istoria

1917 wlis oqtombris bolSevikurma gadatrialebam mZlavri biZgi misca yofili ruseTis im-periis teritoriaze umarTavi procesebis dawyebas. xelisuflebis mitacebisaTvis SeiaraRebu-li brZola bolSevikTa politikuri aqtivobis qvakuTxedad iqca. 1918 wlis dasawyisidan ideo-logiuri da samxedro TvalsazrisiT soWidan mxardaWerilma soxumelma bolSevikebma aSkara SeiaraRebuli gamosvlebisaTvis daiwyes mzadeba. calsaxad da gadaWriT unda aRiniSnos, rom am movlenebis mTavar ganmsazRvrel faqtorad kavkasiis frontis moSla da frontidan dabrune-buli ̀ revoluciurad~ ganwyobili, realurad ki, gadezertirebuli, umarTavi da zneobadakar-guli rus jariskacTa nakadebi iqcnen. araviTari miTiuri `muSaTa klasi~ da araviTari `revo-luciuri masebi~ am momentisaTvis arc soxumSi da, miT umetes, arc mTlianad afxazeTSi, ubra-lod, ar arsebobda. gadezertirebul jariskacTa da matrosTa am damangrevel nakadebs maTi ga-daadgilebis mTel marSrutze `morodioruli Sleifi~ mosdevda. kavkasiis frontis swored es `revolucioneri~ jariskacebi da Savi zRvis flotis matrosebi iqcnen soWis olqis wiTeli gvardiis ZiriTad birTvad, xolo soxumis olqSi – `bolSevikuri revoluciis~ maprovocire-bel mTavar faqtorad. am ̀ revoluciis~ mTavar arss ki arsebuli adgilobrivi xelisuflebebis damxoba, `proletariatis diqtaturis~ damyareba da eqspropriacia-konfiskaciebis Catareba warmoadgenda. cxadi iyo, rom leninur-bolSevikuri lozungebi – `Бей буржуев!~ da ,,Грабь наг-рабленное!~ – agresiuli mowodebebis formidan realuri xorcSesxmis fazaSi Sedioda.

arCil CaCxiani

16

ukve 1918 wlis 16 TebervlisaTvis, isar-gebla ra amierkavkasiis samxreT-dasavleT nawilSi osmaluri SenaerTebis mier kavkasi-is frontis garRveviT, saerTo qaosiTa da amierkavkasiis mTavrobis SeiaraRebuli Za-lebis sisustiT, rusi bolSevikebis samxed-ro daxmarebis imediT afxazeTis bolSevik-Ta e.w. `samxedro revoluciurma komitet-ma~, efrem eSbas xelmZRvanelobiT, soxumSi xelisuflebis sadaveebi igdo xelT. e.w. `sabWoTa xelisuflebis~ damyareba ki, soxu-mis portSi Savi zRvis eskadris damxmare kreiser `Дакия~-s Semosvlas ukavSirdeba, romelsac kavkasiis frontidan wamosuli dezertiri da garevolucionerebuli mat-rosebi mohyavda. am e.w. `gasabWoebis~ uSua-lo sababad erTob prozauli momenti iqca – soxumis portSi gadmosul matrosebsa da afxaz Tavads, `kavkasiis veluri diviziis~ yofil oficers, poruCik nikoloz emuxvars Soris momxdari incidenti, rodesac `revo-lucionerma~ galeSilma jariskacebma Ta-vads samxreebis Camogleja daupires. cxa-dia, Rirsebis mqone oficeri jariskacTa Tavxeduri moqmedebebis Sesabamisad moiqca: man erTi jariskaci iqve mokla, meore daWra, TviTon ki miimala. ̀ Дакия~-s kapitanma soxu-mis xelisufalT emuxvaris gadacema mosT-xova, rac maT droulad ver Seasrules da rasac ̀ Дакия~-s sagembano artileriidan so-xumis dabombva, bortze myofi gaveSebuli piradi Semadgenlobis qalaqSi gadasvla da mosaxleobis masobrivi terori mohyva.

es iyo ruseTis `didi oqtombris socia-listuri revoluciis~ gamoZaxili soxumSi. Semdeg ferebi ufro gamuqda da soxumi da soxumis olqi saomari moqmedebebis zonad

aRsaniSnavia, rom swored es istoriuli faq-ti da movlena daedo safuZvlad didi qarTveli mwerlisa da publicistis, leo qiaCelis moTx-robis `haki aZbas~ siuJets. igi pirvelad 1933 wels gamoqveynda da maSinve miipyro mkiTxvelis yuradReba, male ki mwerlis saukeTeso nawarmoe-badac aRiares. komunisturi reJimis mkacri cen-zuris gamo mweralma realuri subieqtebi da per-sonebi gamogonili personaJebiT Secvala. lite-raturis kritikosTa azriT, nawarmoebSi ori erisa da ori epoqis fsiqika upirispirdeba erT-maneTs. nawarmoebi ramdenime aTeuli welia erov-nul sagamocdo programaSia Setanili, 2007 wels ki, bakur sulakauris gamomcemlobam `haki aZba" yvela drois saukeTeso qarTuli mcire romanis seriaSi Seiyvana.

dRevandeli soWi-tuafses raioni uZvele-si droidan saqarTvelos Crdilo-dasavleTi nawi-lis – afxazeTis – SemadgenlobaSi Sedioda... da ase grZeldeboda saukuneebis manZilze...

kavkasiaSi ruseTis gabatonebis Semdeg ki af-xazeTis samTavros moCvenebiTi `damoukideblo-bisagan~ kvalic aRar darCa. afxazeTis samTav-ros ukanaskneli `mflobeli~ 1823-1864 wlebSi, Zveli afxazuri aristokratuli modgmis warmo-madgeneli, Tavadi mixeil SarvaSiZe, romelmac imperatoris winaSe gansakuTrebuli damsaxure-bebis gamo generlis Cinic ki miiRo, saboloo jamSi, mwared motyuvda. motyuebuli darCa misi STamomavlobac da saerTod, mTlianad afxazi xalxic. 1864 wels mixeil SarvaSiZe voroneJSi ga-daasaxles, sadac male gardaicvala kidec. misi qoneba ki rusma oficrebma da Cinovnikebma dai-taces.

afxazeTi `soxumis samxedro olqad~ gada-keTda. carizmis amierkavkasiaSi SemosvliT, sru-li okupaciisa da aneqsiis Semdeg, afxazeTis sam-Tavro, erTiani qarTuli saxelmwifos ganuyofe-li nawili, iseve, rogorc danarCeni qarTuli sa-mefoebi da samTavroebi, qreba. saerTo jamSi, XIX saukunis 60-iani wlebisaTvis saqarTvelo sru-lad iqna dapyrobili da aq rusuli imperiis mmarTvelobiTi administraciuli sistema Semoi-Res. istoriuli qarTuli miwebi ki axali siste-miT gadanawilda. 1883 wels soxumis okrugi qu-Taisis guberniaSi Seiyvanes, SavizRvispireTSi ki Seiqmna teritoriul-administraciuli erTeu-li, e.w. `SavizRvispireTis okrugi~. 1896 wlis ma-isSi, nikoloz II-is brZanebiT, es teritoria moeq-ca axladCamoyalibebuli Savi zRvis guberniis SemadgenlobaSi, sami administraciuli erTeu-liT – soWis, tuafsesa da novorosiiskis olqiT (okrugiT). guberniis centrad qalaqi novorosi-iski dadginda, xolo misma samxreTis administra-ciulma sazRvarma soxumis okrugTan (afxazeT-Tan) – mdinare mzimTaze gaiara.

baTumi

artaani

xofa

rizeyarsi

axalcixe

erevani

trapizoniigdiri

xoisarai

xanesuriurmiistba

vanistba

alaSkerti

dalmani

yaraqurTi

olTisi

arzrumi

sariyamiSi

osmalTa II armia

bolSevikuri revoluciebi

kavkasiis armiis koncentraciis raioni

ajanyebis raioni

rusebis Seteva, 1914 wlis noemberi

Turqebis Seteva, 1914 wlis noemberi

1914 wlis dekembris fronti

Turqebis koncentracia sariyamiSis operaciis win

Turqebis Seteva, 1914 wlis dekemberSi da 1915 wlis ianvarSi

rusebis manevri sariyamiSis operaciis win

Turqebis koncentracia da Setevis mimarTuleba 1915 wlis ivnisSi

frontis xazi arzrumis aRebis Semdeg

1915 wlis aprilis fronti

Turqebis koncentracia arzrumis operaciamde

rusebis koncentracia arzrumis operaciamde

Turqebis II armiis koncentraciis raioni

fronti 1915 wlis aprilSi

IV kavkasiuri korpusis Setevis fronti

daiaris jgufis manevri frontis xazis cvlileba 1916 wels

morodioroba (frang. Maraudeur – Zarcva) – samxed-ro danaSauli. saomari moqmedebebis zonaSi daRupu-lebis, daWrilebis an mSvidobiani mosaxleobis Zarc-va an maTi qonebis miTviseba. termini `morodioroba~ Cndeba 1618-1648 wlebSi evropaSi mimdinare e.w. ̀ ocda-aTwliani omis~ periodidan.

muSi

gumuShane

17

vani

arTvini

efrem (duru) eSba (1893-1939) – bolSeviki, 1917-1918 ww.-Si samurzayanos ara-legaluri bolSevikuri organizaciis erT-erTi xelmZRvaneli, rsdm(b) soxumis sa-olqo komitetis Tavmjdomare, afxazeTis revkomis Tavmjdomare, romelic misi iniciativiT Seiqmna.

gadaiqca. imdroindeli presa gvatyobi-nebs: `modarajeTa polkma am dros gaaTa-visufla tusaRebi. ganTavisuflebulebi modarajeTa polks miemxrnen. qalaqSi da mis midamoebze hidroplanebi ireodnen da yumbarebs isrodnen eSeraSi, sadac af-xazTa saxalxo sabWo gaemgzavra. mohkles 2 bavSvi. wiTeli gvardia marto darCa da iZulebuli iyo eSerisaken wasuliyo da afxazebs SeerTeboda. Tebervlis 19-Si movida javSnosani ̀ princ karli~ da xang-rZlivi srola autexa qalaqs. Semdeg srola eSerebzec gadmoitana. Tavzarda-cemuli macxovreblebi gaiqcnen. gamefda carcva-gleja... qalaqs gadaaxdevines kontribucia 15000 maneTi~.

am procesebis paralelurad amoqmed-da bolSevikuri okupaciis Cveuli sqema, rac sxva qveyanaSi jarebis Seyvanamde iT-valiswinebda adgilze ukmayofilebisa da viTom saxalxo ajanyebis inspirire-bas, `mSromelTa interesebis damcveli~ e.w. `revkomis~ Seqmnas da mis droebiT mTavrobad gamocxadebas. bolo fazas ki warmoadgenda sabWoTa ruseTisaTvis daxmarebis TxovniT mimarTva da qveyanaSi rusuli samxedro SenaerTebis Semoyvana. okupaciis am sqemas sabWoelebi warmatebiT axorcielebdnen ukve SemdegSic, aTwleulebis ganmavlobaSi...

qalaqis moTareSebisa da mniSvnelovani `kontribuciis~ arTmevis Semdeg, maleve, kreiseri `Дакия~ tovebs soxumis ports, mas ki morigi `revoluciuri xomaldebi~ – saeskadro naRmosani `Дерзкий~ da javSnosani `Король Карлос~ da maTi ekipaJebi – gabolSevikebul yaCaRTa axali

brboebi esxmian Tavs. sisxlis samarT-lis damnaSaveebis, gayaCaRebuli mat-rosebisa da bolSeviki uzurpatorebis winaaRmdeg agorebul masobriv saxal-xo winaaRmdegobas afxazTa saxalxo sabWo Caudga saTaveSi.

kreiseri `Дакия~

damxmare kreiseri `dakia~ ruminuli sazRvaosno kompaniis `Serviciului Maritim Roman~ dakveTiT 1907 wels aages safrangeTSi, sen nazeres gemTsaSenSi, Tavda-pirvelad – rogorc samgzavro gemi. miweris adgili – konstancas porti. 1907-1916 wlebSi igi asrulebda regularul reisebs konstanca-konstantinopoli-pirea-aleqsandriis marSrutze. 1916 wels rumineTi antantis mxareze CaerTo I msoflio omSi. ramdenime ruminuli gemi, maT Soris `dakia~ da `karol karlosi~, ruseTis sa-imperatoro samxedro flotis SemadgenlobaSi Seiyvanes, sadac isini damxmare kre-iserebad gadakeTda. maTze ramdenime qvemexi damontaJda da hidroTviTmfrinave-bic ganTavsda. `dakiam~ SeinarCuna Tavisi saxeli da teqnikuri personali, Tumca sabrZolo ekipaJi da sameTauro Semadgenloba ruseTis samxedro-sazRvao flotis oficrebiTa da matrosebiT dakompleqtda.

istoria

soxumis olqis komisari d. zaxarovi ityobine-boda: `javSnosnis wasvlis Semdeg wiTeli gvardie-lebi SeuerTdnen afxazebs, berZnebs, somxebs, Se-vidnen qalaqSi, iaraRi ahyares modarajeTa rotas da qalaqSi wesiereba Camoagdes. Sedga sazogadoeb-rivi wesrigis dacvis komiteti... saWiroa soxumSi samxedro nawilis Seqmna. aseTi iqneba afxazTa bata-lioni, romelic moiTxovs yovelmxriv daxmarebas~.

oqtombris bolSevikuri gadatrialebis Sem-deg, 1917 wlis 11 noembers, sayovalTao qaosis Tavidan asacileblad da amierkavkasiis droebi-Ti mTavrobis mowyobis sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT, am sazogadoebrivi da profesiuli organizacie-bis warmomadgenlebma TbilisSi moiwvies sagange-bo TaTbiri. qarTveli social-demokratebis Za-lisxmeviT Seiqmna amierkavkasiis samxareo xelis-uflebis droebiTi organo – amierkavkasiis komi-sariati, riTac amierkavkasia oficialurad gae-mijna sabWoTa ruseTs. 1918 wlis 10 Tebervals amierkavkasiis komisariatma amierkavkasiis sa-xelmwifos sakanonmdeblo warmomadgenlobiTi xelisuflebis organo – amierkavksiis seimi moiw-via, romelic ruseTis damfuZnebeli krebis ami-erkavkasieli deputatebiT dakompleqtda. sei-mis Tavmjdomared qarTveli social-demokrati nikoloz (karlo) CxeiZe airCies.

18

`sapatio Cekistis~ samkerde niSani

ВЧК (Всероссийская чрезвычайная комиссия по борьбе с контрреволюцией и саботажем) kontrrevoluciasa da sabotaJTan brZolis sruliad ruseTis sagangebo komisia. Seiqmna leninis brZanebiT, 1917 wlis 7 (20) dekembers. igi warmoadgenda sabWoTa ruseTis saxelmwifo uSiSroebis damcav `proletariatis diqtaturis~ xelmZRva-nel organos ̀ ruseTis mTels teritoriaze~. ̀ sagangebo komisia~ iyo bolSevikebis mier klasobrivi mtrebisa da ruseTis sxvadasxva socialuri fenebis warmomadge-nelTa, agreTve kontrrevoluciaSi eWvmitanilTa winaaRmdeg gamocxadebuli `wiTeli teroris~ ganmaxorcielebeli mTavari instrumenti da sadamsjelo orga-no. mxolod 1917-1922 wlebSi ВЧК-m 140 aTasi adamiani daxvrita.

pirvel rigSi, xazi unda gaesvas im gare-moebas, rom 1918 wlis TebervalSi soxumSi datrialebuli sisxliani vandea iyo ara qarTul-afxazuri eTnikuri dapirispireba, ris kultivirebasac adrec cdilobdnen da axlac cdiloben imperiuli da separatis-tuli Zalebi, aramed – qarTul-rusuli ideologiuri omis Semadgeneli nawili, bolSevikur-kriminaluri agresia saqarT-velosa da iq macxovrebeli xalxebis wina-aRmdeg da am xalxis brZola Tavisuflebisa da demokratiisaTvis. bolSevikuri Seiara-Rebuli agresiis mizans sabWoTa xelisuf-lebis ZaliT damyareba da ganmtkiceba, Sem-deg ki axali tipis rusul-bolSevikuri im-periis Sekowiweba warmoadgenda, rasac xal-xi win aRudga. am e.w. `revoluciis~ CaxSobis saqmeSi soxumis mosaxleobis didi nawili, rogorc qarTvelebi da afxazebi, ise berZ-nebi da somxebi, erTad idga.

bolSevikuri e.w. `revolucia~ afxazeTSi iseve moulodnelad dasrulda, rogorc daiwyo. `Дерзкий~-isa da misi garevolucionerebuli matrosebis mier soxumis morigi moTareSebis Sem-deg saeskadro naRmosanma, 21 Tebervals, porti datova. rogorc ki ̀ Дерзкий~ Tvals miefara, so-cial-demokratebma mTeli Tavisi Zalebis mobilizacia moaxdines. naRmosani da misi ekipaJi so-xumidan wavida, adgilobrivma SeiaraRebulma banditebma da cixidan gamoSvebulma kriminaleb-mac saswrafod datoves soxumi da drandis raions Seefarnen. maT Tavi bolSevikebad gamoacxa-des da aqve daiwyes adgilobrivi qarTveli mosaxleobis Semokreba `afxazebisa da menSevikebis winaaRmdeg sabrZolvelad~. sabolood, 4-9 marts soxumSi gamarTul glexTa II yrilobaze miRe-bul gadawyvetilebaTa gatarebis safuZvelze mosaxleobam moaxerxa soxumis olqsa da mTlia-nad afxazeTSi erTi muWa avantiuristebisa da kriminalebis sisxliani TareSis aRkveTa da mdgo-mareobis dastabilureba. amave dros, yrilobaze miiRes gadawyvetileba amierkavkasiis xalxTa erTian ojaxSi afxazeTis Sesvlis Sesaxeb, raTa `demokratiul saqarTvelosTan erTad gamoWe-diliyo ukeTesi momavali~.

bolSevikTa mier afxazeTis `sovetizaciis~ ufro mZime da xangrZlivi eqsperimenti (vidre es 1918 wlis TebervalSi iyo), romelic ВЧК-is wameba-daxvretis poligonad iqca, 1918 wlis ga-zafxulze ̀ Catarda~. TavisTavad cxadia, rom politikuri stabilizaciis SenarCuneba amierkav-kasiasa da saqarTveloSi ar Sedioda kremlis gegmebSi da gazafxulze bolSevikebma kvlav SeZ-

bolSevikuri revoluciebi

quTaisis guberniis ruka

vandea (frangulad Vendée) – istoriuli departamenti safrangeTis Crdilo-da-savleT nawilSi, luaris regionSi. Seiqmna safrangeTis didi revoluciis period-Si, 1790 wels. opoziciisa da roialisturi kontrrevoluciis mTavari kera, sa-dac1793 wels daiwyo kontrrevoluciuri amboxeba. ixmareba kontrrevoluciuri amboxebis, keris sinonimad.

19

les aq morigi amboxis provocireba. am dro-isaTvis amierkavkasiaSi bolSevikTaTvis ramdenadme xelsayreli samxedro-politi-kuri viTareba Seiqmna. afxazi bolSevikebis gaTvla martivi iyo. saqme isaa, rom am droi-saTvis amierkavkasiis SeiaraRebuli Zalebi, qarTuli da somxuri nawilebi, umZimes Tav-dacviT brZolebs awarmoebdnen general mehmed vehib faSas osmalTa me-3 armiis divi-ziebis winaaRmdeg trapizoni-baTumisa da yarsi-aleqsandropolisis SesanarCuneb-lad, riTac bolSevikebma kargad isargeb-les.

1918 wlis 8 aprils CrdiloeT kavkasiasa da Crdilo-aRmosavleT SavizRvispireTSi, soWi-tuafses olqSi moqmedi rusi bolSevi-kebisagan mxardaWerilma afxazma bolSevi-kebma adgilobrivi glexebis nawili amier-kavkasiis seimis winaaRmdeg kvlav aajanyes – amierkavkasiis da ara saqarTvelos xeli-suflebis winaaRmdeg. am momentisaTvis `sa-qarTvelo~, rogorc damoukidebeli saxel-mwifo, jer kidev ar arseboboda. soxumis bolSevikuri okupaciis Semdeg soxumSi da afxazeTis nawilSi isev sabWoTa xelisuf-leba gamocxadda da baqos msgavsad aqac Se-iqmna e.w. `soxumis komuna~. bunebrivia, sab-WoTa xelisuflebis gamocxadebas afxazTa saxalxo sabWom da afxazeTis mosaxleobis didma nawilma isev ar dauWira mxari. es gan-sakuTrebiT kodoris xeobasa da mTlianad samurzayanos (dRevandeli gali) exeba.

bolSevikTa mier afxazeTis mSvidobiani mosaxleobis darbeva, yaCaRoba, Zarcva-gle-ja da sisxliani angariSsworeba gaaTkecebu-li ZalebiT daiwyo. amave dros `afxazeTis revkomma~ daxmarebisaTvis sabWoTa ruseTs da `proletariatis did belads~ – lenins mimarTa. 1918 wlis maisis pirvel ricxvebSi Catarda afxazeTis `revkomis~, aseve soWis olqis sabWoebis yrilobis deputatTa de-legatebisa da tuafses sabWoebis sxdoma. bolSevikTa am saerTo Tavyrilobaze miiRes gadawyvetileba, soxumi CaTvliliyo rusu-li revoluciuri frontis marjvena flan-gad da saerTo interesebidan gamomdinare

momxdariyo am flangze Zalebis koncentra-cia. amave dros, efrem eSba daukavSirda ki-dev erT bolSevikur subieqts – `yubani-Sa-vizRvispireTis Tavdacvis sabWos~ da sTxo-va mas cocxali ZaliT, fuliT, iaraRiTa da sursaTiT daxmareba, aseve zogadi strate-giuli miTiTebebis micema. `Cven organize-bas gavukeTebT Zalebs, romelic gaTvlili iqneba centridan gaweuli daxmarebisa da mi-TiTebebis Sesabamisad~, – ambobda eSba. so-xumis olqis bolSevikTa mxardasaWerad, e.w. `yubani-SavizRvispireTis sabWoTa respub-likis~ centraluri aRmasrulebeli komi-tetis gadawyvetilebiT, soxumisaken belo-reCenskis kargad SeiaraRebuli da aRWurvi-li rusuli bolSevikuri polki gaigzavna.

rogorc vxedavT, amjerad bolSevikTa moqmedebebi gacilebiT momzadebuli da kargad gaTvlili iyo, vidre `afxazeTis pirveli bolSevikuri revoluciis~ dros. saqmeSi CaerTo kargad SeiaraRebuli razme-bi da, rac mTavaria, artileriiTa da tyvi-amfrqvevebiT aRWurvili beloreCenskis rusuli wiTeli polki. bolSevikebma sab-rZolo poziciebi md. kodorTan moawyves, aqve ganlagda maTi saartilerio batareebi.

cxadi gaxda, rom Seqmnil viTarebaSi mxolod afxazTa saxalxo sabWosa da adgi-lobrivi mosaxleobis ZalisxmeviT bolSe-

revkomi (revoluciuri komiteti) – bolSe-

vikebis mier Seqmnili da sagangebo uflebamosi-

lebebiT aRWurvili xelisuflebis droebiTi

organo. revkomebi samxedro da samoqalaqo xeli-

suflebis srul speqtrs flobdnen. arsebobda

samxareo, sagubernio, samazro revkomebi.

amierkavkasiis wiTeli (mogvianebiT saxalxo) gvardiis pirveli Semadgenlobis mTavari Stabis wevrebi. pirvel rigSi, SuaSi, muSaTa da jariskac-Ta deputatTa sabWos Tavmjdomare, SemdgomSi saqarTvelos demokratiuli respublikis mTav-robis Tavmjdomare noe Jordania, misgan marjv-niv – valiko juReli, marcxniv – aleqsandre dge-buaZe.

istoria

20

vikTa axali agresiis aRkveTa SeuZlebeli iqneboda. saWiro iyo ufro qmediTi da efeq-turi RonisZiebebis gatareba. saWiro iyo centraluri xelisuflebisaTvis daxmare-bis Txovna soxumsa da soxumis olqSi gan-xorcielebuli axali bolSevikuri agresiis aRkveTisaTvis. aseT viTarebaSi afxazTa sa-xalxo sabWosa da qalaq soxumis mmarTvelo-bis warmomadgenlobiTma delegaciam Txov-niT mimarTa im droisaTvis Coloqi-natane-bis poziciebze osmalTa winaaRmdeg mebrZo-li qarTuli SenaerTis meTaurs, general gi-orgi mazniaSvils. generali mazniaSvili ig-onebs: `delegacias ganvucxade, rom am sa-kiTxis gadawyveta Cemi kompetenciis gare-Sea, rom daniSnuli var im razmis ufrosad, romelic eomeba mxolod osmalebs da rom afxazeTis daxmarebis sakiTxis gadawyveta damokidebulia saqarTvelos mTavrobisa-gan. delegacia gaemgzavra tfilisSi mTav-robasTan~.

afxazTa saxalxo sabWos Txovnis safuZ-velze, amierkavkasiis seimis sagangebo sxdomaze miiRes gadawyvetileba afxazeTis mimarTulebaze `soxumis olqSi wesrigis aRdgenis~ mizniT gagzavniliyo seimis sam-xedro Zala – amierkav-kasiis wiTeli (mogvia-nebiT saxalxo) gvardia. anarqiis mospobis, wes-rigis damyare-

bisa da stabilizaciis operaciaze pasuxism-gebloba wiTeli gvardiis mTavari Stabis ufross – vladimer (valiko) juRels daeva-la.

gvardiis razmebi foTidan gemiT gaemg-zavrnen oCamCirisaken, romelsac mcire zo-mis mcuravi saSualebebi, e.w. `gamanadgure-beli katarRebic~ umagrebdnen mxars. razmi oCamCireSi 9 maiss Cavida. gvardielebi so-xumisaken daiZrnen da 11 maiss amierkavkasi-is federaciis sabrZolo Zala – wiTeli gvardia – mdinare kodors miadga. gvardi-elTa Sereuli razmi Sedgeboda Tbilisis gvardiis razmebis, aRmasrulebeli komite-tis sagangebo razmis, foTis wiTeli gvar-diisa da SaraSiZis saartilerio divizionis piradi Semadgenlobisagan. daiwyo pozicie-bis mowyoba, savele Stabi ki sofel aZiubJa-Si moewyo. valiko juReli: `bolSevikebs Cvens frontze didi Zalebi hyavT Tavmoyri-li. maT daaxloebiT 10 qvemexi, uamravi tyvi-amfrqvevi da 2000 kacamde hyavT. magram ma-Ti ar gveSinia: Cveni mcire razmi gaacamtve-rebs am meomar bandas...~

valiko juRelma molaparakebebis dawye-ba gadawyvita da maT iaraRis dayrisa da da-nebebis Sesaxeb winadadebiT mimarTa da 24-

saaTiani ultimatumic wauyena. bolSevikebma gvardielTa piro-bebi TiTqos miiRes, magram ul-timatumis vadis amowurvamde, gaufrTxileblad, gvardielebs tyviamfrqvevebisa da artileri-is cecxli gauxsnes. gvardielTa StabisaTvis naTeli gaxda, rom kodorze gamagrebuli bolSevi-kebi mSvidobian molaparakebebze uars acxadebdnen da poziciebsac ubrZolvelad ar datovebdnen. sa-Wiro gaxda ZalTa gadajgufeba, Se-teviTi operaciis kargad momzade-ba da mowinaaRmdegis poziciebis SturmiT aReba. manamde ki, mTeli erTi kviris ganmavlobaSi kodor-Tan poziciuri brZolebi gaimarTa. brZolis pirvelive dRes eSbam le-nins, aseve CrdiloeT kavkasiaSi bolSevikTa gansakuTrebul komi-sars, orjonikiZes, telegramiT mi-marTa. igi bolSeviki xelmZRvanele-bisagan iTxovda, rom Savi zRvis flo-

tisaTvis gaecaT gankarguleba soxumis frontze sabrZo-lo xomaldebis gagzavnis Sesaxeb. magram am droisaTvis Sa-vi zRvis akvatorias germanuli xomaldebi akontrolebd-nen da amitom sabWoTa ruseTma afxaz bolSevikTa sazRvao mxardaWera ver SeZlo.

bolSevikuri revoluciebi

valiko juReli

generali

giorgi mazniaSvili

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16 maisis saRamos, sabrZolo gegmis sabo-loo koreqtirebis mizniT, gvardielTa ga-manadgurebelma katarRebma zRvidan mowi-naaRmdegis poziciebis dazverviTi samuSao-ebi Caatares da cecxli gauxsnes sanapiro zols kodoris SesarTavidan soxumamde. am qmedebebma mowinaaRmdegis banakSi sagrZno-bi SfoTi Seitana. mTavari ki isaa, rom am taq-tikuri manevriT mowinaaRmdegis pozicie-bis Zlieri da susti mxareebi mosinjes. imave dRes juRelis razms samtrediis da yviri-lis, dRevandeli zestafonis, gvardielTa razmebi SeuerTdnen.

samTavrobo jarebis saerTo Setevis dawyebis TariRad 17 maisi dasaxelda. Semte-vi avangardis meTauroba giorgi lomTaTi-Zesa da leonid (lev) novikovs daevalaT. gvardielTa SeteviTi operacia 17 maisis gamTeniisas, dilis 4 saaTze, daiwyo. valiko SaraSiZis gvardielTa artileriam moZravi gadamRobi cecxli gaxsna, qveiTebi ki saer-To SetevisaTvis moemzadnen da saartile-rio cecxlis safarqveS winsvla daiwyes mo-winaaRmdegis poziciebisaken. rogorc ki ar-tileriam cecxli mowinaaRmdegis sangrebze gadaitana da maTi dabombva daiwyo, gvardie-lebi saerTo ieriSze gadavidnen. maT mZafri da xanmokle brZolis Semdeg daikaves kodo-ris xidi da ukuaqcies mowinaaRmdege. vali-ko juReli: `17 maisi... Cven ukve adgilze varT, gadavirbineT xidi da SevutieT mowi-naaRmdegis sangrebs. isini TiTqmis mTlia-nad daclilia. darCenil mebrZolebs saco-davi, SeSinebuli saxeebi aqvT. Cvenebi maT an-iaraReben da Tavze abijeben, magram maTze ar Zaladoben. energiulad vdevT mowinaaRm-deges. viyvanT tyveebs. xelSi CavigdeT qve-mexebi, tyviamfrqvevebi da sasursaTo saw-yobebi. didi warmatebaa. Cven mxolod 7 msu-buqad daWrili gvyavs...~

valiko juRelisa da aleqsandre dgebu-aZis, agreTve polkovnik aleqsandre qo-

niaSvilis saerTo xelmZRavnelobiT gvardielebma maT winaSe dasmul

sabrZolo amocanas didi war-matebiT gaarTves Tavi.

ricxobrivad mniSvne-lovnad aRmatebul

mowinaaRmdeges-Tan dapiris-

pirebaSi, umciresi sabrZolo danakargebis fasad, gadalaxes md. kodori, aiyvanes tyve-ebi da didi sabrZolo alafic moipoves. Se-teviTi moqmedebebis tempi da siRrme Zalian maRali iyo. gansakuTrebiT aRsaniSnavia gvardielTa saartilerio batareis kargi moqmedebebi da misi meTauris – valiko Sara-SiZis kompetencia da maRali profesiona-lizmi.

1918 wlis 17 maiss, dRis 3 saaTze, gvardi-is mewinave qvedanayofebi valiko juRelis meTaurobiT soxumSi Sevidnen. soxumis e.w. `bolSevikuri komuna~, baqos komunis es ma-xinji gadmoZaxili saqarTveloSi, likvidi-rebul iqna.

isev valiko juReli: `SeuZlebelia so-xumelTa sixarulis gadmocema. mozeime xalxi aRtacebis SeZaxilebiTa da yvavile-biT gvxvdeboda... bolSevikebi ar moelod-nen aseT swraf da samarcxvino dasasruls. maTi gazeTi `Сухумская Правда~ dRevandel nomerSic aqveynebs cru informaciebs maTi gamarjvebebis Sesaxeb da gabedulad acxade-ben, rom frontebze maTi mdgomareoba mtki-cea. vkiTxulobT `Правда~-s da mxiarulad gvecineba maT sicrueze! bolSevikTa Stabi gaiqca da bedis anabarad datova Tavisi meb-rZolebi. rogorc Cans, es maTTan karg to-nad iTvleba! bolSevikebi gabeduli da wesi-eri beladebi rom yofiliyvnen, namdvilad dagvamarcxebdnen! isini xom Cvenze gacile-biT Zlierebi unda yofiliyvnen, arada Cveni razmis Semadgenlobaze erTnaxevarjer me-ti mxolod tyve aviyvaneT, alafad, 18 qveme-xi da 30 tyviamfrqvevi movipoveT! magram maT namdvili ki ara, mxolod TavkerZa bela-debi hyavdaT da am beladebs, etyoba, Zalian uyvardaT kargi cxovreba. isini didebul

valiko juReli gvardielebTan erTad

istoria

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sastumroSi iyvnen ganTavsebulni da rCeuli kerZebiTac ikvebebodnen. StabisTvis gansazRvru-li maTi sadili Cven dagvrCa da didxans vicinodiT, roca eSbas, siovas, lakobas, amberkisa da sxva rCeulebis msuye sadils mivirTmevdiT! maTi sia kedelze ekida da mkacrad iyo miTiTebuli, rom am magidasTan dajdoma da ufaso sadilebis Wama Stabis wevrebis garda, yvelas ekrZalebo-da. Cven am magidas SemovujeqiT da Cvens xumrobebs dasasruli ar hqonda... madloba Tqven, gaqce-ulo ̀ amxanagebo~, aseTi gemrieli sadilisaTvis!.. Cven xom TqvenTan SedarebiT gacilebiT uare-sad vcxovrobT da jariskaculi qvabic mxolod saerTo viciT...~

soxumis gaTavisuflebis Semdeg gvardiam ganagrZo bolSevikuri bandebis devna. bolSevike-bi gagraSi gamagrdnen. efrem eSba soWSi gaemgzavra da ̀ revoluciis gadasarCenad~ adgilobrivi mosaxleobisagan Semdgari sabrZolo razmebis Camoyalibeba moiTxova. soWis mosaxleobam am moTxovnebze uari Tqva. eSbam ekaterinodarsac mimarTa, sadac finansuri daxmarebac miiRo razmebis organizebisaTvis, maikopSi ki axali sabrZolo razmebis Sedgena daiwyo. samTavrobo jarebis winsvla ki grZeldeboda. swrafad ganviTarebuli Setevis wyalobiT gvardiis nawileb-ma gaagrZeles svla da axal aTonsa da gudauTaSic Sevidnen. magram maTi Semdgomi winsvla aq dasrulda. moewyo TavdacviTi poziciebi. wiTlebma adgilze datoves 11 zarbazani, 21 tyviamf-rqvevi, didZali tyvia-wamali. gudauTasTan daakaves wiTlebis 1 xomaldic.

`afxazeTis bolSevikuri revoluciis~ meore talRac Cacxra, `soxumis komuna~ daamxes. am ubadrukma fsevdopolitikurma Tu fsevdosaxelmwifoebrivma warmonaqmnma mxolod 40 dRe iarseba, Tumca Tavisi arsebobis am mokle periodis ganmavlobaSic moaswro afxazeTSi sisxli-ani kvalis datoveba.

Tu bolSevikTa marcxis mizezebs gavaanalizebT, naTeli gaxdeba, rom `afxazeTis revkomma~ Tavis moqmedebebSi ramdenime Secdoma dauSva. yvelaze didi Secdoma gvardiis Zalebis arasaTa-nadod Sefaseba iyo. ra Tqma unda, mravalricxovani, magram cudad organizebuli, naklebadmo-tivirebuli da sabrZolo gamocdilebis armqone e.w. `afxazeTis revkomis~ bolSevikuri bande-bis moqmedebebi amierkavkasiis mcirericxovani wiTeli gvardiis razmis winaaRmdeg araefeqtu-ri da naklebi Sedegis momtani iyo. amave dros, gvardiis moqmedebebisaTvis mZlavr mxardamWer faqtors, ra Tqma unda, afxazTa saxalxo sabWos, kodori-samurzayanosa da, saerTod, afxazeTis mosaxleobis didi nawilis patriotizmi, saxelmwifoebrivi poziciebi da maTi antibolSeviku-ri ganwyobebi warmoadgenda.

1918 wlis maisis bolos afxazeTis frontidan dabrunebulma valiko juRelma amierkavkasi-is seims, respublikis sakanonmdeblo organos, moaxsena, rom rusi da afxazi bolSevikebi yvela-nairi gzebiT cdilobdnen erovnebaTaSorisi SuRlis gaRvivebas, gansakuTrebiT qarTvelebsa da somxebs Soris, magram mizans ver miaRwies. gvardielebs gansakuTrebiT guliTadi daxvedra ki samurzayanoSi gaumarTes: ̀ ise aRtacebulad mosaxleoba arsad ar gvxvdeboda, rogorc oCam-CireSi. ramdeni aplodismentebi, ramdeni yvavilebi, ramdeni dResaswauli... kodoris afxazebi CvenTan iyvnen, gudauTisa ki – bolSevikTa mxareze~.

valiko juReli da aleqsandre dgebuaZe soxumSi saxalxo gvardiis nawilebi dasavleT saqarTveloSi

bolSevikuri revoluciebi

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