskoc qs sek qc}giec qzcaglgak/ Eksqgakk/`coo‗Sogqqc `g Mkncq Miwac/ ge asg lkr aicqgqpcrc qsooi qpcqqi zgkei go pcqpi zrgeagzkoc (go qkffgi' aie go ncpk.pcqpi (okqargppsrk `g Miwac'= zkrkìqqkoncepc qso qszzirpi akrpkaciprk`g}giekoc Miwac c go qsi rinke}i zkqqcrcbbcri ge qcaieì zgkei rgqzcppi k Okeìv c go qsi qkffgi4 nk ecoo‗gzcrpcqpi/ gopcqpi c go ncpk.pcqpi ziqqiei ge|cac ainzocpkrqgrcagzriakncepc=

Ecook qpknzk/ {skeì ge g̀ai go esncri `g zkfgek `g se brkei `g Miwac k

asg ng rglcrgqai/ izzsrc {skeì geaosì {sco brkei eco pcqpi i ge eipk/go zkqqi ‑ ahc è go pcnk `co ngi qkffgi ‑ cqgqpc i||gkncepc ge sek ziqg}giec qsqqg`gkrgk/ gelcrgirc k {scook `cooc ngc zkrioc/ oc {skogìzipsppi kzzkgiei eco pcqpi zrgeagzkoc% Nk aiqk qsaac`crcbbc qc qgrc`gfcqqc {sco pcqpi ge lirnk gzcrpcqpskoc9 Qszzieceì `g ok|irkrc gese knbgcepc gzcrpcqpskoc/ qg geg}gcrcbbc rgahgknkeì go rinke}i `gMiwac c qg kzrgrcbbcri qs se okpi `cooi qahcrni go brkei i g brkeg ge{scqpgiec% Zig qg qarg|crcbbcri g ainncepg/ nk ecg osifhg ge asgkbgpskoncepc qg agpcrcbbc Miwac qg arccrcbbc ge|cac se aioocfkncepicocppriegai lrk go eiqpri pcqpi c sei i zg÷ brkeg `g {scooi `g Miwac%Aiepcnzirkeckncepc qg aioocfhcrcbbcri brkeg `co eiqpri pcqpi k` koprg



AKZGPIOI [SKRPI ;37

zsepg `co eiqpri qpcqqi pcqpi/ `co pcqpi koprsg/ c `g eiqprg pcqpg zrcac`cepg%Geqinnk/ qg |crglgahcrcbbcri zkrcaahgc aiqc ahc |giokei oc eiqprckppskog kqzcppkpg|c (Okeìv ;770/ z% ;22'%

O‗gepcrpcqpskogpê/ c go ocfknc `g ifeg pcqpi i izcrk `‗krpc aiese aiepcqpi zg÷ knzgi/ rgair`k ok aieac}giec niekìoifgak`coo‗krpc `g Vkopcr Bcemknge/ qcaieì asg oc qgefioc izcrc`‗krpc/ ainc niek`g/ qg `gqqio|iei ecoo‗ Kqqiospi/ iqqgkecoo‗ G`ck `coo‗Krpc% Oc izcrc `‗krpc (eco eiqpri akqi= g pcqpg'qiei ainc qgefiog ei`g ahc/ qc qagiopg ‑ c` è {scqpi go ainzgpi`cook ‟argpgak gnnkecepc„ ‑ rg|cokei `g cqqcrc zkrpc `g seaiepgessn% [scqp‗g`ck rinkepgak/ bkqkpk qsoo‗g`ck `g argpgak `gQahocfco c qso aieacppi `g rglocqqgiec `g Lgahpc ‑ è kpprk|crqi okrglocqqgiec ahc o‗izcrk `‗krpc ge`g|g`skoc ainzgc qc qpcqqk c qg`gqqio|c/ q|cokeì ok qsk rcok}giec aie psppc oc koprc izcrc `‗krpc ‑ |gcec cqzrcqqk `k Bcemknge ecook qsk pcqg `g ìppirkpi c ncqqkge zrkpgak aie ok ‟argpgak gnnkecepc„ `cooc zicqgc `g Bks`cokgrc

c `c Oc kllgegpê cocppg|c `g Ficphc% Sek argpgak ahc hk go ainzgpi`g ge`kfkrc go ‟aiepcespi `g |crgpê„ `coo‗izcrk/ rce`ceìokkspieink `ko qsi kspirc/ c aieaceprkeìqg qioi qs {skepi cqqkhk `k `grc4 c agò ahc hk `k `grc zsò eie rg|cokrqgecoo‗gnnc`gkpi/ bceqï ecook qsk ‟|gpk ziqpsnk„/ ge koprc cziahcc zrcqqi koprc fcecrk}gieg% È zcr {scqpk rkfgiec/ qcaieìBcemknge/ ahc Bks`cokgrc `c`gak Oc Locsrq `s nko k ocppirg`coo‗cziak qsaacqqg|k

Bks`cokgrc hk qargppi se ogbri ahc k|c|k k zrgirg qakrqc zriqzcppg|c `gqsaacqqi gnnc`gkpi% Cfog aiepk|k qs se pgzi `g ocppirc ainc oi `cqarg|cgo zicnk gepri`sppg|i% C qg qkrcbbc akzgpi ahc go qsi akoaioi crk qpkpiosefgngrkepc% Go ocppirc k asg qg rg|iofc|k fog qkrcbbc qpkpi liregpi`koo‗cziak qcfscepc ( Bcemknge ;733/ z% 87'%

Pkepi ok aieac}giec `coo‗krpc/ {skepi {scook `g argpgak/ `g

Bcemknge/ ziqqiei rg|cokrqg qirzrce`cepcncepc kppskog qc



;<: AKZGPIOI [SKRPI

ecook qargppsrk gzcrpcqpskoc |c`gkni eie qioi go lrsppi `g sek

esi|k pcaeioifgk/ nk ok rckog}}k}giec `g se niìrg|ios}giekrgi `g aieaczgrc o‗krpc/ go qkzcrc/ ok qpirgk%C qc fskr`gkni koo‗gepcrk izcrk `g Bcemknge/ eipgkni ahc

ok qsk aieac}giec niekìoifgak ge|cqpc ifeg aknzi `‗k}giec/gelosce}keì keahc go qsi qpgoc c ok qsk qargppsrk4 {scqp‗sopgnk zriac`c zcr lrknncepg (qg zceqg kooc Pcqg qso aieacppi `gQpirgk i kg Zkqqkfcevcrd / ahc k|rcbbcri ì|spi lkrc `k zrclk}giec kooc Pcqg' c zcr klirgqng= ‟(%%%' Ncpiì `g {scqpi

ok|iri= niepkffgi ocppcrkrgi% Eie hi esook `k `grc/ qioi `kniqprkrc„%

Ok qargppsrk lrknncepkpk è `co rcqpi sek akrkppcrgqpgaklrc{scepc `co vcb c `cook qprsppsrk gzcrpcqpskoc/ ainziqpk gefrke zkrpc `g pcqpg brc|g c` cqprcnkncepc qgepcpgag% @gllgagocqpkbgogrc qc agò `gzce`k `kook qpcqqk qprsppsrk frkesokrc `cookrcpc gzcrpcqpskoc ‑ ahc zcr ok qsk qpcqqk ekpsrk qsffcrgqac `gqziqpkrqg `k sek zkfgek koo‗koprk/ qce}k qillcrnkrqg prizzipcnzi qsook qpcqqk ‑ i qc eie qgk zgsppiqpi sek |crk c zrizrgkqacopk qpgogqpgak `cfog kspirg4 ainc ecook ekrrkpg|k gzcrpcqpskoc/ge asg ok qargppsrk brc|c qg `gniqprk zkrpgaiokrncepc |geacepc zcrncppceì `g niepkrc cocncepg |crbkog c eie |crbkog/ qce}kahc g zrgng zrc|kofkei qsg qcaie`g%

Iaairrc ainse{sc pcecr zrcqcepc ahc ok nkffgir zkrpc`cfog spcepg zcraczgqaiei ok ocppsrk c ok rgacrak `g gelirnk}gieg

ge rcpc/ ainc kppg `k ainzgcrc ge se brc|c okqqi `g pcnzi/ aiqïainc è irnkg eipi ahc oc zkfgec vcb/ qizrkppsppi qc qpkpgahc/ahgsqc c ziai gepcrkppg|c/ `gllgagoncepc prkppcefiei g |gqgpkpirg zcr zg÷ `g ziahg ngespg4 c qc ok nkffgir zkrpc `cg aiepcespglrsgbgog ge rcpc qg zrcqcepkei zkrpgaiokrncepc brc|g c aieagqg/ èlirqc zcrahç g oiri kspirg hkeei ge ncepc {sco pgzi `g spcepg.ocppirg%

Lrkeai Akrogeg/ rglocppceì qsook lrknncepkrgcpê `cook

qargppsrk qso vcb/ c `cqarg|ceì akqg ogngpc `g zkfgec c boiaahg



AKZGPIOI [SKRPI ;<;

`g pcqpi (aie airegag c qippi.airegag'/ ahc zirpkei g pcqpg k

rg`srqg lgei k ziahgqqgnc rgfhc/ kllcrnk= Ecqqsek ncrk|gfogk kooirk ahc ok qprsppsrk zcr qgefioc segpê `g ocppsrkpgzgak `coo‗gzcrpcqpi/ |cefk sopcrgirncepc lir}kpk |crqi zgaaiog biaaieg`g gelirnk}giec% Lirqc è keahc zcr {scqpg |geaiog gnziqpg `kg`gqziqgpg|g ahc qsook rcpc gepcrecp qg è `gllsqi/ koncei ge {scqpk lkqc/ selkqpg`giqi `gqaspgbgoc osifi ainsec= g pcqpg `c|iei cqqcrc kqqkg brc|g/{skqg pcocfrklgag% Pkoirk eie qiei zg÷ osefhg `cg qinnkrg `cg fgirekog kqpknzk (Akrogeg ;777/ z% ;:;'%

Acrpi/ aieqg`crkeì qioi oc qgefioc ocqqîc c eie okqprsppsrk ahc cqqc/ ncqqc ge rcok}giec/ ainziefiei/ oklrknncepk}giec `cook qargppsrk zsò qcnbrkrc se `kpiecfkpg|i% Nk qc aieqg`crgkni ifeg boiaai `g pcqpi gercok}giec k` koprg/ c ainc qgefioi aieprgbspi `g gelirnk}gieg`k ncppcrc ge agraiok}giec ge se pcqqspi bce zg÷ knzgi/aiozgqac zg÷ ok rgaahc}}k/ c k |iopc k``grgppsrk ok rgìe`ke}k/

ahc eie ok lrknncepkrgcpê c ok qgepcpgagpê% Geioprc/ oc zcrzocqqgpê cqzrcqqc `k Akrogeg kzzkgiei zg÷ fgsqpglgakpc qcaiepcqpskog}}kpc ge {scoo‗cziak/ lgec keeg Ei|kepk/ ge asg g brivqcr `g ek|gfk}giec kzzcqkepg|kei o‗gepcrk}giec prk gocppirg c g pcqpg/ c qzcqqi ok qargppsrk cqprcnkncepclrknncepkpk qg rg|cok|k sek qacopk ibbogfkpk/ `cppkpk `k sekqcrgc `g ogngpg frklgag c `g zrifrknnk}giec%

Qc è |cri ahc/ ge niopg knbgcepg `co vcb/ zcrnkeco‗kbgps`gec k sek qargppsrk lrknncepkpk c g pcqpg qg zrcqcepkei zgsppiqpi brc|g/ ge niopg koprg/ zcr cqcnzgi g boif ocppcrkrgkekog}}kpg eco qcaieì akzgpioi/ è |cri go aieprkrgi/ c g pcqpgosefhg c bce krpgaiokpg rkzzrcqcepkei ok eirnk% Qcnzoglgakeì/qg zsò qiqpcecrc ahc cqgqpkei `sc kzzriaag `gqpgepg= `k se okpiahg zrc`gogfc sek qargppsrk brc|c/ lirqc zrizrgi zcr ok ziqqgbgogpê illcrpkfog `g rgnke`krc |crqi koprc zkfgec vcb zcr

kzzrilie`grc `cpcrngekpg krfincepg/ `koo‗kopri ahg/ qlrsppkeì



;<2 AKZGPIOI [SKRPI

o‗kqqce}k `g ogngpg c |geaiog `g qzk}gi `cooc i`gcrec zgkppklirnc

`co vcb/ izpk zcr sek qargppsrk niopi zg÷ `ceqk `g aiepcespg%Se sopgni kqzcppi `k kekog}}krc è ok ziqqgbgogpê illcrpk `kookqargppsrk cocppriegak `g zrcqcepkrc pcqpg akefgkepg/ iqqgkaieqsopkbgog ge ni`g `g|crqg k qcaie`k `cooc zrclcrce}c c `cooccqgfce}c `cg qsig lrsgpirg% O‗cqprcnk |crqkpgogpê `cfog gzcrpcqpg/gelkppg/ zcrncppc `g kllriepkrc go pcqpi/ oi qpcqqi pcqpi/ aiekzzriaag `g|crqg ge bkqc kg zcrairqg geprkzrcqg/ c `g kekog}}kroiainzkrkeì g `g|crqg zcrairqg ziqqgbgog% Qc {scqpk lse}giec

zsò rg|cokrqg spgoc ge niopg aknzg/ zcr cqcnzgi zcr ocprk`s}gieg (illrceì ok ziqqgbgogpê `g aieqsopkrc go pcqpi ge zg÷ogefsc c `g aielriepkrc oc |krgk}gieg aie o‗irgfgekoc'/ è geaknzi lgoioifgai ahc cqqk nkeglcqpk psppc oc qsc zipce}gkogpê% Ecoo‗c`g}giec argpgak cokbirkpk cocppriegakncepc `g se‗izcrkocppcrkrgk/ è ziqqgbgoc ocffcrc oi qpcqqi pcqpi ge bkqc k zg÷gepcrzrcpk}gieg/ c aieqsopkrc (ecg akqg zg÷ |grpsiqg' ok |crqgiec`gfgpkoc `g se nkeiqargppi irgfgekoc/ qce}k kaacppkrc zkqqg|kncepc ‑ ainc k||gcec ecook qpknzk ‑ oc qacopc `g ahgec asrk o‗c`g}giec/ ahc/ gec|gpkbgoncepc/ liregqac se qioi pcqpi ziqqgbgoc qkarglgakeì c qakrpkeì oc ziqqgbgog |krgkepg% Ecoo‗gzcrpcqpi/ `kpk ok qsk qprsppsrk eie fcrkrahgak c eieqc{sce}gkoc/ |krgkepg c iaairrce}c `g|crqc/ aiqï ainc zriziqpc`g gepcrzrcpk}giec/ ziqqiei kqqsncrc se rsioi `g zrgni zgkei/lireceì ko ocppirc zg÷ ahgk|g `g ocppsrk% K pko zriziqgpi Rkso

Nir`cepg/ ge|gpkeì k ‟rgzceqkrc go pcqpi lsirg `koo‗czgqpcnc`cook qpknzk„/ kllcrnk=

Nk agò ahc aiozgqac qizrkppsppi `co pcqpi gelirnkpgai è go qsi cqqcrcnibgoc/ agò ahc `clgegrcg ok qsk rgfiriqk nibgogpê/ k` cqcnzgi ok

ziqqgbgogpê ahc cqqi illrc `g zipcr zkqqkrc ge se kppgni `ko pcqpikoo‗kzzkrkpi/ c |gac|crqk/ `g aieqcepgrc `g|crqg c zosrgng zcrairqg `gocppsrk/ i `g illrgrc (qcnzrc ge se kppgni/ c qcnzrc ge niìkqqiospkncepc kllg`kbgoc c rgfiriqi' `g|crqg ‟qpkpg `co pcqpi„/ `g|crqg

rkng `cooi qpcnnk/ `g|crqc |krgkepg% Ok ìnke`k ahc iaairrc rg|iofcrc



AKZGPIOI [SKRPI ;<1

kook lgoioifgk/ fgsepg k {scqpi zsepi `co eiqpri rkfgiekncepi/ è kooirkrk`gakoc (c qg prkppk `g sek ìnke`k lirnsokbgoc/ agiè zceqkbgoc/ qioi k

zkrpgrc `koo‗gelirnkpgak c `kook qsk qzcaglgak ni`kogpê pcaeioifgak `gc`g}giec eie zg÷ fspcebcrfhgkek'4 pkoc ìnke`k ziprcbbc cqqcrc aiqïlirnsokpk= {skepi a‗è `g geprgeqcakncepc fspcebcrfhgkei/ ecookni`crek pcirgk lgoioifgak9 [skepi `gzceìei `kook qpknzk/ k` cq%/ goaieacppi `g ‟krahcpgzi„ i {scooi `g ‟irgfgekoc„ (…'9 C qizrkppsppi/{skepi `gzce`c `kook qpknzk ok qpcqqk g`ck `g c`g}giec gepcqk aincaiqpgps}giec `g se pcqpi c `g sei qioi/ k asg rgqkogrc kpprk|crqi (nk qg

ziprcbbc keahc `grc= eieiqpkepc' ok zosrkogpê `cg pcqpg qpirgakncepc `kpgc |g|cepg/ `cfrk`keì {scqpg sopgng k ncrg pcqpgnieg qsbkopcreg/ k

zkoog`k cai nkpcrgkoc (nk nce`kac c lsir|gkepc' `co Pcqpi ainc g`ck zsrk9 K nc qcnbrk c|g`cepc ahc {scqpk g`ck `g c`g}giec qgk kqqkg ocfkpkko lkppi ahc go pcqpi ahc qg qpkbgog|k argpgakncepc ì|c|k cqqcrcrgzriìppi `kook qpknzk/ c ge pko niì cqqi crk |kog`kpi kpprk|crqi okqsk rgzri`s}giec ge`clgegpk c g`cepgak/ nk `se{sc zcr {scqpk |gk cqqicrk `cqpgekpi k `g|cepkrc go Pcqpi aie ok geg}gkoc nkgsqaiok/ go qioi pcqpiairrcppi ziqqgbgoc/ ec |krgcpsr (Nir`cepg 2::6/ zz% ;33.;3<'%

Eco akqi `g rgaiqprs}gieg lgoioifgahc ‟g `g|crqg c zosrgng zcrairqg„ `cqargppg ̀ k Nir`cepg/ qiei ge okrfk ngqsrk zrc|c g̀bgog`ko asrkpirc `coo‗c`g}giec4 c ok qpcqqk aiqk è zg÷ i ncei |crk zcr koprc pgzioifgc `g pcqpg (qizrkppsppi qc gnzrcqqg qs qszzirpg `gncnirgk ainc g a`.rin/ ahc eie aieqcepiei ainsegak}giegaie o‗cqpcrei/ zsr nkepceceì sek qprsppsrk `g pgzi gzcrpcqpskoc/i qc iqzgpkpg `k zkfgec c qgpg gepcrecp zkrpgaiokrncepckspirclcrce}gkog'% Nk ecoo‗gzcrpcqpi/ qizrkppsppi qc aie {scqpi

pcrngec |ifogkni ge`gakrc o‗gepcri vcb/ ok zrc|c`gbgogpê `cg zcrairqg ahc qg illriei ko ocppirc aiqpgpsgqac o‗caac}giec zg÷ ahcok eirnk% @g zg÷= se cocncepi lirpcncepc akrkppcrg}}kepc ̀ cg zcrairqg `g ocppsrk ge rcpc è zrizrgi ok akqskogpê/ `cpcrngekpk `ko`gqirgcepkncepi k asg go ocppirc zsò ke`krc geaiepri `srkepc okek|gfk}giec% @gqirgcepkncepi ahc/ qc ge koaseg akqg rkzzrcqcepkse cocncepi `g `gqpsrbi kook ocppsrk/ c ainc pkoc |k qaiefgsrkpilireceì ko ocppirc qprsncepg |kog`g zcr pcecrc qcnzrc prkaagk

`co qsi zcrairqi/ ainc oc ‟rik`nkz„ c g ‟biidnkrdq„ `cqargppg



;<0 AKZGPIOI [SKRPI

`k Okeìv/ c iffg qizrkppsppi g lcc` c g |krg kffrcfkpirg

(c|creipc/ gqpkepzkzcr c qgngog'/ niopi qzcqqi zsò rkzzrcqcepkrc zcr g ocppirg se‗cqzcrgce}k zgkac|ioc zcr ok akqskogpê `cookqaizcrpk% Okeìv/ rglcrceìqg k se cqzcrgncepi ainzgspi eco;77; qs ocppirg/ cqzcrpg c eie `g pcaeioifgk gzcrpcqpskoc c rgacrak`g gelirnk}gieg/ rgzirpk ok rgqziqpk `g sei `g {scqpg=

Qkrcbbc se zi‗ ainc ok qgpsk}giec gnzribkbgoc ge asg ag qg pri|k ecookqc}giec qbkfogkpk `cook bgbogipcak/ eco airrgìgi qbkfogkpi/ `k|kepg kooi

qakllkoc qbkfogkpi/ nk nkfgakncepc oi qg kzrc kook zkfgek fgsqpk(Okeìv ;770/ z% ;<;'%

Ahgse{sc kbbgk se zi‗ `g cqzcrgce}k aie ok ocppsrkgzcrpcqpskoc qk {skepi qgk lkagoc gnbkppcrqg ge gelirnk}gieg c zkfgec vcb `co psppi akqskoncepc/ zcr`ceì `g |gqpk go zcrairqi zrcac`cepc c gfeirkeì {skoc qkrê go zriqqgni eiìqs asg kzzri`crê% Nk qc zceqgkni ko lkppi ahc ek|gfkrc ge rcpc

è `k niopg zkrkfiekpi koo‗cqzcrgce}k `co |gkffgi/ oc gelgegpc|krgkbgog ahc qg illriei koo‗spcepc.ocppirc ziqqiei cqqcrcaieqg`crkpc sek rgaahc}}k ioprc ahc se rgqahgi c/ eco akqi `cookekrrkpg|k/ se‗k||cepsrk qgk zcr fog kspirg ahc zcr g ocppirg% Seiqzkcqkncepi spgoc/ zrizrgi ainc eco |gkffgi/ k q|goszzkrc zcrairqg geaieqscpg c qceqi argpgai%Go vcb/ ge sopgnk kekogqg/ è lkppi `k zcrqiec ge akrec c iqqk c/ zcr {skepi `g cqqi qc ec zcraczgqakei qioi fog kqzcppg zg÷

kqprkppg c |grpskog/ rkzzrcqcepk ge bsiek zkrpc go nieìfoibkog}}kpi ahc kbgpgkni/ aie oc qsc aieprk``g}gieg/ oc qsc|krgkbgog/ g qsig qaknbg/ g qsig c{sgogbrg c q{sgogbrg4 go vcbgzcrpcqpskoc è geqinnk se nieì gnzrc|c`gbgoc%

0%1%1 Kspirg c ocppirg= esi|c lgfsrcAinc ge zkrpc qg c|geac `k {skepi kllcrnkpi ge zrcac`ce}k/

ok qargppsrk cocppriegak c gzcrpcqpskoc aieqcfek esi|c g`cc/ cesi|c lgfsrc/ `g kspirg c ocppirg% O‗kspirc/ g asg pcqpg eco nieì



;<< AKZGPIOI [SKRPI

Go eie `cppi/ cqzrcqqgiec nspskpk `k Iqvko` @sarip

(;762'/ aigeag`c aie fog qzk}g bgkeahg ahc Cai (;767/ z% 32'|c`c gnzogagpg eco pcqpi qargppi/ qgk ge {skepi ‟ncaakegqni zgfri (i caieingai' ahc |g|c qso zosq|koirc `g qceqigepriìppi|g `ko `cqpgekpkrgi„/ qgk zcrahç ‟se pcqpi |siocokqagkrc ko ocppirc o‗geg}gkpg|k gepcrzrcpkpg|k/ keahc qc `g qiogpi`cqg`crk cqqcrc gepcrzrcpkpi aie se nkrfgec qsllgagcepc `gseg|iagpê„ (Gb%'%

@se{sc/ zrgnk `g kqqcrgrc ahc o‗gzcrpcqpi rkzzrcqcepg o‗kppi

`g ekqagpk `coo‗‟izcrk kzcrpk„/ ìbbgkni ecacqqkrgkncepcpcecrc zrcqcepc ahc ifeg pcqpi/ keahc {scooi kzzkrcepcncepc zg÷ ahgsqi/ zrcqcepk `cpcrngekpg nkrfgeg `g kzcrpsrk ge |grp÷`cg qsig qzk}g bgkeahg/ ahc ahgcìei ko ocppirc se kppiaiookbirkpg|i/ c `se{sc se rsioi kppg|i% Nk è c|g`cepc ahc èaie ok qargppsrk gzcrpcqpskoc ahc o‗criqgiec `co rkzzirpikqgnncprgai kspirc.ocppirc qg nkeglcqpk zg÷ kzcrpkncepc/ aiepsppg g qsig |kepkffg c oc qsc zribocnkpgagpê%

Eco nieì gzcrpcqpskoc/ go pcqpi qargppi kzzkrc zg÷ nibgoc cgeqpkbgoc c/ qizrkppsppi/ qg zrcqcepk zkqqgbgoc `g rgk`kppkncepg crcgepcrzrcpk}gieg lgepkepi ahc è okqagkpi ogbcri `g agraiokrc gesek qprsppsrk ahc pioocrk gelosqqg c esi|g kzzirpg `koo‗cqpcrei%Sek qprsppsrk ahc/ ainc fgê iqqcr|kpi/ rgahgc`c ahc ifeg pcqpirgeseag k cqqcrc kspiqsllgagcepc zcr ncppcrqg ge rcok}giecgepcrpcqpskoc aie koprg/ c zrcqcepkrqg ko ocppirc ainc sek prk oc

pkepc niek`g `g se aiepgessn/ se eiì prk g pkepg%Iaairrc k {scqpi zsepi zri|krc k akzgrc {skoc qgk go frkì`g ogbcrpê `co ocppirc gzcrpcqpskoc c {skepglgakroi rcokpg|kncepckooc ziqqgbgogpê `kpcfog `g gepcrkfgrc aig pcqpg% Ok pipkoc ogbcrpê`co ocppirc `g nsi|crqg eco pcqpi/ c lrk g pcqpg/ rkzzrcqcepk sek zipce}gkogpê ‑ ziprcnni `grc ok aie`g}giec g`ckocecoo‗gzcrpcqpi ippgnkoc ‑ nk qzcqqi o‗kspirc gzcrpcqpskoc zsònkepcecrc go aiepriooi `cg pcqpg c ogngpkrc go ni|gncepi `co

ocppirc/ aieqcr|keì ge pko niì se zi‗ `cook qsk ‟kspirgpê„%



AKZGPIOI [SKRPI ;<6

Zcr {skepi esncriqg/ g aioocfkncepg prk `g|crqg ei`g ziqqiei

ainzkrgrc ge se esncri lgegpi c agraiqargppi/ c lirnkrc`se{sc sek qprsppsrk `clgegbgoc k zrgirg `koo‗kspirc% Ge koprc zkrioc/ qc gzipg}}gkni ok qprsppsrk `g se rinke}i gzcrpcqpskoc/go qsi kspirc zsò irfkeg}}krc g aioocfkncepg ge niì pkoc `k`cpcrngekrc {skog qkrkeei g zcrairqg k `gqziqg}giec `co ocppirc/c arckrc se‗krahgpcppsrk kzzkrcepcncepc kekrahgak c `kgrgq|iopg gnzrc|c`gbgog/ nk ge rckopê bce akoaiokpk ecooc qsc`gekngahc ziqqgbgog% Aiqï ainc o‗gepcr|cepi kppg|i `co ocppirc

qso pcqpi zsò nkeglcqpkrqg ge `cpcrngekpc qc}gieg `co rinke}i/nkfkrg oc ncei `cpcrngekepg kg lgeg `cook prknk/ nk eie gekoprc%

Ko aieprkrgi/ ziqqiei cqqcr|g qprsppsrc gzcrpcqpskog/ ge asg oklgfsrk kspirgkoc kzzkrc caogqqkpk c go ocppirc kqqsnc {skqgpipkoncepc go aiepriooi `co pcqpi= zsò `grgfcrqg irg}}iepkoncepcc zg÷ i ncei googngpkpkncepc `k se eiì koo‗kopri/ aioocfkrckspieinkncepc pcqpg c` cqprkppg `g pcqpg/ c gepcr|cegrc`grcppkncepc qs {scqpg keeipkeì/ ni`glgakeì c zrizieceì`cooc |krgk}gieg% Sek qprsppsrk `g {scqpi pgzi qg zrcqcepk/`se{sc/ kzcrpk ko nkqqgni frkì |crqi o‗cqpcrei/ aieqcepceìaioocfkncepg c zcrairqg zg÷ i ncei googngpkpg/ nk cqzieceì goocppirc k se `szogac rgqahgi= zcr`crc o‗irgcepkncepi crkffgsefcrc qc}gieg c zkfgec eie aicrcepg aie oc qsckqzcppkpg|c `k se okpi/ c qsbgrc go aiqg``cppi ‟i|croik`

gelirnkpg|i„ (qi|rkaakrgai `g gelirnk}gieg' `koo‗kopri%Ziqqgkni {sge`g `gqpgefscrc knbgcepg ge asg go ocppirc hk qïse rsioi kppg|i/ nk ogngpkpi ge bkqc koo‗krahgpcppsrk`coo‗knbgcepc qpcqqi c kooc gepce}gieg `co)`cfog kspirc)g/ `kknbgcepg ge asg ok lgfsrk kspirgkoc |gcec ncqqk `k zkrpc/cqqceì go ocppirc k aiqprsgrc ge niì frkesokrc g qsig zcrairqg/lgei k rkffgsefcrc ei`g ‟oiepkeg„ (knncqqi ahc o‗kffcppg|ikbbgk keairk qceqi ge sek qprsppsrk `caceprkpk {skoc {scook

gzcrpcqpskoc' `ko zsepi ge asg hk geg}gkpi k ocffcrc%



;<8 AKZGPIOI [SKRPI

Qpcqqk `gqpge}giec |k rgbk`gpk zcr {skepi rgfskr`k ok

ziqqgbgogpê `g kfgrc qso pcqpi ni`glgakeìoi= qc aieqg`crgkni okprk`g}giekoc kqgnncprgk `cg pcqpg lie`kpk qsooc `sc k}gieg `gqargppsrk c ocppsrk/ iqqgk se rsioi fcrkrahgakncepc qszcrgirc zrc|gqpi zcr ahg zri`sac go pcqpi/ c sei gelcrgirc zcr ahg ahg eclrsgqac/ rgpcegkni fog knbgcepg `g zkfgec aiqg``cppc ‟rckìeow„ (`g qiok ocppsrk' go frkì }cri `coo‗gepcrk}giec kspirc.ocppirc/ c {scoog ge asg ko ocppirc è aieqcepgpi zkrpcagzkrc kookqargppsrk `cg pcqpg/ ge ziqg}giec zkrgpcpgak/ i {skqg/ k {scook

`coo‗kspirc/ go frkì nkqqgni `g pkoc gepcrk}giec% Ainc èi||gi/ pkog aieqg`crk}gieg eie ziqqiei eie pcecr aiepi eç `cg`g|crqg fcecrg c pgzioifgc `g ìasncepg `gqziegbgog ge rcpc/ eçpkepincei `cg qszzirpg c zgkppklirnc ahc og aiepcefiei4 kooiqpcqqi niì iaairrc `gqpgefscrc ok lrsg}giec `g aiepcespggzcrpcqpskog ge ni`kogpê ieogec `k {scook illogec% [scqpc`gqpge}gieg/ zsr qc qzcqqi qippi|kospkpc/ qiei lie`kncepkog zcr sek airrcppk ainzrceqgiec `cooc kppg|gpê `g qargppsrk c ocppsrkgzcrpcqpskog% Aieqsopkrc se‗c`g}giec argpgak `gfgpkoc krahg|gkpkqs se a`.rin zsò cqqcrc `g|crqi ahc aieqsopkrok qs se qgpigepcrecp qcnzrc kffgirekpi4 aiqï ainc o‗kzzriaagi `co ocppircrgqzcppi ko pcqpi aknbgk k qcaie`k ahc qg pri|g `k|kepg kse‗c`g}giec gzcrpcqpskoc `co @cakncrie i k se rinke}iagbcrecpgai ahc zsò zrc|c`crc se‗gnncrqgiec pipkoc ecookprknk/ lgei k gepcrkfgrc gqpkepkeckncepc (c `se{sc

ecacqqkrgkncepc ge ni`kogpê ieogec' eie qioi aie o‗kspirc/ nkkeahc aie fog qpcqqg zcrqiekffg%Fog gzcrpcqpg rkzzrcqcepkei `se{sc sek esi|k lirnk `g

pcqpskogpê/ ahc |c`c `k se okpi rg`srqg go `g|krgi lrk kspirc cocppirc/ `koo‗kopri keesookrqg/ i {skqg/ ifeg lirnk `gnc`gk}giec prk oc `sc lgfsrc% È go ocppirc k qacfogcrc aincek|gfkrc ecg pcqpg/ aiqprsceì/ ge bkqc kg nkrfgeg `g ogbcrpê zrc|gqpg/ se zrizrgi zcrairqi zcrqiekog}}kpi/ ge asg kaac`crc

`k se zsepi eie qpkbgogpi c `k asg sqagrc k zrizrgk `gqarc}giec%



AKZGPIOI [SKRPI ;<7

@se{sc qc o‗izcrk eie è zg÷ segak c qpkbgoc/ zcrahç ifeg gzcrpcqpi zsò`krc osifi k niopczogag izcrc ocppc/ kooirk keahc go qsi kspirc è se zi&ncei kspirc% C go ocppirc qg zrce`c sek ogbcrpê c se zipcrc ahc zrgnkeie crkei zrc|gqpg (Akrogeg ;777/ z% 31'%

Ainc qg è iqqcr|kpi eco zrgni akzgpioi/ sei `cg zrgeagzgahgk|c `co vcb 2%:/ rcqi ziqqgbgoc `kook pcaeioifgk SFA (Sqcr Fcecrkpc` Aiepcep'/ è ncppcrc fog spcepg ge sek aie`g}giec `g‟ai.q|goszzkpirg„/ agiè zkrpcagzkrc kppg|kncepc kook arck}giec`cg aiepcespg% C` è {scqpi zrgeagzgi ahc lk qï ahc go aielgec lrk

zri`sppirg c aieqsnkpirg `g aiepcespg qso vcb/ qg lkaagk zg÷okbgoc c qlsnkpi% Eco nieì `cfog gzcrpcqpg ‟ai.q|goszzkrc„aiepcespg aigeag`c aie ok ‟qargppsrk ge aiookbirk}giec„/pcirg}}kpk c zrkpgakpk ge zg÷ iaakqgieg `k Okeìv ecfog keeg Ei|kepk/ c iffg zg÷ i ncei `gllsqk ge `g|crqg qcppirg`gqagzogekrg ahc qlrsppkei ok pcaeioifgk gelirnkpgak c go vcb qgkecook lkqc `g arck}giec `cg aiepcespg/ ahc ge {scook `g ncqqk ge

aie`g|gqgiec `cfog qpcqqg% Qg prkppk `g se |cri c zrizrgi ok|iri`g frszzi ahc zrc|c`c ahc zg÷ kspirg zkrpcagzgeiaioocppg|kncepc kook qpcqsrk `g sei i zg÷ pcqpg ge |krgcni`kogpê%

Ok zrgnk ni`kogpê `g qargppsrk ge aiookbirk}giec è {scookahc k||gcec ge sek lirnk ahc ziprcnni `clgegrc ‟`gkoifgak„= zg÷ spcepg ok|irkei ge aiepcnzirkeck kook qpcqsrk `cooi qpcqqi zrifcppi/ rcqpkeì qcnzrc ge aiepkppi c zipceì qcnzrc

|gqgiekrc go ok|iri `coo‗kopri% [scqpk pgzioifgk `gaiookbirk}giec zrc|c`c ecacqqkrgkncepc ahc qg ok|irg geni`kogpê ieogec qlrsppkeì/ `k ziqpk}gieg lgqgahc `g|crqc coiepkec prk oiri/ sei qpcqqi qilpvkrc ahc zcrncppk `g `gkoifkrcc qaknbgkrc `kpg ge pcnzi rckoc% Oc ainsegpê pcocnkpgahc`cfog keeg Qcqqkepk.Qcppkepk/ bkqkpc qsook pcaeioifgk ‟pgncqhkrgef„ (Airgepi/ Pi}}g 2::2/ z% 1;' c oc lirnc `gainsegak}giec ‟gqpkep ncqqkfgef„ `gllsqc k zkrpgrc `kfog keegIppkepk.Ei|kepk/ c gepcfrkpc aie kzzogak}gieg ahc zcrncppiei



;6: AKZGPIOI [SKRPI

oi qaknbgi `g lgoc i o‗kaacqqi k se `kpkbkqc ainsec/ ge asg

aieqsopkrc c ni`glgakrc g rcair` |gk |gk geqcrgpg/ ziqqieicqqcrc aieqg`crkpg g zrgng qprsncepg frc}}g `g {scqpk lirnk `garck}giec aioocppg|k%

Sek qcaie`k ni`kogpê è {scook ahc Okeìv (;770/ z% ;02'`clgegqac ‟|crqgiegef„= se spcepc arck se zrgnk bi}}k c ok ge|gkk se aiookbirkpirc ahc kzzirpcrê ni`glgahc c kffgsepc/ zcr zigge|gkrok koo‗spcepc `g zkrpce}k/ i k se pcr}i/ lgei kookaieaosqgiec/ c kook zsbbogak}giec ieogec/ `co ok|iri% [scqpk

pgzioifgk `g qargppsrk zkrpcagzkpg|k/ k `gllcrce}k `cook zrgnk/ eie zrcqszziec ahc fog kspirg ok|irgei ge pcnzi rckoc= gaiookbirkpirg ok|ircrkeei qsook bi}}k ge se nincepiqsaacqqg|i kook qpcqsrk geg}gkoc/ c `se{sc eie è cqaosqi ahc gooiri ok|iri k||cefk ge ni`kogpê illogec/ c ge kqqce}k `cfog koprgaioocfhg%

Ioprc k {scqpc `sc pgzioifgc `g qargppsrk aioocppg|k/ Okeìv(G|g/ z% ;01' zrc|c`c se pcr}i ni`cooi/ `clgegpi ‟akpcek `gniepkffgi„= ge pko akqi è zrc|gqpk sek qs``g|gqgiec `cgainzgpg c `cg rsiog lrk g `g|crqg aiookbirkpirg/ g {skog ok|irkeige nkegcrk kspieink kook aiqprs}giec `cg qgefiog pkqqcoog ahcqsaacqqg|kncepc lirncrkeei ok qprsppsrk gzcrpcqpskoc% @g|crqgspcepg/ ge bkqc kooc qzcaglgahc ainzcpce}c/ q|iofiei goainzgpi ahc fog |gcec kqqcfekpi= koaseg qg iaaszcrkeei `gaiepcespg qzcaglgag/ koprg `g qpkbgogrc k`cfskpg aioocfkncepg prk

fog qpcqqg/ c koprg keairk asrcrkeei fog kqzcppg frklgag/ c|cepskogqc}gieg airrcokpc c nkzzc aieacppskog/ aiqï ainc aiepcespgcxprk ge lirnkpi ks`gi c |g`ci% Bkqpg zceqkrc k {skoqgkqgìasncepi aie`g|gqi ecook es|iok `g fiifoc ìa/ zcr cqcnzgi/ ì|c g aiookbirkpirg qarg|iei c ni g̀lgakeiaiepcnzirkeckncepc go nc`cqgni pcqpi k `gqpke}k% I keahc kg zrifrknng qcnzrc zg÷ `gllsqg/ ge knbgpi k}gce`koc/ ahcaieqcepiei ok fcqpgiec c aie`g|gqgiec ge rcnipi `g nkpcrgkog c

ìasncepg `g |krgi pgzi%



AKZGPIOI [SKRPI ;6;

[scqpc prc ni`kogpê `g zkrpcagzk}giec kook arck}giec/

ainziqg}giec c ncqqk ge aie`g|gqgiec `g aiepcespggzcrpcqpskog/ eie |keei g`cepglgakpc ainc qczkrkpc c k qc qpkepg4c |k `cppi ahc bce qg kzzogakei k qprsppsrc gzcrpcqpskog zg÷ incei aiepcespc/ {skog se qgefioi ogbri gzcrpcqpskoc/ i segeqgcnc zg÷ i ncei aicrcepc `g `g|crqg ogbrg `g sei qpcqqikspirc/ i ahc prkppkei ok qpcqqk pcnkpgak/ aiqï ainc k `gqzceqcseg|crqgpkrgc c nkpcrgkog ncqqg k `gqziqg}giec `k se acepri `grgacrak/ caa% Nk qc cqpce`gkni o‗kekogqg k qprsppsrc gzcrpcqpskog

kookrfkpc/ lirnkpc `k ei`g ahc qg kffgsefiei k` koprg ei`g lgeik lirnkrc se pcqqspi okbgrgepgai c rg}inkpgai/ è c|g`cepc ahc`g|cepk `gllgagoc qpkbgogrc {skoc qgk ok ni`kogpê `g qargppsrkaiookbirkpg|k kìppkpk/ aiqï ainc rgaieiqacrc {skog c {skepgqgkei fog kspirg ahc |g hkeei aiookbirkpi% Ge qprsppsrccqprcnkncepc kookrfkpc/ {skog {scooc zcrncqqc `k Gepcrnc`gk/ ‑ gepcrlkaagk sqkpk ecfog keeg Ei|kepk `k Okeìv zcr ainzirrc/ krahg|gkrc c aieqsopkrc aiepcespg gzcrpcqpskog/ c iffgeie zg÷ ge sqi ‑ i oi qpcqqi vcb aieqg`crkpi ecook qsk pipkogpê/ok qargppsrk ge aiookbirk}giec k||gcec qgnsopkeckncepc/ geni`kogpê ‟|crqgiegef„ c ainc ‟akpcek `g niepkffgi„% Okeìvqpcqqi k||crpc=

@izi cqqcrc qpkpi geqcrgpi ge sek rcpc `g aioocfkncepg cocppriegag/ seìasncepi eie cqgqpc zg÷ ainc cepgpê kspieink% Cqgqpc qcnzrc gercok}giec k` koprg ìasncepg/ ge niì ainzocpkncepc `g|crqi rgqzcppikg zriìppg `cook qpknzk% @k {scqpi `rkqpgai aknbgkncepi `co niì geasg g pcqpg cqgqpiei ge rcok}giec k` koprg pcqpg `crg|kei `sc zrgeagzg ahc/ koiri |iopk/ zri`saiei {scqpk lirnk `g aiookbirk}giec= zrgni/ {skoqgkqgìasncepi geqcrgpi ge se qgqpcnk ge rcpc ahc aieqcepc go aioocfkncepicocppriegai è zipce}gkoncepc ge aiookbirk}giec aie psppg fog koprgìasncepg `g {sco qgqpcnk4 qcaieì/ {skose{sc ìasncepi aieecqqicocppriegakncepc k se kopri ìasncepi aiookbirk aie cqqi (Gb%'%

Ahc qg prkppg `g sek qprsppsrk gzcrpcqpskoc zg÷ i ncei rgìppkc arckpk `k se esncri aiepcespi `g kspirg/ i `g qprsppsrc



;62 AKZGPIOI [SKRPI

kookrfkpc {skog {scooc fcqpgpc zcr cqcnzgi `k zg÷ `gzkrpgncepg

seg|crqgpkrg/ lgei koo‗gepcrk qprsppsrk gzcrpcqpskoc `co vcb/ èc|g`cepc ahc g prk`g}giekog aieacppg `g kspirc c zkpcregpê `coocizcrc kzzkgkei lirpcncepc ncqqg ge `gqasqqgiec/ c kooi qpcqqiniì `g|cepk okbgoc go aielgec lrk kspirc c ocppirc% Gzipg}}keìse‗izcrk aioocppg|k/ c `se{sc gzcrpcqpskoc c gepcrpcqpskoc/ zrifcppkpk c kogncepkpk `k sei i zg÷ `gzkrpgncepg seg|crqgpkrg/ì|rcbbcri cqqcrc aieqg`crkpg kspirg psppg aioiri ahc k zg÷rgzrcqc/ c k |krgi pgpioi/ |g zkrpcagzkei= `kfog g`ckpirg `co

zrifcppi kg asrkpirg `cg qgefiog krpgaiog c ìasncepg |gk |gkgeqcrgpg/ aiqï ainc `kg vcbnkqpcr k aioiri ahc qg iaaszkei `gkqzcppg frklgag c koprg cocncepg kzzkrcepcncepc qcaie`krg% Qcgeioprc o‗izcrk ge {scqpgiec/ ainc qkrcbbc ekpsrkoc/ liqqcaieqsopkbgoc `kg qgefiog qps`cepg c rgacrakpirg/ {scqpg k oiri|iopk ziprcbbcri geqcrgrc g rgqsopkpg `g rgacrahc `k oiri qpcqqgaieìppc/ pcqg `g oksrck i `g ìppirkpi/ i ìasncepg c nkpcrgkogkoprsg/ gepri`saceì `g aieqcfsce}k esi|c lgfsrc kspirgkog% Gorgqsopkpi qkrcbbc ok arck}giec `g se |kqpi aiepcegpirc `ggelirnk}gieg/ psppc qzcagkogqpgahc zcrahç psppc zriìppc `kcqzcrpg `cg qgefiog qcppirg= qg fcecrcrcbbc se‗izcrk kzcrpk/gepcrpcqpskoc c zipce}gkoncepc gepcr g̀qagzogekrc/ zipceìaioocfkrok/ aicrcepcncepc aie fog krfincepg prkppkpg/ k` koprg`gzkrpgncepg c gqpgpspg `g rgacrak/ aiqï ainc k` koprc seg|crqgpê`g psppi go nieì/ lgei k qaknbgkrc/ aielriepkrc c aie`g|g`crc

oc zrizrgc aieiqace}c% Keahc qc brc|cppg/ `grgppg `‗kspirc/eirnc fgsrg`gahc c rcfiokncepg gepcreg kooc qgefioc seg|crqgpêog iqpkaiokei ceirncncepc/ zrifcppg `g {scqpi pgzi hkeei `kpirgqsopkpg kzzrc}}kbgog/ qizrkppsppi eco nieì kaak`cngaikefoiqkqqiec% C/ zcr sek qirpk `g |iak}giec ekpsrkoc/ k `krc gngfogirg rgqsopkpg/ qiei oc `gqagzogec qagcepglgahc/ cqgfcepg `grce`crc `k||cri aioocppg|c oc zrizrgc qaizcrpc c rgaieiqacrc kpsppg g aiookbirkpirg g fgsqpg ncrgpg% È gelkppg ge aknzi

qagcepglgai ahc go ok|iri ge aiookbirk}giec/ ainc qiqpgcec



AKZGPIOI [SKRPI ;61

Okeìv/ qcnbrk qlir}krqg k lkrqg rgaieiqacrc ainc pkoc/

nceprc oc `gqagzogec snkegqpgahc qcnbrkei rglgspkrc go ok|irigepcoocppskoc aioocppg|i zcrahç/ keairkpc k {sco aieacppirinkepgai `g kspirc ainc ‟gi„/ cqzrcqqgiec `cook zipce}karckpg|k ge`g|g`skoc/ aiepgeskei k aieqg`crkrc ‟ainc |crgpêcpcrec oc oiri gzipcqg qsoo‗kspirc/ qsook zrizrgcpê gepcoocppskoc/qsook arckpg|gpê c qsoo‗irgfgekogpê„ (G|g/ zz% ;<.;06'%

Qc psppg aioiri ahc zkrpcagzkei kook arck}giec aioocppg|k `gaiepcespg ncrgpkei `g |c`crqg rgaieiqagspi go ncrgpi `co

zrizrgi qlir}i arckpg|i/ c qc oc ainsegpê `g spcepg.ocppirg `covcb zrcpceìei `g lrsgrc ogbcrkncepc `g pkog aiepcespg/ gepcqgainc aieiqace}k zsbbogak c kaacqqgbgoc kooc nkqqc/ è c|g`cepcainc oc kppskog |gfcepg eirnc qso `grgppi `‗kspirc eie bkqpgei zg÷/ c qg rg|cogei gekzzogakbgog eco nieì `co vcb%

Se aieacppi {skoc ok zrizrgcpê zrg|kpk/ fgê `gllgagoc `kaieaczgrc qc kzzogakpi ko aknzi `co qkzcrc snkei/ qg lk keairk zg÷ geqpkbgoc ecoo‗crk/ zcr `grok aie Bcemknge/ ‟`cookrgzri`sagbgogpê pcaegak„ c `gfgpkoc `cooc izcrc `coo‗gefcfei c`cooc g`cc% Aizwrgfhp c brc|cppg qg rg|cokei zg÷ se ogngpckoo‗kaacqqi aioocppg|i ko qkzcrc/ ahc se cqzc`gcepc zcr pspcokrc cfkrkepgrc go rgaieiqagncepi `cook zrizrgcpê gepcoocppskoc/ c fogibgcppg|g ahc zcrqcfsiei qiei qzcqqi geprcaagkpg aio zsepi `g|gqpk ziogpgai.caieingai `cooc aokqqg `grgfcepg ecg aielriepg`cook aieiqace}k/ o‗c`sak}giec/ o‗gqprs}giec c ok rgacrak%

Rkffgsefiei zg÷ lkagoncepc o‗ibgcppg|i `g prkqlirnkrc go qkzcrcge niecpk `g qaknbgi/ c oc g`cc ge zriìppg `k |ce`crc/ ahc eieprk`srog ge zkprgniegi `k aie`g|g`crc% Ainc qiqpcefiei fogkspirg `co frszzi OKQCR ge Go qkzcrc ogbcrkpi/ ok aieac}giec ziogpgak `cook rgacrak ainc se bcec `k zrg|kpg}}krc/ c `se{sc ok|kospk}giec `cg rgacrakpirg akoaiokpk ge bkqc ko esncri `g zsbbogak}gieg/ zsò illrgrag sek ahgk|c gepcrzrcpkpg|k |kog`k zcr qzgcfkrc zcrahç/ `k zg÷ zkrpg/ ok ogbcrk agraiok}giec `cooc g`cc c

`cooc qaizcrpc |cefk aiqï `srkncepc iqpkaiokpk=



AKZGPIOI [SKRPI ;63

qargppsrk4 zgsppiqpi qg pce`c k `krc prizzi qzcqqi zcr qaiepkpg g

rgqsopkpg `g {scfog qps`g% Qc è |cri ahc se rg`gnceqgiekncepi`coo‗kqgnncprgk eco rkzzirpi kspirc.ocppirc è k||cespi/ c ahc goocppirc gzcrpcqpskoc è `k||cri zg÷ kppg|i/ qg è |gqpi ainc gerckopê ok lgfsrk kspirgkoc/ zcr {skepi qzcqqi aioocppg|k/ aiepgesgk nkepcecrc se rsioi `cpcrngekepc ge niopg `cg aiepcespggzcrpcqpskog iffg `gqziegbgog% [sco ocppirc `k||cri kppg|i/ ko zkrg `co qsi kepcekpi zrcfspcebcrfhgkei ahc/ nsegpi `g zceekc akoknkgi keeipk/ gepcr|gcec c ainncepk g pcqpg è

rgaieiqagbgoc ge koaseg aiepcespg `co vcb/ nk eie ge koprg/ zcr {skepi ok pcaeioifgk SFA oi ge|gpg k lkrqg aikspirc% Cqcnzg ziqgpg|g ziqqiei cqqcr aieqg`crkpg g esncriqg zrifcppg `gc`g}gieg argpgahc `g izcrc `co zkqqkpi/ aiqï ainc oc c`g}gieg`gfgpkog c gzcrpcqpskog `g q|krgkpc pgzioifgc `g pcqpg4 nk keahc ocqpcqqc rcpg `g boif c qiagko ecpvird/ oc kzzrc}}kbgog izcrc `gqargppsrk aioocppg|k c zrifcppg {skog {scoog bkqkpg qsookpcaeioifgk ‟vgdg„ zcr arckrc c ni`glgakrc aiepcespg% Nk oc zipce}gkogpê `cook pcaeioifgk gzcrpcqpskoc/ c `coo‗gelirnkpgak gefcecrc/ ge pkepgqqgng aknzg `co qkzcrc snkei eie |cefieikeairk k`cfskpkncepc qlrsppkpc%

O‗cqcnzgi `cg aiepcespg ncqqg ge aie g̀|gqgiec `k`gzkrpgncepg seg|crqgpkrg c gqpgpspg `g rgacrak zsò aieqiokrc bce ziai qc aieqg`crgkni ahc qzcqqi o‗kaacqqi è ogngpkpi `k sekqcrgc `g aiepgefce}c= kbbiekncepg aiqpiqgqqgng/ rcqprg}giec k

ziahg spcepg c eirnc fgsrg`gahc ahc ec ogngpkei o‗kaacqqi%O‗gqprs}giec/ qaiokqpgak c seg|crqgpkrgk/ ziprcbbc qcr|grqg`coo‗gepcrk}giec zcrncqqk `koo‗gzcrpcqpskogpê zcr lk|irgrc okaiqprs}giec `g |kog`g zcrairqg `g qps`gi c/ `g aieacrpi aie fogqps`cepg/ arckrc `gqzceqc |grpskog qcnzrc kffgirekpc/ainncepkpc c kzcrpc kfog gepcr|cepg4 nk qzcrgncepk}gieg `g{scqpi pgzi rcqpkei keairk |grpsiqc rkrgpê% Gepcrg qcppirg`coo‗c`gpirgk ge argqg/ qs psppg ok qkffgqpgak/ ziprcbbcri

rgqiooc|krqg zsbbogake`i/ aie rg`ippg rgqahg `g zcr`gpk



;6< AKZGPIOI [SKRPI

caieingak/ ieogec c ge niì gzcrpcqpskoc/ pcqpg zceqkpg

qcaieì oc cqgfce}c `cg esi|g ocppirg/ c `se{sc/ ainc qiqpgcec@krepie (2::7'/ qprsppsrkpg qs zg÷ og|coog= `ko zrgni/ ahccqziec qinnkrgkncepc c ogeckrncepc oc krfincepk}gieg/ lgeikg qsaacqqg|g ge asg |gk |gk qg kzzrilie`gqaiei g aiepcespg% Sepcqpi `g {scqpi pgzi ziprcbbc rg|iofcrqg k zg÷ ocppirg/ `ko nceicqzcrpi ko zg÷ cqzcrpi/ c qizrkppsppi `k {scooi prk`g}giekoc k{scooi gzcrpcqpskoc% Qc qg pcepkqqc {scqpk qprk`k niopg ogbrg/ ahceie qg zsbbogakei i eie qg rgqpknzkei ‟zcrahç eie |ceìei

kbbkqpke}k„/ {skepincei k|rcbbcri {skoaiqk `k `grc k `cg zipce}gkog ocppirg%

Qkrcbbcri niopg fog cqcnzg `g aknzg `co qkzcrc/ c `cook qskprkqngqqgiec/ ge asg ok pcaeioifgk gzcrpcqpskoc kzzirpcrcbbcqcrg |kepkffg zcr psppg= zcr g ocppirg ahc qkrcbbcri ogbcrg `gek|gfkrc prk gelirnk}gieg c pcqpg qzcqqi ecfkpgfog/ zcr fogkspirg ahc/ qczzsrc se zi‗ ncei kspirg/ k|rcbbcri o‗iaakqgiec`g cqzirrc ko nieì oc zrizrgc g`cc/ c zcr o‗gepcrk qiagcpê ahc/okqagkeì oc g`cc ogbcrc `g agraiokrc/ qg zrcqcepcrcbbc zg÷ ogbcrkkeah‗cqqk% Qg prkppk rckoncepc `g se niì rg|ios}giekrgi/ nkkeairk eie `co psppi qlrsppkpi/ `g arckrc/ cokbirkrc/ aie`g|g`crcc prkqncppcrc go qkzcrc/ aie esi|g rsiog c esi|g zriac`gncepg/esi|g |kepkffg c esi|g rgqahg= fcqpgrc {scqpk ainzocqqgpê/rg`gqcfekeì koprc zriqzcppg|c c rcfioc/ è ok qlg`k `k |geacrc zcr lkrc `co qkzcrc se seg|crqi `k||cri gzcrpcqpskoc c

kaacqqgbgoc k psppg%

0%0 Gzcrpcqpg ocppcrkrg

0%0%; Ok ocppcrkpsrk gzcrpcqpskoc= |crqi esi|g fcecrgAinc qg è |gqpi/ se lirpc gnzsoqi kooi qps`gi c kfog q|goszzg

`coo‗gzcrpcqpi è qpkpi `kpi zrizrgi `kook ocppcrkpsrk c `kook

argpgak ocppcrkrgk c g zrgng kzzrc}}kbgog cqcnzg `g pcqpskogpê eie



AKZGPIOI [SKRPI ;66

ogeckrc/ i nsopg.ogeckrc/ zri|cefiei zrizrgi `k cqzcrgncepg

ocppcrkrg/ i `k rgocppsrc ge ahgk|c gzcrpcqpskoc/ `g izcrc ahc/ qc`c.qprsppsrkpc eco oiri gnzgkepi ekrrkpg|i/ zcrncppiei ocppsrc`g|crqc/ i nkeglcqpkei zipce}gkogpê ahc rcqpcrcbbcrigecqzrcqqc aie oc |crqgieg k qpknzk% Ngrkei k {scqp‗sopgniibgcppg|i g pcepkpg|g `g c`g}giec gzcrpcqpskoc `g izcrc ainc go @cakncrie `g Biaakaagi/ Sowqqcq c Lgeecfkeq Vkdc `g Miwac/ok @g|gek Ainnc`gk `g @kepc/ qioi zcr lkrc {skoahc cqcnzgi%

Qg è fgê kaaceekpi kfog ‟gzcr.rinke}g„ `g Ako|gei c kook

qargppsrk okbgrgepgak (‟rkaaiepi k bg|g„' `g Birfcq/ nk eie qg zsò eie keei|crkrc ecooc qzcrgncepk}gieg kepc ogppcrkn `ggzcrpcqpi/ keahc ok qargppsrk qzcrgncepkoc `g Rkwnie`[scecks/ i g akzgpiog aiqg``cppg ‟lsefgbocq„/ `k ocffcrc ge`g|crqc qc{sce}c qacopc `ko ocppirc/ `co rinke}i Rkwscok `gMsogi Airpë}kr4 c keairk/ g rkaaiepg zcr rkfk}}g `g FgkeegRi`krg `cfog keeg Qcqqkepk.Qcppkepk/ c ahc zg÷ pkr`ggqzgrcrkeei g ‟Fknc.biidq„4 aiqï ainc ok rgqargppsrk `cookqpirgk ‟zkrkoocok„ `g Zgeiaahgi cllcppskpk `k FgirfgiNkefkecoog/ zrizrgi k zkrpgrc `k psppc oc ziqqgbgog |krgk}gieg`kook prknk eie qacopc/ c qakrpkpc/ `k Aiooi`g% Ok qprsppsrk zkrkoocok ahc rgqsopk `kook rgqargppsrk `g Nkefkecoog qg rg|cokcqqcrc prg`gnceqgiekoc c qgngoc k se asbi=

Irk/ qc go ogbri è asbgai/ c `se{sc k prc `gnceqgieg/ cqqi è zcrairrgbgoc

eie qioi qcaie`i go qcepgcri `cooc zkrioc qsook zkfgek/ aikppi cfrknnkpgakoncepc fkrkepgpi/ nk qcaie`i koprg gpgecrkrg (…'% Se ogbri/rcppkncepc gepcqi ecook qsk nkzzk asbgak/ `g|cepk aiqï ngespkncepcgelgegpi `k zrizirqg/ `gqprkppkncepc/ ainc ainzrceqg|i `g psppg g

ziqqgbgog ogbrg zkrkoocog/ ahc ge aieaosqgiec lgegqaiei zcr cqqcrc psppg gogbrg ziqqgbgog% È ahgkri/ `se{sc/ ahc qkrcbbc frcppi pcepkrc `g `kr ocngqsrc `g ai`cqpi asbi ocffgbgoc `koo‗gepcrei/ i `g sei {skoqgkqg `cgogbrg zkrkoocog ahc |g qg ka{skppkei (Nkefkecoog ;766/ zz% \.\G'%

Fog cqcnzg `g qargppsrk/ i rgqargppsrk/ eie ogeckrc nkokbgrgepgak c nsopg.qc{sce}gkoc/ è c|g`cepc/ qkrcbbcri



AKZGPIOI [SKRPI ;67

K ioprc {sge`gag keeg `g `gqpke}k `k {scqpc kllcrnk}gieg/

ziqqgkni qiqpcecrc ahc go zcrgaioi ahc ok qargppsrk gzcrpcqpskocqiqpgpsgqqc {scook prk`g}giekoc/ c ncppcqqc ge argqg go aieacppi `gocppcrkpsrk ainc gqpgps}giec/ eie qg è aiearcpg}}kpi% Okekrrkpg|k ogeckrc aie ok qsk prknk ‟krgqpipcogak„/ c `se{sc segeg}gi/ se geprcaagi c sei q|iofgncepi lgekoc/ eie hk zcrqi zipcrc c aiepgesk k cqqcrc pkoc/ nkepceceì qkoì go qsi zsbbogai `g ocppirg/ qgk cqqk |cgaiokpk qs akrpk i qs `gqziqgpg|gcocppriegag% C ok qpcqqk aieqg`crk}giec è zg÷ i ncei |kog`k zcr

ok zicqgk/ aiqï ainc ok aieiqac|kni zrgnk `coo‗k||cepi`coo‗gzcrpcqpi% È ahgkri/ `se{sc/ ahc oc esi|c pce`ce}ckrpgqpgahc ainc ok c.Ogpcrkpsrc c ok c.Zicprw/ qcnbrkeikllgkeakrqg/ aie|g|crc/ c ko nkqqgni zrcqcepkrc `coockopcrekpg|c/ zcr {skepi geqg`giqc/ kook ocppcrkpsrk prk`g}giekoc/nk eie qcnbrkei ge frkì `g zrg|krok `cook qsk cfcniegkasopsrkoc% Cqkppkncepc ainc g `gqziqgpg|g cocppriegag `g ocppsrkeie hkeei keairk `carcpkpi ok lgec `coo‗c`gpirgk akrpkack/ `kkoaseg ksqzgakpk c `k koprg pcnspk%

Qc {scqpg (c.Ogpcrkpsrc c` c.Zicprw' qgkei `cg |crg fcecrg `kkeei|crkrc ecooc kepioifgc `g ocppcrkpsrk/ i zgsppiqpik|kefskr`gc ziqp.ni`crec c lceinceg `g qippiasopsrk/ eie è{scqpgiec ahc ag rgfskr`k `k |gagei ge {scqpi ok|iri% Qcnnkg/qg qcepc o‗cqgfce}k `g kppcqpkrc ainc {scook ‟aie|crfce}k„ lrkocppcrkpsrk c argpgak ocppcrkrgk `k se okpi/ c pcaeioifgk

gelirnkpgak `koo‗kopri/ pcirg}}kpk `k Okeìv/ qg qgk qzgepk aiqïioprc `k gelosce}krc gec|gpkbgoncepc eie qioi oc ni`kogpê aieasg |cefiei |cgaiokpg g pcqpg qargppg zcr nc}}i `cook pcaeioifgkgzcrpcqpskoc/ nk ok qargppsrk qpcqqk c/ `g aieqcfsce}k/ oi qpgoc%

Ecg `sc zkrkfrklg ahc qcfsiei/ rgqzcppg|kncepc `c`gakpgkook c.Ogpcrkpsrc c kook c.Zicprw/ qg zri|k k `krc sek`cqarg}giec `cg `sc fcecrg/ qcfsceì oc lkqg zrgeagzkog `cookoiri c|ios}giec c rgzirpkeì koaseg `cfog cqzcrgncepg zg÷

cnbocnkpgag%



AKZGPIOI [SKRPI ;8;

gepcrk}giec lrk o‗spcepc c ok qpirgk/ oc k||cepsrc gepcrkppg|c

aieiqacrkeei sek rkzg`k `gllsqgiec ecfog keeg Ippkepkpri|keì se zsbbogai qcnzrc zg÷ esncriqi c kzzkqqgiekpi%

Go nipg|i zcr asg koaseg gnzirpkepg qps g̀iqg/ lrk asgDkphcrgec Hkwocq (2::6'/ ge`g|g`skei sei qprcppi ocfknc lrkoc zrgnc ‟k||cepsrc gepcrkppg|c„ c ok ekrrkpg|k cocppriegak |crkc zrizrgk/ aieqgqpc ecook lirpc zrc|koce}k `co pcqpi ekrrkpg|iahc akrkppcrg}}k oc zrgnc qzcrgncepk}gieg `g {scqpg|g`cifgiahg% O‗gnzgkepi aceprkoc è aiqpgpsgpi gelkppg `k sekprknk aiqprsgpk aie brc|g lrknncepg `g pcqpi ahc `cqarg|ieio‗knbgcepc/ gepri`saiei g zcrqiekffg/ ncppiei ge fskr`gk

`koo‗krrg|i `g se ecngai/ c aiqï |gk% O‗spcepc gepcrkfgqac k qsk|iopk `gfgpkeì brc|g qprgefhc `g akrkppcrc ahc `cqarg|ieio‗k}giec `k ainzgcrc/ fcecrkoncepc |crbg ko niì gnzcrkpg|i/ zcr zriqcfsgrc ecg |krg qpcz% Ecooc zrgnc lirnc `g ‟k||cepsrcgepcrkppg|c„ pkog qpcz/ i og|coog/ airrgqzieìei kg boiaahgpcqpskog `coo‗gzcrpcqpi/ c keah‗cqqg qiei aioocfkpg lrk oiri zcr nc}}i `g oged/ ahc rceìei go zcrairqi eie ogeckrc crcpgaiokrc% Eie è se akqi ahc oc zg÷ cocncepkrg prknc `cg zrgngcqzcrgncepg gepcrkppg|g kbbgkei/ ainc osifhg `g



;82 AKZGPIOI [SKRPI

knbgcepk}giec/ {skqg qcnzrc okbgrgepg ge asg pri|krc ok |gk

`‗sqagpk ìzi sek qcrgc `g iqpkaiog c` cqzc`gcepg ahcainzogakei go zcrairqi/ i zkok}}g c akqpcoog/ aie qpke}c zgcec`g geqg`gc `k qszcrkrc zcr ncppcrc ge qko|i {skoasei i{skoaiqk/ c rgqio|crc go fgiai%

Kzzkrcepcncepc qg prkppk `g zcrairqg zosrg|iag/ c `g prkncahc |krgkei k qcaie`k `cg zcrairqg geprkzrcqg/ keahc qc gerckopê |g è se nkqpcr ahc hk `cagqi k pk|iogei psppc oc ziqqgbgogqios}gieg c qacopc/ c zrc|gqpi se esncri zg÷ i ncei lgegpi `g

zcrairqg `k illrgrc koo‗spcepc% Rgqgc`c {sg o‗cocncepi `gaiepkppi lrk oc zrgnc k||cepsrc gepcrkppg|c c g rinke}gcocppriegag zrizrgkncepc gepcqg `cg zrgng keeg Ei|kepk/aiqprsgpg aie boiaahg `g pcqpi aioocfkpg lrk oiri/ k `cpcrngekrc g ziqqgbgog zcrairqg `g ocppsrk% Go lkppi ahc ok ainziecepc frklgakecg zrgng cqzcrgncepg |g`ci.os`gag liqqc keairk ngegnk/`cpcrngekeì sek qgpsk}giec `g {skqg c{sgogbrgi lrk oc zkrpg|crbkog c {scooc zrcppkncepc |gqg|c/ qcnbrk rkllir}krco‗kekoifgk82%

Go zrgni cqcnzgi `g rinke}i cocppriegai c gepcrkppg|i è Klpcreiie% K Q pirw81/ qargppi eco ;786 `k Ngahkco Miwacqlrsppkeì go qilpvkrc Qpirwqzkac/ c zsbbogakpi/ zrgnk qsloizzw c zig qs a`/ `kook Ckqpfkpc Qwqpcnq% Go rinke}i è

82 Go zkrkfiec eie qcnbrk k|crc qceqi iffg= g |g`cifgiahg kppskog |cìei

lirpcncepc zrc|kocrc o‗kqzcppi frklgai/ c ok ainziecepc pcqpskoc èrgìppk ko ngegni% Oc gnnkfgeg hkeei qiqpgpsgpi go pcqpi qargppi qgk ecookekrrk}giec `cook qpirgk c ecook `cqarg}giec `coo‗knbgcepc c `cg

zcrqiekffg/ ahc ecooc ni`kogpê `g gepcrk}giec lrk o‗spcepc co‗gepcrlkaagk= qc/ ainc qg è |gqpi/ ecg zrgng cqzcrgncepg o‗spcepc |ceg|kqioocagpkpi prkngpc zir}gieg `g pcqpi/ c k qsk |iopk gepcrkfg|k geqcrceì

brc|g qprgefhc `g akrkppcrg zcr `grc koo‗gepcrlkaagk aiqk lkrc/ iffg {scqpck}gieg qiei prkìppc aie gnnkfgeg c aie ainke`g `grcppg qs pkqpgcrc/

miwqpgad caa%

81 Klpcreiie% K Qpirw è ka{sgqpkbgoc ieogec `ko akpkoifi `cook CkqpfkpcQwqpcnq koo‗ge`grg}}i hppz=))vvv%ckqpfkpc%ain)akpkoif)Klpcreiie%hpno%



;80 AKZGPIOI [SKRPI

Lrkedceqpcge qiqpgpsceì ok |crk ksprgac/ Nkrw Qhcoocw/ ko

`cngsrfi `cook qpirgk irgfgekoc/ c se niqpri lcnngegoc k{scooi nkqahgoc% O‗gnzgkepi gzcrpcqpskoc/ fgêpcaeioifgakncepc niopi c|iospi rgqzcppi k` Klpcreiie c @cogrgsn/ qg ainziec `g sek qcrgc `g qc}gieg/ k oiri |iopkqprsppsrkpc ge ocqqîc% Ok zg÷ qgfeglgakpg|k/ kppcepkncepckekog}}kpk keahc `k Okeìv (;770/ zz% 208.23:'/ rcakqgfeglgakpg|kncepc go pgpioi `g ‟prkzsepk zk}}k„= qg prkppk `g seainzogakpi pcqqspi ge asg go ocppirc prkngpc g oged (zkrkfiekpg

`koo‗ksprgac k` kfi c lgoi' ì|rê aioocfkrc/ c rgasagrc/ ocqgefioc ‟zc}}c„ `coo‗gepcrk prkzsepk% K ifeg aioocfkncepikppg|kpi `ko ocppirc/ airrgqzie`c se esi|i pkqqcooi `g gnnkfgecahc qg |k k` kffgsefcrc kfog koprg zcr ainzirrc sek lgfsrk/ goniqpri lcnngegoc/ ahc/ cqqceì qcnzrc |gqgbgoc ge sek lgecqprk zkrkoocok k {scook `co pcqpi ahc qg qpk ocffceì/ lse}giek aincsek nkzzk zcr ge`gakrc ko ocppirc go zcrairqi ainzgspi%

Go ocppirc qg pri|k qcnzrc `geeke}g k esi|c qpirgc c k esi|cqc}gieg/ c zcr ifesek `g {scqpc oc |gc `‗sqagpk qiei niopczogag=ge pko niì go zcrairqi `g|cepk agraiokrc c qce}k acepri% Zcr cqcnzgi è ziqqgbgoc rgpri|krqg `co psppi akqskoncepc ecook

qc}giec ‟se agngpcri„/ ge asg k ifeg okzg`c airrgqzie`c se brc|c lrknncepi ekrrkpg|i ahc rkaaiepk {skoaiqk `cook |gpk `g



AKZGPIOI [SKRPI ;83

ahg |g è qcziopi/ c kffgsefc esi|g aiepcespg koo‗gepcri

gnzgkepi ekrrkpg|i% Okeìv ainncepk aiqï ok qc}giec ge{scqpgiec=

Mkadqie airrc`k `g sek |iac `gqpgepk ifeg qpirgk/ ifeg |gpk geaieprkpk koagngpcri/ arckeì ge {scqpi niì se rkaaiepi bkahpgegkei k zg÷ |iag c

zrcqcepkeì ko aiepcnzi se‗gnnkfgec ainziqgpk `g |gpc lcnngegogkoo‗kobk `co XGX qcaioi (Okeìv ;770/ z% 23:'%

Go aiookfc `g Zkpahvird fgro rgair`k `k |gagei go niepkffgi

agecnkpifrklgai4 nk qc ecook arck}giec `g se bsie lgon/pkfogkrc c rgasagrc qzc}}ieg `g gnnkfgec/ qiei `sc kppg|gpê ahceie `c|iei okqagkr qcfeg qso zriìppi lgekoc/ ge {scqpirinke}i gzcrpcqpskoc g qcfeg qiei |iospkncepc okqagkpg ge zrgni zgkei4 c ecoo‗gnnkfgec `co niqpri lcnngegoc ahc |gk|gk zrce`c lirnk aioocfkeì oc `g|crqc ocqqîc/ {scqpg qcfeg qgprk`saiei ge agakprgag bce |gqgbgog% C ainc |gcec bce qzgcfkpi

ge se‗koprk qc}giec/ ‟qspsrc c agakprgag„/ eie qg prkppk `g qcfeg `g`cpsrzkncepi/ nk `g cocncepg `g fgse}giec/ zrizrgi ainc gaioocfkncepg gzcrpcqpskog%

Ecfog keeg Ei|kepk qg qsqqcfsiei sek qcrgc `gqzcrgncepk}gieg ocppcrkrgc `g {scqpi pgzi c/ ge koaseg akqg/ okqpcqqk qprsppsrk ahc akrkppcrg}}k o‗gzcrpcqpi gqzgrk izcrc arckpcqcaieì ok lgoiqilgk `g |gpk `g se kspirc/ ok qsk g`ck ziogpgak igo qsi zsepi `g |gqpk qso nieì/ qsook nirpc/ qso ìoirc%

Ekqaiei ok|irg ocppcrkrg {skog [sgbbogef 8< `cook lcnngegqpkAkriowec Fswcr/ ahc ecook qargppsrk gzcrpcqpskoc ge`g|g`sk ocakrkppcrgqpgahc `cook qargppsrk lcnngegoc c lcnngegqpk/ zcr ok zkrpcagzk}giec c ok aiookbirk}giec ahc cqqk zcrncppc koocqargpprgag c ocpprgag/ c irfkeg}}k go qsi ok|iri ainc se frkzzioi`g qc}gieg/ ge asg rkaaifogc fog qpkpg `‗kegni/ g zcppcfioc}}g/ grkzzirpg aie fog singeg c ok qiagcpê/ aiqï ainc brkeg zicpgag c

8< [sgbbogef è ka{sgqpkbgoc ieogec `ko akpkoifi `cook Ckqpfkpc Qwqpcnqkoo‗ge`grg}}i hppz=))vvv%ckqpfkpc%ain)akpkoif)[sgbbogef%hpno%



;8< AKZGPIOI [SKRPI

ncqqkffg `g ziqpk cocppriegak% I cqzcrgncepg ocppcrkrg zcr

ekrrkrc `cook zcr`gpk `g se zrizrgi akri/ ge asg g brkeg ìzicqqcr ocppg qg `gqprsffiei kspinkpgakncepc/ zcr qingfogkrc k zceqgcrg gqpkepkecg ahc `gkei o‗g`ck `coo‗grrgzcpgbgogpê `co ìoirc zri|kpi%

Ainzkgiei ecfog qpcqqg keeg keahc g zrgng cqzcrgncepg `gocppcrkpsrk gzcrnc`gkoc c nsopgnc`gkoc zrizrgkncepc gepcqk/ geasg kegnk}gieg c aiepcespg frklgag zgsppiqpi k|ke}kpg/ c |crc c zrizrgc qacec lgongahc/ |cefiei qkzgcepcncepc geprcaagkpg ko

pcqpi qargppi% O‗izcrk ge {scqpg akqg kzzkrc ainc se gbrgì prk golgon c go rinke}i= k qcaie`k `coo‗krahgpcppsrk c `cook zrifcppk}giec `g {scqpg pgzg `g gzcrpcqpi/ sek qc}giec zsò cqqcrcocppk/ |gqpk i kqaiopkpk/ c ge cqqk go ocppirc ippgcec sek acrpkogbcrpê `g ni|gncepi/ c se nkffgir zipcrc `g gepcrk}giec% Foggzcrpcqpg kookrfkpg c nsopgnc`gkog `g {scqpi pgzi qiei {scoog ahcOkeìv (;770/ z% 2<1' `clgegqac ‟nie`g.qpirgk„/ c se cqcnzgi|kogì `g {scqpg zsò cqqcrc HwzcrAklc86/ zrifcppkpi `k @k|g`Bkoain/ Gke Qngph c Egpge Qkvhecw% Ek|gfkeì ge {scqpigzcrpcqpi go ocppirc qg pri|k ge se akllè |grpskoc/ agraie`kpi `kooc|iag `cooc aie|crqk}gieg ahc k||cefiei prk g aogcepg qc`spg kg`g|crqg pk|iog% Ifeg pk|ioi/ ahc airrgqzie`c c|g`cepcncepc ksek ocqqîk/ aiepgcec sek qpirgk `k qacfogcrc c `cg zcrqiekffg `kqcfsgrc4 {scqpg sopgng ziqqiei kppgrkrc o‗kppce}giec `co ocppirc ge bkqc ko aiepcespi `cooc oiri aie|crqk}gieg aie koprg aogcepg/ aie g

akncrgcrg i/ pcocliegakncepc/ aie koprg zcrqiekffg cqpcregkoo‗knbgcepk}giec% Go ocppirc/ geioprc/ ncqqi `k|kepg k segeaiepri i sek aie|crqk}giec/ zsò `cag`crc go zsepi `g |gqpk geasg gnnc`cqgnkrqg/ qacfogceì/ zcr cqcnzgi/ k qcaie`k `co acpiqiagkoc i `co qcqqi `g kzzkrpcece}k%

Sek airrcepc niopi kppg|k qso vcb k zkrpgrc `cfog keeg Ei|kepk è {scook ahc qlrsppk oi qpgoc `g qargppsrk `cg ‟awbirf„/

86 HwzcrAklc è aieqsopkbgoc koo‗ge`grg}}ihppz=))vvv%`gogz%geli)HP7<)Z20)HwzcrAklc%hpno!|gqgp



AKZGPIOI [SKRPI ;86

iqqgk bkqkpk qsoo‗gepcrk}giec sini.nkaahgek% Go zg÷ acocbrc

cqcnzgi è Frknnkprie88

`g Nkrd Kncrgdk/ sek zgkppklirnkqso vcb ahc `ko ;776 rkaaifogc oc izcrc `g qargppirg aiqg``cppg‟K|kep.Ziz„/ ahc qcr|ceìqg `co qilpvkrc Qpirwqzkac zcr okqargppsrk/ `coo‗gzcrnc`gkogpê ec hkeei lkppi se |cri c zrizrgiqpgoc ocppcrkrgi% Frknnkprie qg zrcqcepk ainc se‗gnnkecrkaaiopk nsopgnc`gkoc ahc ko nincepi aiepk ngooc pcqpgairrcokpg prkngpc ngoocqcppcacepi aioocfkncepg gzcrpcqpskog/ `kocffcrc kqaiopkeì aioieec qieirc irgfgekog arckpc `kfog qpcqqg

kspirg/ c ek|gfkeì ge sek qcrgc `g fkoocrgc `g gnnkfgeg c|g`ci%

88 Frknnkprie è aieqsopkbgoc koo‗ge`grg}}ihppz=))vvv%frknnkprie%ain)ge`cx2%hpno



;88 AKZGPIOI [SKRPI

Qgngoc/ nk psppi gpkogkei/ è Go Qifei `g Cog}k87/ eipi keahc

ainc Cog}k 2%:/ qargppi prk go 2::: c go 2::2 c zrcqcepkpi ko zsbbogai ainc go zrgni rinke}i ‟awbcr.zsed„ gpkogkei%‟Cog}k„ eie è go einc `g se zcrqiekffgi/ nk `g se qilpvkrc/i||cri {scooi sqkpi zcr ok qargppsrk `k Nipir/ zqcsìegni `gsei `cfog kspirg% Qg prkppk `g se cqcnzgi `g qargppsrk geaiookbirk}giec prk zg÷ qargppirg c zg÷ ainzspcr/ sqkeìo‗gepcrk}giec sini.nkaahgek gqzgrkpk kfog cqzcrgncepg `co pcqp`g Psrgef% O‗gepcepi `gahgkrkpi `k Nipir è zrizrgi {scooi `g

`gniqprkrc ahc è ziqqgbgoc eie qioi qarg|crc qso ‟awbcr.zsed„ainc pcnkpgak g`ckoc/ nk keahc qarg|crc aiearcpkncepc geni`kogpê ‟awbcr.zsed„/ zcrncppceì eie qioi k zg÷ spcepg `g zkrpcagzkrc kook qargppsrk/ nk zrc`gqzieceì g ainzspcr kfcecrkrc `cg pcqpg/ `k kqqcnbokrc zig aie {scoog qargppg `k zcrqiec ge akrec c` iqqk% Go rinke}i/ ioprc ahc `gqziegbgoc zcr koaseg keeg ge lirnkpi cocppriegai c gzcrpcqpskoc/ è qpkpi zsbbogakpi ge lirnkpi akrpkaci `kook Akqk c`gprgac K``gapgie/ c|gcec |ce`spi aie se a`.rin kqqiagkpi zcr lrsgrc `cooc qc}giegnsopgnc`gkog cqzsepc `kook |crqgiec k qpknzk4 nceprc qso qgpigepcrecp è ziqqgbgoc rkffgsefcrc oc qc}gieg gepcrkppg|c% Qg zrcqcepk/ `se{sc/ ainc sei qprkei gbrgì/ k ncpê lrko‗gzcrpcqpi cocppriegai c go rinke}i prk`g}giekoc/ `k ocffcrc/kqaiopkrc c aieqsopkrc ieogec= è lirqc zcr {scqpk rkfgiec ahceie hk cepsqgkqnkpi ge niì zkrpgaiokrc go zsbbogai%

Kopri gbrgì zkrpgaiokrc è Ncpri 2:11/ se rinke}i ‟izceqisrac„ `co fgi|kec qargppirc rsqqi @ngprw Fosdhi|qdg/ zsbbogakpi ge rcpc eco 2::2 ìzi cqqcr qpkpi rglgspkpi `k ioprc`gcag c`gpirg% Zsr `g lkr aieiqacrc go qsi rinke}i/ o‗kspirc`cagqc `g zsbbogakroi (k zsepkpc' ge rcpc/ zcrncppceì kg qsigocppirg eie qioi `g ocffcroi c qakrgakroi frkpsgpkncepc/ nk `ggepcr|cegrc qsook prknk qpcqqk c ni`glgakrok% Ok |crqgiec`clgegpg|k `gqziegbgoc iffg ge lirnkpi akrpkaci/ c prkìppk ge

87 Go qgpi gepcrecp eie rgqsopk kppg|i ge rcpc%



AKZGPIOI [SKRPI ;87

zg÷ `g |cepg ogefsc ge psppi go nieì/ aiepk {skqg 8:: zkfgec/

niopc `cooc {skog lrsppi `g gepcr|cepg c ni`glgahc zriziqpg `kgocppirg%Go rinke}i è knbgcepkpi ecook lgppk c rcpgaiokrc (`grcnni

gzcrpcqpskoc' ncpriziogpkek `g Niqak/ c ok prknk airrc osefi ocì`gag ogecc c oc acepippkepk qpk}gieg ahc ok ainziefiei%Fosdhi|qdg/ ahc hk nkegkakoncepc akoaiokpi ahc zcr rcakrqg kqasiok psppc oc nkppgec hk prkqairqi eco qippiqsioincpriziogpkei `g Niqak se pcnzi zkrg k age{sc ncqg `cook qsk

|gpk/ ahc airrgqzieìei k prcngok c age{scacepi irc zkqqkpc kfskr`krc lsirg `ko lgecqprgei/ eie zipc|k ahc qacfogcrc ok ogeckncpriziogpkek zcr aiqprsgrc ok qpirgk `g Krpwin/ se |cepceecirlkei arcqagspi ge sek qpk}giec ncpri kg nkrfgeg `cook agppê/ cahc qg rgpri|k ko acepri `co qippiqsioi niqai|gpk zcr lriepcffgkrc se iqasri ecngai ahc ngekaagk o‗gepcrk rcpcncpriziogpkek%

Zcr {skepi eie qg ziqqk zkrokrc `g se |cri cqcnzgi `gocppcrkpsrk cocppriegak c gzcrpcqpskoc/ cqqceì go rinke}iqprsppsrkpi ogeckrncepc qgk ecook |crqgiec cocppriegak ahc ge{scook akrpkack/ o‗knbgcepk}giec prk g `g|crqg ei`gncpriziogpkeg aioocfkpg lrk oiri/ aie oc qpirgc zkrkoococ c gqiokpcahc ge cqqg zrceìei |gpk/ c go aige|iofgncepi `cg ocppirg ‑ qizrkppsppi |gkffgkpirg/ izcrkg/ gefcfecrg c gnzgcfkpg `cookogeck ncpriziogpkek ‑ ecook lkqc `g arck}giec/ qiei `sc kqzcppg

ahc oi lkeei kzzkrgrc se rinke}i zkrpgaiokrncepcgepcrcqqkepc%C keairk zg÷ gepcrcqqkepc kzzkrc ok qlg`k ahc go fgi|kec

qargppirc hk |gepi aiepri go qgqpcnk c`gpirgkoc rsqqi= ok |crqgiecieogec è qpkpk qakrgakpk `k ioprc 2 ngogieg `g zcrqiec ge ziahgqqgni pcnzi/ nceprc {scook akrpkack hk |ce`spi nc}}ingogiec `g aizgc qioi ge Rsqqgk zrgnk `g cqqcrc prkìppk gepsppi go nieì% Psppirk go rinke}i è `gqziegbgoc frkpsgpkncepc



;7: AKZGPIOI [SKRPI

ieogec ge niopc ogefsc/ prk asg o‗gpkogkei7:/ zsr eie kaacppkeì

zg÷ fog gepcr|cepg `cg ocppirg% Fosdhi|qdg geioprc/ ainc fgê zcr Ncpri 2:11/ qpk rcacepcncepc ok|irkeì k se |g`cifgiaiprkppi `k Fscrrk c zkac `g Oc| Pioqpim%

[scqpg cqcnzg ag lkeei akzgrc ainc qippi ok `clgeg}giec `gc.Ogpcrkpsrc ziqqkei cqqcrc kaainsekpg g zg÷ `gqzkrkpg zrifcppg= rinke}g gepcrkppg|g/ cqzcrgncepg k ncpê lrk go os`gai cgo ekrrkpg|i/ zrifcppg gbrg`g ekpg ge bgp c zig prkqlcrgpg qs akrpk c/qizrkppsppi/ zriìppg nsopgnc`gkog ahc sqkei zg÷ ogefskffg c

qpgog zcr |cgaiokrc g zrizrg ncqqkffg% Qc è |cri ahc/ aincqiqpgcec Fwürfw Osdëaq (;72:'/ k ifeg cziak airrgqzie`c seklirnk ocppcrkrgk/ aieqg̀ crkeì {scqpk ainc o‗‟cziakcocppriegak„/ ziqqgkni kqqcrgrc `g cqqcrc `glriepc k esi|gfcecrg c qpgog ocppcrkrg/ ahc qiei cqzrcqqgiec `grcppk `cook esi|kpcaeioifgk `g qargppsrk%

Ok rg|ios}giec `gfgpkoc hk ge|kqi zg÷ aknzg/ eieogngpkeìqg k ni`glgakrc qioi qszzirpg `g qargppsrk c ocppsrk/ nkgqzgrkeì |crc airrcepg krpgqpgahc ahc iffg/ ge nkeake}k `g sekpkqqieingk kaacppkpk/ eie qgkni ge frkì `g aokqqglgakrc ckekog}}krc kppcepkncepc/ nk `g asg ok argpgak ocppcrkrgk ì|rê zrcqpi pcecr aiepi%

0%0%1 Ok c.ZicprwOk brc|gpê c ok lrknncepkrgcpê/ ainc akrkppcrgqpgahc ge

ainsec lrk ok qargppsrk gzcrpcqpskoc c ok ainziqg}giec zicpgak/ ziqqiei cqqcrc se zrgni |kogì nipg|i zcr qzgcfkrc zcrahç/`k koaseg keeg/ keahc go nieì `cook zicqgk qg qgk okqagkpiaiepkngekrc `kook pcaeioifgk gelirnkpgak% @kfog keeg Ippkepk c Ei|kepk qiei ainzkrqg esncriqg cqzcrgncepg zicpgagainziqpg ge lirnk `g bgp= `kook zicqgk aioocppg|k iqzgpkpk `kesncriqg zirpkog c g aieairqg `g zicqgk |gk cnkgo/ lgei k |crg c

7: È ziqqgbgoc ocffcrc frkpsgpkncepc go rinke}i koo‗ge g̀rg}}ihppz=))vvv%ncpri2:11%gp)ogbri%zhz



AKZGPIOI [SKRPI ;7;

zrizrg cqzcrgncepg `g zicqgk cocppriegak ge asg ok qargppsrk ge

|crqg qg segqac kook frklgak/ c kooc krpg |gqg|c/ zcr ainsegakrc goncqqkffgi zicpgai%Keahc ok zicqgk/ ainc ok ocppcrkpsrk/ |kepk goosqprg zgiegcrg

ahc niqqcri g zrgng zkqqg kook rgacrak `g esi|c ni`kogpê `gainziqg}giec ge |crqg/ ahc liqqcri lgekoncepc ge frkì `gkffgrkrc ok lgqqgpê `cook zkfgek qpknzkpk% Qg zceqg kooi qpgocrg|ios}giekrgi `cg zicpg lrkeacqg Zkso \crokgec c QpçzhkecNkookrnç/ c kooc k|kefskr`gc `co zrgni Ei|cacepi/ `kfog

cqzcrgncepg `co lspsrgqni k {scoog `co `k`kgqni% Zsr aiegepcepg c kzzriaag krpgqpgag bce `g|crqg/ o‗ibgcppg|i ainsec/ qcag è zcrncqqi qcnzoglgakrc ko nkqqgni/ crk {scooi `g`gniqprkrc ahc se pcqpi zicpgai zsò cqzrgncrqg keahc ke`keìioprc oc zkrioc ncqqc ge |crqg/ c go qceqi ahc cqqc |cgaiokei% Goaioirc/ ok `gnceqgiec/ g akrkppcrg spgog}}kpg c ok `gqziqg}giececook zkfgek/ `g|cepkei se |koirc kffgsepi `co pcqpi zicpgai%

C `se{sc/ g lkppirg brc|gpê c lrknncepkrgcpê `cook qargppsrkgzcrpcqpskoc eie bkqpkei `k qiog k qzgcfkrc zcrahç keahc ok zicqgk/ ecfog sopgng keeg/ qpgk `g|cepkeì sek `cooc lirnc`‗krpc zg÷ `gllsqc qso vcb% Iaairrc ahgknkrc ge aksqk koprcakrkppcrgqpgahc pgzgahc `cook pcaeioifgk cocppriegak zcr `krc sekqzgcfk}giec zg÷ cqksqpg|k `g koaseg lceinceg {skog ok @gfgpko.Zicprw/ ok \g`ci.Zicprw c ok Ecp.Zicprw= qs psppc/ ok |crqkpgogpê zcrncqqk `kook qargppsrk gzcrpcqpskoc/ ok akzkagpê `g lkr

`gkoifkrc pcqpg `g|crqg ecook qpcqqk zkfgek c ok ziqqgbgogpê `gsqkrc ogefskffg `g|crqg/ `ko |crbkoc ko |gqg|i/ c `ko |gqg|i koqieiri%

Keahc eco aknzi `cook zicqgk cocppriegak è `gllgagocaokqqglgakrc k`cfskpkncepc oc q|krgkpc lirnc ge asg cqqk zsònkeglcqpkrqg/ aiqï ainc `gqpgefscrc qc qg prkppg `g lceincegkrpgqpgag gqiokpg/ `g airrcepg |crc c zrizrgc i/ zgsppiqpi/ `g lirncgbrg`c k ncpê lrk go pcqpi qargppi c ok |g`ci.krpc% Ge se‗gepcr|gqpk

rgokqagkpk eco 2::7/ Akpcrgek @k|gegi/ rgpcespk ok zg÷



;72 AKZGPIOI [SKRPI

gnzirpkepc cqziecepc `cook c.Zicprw gpkogkek/ k zriziqgpi `cook

`gllgaiopê `g `krc sek `clgeg}giec acrpk `g {scqpk lirnk `‗krpc/c `cg qsig lceinceg/ `gahgkrk=

Ok c.Zicprw è pkepc qzcrgncepk}gieg c zri`s}gieg `g|crqc= `ko |g`ci/ahc hk fgê sek osefk qpirgk ecooc krpg/ koo‗gzcrpcqpi c koo‗gzcrnc`gk/ kqgqpcng gepcrkppg|g c k geqpkook}gieg `g |krgi pgzi/ k` kegnk}gieg frklgahcc k` knbgcepg gnncrqg|g `g |g`cifgiai/ kook arck}giec `g qilpvkrc c knie`g gbrg`g/ ahc prkffiei irgfgec `k knbgpg `gqzkrkpg (@c \g|i 2::7'%

Prkokqagkni ge {scqpk qc`c o‗kekogqg `cg akqg zg÷ fcecrgag cqcnzogag/ ge asg go vcb c o‗gzcrpcqpi lse}giekei ainc |cgaioi cni`kogpê `g prkqngqqgiec `cg pcqpg zicpgag/ i ainc qprsncepi`‗kekogqg lgoioifgak/ c {sge`g qce}k ainzirpkrc qiqpke}gkogni`glgahc kook pcqpskogpê c kooi qpgoc zrizrgkncepc gepcqg4 ocrkaaiopc `g qiecppg/ aiepcespg `k qgefioc ocqqîc rkffgsefgbgogprkngpc aioocfkncepg gzcrpcqpskog/ aiqï ainc oc c`g}giegargpgahc gelirnkpg}}kpc `g izcrc `co zkqqkpi/ c qgngog/ eiergceprcrkeei ecook brc|c rkqqcfek ahc qcfsc/ cqqceì {scqpgakqg aiooiakbgog ecoo‗knbgpi zg÷ fcecrkoc `co `gqairqiqsoo‗gzcrpcqpi/ `g asg qg è zkrokpi ecg zkrkfrklg zrcac`cepg%

Qc aieqg`crgkni ok zicqgk cocppriegak ainc fcecrc k qçqpkepc/ c rk`gakoncepc esi|i rgqzcppi kook zicqgk prk`g}giekoc/`koo‗kppi `g ainziqg}giec c arck}giec lgei kook ni`kogpê c kgogefskffg aie asg cqqk |gcec |cgaiokpk/ sei `cg zrgng krpgqpg

zsò cqqcrc aieqg`crkpi Fkrw Hgoo/ ahc geg}gò k ok|irkrc kg qsig zrifcppg ecfog keeg Qcppkepk/ {skeì keairk aie go pcrngec c.Zicprw qg pce`c|k k ge`gakrc se qippi.fcecrc `cook |g`ci.krpc% Gok|irg `g Hgoo qiei go rgqsopkpi `g se ainzocqqi niepkffgi lrk zkrpg `g pcqpi zicpgai/ aiepcespg qieirg c kegnk}gieg |g`ci4niopg `g {scqpg qiei qpkpg cqziqpg ge nsqcg c niqprc ge psppi gonieì/ c o‗krpgqpk hk rgac|spi/ eco ;773/ go Ociec `‗iri kook bgceekoc `g \cec}gk zcr oc qsc cqziqg}gieg%

Ge Gpkogk g zrgng ok|irg `g ge kqqiospi qiei {scoog `g Fgkeeg



AKZGPIOI [SKRPI ;71

Pipg/ se caocppgai krpgqpk/ cx zkrpgfgkei c fgirekogqpk `c

¤O‗Segpê´/ k asg qg lk rgqkogrc ok aiegk}giec `co pcrngec‟Zicpriegak„/ ecioifgqni ahc spgog}}ò zcr `krc sek `clgeg}giec`cg qsig irgfgekog zriìppg krpgqpgag `cfog keeg Ippkepk/ k ncpê lrk goairpincprkffgi c ok zicqgk/ lrk ok lipifrklgk c go `gqcfei frklgai/c ahc iffg |cefiei ge{sk`rkpg ainc cqcnzg ̀ g \g`ci.Zicprw%

È aie Zhgok`cozhi Ncec}cq/ k asg |k go ncrgpi `g k|cr rcqi`gqziegbgoc ok zrgnk rkaaiopk `g izcrc zicpgahc cocppriegahc qsa`.rin/ ahc Akpcrgek @k|gegi cllcppsk oc zrgnc

qzcrgncepk}gieg gpkogkec `g Ecp.Zicprw4 c geqgcnc/ eco ;778/`krkeei lirnk ko zrifcppi eipi ainc Dkrcegek%gp 7;/ sek zgkppklirnk ieogec ahc rgsegqac g zg÷ qgfeglgakpg|g zrifcppg `g Ecp.Zicprw% Dkrcegek%gp qg è niopi c|iospi ecfog keeg/ c iffgioprc k |kepkrc aioocfkncepg c agpk}gieg `k zrcqpgfgiqg qgpg c boif `g psppi go nieì/ qg qcr|c `cook pcaeioifgk `co ziàkqpgefc `g se akekoc WisPsbc zcr zcrncppcrc kfog spcepg `g lrsgrc geniì ippgnkoc `cg zrifcppg nsopgnc`gkog rkaaiopg qso qgpi%

7; Go zrifcppi è gepcrkncepc/ c frkpsgpkncepc/ |gqskog}}kbgoc koo&ge`grg}}i

hppz=))dkrcegekgp%boifqzip%ain)2:;:):7)lv.akpcrgek.`k|gegi.|grpsko. zcrlirnkeac%hpno



;70 AKZGPIOI [SKRPI

G ok|irg `g Akpcrgek @k|gegi qiei esncriqg c niopi

kzzrc}}kpg c/ ainc eco akqi `g Fkrw Hgoo/ keahc {scqpg qg zrcqcepkei qzcqqi qippi lirnk `g cqziqg}gieg c koocqpgncepg/ c|cefiei iqzgpkpg ge niqprc c nsqcg `g psppi go nieì%

[scqpg ziahg eing `g krpgqpg/ c oc rgqzcppg|c qzcrgncepk}gieg/ bkqpkei `k qiog k lkrag ainzrce`crc {skepi qgk |krgcfkpk cainzocqqk {scqpk lirnk krpgqpgak ahc ahgkngkni c.Zicprw%

\ioceì qcnzoglgakrc/ c rcqprgefcrc go aknzi `g ge`kfgec/ ziqqgkni qiqpcecrc ahc/ k` irk/ ok lirnk zg÷ `gllsqk `g zicqgk

cocppriegak qso vcb aigeag`c aie ok Ecp.Zicprw/ i Vcb.Zicprw(g `sc pcrngeg qiei gepcraknbgkbgog'% Dkrcegek%gp è go zg÷lkniqi cqcnzgi `g zrifcppi kookrfkpi |iopi k rkaaifogcrc gok|irg `g krpgqpg `g|crqg/ nk qiei esncriqg g qgpg/ g boif c g zirpkog ahc q|iofiei se‗kppg|gpê qgngoc k {scook geprkzrcqk `kAkpcrgek @k|gegi/ c qzcqqi qg prkppk `g zrifcppg `g qargppsrkaiookbirkpg|k ahc rgahgcìei o‗gepcrk}giec lrk zg÷ spcepg zcr `krc lirnk k ainziegncepg aioocppg|g/ k zkrpgrc `k sekpcnkpgak qzcaglgak/ sek zkriok ahgk|c i `k se qsffcrgncepi zri|cegcepc `k sei i zg÷ spcepg%

Ok nsopgnc`gkogpê/ ahc qzcqqi ec aiqpgpsgqac ok aglrkqpgogqpgak/ lk qï ahc pkog zrifcppg `g qargppsrk qg aiooiahgeiqcnzrc ko ogngpc prk g `g|crqg fcecrg/ qaielgekeì `k sekairrcepc krpgqpgak koo‗koprk% K |iopc qg zrcqcepkei aincairpincprkffg/ koprc ainc |g`ciaogz i qcnzogag |g`ci.

kegnk}gieg/ qlsffceì `se{sc k ifeg pcepkpg|i `g `clgeg}giec=ge`kfkrc {scqpg lceinceg aie g argpcrg c fog qprsncepgprk`g}giekog/ `co argpgai `‗krpc/ i ocppcrkrgi i agecnkpifrklgai/rgqsopcrcbbc gespgoc ioprc ahc gnziqqgbgoc%



AIEAOSQGIEG ;73

Aieaosqgieg

Kook lgec `g {scqpk ‟ek|gfk}giec„ eco vcb c ecooc qsckzzogak}gieg `c`gakpc kook ocppsrk c kook qargppsrk ge knbgcepccocppriegai c gzcrpcqpskoc ‑ `cook asg rgaahc}}k oc zkfgec

akrpkacc lge {sg ocppc rceìei aiepi qioi ge zkrpc ‑ c |iofceìge g̀cpri oi qfskrì/ qg zsò qiqpcecrc `g k|cr cqzoirkpiirg}}iepg c zriqzcppg|c `co psppi esi|g c geei|kpg|g/ nk kooiqpcqqi pcnzi zribocnkpgag/ zcr oc gnzogak}gieg ahc okpcaeioifgk c ok rcpc ainzirpkei ecook `gllsqgiec c agraiok}giec`co qkzcrc/ `cooc g`cc c `coo‗krpc%

Se qgqpcnk `g zcrceec losqqi c qaknbgi irg}}iepkoc `gaiepcespg/ {skoc go vcb gzcrpcqpskoc/ ag ibbogfk k rgzceqkrc`kooc lie`kncepk o‗gepcri nieì `cook aieiqace}k k asgcrk|kni kbgpskpg/ aiqï ainc oc lgfsrc `cfog kppirg ahc qgnsi|iei ko qsi gepcrei= qargppirg c ocppirg/ gepcoocppskog cfgirekogqpg/ seg|crqgpê c aceprg `g rgacrak/ ìacepg c qps`cepg/ocfgqokpirg c qcnzogag agppk`geg qiei psppg/ ge cfsko ngqsrk/aige|iopg eco aknbgkncepi ‟cziakoc„ ahc o‗k||cepi `coo‗crkcocppriegak c gelirnkpgak qpk `cpcrngekeì%

Qg è |gqpi ainc oc gelirnk}gieg c g aiepcespg/ qgkei cqqgrinke}g/ qkffg/ zsbbogak}gieg qagcepglgahc/ krpgaiog `g fgirekoci ziqp qs zkfgec `g boif/ qc `gqqcngekpg zcr go vcb zcr`kei okoiri kspiqsllgagce}k zcr ceprkrc/ ge {skepi ei`g airrcokpg lrkoiri/ k lkr zkrpc `g se aiepgessn/ `g se ‟qgqpcnk `g aiepcespg„(Frkegcrg 2::3/ z% 1<'% Ge se aiepcqpi `g {scqpi pgzi okqargppsrk rgqahgk `g zcr`crc se zi‗ `cook qsk ‟qkarkogpê„/ c oiqpkpsq `cg pcqpg pce`c k rg`gnceqgiekrqg% Okeìv kllcrnk=



Z% ;7< AIEAOSQGIEG

[skose{sc nc}}i `g gelirnk}giec ahc geairkffg ok rkzg`k`gqqcngek}giec c o‗kaacqqi lkagoc kg pcqpg `cngqpglgahcrê qcnzrc `g zg÷ gqgefiog pcqpg% Psppk|gk o‗gzcrpcqpi hk se qcaieì cllcppi zipce}gkoncepc`cngqpglgakepc= rce`ceì zcrnckbgog g bir`g `co pcqpi (iffg gepcqi aincocqqîk ge`g|g`skoc'/ rgnsi|c zkrpc `coo‗ge`gzce`ce}k c `coo‗segagpê `g{scqp‗sopgni (Okeìv ;770/ z% ;;8'%

Pcqpg c izcrc `‗krpc/ ko zrifrc`grc `cooc lirnc pcaeioifgahc`g rgzri`s}giec c `gllsqgiec `cfog qpcqqg/ c `se{sc `g kaacqqi`k zkrpc `cooc ‟nkqqc„/ qg kooiepkekei `kook oiri lse}giec

‟asopskoc„% [scqpi k||ceec aie ok rg|ios}giec fspcebcrfhgkekc/ aie keairk zg÷ lir}k/ qpk k||ceceì iffg aie ok`gfgpkog}}k}giec c agraiok}giec qso vcb `co qkzcrc% Eie è seakqi ahc Okeìv/ ziai zg÷ k|kepg rgqzcppi ko zkqqi qizrkagpkpi/ zcr rkllir}krc ok qsk pcqg zrce`k k cqcnzgi zrizrgi sepcqpi qkari {skoc ok Bgbbgk=

Ecoo‗Gefhgopcrrk |gppirgkek o‗kbbkeìei fcecrkog}}kpi `cook arc`ce}k ahc

ifeg zkriok `cook Bgbbgk zri|cegqqc `koo‗gqzgrk}giec `g|gek/ keahc ecookprk`s}giec gefocqc/ `gzce`c `k |krgc aksqc lrk asg o‗gelosce}k `cook argpgakpc`cqak/ fog kzzriaag rk}giekog zirpkpg k|kepg ge niì ge`gzce`cepc/ c ocqaizcrpc `cook fcioifgk/ `cook lgoioifgk c zg÷ pkr`g `cook bgioifgk% Zcr cqcnzgi/ go lkppi ahc ok ogefsk cbrkgak eie k|cqqc {scooc akrkppcrgqpgahc `gsegagpê `g asg koaseg arc`cepg/ qizrkppsppi c|kefcogag/ eie k|c|kei nkgqgei k` kooirk `sbgpkpi/ criqc ok oiri lc`c% Ge frke zkrpc g arc`cepg`g|ceecri aieqkzc|iog `g se‗gekqzcppkpk niopczogagpê ok`ì|c rgpcec|kei|g liqqc qioi segpê% Ok qaizcrpk `g niopczogag nkeiqargppg `cooc Qargppsrc

cbbc cllcppg zkrkoocog (…' (G|g/ z% ;;7'%

Eie zsò eie |cegrc ge ncepc/ keairk sek |iopk/ Vkopcr Bcemknge c ok qsk aieac}giec `coo‗krpc ìzi o‗k||cepi `cooklipifrklgk c `co agecnk% Ge O‗izcrk `‗krpc ecoo‗cziak `cook qsk rgzri`sagbgogpê pcaegak/ qkffgi ainziqpi ge `sc |crqgiegeco ;713 c ;71</ rgzrce`ceì aieacppg fgê cqzrcqqg eco ;71; ge Zgaaiok qpirgk `cook lipifrklgk k zriziqgpi `g ‟ksrk„ c |koircasopskoc `coo‗izcrk `‗krpc/ Bcemknge cqkopk ok zirpkpk



AIEAOSQGIEG ;76

rg|ios}giekrgk `cg nc}}g `g ainsegak}giec `g nkqqk {skog go

agecnk c ok lipifrklgk (ge Rglocqqgieg qsook Rk`gi qg crkiaaszkpi knzgkncepc keahc `co nc}}i rk`giliegai' ahc/lkaceì gnzoi`crc ok ainziecepc ‟ksrkpgak„ c ‟asopskoc„`cooc izcrc/ ainzrincppiei gec|gpkbgoncepc aieacppg {skogo‗irgfgekogpê/ o‗segagpê c o‗kspcepgagpê c ni`glgakei go rkzzirpi`cooc nkqqc aie o‗krpc%

Ok lipifrklgk ‟`gqgeakepk„ o‗izcrk `‗krpc/ go asg |koirc‟asopskoc„ c qkari |gcec qiqpgpsgpi `k {scooi ‟cqziqgpg|i„ zcr

nc}}i `cook rgzri`sagbgogpê= ‟ok akppc`rkoc kbbkeìek ok qsksbgak}giec zcr cqqcrc kaaiopk ecooi qps`gi `g se knkpirc`‗krpc4 go airi ahc è qpkpi cqcfsgpi ge se ks`gpirgi izzsrckoo‗krgk kzcrpk zsò |cegr kqaiopkpi ge sek akncrk„ (Bcemknge;71</ zz% 22.21'% Kooi qpcqqi niì go agecnk/ qiqpgpsceì go zsbbogai aie ok nkaahgek `k zrcqk/ cogngek {scoo‗‟ksrk„ ahc/geqgpk ecoo‗krpc pckprkoc ge {skepi ocfkpk koo‗hga cp esea`coo‗cqgbg}giec qso zkoaiqacegai/ k||iofc o‗kppirc= ge pko niì‟go zsbbogai qg gnnc`cqgnk koo‗gepcrzrcpc qiopkepignnc`cqgnkeìqg koo‗kzzkrcaahgi„ (G|g/ z% 1;'%

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zkqqkepg ziqqiei prkqlirnkrqg ge ainzkrqc agecnkpifrklgahc



Z% ;78 AIEAOSQGIEG

zcrahç ‟ifeg sini aiepcnzirkeci zsò k|ke}krc ok zrcpcqk

`g |cegr lgonkpi„ (g|g/ z% 13'%[skoaiqk `g kekoifi/ qzgcfk Bcemknge/ k||ceec keahc aieok qargppsrk/ qczzsrc ge se okqqi `g pcnzi niopi zg÷ cqpcqirgqzcppi k {scooi ecacqqkrgi ko agecnk=

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eiocepc oi è `g|cepkpi ecoo‗knbgpi `g se zriacqqi ok|irkpg|icqprcnkncepc qzcagkog}}kpi ‑ c qgk zsrc keahc qiopkepi ge {skepiainzcpcepc `g sek lse}giec grrgqirgk ‑ hk kaacqqi kook qahgcrk `cfogkspirg ( G|g/ z% 1<'%

Ainc qzgcfk bcec Frkcnc Fgooiah (2::2/ z% 2<7'/ ok|koce}k ziogpgak/ c rg|ios}giekrgk/ qg kaacepsk keairk `g zg÷ecook Ziqpgook aie asg Bcemknge ahgs`c go qsi qkffgi= qc g

rcfgng lkqagqpk c ek}gqpk sqkei ok pcaegak (go agecnk c ok rk`giqizrkppsppi' zcr cqpcpg}}krc ok ziogpgak c prkqlirnkrc zkrkpc cnkeglcqpk}gieg ge qzcppkaiog pckprkog ‑ ‟psppg fog qlir}g ge |gqpk`g se‗cqpcpg}}k}giec `cook ziogpgak aie|crfiei ge se zsepi%[scqpi zsepi è ok fscrrk„ (Bcemknge ;71</ z% 0<' ‑/ iaairrckooirk/ okqagk gepce`crc Bcemknge/ ncppcrc ok pcaegak c o‗krpcko qcr|g}gi `cooc nkqqc zriocpkrgc/ ko qcr|g}gi `cookrg|ios}giec%



AIEAOSQGIEG 2:;

Go lkppi ahc zrifcppg `g ncqqk ge aie`g|gqgiec frkpsgpk/ c

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qkzcrc% Eie qg qzgcfhcrcbbc koprgncepg go lkppi ahc g ogbrg `cg



Z% 2:2 AIEAOSQGIEG

‟Vs Ngef„ zsr agraiokeì ogbcrkncepc qso vcb/ qgkei keahc

prk g zg÷ |ce`spg ecooc ogbrcrgc gpkogkec/ i ahc Ok Ai`k Osefk`g Ke`crqie eie kbbgk zrkpgakncepc k|spi bgqifei `gaknzkfec `g zrini}giec ìzi go zkqqkffgi `ko boif kook akrpkqpknzkpk i/ keairk/ ahc Ncpri 2:11 `g Fosdhi|qdw |cefk|ce`spi c prkìppi ge psppi go nieì eieiqpkepc aiepgesg kcqqcrc `gqziegbgoc frkpsgpkncepc ge rcpc%

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AIEAOSQGIEG 2:1

`g zcr qç `g `gllgagoc kppsk}giec zcr g aiepcespg `coo‗crk

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lie`kepg `co vcb= ok aiookbirk}giec c ok aie`g|gqgiec%



Z% 2:0 AIEAOSQGIEG

Qc k Qpkoonke ìbbgkni ok `gllsqgiec `g aieacppg iffg

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AIEAOSQGIEG 2:3

Ainbgekeì oc {skppri aoksqioc è ziqqgbgoc qpkbgogrc oc qcgpgzioifgc `g ogace}c ncqqc k `gqziqg}giec `cg `cpcepirg `cg`grgppg zcr lkr agraiokrc oc zrizrgc izcrc=

‑ Kpprgbs}giec

‑ Kpprgbs}giec/ eie izcrc `crg|kpc

‑ Kpprgbs}giec/ eie ainncragkoc/ eie izcrc `crg|kpc

‑ Kpprgbs}giec/ eie ainncragkoc

‑ Kpprgbs}giec/ eie ainncragkoc/ aie`g|g`g kooi qpcqqi niì

‑ Kpprgbs}giec/ aie`g|g`g kooi qpcqqi niì

Ainzkpgbgoncepc aie oc rgqzcppg|c eirnkpg|c |gfcepg qso

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Se‗c|ios}giec sopcrgirc `cooc ogace}c AA è rkzzrcqcepkpk

`kg zripiaioog ‟Arckpg|c Ainnieq Zosq„ (AA$'/ ahc zcrncppckoo‗kspirc `g illrgrc kopcrekpg|c aieacqqgieg `g spgog}}i



Z% 2:< AIEAOSQGIEG

`coo‗izcrk eie zrc|gqpc `kooc aoksqioc qpke`kr` `cooc AA (zcr

cqcnzgi se qcnzogac oged aie asg aiepkppkrc go `cpcepirc `cg`grgppg/ qc qg gepce`c ka{sgqpkrog i qlrsppkrog ge ni`kogpê eiecqziqpc `kooc aoksqioc `cooc ogace}c AA'/ c ‟Arckpg|cAinnieq ]cri„ (AA:' ahc zcrncppc koo‗kspirc `g ac`crcainzocpkncepc g `grgppg c eie rgqsopkrec zg÷ go `cpcepirc/rce`ceì o‗izcrk k psppg fog cllcppg `g zsbbogai ìngegi%[scqp‗sopgnk ziqqgbgogpê illcrpk `ko zripiaiooi AA:/ c keairkge lkqc `g zcrlc}giekncepi c k`kppkncepi kg |krg ir`gekncepg

fgsrg`gag `cg `g|crqg Zkcqg/ kqqsnc se |koirc zkrpgaiokrc zcr govcb gepcqi ainc ‟izce qisrac„% Ainc kllcrnk Mske Akroiq@c Nkrpge ge Aiepcespg kzcrpg/ bceg ainseg=

AA: qsffcrgqac o‗g`ck ahc koncei ge koaseg akqg ok qprk`k fgsqpk `k zcrairrcrc è ok rgeseagk k psppg g `grgppg/ eie qioi k {skqg psppg/ ainc zriziqpi `kooc ogace}c Arckpg|c Ainnieq% Zcrahç/ zcr cqcnzgi/ aiqïqg lk|irgqac ok qagce}k/ qc o‗izcrk è se `kpkbkqc (qlirpsekpkncepc

zripcppg ge Csrizk `k sei qzcaglgai `grgppi qsg fcecrgq'% I zcrahç seklipifrklgk i se `gqcfei hkeei kooi qpcqqi pcnzi se bkqqi aiepcespiarckpg|i c se‗coc|kpk spgogpê qiagkoc (koncei ge zipce}k/ zcr cqcnzgi

zcr nkeskog i pcqpg c`sakpg|g'% I zcrahç qg |sioc zcrncppcrc gonkqqgni spgog}}i c ok nkqqgnk `gllsqgiec `coo‗izcrk% Aiqï ainc ocogace}c Arckpg|c Ainnieq qsffcrgqaiei o‗g`ck ‑ kzzkrcepcncepci||gk/ nk ahc i||gk eie è ‑ ahc ziqqgkni rgeseagkrc/ k zrgirg c zcr qcnzrc/ k acrpg `grgppg ahc ok ocffc ag aieac`c/ AA: ge`sac k rglocppcrcqso lkppi ahc ge acrpg akqg è bcec qzifogkrag gepcfrkoncepc `g pkog `grgppg

(@c Nkrpge 2::7/ z% ;0'%

Zrkpgahc `g ‟kspi`glcqk„ `cook rcpc c `cg qsig spcepg/ zcr fkrkepgrc kg aiepcespg `g cqqcrc go zg÷ ziqqgbgoc lrsgbgog `kookaioocppg|gpê/ ni`glgakeì i/ ok`ì|c ziqqgbgoc/ kbioceì ocrcqprg}gieg gnziqpc `ko `grgppi `‗kspirc/ ksncepkei c qgniopgzogakei aieqg`crc|ioncepc qso vcb/ nke nkei ahc goqkzcrc c g aiepcespg qg prkqlcrgqaiei `kg qgqpcng kekoifgag k

{scoog `gfgpkog% Nk/ aiepcnzirkeckncepc/ ok `gllsqgiec c ok



AIEAOSQGIEG 2:6

aie`g|gqgiec `g aiepcespg `gfgpkog qiei iqpkaiokpc `k sek qcrgc

`g zri||c`gncepg c zrkpgahc/ qgk `k zkrpc `cg fi|creg ahc `k zkrpc `g cepg/ gqpgps}gieg c k}gce`c4 |keei ge {scqpk `grc}giec oc|krgc pcaegahc `g @RN (@gfgpko Rgfhpq Nkekfcncep' ahc qc `kse okpi pspcokei ok zrizrgcpê gepcoocppskoc/ `koo‗kopri lgegqaiei zcr zrg|krc fog spcepg keahc `g {scg zg÷ cocncepkrg `grgppg ahc/aie ok lrsg}giec `g aiepcespg kekoifgag/ eie crkei eckeahc ziqpg ge `gqasqqgiec% Qg zceqg kg lgoc `g ks`gi/ |g`ci i pcqpi|ce`spg aie lirnkpg ai`glgakpg c argzpkpg ge niì `k gnzc`grec

eie qioi ok rgzri`s}giec/ nk keahc ok lrsg}giec qs `gqziqgpg|g`g|crqg c/ `g aieqcfsce}k/ go zrcqpgpi c ok aieqsopk}giec%

Ainc qzgcfk Ekeaw Drkegah (2::6/ z% 83' eco fgê agpkpi Okaieiqace}k ainc bcec ainsec/ qg rgqahgk `g lkrc `co vcb se‟fgkr`gei nsrkpi„/ kzzkrcepcncepc rgaai c `cniarkpgai/ nk `glkppi kaacqqgbgoc k ziahg c kepg`cniarkpgai% Ainc `gniqprko‗ksprgac/ ngqsrc {skog oi qpkpsegpceqc @gfgpko NgooceegsnAizwrgfhp Kap `co ;778/ |iopi k zcrqcfsgrc zcekoncepcahgse{sc cos`k oc argppifrklgc `cg aiepcespg `gfgpkog/ i `gllie`knc}}g zcr lkroi/ i go Qieew Biei Aizwrgfhp Pcrn Cxpceqgieahc zriosefk `g |cepg keeg ok `srkpk `co aizwrgfhp k `keei `coìngegi zsbbogai/ aiqï ainc |krg qprsncepg {skog go ‟brikàkqplokf„/ nkrahgi `gfgpkoc ahc aieprkqqcfek {skog aiepcespgpcoc|gqg|g ziqqiei cqqcrc aizgkpg c {skog ei/ c |krgc qcepce}c`cg prgbsekog ahc hkeei ibbogfkpi kook ahgsqsrk `g zgkppklirnc

ekpc zcr go ‟lgoc qhkrgef„ (zcr cqcnzgi Ekzqpcr '/ qiei cqcnzg`g ainc ok ogbcrpê `g kaacqqi kooc gelirnk}gieg/ kookaieiqace}k c koo‗krpc/ ahc ok pcaeioifgk `gfgpkoc qkrcbbc gefrkì illrgrc/ |cefk `g lkppi ecfkpk%

Qc qziqpgkni o‗kppce}giec qs cepg zsbbogag c gqpgps}gieg/{skog oc bgbogipcahc/ fog krahg|g/ oc seg|crqgpê c g aceprg `grgacrak/ ok {scqpgiec qg lk keairk zg÷ `cogakpk= zcr k||kepkffgkrc qiffcppg zrg|kpg ainc c`gpirg/ k}gce`c c frke`g

frszzg aieaceprkpg (ahc/ ge aie`g}gieg `g {skqg nieiziogi



Z% 2:8 AIEAOSQGIEG

akeacookei ok aieairrce}k c lkeei gnzceekrc g zrc}}g `cooc

oiri zsbbogak}gieg' qg lgegqac zcr ainzrincppcrc zrizrgi{scfog cepg k`gbgpg kook zri`s}giec/ kook zrcqcr|k}giec c kookprkqngqqgiec `cook aieiqace}k% Ok qgpsk}giec `cfog Qpkpg Segpg`cqargppk `k Drkegah è niopi qgngoc k {scook csrizck=

Koo‗geg}gi `cfog keeg Ei|kepk/ oc lsqgieg prk fog c`gpirg `g rg|gqpcqagcepglgahc k|c|kei okqagkpi go ncrakpi ecooc nkeg `g ziahg frszzggepcrek}giekog/ ncppceì qippi zrcqqgiec g fgê rgqprcppg bs`fcp zcr o‗gqprs}giec qszcrgirc aie o‗gnziqg}giec `g kbbiekncepg ahc krrg|k|keik aiqpkrc keahc 2:%::: ìookrg (…' c fcecrk|kei zrilgppg lgei ko 0:#%Qcaieì sei qps`gi `g Bcrfqprin c Bcrfqprin/ oc pkrgllc `g {scqpc

zsbbogak}gieg ainncragkog `gllcrg|kei rk`gakoncepc `kg zrc}}g rgahgcqpg`k rg|gqpc eie zrilgp `cooi qpcqqi knbgpi `gqagzogekrc/ fgsefceì kgnzirrc se zrc}}i k zkfgek lgei k qcg |iopc qszcrgirc% Ok `gzce`ce}k`cooc rg|gqpc qagcepglgahc `ko qcppirc zrg|kpi ibbogfk ge qiqpke}k ocseg|crqgpê k lgeke}gkrc ok rgacrak/ k aieqcfekrok k pgpioi frkpsgpi kc`gpirg ainncragkog c zig k rgainzrkrok `k aiqpiri k zrc}}gkqprieingag% (…' Ioprc kg nkrakpg ksncepg `g zrc}}i zcr koasec pcqpkpc/fog c`gpirg c fog kffrcfkpirg `g gelirnk}gieg hkeei geg}gkpi k rgahgc`crckg aieqsnkpirg c kooc bgbogipcahc `g lgrnkrc kaair`g rcqprgppg|g `g ogace}k

zcr zipcr ka{sgqgrc i sqkrc nkpcrgkog `gfgpkog ‑ qgk zripcppg `k aizwrgfhpqgk `g zsbbogai ìngegi ‑ ahc qiei ainzgokpg ge `kpkbkqc ainc

Ocxgq)Ecxgq c Qagceac @grcap % Koasec ogace}c |cefiei gnziqpc kfogspcepg zcr go qioi lkppi `g kzrgrc aielc}gieg k||iopc eco acooizhkec iqakrgakrc qilpvkrc `k gepcrecp4 koprc/ qgfokpc `kooc bgbogipcahc/rgahgcìei ecfi}gkpg ainzocqqg zrgnk `cfog ka{sgqpg cocppriegag/ cqzcqqi ibbogfkei oc bgbogipcahc k` ka{sgqpkrc zkaahcppg ainziqpg `k zg÷

zriìppg ‑ niopg `cg {skog `g qakrqi gepcrcqqc ‑ zcr zipcr rgac|crc ocpcqpkpc zg÷ rgahgcqpc% Geioprc/ {scqpg aieprkppg aceprkog}}kei go aiepriooiqso losqqi `g gelirnk}gieg c akeacookei niopc zripc}gieg zcr o‗spcepcfkrkepgpc `kooc ocffg qso aizwrgfhp/ ainc g `grgppg `g sqi ocfgppgnircokpg|g kook |gqgiec/ rgzri`s}giec c agpk}giec `g zir}gieg ogngpkpc `gnkpcrgkog zripcppg `k aizwrgfhp/ ioprc k zrigbgrc kooc bgbogipcahc `g `krcge zrcqpgpi nkpcrgkog k zcrqiec cqpcrec kook qprsppsrk/ i `g krahg|gkrog caieqcr|krog zcr g lspsrg spcepg% Zcr fgsepk/ zigahç {scqpg `kpkbkqc

zripcppg `k ogace}k qiei aieacqqg ge sqi c eie zrizrgkncepc |ce`spg zcr

go ziqqcqqi/ ok bgbogipcak qg rgpri|k aie zg÷ esook `k illrgrc kfog spcepg qc



AIEAOSQGIEG 2:7

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Zkrkìqqkoncepc/ `se{sc/ ok pcaeioifgk ahc qcnbrk|k k|cr ziqpi ok zkriok lgec k zribocnkpgahc {skog ok `gllsqgiec/o‗kaacqqi/ ok aieqcr|k}giec c ok zrcqcr|k}giec `cg aiepcespg `kprknke`krc kooc fcecrk}gieg lspsrc/ qc nko fcqpgpk/ kffrk|kkeair `g zg÷ pkog zribocnkpgahc% Qg rceìei {sge`g ecacqqkrgesi|g kzzriaag c esi|c g`cc `k zkrpc `g qps`giqg/ gelirnkpgag/

bgbogipcakrg c` c`gpirg (qizrkppsppi eie zrilgp' zcr ogbcrkrc govcb `k pkog rcage}gieg c lkrc `co qkzcrc se bcec `k||cri zsbbogai c/ ainc psppg g bceg zsbbogag `k zrcqcr|krc/‟qiqpcegbgoc„% Qc keahc/ ainc kbbgkni kllcrnkpi ge zrcac`ce}k qcfsceì oc `clgeg}gieg `g Ahkroippc Hcqq c Cogeir Iqprin/ go qkzcrc è se bcec ‟eie qipprkgbgoc„/ c `se{sc eiecqksrgbgoc/ ok pcaeioifgk `gfgpkoc rgahgc`c `g cqqcrc qlrsppkpk zcr lkrc `cooc g`cc snkec `cg bceg ‟qiqpcegbgog„/ zcrahç oc kppskog

zrkpgahc `g qlrsppkncepi `gniqprkei ahc {scqpk akrkppcrgqpgakeie ok qg zsò kllkppi `krc zcr qaiepkpk% Aiqï ainc qgkniibbogfkpg k zrcqcr|krc o‗ka{sk/ o‗i}iei/ o‗krgk c oc lircqpc zcr ahg ìzi `g eig kbgpcrê {scqpi nieì/ kooi qpcqqi niìì|rcni geg}gkrc k rkfgiekrc qs ainc zrcqcr|krc go qkzcrc crce`croi `gqziegbgoc k osefi pcrngec/ qi||crpceì oc pce`ce}ckppskog/ c bce `cqargppc `k Drkegah eco zkqqi qizrk agpkpi%

Rcziqgpirw/ `kpkbkqc/ krahg|g c bgbogipcahc `gfgpkog ahc{sipg`gkekncepc ekqaiei qcfsceì g zrgeagzg `coo‗‟izcekaacqq„ c `co ‟qilpvkrc ogbcri„/ aiqï ainc rg|gqpc qagcepglgahcc zsbbogak}gieg `g rgacrahc/ seg|crqgpkrgc c eie/ aie`g|gqc gercpc `k ainsegpê kookrfkpc c prkeqek}giekog `g spcepg c qps`giqg/`gniqprkei ahc se kopri nieì `cook aieiqace}k/ zg÷`cniarkpgai c zg÷ qiqpcegbgoc/ è `k||cri ziqqgbgoc% C {scqpgsopgng keeg `g rcacqqgiec caieingak ahc hk ge`cbiogpi {skqg

psppg g ncrakpg iaag`cepkog/ `gniqprkei ahc go qkzcrc/ ok



Z% 2;: AIEAOSQGIEG

aieiqace}k c ok oiri `gllsqgiec/ eie ziqqiei cqqcrc

qiffgifkpg `kooc qpcqqc rcfioc `g se ncrakpi ahc hk niqprkpi`g eie lse}giekrc%Ainc qiqpgcec Osgqk Akzcoog/ qgkni `glriepc k sek qlg`k `k

rgqio|crc/ rgqzcppi kook {skoc iaairriei ahgkrc rgqziqpc c zrcqc`g ziqg}giec=

Zrg|kpg}}krc c rcagepkrc go nieì `cg qkzcrg (ecooc oiri esi|c lirnc`gfgpkog' i zcrairrcroi ogbcrkncepc/ aie c{sgogbrg esi|g prk `grgppg

ge`g|g`skog c fi`gncepi aioocppg|i9 Sek ìnke`k ahc geariagkniopczogag {scqpgieg= `kooc lirnc c fkrke}gc `coo‗kaacqqi (`g|krg `gfgpkogc asopsrkog' kook pspcok `cg `grgppg `g kspirg/ zri`sppirg c aieqsnkpirg`cooc izcrc/ `gokpkeì ok `gqasqqgiec `kook frkpsgpê i ncei `cg aiepcespgkook acrpc}}k `cook oiri `gqziegbgogpê4 sek ìnke`k ahc gnzogak rgqziqpc`g fi|crekeac ahc aieqg`crgei ok aieiqace}k ge Rcpc ainc se bcecainsec c se `grgppi `g agppk`geke}k/ rgaieiqaceìec go |koirc `g qgqpcnkcqpceqg|i `co nieì rcok}giekoc c gelirnk}giekoc `cook eiqprk qiagcpê(Akzcoog 2:;:'%



BGBOGIFRKLGK 2;;

Bgbogifrklgk

Ke`crqie/ A%/ 2::</ Phc Oief Pkgo% Vhw phc Lspsrc il Bsqgecqq Gq Qcoogef Ocqq il Nirc/ Ecv Wird/ Hwzcrgie4 prk`% gp%/ 2::</ Ok ai`k osefk/Pirgei/ Ai`gac c`g}gieg%

Kqir Riqk/ K%/ 2::7/ Rgpirei ge zri|geagk% Oc acepi Gpkogc `cg fgi|keg qargppirg/ ¤Ok Rczsbbogak´/ ;3 `gacnbrc/ z% <:/hppz=))rgacrak%rczsbbogak%gp)rczsbbogak)krahg|gi)rczsbbogak)2::7);2);3)rgpir ei.ge.zri|geagk.oc.acepi.gpkogc.`cg%hpno

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Bcrpioi/ L%/ Ahcrsbgeg/ Z%/ Gefocqc/ F%/ Ngfogi/ O%/ 2::0/ Brc|c qpirgk `cook qargppsrk c `co ogbri/ Rink/ Akriaag%

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Akogacpg/ F%/ 2::3/ Ok qlg`k c go rgqakppi/ ¤ek}giecge`gkek%ain´/ ;2 kzrgoc/hppz=))vvv%ek}giecge`gkek%ain)2::3):0);2)ok.qlg`k.c.go.rgqakppi)

Ako|gei/ G%/ 2::;/ Oc}gieg kncrgakec% Qcg zriziqpc zcr go zriqqgningooceegi/ Ngokei/ Nie`k`irg%

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Akrogeg/ L%/ ;777/ Oi qpgoc `co Vcb/ Pirgei/ Cgeks`g%

Akrrgèrc/ M% A%/ Cai/ S%/ 2::7/ Eie qzcrkpc `g ogbcrkr|g `cg ogbrg/ Ngokei/Binzgkeg%



2;2 BGBOGIFRKLGK

Ahkrpgcr/ R%/;770/ @s Ai`cx ê o‗Çarke = ocq prkmcapigrcq `c o‗çargp /¤Qiokrgq´/ Zrcqqcq Seg|crqgpkgrcq `c Rceecq/ hppz=))bgbogi.lr%geli%segakce%lr)besn)mcoca)Qiokrgq)`:;);ahkrpgcr%hpno

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Airpcoocqqk/ K%/ 2:;:/ Zsbbogakrc zcr Nie`k`irg9/ ¤ek}giecge`gkek%ain´/2 qcppcnbrc/ hppz=))vvv%ek}giecge`gkek%ain)2:;:):7):2)zsbbogakrc.

zcr.nie`k`irg)

Airpg/ N%/ ;76</ Zrgeagzg `cook ainsegak}giec ocppcrkrgk/ Ngokei/Binzgkeg%

@krepie/ R%/ 2::7/ Phc Akqc lir Biidq/ Ecv Wird/ Zsbboga kllkgr%

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@c Nkrpge/ M% A%/ 2::7/ Oc c|ios}gieg `cooc ogace}c Arckpg|c Ainnieq/ ge

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@cook \kooc/ C%/ Acogei/ G%/ Acrg}}k/ @%/ 2::8/ Qcnkepga Vcb% Ni`cookrc caie`g|g`crc zcr geei|krc/ Ngokei/ Zckrqie K``gqie Vcqocw%

@g Airgepi/ K%/ Pi}}g/ P%/ 2::2/ Hkadpg|gqn% Ok ogbcrpê ecooc nkfogc `cook

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Rink/ Ecvpie Ainzpie%

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@sbgeg/ Z%/ 2::;/ \iopkrc zkfgek% Caieingk c fcqpgiec qprkpcfgak eco qcppirc `coo&c`gpirgk ogbrkrgk/ Ngokei/ Cpkq%

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http://biblio-fr.info.unicaen.fr/bnum/jelec/Solaris/d01/1chartier.html






BGBOGIFRKLGK 2;1

Zrgeagzg `g qcnkepgak ogefsgqpgak/ Rink/ Illgagek C`g}gieg%

Cai/ S%/ ;767/ Ocapir ge Lkbsok% Ok aiizcrk}giec gepcrzrcpkpg|k ecg pcqpgekrrkpg|g/ Ngokei/ Binzgkeg%

Cai/ S%/ ;77:/ G ogngpg `coo‗gepcrzrcpk}giec/ Ngokei/ Binzgkeg%

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http://www.apogeonline.com/webzine/2007/06/14/19/200706141901

http://www.eliterature.org/pad/elp.html#sec1

http://blogs4biz.libero.it/2007/chris_anderson_long_tail_intervista/

http://www.lutherblissett.net/archive/033_it.html

http://www.apogeonline.com/webzine/2007/06/14/19/200706141901

http://www.eliterature.org/pad/elp.html#sec1

http://blogs4biz.libero.it/2007/chris_anderson_long_tail_intervista/

http://www.lutherblissett.net/archive/033_it.html



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http://oreilly.com/web2/archive/what-is-web-20.html

http://www.realitylab.at/blogospheremap/blogospheremap_eng.PDF

http://oreilly.com/web2/archive/what-is-web-20.html

http://www.realitylab.at/blogospheremap/blogospheremap_eng.PDF



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Leggere e scrivere nella rete. Come cambiano le pratiche della lettura e della scrittura attraverso...

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