La politica sociale del fascismo (Italiano)

8/3/2019 La politica sociale del fascismo (Italiano)

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FI P\MPJ\JXIKGM PKAIVINJ

AJ PKAIVINJ

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I' Jxikgm ~kfjam fmaak ^vjvk m fma Pj|vivk '‣'‣‣'‣'‣‣‣‣' Pjo' >II' Aj v}vmaj m a/jssmgi|m fmaaj ~vi|pm ‣‣'‣'‣'‣'‣‣‣‣‣‣‣'µ ::III' Aj fi~nipaigj fma ajsk|k8

^igfjnjai~bk cj~ni~vj m fi~nipaigj oi}|ifinj fmi |jppk|vi nkaamvvisi fi ajsk|k‣‣'‣'‣'‣'‣‣‣‣'‣'‣'‣'‣‣‣‣‣'‣'‣‣‣'''‣µ <<

Aj fi~nipaigj fmaam nkgv|ksm|~im igfisif}jai fma ajsk|k‣‣''‣'''''µ <3 Fi~nipaigj fmaaj fkbjgfj m fmaa/kccm|vj fi ajsk|k‣‣'‣''‣'''‣'µ <9

IS' Ficm~j! ioimgm m ~in}|mxxj fma ajsk|k8

F}|jvj mf k|j|i fi ajsk|k ‣'‣'‣‣‣‣‣‣‣‣'‣‣''‣'‣'µ >< \ipk~k fkbmginjam m ~mvvibjgjam ‣'‣‣‣‣‣‣‣‣‣‣‣''µ >6 Ajsk|k fmaam fkggm m fmi cjgni}aai ‣'‣'‣‣‣‣‣‣‣'‣''‣'µ >3Bjvm|givà fmaam fkggm ajsk|jv|ini ‣'‣'‣‣‣‣‣‣''‣‣''‣'µ >4 Ail|mvvk fma ajsk|k ‣‣‣‣‣‣‣‣‣‣‣‣‣'‣‣‣'‣‣'µ >9 Ioimgm fma ajsk|k ‣'‣‣‣‣‣‣‣‣‣‣‣‣''‣‣‣‣''‣'µ 60 P|msmgxikgm fmoai igck|v}gi ~}a ajsk|k ‣'‣'‣‣‣‣‣‣‣‣''µ 6:

S' Mamsjbmgvk bk|jam! igvmaamvv}jam m p|kcm~~ikgjam fmi ajsk|jvk|i8

Kpm|j Gjxikgjam Fkpkajsk|k ‣'‣'‣‣‣‣‣‣‣‣‣‣'‣''µ 6= I~v|}xikgm vmnginj m p|kcm~~ikgjam ‣'‣'‣‣‣‣‣‣'''‣‣'‣'µ 63 \inkgk~nibmgvk fmaam lmgmbm|mgxm fmi ajsk|jvk|i‣'‣'‣‣''''µ 64

SI' P|msifmgxj mf j~~in}|jxikgi ~knijai8

Aj p|msifmgxj ~knijam ‣‣‣‣‣‣‣‣‣‣‣‣'‣‣‣‣‣'µ =0 A/j~~in}|jxikgm pm| a/igsjaifivà m aj smnndijij ‣'‣'‣‣‣‣'‣'µ =0 A/j~~in}|jxikgm pm| aj fi~knn}pjxikgm ‣'‣'‣‣‣‣‣‣‣‣'µ =<

A/j~~in}|jxikgm pm| aj bjvm|givà ‣'‣'‣‣‣‣‣‣‣‣‣‣''µ =6 A/j~~in}|jxikgm pm| aj v}lm|nkak~i ‣'‣'‣‣‣‣‣‣‣‣‣‣'µ == A/j~~in}|jxikgm nkgv|k oai igck|v}gi ~}a ajsk|k ‣'‣'‣‣‣‣‣'µ =3 A/j~~in}|jxikgm pm| am bjajvvim p|kcm~~ikgjai ‣'‣'‣‣‣‣'''‣'µ =4 Aj b}v}jaivà pm| a/j~~i~vmgxj ~jgivj|ij ‣'‣'‣‣‣‣‣‣‣‣''µ 30 Pjv|kgjvk gjxikgjam pm| a/j~~i~vmgxj ~knijam ‣'‣'‣‣‣‣‣‣'µ 3:



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6

GKG Ä PK^^ILIAM m~jbigj|m aj pkaivinj ~knijam fma Cj~ni~bk ~m gkg ~i vimgm nkgvk fma p|kckgfk v|jsjoaik ~pi|iv}jam ndm! ~lknnijvk fja ~jgo}m fmi bj|vi|i gmaam j~p|m ljvvjoaim fmaaj o}m||jsivvk|ik~j m fmaaj |iska}xikgm |mfmgv|inm! dj fjvk a}kok jaaj nk~v|}xikgm fi }g ¥k|figm g}kskµfm~vigjvk j aj~nij|m v|jnnm igfmamliai gmaaj sivj m gmaaj ~vk|ij fmi pkpkai nkbm fmoai igfisif}i'

Pm| aj ~}j ~v|}vv}|j pkaivinj! pm| aj ~}j nk~nimgxj nisiam! pm| aj ~}j skakgvà fi sivj! pm| aj ~joomxxj

m aj amjavà fmaaj pkaivinj b}~~kaigijgj gmi |jppk|vi igvm|gjxikgjai! a/Ivjaij ä kooi ia nmgv|k ~vk|ink fmabkgfk'Z}m~vk! nm|vk! pm| ia pkvmgxijbmgvk p|jvink mf mccmvv}jam |jooi}gvk fjaaj Gjxikgm ivjaijgj! o|jgfm

laknnk fmbko|jcink! nkbpjvvk gmaaj ~}j nk~nimgxj }givj|ij! k|figjvk ~mnkgfk }gj fi~nipaigj ~m||jvjm ~pkgvjgmj5 bj jav|m~á! m ~kp|jvv}vvk! pm| z}ma ~mg~k fi nkgvig}ivà ndm! ~kpivk gmaa/Ivjaij fi im|i! ä~vjvk |ip|m~k! |i~}~nivjvk m pkvmgxijvk fj }g Njpk! amoivvibk nkgvig}jvk|m fmaaj pm|mggm c}gxikgm~vk|inj fi \kbj'

Bj ia ~}k cj~nigk mf ia ~}k p|m~vioik gkg ~kgk ig fipmgfmgxj mf ig |majxikgm ~kavjgvk fi }gj ~m|imfi cjvvk|i bjvm|ijai! fi |mjaixxjxikgi p|jvindm! fi kpm|m nkgn|mvm! m~vm|ik|i! nkgvigomgvi k f}|jv}|m5 gkg~kgk ~kavjgvk ig |majxikgm mf ig fipmgfmgxj fmaa/m~mbpik fi }givà! fi nkm|mgxj m fi nk|jooik ndm iagk~v|k pkpkak kcc|m j v}vvk ia bkgfk! jcc|kgvjgfk m |i~kasmgfk fj ~kak i ficciniai p|klambi fmaaj ~}j

sivj bjvm|ijam5 bj jav|m~á ig c}gxikgm fmaaj pkvmgxj fmaa/ifmj cj~ni~vj ndm ä ifmj fi oi}~vixij ~knijam!fi ~kaifj|imvà nisiam m fi }givà gjxikgjam'

Ia nkgnmvvk ndm p|m~imfm jaak ^vjvk cj~ni~vj nk|pk|jvisk ä ~kp|jvv}vvk }g nkgnmvvk }givj|ik~pi|iv}jam! ~knijam mf mnkgkbink' A/mnkgkbij gkg ä }g bkgfk j ~é! c}k|i fmaaj sivj fmoai igfisif}i mfmi pkpkai! gkg ä }gj nk~v|}xikgm j~v|jvvj fmaaj sivj fmaak ^vjvk! bj ä pj|vm fi v}vvk ia nkbpam~~k fmaajsivj fmaaj Gjxikgm'

Ia cmgkbmgk mnkgkbink"~knijam gkg ä }g/j~v|jxikgm ifmkakoinj lmg~á }g cjvvk |mjam kpm|jvk fjoai}kbigi i z}jai nkbpikgk fmvm|bigjvm jxikgi ~kvvk a/igca}mgxj fmi ak|k i~vigvi! fmaam ak|k si|vù! fmaamak|k pj~~ikgi! fmi ak|k ~mgvibmgvi5 ndm pk~~kgk sj|ij|m fj a}kok j a}kok m fj igfisif}k jf igfisif}k!bj ndm |ibjgokgk igvmo|i gmaaj ak|k |joikgm fi m~~m|m8 m fi n}i ak ^vjvk! fi~nipaigjvk|m fi v}vvm ammgm|oim! gkg p}ü iogk|j|m a/m~i~vmgxj'

Oai }kbigi ~kgk nkgfkvvi kogi oik|gk j nkbpim|m jxikgi ~pi|iv}jai! mnkgkbindm m ~knijai5 m z}m~vmjxikgi ck|bjgk ia ~}l~v|jvk fmaaj sivj fmoai igfisif}i m fmi pkpkai' Pm| a/m~painjxikgm fmaaj ~}j jvvisivà

pkaivinj! m fmaaj ~}j pkvm~và amoi~ajvisj! ak ^vjvk fmsm ignm~~jgvmbmgvm jvvigom|m j z}m~vm ckgvi'Ig z}m~vj jfm|mgxj ~kgk aj ~}j |joikgm fi m~~m|m! aj gmnm~~ivà fmaaj ~}j c}gxikgm! aj sivjaivà fmaaj

~}j ck|xj m fmaaj ~}j pkvmgxj' ^m ak ^vjvk! gmaaj bjgicm~vjxikgm fmaaj ~}j ~ks|jgivà! fà sjak|m p|mpkgfm|jgvm jf }gk ~kak fmi v|m mambmgvi ji z}jai oai igfisif}i! i o|}ppi m am njvmok|im ig~pi|jgk amak|k jxikgi pm| fibmgvinj|m k ~kccknj|m oai jav|i mambmgvi! gkg js|mbk }gk ^vjvk }givj|ik m k|ojgink!nkbm ak nkgnmpi~nm ia Cj~ni~bk! lmg~á }gk ^vjvk fi pj|vm! m~jgo}m! ~m|sk fmoai igvm|m~~iigfisif}jai~vini k ~ndijsk fi ifmkakoim nkaamvvisi~vindm'

Ndi nkg~ifm|i a/k|figjbmgvk fmaak ^vjvk cj~ni~vj! fmsm jgxiv}vvk |inkgk~nm|m aj pm|cmvvj

|i~pkgfmgxj m a/igvmaaiomgvm j|bkgij c|j i ~}ki i~viv}vi! i ~}ki k|ojgi! am ~}m amooi m i p|ignipi ndm gmnk~viv}i~nkgk aj ~kaifj lj~m ifmkakoinj' P|ignipi! knnk||m p|mni~j|m! m~p|m~~i fja a}goibi|jgvm p|kpk~ivk fi jfmo}j|m aj |mjavà ‖ gmi ~}ki j~pmvvi bkficinjliai ‖ ji cigi bmfm~ibi fmaak ^vjvk! m gkgoià ~}oom|ivi fj }gk ~ndmbj bmgvjam! bjoj|i ~}oom~visk! nkbm p}ü m~~m|m aj nk~v|}xikgm j~v|jvvj!bj j|liv|j|ik m c}k|i fmaaj sivj'

Ak ^vjvk cj~ni~vj pkgm jf igixik m ckgfjbmgvk fmaaj ~}j c}gxikgm ig v}vvi i njbpi fmaaj sivj fma pkpkak! aj ~mo}mgvm findij|jxikgm fmaaj Nj|vj fma Ajsk|k8

¥Aj Gjxikgm ivjaijgj ä }g k|ojgi~bk jsmgvm cigi! sivj! bmxxi fi jxikgm ~}pm|ik|i pm| pkvmgxj mf}|jvj j z}maai fmoai igfisif}i fisi~i k |joo|}ppjvi ndm aj nkbpkgokgk' Ä }gj }givà bk|jam! pkaivinjmf mnkgkbinj! ndm ~i |mjaixxj igvmo|jabmgvm gmaak ^vjvk cj~ni~vjµ'

]gj Gjxikgm ndm jllij jnnmvvjvj nkg~jpmskabmgvm z}m~vj ~}p|mbj gk|bj p}ü lmg fi|~i

jgvm~iogjgj f/}g javk sm|lk bk|jam bji }fivk8 ä njpjnm fi ~cifj|m nkg ck|v}gj am p|ksm più f}|m! änm|vj fmaaj ~}j mvm|givà! z}jam oj|jgvi~nkgk ~mogi k|bji igfi~v|}vviliai m! ~kp|jvv}vvk! aj ~}jigsigniliam skakgvà fi sivj'



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J z}m~vj ~v|mo}j jpp}gvk sj nkg~ifm|jvj aj n}|j j~~if}j ndm ak ^vjvk cj~ni~vj fmfinj jaajck|bjxikgm mf jaaj ~jgivà fmaaj |jxxj! bkbmgvk m~~mgxijam m ckgfjbmgvjam fmaaj ~}j fkvv|igj! fmaam~}m gmnm~~ivà nkgvigomgvi mf jssmgi|m! pm|cmvvjbmgvm nkm|mgvm jaaj ~}j bk|jam! ndm ä bk|jam nisiam fi

p|kckgfi~~ibj }bjgivà mf dj oià i ~}ki n|mfmgvi jgndm fi aà fjaam Japi m fja Bmfivm||jgmk'Jgndm pm| z}m~vk |io}j|fk ia gk~v|k ^vjvk bjgicm~vj aj ~}j k|ioigjaivà m aj ~}j jgvivm~i ig |jppk|vk

jaaj nkgnmxikgm ailm|jam nkbm p}|m jaaj nkgnmxikgm nkb}gi~vinj5 ig |jppk|vk ja ailm|jai~bk! ia z}jamfi c|kgvm jf kogi pm|inkak gkg nkgvigomgvm mf ibbmfijvk ign|knij am bjgi m ~i jccifj ja nj~k5 ig|jppk|vk ja lka~nmsi~bk ndm! fi~~kavj aj cjbioaij! ~s}kvjvi fi nkgvmg}vk }bjgk oai igfisif}i! gkgf/jav|k ~i p|mknn}pj ~m gkg fi j~~m|si|ai ja ajsk|k! pm|i~njgk p}|m gmaaj f}|j li~kogj k ~m gm|iv|joojgk ig~jgjliabmgvm bmgkbjvi! p}|ndé a/ifmj cigoj fi sism|m! jfjvvjgfk~i jaam più ibpmg~jliaiv|j~ck|bjxikgi! j igj}fivi nkbp|kbm~~i! ck|xjvj kogi bkbmgvk jf igfimv|mooij|m ~kvvk aj ~cm|xj~pimvjvj fmaaj |mjavà ndm gkg ~kcc|m sikajxikgi fi~}bjgm'

^mnkgfk z}maak ndm dj jccm|bjvk ia F]NM }gj skavj8 ¥Ia pkpkak ä ia nk|pk fmaak ^vjvk m ak ^vjvk äak ~pi|ivk fma pkpkakµ'

Jccigndé ak ^vjvk g}ksk! gjvk fjaaj \iska}xikgm! ~sia}ppjvk~i m ck|bjvk~i ~} }g vm||mgk~z}i~ivjbmgvm |iska}xikgj|ik! gmaam ~}m ck|bm m gmi ~}ki pkvm|i! gmaaj ~}j ~v|}vv}|j m gmaam ~}m

c}gxikgi! jllij }gj pk~~iliaivà fi sivj m fi ~sia}ppk m pk~~j ~mbp|m m fks}gz}m jccm|bj|m aj ~}jmccinimgxj! aj ~}j j}vk|ivà m aj ~}j ~ks|jgivà! ä gmnm~~j|ik ndm ia pkpkak ‖ ndm ä ia nk|pk fmaak ^vjvk

‖ ~ij g}bm|k~k m bk|jabmgvm m ci~injbmgvm ~jgk' Nk~á! ia p|klambj fmbko|jcink m z}maakfmaa/igvmo|ivà! fmaaj ~jgivà fmaaj ~vi|pm! fma pkvmgxijbmgvk fi v}vvm am ck|xm fi ajsk|k ‖ p|klambi ndm~/igvmo|jgk j sinmgfj ‖ ~kgk fja Cj~ni~bk pk~vi ja p|ibk pijgk5 jgxi nk~viv}i~nkgk aj |joikgm ~vm~~jfmaaj ~}j sivj oijnndé ~m aj sivj ä nkbljvvibmgvk! ia g}bm|k m aj ~ja}vm fmaaj pkpkajxikgm gkg

pk~~kgk gkg p|mknn}pj|m ak ^vjvk ndm pm| a/jccm|bjxikgm fmaaj ~}j pkvmgxj fmsm cj|m jccifjbmgvk pm| aj pjnm m aj ficm~j biaivj|m fma ~}k vm||ivk|ik ~}aaj siok|ij! ~}aaj ~jgivà bk|jam m ci~inj fma ~}k pkpkak'

Pkindé fjvk p|moi}fixijam fmaaj pkvmgxj pkaivinj! m z}igfi mnkgkbinj m bk|jam fmaam Gjxikgi! ä ajak|k pkvmgxj fmbko|jcinj! aj pkaivinj ~knijam fma Cj~ni~bk! ~ig fjaaj ~}j igixijam m~painjxikgm! ä ~vjvj

p|kimvvjvj sm|~k }g klimvvisk ckgfjbmgvjam m~p|m~~k gmaaj ~mo}mgvm ck|b}aj b}~~kaigijgj! ndij|j mfmakz}mgvm8 ¥Bj~~ibk fi gjvjaivà m bigibk fi bk|vjaivàµ'

Gkg s/ä }kbk! j bmgk ndm gkg ~ij niginjbmgvm jllimvvk m ig~mg~iliam jaam |joikgi bmfm~ibm fmaaj~}j m~i~vmgxj! ia z}jam gkg jbli~nj jf m~~m|m nkgvig}jvk' Ä amoom gjv}|jam n}i gkg ~i ~kvv|jm gm~~}gj~pmnim jgibjam k smomvjam5 ä }g/javj amoom fisigj! z}m~vj fmaaj bkavipainjxikgm! ~mgxj fi n}i ia bkgfk

pm|i|mllm'Z}jgvi ~i ~kgk cjvvi p|mfinjvk|i m ~mo}jni fma bjavd}~ijgm~ibk k fmi sj|i gmkbjavd}~ijgm~ibi ndm

gm ~kgk fm|isjvi! gkg djg pmg~jvk ndm nk~á! iggjgxi jaa/k~n}|k javj|m fma nimnk moki~bk! igfisif}jam kfi naj~~m! l|}nijsjgk bk~v|}k~jbmgvm ia p|ignipik fjssm|k ibbk|vjam kgfm m~~i ~vm~~i m|jgk gjvi;

Ia F]NM gmaaj ~}j javi~~ibj nkgnmxikgm fmaaj sivj! ndm ä fksm|m m nkbljvvibmgvk! dj pk~vk aj

ficm~j m a/ign|mbmgvk fmaaj gjvjaivà ja p|ibk pijgk fmaaj pkaivinj ~knijam m bk|jam fmaaj gjxikgm'Ig si|vù fi vjam pkaivinj aj cmnkgfivà m ~jgivà fmaaj ~vi|pm! siok|ij fma nk|pk m si|vù fmaak ~pi|ivk!z}jgvivà m z}jaivà nk~viv}i~nkgk oai ~v|}bmgvi fmaam ibbjgnjliai ck|v}gm fma gk~v|k Pjm~m'

Z}igfi ~k|om aj gmnm~~ivà fmaam amooi ndm gkg ~kavjgvk j~~in}|igk gma vmbpk a/k|figm pkaivink!oi}|ifink m ~pi|iv}jam! gkg ~kavjgvk k|ojgixxigk nkg pk~~iliaivà fi a}gok |m~pi|k am jvvisivà p|kf}vvism!bj oj|jgvi~njgk! jvv|jsm|~k }gj sioiam ficm~j fma ajsk|k m fmaaj ~ja}vm fmaaj |jxxj! ia bioaik|jbmgvkfmaaj nkgfixikgm fi sivj p|m~mgvm fma pkpkak m gm nkg~mgvjgk a/ign|mbmgvk mf ia pm|cmxikgjbmgvkfmbko|jcink'

Am amooi ~knijai ~kgk v}vvm skavm jaak ~nkpk fi ficmgfm|m ia pkpkak fj kogi bigjnnij ci~inj mbk|jam! m ~m|skgk z}m~vk ~nkpk nkg }g bmvkfk ndm p}ü ndijbj|~i p|msmgvisk! gkg oià pm| xmak fifmcigixikgm! bj pm|ndé ~ij lmgm p|mni~jvj z}m~vj nj|jvvm|i~vinj fma F]NM5 ~kaamnivk sm|~k ia c}v}|k!

jbbkgivk|m jgxindé |mp|m~~k|m! ~pi|ivk ~ndimvvjbmgvm ivjaijgk! mf}njvisk! ck|bjvisk! ig si|vù fi }gjjavi~~ibj }bjgivà z}jam pkndm skavm dj pkv}vk m~~m|m |inkgk~ni}vj j ~á javk o|jfk gmi o|jgfinkgfkvvim|i'



3

Ig~pi|jgfk~i j vjai fi|mvvism nkg~jn|jvm gmaam findij|jxikgi fmaaj Nj|vj fma Ajsk|k! ak ^vjvkcj~ni~vj! gkg |iggmojgfk am m~pm|imgxm m am |mjaixxjxikgi fma pj~~jvk m fmoai jav|i Pjm~i! bjv|j~ck|bjgfkam mf igvmo|jgfkam! dj ~jp}vk nk~viv}i|m }g k|figjbmgvk ~knijam! k|ojgink! }givj|ik!jfm|mgvm jaam gmnm~~ivà fmaaj sivj fma pkpkak mf ja ~}k ~sia}ppk jssmgi|m' A/jxikgm fmaak ^vjvk! gmaajsivj ~knijam ä8

j) fi nkgv|kaak! fi nkk|figjbmgvk! fi ficm~j m fi p|kp}a~ikgm fmaa/jvvisivà fmi ~igokai m fmaamnjvmok|im nkg a/mbjgjxikgm m a/kllaiojvk|imvà fmaam |majvism gk|bm mf ia nkgv|kaak ~vjv}jam ~}aaj ak|kk~~m|sjgxj5

l) fi igvm|smgvk fi|mvvk k pm| bmxxk fi j~~knijxikgi p|kcm~~ikgjai! m fi mgvi pj|j~vjvjai kj}vj|ndini jaa/k|ojgixxjxikgm mf ja c}gxikgjbmgvk fi i~viv}vi m ~m|sixi jvvi jf j~~in}|j|m aj pimgjjvv}jxikgm fmaaj pkaivinj ~knijam fma \moibm'

Z}m~vj bkavmpainm jvvisivà cj njpk jf }gj sj~vj amoi~ajxikgm ~knijam ig sij fi |ik|figjbmgvk m fi~i~vmbjxikgm mf j }g nkbpam~~k fi i~viv}xikgi fja Cj~ni~bk v|j~ck|bjvm k n|mjvm m nkg am z}jai ak^vjvk jvv}j m |mjaixxj aj pkaivinj ~knijam'

^mnkgfk ak ~pi|ivk m aj ~v|}vv}|j fmaa/k|figjbmgvk ~knijam fmaak ^vjvk! aj amoi~ajxikgm ~knijam m ami~viv}xikgi jf m~~j |majvism ~kgk ~vjvm k|imgvjvm sm|~k f}m klimvvisi ckgfjbmgvjai8

:° Fi~nipaigj m ficm~j fma ajsk|k5<° V}vmaj mf ign|mbmgvk fmaaj ~vi|pm'

Z}m~vi f}m j~pmvvi m z}m~vi f}m klimvvisi fmaaj pkaivinj ~knijam fma Cj~ni~bk ~/igvmo|jgk m ~inkbpamvjgk j sinmgfj ig }gj c}gxikgm }givj|ij skavj ja lmgm~~m|m mf jaak ~sia}ppk bk|jam m ci~ink fma

pkpkak ivjaijgk'Aj fi~nipaigj m aj ficm~j fma ajsk|k ~i jvv}jgk m ~i |mjaixxjgk jvv|jsm|~k am gk|bm m aj sj~vj jxikgm

fi v}vmaj mnkgkbinj m ~knijam fmaam j~~knijxikgi p|kcm~~ikgjai! aj fi~nipaigj fmaaj fkbjgfj mfmaa/kccm|vj fi ajsk|k nkg aj nk~viv}xikgm fi }ccini fi nkaaknjbmgvk o|jv}ivi! aj amoom fmaam kvvk k|mjppainjvj fja Cj~ni~bk ~ig fja :9<>! aj v}vmaj fma ajsk|k fmaam fkggm m fmi cjgni}aai5 ia |ipk~kfkbmginjam m cm~visk! ia |mokajbmgvk omgm|jam fmaa/ioimgm fma ajsk|k pm| v}vvm am jximgfm! ia fi|ivvk ja|ipk~k cm|ijam |mv|il}ivk! aj ficm~j fmaaj bjvm|givà fmaaj fkggj ajsk|jv|inm5 ia ail|mvvk fma ajsk|k!a/i~viv}xikgm fma fkpkajsk|k! am lmgmbm|mgxm ja bm|ivk fma ajsk|k m ja bm|ivk |}|jam! a/i~viv}xikgmfmaam ~n}kam p|kcm~~ikgjai5 am gk|bm m am i~viv}xikgi |io}j|fjgvi a/j~~in}|jxikgm ~knijam nkgv|k oaiigck|v}gi! am bjajvvim p|kcm~~ikgjai! a/j~~in}|jxikgm ~knijam nkgv|k aj fi~knn}pjxikgm! a/igsjaifivà msmnndijij! aj v}lm|nkak~i! aj bjvm|givà! a/j~~i~vmgxj ji o|jgfi igsjaifi mf joai jgxijgi fma ajsk|k!a/j~~i~vmgxj b}v}jai~vinj nkgv|k am bjajvvim m a/j~~i~vmgxj bmfink"~knijam pm| oai igck|v}gi jo|inkai mfigf}~v|ijai'

Aj ficm~j m a/ign|mbmgvk fmaaj ~vi|pm ~i |mjaixxjgk gmaak ^vjvk cj~ni~vj nkg aj |iok|k~j fi~nipaigjfmaa/ioimgm m fmaaj ~jgivà p}llainj5 aj akvvj nkgfkvvj ig kogi njbpk nkgv|k am bjajvvim ~knijai! ajfi~nipaigj fmaa/jaibmgvjxikgm! ia |i~jgjbmgvk mfiaixik! a/ioimgm fmaa/jlivjxikgm m a/i~viv}xikgm fi nj~m

pkpkaj|i gkg più ckbivi fi igcmxikgi ci~indm m bk|jai bj ckgvi fi ~ja}vm! a/j~~i~vmgxj ~jgivj|ij mf

k~pmfjaim|j! a/mf}njxikgm ci~inj m bk|jam fmaaj oiksmgvù! aj ficm~j bk|jam m ci~inj fmaaj cjbioaij! aj p|kvmxikgm fmaaj bjvm|givà m fmaa/igcjgxij'V}vvm z}m~vm bkavmpaini |mjaixxjxikgi m bjgicm~vjxikgi fmaaj pkaivinj ~knijam fma Cj~ni~bk bmvvkgk

a/Ivjaij ja p|ibk pk~vk! c|j am gjxikgi nisiai fma bkgfk! gmaa/kpm|j fi ficm~j m fi j~~i~vmgxj ~knijam mnk~viv}i~nkgk gma ak|k ig~imbm }gj ck|bifjliam nkgn|mvj jxikgm fi p|msmgxikgm ~knijam ndm vmgfm jficmgfm|m aj ~jgivà ci~inj fma gk~v|k pkpkak! jf j}bmgvj|gm a/mccinimgxj p|kf}vvisj! jf mamsj|gm iaaismaak fi sivj ~pi|iv}jam'

Bj }g pijgk fi akvvj fi nk~á sj~vj m~vmg~ikgm m p|kckgfivà! nk~viv}ivk fj mambmgvi sj|i! fi k|figmfism|~k m pm|niü ~pm~~k igvm|cm|mgvi! gkg pkvmsj m~~m|m jccifjvk m nkgfkvvk fj igixijvism p|isjvm aknjaimf ia più fmaam skavm ~pk|jfindm' M|j gmnm~~j|ik fj|m jaaj akvvj }g/jgibj mf }g igfi|ixxk }givj|ik! mfmnnk ndm ak ^vjvk cj~ni~vj! nkk|figjvk|m m fi~nipaigjvk|m fi v}vvm am mgm|oim! n|mj oai k|ojgi fi

nkbjgfk m fi fi~nipaigj! m gm v|j~cm|i~nm i pkvm|i jf i~viv}xikgi ndm pkgm jaaj ~}j fi|mvvj fipmgfmgxj m~kvvk ia ~}k sioiam nkgv|kaak! nkg~jn|jgfk am oj|jgxim fmaam |mjaixxjxikgi p|m~mgvi m fi z}maam c}v}|m igz}maa/javi~~ibk fkn}bmgvk fi sivj m fi }bjgivà z}ja ä aj Nj|vj fma Ajsk|k'



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Bj ~m z}m~vk fkn}bmgvk nkgvimgm ig ~é am oj|jgxim ndm gmaa/k|figm bk|jam mf mnkgkbink iaCj~ni~bk dj fjvk m fj|à ja ajsk|k! ä gmaaj |mjavà fmi cjvvi ndm ä fjvk bi~}|j|m ia njbbigk nkbpi}vkmf m~p|ibm|m jppimgk }g oi}fixik ~}aaj mccinimgxj nkgn|mvj fmaam p|kssifmgxm m fmaam fi|mvvism gmanjbpk fmaaj pkaivinj ~knijam fma \moibm'

^vjliaivj a/}o}joaijgxj fmoai }kbigi figjgxi jaaj amoom mf ja ajsk|k! }o}joaijgxj gkg aismaajv|inm m

bk|vicinjv|inm fi sjak|i m fi njpjnivà! bj }o}joaijgxj om|j|ndinj fi fksm|i fi c|kgvm jaaj Gjxikgm!~kaifj|imvà nikä fi v}vvi gmi ~jn|icini gmnm~~j|i! gmi |i~ndi igma}vvjliai m gmaam |m~pkg~jliaivà fmi nkbpivijccifjvi joai igfisif}i! ~k|om m ~i jccm|bj ia li~kogk fmaaj ficm~j nkb}gm nkgv|k i pm|inkai ndmbigjnnijgk aj ~jgivà ci~inj m bk|jam! nkgfixikgm p|ibj fmaaj njpjnivà fi ajsk|k'

P|msifmgxj mf j~~i~vmgxj ~knijam! j|bkginjbmgvm nkk|figjvm gmaam amooi! gmoai i~viv}vi! gmaamc}gxikgi! gma nkb}gm ~nkpk fmaaj ficm~j igvmo|jam fmaaj ~ja}vm fmaaj |jxxj m fmaa/igvmo|jam p|kvmxikgmfma ajsk|k! djggk j~~}gvk nkbm p|ibi m più ibpk|vjgvi klimvvisi fma ak|k ~ck|xk nkgnkbivjgvm aj akvvjnkgv|k aj v}lm|nkak~i m nkgv|k aj bjgicm~vjxikgm più sj~vj m più o|jsm fmaaj n|i~i mnkgkbinjbkgfijam8 aj fi~knn}pjxikgm'

Aj akvvj nkgv|k aj fi~knn}pjxikgm ~i ä ~skavj ig }gj f}painm fi|mxikgm5 igvm|smgi|m ~á! pm| ~knnk||m|m nkak|k ndm ~kgk |ibj~vi p|isi fi ajsk|k! nkg a/k|figjbmgvk j~~in}|jvisk fmaa/I~viv}vk

Gjxikgjam fi P|msifmgxj ^knijam! ndm j vjam ~nkpk dj m|kojvk ig ~}~~ifi fja :9<< jf kooi kav|m }gbiaij|fk fi ai|m! bj |mp|ibm|m! j|oigj|m ~kp|jvv}vvk ia bjam jaam ~}m |jfini nkg }gj sj~vj jxikgm|i~jgjv|inm m nk~v|}vv|inm gma njbpk fmaam kpm|m p}llaindm! ndm bmgv|m ä sja~j j fj|m ajsk|k jbioaijij m bioaijij fi ajsk|jvk|i! m nk~á jvvmg}j|m am j~p|mxxm fmaaj o|jsm n|i~i ndm vk|bmgvj v}vvm amgjxikgi! dj njblijvk ia skavk fmaaj gk~v|j Ivjaij'

Igcjvvi ~i ~kgk ~i~vmbjvm ~v|jfm ~}aam z}jai gkg ~i pkvmsj più ni|nkaj|m! ~i ~kgk fi~~kfjvm m ~i sjggkfi~~kfjgfk vm||m ndm aj lkgicinj dj |mfmgvm m fmsm |mfibm|m m ndm fj biaamggi gkg nkgk~nmsjgk iaajsk|k cmnkgfk fmaa/}kbk! m aà fksm m|j aj pja}fm bk|vicm|j cik|i~nkgk kooi am bm~~i k ~k|okgk amg}ksm nivvà5 ~i ~kgk |m~viv}ivm ig v}vvk ia ak|k ~pamgfk|m am sm~vioij fmaaj nisiavà |kbjgj m fks}gz}mck~~m|k v|jnnm fmaaj ~}j o|jgfmxxj! ~i ~kgk ~njsjvi njgjai! omvvjvi pkgvi! nk~v|}ivm g}ksm m bkfm|gm~v|jfm! ~i ä fjvj jnz}j j bkavi pjm~i ndm gm m|jgk p|isi! ~i ä fjvj! nkg aj ~n}kaj! aj a}nm fmaa/jacjlmvk jbkavi ndm gm m|jgk ~p|kssi~vi! ~i ~kgk ibbm~~i gmaaj sivj fmaaj gk~v|j nisiavà pjm~i ndm m|jgk ~vjvifibmgvinjvi! jlljgfkgjvi j ~é ~vm~~i! vjoaijvi c}k|i fj kogi sij fi nkb}ginjxikgm5 ~i ä fjvj j v}vvi oaiIvjaijgi! jvv|jsm|~k am kpm|m fi~~mbigjvm gmi più }biai m fibmgvinjvi ~kllk|odi! aj nkg~jpmskamxxj ndmm~~i pj|vmnipjgk jaaj sivj nkb}gm m pk~~kgk okfm|m fi v}vvi i lmgmcini ndm aj Pjv|ij kcc|m ji ~}ki cioai'

V}vvj a/kpm|j |m~vj}|jv|inm ä ig pimgk ~sia}ppk' Ia Cj~ni~bk pj~~j m pj~~m|à jaaj ~vk|ij jvv|jsm|~k amkpm|m nkgn|mvm! jvv|jsm|~k am nk~m ndm js|à n|mjvk! jvv|jsm|~k am v|j~ck|bjxikgi mccmvvism! ci~indm m

p|kckgfm! fma skavk fmaaj Pjv|ij' Gki gkg jllijbk ~kavjgvk omvvjvm am lj~i fi }g g}ksk k|figmoi}|ifink! mnkgkbink m ~knijam! bj jllijbk jav|m~á nk~v|}ivm mf iggjaxjvm kpm|m cjvvm fi pimv|j! ficm||k m fi ajsk|k! kpm|m ndm |m~vjgk gmi ~mnkai j pm|pmv}j|m am si|vù jgvindi~~ibm fmaaj gk~v|j ~vi|pm m inj|jvvm|i fmaaj gk~v|j nisiavà'

]gj nk~á ibpkgmgvm jxikgm fi |i~jgjbmgvk m fi nk~v|}xikgm v|ksj vm~vibkgijgxj gmaam nic|m' Fja:9<< jf kooi ia Cj~ni~bk! p}| |ibjgmgfk gmi aibivi fi }gj |iok|k~j mf j}~vm|j om~vikgm fma p}llainkfjgj|k! dj ~pm~k mf ibpmogjvk kav|m >< biaij|fi fi ai|m pm| kpm|m p}llaindm5 bmgv|m i pj~~jvi oksm|giig =0 jggi gkg jsmsjgk |jooi}gvj aj nic|j fi 3 biaij|fi'

Z}maak ndm ia Cj~ni~bk dj cjvvk pm| jvvmg}j|m a/j~p|mxxj fmaaj n|i~i bkgfijam! pm| c|kgvmooij|m nkgam kpm|m p}llaindm ia o|jsm p|klambj fmaaj fi~knn}pjxikgm! jaamsij|m nkg a/j~~i~vmgxj k|ojgixxjvj fjaPj|vivk am ~kccm|mgxm fma pkpkak! ficmgfm|m aj nkbpjoigm mnkgkbinj m cigjgxij|ij fma gk~v|k Pjm~mnkgv|k v}vvi oai j~~javi! i |injvvi m am ig~ifim fmaaj cigjgxj igvm|gjxikgjam5 v}vvk z}maak ndm ia Cj~ni~bksj jvv}jgfk ~i |ismaj kogi oik|gk ~mbp|m più |i~ka}visk mf ä fi m~mbpik m fi bkgivk joai jav|i Pjm~i'

^}aaj lj~m fmaaj ~kaifj|imvà k|ojgixxjvj gmaaj ck|bj j~~in}|jvisj! ia Cj~ni~bk dj jcc|kgvjvk m|i~kavk jgndm ia p|klambj fmaaj akvvj nkgv|k aj v}lm|nkak~i5 p|klambj ~knijam lmg più o|jsm fmaaj

fi~knn}pjxikgm! ig z}jgvk igsm~vm aj ~ja}vm m aj sivj p|m~mgvm m c}v}|j fmaam omgm|jxikgi'\kvvi v}vvi oai igf}oi! fi~pm|~j kogi ficcifmgxj! |ibk~~k kogi p|moi}fixik! pkasm|ixxjvi v}vvi i|m~if}i fmaam ~vm|iai m sjgm fi~n}~~ikgi! ~mnkgfk ia ~}k ~viam! ia Cj~ni~bk ä pj~~jvk fjaam pj|kam ji cjvvi!



4

~nmgfmgfk ig njbpk pm| }g/jxikgm sj~vj! p|kckgfj! ~skavj nkg igfi|ixxk }givj|ik' Ia pj~~k fmni~isk ä~vjvk nkbpi}vk gmaa/kvvkl|m :9<? nkg aj amoom pm| a/j~~in}|jxikgm kllaiojvk|ij nkgv|k aj v}lm|nkak~i!om~vivj fjaa/I~viv}vk fi P|msifmgxj ^knijam'

Mnnk jvv}jvj a/javj p|kbm~~j n}i ia F]NM jsmsj jnnmggjvk gma fi~nk|~k fmaa/J~nmg~ikgm! mnnk|mjaixxjvk }g fmvvjbm fmaaj Nj|vj fma Ajsk|k' Ia pmg~im|k pkaivink m nk~v|}vvk|m fma F]NM jvv}j ig

pimgk i skvi fmi nkgo|m~~i! fmoai ~nimgxijvi m fmoai ~v}fik~i5 mf ä nk~á omvvjvk ia ~kaifk piaj~v|k fmaajo|jgfik~j kpm|j fm~vigjvj j ficmgfm|m m bioaik|j|m! pm| a/kooi mf ia fkbjgi! a/mccinimgxj ci~ink"bk|jamfmaaj gk~v|j ~vi|pm' Jgnk|j }gj skavj ia Njpk jgibj aj ~nimgxj! aj mamsj ja ~m|sixik fi }g javk ifmjamgjxikgjam mf }bjgk'

Ia Cj~ni~bk fibk~v|j nk~á jgnk|j }gj skavj nkg a/makz}mgxj fmi cjvvi nkbm ia ¥ajsk|k ~koomvvk mgkg koomvvk fmaa/mnkgkbijµ ig v}vvm am bjgicm~vjxikgi ~ij ~vjvk mamsjvk j più javj fiogivà m c}gxikgi~knijai! mf jllij |iv|ksjvk gmaak ^vjvk aj oj|jgxij m aj v}vmaj sjgjbmgvm igsknjvm gma pj~~jvk' Iagk~v|k \moibm j~nkavj nk~á v}vvm am skni ndm oai smgokgk fja pkpkak'

]kbk fi pkpkak! pm| am ~}m k|ioigi ndm ~jggk ia f}|k ajsk|k fmaaj cjvink~j oik|gjvj m pm| i sioiai|indijbi fmaaj ~}j }bjgi~~ibj }bjgivà! ia F]NM nkgk~nm fi z}m~vk pkpkak ‖ nkbm bji gkg ~mppmgm~~}g jav|k ivjaijgk ‖ v}vvi i fkak|i m am più g}v|ivm ~pm|jgxm' Z}maai s}ka amgi|m m amgi~nm jccigndé am

~pm|jgxm ~i jssm|igk'Ia Cj~ni~bk gmaaj ~}j bkavmpainm jvvisivà ~knijam igvm~j j ficmgfm|m mf j gkliaivj|m ia ajsk|k! ~i ä

~ojgnijvk ‖ nkbm jccm|bü ia F]NM gma fi~nk|~k fi Vk|igk fma <> kvvkl|m :9>< ‖ ¥fja nkgnmvvkv|kppk aibivjvk fi ciajgv|kpij pm| j||isj|m ja nkgnmvvk più sj~vk m più p|kckgfk fi j~~i~vmgxj'Fkllijbk cj|m jgnk|j }g pj~~k iggjgxi8 fjaa/j~~i~vmgxj fkllijbk j||isj|m jaa/jvv}jxikgm pimgj fmaaj~kaifj|imvà gjxikgjam' Aj pkaivinj fma ajsk|k ä }g ~i~vmbj fi ~kaifj|imvà ~knijam! gkg più igvm~k nkbm}g ~mbpainm cjvvk bk|jam! bj nkbm ia nj|jvvm|m m~~mgxijam! nkgn|mvk! jvv}jam fmaaj sivj ~knijam

pkaivinjbmgvm fi~nipaigjvjµ'Z}jai ~kgk oai ~v|}bmgvi nkg i z}jai ak ^vjvk cj~ni~vj |mjaixxj aj pkaivinj ~knijam nk~á nkgnmpivj;Am j~~in}|jxikgi ~igfjnjai m am i~viv}xikgi fj m~~m n|mjvm ~ij ~igokaj|bmgvm ndm pj|ivmvinjbmgvm! oai

mgvi aknjai! am kpm|m gjxikgjai pj|j~vjvjai' J nij~n}gk fi z}m~vi k|ojgi! gmaa/jblivk fmaaj p|kp|ijjvvisivà m gmi aibivi j~~mogjvi fjaaj amoom! ak ^vjvk cj~ni~vj dj jccifjvk nkbpivi fi v}vmaj! fimf}njxikgm! fi j~~i~vmgxj m fi p|msifmgxj' Bj ä gmnm~~j|ik ndm am sj|im p|kssifmgxm jfkvvjvm fjaamoi~ajvk|m ~ijgk m~vm~m j v}vvi nkak|k ndm v|jookgk fja ajsk|k i bmxxi fmaaj ak|k m~i~vmgxj! gmaamo|jgfi nivvà nkbm gmi più }biai ~kllk|odi! knnk||m ndm ig z}m~vj sj~vj jxikgm! fi ficm~j m fimf}njxikgm ~knijam gkg ni ~ijgk fjggk~m ~ka}xikgi fi nkgvig}ivà! knnk||m }g/igvmo|jxikgm fi v}vvm amoj|jgxim! ~vjliaivm fjaaj amoom5 }g nkgv|kaak ndm p|kbjgi fjaak ^vjvk m ~ij m~m|nivjvk fj }g k|ojgk!fmpk~ivj|ik mf igvm|p|mvm fmaa/jgibj! fma pmg~im|k m fmaaj skakgvà fmaak ^vjvk'

Z}ja ä! gma gk~v|k \moibm! a/i~viv}xikgm ndm pk~~j j~~kasm|m j nk~á sj~vk m ficciniam nkbpivk; IaPj|vivk Gjxikgjam Cj~ni~vj' Pm| aj ~}j k|ioigm! pm| aj ~}j ~v|}vv}|j! pm| aj ~}j jxikgm ig v}vvi i ~mvvk|ifmaaj sivj ~knijam pkaivinjbmgvm fi~nipaigjvj! ia Pj|vivk ndm ¥ä }gj ck|xj nisiam m skakgvj|ij joai k|figi

fmaak ^vjvkµ ä a/}ginj i~viv}xikgm ndm nkg ia siok|m m a/j}vk|ivà fmaaj ~}j pkvmgxj bk|jam pk~~jm~m|nivj|m ‖ ig v}vvi i njbpi! m ~pmnijabmgvm ig z}maak ~knijam ‖ aj ~}j javj c}gxikgm fi mz}iail|ik! finkgv|kaak! fi ~igvm~i m fi mf}njxikgm nisiam fma gk~v|k pkpkak' ¥Ia Pj|vivk ä a/k|ojgixxjxikgm njpiaaj|mfma \moibm' M~~k j||isj ks}gz}m' Ä ia ~jgo}m ndm fmsm ni|nkaj|m ig v}vvi oai k|ojgi fmaaj sivj~knijamµ'

Niü ~iogicinj ndm gm~~}gj jvvisivà p}ü ~c}ooi|m kf m~~m|m ~kvv|jvvj ja nkgv|kaak fma Pj|vivk' Mnnk pm|ndé nkg a/jvv}jam k|figjbmgvk |jooi}gvk nkg ia g}ksk ^vjv}vk fma :9>< ~kgk ~vjvi m~vm~i i pkvm|i mam c}gxikgi fma ^mo|mvj|ik fma Pj|vivk' Ia ^mo|mvj|ik fma Pj|vivk! ig si|vù fmaa/j|v' :: fmaak ^vjv}vk!¥nkgv|kaaj ia c}gxikgjbmgvk fmoai k|ojgi pm|icm|ini pm|ndé kogi jvvk nk||i~pkgfj jaak ~pi|ivk fmaCj~ni~bk5 nkgv|kaaj a/jvvisivà pkaivinj fmaam Nkgcmfm|jxikgi Gjxikgjai Cj~ni~vm fmi fjvk|i fi ajsk|k mfmi ajsk|jvk|i m fmaa/Mgvm Gjxikgjam fmaaj nkkpm|jxikgm m nkaajlk|j ~}a vm||mgk fma ajsk|k m fmaaj

p|kf}xikgm5 bjgvimgm ia nkaamojbmgvk nkg oai k|ojgi fmaak ^vjvk! nkg aj P|m~ifmgxj fma ^mgjvk mfmaaj Njbm|j fmi Fmp}vjvi! nka Nkbjgfk Omgm|jam fmaaj Biaixij m nkg aj ^mo|mvm|ij Omgm|jam fmiCj~ni Ivjaijgi jaa/M~vm|kµ'



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Nkg i pkvm|i jvv|il}ivi ja ^mo|mvj|ik fma Pj|vivk ~kgk p|mni~jvm am c}gxikgi fi nkgv|kaak! finkaamojbmgvk m fi mf}njxikgm j~~mogjvm ja Pj|vivk'

Jgndm gmaam p|ksignim ia Pj|vivk pj|vmnipj jaaj sivj fmaam jbbigi~v|jxikgi ~vjvjai! pj|j~vjvjai mfj}vj|ndindm'

Fj vjai c}gxikgi ~i fm~}bm ndm ia Pj|vivk Gjxikgjam Cj~ni~vj! bmgv|m igfi|mvvjbmgvm sioiaj ~} v}vvi

oai k|ojgi m am i~viv}xikgi fmaak ^vjvk! fi|mvvjbmgvm ~skaom aj p|kp|ij jvvisivà mf j~~kasm ji p|kp|i cigigmaa/jblivk fmaa/k|figjbmgvk ~knijam! gmi ~mo}mgvi ~mvvk|i m nki ~mo}mgvi bmxxi' Jxikgm mnkgkbinj' " Igvm|smgvk jvvisk m fmni~k pm| aj fi~nipaigj fmi p|mxxi m aj ficm~j fma

nkg~}bjvk|m5 pj|vmnipjxikgm fi fi|ivvk jaak ~vjvk bjooik|m fmaam Nk|pk|jxikgi nkg i ~}ki|jpp|m~mgvjgvi ig kogi Nk|pk|jxikgm5 m~jbm p|msmgvisk mf igvm|smgvk gmaaj fi~n}~~ikgm m gmaaj~ka}xikgm fmi bj~~ibi p|klambi fmaaj sivj mnkgkbinj gjxikgjam! nkaamojbmgvk nkg amjbbigi~v|jxikgi ~vjvjai! pj|j~vjvjai! j}vj|ndindm'

Jxikgm ~igfjnjam m ~knijam' " Nkgv|kaak fi|mvvk ~} v}vvm am j~~knijxikgi fipmgfmgvi fja Pj|vivk$^n}kaj! P}llaink ibpimok! Cm||ksim|i! Pk~vmamo|jckgini! Jffmvvi jaam jximgfm igf}~v|ijai fmaak ^vjvk)5Nkbivjvk Igvm|~igfjnjam5 ]ccini fi nkaaknjbmgvk5 nkgv|kaak ~}aam c}gxikgi m ~}oai }kbigi fmaamj~~knijxikgi'

Jxikgm j~~i~vmgxijam ~knijam' " Bmfijgvm a/Mgvm Kpm|m J~~i~vmgxijai m am sj|im igixijvism fmaamj~~knijxikgi fipmgfmgvi fja Pj|vivk! fmi Cj~ni Cmbbigiai m fmaa/Kpm|j ]gism|~ivj|ij mf iankaamojbmgvk nkg a/Kpm|j Gjxikgjam pm| aj p|kvmxikgm fmaaj Bjvm|givà m fmaa/Igcjgxij'

Jxikgm fi mf}njxikgm ci~inj m bk|jam' " Bmfijgvm a/Kpm|j Gjxikgjam Fkpkajsk|k! ia NkbivjvkKaibpikgink Gjxikgjam! i O|}ppi ]gism|~ivj|i! i Cj~ni Oiksjgiai fi Nkbljvvibmgvk mf iankaamojbmgvk nkg a/Kpm|j Gjxikgjam Ljaiaaj m nkg ia Nkbjgfk fmaaj P|mbiaivj|m'

Sj~vk m fmainjvk! nkbm ~i smfm! ia nkbpivk fma Pj|vivk gma ~mvvk|m mnkgkbink ~knijam5 ~i v|jvvj ficj| jfm|i|m oai i~viv}vi m oai igfisif}i jaak ~pi|ivk mf jaam gmnm~~ivà fmaak ^vjvk cj~ni~vj5 fi nkk|figj|m mnkaamoj|m am igixijvism m am i~viv}xikgi mf j|bkgixxj|am gma z}jf|k fmaaj sivj gjxikgjam! fj|m j v}vvja/jxikgm! igvm~j j ficmgfm|m ia ajsk|k m aj ~vi|pm! }g/jgibj mf }g igfi|ixxk }givj|ik'

A/jvv}jxikgm fmaaj c}gxikgm ~knijam fmaak ^vjvk cj~ni~vj m fmaam ~}m javi~~ibm cigjaivà dj aj ~}jnkgn|mvj bjgicm~vjxikgm ig f}m i~viv}xikgi fja Pj|vivk n|mjvm m pkvmgxijvm ja bj~~ibk o|jfk5Nkbivjvk Igvm|~igfjnjam5 a/Mgvm Kpm|m J~~i~vmgxijai'

I Nkbivjvi Igvm|~igfjnjai ska}vi fja Pj|vivk ~kgk ia n|koi}kak fi c}~ikgm c|j am ifmjaivà pkaivindm fmaCj~ni~bk! |jpp|m~mgvjvm fja Pj|vivk! m am ck|xm fi~nipaigjvm fmaaj p|kf}xikgm m fma ajsk|k!|jpp|m~mgvjvm fjaam j~~knijxikgi p|kcm~~ikgjai oi}|ifinjbmgvm |inkgk~ni}vm'

I |i~}avjvi fi z}m~vj cmainm jgvinipjxikgm nk|pk|jvisj! |i~}avjvi nkg~mo}ivi gkg jvv|jsm|~km~m|nivjxikgi jnnjfmbindm bj ja nkaaj}fk ~msm|k mf igm~k|jliam fmaaj |mjavà! ~kgk ~vjvi ~}pm|ik|i jfkogi j~pmvvjvisj'

Nkg a/i~viv}xikgm m a/jxikgm ~skavj fji Nkbivjvi Igvm|~igfjnjai ia Pj|vivk mgv|j ig pimgk gma njbpk~knijam mf mnkgkbink'

A/jaamojvk jaak ^vjv}vk fma Pj|vivk Gjxikgjam Cj~ni~vj |majvisk ja Nkbivjvk Igvm|~igfjnjam mamgnj m p|mni~j am c}gxikgi jf m~~k jccifjvm8j) Igvm|smgvk p|m~~k am j~~knijxikgi ~igfjnjai p|ksignijai pm| p|kb}ksm|m! ~ij a/jfmbpibmgvk

fmaa/kllaiok ibpk~vk fjaaj Nj|vj fma Ajsk|k fi |mokaj|m! bmfijgvm nkgv|jvvi nkaamvvisi! i |jppk|vi fiajsk|k fmaam ~igokam njvmok|im! ~ij a/jfmo}jbmgvk fmi nkgv|jvvi ~vm~~i jaam ~}pm|ik|i gmnm~~ivà fmaaj

p|kf}xikgm5l) Igvm|smgvk pm| aj nkbpk~ixikgm fmaam nkgv|ksm|~im nkgnm|gmgvi ~ij a/jppainjxikgm fmi

nkgv|jvvi p|ksignijai fi ajsk|k! ~ij aj ~vip}ajxikgm fi g}ksm nkgfixikgi fi ajsk|k gmaa/jblivk p|ksignijam! ndm gkg ~ijgk oià ig m~jbm p|m~~k am Nkgcmfm|jxikgi gjxikgjai k am Nk|pk|jxikgi! cm|bm|m~vjgfk! ig kogi nj~k! am cjnkavà fi |jvicinj fj pj|vm fmaam j~~knijxikgi ~igfjnjai fi o|jfk ~}pm|ik|m! jgk|bj fmoai ~vjv}vi5

n) Igvm|smgvk pm| aj nkbpk~ixikgm fi z}maam nkgv|ksm|~im igfisif}jai fi ajsk|k! sm|icinjvm~igmaa/jblivk fmaaj p|ksignij! ndm |ism~vjgk pj|vinkaj|m ibpk|vjgxj k jllijgk |icam~~i pkaivini5f) M~jbm m pj|m|m ig k|figm ja ainmgxijbmgvk fmi p|m~vjvk|i f/kpm|j jsmgvi nj|indm ~igfjnjai



:0

gmaaj k|ojgixxjxikgm p|ksignijam5m) ^skaoibmgvk fmi nkbpivi pkaivini ig |jppk|vk jaa/jvvisivà ~igfjnjam! ndm! fi skavj ig skavj!

sm||jggk jccifjvi fja ^mo|mvj|ik fma Pj|vivk Gjxikgjam Cj~ni~vj ~} bjvm|im ndm gkg ~kgk fi~nipaigjvmfj amooi k fj |mokajbmgvi5

c) Nkgv|kaak ~}aam |ipm|n}~~ikgi fmaa/jxikgm ~igfjnjam gma njbpk pkaivink'

V}vvi z}m~vi nkbpivi pkaivink"~knijai"mnkgkbini ~mogjgk i p|ibi m~pm|ibmgvi nk|pk|jvisi jvv}jvigmaam ~igokam p|ksignim m igfinjgk am sim ndm fks|jggk pm|nk||m|m am Nk|pk|jxikgi gmaaj ak|k jxikgmig p|kckgfivà c|j am njvmok|im p|kf}vvism ~pj|~m pm| v}vvj a/Ivjaij'

Ja Pj|vivk ~pmvvj! ig~kbbj! ia nkbpivk fi cj| ~mgvi|m mf ibpk||m ia ~mg~k nk|pk|jvisk fmaaj sivj'Njbpk gkg bmgk cmnkgfk fmaa/jxikgm cj~ni~vj ä z}maak fmaa/j~~i~vmgxj ja pkpkak'

Gmaaj cj~m più jn}vj fmaaj n|i~i bkgfijam! ndm dj js}vk am ~}m igmsivjliai |ipm|n}~~ikgi~}aa/mnkgkbij gjxikgjam! ia Pj|vivk! kllmfmgfk ja nkbjgfjbmgvk fma F]NM fi jgfj|m sm|~k ia pkpkak!dj bkliaivjvk v}vvm am ~}m ck|xm pm| }gj sm|j m p|kp|ij ljvvjoaij fi j~~i~vmgxj nkg a/jgibk fmaaj cmfmcj~ni~vj! nkg }gj ~v|jk|figj|ij aj|odmxxj fi bmxxi m nkg ia più }givj|ik nkk|figjbmgvk fi igixijvism'

A/jxikgm fma Pj|vivk ä ~vjvj o}ifjvj fj }g p|ignipik! nikä n|mj|m! nkk|figj|m m |mgfm|m j|bkginiv}vvi i bmxxi fi j~~i~vmgxj pm| pkvmgxij|ai ja bj~~ibk! kgfm v|jbm i bjooik|i |i~}avjvi'

Ä ~k|vk nk~á a/Mgvm Kpm|m J~~i~vmgxijai! ndm dj }gj ^mxikgm ig kogi p|ksignij' M~~k p|kssmfmjaa/k|ojgixxjxikgm gjxikgjam fmaam Nkakgim m~vism m fmaam jav|m p|msifmgxm ndm |io}j|fjgk a/igcjgxij$|ink|fijbk c|j v}vvm aj Lmcjgj cj~ni~vj pm| i libli pksm|i)! m~vmgfm aj ~}j jxikgm joai jf}avi!j~~i~vmgfk am bjf|i m i ajsk|jvk|i $nka bmxxk fi n}nigm mnkgkbindm! fi~v|il}xikgm fi sism|i ig gjv}|j!fi igf}bmgvi! fi nkbl}~viliai! |inksm|k ji bjajvi m joai ~c|jvvjvi! ~}~~ifi fi fmgj|k)5 nkg pj|vinkaj|mn}|j j~~i~vm jan}gm njvmok|im più li~kogk~m fi ji}vk $jf m~mbpik am bkgfj|i~k)5 m ~i j~~}bm igcigm}gj c}gxikgm pm|bjgmgvm pm| am j~~i~vmgxm igsm|gjai fjgfk jf m~~m! nkg aj cjvvisj nkaajlk|jxikgm fiv}vvi oai Mgvi! }g/k|ojginj m cmnkgfj }givà f/igfi|ixxk'

Nkg z}jam ~pi|ivk ä ~vjvj nkbpi}vj z}m~vj ck|bifjliam kpm|j fi j~~i~vmgxj ~knijam; Gmaaj |majxikgm omgm|jam ~}aa/jvvisivà j~~i~vmgxijam fma Pj|vivk Gjxikgjam Cj~ni~vj $ja <4 kvvkl|m

:9>>"TII) ä fmvvk! j z}m~vk p|kpk~ivk8 ¥Pm| ak ^vjvk cj~ni~vj ia ~knnk|~k k|ojgixxjvk ig cjsk|mfmaa/igfisif}k li~kogk~k gkg dj sjak|m ig z}jgvk |i~pkgfmgvm j }g ~mgvibmgvk fi nj|ivà sm|~k ia

p|k~~ibk! bj mbigmgvmbmgvm ig z}jgvk jvv|jsm|~k a/jxikgm fmaa/j~~i~vmgxj ~i p}ü |jooi}gom|m ajsjak|ixxjxikgm jaa/igfisif}k ndm ä pj|vm sivjam fmaa/k|ojgi~bk ~vjvjam' Lj~m fmaaj sivj mnkgkbinj"~knijam ~kgk aj ~kaifj|imvà m aj nkaajlk|jxikgm fmaam naj~~i! nkgsm|omgvi sm|~k a/}givà ~}p|mbj fmaak^vjvkµ'

A/j~~i~vmgxj fma Pj|vivk! vkvjaivj|ij gmaaj |jnnkavj fmi bmxxi m gmaa/k|ojgixxjxikgm! javjbmgvm pkaivinj m bk|jam gmaak ~nkpk! ä ibp|kgvjvj gkg jf }g omgm|ink }bjgivj|i~bk bj jf }g mamsjvk~pi|ivk fi ~kaifj|imvà gjxikgjam5 igvmaaiomgvm gmaak ~nkp|i|m i li~kogi m ibbmfijvj gma ~kffi~cj|ai!~jooij m |jxikgjam gmaaj fi~v|il}xikgm! ä }g cmgkbmgk ibpkgmgvm m nkbbksmgvm ndm gkg dj|i~nkgv|k gmaaj ~vk|ij'

Nk~á ia nkbjgfjbmgvk fma F]NM! fi jgfj|m sm|~k ia pkpkak! ä amoom mf jxikgm m sivj mccmvvisj fmaPj|vivk'Ia Pj|vivk ä ia ~jgo}m ndm ~nk||m ig v}vvi oai k|ojgi fmaaj sivj ~knijam8 m~~k pk|vj aj Gjxikgm jaak

^vjvk m ak ^vjvk jaaj Gjxikgm'Ak ^vjvk cj~ni~vj gkg ä }gk ^vjvk j~~ka}vk m bmgk jgnk|j j~~ka}vi~vj! akgvjgk fjoai }kbigi mf

j|bjvk ~kavjgvk fi amooi igcam~~iliai! bj }gk ^vjvk k|ojgink! pkpkaj|m! }bjgk! ndm s}kam jfm|i|m jaaj|mjavà fmaaj sivj'

Ak ^vjvk cj~ni~vj mf ia Pj|vivk ~kgk }gj |mjavà kpm|jgvm fi ~kaifj|imvà gjxikgjam5 |mjavà j|bjvj fiv}vvm am ficm~m! |innj fi v}vvm am ifmm'



::

II' AJ V]VMAJ M A/JSSMGI\M FMAAJ ^VI\PM



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AJ PKVMGXJ pkaivinj m biaivj|m fmaak ^vjvk! a/jssmgi|m m aj ~in}|mxxj fmaaj Gjxikgm ~kgk amojvija p|klambj fmbko|jcink! j~~iaajgvm ig v}vvi i Pjm~i fi |jxxj lijgnj! gkg m~na}~k ia gk~v|k' Li~kogj|ijccm|bj|m jgnk|j }gj skavj! gmaaj bjgim|j più pm|mgvk|ij! ndm nkgfixikgm ig~k~viv}iliam fma p|ibjvkä ia g}bm|k' Z}m~vm pj|kam p|kg}gnijvm fja F]NM! gmaak ~vk|ink fi~nk|~k jaa/J~~mblamj z}igz}mggjam

fma \moibm $:9>6)! ni kcc|kgk aj pk~~iliaivà fi jccm|bj|m! ~mgxj vmbj fi ~bmgvivj! ndm ä sjgk pj|aj|mfi pkvmgxj bk|jam m pkaivinj! ä sjgj kogi j~pi|jxikgm fi p|ibjvk! kogi skakgvà fi nkgz}i~vj! ~m }g pkpkak gkg ~mgvm ia nk|jooik m a/k|okoaik fi pm|pmv}j|m aj ~}j sivj m fi jnn|m~nm|aj gma ~}~~mo}i|~ifmaam omgm|jxikgi' J a}gok jgfj|m ~}kgj cjvjam gmaaj ~vk|ij fi }gj Gjxikgm a/k|j ig n}i z}m~vjbjgnjgxj fi nk|jooik ~i ~nkgvj nkg aj fmnjfmgxj fmbko|jcinj! mnkgkbinj m bk|jam'

V}vvm am jgvindm nisiavà! jgndm z}maam ndm più mllm|k cmfm gmaaj sivj m gmaaj ak|k pkvmgxj jssmgi|m!~mgvi|kgk ia bk|~k fmaaj fmnjfmgxj bjg bjgk ndm aj nkgv|jxikgm fmaam gj~nivm jnnmgv}jsj ia ~}kcjvjam fmnk|~k'

Aj o|jgfm v|jomfij fmaaj |kbjgivà nkignifm nkg ia |mo|m~~k fmaam gj~nivm' J}o}~vkbjaignkginjbmgvm cjnmsj k~~m|sj|m ji ~}ki nkgnivvjfigi ndm aj sivj fmaaj nivvà gkg nkg~i~vm gmaamnj~m! gmi pk|vini! gmaam pijxxm! bj ~kgk oai }kbigi ndm cjggk am nivvà! am pkpkajgk! am j||inndi~nkgk!

am cjggk pkvmgvi' Gkgk~vjgvm }g nk~á makz}mgvm ig~mogjbmgvk fmaaj ~vk|ij! a/M}|kpj ä fj vmbpk ig p|mfj jaaj pj}|j

fmaaj ~kp|jpkpkajxikgm' Ia cjvvk ndm i ~}ki jlivjgvi! fji <3= biaikgi ndm m|jgk gma :4=0! ~ijgk ~jaivi j=:= biaikgi gma :9><! p}ü jsm| fjvk a/iaa}~ikgm fi }gj vmgfmgxj jf }g p|ko|m~~isk nk~vjgvmjnn|m~nibmgvk'

Bj ig z}jam bi~}|j ~kgk j}bmgvjvm am jav|m |jxxm ndm pkpkajgk oai jav|i nkgvigmgvi; M z}m~vkjnn|m~nibmgvk fmbko|jcink fmaa/M}|kpj mf ig omgm|m! fmaaj |jxxj lijgnj! jnn|m~nibmgvk |moi~v|jvkgma ~mnkak ~nk|~k! ä nk~vjgvm! vmgfm j nkg~m|sj|~i! j bioaik|j|m5 k ~ijbk sinmsm|~j mgv|jvifmcigivisjbmgvm m pj}|k~jbmgvm gmaaj cj~m fma fmnaigk igigvm||kvvk mf i||mc|mgjliam fmaam gj~nivm;Mnnk fmi ck|bifjliai! p|mni~i igvm||kojvisi! ji z}jai nm|ndm|mbk fi |i~pkgfm|m gmi aibivi ndm ni ~kgknkg~mgvivi'

A/M}|kpj! ig gksjgvj jggi! dj si~vk n|m~nm|m i ~}ki jlivjgvi fj <=0 biaikgi j =:=' Bjgnjgk nic|mm~jvvm |mv|k~pmvvism pm| a/J~ij! a/Jc|inj! a/Knmjgij m am Jbm|indm' Ä iggmojliam! gkgfibmgk! ndma/jnn|m~nibmgvk fmaaj pkpkajxikgm ig z}m~vi v|m nkgvigmgvi ä ~vjvk fi o|jg a}goj bjooik|mfmaa/M}|kpj' Kooi a/J~ij dj }gj pkpkajxikgm fi }g biaij|fk m :== biaikgi! fi n}i 630 biaikgi gmaajNigj m >6 biaikgi gmaaj Bjgni}|ij' I Oijppkgm~i jbbkgvjgk j 34 biaikgi m bmxxk! bj nkg amNkakgim m Pjm~i fipmgfmgvi $m~na}~j aj Bjgni}|ij) ~jaokgk j più fi 9> biaikgi' ^i p}ü njankaj|m ndmaj |jxxj oijaaj ~ij jaa/igni|nj fi ?00 biaikgi fi jgibm! vjandé m~~j ~}pm|j ig pkpkajxikgm ia vm|xk fiv}vvk ia bkgfk' $Aj pkpkajxikgm bkgfijam ä ~vjvj sja}vjvj |mnmgvmbmgvm j f}m biaij|fi mf kvvjgvjbiaikgi)'

Am jav|m |jxxm ndm pkpkajgk ia bkgfk ~kgk nk~á |jpp|m~mgvjvm8

Gmo|i m b}ajvvi :6= biaikgi5 Igfijgi $f/J~ij) >== biaikgi5 Igfijgi m bmvinni f/Jbm|inj =0 biaikgi5Bjam~i ?3 biaikgi5 pkpkai |m~if}jai ?3 biaikgi'Aj |jxxj lijgnj ndm pkpkaj a/M}|kpj m am f}m Jbm|indm! mf ä ~pj|~j ig v}vvi i nkgvigmgvi! p}ü

m~~m|m z}igfi sja}vjvj! ~mbp|m ig sij f/jpp|k~~ibjxikgm! j 3?4 biaikgi' Ig z}m~vk nkbp}vk ä jgndmnkbp|m~j aj \}~~ij! ndm! ~mnkgfk }gj sja}vjxikgm cjvvj gma omggjik :9>>! dj }gj pkpkajxikgm fi :3>biaikgi'

Bj p}ü aj \}~~ij m~~m|m jggksm|jvj v|j aj pkpkajxikgm fmaaj |jxxj lijgnj; Gkg ä m~~j paj~bjvjci~injbmgvm m ~pi|iv}jabmgvm ig bjgim|j jccjvvk fism|~j fjaaj |jxxj lijgnj sm|j m p|kp|ij ndm pkpkaja/Knnifmgvm;

^m! z}igfi! m~na}fijbk aj \}~~ij fja nkbp}vk fmaaj pkpkajxikgm fmaaj |jxxj lijgnj! z}m~v/}avibj~i |if}nm j =:= biaikgi' K|lmgm! z}m~vj sja}vjxikgm ~vjvi~vinj! z}m~vk |jppk|vk z}jgvivjvisk fmaaj

|jxxj lijgnj nkg am |jxxm fi nkak|m! finm z}jandm nk~j! bj gkg lj~vj'A/Knnifmgvm gkg ~kak gkg dj ia p|ibjvk fmbko|jcink nkbm z}jgvivà! bj sj kogi oik|gk pm|fmgfkvm||mgk jgndm gma njbpk fmaaj z}jaivà' Am ~}m cjnkavà ~pi|iv}jai ~kgk ig sij fi m~j}|ibmgvk5 aj ~}j



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jgibj ä igcijnndivj'Aj skakgvà fi sism|m! aj ~mvm fi okfibmgvk! aj cmll|m fma pijnm|m! fma lmgm~~m|m! djggk i~vm|iaivk

kogi ~k|omgvm fi sivj ~pi|iv}jam' Aj pj}|j fmaaj p|kam ä ia ~mogk bk|vicinjgvm fi z}m~vj jvbk~cm|j fibjvm|ijai~bk gmaaj z}jam |m~pi|jgk am Gjxikgi fmaaj nisiavà knnifmgvjam'

^i aibivjgk am gj~nivm pm| ~kvv|j|~i ja pm|inkak fi fisifm|m nkg i g}ksi j||isjvi i lmgi bjvm|ijai5 ~i

aibivjgk am gj~nivm pm| gkg jsm|m cj~vifi! pm| gkg nk||m|m ia |i~ndik fi |m~pkg~jliaivà! pm| ~kvv|j|~i ja più ~jn|k fmi fksm|i }bjgi8 z}maak fmaaj pjvm|givà'^kgk z}m~vi i ~mogi vm||iliai fi }gj fmnjfmgxj bk|jam ndm! ignkbignijvj fjaa/javk! ~i p|kpjoj m ~i

m~vmgfm j v}vvi i pkpkai m am naj~~i! bigjnnijgfkai gmaaj ckgvm ~vm~~j fmaaj ak|k m~i~vmgxj'Z}m~vk ~}inifik nkaamvvisk fmaa/Knnifmgvm ~i bjgicm~vj ig v}vvk ia ~}k v|joink ~iogicinjvk ksm ak ~i

pkgoj ig |jppk|vk jaaj sivjaivà! jaak ~sia}ppk mf jaaj ck|xj fi m~pjg~ikgm fmaam |jxxm fi nkak|m'Ia o|ifk f/jaaj|bm ä ~vjvk ajgnijvk! |mnmgvmbmgvm! fja F]NM! gmaak ~vk|ink fi~nk|~k p|kg}gxijvk ia

:6 gksmbl|m :9>>! jaa/j~~mblamj fma Nkg~ioaik Gjxikgjam fmaam Nk|pk|jxikgi' Moai fi~~m8 ¥N/ä }gjn|i~i m}|kpmj! vipinjbmgvm m}|kpmj' A/M}|kpj gkg ä più ia nkgvigmgvm ndm fi|iom aj nisiavà }bjgj'Z}m~vj ä aj nkg~vjvjxikgm f|jbbjvinj ndm oai }kbigi! ndm djggk ia fksm|m fi pmg~j|m! fmllkgk cj|mj ~m ~vm~~i mf joai jav|i' N/ä ~vjvk }g vmbpk ig n}i a/M}|kpj fkbigjsj pkaivinjbmgvm! ~pi|iv}jabmgvm!

mnkgkbinjbmgvm ia bkgfk' Ak fkbigjsj pkaivinjbmgvm jvv|jsm|~k am ~}m i~viv}xikgi pkaivindm!~pi|iv}jabmgvm jvv|jsm|~k j v}vvk niü ndm a/M}|kpj dj p|kfkvvk! nkg ia ~}k ~pi|ivk! jvv|jsm|~k i ~mnkai'Mnkgkbinjbmgvm! pm|ndé m|j a/}gink nkgvigmgvm ck|vmbmgvm igf}~v|ijaixxjvk' Bj! kav|m Jvajgvink! ~i ä~sia}ppjvj aj o|jgfm ibp|m~j igf}~v|ijam m njpivjai~vinj'

¥Gmaa/m~v|mbk K|imgvm ä ia Oijppkgm ndm! fkpk jsm| p|m~k nkgvjvvk nkg a/M}|kpj jvv|jsm|~k ajo}m||j fma :90=! jsjgxj j o|jgfi vjppm sm|~k a/Knnifmgvmµ'

Fimv|k aj pjnicinj pmgmv|jxikgm mnkgkbinj ~i v|ksj aj o|jgfm pkvmgxj oijppkgm~m! nkg aj ~}j pk~ixikgm mbigmgvm! nkg aj ~}j ck|bifjliam k|ojgixxjxikgm! nkg aj ~in}|j nkgk~nmgxj fi v}vvi i bmxxifmaa/j|vm lmaainj bkfm|gj'

Fkpk a/K|imgvm oijaak! ia pm|inkak gm|k gkg ä bmgk bigjnnik~k pm| aj |jxxj lijgnj' Fks}gz}m igmo|i mf i cioai fmaa/J~ij ~v|j|ipjgk gmoai j|nipmajodi fma Pjnicink! gmaam Igfim! ig Jc|inj! ig J}~v|jaijmf ig Jbm|inj' M aj C|jgnij ä fismgvjvj }g pm|inkak~k pkgvm fi pj~~jooik pm| am |jxxm ~v|jgim|m igM}|kpj5 gmaam njbpjogm fmaaj C|jgnij si ~kgk fmnigm fi bioaijij fi gmo|i'

Z}jai ~ijgk i pm|inkai m am nkg~mo}mgxm fi vjam igca}~~k fmaam |jxxm fi nkak|m gma n}k|m! gmaaj sivjfmaa/M}|kpj! gkg knnk||m |ipmvm|m'

^n|ivvk|i fi p|klambi biaivj|i! }kbigi pkaivini! ~v}fik~i! djggk bm~~k ig a}nm am nkg~mo}mgxm fivjam pmgmv|jxikgm5 nkg~mo}mgxm fi gjv}|j pkaivinj! bk|jam m fmbko|jcinj'

A/Knnifmgvm! nkg aj ~}j pkaivinj m nkg i ~}ki nkgvjvvi! dj |ifm~vjvk c|j am |jxxm fi nkak|m ig ~mg~kfmaaj pj|ivà fi fi|ivvi! aj nk~nimgxj fmaaj ak|k ck|xj m fma ak|k jssmgi|m'

I lijgndi djggk n|mf}vk! jf }g nm|vk bkbmgvk fmaaj ak|k ~vk|ij! ndm gkg sjam~~m più aj pmgj fi|ip|kf}|~i! pm|ndé a/M}|kpj ~i pkpkajsj v|kppk! pm|ndé ig ~k~vjgxj gkg n/m|j igvm|m~~m jf m~~m|m ig

bkavi! mf m|j p|mcm|iliam m più nkgsmgimgvm m~~m|m ig pkndi' Z}m~vj vmk|ij! ndm i lijgndi pm|~mo}kgk mam |jxxm oijaam m gm|m iogk|jgk! ä aj pkaivinj fmaa/}nni~ikgm amgvj! p|ko|m~~isj! cjvjam fmaa/M}|kpjknnifmgvjam'

Oai ^vjvi ndm ~i p|knajbjgk fmpk~ivj|i fi nisiavà m |mokajvk|i fi ibpm|i ~kgk nk~á bigjvi jaaj ckgvm~vm~~j fmaaj ak|k sivj p|m~mgvm mf jssmgi|m! m bmgv|m am |jxxm fi nkak|m ~i bkavipainjgk nkg }gjcmnkgfivà ibp|m~~ikgjgvm! ndm ä igfinm fmaaj ak|k ck|xj m fmaaj ak|k ~jgivà! a/M}|kpj igsmnndij' Ia|mo|m~~k fmaam gj~nivm ä pjam~m ig v}vvi oai ~vjvi nkg }g |ivbk sj|ik bj n|m~nmgvm! nkggm~~k nkaak~sia}ppk fmaam nivvà igf}~v|ijai! fmi o|jgfi nmgv|i }|ljgi! vjgvk più igcmnkgfi z}jgvk più sj~vi mbk~v|}k~jbmgvm nkak~~jai'

I lkaamvvigi fmaaj fmgjvjaivà ~kgk nkbm vjgvi |igvknndi c}gml|i fmaaj bk|vm ndm ä ig joo}jvk'Oai ^vjvi più p|ko|mfivi fmaa/M}|kpj knnifmgvjam ~mogjgk ia bj~~ibk fmnaigk fmaam gj~nivm' C|j m~~i

djggk ia v|i~vm p|ibjvk aj ^smxij! aj ^sixxm|j! aj Gk|smoij! aj Om|bjgij! a/J}~v|ij! a/Igodiavm||j! ajC|jgnij! aj Fjgibj|nj! ia Lmaoik'I p|ko|m~~i fmaa/ioimgm! fmaa/j~~i~vmgxj ~jgivj|ij! ia bioaik|jvk vmgk|m fi sivj fi v}vvm am naj~~i djggk



:6

nkg~mgvivk! gmaa/}avibk v|mgvmggik! }g jllj~~jbmgvk fmaaj bk|vjaivà'K|lmgm! ~m aj fibig}xikgm fmaaj bk|vjaivà nkbpmg~j ig pj|vm ia cmgkbmgk fmaaj fmn|m~nmgvm

gjvjaivà m nkg~mgvm jgnk|j pm| jan}gi Pjm~i }g aimsm ign|mbmgvk gjv}|jam fmaaj pkpkajxikgm! v}vvjsij äfj |ivmgm|~i ndm vjam ~iv}jxikgm ~ij v|jg~ivk|ij m fks}vj ~kavjgvk jaa/jvv}jam cjsk|mskam nkbpk~ixikgm

pm| mvà fmaaj pkpkajxikgm'

Nkaa/igsmnndijbmgvk fmaa/jvv}jam pkpkajxikgm aj ~iv}jxikgm fmbko|jcinj jgf|à igmsivjliabmgvm pmooik|jgfk pm| mgv|j|m cjvjabmgvm ig }gj cj~m ndm js|à v}vvi i nj|jvvm|i pjvkakoini fi }gj pimgjjokgij fmbko|jcinj'

Oai ~nimgxijvi più j}vk|mskai nkgnk|fjgk ig vjam ipkvm~i! ndm fj jan}gi simgm fmcigivj nkbm a/igixikfmaaj cj~m ~mgm~nmgvm fma ninak likakoink fmaaj sivj fmaam Gjxikgi m ndm gki ndijbijbk nkg }g gkbm

più p|kp|ik8 igsmnndijbmgvk fmi pkpkai' Bj s/ä }g aibivm kav|m ia z}jam aj bk|vjaivà gkg p}ü m~~m|mfibig}ivj5 z}m~vk aibivm ä fjvk fj }gj amoom igm~k|jliam fmaaj gjv}|j' ^vjliaixxjvj z}igfi aj bk|vjaivàgmi aibivi ni|nk~n|ivvi fjaam amooi fmaaj gjv}|j! ia p|ko|m~~isk igsmnndijbmgvk fmaaj pkpkajxikgm~}pm|~vivm! p|mnmf}vk! jnnkbpjogjvk m ~mo}ivk fja |mo|m~~k fmaam gj~nivm! ~mogm|à a/k|j fmaajnjvj~v|kcm fmbko|jcinj fmaa/Knnifmgvm'

P|ibj fi pj~~j|m jaa/m~jbm fmaaj ~iv}jxikgm fmbko|jcinj fmaa/Ivjaij gkg ä p|isk f/igvm|m~~m smfm|m!

~ij jgndm c}ojnmbmgvm! nkbm ~i p|m~mgvj ia cmgkbmgk fma |mo|m~~k fmaam gj~nivm gmi più ibpk|vjgvi m p|ko|mfivi Pjm~i f/M}|kpj' M nkbignijbk fjaaj C|jgnij'

Ia ~jooik fi gjvjaivà! ndm gma pm|ikfk :4?:":440 m|j fi <=!6! gma :9>6 ä ~nm~k j :3!:'A/mnnmfmgxj fmaaj gjvjaivà ~}aaj bk|vjaivà ~i ä |ifkvvj gma :9>6 j :!0 pm| biaam jlivjgvi'

Gkgk~vjgvm aj ck|vm igimxikgm fmbko|jcinj fi mambmgvi ~v|jgim|i p|kaicini! aj ~iv}jxikgmfmbko|jcinj fmaaj C|jgnij ä o|jsm5 o|jsm! pm| a/javj bk|vjaivà fj n}i ä vk|bmgvjvj5 o|jsm! pm| a/ibpksm|ibmgvk sivjam ndm nj|jvvm|ixxü ia bksibmgvk fmaaj pkpkajxikgm c|jgnm~m gmaa/}avibk ~mnkak5o|jsm! igcigm! pm| ia fmnaigk fmaam gj~nivm! ~m aj bjgnjgxj jvv}jam fi }kbigi sjaifi ~i pkgoj ig|jppk|vk jaaj sj~vivà fmi nkbpivi ndm a/jnn|m~ni}vk ibpm|k nkakgijam dj j~~mogjvk j z}ma pkpkak'

^m fjaaj C|jgnij pj|vkgk igsknjxikgi fi~pm|jvm m ~i ajbmgvj aj fmcinimgxj fi }kbigi sjaifi! fibj|igji pm| a/j|bjvj! fi ~kafjvi pm| a/m~m|nivk! fi kpm|ji pm| am kccinigm! fi nkgvjfigi pm| am vm||m! fi~kafjvi m fi pikgim|i pm| ia sj~vk ibpm|k nkakgijam! fjaa/Igodiavm||j ~jaokgk o|ifj fi jgok~nij'

¥Ia nkgnmvvk jgvink fi }gj o}m||j sivvk|ik~j ‖ ~n|ismsj ak ~nk|~k jggk î| Bkgmy ‖ m|j z}maakfmaaj fi~v|}xikgm fma gmbink' A/kfim|gj ifmj fi }gk ~vjvk ifmjam fi pjnm ä pm| a/Igodiavm||j z}maaj fifi~v|}oom|m ~m bmfm~ibjµ8 ig z}m~vm pj|kam s/ä v}vvj aj v|jomfij jssmgi|m fmaaj o|jgfm Igodiavm||j'

Ia più sj~vk! ia più pkvmgvm ibpm|k fma bkgfk ä bigjvk fjaaj più vm||iliam o}m||j ndm ~i pk~~jibbjoigj|m8 fjaa/}nni~ikgm amgvj m p|ko|m~~isj fmaam ~}m gj~nivm' Igcjvvi! ig Igodiavm||j! ia |mo|m~~kfmaaj gjvjaivà dj j~~}gvk! ~pmnijabmgvm ig z}m~vi }avibi jggi! p|kpk|xikgi o|jsi~~ibm8 >3 gjvi ~} :000jlivjgvi gma pm|ikfk :4?:":440 ~nmgfkgk j <6 gma z}jf|imggik :9::":> m p|mnipivjgk j := gma :9>6!z}igfi! ja fi~kvvk fmaaj C|jgnij'

î p|msmfm ndm ia l|}~nk v|jnkaak fmaaj gjvjaivà fmvm|bigm|à! c|j fimni jggi! }gj fibig}xikgm fi

ni|nj v|m biaikgi fi igfisif}i gmaam naj~~i fi mvà igcm|ik|m ji fimni jggi! bmgv|m am naj~~i fi mvà jgxijgj!ndm ~kgk ibp|kf}vvism ji cigi fmaaj cmnkgfivà! |i~}avm|jggk più g}bm|k~m j nj}~j fmaaj fibig}ivjbk|vjaivà'

î js|à! fi nkg~mo}mgxj! }g igsmnndijbmgvk fmaaj pkpkajxikgm' ¥^m ~i fibig}i~nm! gkg ~i cja/ibpm|kµ5 ~i p}ü jooi}gom|m! ig z}m~vk nj~k! ndm gkg ~i p}ü gmpp}|m nkg~m|sj|m a/ibpm|k'

A/Igodiavm||j! nka ~}k ibpm|k! jll|jnnij }g z}j|vk fmaam vm||m fmi nigz}m nkgvigmgvi mf }g z}j|vkfmaaj pkpkajxikgm bkgfijam' Fj njankai |mnmgvi! |i~}avj ndm aj pkpkajxikgm nkbpam~~isj fmaa/Ibpm|k

l|ivjggink |jooi}gom i =00 biaikgi fi jlivjgvi' Z}m~vk ibbmg~k Ibpm|k ä ~vjvk! ~á! n|mjvk fjoaimsmgvi! fjaak ~pi|ivk fi j}fjnij m fjaa/i~vigvk fi p|mfj fi }gj Gjxikgm oi}gvj p|ibj ja v|jo}j|fk fmaajnisiavà nkakgijam! fj }gj moki~vinj pkaivinj fi fkbigik m fi m~pjg~ikgm fmoai }kbigi ndm ajoksm|gj|kgk! bj jav|m~á! m ~kp|jvv}vvk! fjaaj ck|xj fi }gj pkpkajxikgm ndm gkg pk~m aibivi jaaj ~}j

cmnkgfivà! m ~v|j|ipü nkg v}vvi i bmxxi nisiai m ignisiai gmi vm||ivk|i knn}pjvi ~k||mvvj fjaaj ~pjfjigm~k|jliam m ~pimvjvj fma ~kafjvk m fjaaj k~vigjxikgm c|mffj fmaaj ~}j cakvvj'Bmgv|m ia ailm|jai~bk bjgndm~vm|ijgk ~i v|j~v}aajsj nkg i p|ignipi fma Bjavd}~ mf k~vmgvjsj



:=

ficcifmgxj sm|~k am nkakgim! nkg~ifm|jgfkam z}j~i nkbm }g pm~k! ia ca}~~k nkgvig}k! ~iamgxik~kfmaa/mbio|jxikgm nkakgijam n|mjsj aj più o|jgfm Igodiavm||j! k~~ij a/ibpm|k! v|j~ck|bjsj

p|kckgfjbmgvm am vm||m nkgz}i~vjvm |mgfmgfkam ~kvvkbm~~m jaaj ~}j skakgvà mf ja ~}k fkbigik'Ni|nj fimni biaikgi fi igoam~i ~i ~vjliaisjgk gma Njgjfj! gmaam Igfim! gmaa/J}~v|jaij! gmaaj G}ksj

Xmajgfj! gmaa/Jc|inj8 v}vvk niü c} pk~~iliam pm|ndé ~ig fji vmbpi più |mbkvi aj pkpkajxikgm fmaaj O|jg

L|mvjogj p|m~mgvü }g jgfjbmgvk n|m~nmgvm nkg |ivbk jnnmgv}jvk gma ~mnkak ~nk|~k'^mgxj z}m~vk o|jgfik~k j}bmgvk fmaaj pkpkajxikgm! ndm gma nk|~k fi }g ~mnkak ~i ä v|ipainjvk5~mgxj z}m~vj ck|xj fma g}bm|k! a/Igodiavm||j gkg js|mllm pkv}vk gé nkakgixxj|m gé nkg~m|sj|m ia ~}kibbmg~k ibpm|k'

Bj z}m~vk pm|ikfk fi |iokoaik~k ~sia}ppk fmaaj pkpkajxikgm ä cigivk' Aj gjxikgm ndm dj pkpkajvkia bkgfk k|j ~vmgvj pm|cigk j |imbpi|m i z}jf|i m~~mgxijai jaam c}gxikgi fi|mvvism' Cigk j z}jgfk m~~j

pkv|à nkg~m|sj|m ia ~}k p|mfkbigik! ~m oai igoam~i gkg n|m~nkgk fi g}bm|k! ~m gkg ~i ck|bjgk kogijggk g}ksm amoikgi fi oiksjgi p|kgvi j pk|vj|m gmaam vm||m akgvjgm aj sknm! aj ck|xj m aj skakgvà fmaajbjf|mpjv|ij;

Am |jxxm fkbigjvm ~i bkavipainjgk5 i nkgz}i~vjvk|i ~i j~~kvvioaijgk' Sm||à a/k|j ig n}i aj bj|mjfmaam omgvi fkbigjvm vmgfm|à jf jgg}aaj|m! fi~v|}oom|m aj ~}j fipmgfmgxj m jf j~~k|li|m i

nkgz}i~vjvk|i ~vm~~i' Z}jgfk }gj o|jgfm Gjxikgm igsmnndij m aj ~}j pkpkajxikgm fibig}i~nm! i pkpkai fkbigjvi fj m~~j! ndijbjvi jaa/jppmaak fmaaj nisiavà! ~i |ifm~vjgk mf jvvmgfkgk ibpjximgvi a/k|jfmaaj ~}j cigm! nkbm ä gmaaj oi}~vixij fmaaj ~vk|ij m gmaaj sinmgfj fmi pkpkai'

Aj ~iv}jxikgm fmaaj Om|bjgij gkg ä bmgk o|jsm' ^i ä pj|ajvk m ~i pj|aj fmaa/igsmnndijbmgvk fmaaj pkpkajxikgm vmfm~nj! ~i ~kgk |ipk|vjvm fmaam nic|m ig n}i ~i |icamvvm aj fmnjfmgxj! fmbko|jcinj jaajz}jam m~~j pj|m cjvjabmgvm fm~vigjvj5 ~i p}llainjgk oai igfini fmaaj ~}j gjvjaivà ~mbp|m piùfmn|m~nmgvm5 bj kogi pm~~ibi~vinj p|msi~ikgm ~nkbpj|m fi c|kgvm jaaj c|mffj v|joinj |mjavà fmaam nk~m'Aj Om|bjgij ~}li~nm kooi aj più o|jsm ~nkgcivvj' M~~j dj pm|f}vk più }kbigi ig z}m~vi jggi finkgv|kaak m fi aibivjxikgm skakgvj|ij fmaam gj~nivm fi z}jgvi gkg gm jllij pm|f}vi f}|jgvm oai jggifmaaj o}m||j'

Lj~vjgk pkndm nic|m j fj|m a/ifmj fmaa/i||mpj|jliam fi~cjvvj ndm am oià cmnkgfm m ck|vi ~vi|piom|bjgindm ~i ~kgk jgfjvm p|mpj|jgfk fj ~kam'

Gma :900 aj Om|bjgij! nkg }gj pkpkajxikgm fi =3 biaikgi fi jlivjgvi! j||isj j f}m biaikgi fi gjvisisi'

Gma :9>< ‖ jaaj fi~vjgxj fi v|mgvjf}m jggi ‖ nkg }gj pkpkajxikgm fi 34 biaikgi fi jlivjgvi! ajOm|bjgij fi~nmgfm j 9?4'000 gjvi sisi'

Bj am nic|m |majvism ~kgk jgnk|j più o|jsi' Fj >9!: gjvi pm| biaam jlivjgvi gma :4?:":440 ~i ~nmgfmj >9!0 gma pm|ikfk fmaa/jgvmo}m||j pm| p|mnipivj|m j :6!? gma :9>>' Ig nigz}jgvj jggi aj Om|bjgij dj

pm|f}vk Smgviz}jvv|k p}gvi ~}a ~jooik fi gjvjaivà'Bmgv|m am bk|vi ~}pm|jgk am gj~nivm! jccik|jgk gmi nkgsmogi ~nimgvicini m ~}aaj ~vjbpj ~v|jgi

filjvvivi ~}aam vmk|im fmaaj |jxxj p}|j! fmaaj ~mamxikgm fmaaj pkpkajxikgm m aj ~vm|iaixxjxikgm fmoai

ibp}|i' Bjavd}~! njnnijvk fjaaj pk|vj! mgv|j fjaaj cigm~v|j *Ia z}jf|k ndm jllijbk cigk jf k|j v|jnnijvk fmaaj ~iv}jxikgm fmbko|jcinj fmaa/Igodiavm||j! fmaajC|jgnij m fmaaj Om|bjgij ig |majxikgm ji bkavmpaini j~pmvvi fmaaj sivj! fmaak ~sia}ppk m fmaa/jssmgi|mfmaam v|m pkvmgxm knnifmgvjai! kcc|m aj pk~~iliaivà fi jccm|bj|m ndm ks}gz}m ~kgk p|m~mgvi i om|bi fi}gj fmnjfmgxj aj z}jam kogi jggk ~mbp|m più ~i jnnmgv}j m am n}i nkg~mo}mgxm! gma nk|~k fmoai jggic}v}|i! ~i cj|jggk ~mgvi|m ig }gj ck|bj mf ig }gj m~vmg~ikgm fi n}i ä ficciniam p|msmfm|m aj o|jsivà'

Ä a/Ivjaij ibb}gm fj z}m~vk bjam ndm vk|bmgvj mf igv|i~vi~nm aj sivj bk|jam m pkaivinj fmaa/M}|kpjknnifmgvjam; Dj a/Ivjaij pkv}vk ~kvv|j|~i ja fiajojgvm m bk|vicinjgvm cmgkbmgk fmaaj fmgjvjaivà;

J z}m~vi ck|bifjliai igvm||kojvisi dj oià |i~pk~vk fj jggi ia F]NM! nkg aj ~}j pj|kaj jbbkgiv|inm!nkg aj ~joomxxj a}goibi|jgvm fi }gj siok|k~j jxikgm igvm~j ‖ gma njbpk bk|jam! mnkgkbink m~knijam ‖ jf j||m~vj|m k nkb}gz}m jf jvvmg}j|m ia bjam ndm! joo|jsjgfk~i! p}ü nkbp|kbmvvm|m aj

~jgivà p|m~mgvm m aj o|jgfmxxj c}v}|j fmaaj Gjxikgm'^ig fja fi~nk|~k fmaa/J~nmg~ikgm! ia F]NM ajgniü ia ~}k o|ifk f/jaaj|bm'Ä z}m~vk igsm|k }g p|klambj fjaaj ~ka}xikgm fma z}jam fipmgfm a/jssmgi|m fma gk~v|k pkpkak' Gé



:3

sjam nkg~kaj|~i nkg aj o|jsivà fmaaj ~iv}jxikgm fmbko|jcinj fmaam bjooik|i pkvmgxm knnifmgvjai'Si ~kgk gmaaj ~vk|ij pkpkai ndm fmnjfkgk m pkpkai ndm j~nmgfkgk'Ia fm~vigk fmaa/Ivjaij ä ~mogjvk fja gk~v|k o|jgfm Njpk! ndm ~}pm|j nkg aj ~}j oiojgvm~nj ~vjv}|j

v}vvi oai }kbigi fi ^vjvk gma bkgfk nkgvmbpk|jgmk m ~i |ijaajnnij fi|mvvjbmgvm ji o|jgfi nkgfkvvim|ifi pkpkak m nk~v|}vvk|i fi ibpm|i'

Moai! nkg aj ~}j jxikgm ~vibkajv|inm! ndm jaibmgvj }gj \iska}xikgm ~mgxj ~k~vm! nkg ia ~}k pmg~im|k jfm|mgvm jaaj |mjavà fmaaj sivj m jaam gmnm~~ivà fmaaj Gjxikgm! nkg aj a}nm m aj lmaamxxj fi }gjcmfm ndm gkg dj aibivi jaaj ~}j sivjaivà mf m~p|m~~ikgm! dj ~jp}vk |ifm~vj|m v}vvm am si|vù fma gk~v|k

pkpkak m fi m~~k dj ck|bjvk }g/jgibj ~kaj! }g laknnk fi skakgvà! pm|ndé fjaaj nkgz}i~vjvj fiogivà fikooi ~k|oj m f}|i! gmi ~mnkai! aj a}nm m aj pkvmgxj fmaaj nisiavà ivjaijgj'

Bj li~kogj ndm ia pkpkak ~ij fmogk ig v}vvk fma ~}k Njpk m fmaaj ~}j o|jgfm Ifmj'Nkbm ä pk~~iliam pmg~j|m ji cigi ~vk|ini j~~mogjvi j }gj Gjxikgm gma o|jgfm ninak fmaaj nisiavà! ~m

jaaj ~}j skakgvà fi pkvmgxj gkg ~i nkgoi}gokgk }gj nkgvig}ivà mf }g jnn|m~nibmgvk fi sivj fma ~}k pkpkak; Li~kogj z}igfi |mjoi|m nkg v}vvm am ck|xm fmaak ~pi|ivk ja cmgkbmgk fmaaj fmgjvjaivà'

¥Ä z}m~vj aj pimv|j più p}|j fma pj|jokgm ‖ fi~~m ia F]NM ‖ jaaj z}jam ~j|à ~jooijvj aj nk~nimgxjfmaam omgm|jxikgi cj~ni~vmµ'

K|j! z}ja ä aj ~iv}jxikgm fmbko|jcinj fmaa/Ivjaij ig nkgc|kgvk fmoai jav|i Pjm~i; Li~kogj ~}livkfi|m ndm a/Ivjaij gkg ~i v|ksj gmaam nkgfixikgi jaaj|bjgvi fmaaj C|jgnij! fmaa/Igodiavm||j! fmaajOm|bjgij! fmoai ^vjvi ]givi8 ia gk~v|k pkpkak dj |mjoivk m |mjoi~nm ja cmgkbmgk fmo|jfjgvm fma|mo|m~~k fmaam gj~nivm' Aj pkpkajxikgm ndm gma :4?: m|j fi <? biaikgi ä ~jaivj gma :9>= j ni|nj 66biaikgi'

Gkgk~vjgvm vjam gkvmskam j}bmgvk fmbko|jcink ia bjam fmaaj fmgjvjaivà m~i~vm jgndm p|m~~k fi gkim li~kogj nkg nk|jooik fmg}gnij|ak pm| jpp|m~vj|m! nkbm dj cjvvk ia F]NM! i bmxxi jvvi jf jvvmg}j|akm jf j||m~vj|ak'

^m ia nkgnk|~k fmaam bioaik|jvm nkgfixikgi fi jblimgvm ~knijam ndm djggk nkg~mgvivk! ig z}m~vi}avibi jggi! }g jllj~~jbmgvk gkvmskam fma z}kximgvm fi bk|vjaivà5 ~m pm| ia nkgv|il}vk fmi g}namijgnk|j p|kaicini fma Bmxxkoik|gk m fmi |}|jai a/ign|mbmgvk gjv}|jam fmaaj pkpkajxikgm gkg dj ~}lávk}gj ck|vm cjanifij! niü gkg jvvmg}j aj o|jsivà fma bjam' Aj sm|ivà fkak|k~j ä z}m~vj8 jgndm ig Ivjaij amgj~nivm igsmnm fi j}bmgvj|m fibig}i~nkgk' ]gj Gjxikgm ig pimgj m~pjg~ikgm fks|mllm smfm|m aj

pm|nmgv}jam fmaam ~}m gj~nivm bjgvmgm|~i mamsjvj' Kogi jggk igsmnm a/Ivjaij pm|fm z}jandm p}gvk gma~}k z}kximgvm fi gjvjaivà' Lj~vjgk jan}gm nic|m pm| bmvvm|m ig |iaimsk vjam cmgkbmgk' Ia nkmccinimgvm figjvjaivà! pj|i gma :4?6 j >= gjvi pm| kogi biaam jlivjgvi! ä ~nm~k gma :9>6 ja <> pm| biaam'

Bj pm| jsm|m }g/m~jvvj nkgk~nmgxj fmaaj ~iv}jxikgm fmbko|jcinj fma gk~v|k Pjm~m ig |jppk|vk nkgoai jav|i pkpkai! knnk||m m~jbigj|aj gmaaj nk|ginm fi }g sj~vk z}jf|k' Fmsm m~~m|m pk~vj ig |majxikgmjaaj nkg~i~vmgxj z}jgvivjvisj fmaaj pkpkajxikgm m ja |i~pmvvisk vm||ivk|ik! gkgndé ji pk~~mfibmgvinkakgijai fi kogi Gjxikgm'

Nkbm nkg~i~vmgxj z}jgvivjvisj fmaaj pkpkajxikgm ~ijbk ja ~m~vk pk~vk c|j am Gjxikgi nisiai fma

bkgfk'V|jaj~nijbk ig vjam nkbp}vk aj Nigj ndm gkg dj vjam ~v|}vv}|j pkaivinj fj pkvm|aj jggksm|j|m c|j am Gjxikgi fi |jgok ~}pm|ik|m'

A/Ivjaij ja :9>6 jsmsj }gj pkpkajxikgm fi 6> biaikgi fi jlivjgvi' ^i v|ksjgk jf }g aismaak~}pm|ik|m aj \}~~ij nkg :36 biaikgi fi jlivjgvi! oai ^vjvi ]givi f/Jbm|inj nkg :<= biaikgi! iaOijppkgm p|kp|ijbmgvm fmvvk nkg 3= biaikgi! aj Om|bjgij nkg 3= biaikgi m >03'000! ia \mogk ]givknkg 6? biaikgi'

Ig M}|kpj ~ijbk ja z}j|vk pk~vk5 simgm p|ibj aj \}~~ij! ~mo}kgk aj Om|bjgij m a/Igodiavm||j! pkia/Ivjaij'

Nkbm m~vmg~ikgm fmi vm||ivk|i fmi pk~~mfibmgvi nkakgijai! a/Ivjaij knn}pj ia ~m~vk pk~vk' Ä ~}pm|jvjfjaa/Igodiavm||j ndm dj }g vm||ivk|ik }o}jam jaaj z}j|vj pj|vm fmaaj ~}pm|cinim vm||m~v|m! fjaaj C|jgnij!

fja Oijppkgm! fja Pk|vkojaak m fja Lmaoik' Gma sja}vj|m i vm||ivk|i nkakgijai knnk||m vmgm| nkgvk fma ak|k fism|~k sjak|m mnkgkbink z}jai vm||mfi ~c|}vvjbmgvk m fi m~pjg~ikgm fmaaj bjf|mpjv|ij'



:?

Nkbm sjak|m mnkgkbink fmi ~}ki pk~~mfibmgvi a/Ivjaij ä jaa/}avibk o|jfigk mf ä jgndm jaa/}avibk pk~vk pm| g}bm|k fi pkpkajxikgm fmoai ~vm~~i ~}ki pk~~mfibmgvi'

Igcjvvi a/Igodiavm||j nkgvj gmaam ~}m nkakgim v|jg~knmjgindm }gj pkpkajxikgm fi 6=0 biaikgi! ajC|jgnij fi 3< biaikgi! a/Kajgfj fi 30 biaikgi! ia Oijppkgm fi <= biaikgi! oai ^vjvi ]givi f/Jbm|inj fi:3 biaikgi! ia Lmaoik fi :6 biaikgi! ia Pk|vkojaak fi 9 biaikgi'

Simgm ig }avibk a/Ivjaij nkg f}m biaikgi m ?00'000 jlivjgvi'^m ia gk~v|k Pjm~m fksm~~m p|kpk|xikgj|m am ~}m j~pi|jxikgi nkakgijai jaaj pkvmgxj g}bm|inj fmaaj~}j pkpkajxikgm m jaaj o|jgfmxxj fmaaj ~}j nisiavà! m~~k fks|mllm! igf}llijbmgvm! m~~m|m }gk fmoai^vjvi più |innjbmgvm fkvjvi fi nkakgim8 bj a/Ivjaij ndm ä nk~á omak~j fmi p|kp|i fi|ivvi! nkbm |i~pmvvk~jfmoai jav|}i! gkg dj bji pmg~jvk fi igo|jgfi|~i ji fjggi fmaam Gjxikgi nisiai! ndm oià pk~~mookgk! mndimfm m s}kam ~kavjgvk ndm gm~~}gk k~i p|mna}fm|am a/}gink vm||ivk|ik ksm pm|f}|j jgnk|j! ~ks|jgj! ajsm|okogj fi }gj fmo|jfjgvm lj|lj|im'

Pm| nkbpim|m z}m~vj jxikgm nisiaixxjv|inm! a/Ivjaij ~i ckgfj ~} p|mni~i m lmg fmcigivi fi|ivvi8 fi|ivvindm |inmskgk }gj più jbpij nkgsjaifj fja cjvvk ndm c|j v}vvm am Gjxikgi nkakgijai kooi m~i~vmgvi igM}|kpj ä z}maaj ndm pk~~imfm bmgk! j~~ji bmgk fmaam jav|m m j~~ji ja fi~kvvk fmi ~}ki più }|omgvi

li~kogi'

Igcjvvi a/Ivjaij nkg }gj pkpkajxikgm fi 66 biaikgi! ~mgxj nkgvj|m i fimni biaikgi fi Ivjaijgi ~pj|~igma bkgfk! ä jaa/}avibk pk~vk c|j am Gjxikgi nkakgijai fmaa/M}|kpj'

Oai ^vjvi igcjvvi ndm djggk j~~ka}vjbmgvm k |majvisjbmgvm }gj pkpkajxikgm ~}pm|ik|m j z}maajivjaijgj djggk aj|odi~~ibjbmgvm p|kssmf}vk jf kssij|m ja ak|k p|klambj fmbko|jcink nkga/jnz}i~ixikgm fi vm||ivk|i sj~vi~~ibi m |mffivixi gmi più fism|~i nkgvigmgvi5 m oai ^vjvi ndm p}|

pk~~imfkgk bmgk fmaa/Ivjaij! ~i v|ksjgk! pm| a/j~~mgxj ig m~~i fi }g li~kogk m~pjg~ikgi~vink fjvja/ig~}ccinimgvm pkpkajxikgm m pm| ia |mgfibmgvk bjooik|m fmaam |i~pmvvism nkakgim! jf jsm|m }gjo|jgfm pkvmgxj nkakgijam ndm ~kffi~cj i ak|k li~kogi j~~ji più fmaa/Ivjaij! o|jgfm pkvmgxj ndm dj }gj

pj|vm fmni~isj m fi p|ibi~~ibk k|figm gmaaj sivj pkaivinj bkgfijam'Ia g}bm|k dj ia ~}k pm~k m aj ~}j ck|xj gmaaj ~vk|ij fmaaj nisiavà' Ndi pk~~imfm ia g}bm|k pk~~imfm

ak ~v|}bmgvk pkfm|k~k pm| |mjaixxj|m am più j}fjni nkgz}i~vm gma njbpk fmaaj pkaivinj'A/}kbk ä aj bjvm|ij nkg aj z}jam ~i ck|oijgk i fm~vigi fi }g pkpkak'Ia g}bm|k ä ck|xj pm| }gj Gjxikgm ndm dj cmfm ig ~é m ~j v|j||m fja |iokoaik fi sivm g}ksm aj

skakgvà fi jsjgxj|m ~}aam ~v|jfm fma bkgfk pm| a/jccm|bjxikgm fma ~}k p|ibjvk'Oai }kbigi mf i pkpkai ndm gkg djggk cmfm gmaaj sivj! mf djggk pj}|j fi jnn|m~nm|~i m fi

nkgvig}j|~i jvv|jsm|~k am omgm|jxikgi! gkg pkv|jggk jsm|m aj cmfm mf ia nk|jooik fi jp|i|~i }g sj|nkgmaaj ~vk|ij fma bkgfk'

Ia g}bm|k dj ~kp|jvv}vvk ia ~}k pm~k ‖ ia ~}k bmfivjliam pm~k ‖ z}jgfk aj pkpkajxikgm! nkaaj~}j cmnkgfivà m nkaaj ~}j ck|xj m~pjg~isj! ~i v|j~ck|bj ~mbp|m più ig }g pkpkak }givk gma ~}k ~pi|ivk!nkbpjvvk gmaaj ~}j nk~nimgxj! ck|vm fmaaj ~}j skakgvà m nkg~jpmskam fma ~}k fismgi|m'

A/Ivjaij! fkpk vjgvi ~mnkai fi v|i~vm ~vk|ij! dj nkgz}i~vjvk aj ~}j o|jgfm jgibj }givj|ij'

Ia g}bm|k dj js}vk nk~á aj ~}j ignkgckgfiliam z}jaivà5 aj pkpkajxikgm ~i ä v|j~ck|bjvj ig }go|jgfm pkpkak oi}gvk j z}maa/javk o|jfk fi pkvmgxj nisiam m pkaivinj pm| n}i a/j|vm fmaaj o|jgfmxxj! ndmc} lmg nkgk~ni}vj fj gki gma nk|~k fmi biaamggi! ~i |igsm|fi~nm fi g}ksi c|}vvi m fi più ~in}|m

p|kbm~~m'Bj aj Gjxikgm! pm| jsjgxj|m jgnk|j m ~mbp|m ~}aaj ~v|jfj fmaaj g}ksj o|jgfmxxj! gkg fmsm

j||m~vj|m ia |ivbk siok|k~k fmaaj ~}j pkpkajxikgm nkaaj aibivjxikgm skakgvj|ij fmaam gj~nivm'Aj Gjxikgm fmsm ~mbp|m cik|i|m f/}kbigi8 ~j|à z}m~vk ia ~mogk bioaik|m fmaaj ~}j ~jgivà m fmaaj

~}j skakgvà fi sivj m fi pkvmgxj'Ia o|ifk fi jaaj|bm ajgnijvk ~ig fja :9<3 fja F]NM fmsm m~~m|m |jnnkavk fj v}vvi oai Ivjaijgi nkg

a/ibpmogk f/kgk|m fi signm|m z}m~vj ljvvjoaij jaaj z}jam ä amojvk ia fm~vigk fmaaj Gjxikgm' Li~kogjnkgfjggj|m nkg v}vvm am j|bi a/igcigivj v|i~vmxxj fi z}m~vk cmgkbmgk ndm! jvv|jsm|~k aj skakgvj|ij

~vm|iaivà igfisif}jam! p}ü nkgf}||m jaaj ~vm|iaivà! ja ~}inifik nkaamvvisk fi }g pkpkak'Li~kogj |ivk|gj|m jaaj vm||j! |m~viv}i|m joai }kbigi aj cmfm gmaaj sivj! |i~vjliai|m ~} ~jafmckgfjbmgvj mf ig v}vvk ia ~}k sjak|m |maioik~k m ~knijam aj cjbioaij! ndm ä aj p|ibj nmaa}aj fmaaj



:4

~knimvà gjxikgjam! aj ~kaj ck|bj nkg aj z}jam a/}kbk pk~~j ~c}ooi|m ja vm||iliam i~kajbmgvk gma z}jamgj~nm! sism m b}k|m'

Ak ^vjvk cj~ni~vj! nkg aj |m~vj}|jxikgm m aj ficm~j fmi sjak|i bk|jai ndm ~kgk aj lj~mfmaa/mf}njxikgm nisiam fi }g o|jgfm pkpkak! dj pk~vk ja p|ibk pijgk a/i~viv}vk fmaaj cjbioaij'

Aj njbpjogj fmbko|jcinj ljgfivj fja \moibm mf jvv}jvj jvv|jsm|~k v}vvj }gj ibpkgmgvm ~m|im fi

p|kssifmgxm! pj|vinkaj|bmgvm |iskavm jaaj ficm~j fmaaj cjbioaij m n}abigjvj gmaaj nmaml|jxikgm fmaajBjf|m m fma Cjgni}aak! ä pimgj fi ~kaifjam! }bjgj ~iogicinjxikgm'Ak ^vjvk cj~ni~vj nkbljvvm ia nmailjvk mf dj |ifkgjvk jaa/i~viv}vk fma bjv|ibkgik fiogivà nkgck|bm

jaam v|jfixikgi ~pi|iv}jai fma gk~v|k pkpkak' M~~k ~iogicinj pm|cmxikgm fmaa/igfisif}k! igfi~~ka}liaivàfma amojbm! pjvvk ~jn|k fi kllmfi|m jaaj amoom mf ja o|jgfm bi~vm|k fmaaj p|kn|mjxikgm! ndm änkgvig}ivà fmaaj sivj! fmaaj Gjxikgm m fmaaj ~pmnim'

Z}m~vk ä ak ~pi|ivk jgibjvk|m fmaaj pkaivinj fmbko|jcinj fma Cj~ni~bk'Z}jai i bmxxi ibpmogjvi! z}jai am amooi m oai i~viv}vi n|mjvi m pkvmgxijvi! pm| nkbljvvm|m nk~á

oiojgvm~nj ljvvjoaij;:' Am jomskajxikgi jnnk|fjvm jaam cjbioaim g}bm|k~m nkg aj amoom :6 oi}ogk :9<4! |icamvvmgvm

am m~mgxikgi fjaam ibpk~vm fi |inndmxxj bkliam m nkbpambmgvj|m5

<' I p|kssmfibmgvi fi mgvi aknjai! pj|j~vjvjai m ~igfjnjai |icamvvmgvi am m~mgxikgi fjaam vj~~mnkb}gjai! p|ksignijai m fmi nkgv|il}vi ~igfjnjai j cjsk|m fmaam cjbioaim g}bm|k~m!

>' I p|kssmfibmgvi pm| aj p|kvmxikgm fmaaj bjvm|givà m fmaa/igcjgxij $amoom ik finmbl|m :9<=!g' <<??) m aj |mp|m~~ikgm fmi |mjvi nkgv|k aj bjvm|givà mf igcjgxij $\' fmn|mvk 3 gksmbl|m :9<3! g':464! m <> oi}ogk :9<?! g' :0?0)'

6' Aj akvvj nkgv|k ia nmailjvk $\' fmn|mvk :9 finmbl|m :9<3! g' <:><! m <6 ~mvvmbl|m :9<4! g!<993)'

=' Aj akvvj nkgv|k a/}|ljgm~ibk! nka nkgcm|ibmgvk ji p|mcmvvi fmaaj cjnkavà fi mbjgj|mk|figjgxm kllaiojvk|im jaak ~nkpk fi aibivj|m a/mnnm~~isk j}bmgvk fmaaj pkpkajxikgm |m~ifmgvm gmaamnivvà $amoom <6 finmbl|m :9<4! g' <93:)'

3' A/k|figjbmgvk fmi ~m|sixi fi j~~i~vmgxj ji cjgni}aai iaamoivvibi jlljgfkgjvi k m~pk~vijaa/jlljgfkgk $\' fmn|mvk 4 bjooik :9<? bkficinjvk nkg aj amoom <> jp|iam :9>>! g' >:>)'

?' V}vmaj fma ajsk|k fmaam fkggm m fmi cjgni}aai $amoom <3 jp|iam :9>6! g' 3>>)'4' Fi~pk~ixikgi pm| aj v}vmaj fmaam kpm|jim mf ibpimojvm f}|jgvm ak ~vjvk fi o|jsifjgxj m fi

p}m|pm|ik $amoom < a}oaik :9<9! g' :<49)! m v}vmaj fmaaj bjvm|givà fmaam fkggm ajsk|jv|ini $amoom <<bj|xk :9>6)'

9' Aj akvvj nkgv|k am bjajvvim ~knijai mf ig i~pmnim nkgv|k aj v}lm|nkak~i m aj bjaj|ij':0' Am/ p|mcm|mgxm jnnk|fjvm joai ibpimojvi m ~jaj|ijvi nkgi}ojvi fmaak ^vjvk! fmaam p|ksignim!

fmi nkb}gi m fmaam i~viv}xikgi p}llaindm fi j~~i~vmgxj m lmgmcinmgxj'::' Fi~nipaigj fmaa/ioimgm m fmaaj ~jgivà p}llainj':<' Sjak|ixxjxikgm fmaa/jo|inkav}|j nkg aj ljvvjoaij fma o|jgk! aj lkgicinj igvmo|jam! ia

|iblk~ndibmgvk m aj fi~nipaigj fmaa/mbio|jxikgm igvm|gj':>' \i~jgjbmgvk mfiaixik mf ioimgm fmaam jlivjxikgi nkg aj nk~v|}xikgm fi nj~m pkpkaj|i ~jgm! ak~smnndijbmgvk fmaam nivvà! aj fi~v|}xikgm fmi z}j|vim|i smnndi! jgo}~vi! k~n}|i mf igcmvvi'

Ig z}m~vj bkavmpainm m sj~vj jxikgm amoi~ajvisj sjggk ~mogjajvm v}vvm am igixijvism fmi nkb}gi!fmaam p|ksignim! gkgndé fmoai jav|i mgvi aknjai m pj|j~vjvjai! i z}jai djggk nkgv|il}ivk ja bioaik|m m~ivkfmaaj ljvvjoaij fmbko|jcinj nkg a/i~viv}xikgm fi p|mbi ig fjgj|k fi gjvjaivà! ~}~~ifi mf jomskajxikgi fisj|ij gjv}|j $j~~i~vmgxj ~jgivj|ij o|jv}ivj! m~kgm|k pjojbmgvk bmfinigjai) j cjsk|m fmaam cjbioaimg}bm|k~m'

A/i~viv}xikgm fmaaj Oik|gjvj fmaaj Bjf|m m fma Cjgni}aak ska}vj fja F]NM nk~viv}i~nm pm| v}vvi oaiivjaijgi }g p|kckgfk m ~pi|iv}jam |indijbk ji ~}p|mbi sjak|i fmaaj ~vi|pm m |jpp|m~mgvj jav|m~á }gmccinjnm bmxxk fi p|kpjojgfj pm| aj ljvvjoaij fmbko|jcinj'

Bj ~kp|jvv}vvk ~kgk pj|vinkaj|bmgvm |iskavm ja nkbpam~~k p|klambj n}i ä amojvk ia fm~vigk fmaaj Gjxikgm8 a/Kpm|j Gjxikgjam pm| aj P|kvmxikgm fmaaj Bjvm|givà m fmaa/Igcjgxij! a/Kpm|j GjxikgjamLjaiaaj! a/jvvisivà fma Pj|vivk mf i Cj~ni Cmbbigiai' ^kgk z}m~vi jav|mvvjgvi k|ojgi nkaamojvi m



:9

nkgomogjvi fi }gj ~kaj bjnndigj ndm ~i b}ksm ~mgxj ~k~vm ja ~m|sixik fmaaj Gjxikgm'Fjaaj lkgicinj igvmo|jam j z}maaj mfiaixij! fjaaj akvvj nkgv|k a/}|ljgm~ibk jaaj sjak|ixxjxikgm

mnkgkbinj m bk|jam fmaam ck|xm |}|jai! fja fisimvk fmaa/mbio|jxikgm m~vm|gj jaaj fi~nipaigjfmaa/mbio|jxikgm igvm|gj! fjaaj v}vmaj fmaa/ioimgm jaaj akvvj ~mgxj z}j|vim|m nkgv|k am bjajvvim ~knijai!fjaa/mf}njxikgm ci~inj m bk|jam fmaaj oiksmgvù jaaj p|kvmxikgm fmaaj bjvm|givà m fmaa/igcjgxij! fjaaj

ficm~j fmaa/i~viv}vk fmaaj cjbioaij jaa/m~javjxikgm fmi sjak|i ~pi|iv}jai fmaaj Gjxikgm! fjaa/j~~i~vmgxjmnkgkbinj m ~jgivj|ij fma pkpkak jaam più javm bjgicm~vjxikgi fmaaj ~kaifj|imvà nisiam mf }bjgj m v}vvj}gj sj~vj |mvm fi p|kssifmgxm m fi i~viv}vi ndm ia \moibm kppkgm sivvk|ik~jbmgvm ja fiajoj|m fmaajfmgjvjaivà bmgv|m sj~vj fmni~j m cmnkgfj fi |i~}avjvi ä a/kpm|j skavj j fj|m omgm|jxikgi ~jgm m ck|vijaa/jssmgi|m fmaaj Pjv|ij'

J~~i~vm|m a/igcjgxij! mf}nj|m bk|jabmgvm m ci~injbmgvm aj oiksmgvù5 ~} z}m~vk vm||mgk a/jxikgm fma\moibm ä igvmg~j! p|kckgfj! jppj~~ikgjvj' Kogi jggk ia Pj|vivk Gjxikgjam Cj~ni~vj bjgfj jaamnkakgim bkgvjgm m bj|igm j |i~vk|j|si ia nk|pk m ak ~pi|ivk ni|nj ?00'000 ljbligi'

Lj~vj z}m~vj nic|j j fkn}bmgvj|m p|kckgfjbmgvm z}jgvk sj~vj mf }bjgj ~ij a/j~~i~vmgxj ndm ia\moibm p|kfioj jaa/igcjgxij! bmbk|m fmaa/ig~mogjbmgvk fi jgvinj ~joomxxj! ~mnkgfk ia z}jam v}vvkniü ndm ~i ~pmgfm pm| a/igcjgxij a/jssmgi|m |m~viv}i~nm nmgv}painjvk'

Ia \moibm! aj n}i pkaivinj v|j~nmgfm ia p|m~mgvm pm| p|kimvvj|~i ck|vmbmgvm gma fkbjgi p|k~~ibk makgvjgk! jccm|bj gmaam ~}m i~viv}xikgi! gmaam ~}m k|ojgixxjxikgi! ig v}vvm am ~}m |mjaixxjxikgi! aj fmni~jskakgvà fi j~~in}|j|m aj ~jgivà! aj cmnkgfivà m a/jssmgi|m fmaaj ~vi|pm'

Jaaj p|mfinjxikgm moki~vinj! }viaivj|ij! fi~v|}vvisj fi }gj aibivjxikgm skakgvj|ij fmaam gj~nivm! iaCj~ni~bk kppkgm aj p|mfinjxikgm m a/m~javjxikgm fmaam cjbioaim g}bm|k~m pm|ndé ~kak nk~á ä

pk~~iliam j~~in}|j|m aj ~jgivà ci~inj m bk|jam fma gk~v|k pkpkak'A/jssmgi|m m aj o|jgfmxxj fmaaj Gjxikgm ~kgk |ipk~vm gmaam cjbioaim ~jgm m g}bm|k~m' Ig }g Pjm~m

fksm si ~kgk ajsk|jvk|i pm| |mfibm|m m nkgz}i~vj|m aj vm||j! ~kafjvi pm| ~m|si|m aj Pjv|ij! }kbigi ndm~mgvkgk a/javi~~ibk fksm|m fi jnn|m~nm|~i! fi pm|pmv}j|~i! fi bioaik|j|~i! aj Gjxikgm bji p}ü pm|i|m'Oai Ivjaijgi gkg skoaikgk ~}li|m a/kgvj fi z}mi pkpkai ndm fj vmbpk smfkgk ia g}bm|k fmaam lj|m~}pm|j|m z}maak fmaam n}aam! i cknkaj|i mf i njbpi fm~m|vi'

Nkg z}m~vi ~mgvibmgvi! ndm ~kgk ia pjv|ibkgik ~pi|iv}jam fma \moibm! ia Cj~ni~bk dj jpm|vk aj~v|jfj jaaj |igj~nivj fmaa/jgibj! dj igfinjvk mf igfinj joai Ivjaijgi aj sij fmaaj ~jasmxxj'

Pkv|à fi|~i ak ~vm~~k fmoai jav|i Pjm~i; Gkg ~kgk m~~i vk|bmgvjvi fjaa/jgok~nij ndm kogi oik|gk ~i|iamsj gmaa/j~~mgxj fi kogi ~pi|iv}jaivà sisicinjv|inm nk~v|}vv|inm; ^i v|jvvj fi }g f|jbbj sm|k m~k~vjgxijam ndm gkg dj g}aaj fi amvvm|j|ik' A/M}|kpj b}k|m ~pi|iv}jabmgvm m fmbko|jcinjbmgvm'

Bj a/M}|kpj gkg ~i ~nkbpkgm pm| nk~á pknk' Ndm j}bmgvi ia g}bm|k fmaam lj|m m am n}aam ~ijgk~mbp|m più fm~m|vm! ndm am njbpjogm ~i ~pkpkaigk m smgojgk j bjgnj|m oai }kbigi pm| ia ajsk|k m ajficm~j fma vm||ivk|ik! ndm am |jxxm fi nkak|m jsjgxigk m bigjnnigk nkg aj ak|k pmgmv|jxikgm mnkgkbinjoai ~vm~~i bm|njvi fmaa/Knnifmgvm! v}vvk z}m~vk gkg nkgvj'

A/M}|kpj sjgmooij jgnk|j ~}aaj vmk|ij bjavd}~ijgj fmaaj pkpkajxikgm! ~}aam |jxxm p}|m! ~}aam

v|jfixikgi mf ia fkbigik ibpm|ijam fmaam Gjxikgi ~jxim! m gkg smfm m gkg ~i jnnk|om ndm ia ~}k ~jgo}mä bjajvk! ndm aj ~}j nisiavà ä nk||kvvj! ndm ~kp|jvv}vvk ia ~}k ~pi|ivk ~vj pm| pm|fm|m aj fi|mxikgm fmabkgfk'

Aj gk~v|j o|jgfm |jxxj bmfivm||jgmj! aj |jxxj fjaam ck|bm cigi m fmainjvm! a/ifmjam fmaaj ~pmnim}bjgj! aj |jxxj ndm dj cjvvk om|bigj|m m si~vk ~ndi}fm|m am più omgm|k~m j~pi|jxikgi! am più javmifmjaivà }bjgm5 ndm dj paj~bjvj! v|j~ck|bjvj! fkbigjvj aj bjvm|ij! fjgfkam z}j~i }g |m~pi|k fi sivj5ndm fks}gz}m! gmaam vm||m sinigm m akgvjgm! c|j i pkpkai fi v}vvi i nkgvigmgvi! dj pk|vjvk aj sknm m aja}nm fma pmg~im|k! ak ~ajgnik mf ia ~mg~k fi }gj sivj ~}pm|ik|m! m ndm! ~mbp|m! ~mnkgfk a/j}o}~vj

pj|kaj fma ^ks|jgk! ig kogi k|j fmaaj ~}j oak|ik~j ~vk|ij dj j~~kavk aj ~}j bi~~ikgm fi nisiavà! z}m~vjgk~v|j si|iam mf jgvindi~~ibj |jxxj! vk|gjvj j sism|m pm| ia omgik fma ~}k Njpk! ig }gj jvbk~cm|j fink|jooik! fi skakgvà m fi m|ki~bk! igfinj ji pkpkai aj sij fmaaj ~jasmxxj m fmaaj |mfmgxikgm'

A/Ivjaij cj~ni~vj! m~p|m~~ikgm sisj fmaaj a}bigk~j nisiavà bmfivm||jgmj! kcc|m nk~á ja bkgfk! ndm fj}g njpivjai~bk bmnnjgink m l|}vk ä ~vjvk nkgfkvvk jaaj ~vm|iaivà fmaak ~pi|ivk m fmoai }kbigi! aj lmaamxxj fi }g/ifmj }gism|~jam fi |iomgm|jxikgm bk|jam'



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Jf }gj nisiavà bmnnjginj m bjvm|ijai~vinj fmaam nivvà vmgvjnkaj|i m fmaam njbpjogm fm~m|vm ‖ nisiavà bk~v|}k~jbmgvm ~}inifj ‖ ia Cj~ni~bk kppkgm }gj nisiavà ig n}i i sjak|i mvm|gi fmaak ~pi|ivk!fmaaj cjbioaij! fmaaj ~vi|pm |jpp|m~mgvjgk i sm|i o|jgfi ifmjai ndm amojgk a/}kbk jaaj sivj! igvm~j gkgnkbm okfibmgvk bjvm|ijam bj nkbm fksm|m! mamsjxikgm! nkgz}i~vj5 ¥sivj m|kinj! javj m pimgj!si~~}vj pm| ~é! bj ~kp|jvv}vvk pm| oai jav|i! sinigi m akgvjgi! p|m~mgvi m c}v}|iµ'



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III' AJ FI^NIPAIGJ FMA AJSK\K



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^IGFJNJAI^BK CJ^NI^VJ M FI^NIPAIGJ OI]\IFINJFMI \JPPK\VI NKAAMVVISI FI AJSK\K

IA CJ^NI^BK gmaaj ~}j v|jskaomgvm jxikgm gma njbpk pkaivink |i~}~nivü }gj pj|kaj mf }gj cmfm p}|jbmgvm |kbjgm5 ia Cj~nik Aivvk|ik' Gma njbpk fma ajsk|k |i~jaá jaam p}|m ckgvi fi }gj v|jfixikgm

~vk|inj ivjaijgj m ~nma~m ia gkbm oak|ik~k fmaam Nk|pk|jxikgi nkbm ~igvm~i fi v}vvi i sjak|i m fi v}vvm amck|xm p|kf}vvism kpm|jgvi ig ~mgk jaaj ~knimvà gjxikgjam'Ia <> bj|xk :9:9! gmaa/jf}gjvj nk~viv}visj fmi Cj~ni fi Nkbljvvibmgvk! vk|gjgfk ~}aa/ifmj fi

}g/k|ojgixxjxikgm fma ajsk|k jfm|mgvm jaam gmnm~~ivà mf joai igvm|m~~i ~}pm|ik|i fmaaj Gjxikgm! iaF]NM jbbkgisj8 ¥Gki fkllijbk jgfj|m ignkgv|k ja ajsk|k' Oià fja vmbpk fmaa/j|bi~vixik ik ~n|i~~indm li~kogjsj jgfj|m ignkgv|k ja ajsk|k ndm |ivk|gjsj fjaam v|ignmm! pm|ndé ~j|mllm kfik~k m

lka~nmsink gmoj|m ia |inkgk~nibmgvk fmi fi|ivvi fi ndi dj cjvvk aj o}m||j'¥^m aj fkvv|igj ~igfjnjai~vj |ivimgm ndm fjaam bj~~m ~i pk~~kgk v|j||m oai }kbigi njpjni fi

j~~}bm|m aj fi|mxikgm fma ajsk|k! gki gkg pkv|mbk bmvvm|ni fi v|jsm|~k! ~pmnim ~m z}m~vk bksibmgvkvmgoj nkgvk fi f}m |mjavà8 aj |mjavà fmaaj p|kf}xikgm m z}maaj fmaaj Gjxikgm' Gki ni bmvvijbk ~}avm||mgk fma ~igfjnjai~bk gjxikgjam m nkgv|k aj igom|mgxj fmaak ^vjvk z}jgfk skoaij j~~j~~igj|m ia

p|knm~~k fi n|mjxikgm fmaaj |inndmxxj' Nkbljvvm|mbk ia |mv|ko|jfi~bk vmngink m ~pi|iv}jam' Ni ~kgkfmoai igf}~v|ijai ndm ~kgk ignjpjni! fja p}gvk fi si~vj fmaaj vmnginj8 ~m m~~i gkg v|ksm|jggk aj si|vù fiv|j~ck|bj|~i ~j|jggk v|jskavi' Bj gki fkllijbk fi|m jaaj naj~~m kpm|jij ndm jav|k ä fmbkai|m! jav|k änk~v|}i|m5 ndm aj fi~v|}xikgm p}ü m~~m|m kpm|j fi }g/k|j! bmgv|m aj nk~v|}xikgm ä kpm|j jgndm fi~mnkaiµ'

Ig |majxikgm ji p|ignipi mg}gnijvi più skavm fja F]NM ig vmbj fi ~igfjnjai~bk gjxikgjam! ia p|ibkNkgo|m~~k fmi Cj~ni vmg}vk~i j Ci|mgxm ia :0 kvvkl|m :9:9 fmailm|j aj p|kp|ij skakgvà fi jxikgm ~}avm||mgk ~igfjnjam' Bmgv|m ig v}vvk ia Pjm~m fisjbpj aj akvvj pm| njgnmaaj|m fjaaj sivj fmaaj Gjxikgm iasmamgk fi~o|mojvk|m fma ~kssm|~isi~bk ivjaijgk! ~i omvvjgk am lj~i fma ~igfjnjai~bk cj~ni~vj' ^}aam|ksigm fmaam smnndim ifmkakoim smgokgk nk~viv}ivi i p|ibi ~igfjnjvi cj~ni~vi gkg ig gkbm fi Bj|t! gkgig gkbm fi Amgig! bj gma gkbm ibbk|vjam fmaa/Ivjaij'

Gmoai jggi :9<0"<: ia bksibmgvk ~i p|mni~j! ~i nkg~kaifj! p|mgfm |jfini ~kp|jvv}vvk gmaaj SjaamPjfjgj! ndm fismgvj ia nmgv|k jgibjvk|m mf i||jfijvk|m fma bksibmgvk pm| kpm|j fi Mfbkgfk\k~~kgi'

Bj ia ~igfjnjai~bk cj~ni~vj v|ksj aj ~}j jvv}jxikgm m aj ~}j p|ibj ~i~vmbjxikgm gjxikgjam gmaNkgo|m~~k fi Lkakogj! p|m~imf}vk fj Jndiaam ^vj|jnm! ia <6 omggjik :9<<! mf j n}i pj|vmnipjgk i|jpp|m~mgvjgvi fi <00'000 k|ojgixxjvi' ]gj bkxikgm fma ^mo|mvj|ik fma Pj|vivk! Bindmam Lijgndi!ci~~j am aigmm ckgfjbmgvjai fmaa/jxikgm ~knijam fma Cj~ni~bk' Ig m~~j ~i jccm|bj8

I' " Ia ajsk|k nk~viv}i~nm ia ~ks|jgk vivkak ndm amoivvibj aj pimgj m }viam nivvjfigjgxj fmoai}kbigi gma nkg~m~~k ~knijam'

II' " II ajsk|k ä aj |i~}avjgvm fmoai ~ck|xi skavi j|bkginjbmgvm j n|mj|m! j pm|cmxikgj|m! jf

jnn|m~nm|m z}jgvk ck|bj lmgm~~m|m bjvm|ijam! bk|jam! ~pi|iv}jam fmaa/}kbk'III' " ^kgk fj nkg~ifm|j|~i ajsk|jvk|i v}vvi igfi~vigvjbmgvm nkak|k ndm nkb}gz}m ibpimojgk kfmfinjgk aj ak|k jvvisivà ji cigi ~}jnnmggjvi! m pm|vjgvk a/k|ojgixxjxikgm ~igfjnjam! p}| nkg amkppk|v}gm fi~vigxikgi m sj|imvà fi joo|}ppjbmgvi! fmsm p|kpk|~i fi jnnkoaim|ai ~mgxj fmbjokoinik~v|jni~bi'

IS' " Aj Gjxikgm! igvm~j nkbm ~igvm~i ~}pm|ik|m fi v}vvi i sjak|i bjvm|ijai m ~pi|iv}jai fmaaj~vi|pm! ä ~kp|j oai igfisif}i! am njvmok|im m am naj~~i' Oai igfisif}i! am njvmok|im m am naj~~i ~kgk~v|}bmgvi fi n}i aj Gjxikgm ~i ~m|sm pm| ia |jooi}goibmgvk fmaaj ~}j bjooik|m o|jgfmxxj' Oaiigvm|m~~i fmoai igfisif}i! fmaam njvmok|im m fmaam naj~~i jnz}i~vjgk vivkak fi amoivvibivà j pjvvk ndm~ijgk nkgvmg}vi gma z}jf|k fma ~}pm|ik|m igvm|m~~m gjxikgjam'

S' " A/k|ojgixxjxikgm ~igfjnjam! m nikä ak ~v|}bmgvk fi ficm~j m fi nkgz}i~vj fma ajsk|k nkgv|k

v}vvm am ck|bm fma pj|j~~ivi~bk! fmsm vmgfm|m j ~sia}ppj|m gmoai k|ojgixxjvi ia ~mg~k fmaajnkg~jpmskam ig~m|xikgm fmaa/jvvisivà ~igfjnjam gmaaj nkbpainjvj |mvm fmaam |majxikgi ~knijai!ficckgfmgfk aj nkogixikgm ndm kav|m aj naj~~m si ~kgk }gj Pjv|ij mf }gj ^knimvà'



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Ig~pi|jgfk~i ji p|ignipi ckgfjbmgvjai nkg~jn|jvi gmaaj bkxikgm Lijgndi! ia Nkgo|m~~k fi Lkakogj p|knajbj nk~viv}ivj aj Nkgcmfm|jxikgm Gjxikgjam fmaam Nk|pk|jxikgi' Ia ~igfjnjai~bk cj~ni~vj! p|mni~jvm am ~}m c}gxikgi mf i ~}ki nkbpivi! j~~}bm g}ksk siok|m! ~/i||jfij ig v}vvj Ivjaij! i||kbpm nkg~pi|ivk ljvvjoaim|k gmi z}jf|i fmaam k|ojgixxjxikgi |k~~m! m nkgz}i~vj i ajsk|jvk|i jaa/ifmj fmaaj Pjv|ij!

pmgmv|j gmaam nk~nimgxm m gmoai i~viv}vi m skaomgfk~i j fismgi|m a/k|ojgixxjxikgm vkvjaivj|ij fmi

p|kf}vvk|i ivjaijgi! majlk|j! ja nkaaj}fk fmaaj |mjavà! am ifmm ndm fks|jggk pki nk~viv}i|m aj lj~m fmag}ksk k|figjbmgvk pkaivink mf mnkgkbink fmaaj Gjxikgm'Fjaaj Bj|nij ~} \kbj jaaj p|kb}aojxikgm fmaaj amoom > jp|iam :9<3 ~}aaj fi~nipaigj fmi |jppk|vi

nkaamvvisi fi ajsk|k n/ä v}vvj }gj aigmj fi nkgvig}ivà akoinj m ~vk|inj! }gj siok|k~j majlk|jxikgm fiifmm! }gj p|mpj|jxikgm ~pi|iv}jam m pkaivinj! mambmgvi oi}~vi! sivjai m nk~v|}vvisi pm| aj ck|bjxikgm ma/jvv}jxikgm fmaak ^vjvk nk|pk|jvisk cj~ni~vj'

Ia P|ibk Nkg~ioaik Gjxikgjam fmaaj Nkgcmfm|jxikgm fmaam Nk|pk|jxikgi Cj~ni~vm vmg}vk j \kbjgma oi}ogk :9<> ndimfm aj sjaifivà amojam fmi nkgv|jvvi fi ajsk|k'

J z}m~vj |indim~vj! ndm nkgvimgm ig om|bm i p|ignipi igck|bjvk|i fmaaj amoom ~igfjnjam! ia F]NM gkg~kak nkg~mgvm! bj cj ~mo}i|m }gj fmni~ikgm fma Nkg~ioaik fmi Bigi~v|i ndm jccm|bj aj gmnm~~ivà fimbjgj|m }g p|kssmfibmgvk amoi~ajvisk nkg n}i ~ijgk oj|jgvivm aj fi~nipaigj m a/kllmfimgxj fi jblk am

pj|vi nkgv|jmgvi ji pjvvi fi ajsk|k'Ia Nkg~ioaik Gjxikgjam fmaaj Nkgcmfm|jxikgm! gmaa/jp|iam :9<=! |ijccm|bj aj gmnm~~ivà fma

|inkgk~nibmgvk oi}|ifink fmi îgfjnjvi fj pj|vm fmaak ^vjvk! m p|kpkgm }gj |ick|bj fma Bigi~vm|kfmaa/Mnkgkbij Gjxikgjam ¥ig bkfk ndm aj pkaivinj cj~ni~vj fmaaj p|kf}xikgm m fma ajsk|k jllijk|ojgi jfmo}jvi pm| m~~m|m jvv}jvj ~mgxj igf}oik m gma bkfk più mccinjnmµ'

A/jsm|m nk~viv}ivk }g ~igfjnjai~bk gjxikgjam ndm jaaj m~javjxikgm bjvm|ijai~vinj fma li~kogk~k~viv}i~nm aj m~javjxikgm ifmjai~vinj fma ~jn|icinik5 a/jsm| jccm|bjvk ndm ia ajsk|k gkg p}ü m~~m|mnkg~ifm|jvk }gj cjvinj fj ~ndijsi bj }g o|jgfm fksm|m m ~kp|jvv}vvk }gj oikij5 a/jsm|m |ijccm|bjvk aj~}pm|ik|m gmnm~~ivà fi |imf}nj|m am naj~~i ajsk|jvjni sm|~k bioaik|i njpjnivà p|kf}vvism m bk|jai! mnkbp|m~j aj |jfik~j nkbpam~~ivà fmaam j|bkgim ndm jaajnnij ia ajsk|k fma pmg~im|k j z}maak fma

l|jnnik5 v}vvk z}m~vk p|kckgfk |iskaoibmgvk ~pi|iv}jam igvm|ik|m! amgvk! j~p|k m ~in}|k pkvmsj~iogicinj|m nkbm ~iogicinü a/jpm|vj |ilmaaikgm fmaak ~pi|ivk nkgv|k aj bjvm|ij! }g m~m|nixik fi skakgvàkpm|jgvm ji cigi fi }g/jbpij si~ikgm fi oi}~vixij ~knijam5 bj m|j m~na}~j j vjam bksibmgvk! c}k|i fmaak^vjvk! aj pk~~iliaivà fi pm|bmj|m fi ~é i~viv}vi m amooi! fi m~~m|m ndijbjvk pj|vmnipm fmaaj sivj p|m~mgvmm c}v}|j fmaaj Gjxikgm'

M|j gmnm~~j|ij }gj gk|bj amoi~ajvisj! }gj fi~nipaigj oi}|ifinj! aj nkficinjxikgm fma g}ksk fi|ivvk ljaxjvk sisk fjaaj fmnkbpk~ixikgm fmaak ^vjvk ailm|jam! fi z}maak ^vjvk ndm ia Cj~ni~bk jsmsj p|m~k lknndmooijgvm! |k~k fjaaj n|i~i nk~viv}xikgjam! jssiaivk fjaaj ~}j ibpkvmgxj k|ojginj'

Igvm|p|mvm fi z}m~vm gmnm~~ivà m~p|m~~m gmi skvi fmaam k|ojgixxjxikgi ~igfjnjai cj~ni~vm mbjgicm~vjvm~i ja sjoaik fmaa/m~pm|imgxj ~vk|inj fma Cj~ni~bk! ia F]NM gmaaj ~mf}vj fma 3 kvvkl|m :9<=jcc|mvvj aj ~ka}xikgm! ndm ~i p|m~mgvj ndij|j m p|mni~j gmi ~}ki vm|bigi ckgfjbmgvjai! gmaaj ~mo}mgvm

bkxikgm8:° Ia O|jg Nkg~ioaik Gjxikgjam fma Cj~ni~bk |inkgk~nm ndm ia cmgkbmgk ~igfjnjam ‖ j~pmvvkgmnm~~j|ik m ig~kpp|ibiliam fmaaj sivj bkfm|gj ‖ fmsm m~~m|m nkgv|kaajvk m igz}jf|jvk fjaak ^vjvk m

pm|vjgvk ndm i îgfjnjvi! ~ij fi fjvk|i fi ajsk|k ndm fi ajsk|jvk|i! fmllkgk m~~m|m amojabmgvm|inkgk~ni}vi m ~koomvvi ja nkgv|kaak fmaak ^vjvk5 ndm ia |inkgk~nibmgvk fmllj jsm| a}kok pm| }g ~kakîgfjnjvk! pm| kogi ~pmnim fi ibp|m~j k njvmok|ij fi ajsk|jvk|i m p|mni~jbmgvm pm| }g ~kak îgfjnjvkcj~ni~vj5 ndm i îgfjnjvi amojabmgvm fi nj|jvvm|m gjxikgjam! ndm ä z}jgvk fi|m |inkgk~ni}vi! jllijgk}gj amojam |jpp|m~mgvjgxj fi v}vvi oai igvm|m~~i jppj|vmgmgvi jaaj ~pmnim fi ibp|m~m k njvmok|im fiajsk|jvk|i pm| n}i ~kgk nk~viv}ivi m ndm pm|vjgvk m~~i ~kak pk~~kgk ~vip}aj|m nkgv|jvvi nkaamvvisi fiajsk|k nkg mccmvvk pm| v}vvi kllaiojvk|ik5 ndm i îgfjnjvi gkg amojabmgvm |inkgk~ni}vi nkgvig}igk j~}~~i~vm|m nkbm j~~knijxikgi fi cjvvk! ~mnkgfk am gk|bm cigk|j siomgvi'

<° Ia O|jg Nkg~ioaik |ivimgm igkav|m ndm i vmbpi ~ijgk bjv}|i pm| cj| fmnifm|m i nkgcaivvi fmaajsk|k fj }g k|ojgk oi}|i~fixikgjam! mbjgjgvm fjaak ^vjvk! ndm |jpp|m~mgvi oai igvm|m~~i omgm|jaifmaaj Gjxikgm8 aj Bjoi~v|jv}|j fma Ajsk|k! ck|bj più pm|cmxikgjvj fma ~mbpainm j|liv|jvk



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kllaiojvk|ik! m ndm! pm|vjgvk! ~ij kppk|v}gk igv|kf}||m gmaaj g}ksj amoi~ajxikgm! nki gmnm~~j|ivmbpm|jbmgvi! aj oi}|i~fixikgm fma ajsk|k'

Aj amoom > jp|iam :9<3 dj oià i ~}ki nj|jvvm|i m~~mgxijai ndij|jbmgvm fmaigmjvi ig z}m~vi p}gvi fmaajbkxikgm b}~~kaigijgj'

Bjv}|jvj~i k|bji gmaa/m~pm|imgxj m gmaam nk~nimgxm aj gmnm~~ivà fmaa/ig~m|xikgm fmi îgfjnjvi gmaak

^vjvk! gkg ni ~i pkvmsj aibivj|m ja ak|k |inkgk~nibmgvk oi}|ifink! bj knnk||msj fj vjam p|mbm~~jv|j||m v}vvm am ~}m akoindm nkg~mo}mgxm! m nikä aj cjnkavà pm| a/}gink îgfjnjvk |inkgk~ni}vk fi|jpp|m~mgvj|m v}vvj aj njvmok|ij! a/mccinjnij kllaiojvk|ij sm|~k v}vvi fmi nkgv|jvvi ~vip}ajvi fjaamJ~~knijxikgi |inkgk~ni}vm! a/i~viv}xikgm fi }gj Bjoi~v|jv}|j fma Ajsk|k njpjnm fi oi}finj|m m fifmnifm|m ~}aam igjfmbpimgxm ji pjvvi fi ajsk|k! m igcigm ia fisimvk fi ~nikpm|k m fi ~m||jvj'

Ia Cj~ni~bk p|ibj fi fmvvj|m amooi jsmsj n|mjvk! nkg aj ~}j jxikgm o}m||im|j! ia naibj ~vk|ink pm| jvv}j|am' Aj amoom ä igvm|smg}vj pm| ~jgxikgj|m }gk ~vjvk fi cjvvk! pm| v|jf}||m ig gk|bm i li~kogi~mgvivi! am ifmm bjv}|m' Bmvvm|aj ig p|jvinj ~iogicinj cj|si jfm|i|m ~mbp|m più aj nk~nimgxj fma pkpkak'

Jgndm ig z}m~vk njbpk aj gk|bj oi}|ifinj gkg n|mj! bj fi~nipaigj'A/ig~m|xikgm fma îgfjnjvk gmaak ^vjvk! }gj fmaam più o|jgfi m k|ioigjai |mjaixxjxikgi fma

Cj~ni~bk! dj f}gz}m ia ~}k p|mnmfmgvm akoink m ~vk|ink gma p|ko|jbbj f/jxikgm fma ~igfjnjai~bk

cj~ni~vj! gmaaj ~}j skakgvj|ij ~kvvkbi~~ikgm jaak ^vjvk'Ia |inkgk~nibmgvk oi}|ifink! fi~nipaigjvk fjaaj amoom > jp|iam :9<3! aj mamsjxikgm fma îgfjnjvk j

fiogivà fi mgvm p}llaink! gkg ~i ~pimojgk ~mgxj jsm| nkbp|m~k am k|ioigi! aj fkvv|igj! aj p|j~~i fma~igfjnjai~bk cj~ni~vj'

Ia îgfjnjvk cj~ni~vj ~}lk|figj ~m ~vm~~k jaaj ~knimvà m jaak ^vjvk! |inkgk~nm aj ~}pm|ik|ivà fma v}vvk~}aaj pj|vm m! nkbm nkg~mo}mgxj fma fksm|m nkbpi}vk! nkgz}i~vj ia fi|ivvk! p|knajbjvk pki fjaajamoom > jp|iam :9<3! jaaj ~}j pk~ixikgm oi}|ifinj p|isiamoijvj gmaak ^vjvk! ndm ~i nkgn|mvj gma|inkgk~nibmgvk fi }g ~kak îgfjnjvk pm| njvmok|ij! gmaaj |jpp|m~mgvjgxj fi njvmok|ij m gmankgcm|ibmgvk fmi pkvm|i ~igfjnjai ja ~kak îgfjnjvk |inkgk~ni}vk'

Z}m~vj a/k|ioigm ~vk|inj m pkaivinj fmaaj amoom ~igfjnjam fma Cj~ni~bk! vjaskavj fibmgvinjvj fjoai~vm~~i oi}|i~vi'

Ak ^vjvk cj~ni~vj ndm jllijbk |mjaixxjvk ä ak ^vjvk sm|jbmgvm ~ks|jgk ndm fkbigj v}vvm am ck|xm mam mgm|oim fma pkpkak m v}vvm am igfi|ixxj ji cigi ~vk|ini fmaaj sivj gjxikgjam'

K| lmgm! m|j gjv}|jam ndm ak ^vjvk cj~ni~vj fksm~~m igvm|m~~j|~i fma p|klambj ndm dj vk|bmgvjvk mvk|bmgvj ia bkgfk nkgvmbpk|jgmk8 i |jppk|vi v|j njpivjam m ajsk|k5 m fksm~~m z}m~vk p|klambj|i~kasm|m gmaa/igvm|m~~m fi }gj pjnicinj nkgsismgxj c|j i o|}ppi ~knijai pm| }gj ~mbp|m bjooik|m mbioaik|m p|kf}xikgm fmaaj |inndmxxj gjxikgjam'

Ak ^vjvk dj pm| nkbpivk fi ~kffi~cj|m am m~iomgxm ckgfjbmgvjai fmaaj sivj fmi nkg~knijvi bmfijgvmaj ficm~j jaa/m~vm|gk m a/k|figm jaa/igvm|gk'

Bj fmsm ak ^vjvk aibivj|~i j p|kvmoom|m aj sivj m oai jsm|i fmi nivvjfigi jaa/igvm|gk mf jaa/m~vm|k; Kfmsm j~~}bm|~i jav|i nkbpivi pm| ia lmgm fmi nivvjfigi m aj ficm~j m ak ~sia}ppk fmaaj ~knimvà

gjxikgjam;Ak ^vjvk ailm|jam dj ~mbp|m aj~nijvk jpm|vj mf ig~ka}vj ¥aj z}m~vikgm ~knijamµ' Ck|vm fmaaj ~}j p|mbm~~j ifmkakoinj fma aj~nij| cj|m m fma aj~nij| pj~~j|m! ak ^vjvk ailm|jam! v|ignm|jvk gmaaj ~mbpainmficm~j fmaa/k|figm p}llaink! |if}nmsj ia ~}k nkbpivk gma njbpk ~knijam jf }g jccj|m fi k|figj|ijjbbigi~v|jxikgm'

Gmaaj nkgnmxikgm cj~ni~vj ak ^vjvk ~}pm|j a/m~iomgxj fmaaj oj|jgxij oi}|ifinj nkaa/j~~}bm|m }gnkbpivk fi oi}~vixij gmoai igvm|m~~i ~knijai ig nkgcaivvk! nka p|kb}ksm|m! jvv|jsm|~k }g ~i~vmbj fiamooi! fi igixijvism m fi i~v|}xikgi! aj ficm~j m ak ~sia}ppk fmoai igfisif}i! gkg più nk~viv}mgvi }gjbj~~j o|ioij mf jbk|cj fi }givà g}bm|indm igficcm|mgxijvm bj }gj ~kbbj fi }givà k|ojgixxjvm mz}jaicinjvm pm| c}gxikgi p|kf}vvism'

Pkindé ak ^vjvk ~i pkgm nkbm v}vvk ia pkpkak k|ojgixxjvk! m pkindé v}vvi i nivvjfigi ~i ~mgvkgk m ~i

|inkgk~nkgk }o}jai fi c|kgvm jaaj amoom! m aj Gjxikgm ä ia |i~}avjvk! ia p|kfkvvk fmaaj sivj m fma ajsk|kfi v}vvi i ~}ki cioai! ak ^vjvk gmaaj ck|xj fmaaj ~}j pkvm~và f/ibpm|k gkg |if}nm ia p|klambj fmaam ~}mc}gxikgi jf }gj ~mbpainm ficm~j fmaa/k|figm jaa/igvm|gk! lmg~á ~i j~~}bm }g nkbpivk più sj~vk fi



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|mokaj|m! nkgv|kaaj|m v}vvj aj sivj bk|jam! ~knijam mf mnkgkbinj fma pkpkak'Ak ^vjvk ‖ fi~~m ia F]NM! jaa/J~~mblamj z}igz}mggjam fma \moibm! ia :0 bj|xk :9<9 ‖ ¥gkg ä ia

o}j|fijgk gkvv}|gk ndm ~i knn}pj ~kavjgvk fmaaj ~in}|mxxj pm|~kgjam fmi nivvjfigi5 gkg ä gmbbmgk}gj k|ojgixxjxikgm j cigi p}|jbmgvm bjvm|ijai! nkbm z}maak fi oj|jgvi|m }g nm|vk lmgm~~m|m mf }gj|majvisj pjnicinj nkgsismgxj ~knijam! gma z}ja nj~k j |mjaixxj|ak lj~vm|mllm }g nkg~ioaik fi

jbbigi~v|jxikgm5 gkg ä gmbbmgk }gj n|mjxikgm fi pkaivinj p}|j! ~mgxj jfm|mgxm nkaaj |mjavàb}vmskam m nkbpam~~j fmaaj sivj fmi ~igokai m fi z}maaj fmi pkpkai' Ak ^vjvk! nk~á nkbm ia Cj~ni~bkak nkgnmpi~nm m ak jvv}j! ä }g cjvvk ~pi|iv}jam m bk|jam! pkindé nkgn|mvj aj k|ojgixxjxikgm pkaivinj!oi}|ifinj! mnkgkbinj fmaaj Gjxikgm5 m vjam k|ojgixxjxikgm ä! gma ~}k ~k|om|m m gma ~}k ~sia}ppk! }gjbjgicm~vjxikgm fmaak ~pi|ivk' Ak ^vjvk ä oj|jgvm fmaaj ~in}|mxxj igvm|gj mf m~vm|gj5 bj ä jgndm ian}~vkfm mf ia v|j~bmvvivk|m fmaak ~pi|ivk fma pkpkak! nk~á nkbm c} fji ~mnkai majlk|jvk gmaaj aigo}j!gma nk~v}bm! gmaaj cmfm' Ak ^vjvk gkg ä ~kavjgvk p|m~mgvm! bj ä jgndm pj~~jvk m! ~kp|jvv}vvk! c}v}|kµ'

Ak ^vjvk! gkg ä vjam! nikä gkg ä ~ks|jgk ~m gkg |im~nm! nkbm cmnm nkg a/j}vkficm~j igfisif}jam! jsimvj|m jgndm a/j}vkficm~j fi njvmok|ij m fi naj~~m mf j pk|~i nkbm oi}finm gmi nkgcaivvi c|j amnjvmok|im ig akvvj' Z}m~vk nkgnmvvk ä aj lj~m fmaaj g}ksj nk~v|}xikgm oi}|ifinj ndm nkg~ifm|j aj~ka}xikgm fma p|klambj gmi ~}ki vm|bigi igvmo|jai'

M nk~á ~i fmaigmjgk i p|ignipi ckgfjbmgvjai fma ~i~vmbj oi}|ifink fmaaj |ick|bj ~igfjnjam' Ak ^vjvknkgnmfm aj pm|~kgjaivà oi}|ifinj ji îgfjnjvi vjgvk fmi fjvk|i fi ajsk|k z}jgvk fmi ajsk|jvk|i! ~ij pm|

pkvm| m~m|nivj|m ~kp|j fi m~~i aj ~}j javj sioiajgxj gmaa/igvm|m~~m omgm|jam fmaaj Gjxikgm! ~ij pm| fj|mak|k z}maaj nkg~i~vmgxj pjv|ibkgijam m z}maam c}gxikgi! gkg ~kak fi gjv}|j p|isjvj! bj jgndm finj|jvvm|m p}llaink ndm sjaokgk j |mgfm|ai jvvi jaaj ficm~j fmi ak|k |i~pmvvisi igvm|m~~i p|kcm~~ikgjai' Ja|inkgk~nibmgvk fmi îgfjnjvi pki cj |i~nkgv|k aj fi~nipaigj fmi nkgv|jvvi nkaamvvisi fi ajsk|k! pm| mccmvvk fmi z}jai i |jppk|vi c|j njpivjam m ajsk|k smgokgk v|j~cm|ivi fja njbpk fmaam ~mbpaini |majxikgi

p|isjvm gma njbpk fi }g g}ksk ~pmnijam fi|ivvk p}llaink'F/jav|j pj|vm! gmojgfk ia fi|ivvk fi cj|~i oi}~vixij fj ~é! nikä ia fi|ivvk fmaa/j}vkficm~j gmi |jppk|vi

c|j am naj~~i m am njvmok|im! ak ^vjvk ä akoinjbmgvm nkgfkvvk m bk|jabmgvm kllaiojvk j nk~viv}i|m pm| inkgcaivvi ~knijai }g oi}finm8 fja ndm nkg~mo}m fj }gj pj|vm a/i~viv}xikgm fi }gj bjoi~v|jv}|jkllaiojvk|ij fi ^vjvk pm| aj |i~ka}xikgm fi nkgv|ksm|~im v|j j~~knijxikgi m fjvk|i fi ajsk|k mfj~~knijxikgi fi ajsk|jvk|i m p|kcm~~ikgi~vi! m fjaa/jav|j aj oi}~vicinjxikgm fma fisimvk fmaaj ~m||jvj mfmaak ~nikpm|k'

M nk~á |ij~~}bmgfk! ia ~i~vmbj fmaaj fi~nipaigj fma ajsk|k ~/ignj|figj ig z}m~vi z}jvv|k njpi~jafi8:° \inkgk~nibmgvk oi}|ifink fmi îgfjnjvi m ak|k j~~koomvvjbmgvk ja nkgv|kaak fmaak ^vjvk5<° Fi~nipaigj amoi~ajvisj fmi nkgv|jvvi nkaamvvisi fi ajsk|k5>° Bjoi~v|jv}|j kllaiojvk|ij fma ajsk|k56° Fisimvk fmaaj ~m||jvj m fmaak ~nikpm|k pm| aj ~jasjo}j|fij fmaa/igvm|m~~m gjxikgjam'

Ia îgfjnjvk m|j }g bivk! pki ä fismgvjvk }gj ifmj"ck|xj! pki ~/ä igz}jf|jvk gmaak ^vjvk mf äfismgvjvk }gj nmaa}aj fi p|kp}a~ikgm m fi ~sia}ppk fmaak ^vjvk' Z}m~vj ä ~vjvj aj o|jgfm ibp|m~j

nkbpi}vj fja Cj~ni~bk! z}m~vk ia cjvvk g}ksk ndm ~kavjgvk aj omgijaivà fma F]NM pkvmsj |mjaixxj|m' Iaîgfjnjvk ibbm~~k gmaak ^vjvk nk~viv}i~nm }g mambmgvk sisk m cjvvisk fmaaj ~knimvà gjxikgjam5 }gjck|xj kpm|jgvm pm| ia lmgm~~m|m fi nkak|k ndm gm cjggk pj|vm m fmaaj nkaamvvisivà v}vvj igvm|j' Gkg jnj~k! igcjvvi! aj amoom fma > jp|iam :9<3 ä nkg~ifm|jvj kooi più ndm bji aj amoom ckgfjbmgvjam fma\moibm5 z}maaj ndm dj fjvk aj fi~nipaigj ja ajsk|k m a/j~pmvvk g}ksk m nj|jvvm|i~vink ja g}ksk ^vjvkcj~ni~vj! j||inndivk~i fi }g nkgvmg}vk m fi }gj pimgmxxj ndm v}vvi oai jav|i vipi fi ^vjvk iogk|jgk'

Aj ~cm|j fi jxikgm m fi nkbpmvmgxj fma îgfjnjvk oi}|ifinjbmgvm |inkgk~ni}vk ä sj|ij!nkbpam~~j! pimgj' Fjaaj amoom ~kgk jvv|il}ivm ja îgfjnjvk c}gxikgi ~knijai gma njbpk fma nkgv|jvvknkaamvvisk! fma nkaaknjbmgvk! fmaa/j~~i~vmgxj m fmaa/mf}njxikgm'

Nka nkgv|jvvk nkaamvvisk fi ajsk|k ~i nkgn|mvj aj nkgniaijxikgm fmoai kppk~vi igvm|m~~i fmi fjvk|i fiajsk|k m ajsk|jvk|i m aj ak|k ~}lk|figjxikgm joai igvm|m~~i ~}pm|ik|i fmaaj p|kf}xikgm8 nkg aj

fi~nipaigj fmaaj fkbjgfj m fmaa/kccm|vj fi ajsk|k! ~i jccm|bj aj v}vmaj fmoai igvm|m~~i mnkgkbini m~knijai fmoai j~~knijvi5 nkg a/mf}njxikgm bk|jam m gjxikgjam ~i mamsj ia aismaak ~pi|iv}jam fmaam naj~~i!nkg~jpmskabmgvm mgv|jvm fi fi|ivvk m fi cjvvk gmaa/k|livj fmaak ^vjvk cj~ni~vj5 nkg a/i~v|}xikgm vmnginj m



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p|kcm~~ikgjam ~i m~m|nivj }g/jxikgm ~mamvvisj c|j i ajsk|jvk|i bioaik|jgfkgm ~mbp|m più aj ak|knjpjnivà p|kcm~~ikgjam5 igcigm nkg a/j~~i~vmgxj ji p|kp|i |jpp|m~mgvjvi! ~kni m gkg ~kni! j~~i~vmgxj ndmä }g fi|ivvk mf }g fksm|m fma ^igfjnjvk! ~i nmbmgvj c|j i ~igokai ia signkak fmaaj ~kaifj|imvà gjxikgjammf }bjgj'

Aj fi~nipaigj fma ajsk|k! |mjaixxjvj nkg aj amoom > jp|iam :9>3 m nkg a/jxikgm fi v}vmaj! fi

j~~i~vmgxj m fi mf}njxikgm ~skavj fjaam j~~knijxikgi p|kcm~~ikgjai! j~nmgfm j più javj ~cm|j nkg aj p|kb}aojxikgm fmaaj Nj|vj fma Ajsk|k m aj nk~viv}xikgm fmaam Nk|pk|jxikgi'Fja ~igfjnjai~bk cj~ni~vj jaaj fi~nipaigj oi}|ifinj fma ajsk|k! fjaaj Nj|vj fma Ajsk|k

jaa/i~viv}xikgm fmaam Nk|pk|jxikgi! ia p|knm~~k fi v|j~ck|bjxikgm m fi nk~v|}xikgm ä |mvviaigmk!k|ojgink! a}goibi|jgvm' Mnnk ndm a/mficinik p|mni~j aj ~}j j|bkgij ajvigj5 bj gmaaj ~}j m~~mgxijam~v|}vv}|j kogi mambmgvk dj aj ~}j c}gxikgm m aj ~}j |m~pkg~jliaivà'

Ak ^vjvk cj~ni~vj ndm ä m~p|m~~ikgm fmaaj |iska}xikgm fmaam Njbinim Gm|m! j~~}bm nk~á }gjc}gxikgm mf }gj bi~~ikgm ~knijam' Vjam c}gxikgm ä |inkgk~ni}vj fja Cj~ni~bk nkbm ckgfjbmgvjam

pm| a/m~i~vmgxj fmaak ̂ vjvk'Ia F]NM! gma fi~nk|~k p|kg}gxijvk j \kbj ia :6 gksmbl|m :9>>"TII jaa/J~~mblamj fma Nkg~ioaik

Gjxikgjam fmaam Nk|pk|jxikgi! fi~~m8 ¥]gj |iska}xikgm pm| m~~m|m o|jgfm gmaaj ~vk|ij! pm| fj|m

}g/ibp|kgvj p|kckgfj jaaj sivj fma pkpkak! fmsm m~~m|m ~knijamµ' Gma pmg~im|k fma Njpk! m~p|m~~k gmi fi~nk|~i p|kg}gnijvi ig z}m~vi }avibi jggi! n/ä }gj aigmj ndij|j

m |iok|k~j fmaaj c}gxikgm ndm ak ^vjvk cj~ni~vj ~i ä j~~}gvj mf j~~kasm gma njbpk ~knijam' ¥Ia ajsk|kgkg ä koomvvk bj ~koomvvk fmaa/mnkgkbij5 li~kogj ndm ja ajsk|k smgojgk |inkgk~ni}vm aj fiogivàbk|jam m aj |ib}gm|jxikgm mnkgkbinj ndm oai ~pmvvjgk5 ä gmnm~~j|ik n|mj|m jaa/igvm|gk }gjk|ojgixxjxikgm ndm |jnnk|ni nkg o|jf}jaivà mf igcam~~iliaivà am fi~vjgxm v|j am pk~~iliaivà bj~~ibm mz}maam bigibm k g}aam fmaaj sivj5 ja p|ignipik fmaa/}o}joaijgxj oi}|ifinj fjsjgvi jaaj amoom iaCj~ni~bk sm gm jooi}gom }g jav|k gkg bmgk ckgfjbmgvjam8 a/}o}joaijgxj fmoai }kbigi figjgxi jaajsk|k igvm~k nkbm fksm|m m nkbm fi|ivvk! nkbm oikij n|mjv|inm ndm fmsm fiajvj|m m gkliaivj|ma/m~i~vmgxj! gkg bk|vicinj|aj m fmp|ibm|aj'

¥V}vvj a/k|ojgixxjxikgm fmaak ^vjvk cj~ni~vj ä cjvvj ig si~vj fmaak ~sia}ppk fmaaj |inndmxxj! fmaaj pkvmgxj pkaivinj! fma lmgm~~m|m fma pkpkakµ'

Jvv|jsm|~k am mg}gnijxikgi fma F]NM ~kgk p|mni~jvi i p|ignipi igck|bjvk|i fmaaj c}gxikgm ~knijamfmaak ^vjvk'

Ia nj|jvvm|m pkaivink fmaaj |iska}xikgm ~i iggm~vj m ~i fiajvj ig }g njbpk più sj~vk! fi ficm~j! fimamsjxikgm! fi nkgz}i~vj fma pkpkak' Nk~á ak ^vjvk cj~ni~vj p|kb}ksm aj oi}~vixij ~knijam! nk~á ia cjvvkmnkgkbink ~i v|j~cm|i~nm ~} }g pijgk bk|jam m am bj~~m ~mgvkgk mf jssm|vkgk ndm am |mjaixxjxikginkbpi}vm m oai i~viv}vi n|mjvi ~kgk am vjppm m oai ~v|}bmgvi fma ak|k lmgm~~m|m m fmaaj ak|k mamsjxikgm'

AJ FI^NIPAIGJ FMAAM NKGV\KSM\^IM IGFISIF]JAI FI AJSK\K

Aj fi~nipaigj fmaam nkgv|ksm|~im igfisif}jai fi ajsk|k p}ü m~~m|m nkg~ifm|jvj nkbm }gj fmaam p|ibm |mjaixxjxikgi cj~ni~vm fmaaj Nj|vj fma Ajsk|k' Jaaj findij|jxikgm T aj Nj|vj fma Ajsk|k~vjliai~nm ¥ndm gmaam nkgv|ksm|~im igfisif}jai nkgnm|gmgvi a/igvm|p|mvjxikgm m a/jppainjxikgm fminkgv|jvvi nkaamvvisi fi ajsk|k! am j~~knijxikgi p|kcm~~ikgjai djggk cjnkavà fi igvm|pk||m i ak|k }ccini pm| am nkgniaijxikgi' Aj nkbpmvmgxj pm| vjai nkgv|ksm|~im ä fmska}vj jaaj bjoi~v|jv}|j k|figj|ij! nkg a/jo"oi}gvj fi j~~m~~k|i fm~iogjvi fjaam j~~knijxikgi p|kcm~~ikgjai igvm|m~~jvmµ'

Ig |majxikgm j vjai fmvvjbi fmaaj Nj|vj fma Ajsk|k! ia Oksm|gk nkg \' fmn|mvk fma <3 cmll|jik :9<4mbjgjsj am gk|bm pm| aj fmni~ikgm fmaam nkgv|ksm|~im igfisif}jai fi ajsk|k'

Nkg m~~m c}|kgk ~kpp|m~~i i nkaamoi fi p|klisi|i m am nkbbi~~ikgi pm| a/ibpimok p|isjvk! m ajnkgk~nmgxj fmaam nkgv|ksm|~im igfisif}jai |majvism j |jppk|vi fi ajsk|k c} jccifjvj jaaj Bjoi~v|jv}|j

k|figj|ij! m nikä ji P|mvk|i m ji V|il}gjai! gmi aibivi fmaaj ak|k nkbpmvmgxj! j~~i~vivi fj f}m nivvjfigim~pm|vi gmi p|klambi fma ajsk|k m jppj|vmgmgvi }gk ji fjvk|i fi ajsk|k m }gk ji ajsk|jvk|i' Ia \'fmn|mvk nivjvk |mokaj big}xik~jbmgvm a/jxikgm! aj nkbpmvmgxj! aj |jpp|m~mgvjgxj oi}fixijam!



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a/igvm|smgvk ig nj}~j! aj ck|bjxikgm fmaa/jalk fmoai m~pm|vi! gkgndé ia p|knmfibmgvk gmaam ~}m sj|imcj~i'

Sm|jbmgvm ~i ~mgvisj ia li~kogk fi |i}gi|m am fism|~m oi}|i~fixikgi ~pmnijai ig bjvm|ij fi ajsk|k! mfi n|mj|m jnnjgvk jaaj Bjoi~v|jv}|j fma Ajsk|k! m ig pk~ixikgm jf m~~j ~}lk|figjvj! }g V|il}gjam fmaajsk|k fi p|ibj i~vjgxj' ^inndé bkavk kppk|v}gk c} ia p|kssmfibmgvk amoi~ajvisk! ia z}jam |ism~vm }gj

ibpk|vjgxj o|jgfi~~ibj! ~ij pm|ndé i P|mvk|i m i V|il}gjai ~kgk nkbpmvmgvi j nkgk~nm|m jav|m~á fmaamjxikgi p|kbk~~m fjaam J~~knijxikgi p|kcm~~ikgjai amojabmgvm |inkgk~ni}vm nkgv|k i ~igokai fjvk|i fiajsk|k m i ~igokai ajsk|jvk|i pm| aj |m~pkg~jliaivà nisiam ak|k ignkblmgvm j gk|bj fmaa/j|v' = fmaajamoom fma = jp|iam :9<3! g' =3>! ~ij jgndm pm|ndé ä ~vjvk ig vja bkfk ~vibkajvk ia c}gxikgjbmgvk fmaajBjoi~v|jv}|j fma Ajsk|k' Bj fj vmbpk ~i ä jgfjvj fmaigmjgfk aj kppk|v}givà fi }gj |ick|bj fmaamsiomgvi fi~pk~ixikgi amoi~ajvism ~}aam nkgv|ksm|~im igfisif}jai fma ajsk|k! |ick|bj ndm! bmgv|m ä~}oom|ivj fjaaj ~vm~~j m~pm|imgxj jnz}i~ivj gmaaj p|jvinj jppainjxikgm fma \' fmn|mvk <3 cmll|jik:9<4! g' :?:! ä! f/jav|j pj|vm! j}~pinjvj fj }gj aj|oj mf j}vk|mskam nk||mgvm fi fkvv|igj m sisjbmgvm~kaamnivjvj fjaam k|ojgixxjxikgi p|kcm~~ikgjai'

^m! igcjvvi! gkg p}ü fi~nkgk~nm|~i ndm ia ~i~vmbj p|knmf}|jam fmvvjvk fjaam fi~pk~ixikgi jgxifmvvmjllij nkg~mo}ivk ig bj~~ibj ak ~nkpk fi |mgfm|m pm| z}jgvk pk~~iliam |jpifj m ~kaamnivj aj

fmcigixikgm fmaam nkgv|ksm|~im igfisif}jai fma ajsk|k! bmfijgvm }g p|knmfibmgvk ndm! p}| kcc|mgfk amfmlivm oj|jgxim ji ~koomvvi nkgvmgfmgvi! m|j gma nkgvmbpk ~mbpainm mf mnkgkbink m gkg aj~nijsjjfivk j bjgks|m fmcjvinjgvi m j fiajvk|i m~pmfimgvi! v}vvjsij gkg pkndi ~kgk ~vjvi i f}lli m am z}m~vikgi~k|vm gmaaj p|jvinj oi}fixij|ij'

J |i~kasm|m oai }gi m j fi|ibm|m am jav|m jvv|jsm|~k kppk|v}gm bkficinjxikgi! ia Nkg~ioaik Gjxikgjam fmaam Nk|pk|jxikgi majlk|ü fkpk }gj jbpij fi~n}~~ikgm }gj |ick|bj ndm! p}| aj~nijgfkigjavm|jvm am aigmm ckgfjbmgvjai fma ~i~vmbj m ibb}vjvm am ~}m cigjaivà! ~i p|kpk~m fi vmgm| nkgvk gmaam~mogjajxikgi pm|smg}vm ni|nj oai ignkgsmgimgvi n}i nkg bjooik|m c|mz}mgxj m omgm|jaivàa/jppainjxikgm fmaam gk|bm ig m~jbm jsmsj fjvk a}kok! ia bkfk bioaik|m nkbm maibigj|ai' Gma nk|~kfmaa/jbpik filjvvivk c}|kgk p|m~mgvjvi v|m k|figi fma oik|gk' Ia p|ibk cj skvi ndm gmaaj majlk|jxikgmfma vm~vk fmcigivisk ~i vmgoj nkgvk fmi ~mo}mgvi n|ivm|i8

j) kllaiojvk|imvà fmaaj fmg}gnij jaam j~~knijxikgi p|kcm~~ikgjai fi v}vvm am nkgv|ksm|~im fiajsk|k nkb}gz}m sm|icinjvm~i5

l) kllaiojvk|imvà fma vmgvjvisk fi nkgniaijxikgm fjsjgvi jaam k|ojgixxjxikgi ~igfjnjai fmaamnkgv|ksm|~im fm|isjgvi fj nkgv|jvvi nkaamvvisi5

m) |inkgk~nibmgvk fma sjak|m fi vivkak m~mn}visk ja sm|ljam fi nkgniaijxikgm mf kllaiok pm| amnkbbi~~ikgi fi nkgniaijxikgm fi fj|m ja sm|ljam fmaam findij|jxikgi sjak|m fi p|ksj ig oi}fixik5

f) nkgcm|ibmgvk jaam nkbbi~~ikgi fi nkgniaijxikgm fmaaj |jnnkavj fi fmnifm|m igjppmaajliabmgvmam nkgv|ksm|~im fi sjak|m gkg ~}pm|ik|i jaam ai|m =00'

Ia ~mnkgfk cj skvi ndm ~ijgk jvv}jvi f}m p|ignipi ckgfjbmgvjai8j) m~vmg~ikgm fmaaj nkbpmvmgxj fma bjoi~v|jvk fma ajsk|k j oi}finj|m fi v}vvi i |jppk|vi fi

ajsk|k! ~ijgk k gkg ~ijgk oià |mokajvi ig nkgn|mvk fj }g nkgv|jvvk nkaamvvisk mf igfipmgfmgvm fjaajgjv}|j fmaa/mgvm ndm j~~}bm aj cio}|j fi fjvk|m fi ajsk|k5l) kllaiojvk|imvà fmaa/igvm|smgvk fmaa/j~~knijxikgm ~igfjnjam pm| ia vmgvjvisk fi nkgniaijxikgm m

sjak|m fi vivkak m~mn}visk fma |majvisk sm|ljam'Ia vm|xk cj skvi ndm a/k|figjbmgvk fma pm|~kgjam fi |}kak fmaam cm||kv|jgsim nkgnm~~m |ibjgoj ig

bm|ivk jaaj p|komvvjvj |ick|bj igsj|ijvk nk~á gmaam ~}m gk|bm nkbm gmi ~}ki k|ojgi'J nkgna}~ikgm fmaaj fi~n}~~ikgm ia F]NM ~i findij|ü nkgv|j|ik ja nkbbj j) fma ~mnkgfk k|figm fma

oik|gk mf ja nkbbj f) fma p|ibk' \majvisjbmgvm jaaj igjppmaajliaivà fmaam fmni~ikgi p|kg}gnijvmfjaam nkbbi~~ikgi vm|bigü |ink|fjgfk ndm aj oi}~vixij! ig z}m~vj nkbm ig kogi jav|j bjvm|ij! ¥pm| m~~m|m lmg jbbigi~v|jvj fmsm m~~m|m nkbkfj m |jpifjµ'

Ig |majxikgm ji skvi m~p|m~~i fja Nkg~ioaik Gjxikgjam fmaam Nk|pk|jxikgi m fma Pj|ajbmgvk! ia

Oksm|gk nkg aj amoom << omggjik :9>6! g' ?3! c} j}vk|ixxjvk jf igv|kf}||m gma vm~vk fmaaj amoom amkppk|v}gm bkficinjxikgi gkgndé z}maam ndm ~j|jggk gmnm~~j|im pm| nkk|figj|m am gk|bm bmfm~ibmc|j fi ak|k'



<4

Ig si|vù fi vjai pkvm|i ia Oksm|gk dj p|knmf}vk jaaj |mfjxikgm fma vm~vk fmcigivisk fmaam gk|bm nkgfmn|mvk p}llainjvk ia :6 a}oaik :9>6'

Ia g}ksk vm~vk bjgvimgm gmaam ~}m aigmm ckgfjbmgvjai ia ~i~vmbj p|knm~~}jam jfkvvjvk gma :9<4! iaz}jam dj fjvk gma ~}k nkbpam~~k |i~}avjvk ~kffi~cjnmgvm' A/m~pm|imgxj fi z}m~vi ~mi jggi fijppainjxikgi fmaam smnndim gk|bm jsmsj bm~~k pm|ü ig si~vj jan}gm bjgndmskamxxm! ndm ~kgk ~vjvm

maibigjvm j~~in}|jgfk nk~á jgnk|j bjooik|m ~gmaamxxj m |jpifivà jaam fmni~ikgi fmaam nkgv|ksm|~imigfisif}jai ~}a ajsk|k' Aj bjooik| pj|vm fmaam bkficinjxikgi jppk|vjvm ja vm~vk p|mnmfmgvm ~kgk finj|jvvm|m p|knm~~}jam! nkabjgfk jan}gi s}kvi m ndij|mgfk i f}lli ndm z}m~vm jsmsjgk fmvm|bigjvk' Iag}ksk vm~vk gkg ~i ä pm|ü aibivjvk j z}m~vk pm|cmxikgjbmgvk vmngink fma p|knmfibmgvk! }viaixxjgfk iaaj|ok nkgv|il}vk fkvv|igjam m oi}|i~p|}fmgxijam ndm ~i ä ck|bjvk f}|jgvm i ~mi jggi fi jppainjxikgmfmaam gk|bm p|mnmfmgvi! bj dj jav|m~á jbpaijvk gkvmskabmgvm ia njbpk fi jppainjxikgm fmaam gk|bmbmfm~ibm m dj igv|kfkvvk jan}gm gksivà fi pj|vinkaj|m |iaimsk! smgmgfk ignkgv|k j fm~ifm|i m~p|m~~i~pmnijabmgvm fjaam k|ojgixxjxikgi ~igfjnjai! ndm mllm|k j}vk|mskai bjgicm~vjxikgi gmaam fi~n}~~ikgijssmg}vm ig ~mgk ja Nkg~ioaik Gjxikgjam fmaam Nk|pk|jxikgi'

^mnkgfk ia fmn|mvk fma :9<4 am nkgv|ksm|~im pm|~kgjai fma ajsk|k m|jgk fi |mokaj ~kvvkpk~vm jaaj p|knmf}|j ~pmnijam ~kak z}jgfk fm|isj~~m|k fj |jppk|vi pm| i z}jai ni ck~~m|k ig jvvk nkgv|j~vi

nkaamvvisi' Ig bjgnjgxj fi z}m~vi am nkgv|ksm|~im fksmsjgk ~mo}i|m ia amgvk nk|~k fmaaj p|knmf}|jk|figj|ij' Z}m~vj aibivjxikgm simgm vkavj fja g}ksk p|kssmfibmgvk! ia z}jam nkgvmbpaj omgm|jabmgvmam nkgv|ksm|~im fm|isjgvi fj ¥|jppk|vi fi ajsk|k k fi ibpimok ndm ~kgk k pk~~kgk m~~m|m koomvvk finkgv|jvvi nkaamvvisiµ! Gkg ä z}igfi gmnm~~j|ik ndm si ~ij ia nkgv|jvvk nkaamvvisk pm|ndé am nkgv|ksm|~imfm|isjgvi fji |jppk|vi fi ajsk|k pk~~kgk }~}c|}i|m fmi sjgvjooi m fmaam ~mbpaicinjxikgi fmaaj

p|knmf}|j ~pmnijam' V}vvm am nkgv|ksm|~im fi ajsk|k smgokgk nk~á p|jvinjbmgvm nkbp|m~m gmaam g}ksmgk|bm'

^kgk ~vjvm igkav|m m~p|m~~jbmgvm nkgvmbpajvm gma g}ksk p|kssmfibmgvk am nkgv|ksm|~im igbjvm|ij fi bmxxjf|ij! fmaam z}jai ia fmn|mvk fma :9<4 gkg cjnmsj pj|kaj' Pkindé aj fi~nipaigj fmi|jppk|vi fi ajsk|k ä ~vjvj m~vm~j jaaj bjvm|ij fmaaj bmxxjf|ij! m|j akoink m~vmgfm|m jgndm jaamnkgv|ksm|~im ig bjvm|ij fi bmxxjf|ij am gk|bm nkgnm|gmgvi am nkgv|ksm|~im ig bjvm|ij fi ajsk|k' Iag}ksk p|kssmfibmgvk nkgvimgm p}|m }gj gk|bj nkgnm|gmgvm am nkgv|ksm|~im |majvism j |jppk|vi fiajsk|k fi fipmgfmgvi fj mgvi p}llaini' Bj ä z}i fj ndij|i|m ndm aj gk|bj gkg |icamvvm |jppk|vi fiibpimok p}llaink! pm| i z}jai |m~vjgk ibb}vjvm am fi~pk~ixikgi k|j siomgvi! ndm! nkb/ä gkvk!fmcm|i~nkgk jaaj nkbpmvmgxj fma Nkg~ioaik fi ^vjvk m fmaaj oi}gvj p|ksignijam jbbigi~v|jvisj i|ink|~i p|kfkvvi ~}oai ibpimojvi p}llaini'

Aj g}ksj gk|bj ~i aibivj j nkgvmbpaj|m am nkgv|ksm|~im nkgnm|gmgvi z}mi |jppk|vi fi ajsk|k ndmgkg djggk nj|jvvm|m fi ibpimok' Pm| mccmvvk fi m~~j i più bkfm~vi fipmgfmgvi fi Mgvi p}llaini

pkv|jggk }~}c|}i|m fmaam cjniaivjxikgi p|knm~~}jai fmaam z}jai okfkgk i ajsk|jvk|i p|isjvi pm| am ak|knkgv|ksm|~im fi ajsk|k' ]g jav|k p}gvk j~~ji ibpk|vjgvm fmaaj |ick|bj ä nk~viv}ivk fjaaj bjooik|msjak|ixxjxikgm fmaaj c}gxikgm nkgniaijv|inm fmaam J~~knijxikgi ~igfjnjai' Jaa/}kpk! vmg}vk nkgvk fmaam

fi~n}~~ikgi jssmg}vm ig ~mgk ja Nkg~ioaik Gjxikgjam fmaam Nk|pk|jxikgi! ~i ä ibpk~vk ig bkfkomgm|jam a/kllaiok fi fmg}gnij|m p|msmgvisjbmgvm aj aivm jaam k|ojgixxjxikgi ~igfjnjai! findij|jgfk~ikllaiojvk|ik ia vmgvjvisk fi nkgniaijxikgm fj pj|vm fi z}m~vj m ~i ä igkav|m jvv|il}ivj ck|xj m~mn}visj jism|ljai fi nkgniaijxikgm |mfjvvi fji ~mo|mvj|i fmaam J~~knijxikgi bmfm~ibm'

Aj c}gxikgm nkgniaijvisj fmaam J~~knijxikgi ~igfjnjai pkv|à nk~á ~skaom|~i nkg bjooik|m igvmg~ivàj nkg~mo}i|m pimgjbmgvm i ~}ki lmgmcini mccmvvi' ̂ mbpaicinjvm m ndij|ivm am sj|im gk|bm ndm |mokajgk ia

p|knmfibmgvk pm| aj fmcigixikgm fmaam nkgv|ksm|~im igfisif}jai fma ajsk|k! ia g}ksk p|kssmfibmgvk~j|à fi o|jgfm sjgvjooik ~pmnijabmgvm jaam naj~~i ajsk|jv|ini pm| aj v}vmaj fmi ak|k fi|ivvi m jvv}m|à ig

pimgk ia njvmok|ink p|mnmvvk fma F]NM! pm| n}i aj oi}~vixij! pm| m~~m|m mccinimgvm! fmsm m~~m|m nkbkfjm |jpifj8 nikä ndi ndimfm oi}~vixij gkg fmsm m~~m|m ~kccknjvk fj v|kppm p|knmf}|m! m aj oi}~vixij fmsmm~~m|m |m~j gma più l|msm vmbpk pk~~iliam'

A/ibpk|vjgxj fmaaj fi~nipaigj fmaam nkgv|ksm|~im igfisif}jai fi ajsk|k ä bm~~j ig |iaimsk fjaam~mo}mgvi nic|m'Oai jccj|i nkbpam~~isjbmgvm v|jvvjvi m fmcigivi fjaaj fjvj fi jvv}jxikgm fma \' fmn|mvk <3 cmll|jik



<9

:9<4 ja >0 gksmbl|m :9>> c}|kgk8 jaam Nk|vi fi Jppmaak :6'4<6! ji V|il}gjai >='646! jaam P|mv}|m4>'99:'

Vjai nic|m bmvvkgk ig kppk|v}gk |i~javk ak ~sia}ppk j~~}gvk fja fi|ivvk fma ajsk|k mf ia nkgv|il}vkcjvvisk mf kpm|k~k ndm jaaj ~}j majlk|jxikgm m igvm|p|mvjxikgm dj fjvk aj Bjoi~v|jv}|j! |i~kasmgfk

p}gvi nkgv|ksm|~i fi javk sjak|m oi}|ifink m fi gkvmskam ibpk|vjgxj pkaivinj'

FI^NIPAIGJ FMAAJ FKBJGFJ M FMAA/KCCM\VJ FI AJSK\K

Pkindé ak ^vjvk jnnm|vj m nkgv|kaaj ia cmgkbmgk fmaaj knn}pjxikgm m fmaaj fi~knn}pjxikgm fmiajsk|jvk|i! igfinm nkbpam~~isk fmaaj nkgfixikgm fmaaj p|kf}xikgm m fma ajsk|k! aj Nj|vj fma Ajsk|k!jaaj findij|jxikgm TTIII! ~vjliai~nm ndm ¥Oai }ccini fi nkaaknjbmgvk ~kgk nk~viv}ivi j lj~m pj|ivmvinj~kvvk ia nkgv|kaak fmoai k|ojgi nk|pk|jvisi fmaak ^vjvk' I fjvk|i fi ajsk|k djggk a/kllaiok fi j~~}bm|m i

p|m~vjvk|i f/kpm|j pma v|jbivm fi fmvvi }ccini' Jf m~~i ä fjvj aj cjnkavà fi ~nmavj gmaa/jblivk fmoaimamgndi nkg p|mcm|mgxj j nkak|k ndm jppj|vmgokgk ja Pj|vivk m ji ^igfjnjvi cj~ni~vi! ~mnkgfka/jgxijgivà fi i~n|ixikgmµ'

Ig |majxikgm j vjam findij|jxikgm mf ig nkggm~~ikgm nkg ak ~sia}ppk fmaa/k|figjbmgvk nk|pk|jviskfmaak ^vjvk! nkg \' fmn|mvk <9 bj|xk :9<4! g' :00>! m ~}nnm~~isk |mokajbmgvk c} p|kssmf}vk jaajfi~nipaigj gjxikgjam fmaaj fkbjgfj mf kccm|vj fi ajsk|k'

Ig lj~m jaam gk|bm nkgvmg}vm ig z}m~vi f}m fmn|mvi oai ]ccini fi nkaaknjbmgvk smgokgk nk~viv}ivi!bjg bjgk ndm ~m gm |inkgk~nj a/kppk|v}givà pm| am ~igokam njvmok|im! nkg fmn|mvi fma Bigi~vm|k pm| amNk|pk|jxikgi! ~mgvivm am Nk|pk|jxikgi igvm|m~~jvm' Ia fmn|mvk i~viv}visk fi kogi ]ccinik finkaaknjbmgvk gm fmvm|bigj aj nkbpmvmgxj vm||ivk|ijam m z}maaj pm| njvmok|im p|kcm~~ikgjai m pm| omgm|m fi p|kf}xikgm'

Joai ]ccini fi nkaaknjbmgvk ä p|mpk~vj }gj Nkbbi~~ikgm jbbigi~v|jvisj p|m~imf}vj fja^mo|mvj|ik fma Pj|vivk Gjxikgjam Cj~ni~vj m nkbpk~vj ig lj~m pj|ivmvinj fji |jpp|m~mgvjgvi fmaamJ~~knijxikgi ~igfjnjai igvm|m~~jvm fmi fjvk|i fi ajsk|k m fmi ajsk|jvk|i'

Ä z}m~vj Nkbbi~~ikgm ndm ~nmoaim! v|j i fi|iomgvi fmaam K|ojgixxjxikgi ~igfjnjai fmi ajsk|jvk|i! mfj z}m~vm p|kpk~vi! i nkaaknjvk|i! i z}jai ~kgk sm|~k fi m~~j |m~pkg~jliai fmaa/jfmbpibmgvk fma ak|knkbpivk'

I fjvk|i fi ajsk|k djggk a/kllaiok fi j~~}bm|m i ajsk|jvk|i i~n|ivvi joai ]ccini fi nkaaknjbmgvk!fjgfkgm gkvixij! mgv|k nigz}m oik|gi fjaa/j~~}gxikgm! jaa/]ccinik ~vm~~k' F/jav|j pj|vm i p|m~vjvk|if/kpm|j fi~knn}pjvi fmllkgk i~n|ism|~i gmaam ai~vm fmoai ]ccini fi nkaaknjbmgvk fmaaj ni|nk~n|ixikgm ign}i m~~i djggk aj p|kp|ij |m~ifmgxj' Pm| nkak|k ndm gkg jppainjgk z}m~vm fi~pk~ixikgi smgokgkci~~jvm fmaam pj|vinkaj|i ~jgxikgi' ^m lmg ~i k~~m|sj! am gk|bm ni|nj a/j~~}gxikgm nkgvmg}vm gmi f}m|moi fmn|mvi nkgv|j~vjsjgk nkg aj |mokaj ci~~jvj gmaaj findij|jxikgm TTIII fmaaj Nj|vj fma Ajsk|k'Bmgv|m z}m~vj! igsm|k! ~jgnisj a/kllaiok fma fjvk|m fi j~~}bm|m i p|m~vjvk|i f/kpm|j pm| ia v|jbivm

fmoai ]ccini fi nkaaknjbmgvk! i f}m |moi fmn|mvi ~}nnivjvi igsmnm jbbmvvmsjgk a/kllaiok fi j~~}bm|m iajsk|jvk|i i~n|ivvi gmoai ]ccini fi nkaaknjbmgvk bj gkg pm| ia v|jbivm fmoai ~vm~~i' Sj|im c}|kgk amk~~m|sjxikgi ~kaamsjvm gma njbpk ~igfjnjam sm|~k am fi~pk~ixikgi amoi~ajvism ig pj|kaj! ndm p}|mjsmsjgk ia ak|k ckgfjbmgvk ig nkg~ifm|jxikgi f/kppk|v}givà' M jaak|j nkg ia \' fmn|mvk 9 finmbl|m:9<9! g' <>>>! ä ~vjvk ci~~jvk a/kllaiok fmi fjvk|i fi ajsk|k fi j~~}bm|m i p|m~vjvk|i f/kpm|jfi~knn}pjvi pm| ia v|jbivm fmoai ]ccini fi nkaaknjbmgvk! nkg cjnkavà fi ~nmavj gmaa/jblivk fmoai i~n|ivvigmoai mamgndi m nkg p|mcm|mgxj joai jppj|vmgmgvi ja Pj|vivk Gjxikgjam Cj~ni~vj! ji ^igfjnjvi m joai mtnkbljvvmgvi'

Ia Bigi~v|k pm| am Nk|pk|jxikgi dj cjnkavà fi ~vjliai|m gma fmn|mvk ndm i~viv}i~nm i ~igokai ]ccini kig fmn|mvk ~}nnm~~isk aj fjvj fjaaj z}jam a/kllaiok ~}ffmvvk ignkbignij j fmnk||m|m m dj jav|m~ácjnkavà fi fmvm|bigj|m am mnnmxikgi ndm j vjam kllaiok |ivmgoj gmnm~~j|im' Aj bmfijxikgm! jgndm ~m

o|jv}ivj! fj pj|vm fi p|isjvi! fi j~~knijxikgi k fi mgvi fi z}ja~ij~i gjv}|j pm| ia nkaaknjbmgvk fmi p|m~vjvk|i f/kpm|j fi~knn}pjvi! ä simvjvj |i~pmvvk j z}maaj njvmok|ij fi fjvk|i fi ajsk|k m fi p|m~vjvk|if/kpm|j pm| am z}jai smgokgk i~viv}ivi oai ]ccini p}llaini fi nkaaknjbmgvk! m gma vm||ivk|ik fi



>0

nkbpmvmgxj fmoai }ccini ~vm~~i' Ia fjvk|m fi ajsk|k ä fi~pmg~jvk fjaa/j|v' > fma ~}nnm~~isk \' fmn|mvk 9finmbl|m :9<9! g' <>9>! nkgvmgmgvm gk|bm ~}aaj fi~nipaigj fmaaj fkbjgfj mf kccm|vj fi ajsk|k!fjaa/kllaiok fi j~~}bm|m i p|m~vjvk|i f/kpm|j fi~knn}pjvi pm| bmxxk fmoai ]ccini fi nkaaknjbmgvk ~m iajsk|jvk|i ~ijgk j~~}gvi ig ~m|sixik pm| bmgk fi }gj ~mvvibjgj' Pm|ü ia Bigi~v|k pm| am Nk|pk|jxikgi ä~vjvk j}vk|ixxjvk nkg ia \' fmn|mvk :0 a}oaik :9>0! g' ::90! fi ~vjliai|m fmaam fm|kodm j vjam fi~pmg~j!

z}jak|j ak |ivmgoj kppk|v}gk' Igkav|m nkg ia \' fmn|mvk >: bj|xk :9><! g' :00>! ä ~vjvj fjvj cjnkavà jaBigi~v|k pm| am Nk|pk|jxikgi fi fi~pk||m! ksm ak |jssi~i kppk|v}gk! ndm ia nkaaknjbmgvk fmiajsk|jvk|i smgoj mccmvv}jvk gmaa/jblivk fi nij~n}gj p|ksignij fma \mogk fj }g }gink ]ccinik5 m niü

pm| |joikgi fi mnkgkbij'Ig nkgck|bivà fmaam fi~pk~ixikgi amoi~ajvism ~kp|jffmvvm! ~kgk ~vjvi nk~viv}ivi oai ]ccini fi

nkaaknjbmgvk pm| i p|m~vjvk|i f/kpm|j fmaa/jo|inkav}|j! fmaa/igf}~v|ij m fma nkbbm|nik! gkgndé pm| z}maai jffmvvi jaam igf}~v|im fmaak ~pmvvjnkak! jaaj |jnnkavj fmaam }aism! jaam |i~jim! mnn'

Oai ]ccini fi nkaaknjbmgvk ~kgk o|jv}ivi! m pm| p|kssmfm|m jaaj ak|k i~viv}xikgm m ja ak|kc}gxikgjbmgvk ä ~vjvk nk~viv}ivk }g jppk~ivk ckgfk'

Ia p|klambj fmoai ]ccini fi nkaaknjbmgvk ä ~vjvk |im~jbigjvk |mnmgvmbmgvm fja Nkg~ioaik Gjxikgjam fmaam Nk|pk|jxikgi! fksm ig }g ibpk|vjgvm fi~nk|~k ndij|icinjvk|m ia F]NM! fkpk jsm|

jccm|bjvk a/kppk|v}givà ndm a/]ccinik fi nkaaknjbmgvk |ibjgoj p|m~~k ia ^igfjnjvk kpm|jik! djm~na}~k aj msmgv}jaivà fi |ick|bm ~igfjnjai! p|kbmvvmgfk ~kavjgvk }g pm|cmxikgjbmgvk p|jvink fmaajbjvm|ij'

Ia nkaaknjbmgvk fmaaj bjgk f/kpm|j igvm|cm|i~nm jav|m~á nkg am bio|jxikgi igvm|gm m nkga/j~~}gxikgm fmoai igsjaifi mf k|cjgi fi o}m||j'

Pm| z}jgvk |io}j|fj am bio|jxikgi igvm|gm! aj amoom 9 jp|iam :9>:! g' >=4! fmvvjgfk gk|bm pm| ajfi~nipaigj m ak ~sia}ppk fmaam bmfm~ibm! dj ~vjliaivk c|j a/jav|k ndm a/jppk~ivk Nkbbi~~j|ijvk fmsm

p|kssmfm|m! fi nkgnm|vk nkg ia Bigi~vm|k fmaam Nk|pk|jxikgi! jaa/jnnm|vjbmgvk m jaaj |jxikgjamfi~v|il}xikgm fmaaj bjgk f/kpm|j fi~pkgiliam! ja cigm fi kvvmgm|m ia più nkgsmgimgvm ibpimok gma\mogk! mf jgndm gmaam Nkakgim' J vjam ~nkpk ä ~vjvj j~~in}|jvj }g/igvibj m p|kcin}j nkaajlk|jxikgmv|j ia Nkbbi~~j|ijvk ~vm~~k m oai ]ccini fi nkaaknjbmgvk'

Pm| z}jgvk |io}j|fj oai igsjaifi m oai k|cjgi fi o}m||j knnk||m |ink|fj|m ndm! nkg amoom <6 bj|xk:9>0! g' 6=6! ~kgk ~vjvm m~vm~m ji nivvjfigi fismg}vi igsjaifi pm| aj Nj}~j gjxikgjam v}vvm amfi~pk~ixikgi nkgnm|gmgvi aj p|kvmxikgm m a/j~~i~vmgxj fmoai igsjaifi fi o}m||j' Igkav|m nkg aj amoom <3a}oaik :9<9! i~viv}visj fmaa/Kpm|j Gjxikgjam pm| oai K|cjgi fi o}m||j! ä ~vjvk fi~pk~vk ndm i fjvk|i fiajsk|k ksm ~i v|ksigk gmaaj ibpk~~iliaivà fi j~~}bm|m ia g}bm|k fi igsjaifi p|m~n|ivvk fjaaj amoom <:jok~vk :9<:! fmskgk nkbpmg~j|m aj ficcm|mgxj bmfijgvm j~~}gxikgm fi k|cjgi fi o}m||j' Am

p|kssifmgxm mbjgjvm j cjsk|m fi z}m~vi }avibi ~kgk ~vjvm m~vm~m joai k|cjgi m ji nkgoi}gvi fmi njf}vi pm| aj Nj}~j gjxikgjam'



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AJ AIBIVJXIKGM fmaaj f}|jvj fma ajsk|k |i~pkgfm jf }g f}painm k|figm fi gmnm~~ivà8 a/}gjigm|mgvm jaaj ~ja}vm ci~inj fma ajsk|jvk|m m vmgfmgvm j oj|jgvi|m ndm ia ajsk|k ~ij jfmo}jvk jaaj|m~i~vmgxj igfisif}jam m ndm jf kogi pm|ikfk fi ajsk|k nk||i~pkgfj }g jfmo}jvk pm|ikfk fi |ipk~k!

a/jav|j nkg~mo}mgvm jaaj p|ko|m~~isj bmnnjginixxjxikgm fmaaj p|kf}xikgm! aj z}jam ibpk|vj! nkbmfi|mvvj nkg~mo}mgxj! }gj fibig}xikgm fma pm|ikfk fi ajsk|k gmnm~~j|ik jf jvv}j|m }gj fmvm|bigjvjz}jgvivà fi p|kf}xikgm'

Aj p|ibj gmnm~~ivà fi gjv}|j ~knijam dj igca}ivk cigk jf kooi ~}aaj p|ko|m~~isj fibig}xikgmfmaa/k|j|ik fi ajsk|k ndm fj }gj bmfij! nkb}gm j z}j~i v}vvi i pjm~i f/M}|kpj! fi fkfini k|moik|gjaim|m! sm|~k aj bmvà fma ~mnkak ~nk|~k! ä fi~nm~k jf }gj bmfij fi fimni k|m sm|~k aj cigm fma~mnkak ~vm~~k! mf ä ~vjvj ~vjliaivj! nkg aj Nkgsmgxikgm fi _j~digovkg fma :9:9! nkg~mo}mgvm jaV|jvvjvk fi Sm|~jiaam~! |jvicinjvj fj z}j~i v}vvi oai ^vjvi! ig kvvk k|m oik|gjaim|m'

]gk fmi p|ibi jvvi nki z}jai ia Oksm|gk cj~ni~vj! p|ibj jgnk|j fmaaj g}ksj fi~nipaigj oi}|ifinj fmi|jppk|vi v|j njpivjam m ajsk|k! fibk~v|ü aj p|kp|ij ~kaamniv}figm pm| am naj~~i ajsk|jv|ini! c} ia \'fmn|mvk"amoom := bj|xk :9<>! g' 39<! nka z}jam smggm ~vjliaivk ndm aj f}|jvj bj~~ibj gk|bjam fmaaj

oik|gjvj fi ajsk|k pm| oai kpm|ji m oai ibpimojvi fmaam jximgfm igf}~v|ijai k nkbbm|nijai fi z}ja}gz}mgjv}|j! nkbm p}|m gmoai }ccini! ajsk|i p}llaini mf k~pmfjai gkg pk~~j mnnmfm|m am 4 k|m ja oik|gk k am64 k|m ~mvvibjgjai fi ajsk|k mccmvvisk' Ia fmn|mvk gkg ä jppainjliam ja pm|~kgjam jffmvvk ji ajsk|ifkbm~vini! ja pm|~kgjam fi|mvvisk fmaam jximgfm m ji nkbbm~~i sijooijvk|i' Pm| am jximgfm jo|inkamjppainj am fi~pk~ixikgi fma fmn|mvk ~}aa/jssmgvixijvk m~na}fmgfkgm i nkgv|jvvi fi ajsk|k jnkbpj|vmnipjxikgm5 gmi ajsk|i jo|inkai m gmoai jav|i ajsk|i pm| n}i |ink||kgk gmnm~~ivà ibpk~vm fjm~iomgxm vmngindm k ~vjoikgjai nkg~mgvm ndm pk~~jgk ~}pm|j|~i am 4 k|m oik|gjaim|m k am 64~mvvibjgjai! j}vk|ixxj z}jgfk ~ijsi jnnk|fk v|j am pj|vi a/jooi}gvj jaaj oik|gjvj gk|bjam fi ajsk|k fi}g pm|ikfk fi ajsk|k ~v|jk|figj|ik fj nkbp}vj|~i j pj|vm m |mb}gm|j|~i nkg j}bmgvk fi pjoj!j}vk|ixxj ia p|ka}gojbmgvk fma ajsk|k ja fi aà fmi aibivi ~}jnnmggjvi gmi nj~i fi ck|xj bjooik|m k fiibbigmgvm pm|inkak'

Ja fmn|mvk ~kp|j bmgxikgjvk cmnm ~mo}ivk ia \' fmn|mvk :0 ~mvvmbl|m :9<>! g' :9=3! ndm jppainjsjji ajsk|jvk|i jo|inkai aj aibivjxikgm fmaa/k|j|ik fi ajsk|k'

Gma :9<3 nka fmn|mvk"amoom >0 oi}ogk! g' :093! v}vvm am jximgfm igf}~v|ijai! nkbbm|nijai mjo|inkam c}|kgk j}vk|ixxjvm jf j}bmgvj|m fi }g/k|j aj oik|gjvj ajsk|jvisj ig fm|koj ja ~} |icm|ivkfmn|mvk m ji |majvisi nkgv|jvvi fi ajsk|k'

^}nnm~~isjbmgvm gma :9>: ia Nkg~ioaik Gjxikgjam fmaam Nk|pk|jxikgi! ig ~mfm fi |msi~ikgm fmaajamoi~ajxikgm fma ajsk|k! p|kpk~m }g g}ksk vm~vk pm| fj|m sm~vm k|ojginj ja bjvm|ijam amoi~ajviskjaak|j ig siok|m'

Ig |majxikgm ji skvi m~p|m~~i fja Nkg~ioaik Gjxikgjam fmaam Nk|pk|jxikgi mf ig j|bkgij nkg i p|ignipi fmaa/k|figjbmgvk nk|pk|jvisk! aj bjvm|ij fmaaj f}|jvj fma ajsk|k ä ~vjvj fi~nipaigjvj nkg aj

amoom :3 bj|xk :9>>! g' =<?' Ia njbpk fi jppainjxikgm fi z}m~vk fi~mogk fi amoom ä aibivjvk jaamjximgfm igf}~v|ijai! jaam z}jai dj ~kak |io}j|fk aj Nkgsmgxikgm _j~digovkg m ~i m~vmgfm! nkbm p|msmfm aj ~vm~~j Nkgsmgxikgm! jgndm jaam jximgfm p}llaindm' Gmi |io}j|fi fi z}m~vm }avibm! iafi~mogk fi amoom j}vk|ixxj jgxi m~p|m~~jbmgvm ia Oksm|gk jf jfkvvj|m! pm| am cm||ksim m am jav|mjximgfm igf}~v|ijai m~m|nivjvm fjaak ^vjvk m pm| i ~m|sixi p}llaini fi v|j~pk|vk ig nkgnm~~ikgm! ~pmnijaifi~pk~ixikgi ig |majxikgm jaaj amoi~ajxikgm siomgvm pm| bmvvm|aj! ksm knnk||m! ig j|bkgij nkg amnaj}~kam fmaaj Nkgsmgxikgm' ^mbp|m pm| z}jgvk |io}j|fj ia njbpk fi jppainjxikgm! ä jgndm fj|iamsj|m ndm aj m~na}~ikgm fjaaj ~cm|j fma p|kssmfibmgvk ~ij fmi ~m|sixi k|figj|i pk~vjai! vmamo|jcini mvmamckgini! ~ij fmaam jximgfm igf}~v|ijai gmaam z}jai ~kgk ~kavjgvk knn}pjvi bmbl|i fi }gj ~vm~~jcjbioaij! gkgndé fmaaj gjsiojxikgm igvm|gj! bj|ivvibj mf jm|mj m fmaaj pm~nj! ~ij fmaam pm|~kgm ndmknn}pjgk pk~vi fi|mvvisi m fi ~k|smoaijgxj kssm|k pk~vi fi cif}nij! ~ij fmi ajsk|jvk|i j fkbiniaik!

nk||i~pkgfm jf mnnmxikgi jbbm~~m fjaaj Nkgsmgxikgm fi _j~digovkg m oià m~p|m~~jbmgvm kibpainivjbmgvm nkgvmbpajvm fjaaj gk~v|j amoom'Ia ajsk|k! n}i dj |io}j|fk ia p|kssmfibmgvk pm| ia nkbp}vk fmoai k|j|i! ä z}maak mccmvvisk m i aibivi



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ci~~jvi pm| a/k|j|ik bj~~ibk gk|bjam ~kgk aj oik|gjvj fi 4 k|m m aj ~mvvibjgj fi 64! ig nkgck|bivà fiz}jgvk fi~pkgm aj Nkgsmgxikgm ndm nkg~ifm|j nkgoi}gvisjbmgvm vjai aibivi'

Vjai aibivi pm| aj f}|jvj bj~~ibj gk|bjam fma ajsk|k v|ksjgk pm|ü }g nk||mvvisk ~ij gmaaj pk~~iliaivà fi pkvm| fi~v|il}i|m nkgsmgimgvmbmgvm a/k|j|ik fi 64 k|m gmi sj|i oik|gi fmaaj ~mvvibjgj ignk||majxikgm jf }gj naj}~kaj ~pmnijam fmaaj Nkgsmgxikgm! ~ij ig jan}gm ~pmnijai fm|kodm ~vjliaivm ig

nk||i~pkgfmgxj p}|m jaam fi~pk~ixikgi fmaaj Nkgsmgxikgm! m ndm kcc|kgk ia bmxxk pm| am fism|~migf}~v|im m jximgfm fi p|jvinj|m fmoai k|j|i |i~pkgfmgvi jaam gmnm~~ivà ak|k p|kp|im! ~mgxj p|moi}fixikfmaam oi}~vm ficm~m ndm fmskgk m~~m|m oj|jgvivm ji p|m~vjvk|i f/kpm|j'

Fma pj|i am ficcinkavà igm|mgvi jaaj k~~m|sjgxj fmaa/kllaiok p|msi~vk fjaaj Nkgsmgxikgm fi |mv|il}i|mia ajsk|k ~v|jk|figj|ik nkg }g j}bmgvk fma <= pm| nmgvk ~}aaj pjoj k|figj|ij! ~kgk ~vjvm ~}pm|jvm!kppk|v}gjbmgvm |igsijgfk~i aj fmvm|bigjxikgm fi vjam pm|nmgv}jam ji nkgv|jvvi nkaamvvisi' Vjam |igsikä oi}~vicinjvk ‖ nkbm k~~m|sj aj |majxikgm bigi~vm|ijam ja fi~mogk fi amoom ‖ fjoai iggmojliaisjgvjooi fi ~gmaamxxj m fi jfjvvjbmgvk j v}vvm am m~iomgxm ndm p|m~mgvj aj gk|bj fma nkgv|jvvknkaamvvisk! m fjaaj nkgsmgimgxj fi jccm|bj|m jgndm gmaaj bjvm|ij fmoai k|j|i v}vvj aj ~}j }viaivà m ia ~}ksjak|m'

Gé jan}g f}llik p}ü ~k|om|m ndm nkg vjam ~ka}xikgm a/kllaiok fmaaj Nkgsmgxikgm pk~~j m~~m|m

ma}~k k sikajvk! fjvm am oj|jgxim fi p}llainjxikgm! fi nkgv|kaak m fi jppainjxikgm ndm ni|nkgfjgk gmagk~v|k k|figjbmgvk ~igfjnjam m nk|pk|jvisk aj gk|bj fma nkgv|jvvk nkaamvvisk m ndm gm ck|bj }gjsm|j m p|kp|ij amoom p|kcm~~ikgjam' Aj z}m~vikgm fmaaj f}|jvj fma ajsk|k sj! jav|m~á! bm~~j ig|majxikgm nka p|klambj fmaaj fi~knn}pjxikgm'

Kooi ~mbl|j fkbigj|m }gj p|kckgfj mf }|omgvm |joikgm mnkgkbinj j oi}~vicinj|m }gj }avm|ik|m|if}xikgm fmaa/k|j|ik gk|bjam fi ajsk|k5 aj n|i~i fma ~i~vmbj p|kf}vvisk! ndm ~i bjgicm~vj nkg

pj|vinkaj|m o|jsivà gmaaj fi~knn}pjxikgm kpm|jij! j~~}|vj ks}gz}m j p|kpk|xikgi jaaj|bjgvi! m gmaaj~jv}|jxikgm fmi bm|njvi fi nkg~}bk! gkg p}ü m~~m|m |i~kavj ~m gkg jvv}jgfk! v|j oai jav|i

p|kssmfibmgvi! }gj |jfinjam fibig}xikgm fmaam k|m fi ajsk|k ~mvvibjgjai! fjaaj z}jam fks|àgmnm~~j|ijbmgvm fm|isj|m }g j~~k|libmgvk fmaaj bjgk f/kpm|j m~}lm|jgvm ji cigi p|kf}vvisi'

Igvm|p|mvi fi z}m~vm gmnm~~ivà! am Nkgcmfm|jxikgi Gjxikgjai Cj~ni~vm fmi Fjvk|i fi ajsk|k m fmiAjsk|jvk|i fmaa/igf}~v|ij! ~kvvk oai j}~pini fma Pj|vivk! nkg javk ~pi|ivk fi nkaajlk|jxikgm ci|bj|kgk ia= gksmbl|m :9>6 }gj nkgsmgxikgm ndm mllm }gj ndij|j ibp|kgvj cj~ni~vj'

Ia p|klambj fmaaj |if}xikgm fmaaj f}|jvj fma ajsk|k! ia n}i ~nkpk ä fi |ij~~k|li|m gmaa/jvvisivà p|kf}vvisj i biaikgi fi fi~knn}pjvi ndm o|jsjgk ~}aaj mnkgkbij fi kogi Pjm~m! ä }gk fmi p|klambi piùj~~iaajgvi fma gk~v|k vmbpk' ]kbigi fi ~nimgxj m }kbigi pkaivini gm djggk! fj vmbpk! nm|njvj aj

p|jvinj ~ka}xikgm jvv|jsm|~k ~v}fi m fi~n}~~ikgi5 bj ~i fmsm jaa/Ivjaij ~m ia p|klambj c} nkg p|kgvmxxjm ndij|mxxj pk~vk jaa/k|figm fma oik|gk fmaaj K|ojgixxjxikgm Igvm|gjxikgjam fma Ajsk|k'

Am vmgfmgxm j}vj|ndindm! ndm più k bmgk aj|ojbmgvm fkbigjgk aj pkaivinj mnkgkbinj fmi Pjm~ifma bkgfk! m ig pj|vinkaj|m fi z}maam Gjxikgi ndm bjooik|bmgvm ~mgvkgk aj gmnm~~ivà m ajnkgsmgimgxj fi nkg~m|sj|m }gj pk~ixikgm fi p|isiamoik! jnz}i~ivj jvv|jsm|~k msmgvi ck|v}gjvi fmaaj

~vk|ij akgvjgj m |mnmgvm! djggk ibpmfivk fi |jooi}gom|m! ig ~mgk jaaj K|ojgixxjxikgm Igvm|gjxikgjamfma Ajsk|k! z}maa/jnnk|fk! ndm p}| m|j fj v}vvi j}~pinjvk! pm| jfmo}j|m a/kccm|vj fi bjgk f/kpm|j jaam pk~~iliaivà fi j~~k|libmgvk fma bm|njvk ‖ ndm aj |jxikgjaixxjxikgm igvmg~isj fmoai ibpijgvi dj kooio|jgfmbmgvm fibig}ivk ‖ aj~nijgfk igjavm|jvj k j}bmgvjgfk aj njpjnivà p|kf}vvisj fmaa/igf}~v|ij'

Ia Cj~ni~bk vmbpi~vj m |mjaixxjvk|m! p}| pm|~mo}mgfk }gj fi|mvvisj ifmjam ndm mllm p|mni~jjccm|bjxikgm gmaam findij|jxikgi fma F]NM joai kpm|ji fi Biajgk! dj pk|vjvk ia p|klambj ~}a vm||mgkgjxikgjam! nkg~ifm|jgfk ndm! bmgv|m ~}a vm||mgk igvm|gjxikgjam am jccm|bjxikgi fi p|ignipi fioi}~vixij ~knijam gkg v|ksjsjgk ~kaamnivj nk||i~pkgfmgxj gmi cjvvi! m|j ~kbbjbmgvm }viam m~iogicinjvisk fj|m ig Ivjaij a/m~mbpik fmaaj gk~v|j fmni~j skakgvà fi |jooi}gom|m! gmi aibivi fma

pk~~iliam! z}moai klimvvisi ji z}jai vmgfmsj a/igixijvisj ivjaijgj pm| aj |if}xikgm fmaaj f}|jvj fmaajsk|k'

Aj nkgsmgxikgm ~vip}ajvj c|j am k|ojgixxjxikgi ~igfjnjai fmaa/igf}~v|ij ~vjliai~nm jpp}gvk fijfkvvj|m p|kssmfibmgvi mnnmxikgjai pm| |ipj|vi|m mgv|k }g g}bm|k fi kpm|ji bjooik|m fi z}maak k|jknn}pjvk! am jvv}jai pk~~iliaivà fi ajsk|k' A/igvmgvk simgm nkg~mo}ivk8



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V|j i f}m kppk~vi nkgnmvvi! z}maak v|jfixikgjam fmaaj amoi~ajxikgm ~igk|j ig siok|m ‖ m~~mgxijabmgvm jgjaivink mf igvm~k j |mokaj|m ~pmnicinjvjbmgvm kogi ~igokak nj~k ‖ m z}maakiggksjvk|m ‖ igvm~k j ~vjliai|m i p|ignipi ckgfjbmgvjai! fmamojgfk aj fmvm|bigjxikgm fi gk|bm

pj|vinkaj|i ji nkgv|jvvi nkaamvvisi fi ajsk|k ‖ ia g}ksk vm~vk ~mo}m }g n|ivm|ik igvm|bmfik! ¥ci~~jgfknikä ig~imbm jf jan}gi p|ignipi omgm|jai! gk|bm pj|vinkaj|i pm| njvmok|im fi jvvisivà! fm~}gvm fj }g

akoink nkk|figjbmgvk fmaam mamgnjxikgi ~vjliaivm fjaaj amoom siomgvm! m fmvm|bigjgfk jav|m~á gk|bm~pmnicindm pm| ~igokam jvvisivà! gmi nj~i ig n}i z}m~vm |indimfjgk |moibi oi}|ifini pj|vinkaj|i! m gkg~ijgk |joo|}ppjliai ig njvmok|imµ'

Ig }gick|bivà jaaj findij|jxikgm TS fmaaj Nj|vj fma Ajsk|k! |i~m|sj }g sj~vk njbpk gk|bjvisk jankgv|jvvk nkaamvvisk fi ajsk|k! ~jask gmi nj~i fi }|omgxj! fi m~iomgxm v|j~nmgfmgvi z}maam fi njvmok|ijk fi pj|vinkaj|i gmnm~~ivà vmngindm! kssm|k z}jgfk i nkgv|jvvi nkaamvvisi gkg |mokaigk aj bjvm|ij'

^k~viv}i~nm f}m ~kam j}vk|ivà ‖ z}maam fma p|mcmvvk m fmaa/i~pmvvk|jvk nk|pk|jvisk ‖ jaamg}bm|k~m nkbpmvmgxm jbbigi~v|jvism fmvm|bigjvm fjaam fi~pk~ixikgi ~igk|j siomgvi'

<' " Njbpk fi jppainjxikgm fmaaj amoom' Fi c|kgvm ja n|ivm|ik ~igk|j p|msjamgvm! ia z}jam p|m~}ppkgmsj nkbm |mz}i~ivk m~~mgxijam a/m~i~vmgxj fmaa/jximgfj igf}~v|ijam m nkbbm|nijam!nkgnmpivj pm|ü ig ~mg~k j~~ji jbpik jvv|jsm|~k aj nkgfixikgm fmi sj|i j|vinkai! ia g}ksk vm~vk gkg

~pk~vj ~mg~iliabmgvm aj ~cm|j fi jppainjxikgm fmaam sj|im gk|bm! pm|ndé p}| lj~jgfk~i ~}aa/m~v|mbkfma ajsk|k p|m~vjvk jaam fipmgfmgxm jav|}i! ~i ckgfj jav|m~á! ig jan}gi nj~i! ~}aa/mambmgvk fi jximgfj'

Niü p|mbm~~k! sjggk v}vvjsij ~mogjajvm am ~mo}mgvi nj|jvvm|i~vindm ig sj|ik o|jfk iggksjv|ini'Ig p|ibk a}kok! a/m~vmg~ikgm fmaaj amoom ji ajsk|i jo|inkai! ~jask fmvm|bigjvm nj}vmam m nkg

a/m~na}~ikgm fi jan}gm njvmok|im fi ajsk|jvk|i! ig |joikgm fmaaj gjv}|j pj|vinkaj|m fma ajsk|k$pj~vk|ixij! lijfj)! fma |jppk|vk mnkgkbink m oi}|ifink $ajsk|i j nkbpj|vmnipjxikgm) m fma cjvvk ndmigvm|smgokgk amooi ~pmnijai $|i~inkav}|j)'

Ig ~mnkgfk a}kok! a/jppainjxikgm fma |moibm fi |ipk~k ja pm|~kgjam jffmvvk ji ~m|sixi fi v|j~pk|vk~} cm||ksim m v|jgsim m ~kp|jvv}vvk j z}maak jffmvvk ji ~m|sixi nkbpambmgvj|i! fmcigivj gma ~mg~k ndma/m~kgm|k fjaa/jppainjxikgm fmaaj amoom! pm| z}jgvk |io}j|fj am cm||ksim m am v|jgsim p}llaindm! ä~}lk|figjvk j f}m k|figi fi aibivjxikgi8 ia nj|jvvm|m p}llaink $~mnkgfk aj vm|bigkakoij fmaa/j|v' : fmavm~vk }gink 9 bjooik :9:<! g' :66?) fmaaj cm||ksij m v|jgsij! m ia |jppk|vk fi|mvvk fi fipmgfmgxj v|j ia

pm|~kgjam m a/jximgfj m~m|nmgvm' Ig jav|m pj|kam! a/mnnmxikgm |io}j|fj m~na}~isjbmgvm z}mi ajsk|jvk|i jn}i p|kssmfm! ig bjvm|ij fi |ipk~k! aj amoom ~pmnijam $j|v' :3 fma \' fmn|mvk"amoom :9 kvvkl|m :9<>! g'<><4)! bmgv|m v}vvi i ajsk|jvk|i fipmgfmgvi fjaam jav|m jximgfm! jffmvvi ji ajsk|i fi v|j~pk|vk kf j~m|sixi j}~iaij|i! |imgv|jgk gmaa/jblivk fmaaj amoom omgm|jam m jf m~~i p}ü jppainj|~i! ksm pj||àgmnm~~j|ik! aj gk|bj ndm p|msmfm ia |ipk~k ~mvvibjgjam pm| v}|gk' Ig vja bkfk ~j|à pimgjbmgvmoj|jgvivk ia |mokaj|m c}gxikgjbmgvk m aj nkgvig}ivà fmi ~m|sixi' Ig vm|xk a}kok! aj gkg jppainjliaivàfmaaj amoom ja ajsk|k gmoai i~viv}vi fi p|msmgxikgm m fi pmgj! fm|isjgvm fja cjvvk ndm ia vm~vk ig m~jbm~i |icm|i~nm m~na}~isjbmgvm ja ajsk|k ailm|k m ailm|jbmgvm j~~}gvk! bmgv|m! j fi~nipaigj|m vjam bjvm|ij

pj|vinkaj|m! p|kssmfm ia |mokajbmgvk :4 oi}ogk :9>:! g' ?4?! j|v' :<>)'

Ig z}j|vk a}kok! a/jppainjliaivà fmaaj amoom ji ~kni fi nkkpm|jvism! z}m~vikgm |i~kavjjccm|bjvisjbmgvm! bj gkg ig lj~m jaaj p|m~}gxikgm gk|bjabmgvm ~vjliaivj fjaaj amoi~ajxikgm p|msifmgxijam! ndm nkg~ifm|j ~mbp|m aj nkkpm|jvisj nkbm fjv|inm fi ajsk|k gmi |io}j|fi fmi ~kni fjm~~j ibpimojvi $pm| m~mbpik gmaa/j~~in}|jxikgm igsjaifivà m smnndijij)! lmg~á ig lj~m jf }g jav|kk|figm fi p|m~}gxikgi ckgfjvk ~} jan}gi mambmgvi pj|vinkaj|i! jvvi j cj| |ivmgm|m a/m~i~vmgxj fi }g|jppk|vk fi fipmgfmgxj! m nikä aj |mv|il}xikgm ci~~j k pm|ikfinj m aj p|m~vjxikgm fma ajsk|k ig~imbmjoai kpm|ji'

Igcigm ci~~j ia oik|gk $fkbmginj) m aj fmnk||mgxj $fj }gj bmxxjgkvvm jaa/jav|j) fma |ipk~k! aj n}if}|jvj pm|bjgm fi <6 k|m kogi ~mvvibjgj! mamsjgfk j p|ignipik fi nj|jvvm|m omgm|jam am gk|bm

pj|vinkaj|i fm~}gvm fjaaj amoom ~igk|j siomgvm m fji |majvisi |mokajbmgvi $j|v' >)' J p|ignipik finj|jvvm|m omgm|jam simgm mamsjvj jav|m~á aj vm~i! ~mo}ivj ~igk|j fjaa/Jbbigi~v|jxikgm! fmaaj

ibpk~~iliaivà fi fm|koj|m ig pmi}~ jaaj amoom ~}a ajsk|k fmaam fkggm m fmi cjgni}aai! fi bkfk ndm! ignj~k fi mnnmxikgm jaa/kllaiok fma |ipk~k! jaam fkggm fi z}ja~ij~i mvà m ji bigk|i fi jggi :6 fms/m~~m|mv}vvjsij fjvk! kogi ~mvvibjgj! }g nkbpmg~jvisk igigvm||kvvk fi <6 k|m! ~jask nj~i p|msi~vi fjoai



>3

j|vinkai 3 $pm|~kgjam ~pmnijaixxjvk m ig~k~viv}iliam)! 4 $ajsk|i jo|inkai)! :< $pm|~kgjam fmoai jalm|odi) m:= $pm|~kgjam jffmvvk ji sjokgi amvvk! nkbbm~~i sijooijvk|i m pm|~kgjam mz}ipj|jliam! pm|~kgjamjffmvvk ji p}llaini ~pmvvjnkai)'

>' " \moibi pj|vinkaj|i fi |ipk~k' Vjai |moibi pj|vinkaj|i |io}j|fjgk am jvvisivà j |moibm nkgvig}k!~vjoikgjai k fi p}llainj }viaivà! aj smgfivj ja big}vk mf jvvisivà jccigi! i ajsk|i jo|inkai! am igf}~v|im

jaa/jpm|vk! oai kpicini bk~~i fi|mvvjbmgvm fja smgvk k fjaa/jnz}j! oai jalm|odi! am jximgfmoik|gjai~vindm m fi ficc}~ikgm fi gkvixim! ia pm|~kgjam jffmvvk ji sjokgi amvvk! i nkbbm~~i sijooijvk|i m pm|~kgjam mz}ipj|jliam! ia pm|~kgjam jffmvvk ji p}llaini ~pmvvjnkai! i ajsk|i knnj~ikgjai m fi sioiajgxj'Smgokgk jgndm fi~nipaigjvi i nj~i fi ck|xj bjooik|m m aj pk~~iliaivà fi ~pk~vj|m ia oik|gk fi |ipk~k'Pj|vinkaj|bmgvm iggksjv|inm ä aj gk|bj pm| n}i gmaaj smgfivj ja big}vk m gmaam jvvisivà |iskavm j~kffi~cj|m fi|mvvjbmgvm i li~kogi fma p}llaink! ia p|mcmvvk! ~mgvivi ia pkfm~và m am k|ojgixxjxikgi~igfjnjai! p}ü ~k~viv}i|m ja |ipk~k ~mvvibjgjam pm| v}|gk ia |ipk~k fi }g fmvm|bigjvk oik|gk fmaaj~mvvibjgj fi v}vvk ia pm|~kgjam! kssm|k ia |ipk~k gma pkbm|iooik fmaaj fkbmginj! più ia |ipk~knkbpmg~jvisk' Vjam gk|bj ibpk|vj jav|m~á }gj bkavmpainivà fi |moibm! kppk|v}gjbmgvm fmvm|bigjvi!gmaam ck|bm fi |ipk~k jppainjliai ji gmokxi fi omgm|i jaibmgvj|i m nkbl}~viliai! ji ajlk|jvk|i fi

pj||}nndim|m! joai i~viv}vi fi p|msifmgxj m ~ibiai! jximgfm ndm ig aigmj fi p|ignipik ~j|jggk ~koomvvm

jaa/kllaiok fma |ipk~k fkbmginjam! kssm|k jaa/kllaiok fma |ipk~k ~mvvibjgjam pm| v}|gk gma nj~k ndm~ijgk nkg~ifm|jvm nkbm jvvisivà ia n}i c}gxikgjbmgvk nkgvig}k |i~pkgfj j |joikgi fi }viaivà p}llainj'

Ig vja bkfk aj g}ksj amoom! nkbm oi}~vjbmgvm jccm|bj aj |majxikgm bigi~vm|ijam! gkg |jpp|m~mgvj~kavjgvk }g nkk|figjbmgvk mf }g pm|cmxikgjbmgvk fmaam fi~pk~ixikgi fi amoom p|ibj ig siok|m! bjjppk|vj p|kckgfm iggksjxikgi m bkficinjxikgi fi nj|jvvm|m ~k~vjgxijam! m i~pi|jgfk~i ja nkgnmvvk fi|mgfm|m ~mbp|m più jbpij mf mccinimgvm aj v}vmaj fma ajsk|k! m~vmgfm j g}ksm njvmok|im aj p|kvmxikgmfmaaj amoom! jvv}jgfk nkg p|mnmvvi oi}|ifini fi javk sjak|m mvink m |maioik~k }gk fmi pk~v}ajvickgfjbmgvjai ~jgnivi fjaaj Nj|vj fma Ajsk|k gmaa/igvm|m~~m fmaaj bj~~j ajsk|jv|inm'

AJSK\K FMAAM FKGGM M FMI CJGNI]AAI

Aj p|ibj amoom ig bjvm|ij |i~jam jaa/:: cmll|jik :4435 ig m~~j smgisj ci~~jvj j ~kai 9 jggi a/mvàbigibj pm| a/j~~}gxikgm ja ajsk|k' M pj|sm jaak|j }g j}fjnm m omgm|k~k pj~~k sm|~k aj ficm~j fmaajsk|k fmi cjgni}aai' J z}m~vj amoom jav|m gm ~mo}i|kgk ig |majxikgm jaak ~sia}ppk mnkgkbink fmaaj

Gjxikgm m v}vvm smggm|k |joo|}ppjvm gma vm~vk }gink fma :0 gksmbl|m :90?! ja z}jam c}|kgkjppk|vjvm ~}nnm~~isjbmgvm jan}gm bkficindm'

Bj vjam amoi~ajxikgm pm| m~~m|m ~vjvj mbjgjvj ig vmbpi fism|~i m p|mnmfmgvi jaa/jvv}jamk|ojgixxjxikgm fmaak ̂ vjvk cj~ni~vj p|m~mgvjsj fmcinimgxm ~k~vjgxijai! igvm|cm|mgxm v|j am sj|im gk|bm!m nkgvmbpajgfk nkgfixikgi fi cjvvk ~k|pj~~jvm gkg m|j più |i~pkgfmgvm jaam gmnm~~ivà fma bkbmgvk

pkaivink mf mnkgkbink'

Nkg~jpmskam fmaam gmnm~~ivà fi jfmo}j|m aj v}vmaj fma ajsk|k fmaam fkggm m fmi cjgni}aai jaak~sia}ppk fmaaj p|kf}xikgm mf ji p|ignipi mvini mf mnkgkbini fmaak ^vjvk nk|pk|jvisk! ia Nkg~ioaik Gjxikgjam fmaam Nk|pk|jxikgi! ig ~mfm fi |msi~ikgm fmaam amooi p|kvmvvism fma ajsk|k! p|m~mgvü }gk~ndmbj fi fi~mogk fi amoom ndm! ~jask jan}gm bkficindm p|kpk~vm fji sj|i Bigi~vm|i m fjaPj|ajbmgvk! c} jpp|ksjvk! fismgmgfk nk~á aj amoom <3 jp|iam :9>6! g' 3=>'

Z}m~vj amoom ä }gj fmaam più ibpk|vjgvi amooi ~knijai jppainjvj gma gk~v|k Pjm~m! vknnj iankbpam~~k fma gk~v|k |moibm p|kf}vvisk! jvv}j }gk fmi pk~v}ajvi più fmainjvi filjvv}vi gmaam j~~i~migvm|gjxikgjai m gjxikgjai fmaam naj~~i ajsk|jv|ini! m ~vjliamgfk a/mvà bigibj fmi :6 jggi pm| a/jbbi~~ikgm ja ajsk|k fmi cjgni}aai! ~i igz}jf|j igcigm ig }gj ~m|im fi jav|i g}bm|k~i p|kssmfibmgvimbjgjvi ig vmbpi m ig njbpi fism|~i! ndm vmgfkgk v}vvi! fi|mvvjbmgvm m igfi|mvvjbmgvm! jaak ~nkpk fin|mj|m ja cjgni}aak mf jaaj fkggj am bioaik|i nkgfixikgi ioimgindm! n}av}|jai! bk|jai'

Fja p}gvk fi si~vj ck|bjam |mgfm ig}viam a/mbjgjxikgm fi }g |mokajbmgvk! |i}gmgfk am gk|bmnkgvmg}vm gmaaj amoom ik gksmbl|m :90?! m~na}fm am fi~pk~ixikgi |majvism ja ajsk|k ig |i~jij m |if}nmja bigibk am gk|bm ~}aam ck|bjaivà fi k|figm omgm|jam'



>?

Aj amoom ~i |inkggmvvm ckgfjbmgvjabmgvm ja vm~vk }gink5 bj fà jaam fi~pk~ixikgi fi v}vmaj }gj pk|vjvj più jbpij mf mccinimgvm' M bmgv|m aj smnndij amoom ~i jppainjsj ~kavjgvk jaam jximgfmigf}~v|ijai! aj g}ksj m~vmgfm aj ~}j ~cm|j fi jppainjxikgm jaam jximgfm! nkbbm|nijai fi n|mfivk! fi

p|msifmgxj mf ig omgm|m jf kogi ck|bj fi jvvisivà! nkbp|m~m z}maam ndm ~i ~skaokgk ig njbpk gkgmnkgkbink k ndm gkg ~ijgk om~vivm fj ibp|mgfivk|i p|isjvi'

Aj g}ksj amoom dj nk~á }gj pk|vjvj vkvjaivj|ij'Aj g}ksj amoom! ~}pm|jgfk v|jfixikgjai ~ndmbi amoi~ajvisi! ~i ignj|figj! pm|vjgvk! ~} fi }gj lj~mg}ksj mf j~~}bm }gj pk|vjvj akoinj m p|jvinjbmgvm fi o|jgfm |iaimsk' Mf ig |mjavà am |joikgi fi v}vmajfma ajsk|k cmbbigiam m bigk|iam ~i ckgfjgk! gkg oià ~}a cjvvk ndm ia ajsk|jvk|m ~ij signkajvk fj }gnkgv|jvvk fi fmvm|bigjvj gjv}|j pi}vvk~vk fj }g nkgv|jvvk fi jav|j ~pmnim! bj ~}a cjvvk ndm aj ~}j kpm|j~i ~skaom jaaj fipmgfmgxj jav|}i' Ä z}m~vj fipmgfmgxj ndm p}ü n|mj|m a/jgvivm~i v|j a/igvm|m~~m fmafjvk|m fi ajsk|k m z}maak fmaaj Gjxikgm! fi|mvvk! z}m~v/}avibk! jaaj igvmo|ivà fmaaj ~vi|pm8 ~i oi}~vicinj

pm|niü jgndm aj v}vmaj nkjvvisj fma ajsk|jvk|m |mnjaniv|jgvm kf igjfjvvk j v}vmaj|m ~m ~vm~~k'Aj amoom g}ksj jaaj|oj aj ~}j jxikgm fi v}vmaj jf }g bjooik| g}bm|k fi fkggm! iggjaxj ia aibivm

igixijam fmaa/mvà ajsk|jvisj fji :> ji :6 jggi m p|mni~j bmoaik am gk|bm ioimgindm! ~jgivj|im! fii~v|}xikgm! fi f}|jvj fma ajsk|k fmaam fkggm m fmi cjgni}aai'

Pm| ¥cjgni}aaiµ igvmgfm aj amoom am pm|~kgm fi jblk i ~m~~i ndm gkg djggk nkbpi}vk i := jggi m pm| ¥fkggm bigk|mggiµ z}maam ndm djggk nkbpi}vk i := bj gkg jgnk|j i <: jggi'

Aj amoom igsmnm fi mg}bm|j|m i vipi fi fkggm ajsk|jvkni m fj igna}fm|m ig m~~j! igsm|vm i vm|bigi mfmg}bm|j $nkg bjooik|m ndij|mxxj z}igfi) i nj~i pm| i z}jai aj amoom gkg dj Sjak|m5 m~~i ~kgk8

j) fkggm m cjgni}aai jffmvvi j ajsk|i fkbm~vini igm|mgvi ja gk|bjam ~skaoibmgvk fmaaj sivj ficjbioaij5

l) bkoaim m pj|mgvi! cigk ja vm|xk o|jfk nkbp|m~k! fma fjvk|m fi ajsk|k z}jgfk ~ijgk nkg a}inkgsismgvi m j ~}k nj|ink5

m) fkggm m cjgni}aai ajsk|jgvi ja p|kp|ik fkbiniaik5f) fkggm knn}pjvm gmoai }ccini fmaak ^vjvk! fmaam p|ksignim m fmi nkb}gi5m) fkggm m cjgni}aai knn}pjvi ig jximgfm fmaak ^vjvk m okfmgvi fi sjgvjooi gkg igcm|ik|i j z}maai

~vjliaivi fjaaj amoom5 c) fkggm m cjgni}aai jfilivi j ajsk|i jo|inkai5 o) cjgni}aai knn}pjvi j lk|fk fmaam gjsi'

Jaa/igc}k|i fi z}m~vm njvmok|im fi fkggm m cjgni}aai! gmvvjbmgvm ~vjliaivm! v}vvm am jav|m fkggm $mcjgni}aai) ndm p|m~vjgk aj ak|k kpm|j jaaj fipmgfmgxj jav|}i! ~kgk v}vmajvm fj z}m~vj amoom'

Aj gmnm~~ivà fmaaj v}vmaj fmaam fmlkai ck|xm fma bigk|m m fmaaj fkggj gkg |i~pmvvk j pj|vinkaj|ijvvisivà p|kf}vvism! bj m~vm~j ia più pk~~iliam! ä }gj ck|bj ‖ m c|j am più ibpk|vjgvi ‖ fi v}vmajfmbko|jcinj fi|mvvj jaaj pkvmgxj! gkg ~kavjgvk g}bm|inj! bj z}jaivjvisj fmaaj Gjxikgm! m pm| vjam ~}knj|jvvm|m |imgv|j gmi cigi m~~mgxijai fmaak ^vjvk cj~ni~vj' Gkg ä! igcjvvi! jbbi~~iliam ndm ig aigmjomgm|jam pk~~jgk m~~m|m knn}pjvi z}jgfk gkg gm jllijgk a/ifkgmivà ci~inj'

Ä lmg sm|k ndm ig fmvm|bigjvm ni|nk~vjgxm pkv|à ia Oksm|gk j}vk|ixxj|m ia ajsk|k fmi cjgni}aai fimvà igcm|ik|m' Bj z}m~vj gk|bj! fks}vj jf kppk|v}gm nj}vmam fi jppainjxikgm fmaaj amoom gma p|ibk pm|ikfk! fjvk ndm ~i m~vmgfm j g}ksi ~mvvk|i fi jximgfm pm| i z}jai cigk|j gkg m~i~vmsj jan}g fisimvk! mndm a/mvà bigibj fmaa/jbbi~~ikgm fma cjgni}aak ja ajsk|k fmsm m~~m|m pk~vj ig |jppk|vk jaam gk|bm mfjaaj p|jvinj fmaaj c|mz}mgxj fmaam ~n}kam! fma fkpk~n}kaj m fma nkbpam~~k fmaam m~i~vmgvi i~viv}xikgi~nkaj~vindm m pk~v"~nkaj~vindm kllaiojvk|im am z}jai fmllkgk j|bkgixxj|~i jaaj g}ksj amoom igfi~nk|~k! z}m~vj gk|bj fi mnnmxikgm gkg igci|bj aj ibpk|vjgxj fma p|ignipik ckgfjbmgvjam' Bj jgxi!~}pm|jvk ia p|ibk pm|ikfk fi jfjvvjbmgvk ji fisimvi fi amoom! aj mnnmxikgm p|}fmgxijam ~j|à z}maaj ndm|mgfm|à p|jvinjbmgvm più cjniam aj igvmo|jam jppainjxikgm fma fisimvk fi j~~}gxikgm ja ajsk|k fmicjgni}aai bigk|i fmi :6 jggi'

Aj amoom p|m~n|ism igkav|m8 j) ndm i cjgni}aai m am fkggm gkg pk~~kgk m~~m|m jffmvvi ja ajsk|k ksm

gkg |i~}avi! ig lj~m j nm|vicinjvk bmfink! ndm ~kgk ~jgi mf jfjvvi ja ajsk|k5 l) ndm ä simvjvja/knn}pjxikgm fmi cjgni}aai m fmaam fkggm bigk|mggi pm| i ajsk|i pm|inkak~i! cjvink~i mf ig~ja}l|i5 m)ndm ä simvjvk ‖ ig |jppk|vk jaa/mvà ‖ ia v|j~pk|vk m ~kaamsjbmgvk fi pm~i v|kppk o|jgfi'



>4

Pj|vinkaj|i aibivjxikgi ~kgk nkgvmg}vm gmaaj amoom ja ajsk|k gkvv}|gk! igvmgfmgfk pm| ¥gkvvmµ!~mnkgfk aj fmcigixikgm ndm fà aj amoom }g pm|ikfk fi :: k|m nkg~mn}vism! gmaam z}jai ~ij igna}~ka/igvm|sjaak c|j am k|m << m am k|m = $~jask ndm pm| ia ajsk|k fi pjgicinjxikgm)'

Gmaam jximgfm igf}~v|ijai m gmaam fipmgfmgxm ak|k ä simvjvk ia ajsk|k fi gkvvm pm| v}vvm am fkggm m pm| i bigk|i fi jggi :45 vjam fisimvk ä m~vm~k jaaj bkoaim! ji pj|mgvi mf joai jccigi fma fjvk|m fi ajsk|k

~m gmaa/jximgfj gmaaj z}jam ~kgk knn}pjvi ajsk|igk jgndm jav|m pm|~kgm'Aj amoom mg}bm|j nkg p|mni~ikgm am mnnmxikgi ja fisimvk fma ajsk|k gkvv}|gk $igf}~v|ijajsk|jxikgm nkgvig}j! nj~i fi ck|xj bjooik|m)! bj jgndm jaak|j ia pm|bm~~k ä ni|nkgfjvk fj

p|mnj}xikgi vjai ndm ficciniabmgvm ~i pkv|mllm mnnmfm|m kav|m ia aibivm amojam'Pm| z}jgvk |io}j|fj aj f}|jvj fma ajsk|k fmi cjgni}aai m fmaam fkggm! aj amoom ci~~j j ~mi k|m aj

f}|jvj bj~~ibj ~mgxj igvm||}xikgm' Ia ajsk|k z}kvifijgk p}ü! ig sij mnnmxikgjam! ~}pm|j|m am kvvk k|m!bj nkg p|mnj}xikgi amojai'

Z}jgfk a/k|j|ik fi ajsk|k ~}pm|j gmaaj oik|gjvj am ~mi k|m m~~k fmsm m~~m|m igvm||kvvk fj }g |ipk~kigvm|bmfik fi }g/k|j jabmgk5 z}jgfk ~}pm|j am kvvk k|m! vjam igvm|sjaak fmsm m~~m|m jabmgk fi }g/k|jm bmxxk'

I aknjai fi ajsk|k mf i fk|bivk|i msmgv}jai fmskgk m~~m|m ~i~vmbjvi ~mnkgfk am gk|bm fi ioimgm m fi

~in}|mxxj fma ajsk|k' Nk~á p}|m i |mcmvvk|i'Pm| nm|vm ajsk|jxikgi ä p|m~n|ivvj aj si~ivj bmfinj pm|ikfinj jaam fkggm m ji cjgni}aai pm| jnnm|vj|gm

aj ifkgmivà ci~inj j z}ma ajsk|k'Aj amoom ivjaijgj! ndm ~i }gick|bj gmaaj ~}j m~vmg~ikgm mf jppainjxikgm jaaj Nkgsmgxikgm

igvm|gjxikgjam fi Oigms|j! ä ig j|bkgij nkaam amooi fi nj|jvvm|m ~knijam mbjgjvm fja \moibm m|jpp|m~mgvj }gk fmi più ~iogicinjvisi m |mjai~vini nkgv|il}vi pm| aj v}vmaj fma ajsk|k m fmaa/igvmo|ivàci~inj m bk|jam fmaaj ~vi|pm'

BJVM\GIVÀ FMAAM FKGGM AJSK\JV\INI

Aj amoom << bj|xk :9>6 ~}aaj v}vmaj fmaaj bjvm|givà fmaam fkggm ajsk|jv|ini nkbpamvj aj ~m|im fi p|kssmfibmgvi ndm ia \moibm dj mbjgjvk pm| aj ~jgivà fmaaj |jxxj m pm| ia pkvmgxijbmgvkfmbko|jcink fmaaj Gjxikgm'

Ig jnnkoaibmgvk fmi skvi m~p|m~~i fja Nkg~ioaik Gjxikgjam fmaam Nk|pk|jxikgi ~i ä ska}vk! nkg ajamoom jgfjvj ig siok|m! k|figj|m m pm|cmxikgj|m am p|mnmfmgvi fi~pk~ixikgi amoi~ajvism ~kp|jvv}vvk pm| z}jgvk |io}j|fj a/}gicinjxikgm fma |moibm j~~in}|jvisk ig bjvm|ij fi bjvm|givà! a/m~vmg~ikgm fmabmfm~ibk jaam fkggm ndm ajsk|jgk j fkbiniaik m a/i~viv}xikgm fmaa/j~~in}|jxikgm cjnkavjvisj'

Jaaj }gicinjxikgm fma |moibm j~~in}|jvisk ig bjvm|ij fi bjvm|givà ~i ä oi}gvi bmfijgvm aj~kpp|m~~ikgm fma ~}~~ifik fi fi~knn}pjxikgm! aj nkgvmbpk|jgmj mamsjxikgm fma ~}~~ifik fi bjvm|givà!ia bjgvmgibmgvk fma nkgv|il}vk jgg}jam fi bjvm|givà ~mgxj jan}g j}bmgvk m aj fmska}xikgm! j nj|ink

fmaaj om~vikgm nkgv|k aj fi~knn}pjxikgm! fi }g nkgv|il}vk jgg}jam j cjsk|m fmaaj Nj~~j Gjxikgjam fiBjvm|givà'Ia ~}~~ifik fi bjvm|givà ä ~vjvk pk|vjvk fj ai|m :=0 j ai|m >00 m pm|niü |jffkppijvk'Ia nkgv|il}vk jgg}k pm| a/j~~in}|jxikgm kllaiojvk|ij fi bjvm|givà ä fi ai|m ? $fi n}i 6 j nj|ink fma

fjvk|m fi ajsk|k m > j nj|ink fmaa/kpm|jij)'P|mbm~~i z}m~vi nmggi fi nj|jvvm|m omgm|jam ä kppk|v}gk fj|m }gj l|msm iaa}~v|jxikgm fmaam più

ibpk|vjgvi gk|bm'Ig p|ibk a}kok aj amoom ~vjliai~nm ig z}jai nkgfixikgi ~ij kllaiojvj aj nm~~jxikgm fma ajsk|k jaam

fkggm8j) f}|jgvm a/}avibk bm~m ndm p|mnmfm aj fjvj p|m~}gvj fmaaj gj~nivj fma cioaik5l) f}|jgvm ~mi ~mvvibjgm fkpk aj gj~nivj fma cioaik5

n) pm| v}vvk ia vmbpk ndm! fkpk ia bm~m fi n}i ja nkbbj j)! p|mnmfm aj gj~nivj z}jgfk z}m~vj|ivj|fj'Jooi}goj~i ndm a/kpm|jij ndm jvvmgfm ia cioaik dj fi|ivvk gma nkbpam~~k j v|m bm~i nkbpam~~isi fi



>9

~k~pmg~ikgm fja ajsk|k j pj|vi|m fjaaj ~m~vj ~mvvibjgj p|ibj fjaaj fjvj p|m~}gvj fmaaj gj~nivj fmacioaik'

Pm| v}vvk ia pm|ikfk gma z}jam aj fkggj kpm|jij ~vj j~~mgvm fja ajsk|k pm| nj}~j fmaaj gj~nivj fmacioaik! m~~j dj fi|ivvk ndm am ~ij nkg~m|sjvk ia pk~vk fi ajsk|k'

F}|jgvm i v|m }avibi bm~i ndm p|mnmfkgk aj fjvj p|m~}gvj fmaaj gj~nivj fma cioaik! aj fkggj ä

m~mgvjvj fja ajsk|k fi v|j~pk|vk m fi ~kaamsjbmgvk fi pm~i'Nkbm ~mo}ivk fmaaj ficm~j fma pinnkak cioaik fmaaj bjf|m kpm|jij! ia fjvk|m fi ajsk|k dj a/kllaiok! pm| v}vvk ia p|ibk jggk fi sivj fma cioaik! fi nkgnmfm|m f}m pm|ikfi ja oik|gk $f}|jgvm a/k|j|ik fiajsk|k) jaaj fkggj pm| jaajvvj|m'

Pm| z}m~vk ~nkpk gmi a}kodi fi ajsk|k fksm ~ijgk knn}pjvm jabmgk =0 fkggm c|j i := m i =0 jggifi mvà! fmsm m~i~vm|m }gj njbm|j fi jaajvvjbmgvk! iaa}bigjvj! smgviajvj m |i~njafjvj gmaaj ~vjoikgmc|mffj'

Ä igcigm kllaiojvk|ij a/j~~in}|jxikgm pm| aj bjvm|givà fmaam fkggm c|j i := m =0 jggi fi mvànkgvmbpajvm fjaam amooi ig z}m~vikgm! nkbm p}|m fi z}maam ndm ajsk|jgk gma p|kp|ik fkbiniaik!m~na}~m am fkggm jsmgvi }gj |mv|il}xikgm bmg~iam fi ai|m 400'

Ä v}vvk }g nkbpam~~k k|ojgink fi p|kssifmgxm pm| aj v}vmaj fmaaj sivj m fmaaj ~ja}vm fma pinnkak

cioaik gj~niv}|k k gjvk fi bjf|m kpm|jij kf ibpimojvj'Bj aj v}vmaj fma cioaik fi fkggj kpm|jij fmsm ignkbignij|m j~~ji p|ibj! z}jgfk nikä a/k|ojgi~bk

fmaaj fkggj ä jgnk|j ig sij fi jnn|m~nibmgvk! gmaa/jfkam~nmgxj8 nikä gmaa/mvà gmaaj z}jam a/k|ojgi~bkcmbbigiam! ~m gkg v}vmajvk! bj jlljgfkgjvk ji fjggi p|kcm~~ikgjai fma ajsk|k ~|mokajvk! pkv|mllmn|m~nm|m fmlkam! pjvivk! igjfjvvk jaaj c}gxikgm ckgfjbmgvjam fmaaj fkggj8 aj bjvm|givà'

Mf mnnk aj amoom fi n}i jllijbk oià fmvvk knn}pj|~i jgndm fmaaj cjgni}aaj! fmaaj c}v}|j bjf|m! pm| ibpmfi|m i fjggi fma ajsk|k fi~jfjvvk $k|j|i v|kppk a}godi! cjvinj b}~nkaj|m mnnm~~isj!jssmamgjbmgvi p|kcm~~ikgjai! pm|inkai pm| i~v|}xikgm ig~}ccinimgvm! ~ij omgm|inj! ~ij vmnginj! mnn')'

A/mvà igixijam fma ajsk|k ä ci~~jvj j :6 jggi m gkg bji p|ibj5 mvà ndm ibpainj oià }gj nm|vj|m~i~vmgxj jaam cjvindm mf }gk ~sia}ppk k|ojgink m bmgvjam ~}ccinimgvm'

Am fkggm fi z}ja~ij~i mvà gkg pk~~kgk m~~m|m ibpimojvm gmi ajsk|i ~kvvm||jgmi fi njsm! bigim|m!ojaam|im5 ~m bigk|i fi :3 jggi gkg sjggk jfilivm gma ~kaamsjbmgvk fi pm~i! gma v|j~pk|vk fi pm~i ~}nj||ikam! mnn'! ~m ia ajsk|k ~i nkbpim ig nkgfixikgi fi~jomskai'

Am fkggm bigk|mggi gkg pk~~kgk m~~m|m jffmvvm jaaj p}aixij m ja ~m|sixik fi bkvk|i! bjnndigm!k|ojgi fi v|j~bi~~ikgm ig bkvk'

P|kilixikgi pm| i bigk|i fi :3 jggi ~kgk nkgvmbpajvm! gmaaj amoom! pm| i ajsk|i nigmbjvko|jcini$m~na}~i z}maai mf}njvisi)5 gmaaj smgfivj fi lmsjgfm jankkaindm $bmgk fmi :4 jggi)5 gmi bm~vim|ioi|ksjodi'

V}vvm |m~v|ixikgi ndm vmgfkgk jaaj v}vmaj ~jgivj|ij fmaa/k|ojgi~bk cmbbigiam ig sij fijnn|m~nibmgvk m jaaj p|mpj|jxikgm fmaa/k|ojgi~bk pm| aj ~}j c}gxikgm gjv}|jam smgv}|j'

Ia \moibm cj~ni~vj! ig z}m~vj! nkbm ig kogi jav|j ck|bj fi j~~i~vmgxj ~knijam! dj jvv}jvk }g n|ivm|ik

fi p|kssifj v}vmaj! ndm ~/igz}jf|j gmaaj sj~vj kpm|j fi ficm~j m fi |iomgm|jxikgm ci~inj m bk|jam fmaaj|jxxj'

AIL\MVVK FMA AJSK\K

Am gk|bm nkgvmg}vm gmaaj amoom >0 finmbl|m :9>6 c}|kgk! j ak|k vmbpk! koomvvk fi jbpijfi~jbigj m fi m~j}|imgvi fi~n}~~ikgi fj pj|vm fmaaj Nkbbi~~ikgm pm|bjgmgvm pm| aj |msi~ikgm fmaamamooi ~}a ajsk|k! i~viv}ivj p|m~~k ia Bigi~vm|k fmaam Nk|pk|jxikgi! ndm jccm|bü aj gmnm~~ivà fmaaj~kaamnivj igv|kf}xikgm fi }g ail|mvvk p|kcm~~ikgjam fi ajsk|k! m~p|ibmgfk jav|m~á ~pmnicinjvjbmgvm ia

p|kp|ik jssi~k ~}i |mz}i~ivi ~k~vjgxijai m ck|bjai fma ail|mvvk ~vm~~k! ~}aaj ~}j m~vmg~ikgm jaaj

omgm|jaivà fmi ajsk|jvk|i m ~}aam bkfjaivà fma |iaj~nik m fmaam |moi~v|jxikgi'^}nnm~~isjbmgvm i skvi m~p|m~~i fja p|mfmvvk k|ojgk nkg~}avisk smggm|k majlk|jvi m |ifkvvi iggk|bm fma Bigi~vm|k! ndm p|mfi~pk~m ak ~ndmbj fi fi~mogk fi amoom jpp|ksjvk fja Pj|ajbmgvk'



60

A/i~viv}xikgm fma ail|mvvk fma ajsk|k ~/igz}jf|j gma ~i~vmbj amoi~ajvisk siomgvm pm| aj fi~nipaigjfmaaj fkbjgfj m pm| a/kccm|vj fi ajsk|k! jppj|m z}igfi msifmgvm aj p|jvinj }viaivà fma ail|mvvk pm| kvvmgm|m z}maaj ifmgvicinjxikgm fmaaj sivj p|kcm~~ikgjam fma ajsk|jvk|m ndm nkgv|il}i~nm j fj|oai! gmanjbpk fma ajsk|k! ia pk~vk nk||i~pkgfmgvm jaam ~}m fibk~v|jvm njpjnivà! ~p|kgjgfkgm ia p|ko|m~~isk

pm|cmxikgjbmgvk! m ndm jf }g vmbpk nk~viv}i~nm }g p|m~}ppk~vk m~~mgxijam pm| a/igvmo|jam

jppainjxikgm fmaaj amoom ~}a nkaaknjbmgvk! ig z}jgvk msivj am ma}~ikgi ndm jvv}jabmgvm ~i sm|icinjgk jfjggk fmi ajsk|jvk|i fi~knn}pjvi m ndm pm|v}|ljgk a/mz}iail|ik gmaam njpjnivà fi j~~k|libmgvk fmabm|njvk fma ajsk|k'

M~iomgxj z}m~vj ndm! gmaam p|m~mgvi pj|vinkaj|i nkgfixikgi! j~~}|om j sjak|m! kav|mndé ~knijam!jgndm pkaivink'

Nkg aj jfkxikgm fma ail|mvvk fi ajsk|k ~i simgm pki j |mjaixxj|m ia skvk fj vmbpk m nk~vjgvmbmgvmm~p|m~~k fjoai }ccini fi nkaaknjbmgvk m fjaam j~~knijxikgi p|kcm~~ikgjai! am z}jai djggk ~mgvivk ajgmnm~~ivà fi p|m~n|ism|m ig sj|i nj~i! jvv|jsm|~k i nkgv|jvvi nkaamvvisi fi ajsk|k! a/kllaiok fi fkn}bmgvi

p|kcm~~ikgjai ifkgmi jf igfisif}j|m am njpjnivà m am z}jaivà fmi ajsk|jvk|i' Bj pm|ndé fmvvkfkn}bmgvk |i~pkgfj jaak ~nkpk ä gmnm~~j|ik ndm m~~k ~ij omgm|jam mf kllaiojvk|ik m ndm ~m gm |mgfjficciniam aj ~kvv|jxikgm k a/javm|jxikgm'

Kgf/ä ndm fmsm m~vmgfm|~i j v}vvi i ajsk|jvk|i! nkbp|m~i i ajsk|jvk|i j fkbiniaik $ia n}i |jppk|vk äcigk|j ~c}ooivk ig o|jg pj|vm jf kogi |mokajbmgvjxikgm oi}|ifinj)! p}| nkg oai jfjvvjbmgvi gmnm~~j|ijaam m~iomgxm ig~ivm jaaj pj|vinkaj|m gjv}|j fma |jppk|vk' Pm| |i~pkgfm|m pki jaaj gmnm~~ivà fmaajnkg~m|sjxikgm fma fkn}bmgvk m pm| |mgfm|m jomskai am |moi~v|jxikgi fj ig~m|i|~i ig m~~k! ~i ä

p|m~n|ivvk ndm aj n}~vkfij fma ail|mvvk ~ij jccifjvj ja fjvk|m fi ajsk|k fja z}jam ia p|m~vjvk|m fi kpm|jfipmgfm! p}| |inkgk~nmgfk j z}m~vk aj cjnkavà fi p|mgfm|gm si~ikgm ig z}ja}gz}m bkbmgvk' Vjamcjnkavà fi m~jbm ä ~vjvj igkav|m |inkgk~ni}vj! pm| i nj~i ksm ~ij ~k|vj nkgv|ksm|~ij! jgndm jaajJ~~knijxikgm fjaaj z}jam ia ajsk|jvk|m ä |jpp|m~mgvjvk'

Ia nkbpam~~k fmaam igfinjxikgi fj jggkvj|~i gma ail|mvvk ~i p|m~mgvj nkbm }g v}vvk j|bkgink mjfmo}jvk ja |jooi}goibmgvk fmaam cigjaivà j n}i ~i i~pi|j ia p|kssmfibmgvk! fi|mvvk j ifmgvicinj|m iajsk|jvk|i m aj ak|k sivj p|kcm~~ikgjam cjsk|mgfkgm aj ~mamxikgm ~mnkgfk i p|ignipi fmaaj Nj|vj fmaAjsk|k m cjniaivjgfk aj ck|bjxikgm fma |jppk|vk fi ajsk|k'

Fjvj aj ibpk|vjgxj! jgndm ~kvvk ia |icam~~k oi}|ifink! fi vjam fkn}bmgvk! aj amoom!igfipmgfmgvmbmgvm fjaa/m~m|nixik fmaaj jxikgm oi}fixij|ij! p|msmfm }gj ~pmfivj p|knmf}|jjbbigi~v|jvisj pm| aj |mvvicinj k aj ~k~pmg~ikgm fmaam jggkvjxikgi'

Ia ail|mvvk ~i pjam~j jav|m~á }viam! joai mccmvvi fmaaj v}vmaj pjv|ibkgijam fmi ajsk|jvk|i! ig z}jgvk fjm~~k ~i pk~~kgk fm~}bm|m mambmgvi fi p|ksj ~} jan}gi ibpk|vjgvi p}gvi fma |jppk|vk fi ajsk|k! z}jaia/mpknj fi igixik m fi nm~~jxikgm fi m~~k! a/jbbkgvj|m m aj nk||m~pkg~ikgm fmaaj |mv|il}xikgm'

IOIMGM FMA AJSK\K

A’ioimgm fma ajsk|k ä ~vjvj fi~nipaigjvj nkg a/jpp|ksjxikgm fma |mokajbmgvk omgm|jam! jssmg}vjnka \' fmn|mvk :6 jp|iam :9<?'

Fi~pk~ixikgi p|mnmfmgvi |io}j|fjgk igf}~v|im ~pmnijai z}jai jf m~mbpik z}maam fmaam nkg~m|smjaibmgvj|i m z}maaj fmi cijbbicm|i' Ia bmxxk più mccinjnm fjvk jaaj sioiajgxj fma |mokajbmgvk p|m"fmvvk ä z}maak igfinjvk fjaa/j|v' 60 fma bmfm~ibk' Pm| m~~k ndi}gz}m igvmgfj ¥nk~v|}i|m! jbpaij|m kfjfjvvj|m }g mficinik jf }g aknjam pm| jfili|ak j ajsk|jxikgi igf}~v|ijai n}i fmllkgk p|m~}biliabmgvmm~~m|m jffmvvi più fi nigz}m kpm|jiµ ä vmg}vk j fj|gm gkvixij ja nkbpmvmgvm Ni|nkak fmaak I~pmvvk|jvknk|pk|jvisk'

Ä z}m~vk }g bmxxk fi sioiajgxj igvm~k jf msivj|m ia ~k|om|m fi ~vjliaibmgvi gmi z}jai pk~~j p|m~mgvj|~i ia nj~k fi ficciniam k ibpk~~iliam jppainjxikgm fmaam gk|bm ioimgindm kllaiojvk|im' Aj

gk|bj |majvisj fks|mllm jsm|m pm|vjgvk aj più |ioifj jppainjxikgm pkindé m~~j ~i p|m~mgvj nkbm ia p|m~}ppk~vk ~pm~~k igfi~pmg~jliam pm| a/jppainjxikgm fmaam jav|m fi~pk~ixikgi fma omgm|m'A/I~pmvvk|jvk dj cjnkavà fi p|m~n|ism|m bkficinjxikgi joai ibpijgvi gkvicinjvi! vmgmgfk p|m~mgvi



6:

kav|m ndm aj v}vmaj fmaaj ~ja}vm fmi ajsk|jvk|i! a/ignka}bivà fma sinigjvk! ig si~vj fmoai igvm|m~~i fmaz}jam joi|à f/jnnk|fk nkg ia bmfink p|ksignijam'

Vjam fi~pk~ixikgm! pm| a/koomvvk ndm nkg~ifm|j! |io}j|fj ia ajsk|jvk|m ~kajbmgvm ig sij bmfijvj'Jav|m gk|bm fma |mokajbmgvk a/igvm|m~~jgk ig bkfk più fi|mvvk' Vjai ~kgk! jf m~mbpik! z}maam|majvism ji bmxxi fi p|kvmxikgm m fi ficm~j pm|~kgjai ndm ia fjvk|m fi ajsk|k ä kllaiojvk j ck|gi|m m ia

ajsk|jvk|m jf }~j|m mf j n}|j|gm aj nkg~m|sjxikgm'Pm| oai jnnm|vjbmgvi |majvisi j vjai fi~pk~ixikgi ia bmxxk ck|givk jaa/j}vk|ivà sioiajgvm ä|jpp|m~mgvjvk fjaaj cjnkavà! ndm aj amoom am nkgnmfm! fi jnnmfm|m gmi a}kodi fi ajsk|k m gmaam |majvismjfijnmgxm! fi ~kvvkpk||m j si~ivj bmfinj ia pm|~kgjam knn}pjvk m fi ndimfm|m z}ja}gz}m gkvixij oaiknnk||j! nkbp|m~m z}maam ndm |ivmgoj gmnm~~j|ik fi fkbjgfj|m ~} p|knm~~i fi cjll|injxikgm!|majvisjbmgvm ji z}jai ä vmg}vj pm|ü ja bjgvmgibmgvk fma ~mo|mvk' Ia |mokajbmgvk omgm|jam pm| a/ioimgm fma ajsk|k igf}~v|ijam m jo|inkak nkgvimgm gk|bm |majvism jaa/ioimgm gmaam jximgfm igf}~v|ijai mnkbbm|nijai8 ~mogjajxikgm m n}~vkfij fi bmfinjxikgm! bmfink fi cjll|inj! javmxxj! n}ljv}|j!~}pm|cinim! aknjai ~mbi"~kvvm||jgmi! nkpm|v}|j! pjsibmgvk! pj|mvi mf jpm|v}|m! iaa}bigjxikgm!vmbpm|jv}|j! ~sia}ppk fi sjpk|i! |injblik fmaa/j|ij! ficm~j fmaa/j|ij fjoai igz}igjbmgvi nkg p|kfkvvigknisi! jnz}j! p}aixij fmi aknjai! ~mfiai! |}bk|i m ~n}kvibmgvi! ~i~vmbjxikgm fmi vm||mgi ~nkpm|vi

fipmgfmgvi fji aknjai fi ajsk|k! fmpk~ivi fi ibbkgfixim! fi |ici}vi m fi bjvm|ijai ig~ja}l|i! ajv|igm mk|igjvki! ljogi! ~pkoaijvki! |mcmvvk|ik! aknjai fi |inksm|k m fi |ipk~k! njbm|m fi jaajvvjbmgvk!fk|bivk|i ~vjliai! fk|bivk|i vmbpk|jgmi! bmxxi fi p|kvmxikgm m fi ficm~j! fi~pk~ixikgi ~pmnijai |majvismja ajsk|k fmi cjgni}aai! fmi oiksjgi m fmaam fkggm! g}ksm nk~v|}xikgi'

Fi~pk~ixikgi |majvism jaam jximgfm jo|inkam8 jlivjxikgi m fk|bivk|i! ~vjaam m nkgnibjim! jnz}ji majv|igm! jnz}j! p|m~m|sjxikgm fjaam bjajvvim'

Fkpk a/jpp|ksjxikgm fma |mokajbmgvk omgm|jam! jssmg}vj nkg \' fmn|mvk :6 jp|iam :9>?! g' =>0!aj fi~nipaigj fmaa/ioimgm fma ajsk|k! p}| gkg fjgfk a}kok jf jan}g jav|k p|kssmfibmgvk amoi~ajvisk fi}gj nm|vj ibpk|vjgxj! ä ~vjvj pm|ü koomvvk fi jbpik mf jnn}|jvk m~jbm p|m~~k ia Nkg~ioaik Gjxikgjamfmaam Nk|pk|jxikgi! ig ~mfm fi fi~n}~~ikgm ~}aaj |msi~ikgm fmaaj amoi~ajxikgm fma ajsk|k' Ä ~vjvk

p|kpk~vk m fi~n}~~k }g g}ksk ~ndmbj fi vm~vk }gink! ndm fks|mllm ~k~viv}i|~i jaam mnnm~~isjbmgvmg}bm|k~m fi~pk~ixikgi v}vvk|j ig siok|m! bj ndm gkg dj jgnk|j p|ksknjvk a/mbjgjxikgm fi }gjppk~ivk p|kssmfibmgvk amoi~ajvisk'

P\MSMGXIKGM FMOAI IGCK\V]GI ^]A AJSK\K

Jaam gk|bm nkgnm|gmgvi aj ~i~vmbjxikgm fmaa/jblimgvm fja p}gvk fi si~vj ioimgink m ~jgivj|ik!cjggk |i~nkgv|k am gk|bm |io}j|fjgvi aj p|msmgxikgm fmoai igck|v}gi! |mjaixxjvj z}m~vj }avibjbmfijgvm a/kllaiok cjvvk ji fjvk|i fi ajsk|k fi jvv}j|m gmaam jximgfm fmvm|bigjvm bi~}|m p|kvmvvism jaak~nkpk fi n|mj|m am nkgfixikgi più cjsk|mskai pm| aj ignka}bivà fmi ajsk|jvk|i m |if}||m ja bigibk ia

|i~ndik igck|v}gi~vink'Ä msifmgvm ndm! p|ibj jgnk|j fi |ipj|j|m i fjggi mnkgkbini fm|isjgvi fjaa/igck|v}gik! aj amoom dj iafksm|m fi p|msmgi|ai'

Kogi jxikgm fmaak ^vjvk! z}igfi! ndm vmgfj jf igvmg~icinj|m a/kpm|j fi p|msmgxikgm! ~ij jfkvvjgfkam bi~}|m fi gjv}|j vmnginj ndm bjg bjgk aj ~nimgxj gma ~}k p|ko|m~~isk ~skaom|~i ~}oom|i~nm! ~ij

p|jvinjgfk ck|bm fi p|kpjojgfj ~mbp|m più mccinjni m ~}oom~vism vjgvk gmi nkgc|kgvi fmi fjvk|i fiajsk|k! z}jgvk m ~kp|jvv}vvk ig z}maai fmoai kpm|ji! fmsm m~~m|m nkg~ifm|jvj ckgvm fi ignjankajliai

lmgmcini mnkgkbini pm| aj |if}xikgm fma nk~vk fmoai igck|v}gi! m ~knijai pm| am lmgmcindm |ipm|n}~~ikgi~}a lmgm~~m|m m ~}aa/igvmo|ivà ci~inj fmaaj |jxxj'

Ia amoi~ajvk|m ~i ä p|mknn}pjvk! ~ig fji p|ibk|fi fmaak ~sia}ppk mnkgkbink fmaaj Gjxikgm! fifi~nipaigj|m nkg gk|bm amoi~ajvism nk~á ibpk|vjgvm m fmainjvj bjvm|ij'

Sjggk jaa/}kpk |ink|fjvi8j) Aj amoom :? bj|xk :494! g' 405l) Ia |mokajbmgvk omgm|jam pm| aj p|msmgxikgm fmoai igck|v}gi gmaam ibp|m~m m gmaam igf}~v|im jaam



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z}jai ~i jppainj aj amoom ~}ffmvvj5 |mokajbmgvk jpp|ksjvk nkg \' fmn|mvk :4 oi}ogk :499! g' <>05n) \mokajbmgvk pm| aj p|msmgxikgm fmoai igck|v}gi gmaam bigim|m m gmaam njsm jpp|ksjvk nkg \'

fmn|mvk :4 oi}ogk :499 g' <>:5f) \mokajbmgvk pm| aj p|msmgxikgm fmoai igck|v}gi gmaam ibp|m~m m gmaam igf}~v|im ndm v|jvvjgk k

jppainjgk bjvm|im m~pakfmgvi! jpp|ksjvk nkg \' fmn|mvk :4 oi}ogk :499! g' <><5

m) \mokajbmgvk pm| aj p|msmgxikgm fmoai igck|v}gi gmaam nk~v|}xikgi jpp|ksjvk nkg \' fmn|mvk<? bjooik :900! g' <0=5 c) \mokajbmgvk pm| aj p|msmgxikgm fmoai igck|v}gi gmaak m~m|nixik fmaam ~v|jfm cm||jvm! jpp|ksjvk

nkg \' fmn|mvk ? bjooik :90>! g' <095 o) \mokajbmgvk pm| a/m~mn}xikgm fmaaj amoom ndm nk~viv}i~nm a/J~~knijxikgm Gjxikgjam pm| ia

Nkgv|kaak ~}aaj Nkbl}~vikgm! jpp|ksjvk nkg \' fmn|mvk :< bjooik :9<?! g' 4<65d) I~viv}xikgm fmaa/J~~knijxikgm Gjxikgjam pm| aj P|msmgxikgm fmoai Igck|v}gi ~}a Ajsk|k!

jpp|ksjvj nkg \' fmn|mvk"amoom <6 bjooik :9<3! g' 494":<03'Nkg aj nk~viv}xikgm fmaa/J~~knijxikgm Gjxikgjam pm| aj P|msmgxikgm fmoai Igck|v}gi ~}a Ajsk|k! ia

\moibm cj~ni~vj cmnm }g p|ibk pj~~k sm|~k aj ~i~vmbjxikgm fi nk~á ibpk|vjgvm p|klambj'Aj Nkbbi~~ikgm gkbigjvj ig ~mgk ja Nkg~ioaik Gjxikgjam fmaam Nk|pk|jxikgi pm| aj |msi~ikgm

fmaaj amoi~ajxikgm ~}a ajsk|k! gmaaj |majxikgm p|m~mgvjvj jaa/J~~mblamj omgm|jam fma Nkg~ioaik pm| aj|ick|bj fmaaj amoi~ajxikgm ~}oai igck|v}gi fma ajsk|k! cjnmsj k~~m|sj|m ndm }g o|jgfm

pm|cmxikgjbmgvk gmaaj bjvm|ij fmaaj p|msmgxikgm fmoai igck|v}gi ~j|mllm nm|vjbmgvm |jpp|m~mgvjvkfja v|j~cm|ibmgvk fmaam c}gxikgi fi p|msmgxikgm fjaaj J~~knijxikgm jaa/I~viv}vk }givj|ik j~~in}|jvisk!nkbm nkg pimgj ~kffi~cjxikgm djggk kpm|jvk aj ^sixxm|j mf jav|i ^vjvi! ig bkfk fj nkgnmgv|j|m ig }g~kak k|ojgk ia nkgv|kaak fmaaj c}gxikgm p|msmgvisj m fi z}maaj fi |i~j|nibmgvk'

J pj|vm igcjvvi aj nkgsmgimgxj fi|mbk mnkgkbinj! ndm fm|isj joai i~viv}vi j~~in}|jvisi fjaa/m~m|nixikf/}gj lmg p|mfi~pk~vj p|msmgxikgm! ä msifmgvm ndm gm~~}gk bmoaik m più mccinjnmbmgvm fi z}m~vii~viv}vi p}ü ~skaom|m }gj jvvisj kpm|j p|msmgv|inm! gma ~mvvk|m ig n}i nij~n}gk m~painj aj ~}j c}gxikgm'M~~i gmaa/j~~i~vm|m i ak|k j~~in}|jvi pk~~kgk ~mbp|m ck|gi|m am ni|nk~vjgxm ig n}i ~i ~kgk sm|icinjvi ifjggi ~}livi fji ak|k j~~i~vivi m i bkvisi j n}i m~~i sjggk j~n|ivvi! m z}igfi ~kgk ig o|jfk! gmi aibivi fma

pk~~iliam! fi p|mfi~pk||m i bmxxi ifkgmi pm| msivj|m ia ak|k |ipmvm|~i' Lmgm pm|niü dj jssi~jvk ia|majvk|m fmaaj |ick|bj aj gmnm~~ivà ndm aj p|msmgxikgm igck|v}gi~vinj smgoj jvv}jvj fi|mvvjbmgvm fjoaik|ojgi fmaa/j~~in}|jxikgm'

^jooijbmgvm pm|vjgvk gmaaj |majxikgm simgm jccm|bjvk ndm }g p|ko|jbbj fi pm|cmvvj v}vmajigck|v}gi~vinj fmsm smgi|m ibpk~vjvk vmgmgfk p|m~mgvm i v|m nkbjgfjbmgvi ~mo}mgvi m nikä8 p|msmgi|m!n}|j|m! igfmggixxj|m' V|igkbik z}m~vk ig n}i bi|jliabmgvm ä |ij~~}gvk ak ~pi|ivk sm|jbmgvmiaa}bigjvk m bkfm|gk fmaaj |ick|bj igck|v}gi~vinj! gma z}jam smgokgk mg}gnijvi! ig k|figmf/ibpk|vjgxj! i nkbpivi m am c}gxikgi fmaa/j~~in}|jxikgm igck|v}gi! z}jai m~~i |i~}avj|kgk fjaaj |ick|bjnd/ä ~vjvj p|kpk~vj'

Pj|vinkaj|m ibpk|vjgxj! ji cigi fmaaj p|msmgxikgm fmoai igck|v}gi! dj ia \' fmn|mvk"amoom <4

finmbl|m :9>:! ia z}jam! fi~nipaigjgfk a/k|figjbmgvk m am c}gxikgi fmaa/I~pmvvk|jvk Nk|pk|jvisk!jnnmgv|j gma bmfm~ibk am c}gxikgi fi sioiajgxj ~}aa/jppainjxikgm fmaam gk|bm |majvism ja ajsk|k!jaa/j~~i~vmgxj m jaaj p|msifmgxj ~knijam! oià jccifjvm j ~pmnijai k|ojgi fma Bigi~vm|k fmaamNk|pk|jxikgi! m pm| j~~in}|j|m a/}givà fi nkgv|kaak fi~pkgm aj ~kpp|m~~ikgm fmaa/J~~knijxikgm

Gjxikgjam pm| aj P|msmgxikgm fmoai Igck|v}gi $j|v' :=)'Am c}gxikgi fmaa/I~pmvvk|jvk nkg~i~vkgk ~ij ig }gj sioiajgxj omgm|inj! ndm p}ü fj| a}kok jf }g

|indijbk jaa/k~~m|sjgxj fmaam amooi nkg p|mci~~ikgm fi }g vm|bigm pm| a/k~~m|sjgxj! ~ijgmaa/mbjgjxikgm fi gk|bm ~pmnicindm! am z}jai ~kgk ~mbp|m m~mn}vism ~m nkgnm|gkgk aj p|msmgxikgmfmoai igck|v}gi'

]g ibpk|vjgvm ~mvvk|m fi vjam bjvm|ij ä fi~nipaigjvk jav|m~á fjaaj Nkgsmgxikgm igvm|gjxikgjam fma<? jp|iam :9>< pm| aj p|kvmxikgm nkgv|k oai igck|v}gi fmoai kpm|ji jffmvvi ja nj|ink m jaak ~nj|ink fmaam

gjsi! jpp|ksjvj nkg \' fmn|mvk <: ~mvvmbl|m :9>>' Vjam nkgsmgxikgm! fkpk jsm| fmaibigjvk ia p|kp|ik njbpk fi jppainjxikgm igfinjgfk nkg aj pj|kaj ¥kpm|jxikgiµ v}vvk ia ajsk|k k pj|vm fmaajsk|k mccmvv}jvk j vm||j k j lk|fk pm| ia nj|ink m ak ~nj|ink fi kogi lj~vibmgvk jffmvvk jaaj



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gjsiojxikgm bj|ivvibj kf igvm|gj ‖ cjvvj mnnmxikgm pm| ia gjsioaik fj o}m||j ‖ ig kogi pk|vkbj|ivvibk kf igvm|gk! ~} kogi ljgndigj k ~njak k jav|k a}kok jgjakok! m nkg aj pj|kaj ¥ajsk|jvk|mµkogi pm|~kgj ibpimojvj ig vjai kpm|jxikgi! fi~nipaigj big}vjbmgvm am gmnm~~j|im oj|jgxim fi~in}|mxxj fmaam sim m fmi bmxxi fi jnnm~~k jaam gjsi'



66

S' MAMSJBMGVK BK\JAM! IGVMAAMVV]JAM M P\KCM^^IKGJAM

FMI AJSK\JVK\I



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KPM\J GJXIKGJAM FKPKAJSK\K

GMA :9>= ig }g ~}k ~n|ivvk ¥Cj~ni~bk m ^igfjnjai~bkµ! p}llainjvk ig ¥Om|j|ndijµ! ia F]NM

~n|ismsj8 ¥^m skam~~i mamgnj|m v}vvm am p|kssifmgxm f/k|figm ~knijam jfkvvjvm fja Oksm|gk cj~ni~vj!|imbpi|mi jan}gm pjoigm nkg aj ~mbpainm g}bm|jxikgm fmi fmn|mvi5 |ink|fm|ü ~kak a/}avibk8 a/m|mxikgm

ig mgvm bk|jam fmaa/Kpm|j Gjxikgjam Fkpkajsk|k! aj n}i ibpk|vjgxj ji cigi fmaa/mf}njxikgm ci~inj migvmaamvv}jam fmaam naj~~i ajsk|jv|ini ä oià o|jgfi~~ibj m più j}bmgvm|à gma c}v}|kµ'Mf}njxikgm ci~inj m igvmaamvv}jam fmaam naj~~i ajsk|jv|ini8 mnnk ia nkbpivk fmaaj i~viv}xikgm! ~mnkgfk

ia njvmok|ink ibpm|jvisk fma F]NM'K|ioigjam gmaam ~}m cigjaivà p|ko|jbbjvindm! nkbm k|ioigjam gma bmxxk m gmi bmvkfi fmaaj ~}j

jxikgm z}kvifijgj' N|mjvj pm| mf}nj|m ci~injbmgvm m igvmaamvv}jabmgvm oai kpm|ji jf}avi! gkg piùz}igfi jliv}jvi joai k|figj|i bmvkfi pmfjokoini fmaaj ~n}kaj! m~~j dj maibigjvk gma ~}k z}kvifijgknkbpivk kogi bmvkfk fi ig~mogjbmgvk ~nkaj~vink! ndm gkg ~j|mllm ~vjvk ia più jfjvvk m ia più|mffivixik pm| }kbigi! i z}jai! p}| jsmgfk m ~mgvmgfk ia li~kogk fi i~v|}i|~i mf mamsj|~i! pm| aj ak|k~vm~~j mvà gkg pk~~kgk più pimoj|~i j ~ndmbi ~nkaj~vini' Li~kogjsj i~v|}i|ai! z}j~i ~mgxj ndm m~~i ~mgm jnnk|om~~m|k! m ~i ä |ink|~i jaaj ck|bj più pijnmskam m più cjniabmgvm jnnm~~iliam8 ji v|jvvmgibmgvi!

oijnndé ä i~vigvisk gmaa/}kbk fi ajsk|k! ~ij fmaa/kccinigj ~ij fmaa/ibpimok! ia fm~ifm|ik fi ibpimoj|m am~}m k|m ailm|m pm| fi~v|j|~i! pm| fism|vi|~i' ]viaixxj|m z}m~vk }bjgk i~vigvisk fm~ifm|ik pm| i~v|}i|mci~injbmgvm m igvmaamvv}jabmgvm i ajsk|jvk|i8 mnnk ia o|jgfm bm|ivk! aj o|jgfm k|ioigjaivà fmaa/Kpm|j

Gjxikgjam fma Fkpkajsk|k' Ckgfjvjbmgvm ~i p}ü jccm|bj|m z}m~vj ~}j k|ioigjaivà! pkindé gkg ~m gmdj m~mbpik ig gm~~}g jav|k pjm~m fma bkgfk'

A/K' G' F' dj }g jav|k ~}k nj|jvvm|m k|ioigjam mf ä z}maak fi m~~m|m m|mvvk ig mgvm fi fi|ivvk p}llaink nkg p|mni~jvm |m~pkg~jliaivà! nkg ~pmnijai nkbpivi m c}gxikgi ndm aj bmvvkgk m ajigz}jf|jgk gmaa/k|figjbmgvk nk|pk|jvisk fi v}vvj aj g}ksj sivj gjxikgjam ivjaijgj' Aj Nj|vj fmaAjsk|k! ci~~jgfk jaam J~~knijxikgi p|kcm~~ikgjai a/kllaiok fi m~m|nivj|m }g/jxikgm ~mamvvisj c|j iajsk|jvk|i! fi|mvvj jf mamsj|m ~mbp|m più am njpjnivà vmngindm m ia sjak|m bk|jam! ~vjliai~nm jav|m~á ndmj vja cigm m~~m fmskgk jccijgnj|m a/jxikgm fmaa/K' G' F' igvmgfmgfk nk~á ndm j z}m~vj jxikgm ~mamvvisjfi i~v|}xikgm m fi mf}njxikgm vmnginj! bk|jam mf igvmaamvv}jam! ni ~i oiksi fmaam k|m fi~pkgiliai fkpk iaz}kvifijgk ajsk|k'

Pm| bmoaik a}bmooij|m am nj|jvvm|i~vindm m am cigjaivà fma Fkpkajsk|k ä gmnm~~j|ik ‖ nkbm|ink|fj ia ^mo|mvj|ik fma Pj|vivk gma ska}bm A/Kpm|j Gjxikgjam Fkpkajsk|k ‖ vmgm|m p|m~mgvi am

pj|kam fma F]NM'¥Ia Cj~ni~bk s}kam a/}kbk jvvisk m ibpmogjvk gmaa/jxikgm nkg v}vvm am ~}m mgm|oim8 ak s}kam

si|iabmgvm nkg~jpmskam fmaam ficcinkavà ndm ni ~kgk! m p|kgvk jf jcc|kgvj|am' Nkgnmpi~nm aj sivj nkbmakvvj! pmg~jgfk ndm ~pmvvi jaa/}kbk nkgz}i~vj|~i z}maaj ndm ~ij sm|jbmgvm fmogj fi a}i! n|mjgfk

p|ibj fi v}vvk ig ~m ~vm~~k ak ~v|}bmgvk $ci~ink! bk|jam! igvmaamvv}jam) pm| mficinj|aj' Nk~á pm| a/igfisif}k ~igokak! nk~á pm| a/}bjgivà' Z}igfi javk sjak|m fmaaj n}av}|j ig v}vvm am ~}m ck|bm $j|vm!

|maioikgm! ~nimgxj)! m a/ibpk|vjgxj o|jgfi~~ibj fmaa/mf}njxikgm' Z}igfi jgndm ia sjak|m m~~mgxijamfma ajsk|k! nkg n}i a/}kbk signm aj gjv}|j m n|mj ia bkgfk }bjgk $mnkgkbink! pkaivink! bk|jam!igvmaamvv}jam)µ'

¥F/kgfm ‖ nkbbmgvj ia ^mo|mvj|ik fma Pj|vivk ‖ a’ibpm|jvisk njvmok|ink8 jgfj|m sm|~k ia pkpkakµ'

Moai pki ~pimoj8 ¥jgfj|m sm|~k ia pkpkak! pm| mf}nj|ak! pm| |mgfm|ak ci~injbmgvm m bk|jabmgvmbioaik|m5 pm| cj|oai jbj|m aj ~}j vm||j! ia ~}k pjm~m! aj ~}j cjbioaij m aj ~}j nj~j5 pm| igckgfm|oai iafm~ifm|ik fi nkgk~nm|m ia sm|k skavk fmaaj Pjv|ij pm|nk||mgfk am ~v|jfm m ~k~vjgfk nkg knndi g}ksifjsjgvi jaam ~}m igcigivm lmaamxxm! jssinigjgfkak ji bkgvi m ji bj|i! lja}j|fi pk~~mgvi! fism|~i m~in}|i! fmi aibivi fmaaj ~}j vm||j5 pm| cj|ak m~pm|vk ja g}kvk m jaam ~njajvm! jaam gmnm~~ivà msmgv}jai fma~}k fkbjgi o}m||im|k'

¥Pm| ~nikoaim|oai gmaam oikik~m mf igomg}m nkbpmvixikgi ~pk|vism! i b}~nkai m a/jpjvij! pm| |inkgf}|ak jaam v|jfixikgi oak|ik~m m fkani fmaaj ~}j omgvm! ~imgk m~p|m~~m fjaaj pkain|kbij f/}gnk~v}bm! k fjaa/j|bkgij f/}gj njgxkgm! k fj }g nk|vmk p|knm~~ikgjam ndm ~i ~gkfi! ~jabkfijgvm! fj



63

}g ~jn|jvk sioiajvk fj oj||}am njbpjgm! k fj }g igomg}k ljaak njbpjogkak ~}aa/jij vm|~j m pjsm~jvj'¥Pm| jpp|mgfm|oai m cj|oai jbj|m aj b}~inj ‖ ~mo}ivj j fi|m ia ^mo|mvj|ik fma Pj|vivk ‖ ia njgvk! ia

vmjv|k! aj pivv}|j! aj ~n}av}|j! aj pkm~ij! v}vvm am j|vi fmaam z}jai a/Ivjaij mllm ig kogi vmbpk ia p|ibjvk mi n}i okgcjakgi c}|kgk fjaaj ~}j omgvm ~nikavi m cjvvi oj||i|m ig v}vvi i nimai fma bkgfk' Pm| |mgfm|ak

pm|cmvvk gma bm~vim|m m ig~mogj|oai ndm am sim fmaaj nkgz}i~vj ~i jp|kgk nkg aj cjvinj m gkg nkg am

p|mvm~m j~~}|fm m am ig}viai pj|kam! pm| j~~i~vm|ak! ig cigm! jbk|k~jbmgvm! ig kogi pj~~k gmaaj sivj5j~~in}|jgfk j a}i mf jaaj ~}j cjbioaij z}ma lmgm~~m|m bk|jam mf mnkgkbink! ja z}jam aj g}ksj mnkbpamvj nkbp|mg~ikgm fmi p|kp|i fksm|i fà ja pkpkak ivjaijgk! |iggksjvk fja Cj~ni~bk! |mjabmgvm

pm| aj p|ibj skavj fi|ivvkµ'Am cigjaivà mf i nkbpivi fmaa/i~viv}xikgm gkg js|mllm|k pkv}vk m~~m|m bmoaik iaa}~v|jvi'A/K' G' F'! ndm cig fja p|ibk ~vjv}vk fma Pj|vivk m|j ~vjvj pk~vj jaam fi|mvvm fipmgfmgxm fma

^mo|mvj|ik fma Pj|vivk! vimgm k|bji gmaa/jblivk fmaaj pkaivinj ~knijam fma Cj~ni~bk }g pk~vkibpk|vjgvi~~ibk! pkindé a/m~pjgfm|~i fmaam i~viv}xikgi fkpkajsk|i~vindm ä fismg}vk ~v|mvvjbmgvmnkggm~~k jaa/mnkgkbij gjxikgjam m ja bioaik|jbmgvk ci~ink m igvmaamvv}jam fmoai ivjaijgi m ~i i~pi|j ja

p|ignipik cj~ni~vj ndm a/j~~i~vmgxj ji ajsk|jvk|i ä! ig v}vvm am ~}m ck|bm! }g fksm|m gjxikgjam'A/Kpm|j fma Fkpkajsk|k ~i ~skaom gmi più sj|i njbpi8 ig z}maak fmaa/mf}njxikgm ci~inj bmfijgvm ak

~pk|v gmaam ~}m fism|~m ck|bm m a/m~n}|~ikgi~bk! ig z}maak fmaa/mf}njxikgm j|vi~vinj bmfijgvm amciakf|jbbjvindm! i Nj||i fi Vm~pi ai|ink m f|jbbjvink! aj nigmbjvko|jcij! aj |jfikckgij! mnn'! igz}maak fmaa/mf}njxikgm p|kp|ijbmgvm fmvvj! bmfijgvm oai I~viv}vi fi n}av}|j pkpkaj|m m fi

pm|cmxikgjbmgvk p|kcm~~ikgjam! ig z}maak fmaa/j~~i~vmgxj gmaam ~}m sj|im ck|bm! ioimginj! ~jgivj|ij m p|msifmgxijam! mnn' I ~}ki |i~}avjvi |indijbjgk ~mbp|m a/jvvmgxikgm m a/jbbi|jxikgm jgndm fmoai~v|jgim|i! ndm aj nkg~ifm|jgk nkbm }gj ~jafj mf mccinjnm |mjaixxjxikgm fma \moibm cj~ni~vj' Ak~sia}ppk j~~}gvk fjaa/Kpm|j ä fibk~v|jvk fja cjvvk ndm oai i~n|ivvi ja Fkpkajsk|k! ndm gma :9<? m|jgk=>4'>>?! ~kgk ~jaivi ja >: finmbl|m :9>< j :'9<?'==?5 ndm i Fkpkajsk|k! ndm m|jgk! gma :9<3! ::36!~kgk ~jaivi jaaj cigm fma :9>< j lmg :?'409 m ndm! p}|m jaaj cigm fma :9><! ~kp|j ?<69 Nkb}gi lmg364? jsmsjgk ia Fkpkajsk|k'

I^V\]XIKGM VMNGINJ M P\KCM^^IKGJAM

Jgndm ig z}m~vk njbpk ak ^vjvk cj~ni~vj dj joivk ig p|kckgfivà p|kssmfmgfk ja |ik|figjbmgvkomgm|jam fmaa/i~v|}xikgm vmnginj mccmvv}jvk nkg aj amoom jgfjvj ig siok|m ia < jok~vk :9>:'

Vjam |ik|figjbmgvk nkbp|mgfm ~mi o|}ppi fi ~n}kam8 :° i nk|~i gk|bjai m limggjai fi jssijbmgvkja ajsk|k5 <° am ~n}kam vmngindm5 >° am ~n}kam p|kcm~~ikgjai cmbbigiai5 6° am ~n}kam fi bjoi~vm|k

p|kcm~~ikgjai pm| aj fkggj5 =° oai i~viv}vi vmngini5 3° i nk|~i pm| am bjm~v|jgxm'Jaaj lj~m fi vjam k|figjbmgvk ~i v|ksjgk am ~n}kam fi jssijbmgvk ja ajsk|k' J z}m~vk vipk fi

~n}kaj m|j gmnm~~j|ik fj|m }gj ~v|}vv}|j k|ojginj mf }gj ~i~vmbjxikgm fmcigivisj mf j niü c}

p|kssmf}vk nkg aj nkgsm|~ikgm ig amoom fma \' fmn|mvk 3 kvvkl|m :9>0' Aj ~n}kaj fi jssijbmgvk ä}gj ~n}kaj m~~mgxijabmgvm fi p|mpj|jxikgm fi bjm~v|jgxm' I vipi fi ~n}kaj ~kgk z}jvv|k8 j vipkjo|j|ik! j vipk igf}~v|ijam m j|vioijgk! j vipk nkbbm|nijam m bj|igj|k' A/ig~mogjbmgvk dj nj|jvvm|m

p|msjamgvmbmgvm p|jvink! ~i v|jvvj igcjvvi fi ibpj|vi|m a/i~v|}xikgm pk~v"mambmgvj|m kllaiojvk|ij cigk ja:6° jggk m fi ck|gi|m }g p|ibk ig~mogjbmgvk pm| aj p|mpj|jxikgm ji sj|i bm~vim|i'

Nkg aj ~i~vmbjxikgm fmaam ~n}kam fi jssijbmgvk ja ajsk|k ~i nkbpamvj z}igfi z}maa/k|ojgink m|jxikgjam j~~mvvk gma njbpk fmaa/ig~mogjbmgvk p|kcm~~ikgjam! ndm m|j fj vjgvk vmbpk |mnajbjvk fjaamm~iomgxm n}av}|jai mf mnkgkbindm fma Pjm~m m ndm ä fm~vigjvk j nk~viv}i|m! gma nkbpam~~k fmoai i~viv}vij nj|jvvm|m vmngink! }g pkvmgvm ~v|}bmgvk fmaaj gk~v|j jccm|bjxikgm ig v}vvi i njbpi fmaaj p|kf}xikgm'

Am ~n}kam fi jssijbmgvk ja ajsk|k ~kgk! pm| am cigjaivà jf m~~m j~~mogjvm! }gj fmaam più omgijai p|kssifmgxm ~nkaj~vindm fma \moibm cj~ni~vj pm| i gk~v|i ajsk|jvk|i8 ~n}kam pkpkaj|i gma sm|k ~mg~k

fmaaj pj|kaj'Nkg ia |ik|figjbmgvk fmaa/ig~mogjbmgvk vmngink"p|kcm~~ikgjam! nkbpamvjvk nkg aj |ick|bj fmaam~n}kam fi jssijbmgvk ja ajsk|k! ia Cj~ni~bk dj omvvjvk am lj~i fi z}maa/kpm|j vmgfmgvm j bioaik|j|m m



6?

j}bmgvj|m aj njpjnivà vmnginj fmi ajsk|jvk|i5 kpm|j ndm! ~mgxj f}llik! pkv|à nkgv|il}i|mgkvmskabmgvm jf mamsj|m ia pjv|ibkgik mnkgkbink fmaaj Gjxikgm m nk~á jp|i|m jaa/Ivjaij am sim bjm~v|mfmaaj ~}j m~pjg~ikgm nkbbm|nijam gma bkgfk'

Ia Cj~ni~bk! |ijccm|bj jgndm nk~á aj ~}j skakgvà fi jgfj|m fmni~jbmgvm sm|~k ia pkpkak pm| ficmgfm|ak gmaam ~}m gmnm~~ivà mf mamsj|ak bk|jabmgvm m vmnginjbmgvm'

Gma pj~~jvk pknk k g}aaj ~i m|j cjvvk' ^m z}jandm amoom c} majlk|jvj ~}aa/ig~mogjbmgvk p|kcm~~ikgjam! a/jppainjxikgm gm c} fmcinimgvm5 m ~pm~~k fksm ~k|~m|k ~n}kam fi ajsk|k ~m gm cja~j|kgkia nj|jvvm|m m aj cigjaivà! ~inndé m~~m pknk k p}gvk oiksj|kgk jaak ~sia}ppk mnkgkbink fmaaj Gjxikgm'^kak gma :9:< ia Oksm|gk nkbigniü j nkbp|mgfm|m aj gmnm~~ivà fi }g/k|figjbmgvk fmaa/ig~mogjbmgvk

p|kcm~~ikgjam'Aj amoom fma :6 oi}ogk :9:<! g! 4=6! c} nm|vjbmgvm }g pj~~k gkvmskam gmaaj ~i~vmbjxikgm

fmaa/ig~mogjbmgvk vmngink5 c} findij|jvj a/j}vkgkbij fmaam ~n}kam igf}~v|ijai nkbm i~viv}vi p}llaini mc}|kgk nkgn|mvjvm am p|ibm aigmm k|ojgindm omgm|jai' Ia |mokajbmgvk pm| a/jppainjxikgm fmaaj amoomci~~ü am gk|bm pm| a/i~viv}xikgm fma oksm|gk fmaam ~n}kam p|kcm~~ikgjai5 bj! p}|v|kppk! nkbm v}vvm amamooi fmaak ^vjvk ailm|jam! m~~j |m~vü ig pj|vm ~}aaj nj|vj! bjgnü nikä aj ck|xj m aj skakgvà fi v|jf}||mig p|jvinj z}jgvk m|j ~vjvk! p}|m! koomvvk fi nk~nimgxik~m igfjoigi'

Ia Cj~ni~bk! nkgsigvk ndm a/i~v|}xikgm p|kcm~~ikgjam ä cjvvk|m p|mnip}k fi |inndmxxj gjxikgjam! dj pk~vk ja p|ibk pijgk vjam p|klambj mf dj v|jfkvvk ig p|jvinj z}maaj |ick|bj ndm fj jggi m|j ~vjvjigsknjvj fji |jpp|m~mgvjgvi più igvmaaiomgvi fmaam naj~~i p|kf}vv|ini nkbm }gj fmaam gmnm~~ivà più}|omgvi pm| aj sivj p|m~mgvm m ak ~sia}ppk jssmgi|m fmaa/mnkgkbij gjxikgjam'

Pm|ndé aj |ick|bj ~ij ~mbp|m più jfm|mgvm jaam gmnm~~ivà fma pkpkak! ä gmnm~~j|ik jav|m~á a/}gikgmfi v}vvm am ck|xm m ~kp|jvv}vvk ia sioiam igvm|m~~jbmgvk fmaam k|ojgixxjxikgi ~igfjnjai cj~ni~vm! ~ij fmifjvk|i fi ajsk|k ndm fmi ajsk|jvk|i! kooi v}vvm ig~m|ivm gmaaj sivj fmaak ^vjvk mf jcc|jvmaajvm gma nkb}gm

p|kpk~ivk fi iggjaxj|m ia ajsk|k ivjaijgk ig nkgc|kgvk fi z}maak ~v|jgim|k! fi j~~in}|j|m ja ajsk|kivjaijgk ia ~}k p|ibjvk gma bkgfk'

Aj amoi~ajxikgm ivjaijgj ~}i |jppk|vi nkaamvvisi fi ajsk|k j~~mogj ji ^igfjnjvi nkbpivi javjbmgvmmf}njvisi' Gma pmg~im|k fma amoi~ajvk|m ia ^igfjnjvk fmsm p|mpj|j|m a/jgibk fmoai j~~knijvi bmfijgvma/mf}njxikgm bk|jam m gjxikgjam! fmsm p|kssmfm|m! nkg aj i~v|}xikgm vmnginj! j bioaik|j|m aj njpjnivà

p|kcm~~ikgjam fmaaj njvmok|ij m! nkg a/j~~i~vmgxj! j nmbmgvj|m v|j i ~igokai ia signkak fmaaj ~kaifj|imvà'J z}m~vk mccmvvk a/j|vinkak 6 fmaaj amoom > jp|iam :9<3 ~}aaj fi~nipaigj oi}|ifinj fmi |jppk|vi fi

ajsk|k j}vk|ixxj am j~~knijxikgi j ~vjliai|m gmoai ~vjv}vi aj nk~viv}xikgm fi ~n}kam p|kcm~~ikgjai m fii~viv}vi fi mf}njxikgm jsmgvi pm| ~nkpk a/ign|mbmgvk m ia bioaik|jbmgvk fmaaj p|kf}xikgm! fmaajn}av}|j m fmaa/j|vm gjxikgjam'

Aj amoom > jp|iam findij|j jav|m~á ndm aj nkgnm~~ikgm fma |inkgk~nibmgvk amojam fks|à m~~m|m|ici}vjvj jf kogi j~~knijxikgm ndm gkg j~~in}|i! pm| am |i~k|~m fi n}i fi~pkgm m pm| a/ifkgmivà fmi ~}kifi|iomgvi! fi m~~m|m ig o|jfk fi jvvmgfm|m ji nkbpivi mf}njvisi ndm aj amoom j~~mogj jaamk|ojgixxjxikgi'

Aj findij|jxikgm TTT fmaaj Nj|vj fma Ajsk|k nkgcm|bj ndm a/mf}njxikgm m a/i~v|}xikgm! ~pmnima/i~v|}xikgm p|kcm~~ikgjam! fmi ak|k |jpp|m~mgvjvi! ~kni m gkg ~kni! ä }gk fmi p|ignipjai fksm|i fmaamj~~knijxikgi p|kcm~~ikgjai'

Ak ~pi|ivk fmaaj o|jgfm |ick|bj ~knijam fma Cj~ni~bk ~i ifmgvicinj nk~á nkg i p|ignipi m a/jxikgm fma~igfjnjai~bk cj~ni~vj'

Ak ~sia}ppk m a/jssmgi|m mnkgkbink fmaaj Gjxikgm fipmgfkgk ig o|jg pj|vm fjaaj ck|bjxikgm mfja pm|cmxikgjbmgvk fi v}vvm am njpjnivà p|kf}vvism' Mnnk pm|ndé! |inkbpk~vm am naj~~i ajsk|jv|inigmaa/}givà ~pi|iv}jam fmaaj Pjv|ij! ia Cj~ni~bk pkgm ja ~}k oi}~vk pk~vk ia p|klambj fmaaj n}av}|jvmnginj mf mnkgkbinj fmaam bjm~v|jgxm'



64

\INKGK^NIBMGVK FMAAM LMGMBM\MGXM FMI AJSK\JVK\I

I~viv}ivj pm| igixijvisj fma Oksm|gk cj~ni~vj nkg \' fmn|mvk >0 finmbl|m :9<>! g' >:3?! ajfmnk|jxikgm fmaaj ¥^vmaaj ja bm|ivk fma ajsk|kµ dj ignkgv|jvk aj più ~ndimvvj ~ibpjvij gma nmvk fmoaikpm|ji m fmi ajsk|jvk|i jo|inkai! gkgndé p|m~~k i fjvk|i fi ajsk|k! i z}jai oi}~vjbmgvm j~n|iskgk j

vivkak fi kgk|m pm| am |i~pmvvism jximgfm ia pkvm| jggksm|j|m! c|j am p|kp|im bjm~v|jgxm! fmnk|jvi fiz}m~vj kgk|icinmgxj'Nkg vjam p|kssmfibmgvk ia Oksm|gk cj~ni~vj p|mbij i ajsk|jvk|i f/jblk i ~m~~i ndm ~i ~ijgk fi~vigvi

pm| pm|ixij! cmfmavà m l}kgj nkgfkvvj' Ig ~mgk ja Bigi~vm|k fmaam Nk|pk|jxikgi ä nk~viv}ivj }gj~pmnijam nkbbi~~ikgm ignj|injvj fmaa/m~jbm fmaam p|kpk~vm pm| aj nkgnm~~ikgm fmaaj fmnk|jxikgm m

pm| a/jnnm|vjbmgvk fmaa/m~i~vmgxj fi vjai bm|ivi'^}nnm~~isjbmgvm nkg \' fmn|mvk :? bjooik :9<? aj nkgnm~~ikgm fi fmvvj fmnk|jxikgm c} m~vm~j j

z}mi ajsk|jvk|i aj n}i njpjnivà vmnginj m n|mjvisj j||inndi~nm ia pjv|ibkgik fmaam jximgfm m fmaaj p|kf}xikgm fi z}maam pinnkam igsmgxikgi m ~nkpm|vm ndm! ~mgxj bkficinj|m p|kckgfjbmgvm ia ~i~vmbjbmnnjgink fmaaj p|kf}xikgm! vmgfjgk j nkbpamvj|m m bioaik|j|m aj mccinimgxj vmnginj fmaa/jximgfj m|mgfm|m più ioimgink! m z}igfi più |jpifk m bioaik|m! ia ~}nnm~~k p|kf}vvisk'

Igkav|m c} |ivmg}vk ndm gkg ~i pkvm~~m m~na}fm|m fjaaj nkgnm~~ikgm fmaaj fmnk|jxikgm z}maajsk|jvk|m ia z}jam! p}| bjgvmgmgfk~i cmfmabmgvm amojvk jaaj jximgfj! pm| |joikgi igfipmgfmgvi fjaaj

p|kp|ij skakgvà! ~i smgi~~m j v|ksj|m }g oik|gk j~~k|livk fj }gj g}ksj ck|bjxikgm igf}~v|ijam ~k|vjfjaaj c}~ikgm fi fism|~m jximgfm k fjaak ~sia}ppk vmngink fi }gj jximgfj igsmnndijvj5 nk~á nkbm ~i ä|ivmg}vk fksm|k~k gkg m~na}fm|m fja fi|ivvk jaaj nkgnm~~ikgm fmaaj fmnk|jxikgm z}mi ajsk|jvk|i ndm!fkpk jsm|m ~m|sivk nkg amjavà m cmfmavà ak ^vjvk gmi ~}ki njgvim|i m gmaam ~}m kccinigm! ~kgk pj~~jvi jaamfipmgfmgxm fi jximgfm p|isjvm |iamsjvj|im fmaam jximgfm fi ^vjvk mf j z}maam ~}nnmf}vm'

Ig ~mo}ivk jaam c}gxikgi j~~mogjvm ja Pj|vivk gmaak ^vjvk mf ja nkgv|kaak ndm ~} v}vvj aj sivj ~knijamfmaaj Gjxikgm ä m~m|nivjvj fja Pj|vivk! j cj| pj|vm fmaaj ~pmnijam nkbbi~~ikgm p|m~~k ia Bigi~vm|kfmaam Nk|pk|jxikgi ä ~vjvk ndijbjvk }g |jpp|m~mgvjgvm fma Pj|vivk ~vm~~k'

Nkg \' fmn|mvk :4 gksmbl|m :9>< ä ~vjvj i~viv}ivj jav|m~á aj fi~vigxikgm kgk|icinj ja bm|ivk |}|jam pm| p|mbij|m i p|kp|imvj|i k jccivv}j|i vm||im|i! oai mgcivm}vi! i bmxxjf|i! i nkakgi m i fi|mvvk|i fi jximgfmjo|inkam ndm ~i ~ijgk fi~vigvi nkbpimgfk kpm|m gkvmskai j sjgvjooik fmaaj p|kf}xikgm jo|inkaj'

Nk~á ia Cj~ni~bk dj kccm|vk ji ajsk|jvk|i lmgmbm|ivi! j v}vvi i n|mfmgvi fmaaj fi~nipaigj m fmaajcmfmavà ja ajsk|k! a/javi~~ibj ~kffi~cjxikgm fma |inkgk~nibmgvk fmi ak|k bm|ivi m fmaaj ak|k kpm|j'



69

SI' P\MSIFMGXJ MF J^^IN]\JXIKGI ^KNIJAI



=0

AJ P\MSIFMGXJ ̂ KNIJAM

AJ P\MSIFMGXJ ~knijam ä! v|j am bjgicm~vjxikgi fmaaj pkaivinj ~knijam fma \moibm cj~ni~vj!z}maaj ndm! ck|~m! più jbpijbmgvm m più p|kckgfjbmgvm gm igvm|p|mvj am p|kbm~~m ckgfjbmgvjai m gm

|mjaixxj i cigi' ]givj|ijbmgvm nkgnmpivj m k|ojginjbmgvm jvv}jvj! aj p|msifmgxj ~knijam dj ~mogjvk igIvjaij! }gj aigmj fi ~sia}ppk nk~vjgvm' Oià gma :9<> a/jvvmgxikgm fma \moibm m|j ~vjvj p|kssifjbmgvm|iskavj ja pm|cmxikgjbmgvk fmaaj p|msifmgxj ~knijam! ~ij fja p}gvk fi si~vj i~viv}xikgjam! ~ij fja p}gvkfi si~vj c}gxikgjam! jccm|bjgfk~i cig fj jaak|j z}maa/igfi|ixxk }givj|ik ndm fksmsj jsm|m! più vj|fi!nkgcm|bj fjaaj Nj|vj fma Ajsk|k m fjaam ~}nnm~~ism |mjaixxjxikgi! fmaam z}jai aj ~vm~~j Nj|vj fmaAjsk|k jsmsj v|jnnijvm am aigmm fi|mvv|ini fi k|imgvjbmgvk m fi ~sia}ppk' ]g gkvmskam m nkgck|vmskamnjbbigk aj p|msifmgxj ~knijam dj nkbpi}vk ~kvvk oai ibp}a~i fmaaj nkaajlk|jxikgm nk|pk|jvisj mfmaaj ~kaifj|imvà ndm fi vjam nkaajlk|jxikgm ä a/m~p|m~~ikgm bioaik|m'

A/j~~in}|jxikgm kllaiojvk|ij nkgv|k aj v}lm|nkak~i! a/j~~in}|jxikgm kllaiojvk|ij nkgv|k am bjajvvim p|kcm~~ikgjai! ak ~sia}ppk p|ko|m~~isk fmaam Nj~~m b}v}m bjajvvim! aj più sj~vj v}vmaj mnkgkbinj mj~~i~vmgxijam jaaj bjvm|givà kpm|jij! a/j}bmgvk jppk|vjvk jaaj bi~}|j fmaam pmg~ikgi! aj i~viv}xikgm

fmaaj Nj~~j pm| oai j~~mogi cjbioaij|i joai kpm|ji fmaa/igf}~v|ij! oai j}bmgvi fi pmg~ikgm pm| i cioai jnj|ink! aj più sj~vj j~~i~vmgxj ioimginj m ~jgivj|ij jnnk|fjvj ji ajsk|jvk|i! ~kgk jav|mvvjgvmbjgicm~vjxikgi fi z}maaj igvmo|jam ficm~j fma ajsk|k! ndm ä gmoai igvmgfibmgvi fmaaj pkaivinj ~knijamfma \moibm'

A/I~viv}vk Gjxikgjam Cj~ni~vj fmaaj P|msifmgxj ~knijam $oià Nj~~j Gjxikgjam pm| am J~~in}|jxikgi~knijai) m~p|ibm gmaaj ~}j ~vm~~j fmgkbigjxikgm a/jbpimxxj fma nkbpivk jf m~~k jccifjvk! a/}givàfmaam fi|mvvism! a/mnkgkbij c}gxikgjam' ^i |ij~~}bm! igcjvvi! ig m~~k aj om~vikgm fi v}vvj aj p|msifmgxj~knijam! cjvvj mnnmxikgm fmaa/j~~in}|jxikgm bjajvvim! aj z}jam gkg dj jgnk|j j~~}gvk nj|jvvm|m fij~~in}|jxikgm omgm|jam kllaiojvk|ij m nkg~m|sj v}vvk|j am nj|jvvm|i~vindm fi b}v}j fi njvmok|ij! mfmaa/j~~in}|jxikgm igck|v}gi ndm! i~pi|jvj ja nkgnmvvk fma |i~ndik p|kcm~~ikgjam! m nkbm vjam j nj|inkm~na}~isk fmi fjvk|i fi ajsk|k! dj k|ojgi ~}ki p|kp|i fi om~vikgm! v}vvjsij jgnd/m~~i fi fi|ivvk p}llaink'A/j~~in}|jxikgm kllaiojvk|ij pm| a/igsjaifivà m aj smnndijij! a/j~~in}|jxikgm kllaiojvk|ij nkgv|k ajfi~knn}pjxikgm! a/j~~in}|jxikgm kllaiojvk|ij nkgv|k aj v}lm|nkak~i! a/j~~in}|jxikgm kllaiojvk|ij pm| ajbjvm|givà! aj Nj~~j gjxikgjam fi p|msifmgxj pm| aj omgvm fi bj|m! ~kgk am nigz}m o|jgfi om~vikgij}vkgkbm fmaa/I~viv}vk5 bj a/j}vkgkbij fi om~vikgm gkg ibpmfi~nm ia nkk|figjbmgvk più igvibk igv}vvk niü ndm |io}j|fj aj p|jvinj m~painjxikgm fmi nkbpivi nkggm~~i jaam ~igokam om~vikgi' Jav|i ~pmnijaickgfi fi p|msifmgxj ~kgk om~vivi fjaa/I~viv}vk8 pj|vinkaj|bmgvm ibpk|vjgvm z}maak pm| oai jomgvi fmaamcm||ksim m v|jgsim ig nkgnm~~ikgm jaa/igf}~v|ij p|isjvj' Ä fi mpknj |mnmgvm aj i~viv}xikgm! pm| jnnk|fiigvm|smg}vi c|j am k|ojgixxjxikgi pjf|kgjai m kpm|jim! fmaaj Nj~~j gjxikgjam pm| oai j~~mogi cjbiaij|ijoai kpm|ji fmaa/igf}~v|ij! m a/jccifjbmgvk fmaaj om~vikgm |majvisj jaa/I~viv}vk fmaaj P|msifmgxj ~knijam!nkbm j z}maak ndm pm| aj ~}j k|ojgixxjxikgm m am ~}m cigjaivà bmoaik k più mnkgkbinjbmgvm pkvmsj

nk||i~pkgfm|m jaam m~iomgxm fma g}ksk ~m|sixik ~knijam'

A/J^^IN]\JXIKGM PM\ A/IGSJAIFIVÀ M AJ SMNNDIJIJ

Z}m~vj j~~in}|jxikgm ~knijam c} |m~j kllaiojvk|ij ig Ivjaij nkg aj amoom fma <: jp|iam :9:9' M~~jc}! fja Oksm|gk cj~ni~vj! ~k~viv}ivj nkg ia \' fmn|mvk"amoom >0 finmbl|m :9<9 nkg jan}gmbkficinjxikgi mf jooi}gvm m |jpp|m~mgvj ia ckgfjbmgvk fmaaj siomgvm fi~nipaigj oi}|ifinjjaa/j~~in}|jxikgm kllaiojvk|ij pm| a/igsjaifivà m smnndijij'

Vjam j~~in}|jxikgm ~i m~vmgfm j v}vvi nkak|k ndm ajsk|jgk jaam fipmgfmgxm fi jav|i! m~na}~i oaiibpimojvi ia n}i ~vipmgfik bmg~iam ~}pm|j am 400 ai|m5 m~~j nkbp|mgfm z}igfi i ajsk|jvk|i ~jaj|ijvi

~mgxj aibivm fi o}jfjogk m i pinnkai ibpimojvi! jppj|vmgmgvi jaa/igf}~v|ij! ja nkbbm|nik! ji ~m|sixi p}llaini $~m oià gkg okfkgk fi ~pmnijam v|jvvjbmgvk fi |ipk~k)! jaa/jo|inkav}|j $m~na}~i i bmxxjf|i m i pinnkai jccivv}j|i) m ji ~m|sixi fkbm~vini'



=:

^nkpk fmaa/j~~in}|jxikgm ä fi nkgnmfm|m }gj pmg~ikgm ig nj~k fi igsjaifivà z}jgfk |i~}avigknk||i~pk~vm jabmgk <60 ~mvvibjgm fi nkgv|il}xikgm mf }gj pmg~ikgm pm| smnndijij fkpk jabmgk 640~mvvibjgm fi nkgv|il}xikgm m z}jgfk ~ij |jooi}gvj a/mvà fi 3= jggi' Aj pmg~ikgm fi smnndijij p}üm~~m|m jgvinipjvj $fji 30 ji 36 jggi) j |indim~vj fmaa/j~~in}|jvk! nkg }gj nk||i~pkgfmgvm |if}xikgm fma~}k jbbkgvj|m' Ig nj~k fi bk|vm ä aiz}ifjvj jaaj smfksj kf ji cioai bigk|i fi := jggi }gj igfmggivà

fi >00 ai|m fisi~j ig ~mi z}kvm bmg~iai }o}jai' A/j~~in}|jxikgm dj nkbm ~nkpk nkbpambmgvj|m aj p|msmgxikgm m aj n}|j fmaaj igsjaifivà fmoai j~~in}|jvi'^i |inkgk~nm ia fi|ivvk jaaj pmg~ikgm fi igsjaifivà z}jgfk ~i jllij }gj aibivjxikgm fmaaj njpjnivà

omgm|inj ja ajsk|k vjam fj |if}||m fi jabmgk f}m vm|xi ia o}jfjogk fmaa/j~~in}|jvk ig nkgc|kgvk jz}maak pm|nmpivk fj }g ajsk|jvk|m gk|bjam gmaam ~vm~~m nkgfixikgi fi ajsk|k'

Ia nkgv|il}vk ~mvvibjgjam ndm fmsm m~~m|m sm|~jvk fja fjvk|m fi ajsk|k! j nj|ink pm| bmvàjaa/j~~in}|jvk! ä ig |majxikgm jaaj |mv|il}xikgm nkbpam~~isj pm|nmpivj f}|jgvm aj ~mvvibjgj z}ja}gz}m~ij ia g}bm|k fmi oik|gi fi mccmvvisk ajsk|k'

Ä fkn}bmgvk! igkav|m! ibpk|vjgvi~~ibk! fmaaj sioiam p|mb}|j fma Cj~ni~bk pm| am naj~~i ajsk|jv|iniia p|kssmfibmgvk amoi~ajvisk $amoom :> finmbl|m :9<4)! nka z}jam igixijgfk~i a/jggk SII fma \moibm!ia F]NM skaam nkg omgm|k~k igvmgfibmgvk ck~~m|k j}bmgvjvm am pmg~ikgi kpm|jim'

^mnkgfk vjai fi~pk~ixikgi! j fmnk||m|m fja :9<9! a/ibpk|vk fmaam pmg~ikgi fmaa/j~~in}|jxikgmkllaiojvk|ij ä j}bmgvjvk fi }g fmnibk pm| nij~n}g cioaik! j nj|ink fmaa/j~~in}|jvk! fi mvà igcm|ik|m ji:4 jggi' Vjam j}bmgvk nk||i~pkgfm bmfijbmgvm j ni|nj ia = - fmaa/ibpk|vk vkvjam fmaam pmg~ikgi! m jni|nj ia > - fmi sjak|i fi nkpm|v}|j'

Kav|m jaa/j~~in}|jxikgm kllaiojvk|ij! a/I~viv}vk Gjxikgjam Cj~ni~vj fmaaj P|msifmgxj ~knijam p|kssmfm j ~pmnijai v|jvvjbmgvi fi |ipk~k pm| fmvm|bigjvm njvmok|im p|kcm~~ikgjai' C|j z}m~vm djggk pj|vinkaj|m ibpk|vjgxj i bj|ivvibi fmaaj bj|igj bm|njgviam! m oai jomgvi fmaam cm||ksim ~mnkgfj|im mfmaam v|jgsim fjvm ig nkgnm~~ikgm jaa/igf}~v|ij p|isjvj' I p|ibi ~}pm|jgk fi pknk i :00'000! nkg }gjbmfij fi ni|nj ~mi bm~i fi gjsiojxikgm jgg}j pm| nij~n}g bj|ivvibk' I ~mnkgfi ~kgk fj >4'000 j60'000' Ia v|jvvjbmgvk fi |ipk~k fi vjai o|}ppi p|kcm~~ikgjai! pm| i z}jai ia nkgv|il}vk sj|ij fja :0 ja:= pm| nmgvk fmaak ~vipmgfik! nkbp|mgfm aj pmg~ikgm ig nj~k fi igsjaifivà m fi smnndijij m aj pmg~ikgmjaaj smfksj mf joai k|cjgi ig nj~k fi bk|vm! ~ij ndm z}m~vj jssmgoj p|ibj k fkpk aj aiz}ifjxikgmfmaaj pmg~ikgm jaa/j~~in}|jvk'

^kgk c|j oai igfini bjooik|bmgvm |jpp|m~mgvjvisi fmaa/jvvisivà m fmoai ~sia}ppi fmaa/I~viv}vk Gjxikgjam Cj~ni~vj fmaaj P|msifmgxj ~knijam am nic|m |majvism jaam pmg~ikgi nkgnm~~m'

Pm| ia nkbpam~~k fmaam om~vikgi ndm oai ~kgk jccifjvm a/I~viv}vk dj aiz}ifjvk! fja :9<< ja :9>6!6?='000 pmg~ikgi! pm| a/jgg}k ibpk|vk fi 60= biaikgi fi ai|m! nkbp|m~i oai j}bmgvi jppk|vjvi nkgamoom fma :> finmbl|m :9<4! j pjojbmgvk fmaam z}jai a/I~viv}vk dj m|kojvk! cigk|j! pm| kav|m }gbiaij|fk m ?00 biaikgi fi ai|m' Am pmg~ikgi ig pjojbmgvk jaaj cigm fma :9>6 m|jgk >90'000 pm| a/jgg}k ibpk|vk fi >>= biaikgi! ja z}jam nk||i~pkgfmsj }gj |i~m|sj fi nkpm|v}|j $ckgfk |mgfivmsivjaixim) fi ni|nj < biaij|fi m bmxxk fi ai|m'

Ni|nj >3 biaikgi ~kgk ~vjvi m|kojvi fjaaj p|msifmgxj ~knijam! gma pm|ikfk fja :9<< j v}vvk ia :9>6! pm| j~~mogi! fi A' >00 nij~n}gk! j cjsk|m fmaam smfksm! m fmoai k|cjgi fi mvà igcm|ik|m ji := jggi! fij~~in}|jvi fmnmf}vi p|ibj fi jsm|m nkg~mo}ivk ia fi|ivvk j pmg~ikgm'

^kgk ni|nj 30'000 kogi jggk am g}ksm nkgnm~~ikgi fi pmg~ikgm' Aj nkg~mogj fmi |majvisinm|vicinjvi ‖ p}| nkg~m|sjgfk am pmg~ikgi aj gk|bjam fmnk||mgxj fi amoom ‖ ä cjvvj jgg}jabmgvm igck|bj ~kamggm! jaaj p|m~mgxj fmaam Om|j|ndim fma \moibm m nkg a/igvm|smgvk fmaam ck|xm fma ajsk|k mfmaam ck|xm oiksjgiai! gmaaj oik|gjvj ig n}i a/Ivjaij cj~ni~vj nmaml|j ia Gjvjam fi \kbj m aj Cm~vj fmaAjsk|k'

C|j gkg bkavi jggi ia g}bm|k fmi pmg~ikgjvi |jooi}gom|à ia bmxxk biaikgm' A/ibpk|vk bmfik fmaam pmg~ikgi fi g}ksj nk~viv}xikgm ~j|à kogi jggk più mamsjvk bjg bjgk ndm più ni ~i jaakgvjgm|à fjaajfjvj igixijam fmaa/j~~in}|jxikgm kllaiojvk|ij $:° a}oaik :9<0) m ndm! fi nkg~mo}mgxj! bjooik|i |i~}avm"

|jggk ia pm|ikfk nkgv|il}visk m a/ibpk|vk fmi sm|~jbmgvi' Aj bi~}|j fmaaj pmg~ikgm ä igcjvvi aj|i~}avjgvm fi z}m~vi f}m mambmgvi lj~m8 aj f}|jvj fma pm|ikfk j~~in}|jvisk m a/ibpk|vk fmi nkgv|il}vism|~jvi' Più p|mni~jbmgvm! aj pmg~ikgm ä nk~viv}ivj fj }gj z}kvj lj~m pj|i j nigz}m skavm aj bmfij



=<

jgg}jam fmi nkgv|il}vi sm|~jvi ig v}vvk ia pm|ikfk j~~in}|jvisk! j}bmgvjvj fj }gj z}kvj pj|i j v|mfmnibi fmaa/ibpk|vk fmi sm|~jbmgvi8 jaaj pmg~ikgm nk~á fmvm|bigjvj ~i jooi}gom aj z}kvj fi nkgnk|~kj nj|ink fmaak ^vjvk! gmaaj bi~}|j ci~~j fi A' :00! mf msmgv}jabmgvm ia ~}ppambmgvk pm| i cioai jnj|ink! fi mvà igcm|ik|m ji :4 jggi! gmaaj bi~}|j fi }g fmnibk fmaa/ibpk|vk vkvjam fmaaj pmg~ikgm! pm| nij~n}g cioaik! ~mgxj aibivm fi g}bm|k'

Gma v|jf}||m ig jvvk ia pmg~im|k fma F]NM! aj |ink|fjvj p|kssifj amoom fma :> finmbl|m :9<4 dj p|m~~kndé |jffkppijvj aj bi~}|j fmaam pmg~ikgi più lj~~m ‖ z}maam aiz}ifjvm nkg = jggi fij~~in}|jxikgm ‖ bmgv|m ~i nkgn|mvj gma <= - a/j}bmgvk jppk|vjvk jaam pmg~ikgi aiz}ifjliai nkabj~~ibk pm|ikfk fi j~~in}|jxikgm' I n|ivm|i ~mo}ivi |i~pkgfkgk jaaj gmnm~~ivà fi |mgfm|m ig z}jandmbkfk ~}ccinimgvi jgndm am pmg~ikgi aiz}ifjliai fkpk }g l|msm pm|ikfk nkgv|il}visk! m ~kgk nkm|mgvi ji

p|ignipi fi b}v}jaivà m fi ~kaifj|imvà ndm gmaam j~~in}|jxikgi ~knijai kllaiojvk|im djggk ia bj~~ibknjbpk fi jppainjxikgm8 b}v}jaivà m ~kaifj|imvà fmi ajsk|jvk|i fi v}vvm am njvmok|im p|kcm~~ikgjai m fiv}vvm am mvà' Jaam p|kssifmgxm fi k|figm mnkgkbink j nj|jvvm|m ~v|mvvjbmgvm j~~in}|jvisk! igvm~m nikänkbm fi|ivvk m~painivjbmgvm |inkgk~ni}vk fjaam fi~pk~ixikgi fi amoom! a/I~viv}vk Gjxikgjam Cj~ni~vjfmaaj P|msifmgxj ~knijam jccijgnj }gj gkvmskam jvvisivà j~~i~vmgxijam! ioimginj m ~jgivj|ij! jvv}jgfk}gj ~mbp|m più sj~vj k|ojgixxjxikgm fi bmxxi igvm~i j nkg~m|sj|m mccinimgvi am ck|xm fma ajsk|k! j

p|m~m|sj|m i ajsk|jvk|i fjaaj igsjaifivà m j |in}pm|j|gm cig fksm ~ij pk~~iliam aj njpjnivà fi ajsk|k m fio}jfjogk gmi nj~i fi igsjaifivà ig jvvk' J z}m~vk nkbpivk fi javk sjak|m }bjgk! mnkgkbink m~knijam! a/I~viv}vk Gjxikgjam Cj~ni~vj fmaaj P|msifmgxj ~knijam dj fmfinjvk m fmfinj am ~}m bioaik|ijvvmgxikgi' ^kak aibivm j z}m~vj jvvisivà j~~i~vmgxijam ‖ nkgnmpivj nkbm jvvisivà bj|oigjam!jnnm~~k|ij! bj gkg pm| z}m~vk bmgk ibpk|vjgvm! fjaaj nkbpam~~j m sj~vj jvvisivà fmaa/I~viv}vk ‖ ä ajgmnm~~ivà fi nkgvmgm|m am ~pm~m |majvism gmaa/jblivk fmaam fi~pkgiliaivà mnnmfmgvi oai ibpmogi sm|~k oaij~~in}|jvi' A/I~viv}vk fmaaj P|msifmgxj ~knijam dj jvv}jvk nkg aj|odmxxj fi smf}vm jgndm z}m~vk ~}knkbpivk j~~i~vmgxijam! kllmfmgfk nkg niü! gmaa/}g vmbpk! joai k|imgvjbmgvi fi p|msmgxikgm ndm kogioik|gk più sjggk j~~}bmgfk am sj|im l|jgndm fmaaj p|msifmgxj ~knijam mf jaam fi|mvvism fmaaj pkaivinjj~~i~vmgxijam fma \moibm! ndm ä ~kp|jvv}vvk |iskavj jaaj ficm~j fmaaj ~jgivà ci~inj fmaaj ~vi|pm'

Nkgsjam~nmgxij|i! ~vjliaibmgvi m nkakgim vm|bjai! nkg~}avk|i bjvm|gi m jbl}ajvk|i jgviv|jnkbjvk~i!ck|giv}|m fi p|kvm~i joai j~~in}|jvi! ~kgk jav|mvvjgvm bjgicm~vjxikgi fmaa/jvvisivà j~~i~vmgxijam ndma/I~viv}vk fmaaj P|msifmgxj ~knijam p|kfioj ji ~}ki j~~in}|jvi' Smgvif}mbiaj ajsk|jvk|i ~kgk ~vjvij~~i~vivi gmi nigz}m nkgsjam~nmgxij|i fmaa/I~viv}vk! pm| }g nkbpam~~k fi =00'000 oik|gjvm fi p|m~mgxj']g ~m~vk nkgsjam~nmgxij|ik! njpjnm fi >00 amvvi! ä ig nk|~k fi nk~v|}xikgm j P|jvkaigk $Ci|mgxm) pm| m~~m|m fm~vigjvk jaam bjajvvim fma ajsk|k! j z}maam bjajvvim ndm più pj|vinkaj|bmgvm ~i nkggmvvkgk jaajig~ja}l|ivà fi vja}gm ajsk|jxikgi m ndm pm|niü ~kgk più bm|ivmskai fi j~~i~vmgxj |ipj|jv|inm' Gmi sj|i~vjliaibmgvi vm|bjai fi p|kp|imvà fmaa/I~viv}vk $j ^ja~kbjooik|m! j Ljvvjoaij! j ^jg Oi}aijgk fi Pi~j! j^i|bikgm ~}a Oj|fj m j Nj~vmaajbbj|m fi ^vjlij! nkg }g nkbpam~~k fi ::== pk~vi"amvvk) m gmoai~vjliaibmgvi fmi z}jai a/I~viv}vk fi~pkgm pm| nkgsmgxikgm $j Nj~~jgk Hkgik! j V|m~nk|m ig p|ksignij fiLm|ojbk! j Sjafim|i ig p|ksignij fi N}gmk! jf Jljgk p|ksignij fi Pjfksj) ~kgk ~vjvi j~~i~vivi

<?'000 ajsk|jvk|i! nkg >?='000 oik|gjvm fi p|m~mgxj' J Aj O|kvvj! ig p|ksignij fi Ck|aá! a/I~viv}vkfmaaj P|msifmgxj dj ig nk|~k fi nk~v|}xikgm }g g}ksk ~vjliaibmgvk vm|bjam! njpjnm fi 3< amvvi'

A/J^^IN]\JXIKGM PM\ AJ FI^KNN]PJXIKGM

Nkg mccmvvk fja :° omggjik :9<0! c} igv|kfkvvj a/j~~in}|jxikgm kllaiojvk|ij pm| v}vvi i p|m~vjvk|if/kpm|j fipmgfmgvi! nikä pm| v}vvi nkak|k ndm ~kgk ~koomvvi jaa/j~~in}|jxikgm kllaiojvk|ij pm| a/igsjaifivà m aj smnndijij! mnnmxikg cjvvj fmi ajsk|jvk|i jo|inkai m fi jav|m pkndm njvmok|im

p|kcm~~ikgjai $ajsk|jgvi j fkbiniaik! pm|~kgm jffmvvm ji ~m|sixi fkbm~vini! ibpimojvi nkg ~vjliaivàf/ibpimok)'

A/j~~in}|jxikgm pm| aj fi~knn}pjxikgm c} om~vivj igixijabmgvm fjaa/]ccinik gjxikgjam pm| iankaaknjbmgvk m aj fi~knn}pjxikgm jaam fi|mvvm fipmgfmgxm fma Oksm|gk! pki! j fmnk||m|m fja :°omggjik :9<6! smggm v|j~cm|ivj jaa/I~viv}vk Gjxikgjam Cj~ni~vj fmaaj P|msifmgxj ~knijam! nkbm



=>

om~vikgm j}vkgkbj'A/j~~in}|jxikgm dj pm| i~nkpk aj nkgnm~~ikgm f/}g ~}~~ifik oik|gjaim|k bj~~ibk fi A' >!?= ig nj~k

fi fi~knn}pjxikgm igskakgvj|ij pm| aj f}|jvj bj~~ibj fi 90 oik|gi ~m gmi p|mnmfmgvi f}m jggi|i~}avjgk sm|~jvi 64 nkgv|il}vi ~mvvibjgjai! m pm| aj f}|jvj fi :<0 oik|gi ~m |i~}avjgk sm|~jvi gma

limggik jabmgk ?< nkgv|il}vi' Ä ~k~pm~k ia ~}~~ifik gmi pm|ikfi fi fi~knn}pjxikgm ~vjoikgjam m

f}|jgvm i pm|ikfi fi bjajvvij' I nkgv|il}vi ~mvvibjgjai smgokgk nk||i~pk~vi fja fjvk|m fi ajsk|k! bj pm| bmvà ~kgk j nj|ink fmaa/j~~in}|jvk' M~~i ~kgk fi v|m naj~~i! ~mnkgfk aj |mv|il}xikgm oik|gjaim|jfmaa/j~~in}|jvk! m nikä8

:j naj~~m " ai|m 0!>= pm| ~jaj|ik oik|gjaim|k cigk j ai|m 6!<j µ " µ 0!?0 µ µ µ fj ai|m 6 j ai|m 4!> j µ " µ :!0= µ µ µ kav|m ai|m 4'

M~~i ~kgk |i~nk~~i }givjbmgvm ji nkgv|il}vi fks}vi pm| jav|m j~~in}|jxikgi kllaiojvk|im $igsjaifivà"smnndijij m v}lm|nkak~i) m nkg oai ~vm~~i bmvkfi'

Gma pm|ikfk fja :9<< ja :9>6 ~kgk ~vjvi m|kojvi! pm| j~~mogi fi fi~knn}pjxikgm! }g biaij|fk m :00

biaikgi fi ai|m'A/j~~in}|jxikgm pm|ü gkg ~i p|kpkgm ~kavjgvk fi nkgnmfm|m ~}~~ifi5 m~~j igvmgfm nkgnk||m|m j v}vvm

z}maam jvvisivà ndm djggk pm| i~nkpk fi |mokaj|m ia nkaaknjbmgvk fmi fi~knn}pjvi m s}ka m~~m|m fij}~iaik j z}maam igixijvism ndm vmgfjgk j p|ksknj|m }g bjooik|m m |mokaj|m ibpimok fmaaj bjgkf/kpm|j'

A/j~~in}|jxikgm ä ig ~mnkgfk pijgk gmaaj akvvj nkgv|k aj fi~knn}pjxikgm! ig z}jgvk ia \moibm djfjvk m fj! bkavk kppk|v}gjbmgvm! ibpk|vjgxj bjooik|m jaa/jxikgm p|msmgvisj! j z}maaj ndm

pkv|mbbk ndijbj|m p|kciaj~~i fmaaj fi~knn}pjxikgm'Aj fi~knn}pjxikgm fmsm m~~m|m nkbljvv}vj gmaam ~}m nj}~m! m ~kak ig z}jgvk z}m~vm gkg pk~~kgk

m~~m|m fma v}vvk maibigjvm fmsm ~knnk||m|m a/k|figjbmgvk j~~in}|jvisk nkg aj m|kojxikgm fmoai j~~mogiji fi~knn}pjvi' P|knmfm fj z}m~vk igfi|ixxk aj p|kssifj m ~jooij pkaivinj fmaam kpm|m p}llaindm

pm|~mo}ivj fja \moibm8 kpm|m p|kf}vvism! fi pkvmgxijbmgvk fmaa/mnkgkbij gjxikgjam! fi ioimgm! fi lmgm~~m|m nkaamvvisk'

A/I~viv}vk dj ig z}m~vi }avibi jggi nkgv|il}ivk nkg 3 biaij|fi m bmxxk ja cigjgxijbmgvk fmaam kpm|m p}llaindm' Igvibjbmgvm nkaamojvj jaam jav|m l|jgndm fmaaj p|msifmgxj ~knijam! p}| jsmgfk }g più|i~v|mvvk njbpk fi jppainjxikgm! a/j~~in}|jxikgm nkgv|k aj fi~knn}pjxikgm dj nk||i~pk~vk mnk||i~pkgfm mo|moijbmgvm jaaj c}gxikgm n}i ä fm~vigjvj'

A/ibpkgmgxj fmaam ~kbbm ~pm~m fkn}bmgvj z}jgvk cjvvisj ~ij ~vjvj m ~ij a/jxikgm fma \moibm igz}m~vk njbpk m z}jgvk mccinjnm ~ij! fi |icam~~k! ia ~}k igvm|smgvk gmaaj akvvj nkgv|k aj fi~knn}pjxikgm'Jaa/kppk~vk fmoai jav|i pjm~i ndm ~i v|j~v}aajsjgk gmaaj sjgj |inm|nj vmk|inj fmi bmxxi jvvi j ~}pm|j|maj o|jsm n|i~i ndm vk|bmgvj! ig~ifij m nkapi~nm aj sivj fmi pkpkai! a/Ivjaij cj~ni~vj gkg ~i ä jfjoijvj

gmaaj nkgvmbpajxikgm cjvjai~vinj fmoai msmgvi! bj dj ~jp}vk v|j||m fjaam ~}m ~vm~~m ck|xm! fjaam mgm|oimsism m c|m~ndm fmaaj gjxikgm aj skakgvà fi fkbigj|m! m gkg fi ~}li|m oai msmgvi ~vm~~i! bmvvmgfk igbkvk nkg aj ~}j jxikgm fi|ivvj mf ignkgckgfiliam v}vvm am njpjnivà m am si|vù fi fi~nipaigj! fijfjvvjbmgvk m fi ~jn|icinik fma pkpkak'

Ig |majxikgm fmaa/mg}gnijvk nj|jvvm|m ~mnkgfj|ik! gmaa/jblivk fmaam ficm~m jpp|m~vjvm fja \moibm pm| nkgvmgm|m ia g}bm|k fmi fi~knn}pjvi mgv|k ia aibivm bigibk pk~~iliam! bm|ivj fi m~~m|m |ink|fjvkndm ak ~vm~~k k|figjbmgvk j~~in}|jvisk ä ndijbjvk j nkgv|il}i|m jaa/jvv}jxikgm fmaam igixijvism m jac}gxikgjbmgvk fmaam i~viv}xikgi ndm ~} sim fism|~m nkgnk||kgk j nkbljvvm|m mf jvvmg}j|m ajfi~knn}pjxikgm'

A/I~viv}vk fmaaj P|msifmgxj ~knijam nkgnk||m igcjvvi ja cigjgxijbmgvk fmaa/jvvisivà fmoai ]ccini finkaaknjbmgvk'

Pm| ia pm|ikfk :9<9":9>6 $oai ]ccini fi nkaaknjbmgvk djggk igixijvk ia ak|k c}gxikgjbmgvk gma:9<9) aj p|msifmgxj ~knijam dj ~k~vmg}vk oai ]ccini fi nkaaknjbmgvk nkg aj m|kojxikgm fi 3: biaikgifi ai|m'



=6

A/I~viv}vk fmaaj P|msifmgxj dj nkgv|il}ivk! nkg aj m|kojxikgm fi = biaikgi! jaaj ck|bjxikgm fmanjpivjam nk~viv}visk fmaa/Mgvm pm| aj nkakgixxjxikgm fmaaj Ailij! nk~viv}ivk! nkg nj|jvvm|m fi mgvm fifi|ivvk p}llaink! gma :9>:! m nkgv|il}i~nm jgg}jabmgvm! fja :9<?! nkg aj m|kojxikgm fi }g biaikgm fiai|m! ja c}gxikgjbmgvk fma Nkbbi~~j|ijvk pm| am bio|jxikgi igvm|gm! pk~vk jaam fi|mvvm fipmgfmgxm fmaNjpk fma Oksm|gk'

A/J^^IN]\JXIKGM PM\ AJ BJVM\GIVÀ

Ia Cj~ni~bk dj pk~vk ja p|ibk pijgk aj v}vmaj fmaaj bjvm|givà' Ia p|klambj jsmsj fjvk a}kok! p|ibj fmaa/jssmgvk fma Cj~ni~bk! j sj|i p|kssmfibmgvi skavi j p|kvmoom|m am bjf|i kpm|jim! bj~nj|~j c} a/mccinjnij fi vjam jxikgm amoi~ajvisj' Ia \moibm gma :9<9 jcc|kgvj ig pimgk ia p|klambj gkg~kak ji cigi fi }gj bjooik|m v}vmaj fmaam bjf|i! bj jav|m~á m ~kp|jvv}vvk ji cigi ~}pm|ik|i fmaa/igvmo|ivà!~jgivà mf ign|mbmgvk fmaaj ~vi|pm'

Nkg amoom :4 bjooik :9<9! smggm fi~nipaigjvj! ig~pi|jgfk~i ji n|ivm|i ~kp|j m~pk~vi! v}vvj ajbjvm|ij fmaaj p|kvmxikgm m fmaa/j~~i~vmgxj jaam bjf|i ajsk|jv|ini'

V}vvjsij! gkgk~vjgvm a/m~i~vmgxj fi vjai gk|bm! ia p|klambj ä |ivk|gjvk jaa/m~jbm fma Nkg~ioaik Gjxikgjam fmaam Nk|pk|jxikgi ig ~mfm fi |msi~ikgm fmaaj amoi~ajxikgm fma ajsk|k'

^i ä ska}vk ig vja bkfk jgnk|j |ik|figj|m m pm|cmxikgj|m am fi~pk~ixikgi ig siok|m! ~kp|jvv}vvk pm| z}jgvk |io}j|fj a/}gicinjxikgm fma |moibm j~~in}|jvisk pm| aj bjvm|givà! a/m~vmg~ikgm fma bmfm~ibkjaam fkggm ndm ajsk|jgk j fkbiniaik m a/i~viv}xikgm cjnkavjvisj' Ä ~vjvk ~kpp|m~~k ia ~}~~ifik fifi~knn}pjxikgm5 z}maak fi bjvm|givà ä ~vjvk pk|vjvk fj ai|m :=0 j ai|m >00! mf ä ~vjvk bjgvmg}vk iankgv|il}vk jgg}jam fi bjvm|givà ~mgxj jan}g j}bmgvk' V}vvk niü ä ~vjvk fi~nipaigjvk nkg aj amoom <<bj|xk :9>6'

Aj ig~n|ixikgm jaaj Nj~~j fi bjvm|givà ä kllaiojvk|ij pm| am fkggm ig mvà fj := j =0 jggi! ndm~ijgk jffmvvm z}jai kpm|jim k ibpimojvm jaam jximgfm igf}~v|ijai m nkbbm|nijai! nkg m~na}~ikgm fmaamibpimojvm ndm pm|nmpi~nkgk |mv|il}xikgm bmg~iam ~}pm|ik|m j ai|m 400' Ia nkgv|il}vk ndm fmsm m~~m|mnk||i~pk~vk fji fjvk|i fi ajsk|k ä fi ai|m ? jaa/jggk! z}ja}gz}m ~ij aj f}|jvj fma ajsk|k! mf ä pm| ai|m >j nj|ink fmaa/kpm|jij' Ia nkgv|il}vk simgm |i~nk~~k bmfijgvm a/jppainjxikgm jgg}j fi }gj bj|nj~pmnijam ~}aam ~vm~~m vm~~m|m ig }~k pm| am jav|m j~~in}|jxikgi kllaiojvk|im'

Kogi jggk ni|nj :0 biaikgi fi ai|m ~kgk fjaaj P|msifmgxj ~knijam m|kojvm pm| j~~mogi fi bjvm|givà'I skvi fmaaj Nkgsmgxikgm fi _j~digovkg ~kgk jfmbpi}vi m ~}pm|jvi fjaam p|kssifmgxm fja

Cj~ni~bk jvv}jvm j cjsk|m fmaaj bjvm|givà'A/}bjgj m fisigj bi~~ikgm fmaaj bjvm|givà ä nkgck|vjvj fjaam p|kssifmgxm j~~i~vmgxijai gkg bmgk

fi z}maam fi k|figm j~~in}|jvisk' Gmi nmgv|i fksm più sisk m più ~mgvivk ä ia li~kogk fi z}m~vj j~~i~vmgxj jaaj bjvm|givà kpm|jij!

ajffksm nikä am nj|jvvm|i~vindm mnkgkbindm fi jblimgvm djggk ~kvv|jvvk }g bjooik| g}bm|k fi fkggm

jaam n}|m fkbm~vindm pm| bmvvm|am j ~m|sixik fmaa/igf}~v|ij! isi più aj|ok m più sisk ä a/igvm|smgvk fmaaj p|msifmgxj ~knijam gmaam kpm|m fi j~~i~vmgxj jaaj bjvm|givà8 si~ivm o|jv}ivm gmi nkg~}avk|i! nkg~ioaiioimgini! j~~i~vmgxj ~jgivj|ij! |inksm|i ig nj~m fi n}|j mf igvm|smgvi ndi|}|oini! j~~i~vmgxj pmfijv|inj m

pm| a/jaajvvjbmgvk' J~~i~vmgxj o|jv}ivj gkg oià igvm~j gma ~mg~k v|jfixikgjam fi o|jxik~j ailm|jaivà!jgvivmvinj jaam p|m~vjxikgi fi nj|jvvm|m j~~in}|jvisk! lmg~á bjgicm~vjxikgm p|ko|mfivj fmaaj ~vm~~j

p|msifmgxj ~knijam! aj z}jam ji ~}ki nkbpivi k|ioigj|i jav|i gm jccijgnj k ~k~viv}i~nm pm| mska}xikgmfmaa/k|figjbmgvk ~vm~~k m fmi p|ignipi fmaaj p|msifmgxj ~knijam sm|~k ck|bm g}ksm m più p|ko|mfivm!bmoaik |i~pkgfmgvi jaam m~iomgxm fi v}vmaj fmi ajsk|jvk|i! am z}jai |jpp|m~mgvjgk }gk fmoai j~pmvvi fiz}maaj oi}~vixij ~knijam ndm ä ckgfjbmgvk fmaa/mvinj cj~ni~vj8 bjgvmgm|m mo}jai fjsjgvi jaaj ~ja}vm mjaam ~nimgxm fmaaj ~ja}vm v}vvi nkak|k ndm gm ~kgk akgvjgi! p|ibj fmaaj gj~nivj! ~}livk fkpk m pki' Ajbmfinigj ~knijam fisimgm nk~á! kogi oik|gk più! bmfinigj pkaivinj' Aj p|msifmgxj ~knijam ä pk~vj

jgnd/m~~j j ~m|sixik fi z}m~vj sj~vj k|ojgixxjxikgm! ~nimgvicinj m pkaivinj ig~imbm! fi ficm~j fmaaj p}llainj ~ja}vm5 fi|mvvjbmgvm m igfi|mvvjbmgvm' Fi|mvvjbmgvm! a/I~viv}vk fmaaj P|msifmgxj ~knijamigvm|simgm nkg am igixijvism j~~i~vmgxijai m nkg a/jxikgm jgviv}lm|nkaj|m bkavk sj~vj ndm m~~k ä



==

ndijbjvk j ~skaom|m! ~} lj~i j~~in}|jvism5 igfi|mvvjbmgvm! nkgnk||m ig ck|bm bkavmpaini! m~pmnijabmgvm nka cigjgxijbmgvk fmaa/mfiaixij pkpkaj|m! fmaam kpm|m fi lkgicinj m fmaam kpm|m

p}llaindm ig omgm|m! j z}ma bioaik|jbmgvk omgm|jam fmaam nkgfixikgi fi jblimgvm! ndm ä ia p|m~}ppk~vk m~~mgxijam fmaaj lkgicinj }bjgj! sm|~k aj z}jam ä vm~j aj skakgvà fma \moibm'

A/J^^IN]\JXIKGM PM\ AJ V]LM\NKAK^I

Ia p|klambj fmaaj akvvj nkgv|k aj v}lm|nkak~i c} ~}livk jssm|vivk fja \moibm cj~ni~vj! ig v}vvj aj ~}jo|jsivà' ^m~~jgvjbiaj bk|vi kogi jggk m ~minmgvkbiaj jbbjajvi nk~viv}isjgk! ja bkbmgvkfmaa/jssmgvk fma Cj~ni~bk! ia v|i~vm liajgnik fmaaj v}lm|nkak~i ig Ivjaij' Z}m~vm nic|m fkn}bmgvjgk!bmoaik ndm kogi jav|j jccm|bjxikgm! ndm ia fiajoj|m fmaaj v}lm|nkak~i m|j p|m~~kndé ignkgv|j~vjvk mndm ji p|ko|m~~i fmaaj ~nimgxj gkg jsmsj cjvvk |i~nkgv|k a/jxikgm sioiam fmaak ^vjvk! a/jpp|m~vjbmgvkfmaam gmnm~~j|im ficm~m'

Knnk||msjgk bmxxi jfmo}jvi! bj ~kp|jvv}vvk knnk||msjgk }gj skakgvà nkbljvvisj! }g/jxikgmnkgn|mvj m |mjaixxjv|inm! a/}givà fmaam fi|mvvism! ia nkk|figjbmgvk fmaam igixijvism m fmoai ~ck|xi! aj

nk~viv}xikgm fi }g c|kgvm }gink fi akvvj jgviv}lm|nkaj|m' C}|kgk n|mjvi gma :9<> i Nkg~k|xi p|ksignijaijgviv}lm|nkaj|i! nka nkbpivk jpp}gvk fi nkk|figj|m ig }givà fi fi|mvvism! gmaa/jblivk fi nij~n}gj

p|ksignij! oai i~viv}vi m am igixijvism fi j~~i~vmgxj jgviv}lm|nkaj|m' Aj i~viv}xikgm fi Nkg~k|xi c} |m~jkllaiojvk|ij gma oi}ogk fma :9<?' Aj Nj|vj fma Ajsk|k jsmsj igvjgvk! nkg aj TTSII findij|jxikgm!k|imgvjvk sm|~k }gk ~pmnijam k|figjbmgvk j~~in}|jvisk ia p|klambj fmaaj akvvj jgviv}lm|nkaj|m! igjnnkoaibmgvk jgndm fmi skvi m~p|m~~i gma Nkgo|m~~k fi ioimgm fi Vk|igk a/jggk iggjgxi'

A/j~~in}|jxikgm nkgv|k aj v}lm|nkak~i! igv|kfkvvj nkg fmn|mvk"amoom fma <? kvvkl|m :9<?! dj nkbm~}j nj|jvvm|i~vinj pj|vinkaj|m ia nkgnmgv|jbmgvk fmaaj ~kaifj|imvà kpm|jij m pjf|kgjam sm|~k z}m~vjndm ä! ~mgxj f}llik! aj più o|jsm fmaam bjajvvim ~knijai! ig z}jgvk nkapi~nm fi p|mcm|mgxj i piùoiksjgi! gmaam mvà p|kf}vvism m z}igfi fma bj~~ibk sjak|m mnkgkbink! mf ig z}jgvk ä bjajvvij~kp|jvv}vvk fmaa/igcjgxij m ig~ifij jaam |jfini aj ~jgivà ci~inj fmaaj ~vi|pm'

Fi c|kgvm jaaj mccinimgxj fmaam ficm~m k|ojgixxjvm ~}a pijgk j~~i~vmgxijam m ~} z}maak j~~in}|jvisk!aj v}lm|nkak~i |mv|knmfm |jpifjbmgvm'

Gma :9<6! i bk|vi pm| v}lm|nkak~i c}|kgk! ig Ivjaij! kav|m 30'0008 gma :9>> ~i fi~nmgfm j >='000'Z}m~vi |i~}avjvi! bmgv|m fj }g ajvk ~kgk aj nkgcm|bj msifmgvm fi }gj fmaam p|mbm~~m ckgfjbmgvjai

fmaaj bmfinigj ~knijam ig k|figm ja p|klambj jgviv}lm|nkaj|m8 aj m~i~vmgxj fi }g |jppk|vk fi|mvvk fiigvm|fipmgfmgxj c|j a/jbpimxxj fmi bmxxi j ~m|sixik fmaaj akvvj ~pmnicinj nkgv|k aj v}lm|nkak~i m ajfibig}xikgm fmaaj bk|vjaivà! aj z}jam pm|jav|k v|jm o|jgfm sjgvjooik jgndm fja p|ko|m~~iskbioaik|jbmgvk fmaam nkgfixikgi omgm|jai fmaa/ioimgm m fja più javk aismaak fma vmgk|m fi sivj fmaaj

pkpkajxikgm! ~kgk! f/jav|j pj|vm! fkn}bmgvk fi z}jgvk p|kckgfjbmgvm }bjgj m ~jgvj ~ij z}m~vj ljvvjoaij! pm| aj z}jam ia \moibm dj bkliaivjvk v}vvm am ck|xm bk|jai fmaaj Gjxikgm'

Ä k|bji nkb}gm ig~mogjbmgvk fmaaj bmfinigj ~knijam m pkaivinj! ndm pm| }gj mccinimgvm akvvjjgviv}lm|nkaj|m ‖ j pj|vm aj k|ojgixxjxikgm p|kciajvvinj ‖ knnk||j }gj fi~pkgiliaivà fi amvvi! igk~pmfjai m ~jgjvk|i! jabmgk pj|i ja g}bm|k jgg}k fmi bk|vi pm| v}lm|nkak~i! pkvmgfk~i sja}vj|m ig|joikgm fi v|m pm| kogi nj~k fi bk|vm ia g}bm|k fmoai jbbjajvi pm| i z}jai ä gmnm~~j|ik! fja p}gvk fisi~vj naigink! ia |inksm|k! m ig |joikgm fi 6 bm~i ia pm|ikfk bmfik fi fmomgxj pm| kogi |inksm|jvk'

A/I~viv}vk Gjxikgjam Cj~ni~vj fmaaj P|msifmgxj ~knijam ~vj |mjaixxjgfk jpp}gvk z}m~vj ~}ccinimgxjfi bmxxi'

A/j~~in}|jxikgm kllaiojvk|ij nkgv|k aj v}lm|nkak~i dj ak ~vm~~k njbpk fi jppainjxikgmfmaa/j~~in}|jxikgm pm| a/igsjaifivà m aj smnndijij' ^kgk jf m~~j ~koomvvi v}vvi nkak|k ndm ajsk|jgk jaajfipmgfmgxj jav|}i m ndm jllijgk nkbpi}vk ia :=° jggk fi mvà m gkg ~}pm|jvk ia 3=°'

Ia g}bm|k fmoai j~~in}|jvi ~i jooi|j igvk|gk ji 3 biaikgi m bmxxk5 a/j~~in}|jxikgm nkgv|k aj

v}lm|nkak~i js|mllm bjgnjvk ja ~}k ~nkpk ~m gkg jsm~~m igna}~k gmaaj ~}j ~cm|j fi jxikgm jgndm icjbiaij|i fmaa/j~~in}|jvk' \jooi}gom i := biaikgi ia g}bm|k fmaam pm|~kgm v}vmajvm nkgv|k ajv}lm|nkak~i fjaa/k|figjbmgvk j~~in}|jvisk'



=3

Fmi cjbiaij|i fmaa/j~~in}|jvk ~kgk p|kvmvvi fmaa/j~~in}|jxikgm aj bkoaim! i cioai m i c|jvmaai m ~k|maam!fi mvà igcm|ik|m ji := jggi! nkgsismgvi m j nj|ink fmaa/j~~in}|jvk! oai m~pk~vi |mokaj|bmgvm jccifjvi! iabj|ivk igsjaifk fi fkggj j~~in}|jvj'

Ia fi|ivvk jaam p|m~vjxikgi ‖ am z}jai nkbp|mgfkgk kav|m ia |inksm|k ig nj~m fi n}|j! aj nkgnm~~ikgmfi }gj igfmggivà fi ai|m 603 oik|gjaim|m! j ~mnkgfj fmaaj naj~~m fi ~jaj|ik! pm| oai j~~in}|jvi nkg

cjbioaij j nj|ink ‖ ä nkgfixikgjvk ja sm|~jbmgvk fi jabmgk <6 nkgv|il}vi ~mvvibjgjai gma limggikjgvm|ik|m jaaj fkbjgfj fi j~~i~vmgxj'Pm|ndé |i~}avi jfmo}jvj ja li~kogk aj ~}j jvv|mxxjv}|j! ~jgjvk|ijam fi|mvvj! a/I~viv}vk fmaaj

P|msifmgxj ~knijam dj fi~pk~vk! m pm| bkavj pj|vm oià |mjaixxjvk! }g sj~vk p|ko|jbbj fi nk~v|}xikgi~jgjvk|ijai! ndm nkg~mgvi|à }gj fi~pkgiliaivà nkbpam~~isj fi <0'600 pk~vi amvvk ig 3: k~pmfjai~jgjvk|ijai! nk~v|}ivi v}vvi ~mnkgfk i più bkfm|gi ibpijgvi vmngini m ~nimgvicini'

Bm|ivjgk pj|vinkaj|m ~mogjajxikgm! pm| aj ak|k ibpk|vjgxj! a/K~pmfjam ~jgjvk|ijam ¥Nj|akCk|ajgigiµ ig \kbj m a/jggm~~j naiginj fmaaj v}lm|nkak~i m fmaam jav|m bjajvvim fmaa/jppj|jvk|m~pi|jvk|ik! nkg }g nkbpam~~k fi :600 amvvi5 a/K~pmfjam ~jgjvk|ijam fi Sijalj $Biajgk)! nkg ::00amvvi5 ia siaajooik ~jgjvk|ijam fi ^kgfjak! nkg <=00 amvvi' A/K~pmfjam ~jgjvk|ijam ¥Nj|ak Ck|ajgigiµ!~k|om ~} }g/j|mj fi ni|nj <40'000 bmv|i z}jf|jvi! fmi z}jai <4'<00 nkpm|vi fji cjll|injvi' ]gj

~}pm|cinim fi kav|m <00'000 bmv|i z}jf|jvi ä fm~vigjvj j pj|nk m oij|figi! nkg }gk ~sia}ppk fi ~v|jfm!sijai m sijamvvi pm| ni|nj :0 ndiakbmv|i' V|mgv}gk ~jgjvk|i! fimni fmi z}jai ig pjfioaikgi p|kssi~k|i!~kgk oià ig m~m|nixik nkg }gj fi~pkgiliaivà fi 9600 pk~vi5 jan}gi jav|i ~kgk oià }avibjvi m p|k~~ibi jfmgv|j|m ig c}gxikgm5 oai jav|i ~kgk v}vvi ig nk|~k fi nk~v|}xikgm5 gma :9>? a/I~viv}vk js|à |mjaixxjvk v}vvkia ~}k p|ko|jbbj! pm| ia z}jam js|à ~pm~k 300 biaikgi fi ai|m5 >=0 biaikgi ~kgk ~vjvi oià ~pm~i pm| amkpm|m }avibjvm m pm| z}maam ig nk|~k'

Fja :° omggjik :9<9 j v}vvk ia :9>6 ~kgk ~vjvi ~pm~i pm| a/j~~i~vmgxj joai jbbjajvi 33= biaikgi' Igv}vvk! oià }g biaij|fk fi ai|m fi|mvvjbmgvm mf m~na}~isjbmgvm ibpmogjvk gmaaj akvvj nkgv|k ajv}lm|nkak~i! ig |moibm j~~in}|jvisk'

^kgk ~vjvm j~~i~vivm <:>'000 pm|~kgm' Ig z}m~vi }avibi jggi a/4k - fmoai j~~i~vivi djggk }~}c|}ivkfma |inksm|k! bmgv|m pm| ia <0 - ä ~vjvj pk~~iliam aj n}|j jbl}ajvk|ij' Aj n}|j j fkbiniaik! |m~jgmnm~~j|ij! gmi p|ibi jggi! fjaaj ig~}ccinimgxj fmaa/jvv|mxxjbmgvk ~jgjvk|ijam fi|mvvk m fi z}maak

p|mm~i~vmgvm fi n}i a/k|figjbmgvk j~~in}|jvisk pkvmsj fi~pk||m pm| nkgsmgxikgm! ä ~vjvj z}j~i fmav}vvk maibigjvj'

Mnnk oai ~sia}ppi fmaa/j~~i~vmgxj jgviv}lm|nkaj|m ndm! j~~kasmgfk ja g}ksk ibpk|vjgvm nkbpivkjccifjvkoai fja \moibm! a’I~viv}vk fmaaj P|msifmgxj ~knijam dj fjvk ji ajsk|jvk|i fi v}vvm am njvmok|im'

A/J^^IN]\JXIKGM NKGV\K OAI IGCK\V]GI ^]A AJSK\K

Gma :4?9 c} p|m~mgvjvk }g p|ibk fi~mogk fi amoom5 c} }g p|ibk pj~~k gmaak ~sia}ppk fi z}maaj

a}goj akvvj ndm ~}aaj cigm fma ~mnkak ~nk|~k! fksmsj fj|m ja Pjm~m aj p|ibj vibifj ck|bj fi v}vmaj fmaajsk|k'^}nnm~~isjbmgvm a/j~~in}|jxikgm nkgv|k oai igck|v}gi fmoai kpm|ji fma ajsk|k c} |m~j kllaiojvk|ij!

pm| aj p|ibj skavj ig Ivjaij! gma :9:4! nkg }gj amoom ndm ~mogü }g p|ko|m~~k gkvmskam gma njbpkfmaaj amoi~ajxikgm ~knijam'

Cigk jf jan}gi bm~i k| ~kgk! aj bjvm|ij m|j |mokajvj fja vm~vk }gink jpp|ksjvk nkg \' fmn|mvk >:omggjik :906 m ~}nnm~~ism bkficinjxikgi igvmo|jxikgi mf m~vmg~ikgi |io}j|fjgvi am gk|bm pm| oaiigck|v}gi ~}a ajsk|k gmaam nkakgim! pm| oai kpm|ji fmaam xkacj|m fmaaj ^iniaij! fmoai jffmvvijaa/jo|inkav}|j mf jaaj gjsiojxikgm jm|mj'

Bj vjam fi~nipaigj amoi~ajvisj p|m~mgvjsj fmcinimgxm! igvm|cm|mgxm mf ibpm|cmxikgi m gkg m|j piùnkg~kgm ji g}ksi li~kogi fmaam naj~~i ajsk|jv|ini'

Ak ^vjvk cj~ni~vj nkbp|m~m aj gmnm~~ivà fi }~ni|m fj }gj vjam ~iv}jxikgm ndm ~mgxj vk|gj|m fisjgvjooik jf jan}gk aj~nijsj i ajsk|jvk|i ig }gk ~vjvk fi o|jsm fi~joik! ndm ~i |ipm|n}kvmsj ig jav|injbpi! nkbp|kbmvvmgfk! kav|mndé am nkgfixikgi ioimgindm fmaaj ~vi|pm! am cigjgxm fmoai mgvi p}llaini!



=4

~pmnicink |jbk fi j~~in}|jxikgm ig v}vvk ia vm||ivk|ik fma \mogk' V}vvjsij ~mbp|m ja cigm fi |i~pmvvj|m!gmi aibivi fma pk~~iliam m fmaa/}viam! ia p|ignipik fmaa/}gicinjxikgm j n}i ä igck|bjvk ia p|kssmfibmgvk!m pm| |mgfm|m più mnkgkbinj m }gick|bm a/jppainjxikgm fmaaj amoom! ~i ä fi~pk~vk ndm vjgvk oai mgvij~~in}|jvk|i pm| aj omgvm fi bj|m ndm z}maai pm| i ajsk|jvk|i jo|inkai fks|jggk nkk|figj|m! nkg gk|bmfj ~vjliai|~i! i ak|k ~m|sixi! ~pmnijabmgvm vmngink"~jgivj|i! nkg z}maai fmaa/I~viv}vk Gjxikgjam'

]gj skavj |i~kavk ia p}gvk più ibpk|vjgvm m fmainjvk! bmfijgvm a/}gicinjxikgm fmoai i~viv}vi fij~~in}|jxikgm! ia Oksm|gk! nkg amoom <9 omggjik :9>6! g' >>>! dj kvvmg}vk fja Pj|ajbmgvk aj cjnkavàfmamojvj fi p|knmfm|m gmaa/kpm|j fi |ick|bj' Ig si|vù fi vjam fmamoj ia Oksm|gk nkg \' fmn|mvk :6kvvkl|m :9>= ndm! nkg a/mbjgjxikgm fma \mokajbmgvk! mgv|m|à ig siok|m ia :° a}oaik :9>3! p|mni~j ianjbpk fi jppainjxikgm fmaaj amoom m fi~nipaigj am oj|jgxim fi }gj più ~in}|j m omgm|jam k~~m|sjgxjfmaa/kllaiok fmaa/j~~in}|jxikgm! aj z}jaivà m aj mgvivà fmaam p|m~vjxikgi! isi nkbp|m~j ig p|ibk a}kok ajn}|j fmaa/igck|v}gik ja cigm fi aibivj|gm ja bj~~ibk am nkg~mo}mgxm! cigk j vknnj|m am ~jgxikgi pmgjaim a/k|figjbmgvk fma nkgvmgxik~k'

I p|kssmfibmgvi oià nivjvi! igf}llijbmgvm ckgfjbmgvjai! ~kgk ~vjvi p|mnmf}vi k ~mo}ivi fj jav|i! fiibpk|vjgxj più aibivjvj'

Aj amoom <3 jp|iam :9>0 ndm! fjgfk m~mn}xikgm jaaj Nkgsmgxikgm igvm|gjxikgjam fma :9<:!

|majvisj ja |inkgk~nibmgvk fmoai igck|v}gi ~}a ajsk|k ig jo|inkav}|j! simgm j nkgcm|bj|m a/kllaiok fivjam j~~in}|jxikgm! oià ~jgnivk gmaaj gk~v|j amoi~ajxikgm igvm|gj fj lmg v|mfini jggi5 gé vjamnkgck|bivà p}ü jppj|i|m v}|ljvj fja cjvvk ndm aj gk~v|j amoom aibivj a/j~~in}|jxikgm joai igfisif}i c|j i:< mf i 3= jggi! bmgv|m ia vm~vk fmaaj nkgsmgxikgm aj m~vmgfm j v}vvi i ~jaj|ijvi! pm|ndé! ig |mjavà! oaij~~in}|jvi jo|inkai ndm jllijgk ~}pm|jvk a/mvà fi 3= jggi ~kgk j}vkbjvinjbmgvm nkpm|vi fj }g/jav|jj~~in}|jxikgm $a/j~~in}|jxikgm pm| igsjaifivà ndm nkbp|mgfm z}maaj fm|isjgvm fj igck|v}gi) bmgv|ma/m~na}~ikgm fmi cjgni}aai fi mvà igcm|ik|m ji :< jggi gkg n|mj }gj fi~pj|ivà fi v|jvvjbmgvi ig nkgc|kgvkjoai jffmvvi ji ajsk|i igf}~v|ijai! pm|ndé am fi~pk~ixikgi siomgvi pm| aj p|kvmxikgm bigk|iam gkgnkg~mgvkgk a/jbbi~~ikgm ja ajsk|k fmi cjgni}aai ig mvà igcm|ik|m j z}maaj fijgxi igfinjvj'

Igkav|m! ia fmn|mvk <0 bj|xk :9>> nkgvimgm am gk|bm ni|nj am p|kn}|m pm| m~iom|m igfmggivà fks}vmj nj}~j fi igck|v}gik! nkg am z}jai ~i bmvvm cigm j lj~~m ~pmn}ajxikgi ndm! ~kvvk ck|bj fma |iaj~nik fi

p|kn}|j! bj~ndm|jsjgk sm|m m p|kp|im nm~~ikgi fma n|mfivk pm| a/igfmggixxk! m ~i ~vjliai~nm ndma/jsmgvm fi|ivvk jf igfmggivà gkg p}ü |iaj~nij|m p|kn}|j ~m gkg ja nkgi}om kf j }g pj|mgvm mf jccigmkssm|k jf }gj fmaam pm|~kgm nkg n}i ~ij nkb}gm ia fi|ivvk fi m~iom|m a/igfmggivà bmfm~ibj'

A/J^ÎN]\JXIKGM PM\ AM BJAJVVIM P\KCM^ÎKGJAI

Aj Nj|vj fma Ajsk|k! gmaaj findij|jxikgm TTSII! jgg}gxijsj ia p|kpk~ivk fi jvv}j|ma/j~~in}|jxikgm nkgv|k am bjajvvim p|kcm~~ikgjai! nkbm jssijbmgvk jaa/j~~in}|jxikgm omgm|jam nkgv|kv}vvm am bjajvvim'

Jaa/jgg}gxik ~mo}á lmg p|m~vk a/jvv}jxikgm! mf igsm|k nkg \' fmn|mvk"amoom :> bjooik :9<9! igsi|vù fmi pkvm|i nkgcm|ivi ja Oksm|gk fi mbjgj|m fi~pk~ixikgi jsmgvi ck|xj fi amoom! pm| aj nkbpamvjjvv}jxikgm fmaaj Nj|vj fma Ajsk|k! c} jpp}gvk fi~pk~vj a/j~~in}|jxikgm nkgv|k am bjajvvim

p|kcm~~ikgjai! nkabjgfk~i nk~á }gj ajn}gj fma gk~v|k ~i~vmbj fi j~~in}|jxikgi ~knijai'Vjam j~~in}|jxikgm! jppainjgfk~i jaam bjajvvim pm| igvk~~injxikgm fj pikblk k bm|n}|ik k ak|k

amodm! jbjaojbm k nkbpk~vi! gkgndé fj ck~ck|k lijgnk! ~kac}|k fi nj|lkgik! lmgxkak m kbkakodi! m pm| jgndiak~vkbij~i! |io}j|fj oai kpm|ji jffmvvi ja v|jvvjbmgvk fi z}mi bigm|jai! m nkb}gz}m jajsk|jxikgi ndm gm ndimfkgk a/ibpimok! nkbm fj vjlmaaj jggm~~j ja fmn|mvk! mf dj jppainjxikgmz}jgfk pm| fmvvi kpm|ji ~}~~i~vj a/kllaiok fmaa/j~~in}|jxikgm nkgv|k oai igck|v}gi ~}a ajsk|k' Jf m~~j

p|kssmfm pm|vjgvk a/i~viv}vk j~~in}|jvk|m jbbm~~k jaa/m~m|nixik fmaam j~~in}|jxikgi nkgv|k oaiigck|v}gi fmoai kpm|ji ~}a ajsk|k! bmfijgvm j}bmgvk fi nkgv|il}vk k p|mbik pjojvk fji fjvk|i fi

ajsk|k pm| a/j~~in}|jxikgm bmfm~ibj' î ä |m~j igkav|m kllaiojvk|ij! pm| kogi bmfink ndm gm|inkgk~nj a/m~i~vmgxj! aj fmg}gnij fmaam bjajvvim p|kcm~~ikgjai'Vjam p|kssmfibmgvk ä aj|ojbmgvm nkbp|mg~isk fmaaj nkgsmgxikgm igvm|gjxikgjam! jfkvvjvj ia :0



=9

oi}ogk :9<= mf jpp|ksjvj nkg \' fmn|mvk 6 finmbl|m :9>>! g' :?9<! aj z}jam fi~nipaigjgfk ia|i~j|nibmgvk fmi fjggi p|kfkvvi fjaam bjajvvim p|kcm~~ikgjai! ~vjliai~nm ig aigmj fi bj~~ibj ndma/jbbkgvj|m fi vjam |i~j|nibmgvk gkg fks|à m~~m|m igcm|ik|m j z}maak p|msi~vk fjaam |i~pmvvismamoi~ajxikgi pm| i fjggi fm|isjgvi fjoai igck|v}gi ~}a ajsk|k m fmcigi~nm nkbm bjajvvim p|kcm~~ikgjai amigvk~~injxikgi p|kfkvvm fja pikblk k fja bm|n}|ik! gkgndé am igcmxikgi fi nj|lkgndik nkbm igck|v}gi

~}a ajsk|k'A/j~~in}|jxikgm fmaam bjajvvim p|kcm~~ikgjai m|j jvvm~j fj a}godi jggi ig Ivjaij m ~/ibpkgmsj pm| |joikgi f/k|figm oi}|ifink m ~knijam! fjvk ndm m~~m ~kgk nkg~mo}mgxj igf}llij fi }g ajsk|k m~mo}ivk

p|m~~k fmvm|bigjvm igf}~v|im ksm smgokgk p|kfkvvm k }~jvm! bjvm|im igcmvvjgvi m vk~~indm'Ia nkgnmvvk ckgfjbmgvjam! ndm dj fjvk k|ioigm j vjam ck|bj fi p|msifmgxj ig v}vvm am Gjxikgi! ndm

a/djggk jvv}jvj! ä ak ~vm~~k ndm dj fjvk a}kok jaa/jvv}jxikgm fmaa/j~~in}|jxikgm nkgv|k oai igck|v}gi ~}aajsk|k'

Pkindé am bjajvvim p|kcm~~ikgjai igcjvvi fm|isjgk m ~kgk nkg~mo}mgxj! nkbm ak ~i nkbp|mgfmcjniabmgvm! fmaaj p|kcm~~ikgm m~m|nivjvj fjaa/j~~in}|jvk! ä oi}~vk ndm i fjggi ndm p|ksmgokgkfjaa/m~m|nixik fi fmvm|bigjvm p|kcm~~ikgi ~ijgk |i~j|nivi nkbm ak ~kgk oai igck|v}gi ~}a ajsk|k! m nikäfj ndi om~vi~nm a/igf}~v|ij k a/jximgfj' Igcjvvi ä pjnicink ndm z}maam igf}~v|im! ksm ~i sm|icinjgk

jpp}gvk vjai bjajvvim! gkg fj|mllm|k a}kok j z}m~vm ~m ig m~~m igf}~v|im gkg smgi~~m|k m~mo}ivmz}maam fmvm|bigjvm ajsk|jxikgi k gkg smgi~~m|k ibpimojvm z}maam fmvm|bigjvm ~k~vjgxm! ndm igsmnm amfmvm|bigjgk' Pm|vjgvk ~i v|jvvj fi |i~ndi ndm ~i sm|icinjgk ig knnj~ikgm fi fmvm|bigjvm ajsk|jxikgi knkbbm|ni m z}igfi ä oi}~vk ndm m~~i fmlljgk smgi|m |i~j|nivi fj ndi v|jm a}n|k fj vjai om~vikgi'

\inkgk~ni}vk igcjvvi fjaaj gk~v|j amoi~ajxikgm m~~m|m a/igck|v}gik ~}a ajsk|k }g |i~ndik nkggm~~kjaa/m~m|nixik fi fmvm|bigjvm jvvisivà igf}~v|ijai! m ~vjliaivk ndm ia |i~pmvvisk |i~j|nibmgvk fmllj ~vj|m jnj|ink fma fjvk|m fi ajsk|k! gkg fism|~k v|jvvjbmgvk m|j fj jvvmgm|~i gmi |io}j|fi fmaam bjajvvim

p|kcm~~ikgjai'Aj j~~in}|jxikgm fi vjai bjajvvim ä ~vjvj jvv}jvj fja \moibm nkg sj~vivà fi nkgnmxikgm' Bmgv|m

igcjvvi dj ~vjliaivk ndm v}vvi oai kpm|ji knn}pjvi ig igf}~v|im p|m~~k am z}jai pk~~jgk sm|icinj|~ibjajvvim p|kcm~~ikgjai! fmskgk m~~m|m j~~in}|jvi! dj ci~~jvk }gj ai~vj fi z}maam ndm! joai mccmvvifmaa/j~~in}|jxikgm! sjggk nkg~ifm|jvm nkbm bjajvvim p|kcm~~ikgjai' Vjam ai~vj ä aj più sj~vj ck|~m fiz}jgvm ~ijgk ~vjvm ~vjliaivm ig z}m~vi }avibi jggi m più jbpij fi z}maaj ~vm~~j ci~~jvj fjaaj Nkgcm|mgxjfi Oigms|j fma :9<:'

Jav|k pj|vinkaj|m bkavk ibpk|vjgvm fi vjam p|msifmgxj ä ndm aj n}|j fi vjai bjajvvim gkg ä aj~nijvjjaa/j|liv|ik fma bjajvk! ndm vjak|j p}|v|kppk gkg dj i bmxxi pm| p|kssmfm|si z}jgfk jffi|ivv}|j gkgvmgfm jf joo|jsj|aj! bj ä fjvj fjoai i~viv}vi j~~in}|jvk|i'

A/j~~in}|jxikgm nkgv|k am bjajvvim p|kcm~~ikgjai z}igfi fj|à aj pk~~iliaivà fi jppainj|m bmxxiifkgmi m ~pmnijai pm| aj n}|j m aj p|msmgxikgm fi v}vvm am bjajvvim fipmgfmgvi fj fmvm|bigjvmajsk|jxikgi' Fi nkg~mo}mgxj nkaaj jvv}jxikgm fi z}m~vj }avibj! ~j|jggk jgndm msivjvm v}vvm z}maamsm|vmgxm ndm cigk|j smgisjgk p|kbk~~m fjoai kpm|ji! nkapivi fj vjai bjai! nkgv|k i ak|k fjvk|i fi

ajsk|k! ndijbjvi nisiabmgvm |m~pkg~jliai fmi fjggi fj z}maai ~}livi! sm|vmgxm z}m~vm ndm fksmsjgksmgi|m |mokajvm ig lj~m jaam gk|bm nkb}gi ~}aaj |m~pkg~jliaivà nisiam m ndm fjsjgk a}kok jnkgvm~vjxikgi m j |jgnk|i! ndm m|j gmnm~~j|ik msivj|m! gkg ~kak pm| |mgfm|m oi}~vixij j fmaam j}vmgvindmsivvibm fma ajsk|k! bj jgndm pm| msivj|m ndm z}m~vm nkgvm~vjxikgi jsm~~m|k j v}|lj|m }avm|ik|bmgvmz}mi |jppk|vi nkaajlk|jxikgi~vini v|j fjvk|m m p|m~vjvk|m f/kpm|j! ndm ~kgk c|j am p|ibi~~ibm cigjaivà

pm|~mo}ivm fja Cj~ni~bk' M a/jvv}jxikgm fi vjam p|msifmgxj igcigm ~mogj }g p|ko|m~~k ~mg~iliai~~ibkgma njbpk fmaaj p|msifmgxj ~knijam jgndm pma cjvvk ndm m~~j nk~viv}i|à z}ma sm|k m p|kp|ikjssijbmgvk jaaj j~~in}|jxikgm omgm|jam nkgv|k am bjajvvim p|msi~vk fjaaj Nj|vj fma Ajsk|k!jssijbmgvk igvm~k nkbm ~n}kaj! nkbm m~pm|imgxj! nkbm gmnm~~j|ij p|mpj|jxikgm fmaa/jblimgvm! ndm|mgfm|à pk~~iliai }avm|ik|i p|ko|m~~i'



30

AJ B]V]JAIVÀ PM\ A/J^^I^VMGXJ ^JGIVJ\IJ

Ia Cj~ni~bk! cig fja ~}k ~k|om|m! |ipk|vjgfk oai ~pi|ivi jaam più nisiai m~p|m~~ikgi fi ~kaifj|imvà}bjgj! pk~m ja p|ibk pijgk ia p|klambj fmaaj b}v}jaivà pm| am bjajvvim' Aj Nj|vj fma Ajsk|k jaajfindij|jxikgm TTSIII ~vjliai~nm ndm ¥gmi nkgv|jvvi nkaamvvisi fi ajsk|k ~j|à fmni~j! z}jgfk ~ij

vmnginjbmgvm pk~~iliam! aj nk~viv}xikgm fi nj~~m b}v}m pm| bjajvvij! nkg nkgv|il}vk fmi fjvk|i fiajsk|k m p|m~vjvk|i f/kpm|j! fj jbbigi~v|j|~i fj |jpp|m~mgvjgvi fmoai }gi m fmoai jav|i! ~kvvk ajsioiajgxj fmoai k|ojgi nk|pk|jvisiµ' M! nkbm kogi p|ignipik cj~ni~vj! jgndm z}m~vk dj v|ksjvkibbmfijvj p|jvinj jvv}jxikgm' Ja >: finmbl|m :9>> |i~}avjsjgk m~i~vmgvi gma ~mvvk|m fmaa/igf}~v|ij:9?4 nj~~m b}v}m fi bjajvvij nkg :'>90'49= i~n|ivvi5 gmaa/jo|inkav}|j ~mvvm nj~~m b}v}m p|ksignijainkg :<0'000 i~n|ivvi5 gma nkbbm|nik }gj nj~~j gjxikgjam nkg <00'000 i~n|ivvi5 gmi v|j~pk|vi vm||m~v|i:6 nj~~m |moikgjai nkg <?'000 i~n|ivvi! m :: nj~~m j}vkgkbm fmi pk|v}jai nkg kav|m <0'000 i~n|ivvi m =nj~~m fmi vmamckgini nkg 3000 i~n|ivvi'

Aj b}v}jaivà! p|mcioomgfk~i! nkbm ~nkpk ckgfjbmgvjam! a/j~~i~vmgxj ja ajsk|jvk|m ig nj~k fi ~}jbjajvvij! |i~pkgfm jf }gj c}gxikgm ~knijam fmaaj bj~~ibj ibpk|vjgxj m p|kcin}ivà' Igcjvvi bmgv|m i

li~kogi fma ajsk|jvk|m j}bmgvjgk f}|jgvm aj bjajvvij! pm| aj gmnm~~ivà fi fksm| jooi}gom|m jaam

gk|bjai ~pm~m z}kvifijgm am ~pm~m pm| j~~i~vmgxj bmfinj m pm| jnz}i~vk fi bmfinigjai! bjgnj jaajsk|jvk|m kogi mambmgvj|m bmxxk pm| cj|si c|kgvm! pm| ia cjvvk ndm! |indimfmgfk gk|bjabmgvm ajbjajvvij aj j~~mgxj fja ajsk|k! oai ä ibpk~~iliam p|m~vj|m aj p|kp|ij kpm|j m kvvmgm|m! ig nk||i~pmvvisk!ia ~jaj|ik' Aj ibpk~~iliaivà fi jsm|m v}vvm am n}|m gmnm~~j|im m ia li~kogk fi j~~mgvj|~i ia bmgk

pk~~iliam fja ajsk|k! kgfm gkg pm|fm|m ia ~jaj|ik! p|ksknjsjgk gma ajsk|jvk|m! p|ibj fmaaj~i~vmbjxikgm b}v}jai~vinj! aj vmgfmgxj j v|j~n}|j|m ia p|kp|ik ~vjvk bk|lk~k! nkg o|jsm |i~ndik! kav|mndm pm| aj ~}j ~ja}vm! pm| aj igvmo|ivà ci~inj fmaaj |jxxj5 pm|vjgvk am gk|bm nkgnm|gmgvi aj b}v}jaivà!nk~viv}ivj~i bmfijgvm nkgv|jvvi nkaamvvisi fi ajsk|k! gkg ~kffi~cjgk ~kak oai igvm|m~~i igfisif}jai fmi~igokai! bj jgndm m p|ignipjabmgvm a/igvm|m~~m nkaamvvisk fmaaj Gjxikgm'

Am Nj~~m b}v}m bjajvvij djggk! ig lj~m joai ~vjv}vi! i ~mo}mgvi ~nkpi ckgfjbmgvjai8j) oj|jgvi|m jaa/i~n|ivvk! ig nj~k fi bjajvvij! aj j~~i~vmgxj bmfinj! ndi|}|oinj! cj|bjnm}vinj mf

k~pivjaim|j $jaaj fkggj! jgndm a/j~~i~vmgxj k~vmv|inj ig nj~k fi pj|vk)5l) p|kssmfm|m ja |inksm|k ig naigindm! nj~m fi ~ja}vm! mnn'! fmoai i~n|ivvi! pm| n}i ~ij |inkgk~ni}vk

ia li~kogk5n) nk||i~pkgfm|m jaa/i~n|ivvk }g ~}~~ifik fi bjajvvij! fmnk||mgvm gk|bjabmgvm fja vm|xk k fja

z}j|vk oik|gk fi fmomgxj! pm| }gj f}|jvj bj~~ibj fmvm|bigjvj $90 k :<0 oik|gi)! ig bi~}|j pj|i jaajbmvà k ji f}m vm|xi fma ~jaj|ik pm|nmpivk fjaa/kpm|jik $::<)'

Sinigk j vjai ~nkpi ckgfjbmgvjai! p|msi~vi fj v}vvi oai ~vjv}vi fmaam Nj~~m b}v}m bjajvvij! smgokgk pm|~mo}ivi! z}jgfk am pk~~iliaivà mnkgkbindm ak nkg~mgvjgk! ~nkpi jnnm~~k|i! bj ~mbp|m igm|mgvi jaajv}vmaj fmaaj ~ja}vm ci~inj fma ajsk|jvk|m m fmaaj igvmo|ivà fmaaj |jxxj $j~~i~vmgxj bmfinj ji cjbioaij|i!|inksm|i ig nkgsjam~nmgxij|i! nkgnm~~ikgi fi ~}~~ifi ~v|jk|figj|i! igsik fi cioai fmoai i~n|ivvi jaam

Nkakgim bj|igm k bkgvjgm! mnn')'Jvv}jabmgvm vjam j~~in}|jxikgm gkg ä kllaiojvk|ij! mnnmxikg cjvvj pm| am P|ksignim |mfmgvm m gmaamz}jai ~i ä |ivmg}vk kppk|v}gk nkg~m|sj|m a/kllaiojvk|imvà p|mm~i~vmgvm ~kvvk ia nm~~jvk |moibm j}~v|k"}goj|ink jgndm pm| gkg p|moi}finj|m! jgxi pm| nkbpim|m }g p|ibk pj~~k sm|~k a/m~vmg~ikgm fma

p|ignipik j v}vvk ia vm||ivk|ik fma \mogk' Pm| z}jgvk jvvimgm ia |m~vk fma vm||ivk|ik a/j~~in}|jxikgm pm| nj~i fi bjajvvij gkg dj nj|jvvm|m kllaiojvk|ik m ~i p|kssmfm jaaj j~~in}|jxikgm ~vm~~j ig sj|i bkfi mck|bm' Pm| z}jgvk pm|ü |io}j|fj aj omgvm fma bj|m m fmaa/j|ij! a/j~~in}|jxikgm ndm ~i m~m|nivj gmi nj~ifi bjajvvij ä kllaiojvk|ij' Ja |io}j|fk knnk||m fi~vigo}m|m a/j~~in}|jxikgm ndm ~i m~m|nivj ja fi c}k|ifmaa/k|figjbmgvk ~igfjnjam fi n}i jaaj amoom > jp|iam :9<3! g' =3>! fj z}maak ndm j vjam k|figjbmgvk~i nkggmvvm jvv}jgfk~i j cjsk|m fmaam njvmok|im k|ojgixxjvm' Gma p|ibk nj~k oai i~viv}vi $nj~~m b}v}mfi bjajvvij! ~knimvà fi b}v}k ~knnk|~k! mnn') ~k|okgk jf igixijvisj fmi ~igokai k fmoai mgvi p}llaini

igvm|m~~jvi5 m~~i c}gxikgjgk omgm|jabmgvm! ig }g p|ibk vmbpk! nkbm i~viv}vi fi cjvvk! ~jask jfkvvmgm|m pki ‖ ksm fijgk oj|jgxij fi pkvm| |mokaj|bmgvm c}gxikgj|m ‖ ia |inkgk~nibmgvk oi}|ifinkz}jai mgvi bk|jai ig lj~m ji p|ignipi omgm|jai fma fi|ivvk kpp}|m! ksm v|jvvi~i fi ^knimvà fi B}v}k



3:

~knnk|~k c|j kpm|ji! ig lj~m jaaj amoom fma := jp|iam :443! g' >>:>' Gma ~mnkgfk nj~k a/j~~in}|jxikgm ä m~m|nivjvj ig jppainjxikgm fmaaj TTSIII findij|jxikgm fmaaj

Nj|vj fma Ajsk|k! fj Nj~~m b}v}m bjajvvij! aj n}i nk~viv}xikgm fm|isj fj jppk~ivm gk|bm ig~m|ivm gminkgv|jvvi nkaamvvisi ~vip}ajvi c|j am j~~knijxikgi ~igfjnjai igvm|m~~jvm'

Vjai mgvi ~kgk fj nkg~ifm|j|~i v|j z}maai j nj|jvvm|m j~~i~vmgxijam p|msi~vi fjaa/j|v' 6! }avibk

nkbbj! fmaaj amoom > jp|iam :9<3! g' >3>! m ig lj~m j vjam j|vinkak! igcjvvi! simgm ak|k nkgnm~~k ia|inkgk~nibmgvk oi}|ifink ksm jccifigk fi pkvm| |mokaj|bmgvm c}gxikgj|m'î ~kooi}gom! pm|jav|k! ndm a/j~~in}|jxikgm bjajvvim ä v}vvk|j gmaaj cj~m fmoai ~v}fi m fmoai

m~pm|ibmgvi pm| oi}gom|m j z}maaj ck|bj bioaik|m ndm nkg~mgvj i più sjgvjooik~i |i~}avjvi nka bigibknk~vk f/k|ojgixxjxikgm'

Fi~vigvjbmgvm pm| nij~n}gj fmaam o|jgfi k|ojgixxjxikgi fi ajsk|jvk|i jnnmggijbk ji p|kssmfibmgvi m joai mgvi |majvisi jaa/j~~in}|jxikgm bjajvvim8

j) Omgvm fma bj|m m fmaa/j|ij8 A/j~~in}|jxikgm pm| am bjajvvim m pm| a/j~~i~vmgxj ~knijam äom~vivj fji v|m îgfjnjvi kllaiojvk|i pm| a/j~~in}|jxikgm m b}v}j nkgv|k oai igck|v}gi ~}a ajsk|k fmaajomgvm fi bj|m nkg ~mfm ig Omgksj! V|im~vm m Gjpkai' Vjam j~~in}|jxikgm ä kllaiojvk|ij m nkg \'fmn|mvk"amoom :? a}oaik :9>:! g' :090! ji ~m|sixi fi m~~j ä ~vjvk fjvk }g g}ksk k|figjbmgvk |i~pmvvk j

z}maak oià fi~pk~vk nkg aj amoom ik omggjik :9<9! g' 3=5l) Igf}~v|ij8 P|kssmfkgk jaa/j~~in}|jxikgm bjajvvij am nj~~m b}v}m! nk~viv}ivm nkbm ä oià

~vjvk jnnmggjvk! m ndm pk~~kgk m~~m|m jximgfjai $igvm|gm)! igvm|jximgfjai! p|kcm~~ikgjai migvm|p|kcm~~ikgjai'

Ia c}gxikgjbmgvk fi vjai Nj~~m ä |mokajvk ig bkfk }gick|bm fj }gk ~ndmbj fi ~vjv}vk vipknkgnk|fjvk c|j i |jpp|m~mgvjgvi fmaam f}m Nkgcmfm|jxikgi fmaa/Igf}~v|ij5

n) Nkbbm|nik8 A/j~~in}|jxikgm ä m~m|nivjvj fjaaj Nj~~j Gjxikgjam bjajvvim pm| oai jffmvvi jankbbm|nik n}i ä ~vjvk nkgnm~~k ia |inkgk~nibmgvk oi}|ifink nkg \' fmn|mvk <6 kvvkl|m :9<9! g' :9635

f) Nkb}ginjxikgi igvm|gm8 Nkg jnnk|fk ~vip}ajvk ia :0 ~mvvmbl|m :9>0 c|j am f}mnkgcmfm|jxikgi fmi fjvk|i fi ajsk|k m fmi ajsk|jvk|i fmaam nkb}ginjxikgi igvm|gm! ä ~vjvk nk~viv}ivka/¥Mgvm Gjxikgjam fi j~~i~vmgxj c|j oai jffmvvi ji v|j~pk|vi vm||m~v|i m jaaj gjsiojxikgm igvm|gjµ! nkg iankbpivk! c|j a/jav|k! fi k|ojgixxj|m m nkk|figj|m am Nj~~m |moikgjai fi bjajvvij n}i ~pmvvj p|kssmfm|m!bmfijgvm i~n|ixikgm |m~j kllaiojvk|ij ig ck|xj fmi pjvvi nkaamvvisi fi ajsk|k! jaa/j~~in}|jxikgm nkgv|kam bjajvvim fmaam jnnmggjvm njvmok|im fi p|m~vjvk|i f/kpm|j5

m) Jo|inkav}|j8 P|kssmfkgk jaa/j~~in}|jxikgm fmi ajsk|jvk|i jo|inkai am nj~~m b}v}m fi bjajvvim|i}givm gmaaj ¥Cmfm|jxikgm gjxikgjam fmaaj nj~~j b}v}j fi bjajvvij pm| i ajsk|jvk|i jo|inkaiµ n}i ä~vjvk nkgnm~~k ia |inkgk~nibmgvk oi}|ifink nkg \' fmn|mvk <> kvvkl|m :9>0! g' :=3<' \mnmgvmbmgvm~kvvk oai j}~pini fma Pj|vivk am f}m Nkgcmfm|jxikgi fmi fjvk|i fi ajsk|k m fmi ajsk|jvk|ifmaa/jo|inkav}|j djggk! ig jfm~ikgm jaam fi|mvvism fma \moibm pm| a/j~~i~vmgxj ~knijam ji ajsk|jvk|i!i~viv}ivm! pm| am njvmok|im fmi ~jaj|ijvi! fmi l|jnnijgvi m fmi nkbpj|vmnipjgvi m fmaam bjm~v|jgxm~pmnijaixxjvm! v|mgvjnigz}m g}ksm Nj~~m b}v}m bjajvvij' Mf jaak ~nkpk fi ~kaamnivj|gm mf

jomskaj|gm aj nk~viv}xikgm mf ia c}gxikgjbmgvk! i fjvk|i fi ajsk|k sm|~m|jggk jaam nj~~m p|mfmvvm }gnkgv|il}vk ~v|jk|figj|ik! nk||i~pkgfmgvm ia > pm| nmgvk fmaa/ibpk|vk fmi ~jaj|i fmaam vj|iccm!|ig}gxijgfk pm| fmvvj jggjvj $:9>=">3) j v|jvvmgm|m aj z}kvj fi nkgv|il}vk j nj|ink fmoai kpm|ji'

PJV\KGJVK GJXIKGJAM PM\ A/J^Î^VMGXJ ^KNIJAM

Aj amoom >' jp|iam :9<3! c|j am nkgfixikgi |indim~vm pm| ia amojam |inkgk~nibmgvk fmaam J~~knijxikgi~igfjnjai! ibpkgm ndm z}m~vm! ¥kav|m oai ~nkpi fi v}vmaj fmoai igvm|m~~i mnkgkbini m bk|jai fmi ak|k~kni! fmllkgk p|kpk||m fi pm|~mo}i|m m pm|~mo}jgk mccmvvisjbmgvm ~nkpi fi j~~i~vmgxj! fi i~v|}xikgm m

fi mf}njxikgm bk|jam m gjxikgjam fmi bmfm~ibiµ $j|v' :)'Aj Nj|vj fma Ajsk|k p|mni~j bmoaik i nkbpivi fmaam j~~knijxikgi z}jgfk finm8 ¥Ä nkbpivk fmaamj~~knijxikgi fi ajsk|jvk|i aj v}vmaj fmi ak|k |jpp|m~mgvjgvi gmaam p|jvindm jbbigi~v|jvism m oi}fixij|im



|majvism jaa/j~~in}|jxikgm igck|v}gi mf jaam j~~in}|jxikgi ~knijaiµ $findij|jxikgm TTSIII)'¥A/j~~i~vmgxj ji p|kp|i |jpp|m~mgvjvi! ~kni m gkg ~kni! ä }g fi|ivvk m }g fksm|m fmaam j~~in}|jxikgi

p|kcm~~ikgjai' Z}m~vm fmllkgk m~m|nivj|m fi|mvvjbmgvm am ak|k c}gxikgi fi j~~i~vmgxj gé pk~~kgkfmamoj|am jf jav|i mgvi kf i~viv}vi! ~m gkg pm| klimvvisi fi igfkam omgm|jam! mnnmfmgvi oai igvm|m~~i fmaam~igokam njvmok|imµ $findij|jxikgm TTIT)'

C|j i ~m|sixi omgm|jai fi j~~i~vmgxj! n|mjvi fjaam j~~knijxikgi! ig nkgck|bivà ji p|ignipi ~jgnivi gmaajamoom m gmaaj Nj|vj fma Ajsk|k! li~kogj |ink|fj|m ia Pjv|kgjvk Gjxikgjam pm| a/j~~i~vmgxj ~knijam' IaPjv|kgjvk dj pm|ü }gj ~}j ~vk|ij ndm p|mnmfm aj amoom fma > jp|iam :9<3'

C}|kgk am k|ojgixxjxikgi ~igfjnjai cj~ni~vm ndm igixij|kgk i p|ibi m~pm|ibmgvi fi }gj j~~i~vmgxj~knijam cj~ni~vj m! p|ibj c|j v}vvm! aj Cmfm|jxikgm P|ksignijam Omgksm~m ndm! pm| fi~pk~ixikgi fmaajNkgcmfm|jxikgm Nk|pk|jxikgi ^igfjnjai! gma bjooik :9<< n|mjsj ia ¥Pjv|kgjvk Gjxikgjam Bmfink"Amojam pm|! oai Igck|v}gi Jo|inkai! Igf}~v|ijai m pm| am J~~in}|jxikgi ̂ knijaiµ

Ia O|jg Nkg~ioaik fma Cj~ni~bk! nkg fmailm|jxikgm fma a}oaik :9>> fimfm ignj|ink jaajNkgcmfm|jxikgm Gjxikgjam fmi ^igfjnjvi cj~ni~vi fi |ik|ojgixxj|m p|m~~k am fipmgfmgvi cmfm|jxikgi

p|ksignijai oai }ccini vmngini ¥ndm! v|j i fism|~i nkbpivi! mllm|k jgndm a/j~~i~vmgxj ji ajsk|jvk|i|majvisjbmgvm jaam j~~in}|jxikgi ~knijai' Fibk~v|jvi~i ig~}ccinimgvi! z}m~vi }ccini smggm|k ~nikavi m

~k~viv}ivi fja ¥Pjv|kgjvk Gjxikgjam Bmfink"Amojam pm| oai igck|v}gi jo|inkai! igf}~v|ijai m pm| amj~~in}|jxikgi ~knijaiµ! i~viv}ivk nkg fmn|mvk bigi~vm|ijam fma <3 oi}ogk :9<=! j ~mg~i fma \' fmn|mvk"amoom <> jok~vk :9:?! g' :6=0 m fma \' fmn|mvk >0 finmbl|m :9<>! g' >:46' Nk~á ~k|~m|k i p|ibi}ccini p|ksignijai fma pjv|kgjvk! ndm fksmsjgk j~~kasm|m i nkbpivi ~igk jaak|j jvv}jvi! fji

pjv|knigjvk|i p|isjvi nkg i ak|k }ccini fi j~~i~vmgxj igck|v}gi~vinj'A/mbjgjxikgm fmaaj Nj|vj fma Ajsk|k nkg~ioaiü aj |msi~ikgm m nk~á! nkg ia fmn|mvk bigi~vm|ijam <6

finmbl|m :9<? ~}aa/k|figjbmgvk fma Pjv|kgjvk gjxikgjam pm| a/j~~i~vmgxj ~knijam! smggm fjvj z}m~vjg}ksj fmgkbigjxikgm m gma nkgvmbpk gm c} bkficinjvk ak ~vjv}vk' Pm|ü fi c|kgvm jaa/jaaj|oj|~i fmaam

p|kssifmgxm j cjsk|m fmi ajsk|jvk|i m ig nkg~mo}mgxj! fma ak|k li~kogk fi j~~i~vmgxj! i aibivi ibpk~vifjaak ~vjv}vk fma :9<? ~mbl|j|kgk }o}jabmgvm v|kppk |i~v|mvvi' Nk~á! nka fmn|mvk fma Bigi~v|k pm| amNk|pk|jxikgi fma <? ~mvvmbl|m :9>0! c} jpp|ksjvk ia g}ksk ~vjv}vk fma P' G' J' ^'! j vm|bigi fmaz}jam c} jf m~~k jccifjvk gkg ~kak a/j~~i~vmgxj fmi ajsk|jvk|i gmaa/jblivk fmaam j~~in}|jxikgi ~knijai!bj jgndm gmaam sm|vmgxm |majvism jaam j~~in}|jxikgi igck|v}gi igfisif}jai m nkaamvvism! ~vip}ajvi mtv|j

amomb! gkgndé a/j~~i~vmgxj ji nkggjxikgjai |ibpjv|ijvi m z}maaj omgm|inj fmi ajsk|jvk|i'Jaa/j|vinkak : fmaak ^vjv}vk ä fmvvk8 ¥Ia Pjv|kgjvk Gjxikgjam pm| a/j~~i~vmgxj ~knijam nk~viv}i~nm! ji

vm|bigi fmaaj findij|jxikgm TTIT fmaaj Nj|vj fma Ajsk|k! a/k|ojgk vmngink j bmxxk fma z}jam amNkgcmfm|jxikgi gjxikgjai cj~ni~vm fmi ajsk|jvk|i jfmbpikgk jaam c}gxikgi fi j~~i~vmgxj m fi v}vmaj fmi

p|kp|i |jpp|m~mgvjvi gmaam p|jvindm jbbigi~v|jvism m oi}fixij|im! |majvism jaa/j~~in}|jxikgm igck|v}gi mjaam j~~in}|jxikgi m p|msifmgxm ~knijai ig omgm|mµ'

Z}m~vk ~vjv}vk! ndm ä jgnk|j ig siok|m! dj fjvk ja Pjv|kgjvk nkbpivi sm|jbmgvm jbpi m ndm ~kgk~}~nmvviliai kooi fi }gj bjooik|m m più k|ojginj m~vmg~ikgm kgfm cj|m fi m~~k a/k|ojgk sm|k m

nkbpamvk fi v}vvj a/j~~i~vmgxj! fj z}maaj amojam j z}maaj ioimgink"~jgivj|ij! ndm am j~~knijxikgi p|kcm~~ikgjai fmskgk oj|jgvi|m ji p|kp|i j~~knijvi'

La politica sociale del fascismo (Italiano)

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