Introduzione a Linux-Admin - Wirzenius
description
Transcript of Introduzione a Linux-Admin - Wirzenius
-
! "
# $
!
$
%
!
% %
&
-
! "#
$ ! % &
'( & )
! *
%+,"
! % - ,#
. $
-
" - , . /
0 1
00 2 3
0 " 45"+
0
00
0
0/ $ 6
01 74" # 8 6
03 6
09
0 :
0 0
06 0
0
8:
-
/
0 8: 9
:
/ : 0
1 " 8: 00
3 " 8: 0
9 " 8: 0/
! "
/ , 0
/0 7 & 2 0
/ " ;:
// " ? /
/1 3
/3 3
/9
/9 @?A=* ! !
/90 & /6
/9 % /
/9/ = & 2 /
/91 //
/ " 8: //
/
-
/6 D& 3
/60 =) 30
/6 & 2 3
/6/ C - 3/
/61 D 3/
%
1
-
* *"
-
0 C 2 - 9
! : 4- 3
/ D& & 2
/0 4 & 2 /0
/ % 8: 1
// D 10
/1 '# 36
$ @ * * & 0
6 4 !2
0
-
/ % ' #$ -( /
9 5 3
6 4 & !2
-
Capitolo 1
!"
* 7 @ -* #
-G &
) ' H & BI(*
& ! @ " )
-$ @ #$
JK
-
!
@ ) & !
!G
!2 8 ' * (* #
* ' ) (*
& 8: L D * #
* * @ & !! *
!! * 8 @ #
& &M !!
-
) &
@ @* )
!2* ) D & )
!
! ) * &
-
&
!2* > P2
& !* C =& Q
& &
D& %E* O C* =M :
-
? &
" !
& & & *
) * !$ !!* O 7:* : 78
* D& O* R:2 O* R O:* Q2 * % &:
CE * R :&* ?& R ?2* R! 5* , * ,
* R P DS* & D* 7 A D
) & &
" - , .* ,* ! * #
! &
- "
7 O2
! @,* & #
7 @4 ' % # J0K(* 7 @C
D ' & # JK(* 7 @C #
= ''() # J/K( 7 P '*
+) # J1K( ! #
* % :
" &) !! @
- D #
"* 7 O2
'5%$ ) * ,
: : #
! *
)* * @ (
-
Capitolo 2
$, - . .
'7 $(
-$
* * *
& )
*
4 45"+ ) $
* / " 2
$ 8 *
*
1
-
* ! & L " 2 &
* G
& & &) @&E *
& $ ) @
@ 7 2 .
$ 0
)
" 2 #
" *
* T 2@* ) &
& , ' ( F #
$
' * (*
4 E @#
* F )
! 8 & !
4 & #
! ' - 7
-
!
Hardware
Kernel
Kernel
Programmi normali
Interfaccia chiamate di sistema
filesystem virtualeGestione
memoriaGestione Gestione
processiServizi di rete
astratti (socket)
Vari driverdi filesystem protocollo TCP/IP
Driver per il
hard disk IDEDriver per ilfloppy disk
Driver per gli
Hard disk IDE Floppy disk Scheda ethernet
Driver per lascheda ethernet
Programmi a livello utente
"
-
2 !
C !* 2
&E & , & &E
-
@ & $
, $ *
& G
& , C )
G
* * * +
5 * & '
( ') $
45"+ !* )
(
* &
* 8: *
8
" ' ( ')
+(
*
@ * & EG )
* & ) *
@ * ) &M @
E * @ "
2 & * &
" 2 *
D & )
* & &* )
8 " & * & 8
! 8 &
G ) 2
*
-
8 * &
!
D & &
! #
* @
!! & : & 8 #
' ( 8 &* & & *
& 8
" )
-
G ) @ #
* & *
@
!*
!* )*
G #
@ 7 @ - ' '()
#( J/K* & & !
"
" ) $
) @ 8
* &
@
* 8
5 ) !
!
-
@ * &
* & 8&
&
4
8
-
.! E
G @ L 8&M .!
* &
8 & !! 8
" 8: $ 8: *
* * & 8: * #
& 8* ) &
8 ' 8 ( 8 C
8 @&E @ #
!* !! &
8: &
"
-
Capitolo 3
$ . .
$ ,1 -
'C C ?(
! :
-* ! DD%5, 8: G
8: *
&
)
&
-
! " D#
D%5, 4- *
- & & 4-
DD%5,*
!! & )
@ G 8 $
) 8: 4
8 ) !
@! : &
* *
& #
!2 @
8: * * ' (*
& @! : &
! & - &
8: ' ?(*
5D
, @! :
" 8: 8 & '
* &
=C? ( 8
8: "
8: )
G 8:
!2 8
" 8: * !*
8 & 8 5#
8 !! 8 & * M
!! 8
8 * '
!:( @
'! 8 @ )
@* @ !
-
"!
#
home devbin proc lib etc varusr boot
ftp liw linus log tmprunlib spoolbin lib man tmp
/
&( C& 8: #
* !
&
" 8: 8 & 8* :
' * E* (* 8 * #
8 % )
& )& * )
!
" 8: & : *
D & : !
8: !2$
&
!* ) ' !
( 4 !!
8: * *
%
-
C& & 8 8: *
& & 8: G
@! : 8:
) * ) &
* * &
$ & * *
*
G 8 *
2 !
8: 4- 8 *
* 8 *
L 4@ !!
8 * 8
:* ) %
+ * " !
)@ & 8 ' :
8 & !* 8
& ! & 8 & ( & 8 '
* !!
& @!
(
" 8: !! * & #
8 8: & 8
& ! 4 8:
8 & !
&
' ;:(* ) &
: 8*
@ * & & !
% 8 :$
-
2
) & : D
* : &*
8: * & &
2 60/
",
" @ #
: " !!
: '
)
-
;: & 8: ?D#,>D*
8: -0(
" " "
8:
: 8$ )
* )
C& 8 8
* #
#
D : @ ) !
D
" ! * &
@*
* & :* E #
"
'(
! ;: 2 , &
;: #'G
)@
8: @
/ ' 8 )( D - #
& E
(' / D 2 &
-
D * &M
'
8
@ ,
! !*
) @
" 8 8 .G
8* ! ) . 8
.
" * ! "
@ *
* @
8: G
*
) @ ! 8: *
#
" 8 &E E &E
E E G
)@ !
* &
E
8
+
-
112&345 112&3456
@ & 8
' ) &
2&345* 8
(
"
" 8: * & #
% 8 ! -G
$ )
! !#
* ! *
C :
) ' ) *
DD%5, J1K (
%&&'(
" + E* 8 8
@ + 8 *
@ ! : %&&'( )
%)*(
D %&&'(* +
= 1
C
" &
8: *
0 0
= * 754
8
-
&
-
2 ?
8 2 &
8G
2
8 )
" 8 * '*
(
'* #
2 ( " 8
8 * & & :
& 8
! C *
)
,: * E*
-
&
4 :
4@ 8 *
)@ G L *
) '$ &
)& * 8
(
? 2 &
$
! ! 2
' $( $
8 )
!
-
" @ * 8 & E
2
"
4 2 ! : & #
* 2
D &
:
& * )
"
2
5 & 8 ) 8
! *
!
-
Capitolo 4
3
) &
)
'A !(
* &$ !#
8: 8
) , *
* ) *
&
;:$ )
8 @ ) &
" ! @ & $
* & @*
'
& 2(
" * &
@ @ ,
* 8
09
-
) * & )
8 !2
8: ' ( #
" & - 8&M 8: $
) 8 )
" ' ( 8: #
!* & *
' 8: (
"
-
G F
) 8
, & 8 8: ' :
(* ) 8
5@ /
8
C * $
"
* T@ )
* 8* )
8 T @* : T@*
!& T@G
5 & 8 &
* ) 8
& !! & 2 D
-
) * !
* 8
" '
-
$
Da sopra
Da lato
Rotazione
Traccia
Settore
Testina di lettura-scrittura
Cilindro
Piastra
Superfici
" #
-
8 ) $ 8 & @&
2 &
" 8 ' * & (*
$ 8& )
& $ & 2
* !* & 42
523 * @
@
D * A">D
& & ! #
8 60/ =C? D* &
& 2 ) !
& 2 $ //
) C * & 2 * 06/
1
" &
& 3 * 60/ 1 * L #
* &
)
&M L
* #
*
! & ",G ) D
-
&
-
&
;: 8&M ) 5 & &
& " ,*
&* L
" & #
& #' 4
& &
;:$ &
*
)&
8
- ;:
) * & ) &
5 ) *
8 * & 8
#'
" ) ! #
;:* &
D * & )
)& * * ! )
?D#,>D D ! )
;:* ) @ ) !
;:
!! ()*+,
" ? &
8
T@
& @ "
!* ; * ) 8
; * 8 ! )
" *
" ? & 2 ?
& 2 & 1 *
$ !
-
? G #
2!:
8 & ?
& 2 ' ! - 8: T@
?* 8 @& 2 )
@ (* & !#
E ? * &M
@
-
!" -
"
4 * )
! ) & @ G
* )
@ G @
! * & &
! *
& & * ) )
$ ) @&
!2* & & !
!# .
/
& & 8
*
*
"
)* G ) & &
) $ @?D#,>D*
& 8#
: '& (G )
!* ;: #
* & / *
8: & / 5
45"+* & /
/
&* ) ) !
)
& ", & D
-
" & & & #
) * & @
@ "
A">D ?D#,>DG
-
,
* & & . $$ $$ G )&
* & ) * #
* ! ) )
8: G
) "
&
$ !
) * & 8: !
" ;: ## " 8 ;:
G * #
!! & * 1 * ;:$
! " # " #$ % & #'$
() $$$
*&) $$$
5 & &
' ,(*
#' F ) * !!!
L$
! " # " #$ % & #'$
() $$$
*&) $$$
, 8 &
;:G & ;:
* "
-
)
## & ;:* &
!&
G !
#
' * & ! (
D ;:
'
(* ## *
! " 2
"N> & * &
* * 8 ##
@ ' * ;: !!
! ! *
(
! " # " #$ % & #'$
() $$$
*&) $$$ + ,#
!&
$ '& ;:(G * )
& 8: @ )
;: 1 !&
!!#
-"
-
$ !& &
8: * &
) 8: 8
!&
$# '& 8: (*
$ !& !! #$
, $# #$
? & !&
! * *
) * & !
!! *
)
-
@ C& & ) *
!&
* & !!
& ) !!
!$
4 & 2 /*
) @ & &
2 *
G
& ) @ " )
& 2* !!
" ;: * * &M
!!
" ? * &
?
" ()*+, - -
& 2
'* 8
( & '?A=( $
& A">D ) & "
! & ! *
) ' ) !(
) * ' (
'& @?A= * &
) ( " !
& )
' & !(
& @ @&E
A">D* &
$ * ) &
C
! *
-
@ * @&
2 8 @
8 ' -(
& * &
-
/ $.$
G F
& 2
/0$ * )
&* "
&
!
" 0
! ') @?A=* ) #
( !: & 8 " )
8 &
& #
* )* *
$ * -
* $ *
,=#,>D ! 8 !:*
5 @ & 8 8&
) !:*
%! / ! #$
-
" + / 1
-
" #
Partizionelogica
Partizionelogica
Partizioneestesa
Partizioneprimaria
Partizioneprimaria
MBRSettore di boot
Area dati dellapartizione
Settore di boot
Settore di boot
Spazio vuoto
Area dati
Area dati
Area dati
Settore di boot vuoto
Settore di boot vuoto
-
6 789 % ' #$ -(
6 /6 - 603 / C ! AA%
,>D 0#! C% 1 5B 1 AD,N3
0 +5"+ 10 ? !9 AD,"
+5"+ 3 754 O4=, ! AD," E
/ ,>D 3#! 0? 3/ 5 9 D:-
1 91 D
C"+ ! - F AA%
>DN0 A ? C !
60/ * &M A">D @#
' & ( )
% ! !
& 60/ $ )
8 & A">D 60/ , &
*
$
) 2
! * ) &
! @ 60/
C A">D & ", * F*
& D )
* ! G *
) 60/
-
D *
& 8 ' !2 (
8
, & 8 *
! ! !2
D & &
' ? ;:(*
8 @$ &
!2 L 8
@?D#,>D* & .'* &
?D#,>D E ! !2
G 8:
" $ %
-
& &
8* &
H 8: -I
F 8: &
C ' * !! #
* ) & 8: (
G @ 8: * ) #
8:
)
& ' &
!(
& 8: * )
! @
$ ) &
/ &
8: 45"+ &
* & ! !! "
) * * * & / "
! 8: * #
'@ ) 8: ( 4
8 * &
: @ 4 :
8 @ & @
!& * &
8 5@ @ !& *
!#
& !& & !& G
& !& !
@ !
" 8: 45"+ 8 '
$$ (* 8: 8 &
8 !: * ) 8
' 8 @
( C 8 ! * !
-* ! ' !&
! !
@ 8 &
! ) 8 ) & ) & !(
+
-
" !& D @
& / ?A !&*
066 ?A * *
& 8 !
# $
- 8: C *
$
" & !* ' #
* 8 6 (
' 3/ ?A 8: (
4 8 8: -* & #
& 8 8: *
& 5 *
!
" 8: - &
! * &
!! !
8:
4 & @-0 & ! 5
) * &M
@-0
> ) 8: *
! 8G ) 8:
) *
& )
45"+* &
D ' >DN0 E 5%(
%
-
-* 8
&* * 2 8 * 8
" ) ! 8:
-*
)@
*%%+
" 8: ?$
@ =2 = ?* &
8 &
#
4 8: & 8 #
!'#
" 8: >DN0
" 8: D: N3*
-
777 8 1+-
777 8 1+-
777 8 1+-
777 8 1+- "
777 8 1+-
8 1+-
8 1+-
8 1+- &
8 1+-
""" 8 1+- #
8 + #)
8 1+- #&
8 + )
8 1+-
8 1+-
777 1 8 1+-
777 8 1+-
8 1+-
8 1+-
8 1+-
'
8 & G @ )
(
5 & & & 8: * '
$ @ 2
) 8: '* 2 ! &
)& * LG )* & @ 8
)& *
# 4 - 3
, 8: C #
* @-0 !! C
! &* * ! '#
(* ! !
8:
)
-
# 2
" 8: * * $# "
8: $#
@ & ) 8:
" @ / '#
" & $# &
)
G
/ '#
D 8:
/
C !&
/ .
!&
8 8
8: -0 ;: !! #
$
! " # " #$ % & #'$
() $ $ $
!!# !!#
# 71 !!#
#1 $ 9 3:%1 (2 $
!#
-1 !# ;$
-
;: '@ / &
!&
(G /
$* @ 8* "8* 8:#
* @ !&
&
$
D @ / $# /
$ 8 * @ )
# 71
#1 $ 9 3:%1 (2 $
!#
-1 !# ;$
-
liw bin lib
//
abc ftp etcbin dev home etc lib usr
/
$
.1 .
.
" $ 8
& 8: :
, ) 8: !
: G ) &
H0 , I
8: ! : *
) : 5 F 8 *
0* : * $ 8
8 * : 8
& : 8: &
- 8: G
) & D & @ / '#
8 $ * & @
C ;: ?D#,>D
$
&
: 8: & *
8 &
+
-
$
liwabc ftp bin libetc
bin dev home etc lib usr
/
8: ') 8 !G 8
& 2 : !
) (
& $ * *
2 !
8: * & *
: & 8: G ) #
* : 8: ! D
* !! ! 8
D 8: * @ / #
G ) 2 )
8
! !*
?
" ! $ #
8: '& & * &M
-
: (* &
8: B A&* &
" 8:
@
G @ ! * "
8: & 2*
">
" 8: *
#$ 8 &
!
#$
8: * & ) 8 8:
#$ ,
, & 8:
* #$ ) !
* & @
& 8:
D 8: & #
@$ ) 8 8
G
" ) 8:
* 8* * @ #
G
-
;: D
;: !!* * &
* 8
? 8: & *
G & &) &
) :* !! ;:
% F * )
! #
* ) @
) ! *
4
C& ) ! * #
&)
* & 8:
?D#,>D ! @ &
& ?D#,>D*
;: *
*
@
8 $
&
$ 8 * : *
8: * * ) !2 ' '( #
#$ ' 8 @ 8: @$
6 (
@ & 8:
@ ' /( @
) 8: * * !
*
-
@ ' ( @ 8
8: )* ) ;:
8: $
&
" ;: ' * (
D ;:*
*
* ;: ?D#,>D & -0*
$
&
71& 71
!! @ 8: ?D#,>D '
;:( * * $* &
D * 8: ?D#
,>D 8 & * &
!
#! (5 1
" 8: )#
& D
8: #$* &
& @ ! #
! 8:
! * ) !
* &E @*
&E
8:
#$ @
* & '* * (
& 8: 4 8: #
$ * 8:
!!
-
* & ) #
* &
$ & 8
" & 8: -0 & !#
& 8: @ G
) #$ ' #$ 8: -0(
8: &
'@ & 8: ! ! (
8 *
@-0 & #$V
@ ' #$
(
" 8: &
@G #$ *
;:
D #$ ! !
8: 8:
* ! !2
! '& (*
* E -
)& *
? !! @ *
) !!
# %& %@
#$ 8: * ) #
' @ @(* &M
! ) 8 8: & #
! *
#" --1
! !&
* $* &
!&
& D )
8: #$ &
%
-
!&
5@
$
!!# !!#
# 71 !!#
A>) # $ ;9=
1# $ 9 3:%1 (2 $
A + @.#) !# >
A 1+ @.#) &
A + @.#) & &
A + @.# $
A + @.#) ) & $
+ 00000 (463 2B2%3C ?92 CD 4(43 00000
+ !#
D $ ! & * #$
! D !
@ * 8
## 2-
8 * !&
G 8 ! 8
-
! * &
#& 6
C& 8: $ #
! 8: * ) :
8 D ! ) &
!& &
!F ' D . :
-
%
1 $! C 3:%1 (2 $ 1
(& ) !+ 73(
(& +
3 !.+ @
4 +
'# +
E !# + -1
( !#+
( + 1
( !#+
'# >+ 1
() >+ 1
'# )+ "1
() )+ "1
4 )+
6 + % 9) " +1+1
6 + % 9) " ++1"
C +
C7 + 1
6 .#+ % 9) " ++
@.# +
E !# + ; =
E !# )+ ;) =
F +
'# ! 4 ! 4 !
!# 1 1
( !#+ -
( +
%+
-
*
4 $
/ /&)
1""5
1""5
/&) /
1""5
1""5
" @ ;: 8 $ *
@ ;: ' ! @ & !#
;: *
(
!1 2
' 8/
5 !
* @ *
8: '#
( * & * * * *
$ ) 8: '
( ) & "
& 8: #
* !! & ) & &
) ) ! & D
& @!
: * & : ' (
E D & : ' 8 ( #
!2* &
'& ( " ! &
! & ' 5D(
L &
!: &
- . %
-
" ! & !
G & & ' (
!* &
8 ,@ !2 ' (
& 2 ' & 2(*
!! &
!! * !
) ' & T@ T@ $
! (
D 8:
' ( &
! @ &
' * ($
* & &
* @ !
' +9
5 ! -
8G #
" )
! 8 @ * #
-
!
) & 8
D ! & !! !
! 8* )
$
)&
!:*
!
!:
% @* ) 8 2!:
!: !:* &
C &
& 2!: 666 !: & !: 666 2!:*
%
-
60/ ! *
& 2 /1 ?A & 2 6 ?A
@ E D
/ (
-
' 6
7
C - * & @
E ' & )
!($ * * 8: #
8
&
' 8
" #
! &
@
& &
!
* &
C& ! &
* & C #
* 8 754 *
+
!
D &*
" ' ' ' #
( 8 "
! @ ' & #
) (*
4- 8 8: ! #
& ' D2 @?D#,>D*
(
%
-
Capitolo 5
2 $ . ; $ ) )
.
! @& 2* ! #
! '&@ ! (* 8
') & !(* #
! ) & "
! ) &
! &$ 2 "
!* )* & #
@ 2* ) !
)*
& 8:
* (
! ">* #
2
& !
8 "> 2 * #
& -* ! ) 2
! "> 8#
&* * * !
') ">(* & ) *
8! ) 2
-
! & 2 * &
;:G & * 8 &
! 8 ! * )
& ! ;: * )
* "> !
@& 2
, & 2 - * )
) * * )$
" 2 - * ) #
@ @ 2
& )
D & #7C & - &
& ' 66
/6 (*
- & ) "
2 ! * &
) & ">
, * 2 ) &E '& 2*
;:* & * ( 8 G
* ) & C *
@ $
646D !+
6) 7$
@+ 3F95 "71 "
2 $ . !
& 7" ;G / =
& 71" ;G / =
H+ 7 ;= ) )
C&+ -1#"1# ! ;# # "# -# =
(& ;=+ $C $1C
6!#
?) ? " !
/ 1"$
C. ) G )$
A .#+
.+ . .1 .
3 4 ""
-
*(2+ C ;7 &=$
67 $$ ;I.= +1+1
" ! @
E* - & 8
C ) 2 8: "
8!
) "> " 8: #
D )&
8: * &M
2* & )
! ' @ & !! * )(
" 8:
' 8 & ($
! 8: G
! 8: #
, * 2 '&
( !2 ' ( &
@G 8*
-
! &M - & * &
G
* & 8 &
@ &
) & 8: &
'&M (
4@ @ &
2 !2
@ 4 #
) &E & !2
" - !(
5 $
D @ *
&E *
* ' #
* : #
* ! 8: (
!( /! ( ' ( 9
* & )
(
" * & *
!( /! 9'
*
& * !
&M
J . . 5 K !!
$ 4 !! $K
J
" )
&
* & & &
@
@ * #
- $
. "*
-
' ) ;&= ? 9) 1 ++1 $$$
!! $ 4 !!
$
%. & )) D? & . LL
@ #
* !
&E *
8: ' ) (* ' )
( *
)* & &
& C* *
@
%* & ! * !
E C & 2 2
* * !!* #
! * ) ! &
! &E ) & &
D
@
' ) & ( 2
'
* !!
! * ! '
&
C &E
*
& @"N> 8 D
& !(* 8#
: ! @-0 H8:
I " , '
&* & 45"+* ) #
* :
8 ) "N> (
?
)+
-
# 5
! 8
&E* 4
& !( *
@ / !(* !(
/ (
-
!( / ( )
* @
8! !
! &) 8
& !! F ' D 9/
5$/ (
#! ,- 8
" !( &
* & *
&
G )
&
#" & 8
5 ! @& 2$ *
! 8 "> !
) !
* & ! ' 8&M @&E($
< ! &
! -
. $/ @
! *
) & 2 &
! ) !
!! % ) $ *
8 !2 E &
1 )
-
) ! & & #
" ?) +3@63 7&
-
Capitolo 7
% &)
'D 8 8(
*
2 & * '
& (*
G ) 8
$
)
-* & ) 4 ! !
- 8 &
) ! ,
* '
( !
2 ' ) *
& *
( 8 !
-
$ * & ) '
(
" 2 *
' -( D 2
11! & ) @
! #
* 8: *
1'* @
'
-
++>+
" ) > * #
& 'T4@($ !
"8 8 * 8
' $ 8 (
'
& &(*
" "
* ' (
@ & * #
) *
'
"
'$&(*
'0#1( !! $
+1++!)& &
" & ) $&* &
0* * / 1* 8 &
) ' & *
(* @ &
D
* *
* *
B
! 4 5 )
-
D 8 '
(* $ * * *
* L @8 *
) ) )
$
4 @ & 8 )
" 8 $
%! 9 5 @ 8
' 0 1($
8 ) * +*
L * &
&
! * &M
*
! -
6 A89 5
6
? ' @ (
0#1 > '8 @(
3 =!
" 8 )$
1+1++$ 1
" !* 8 &
0 " & !!
& ) * ) * &
& "
)
0
)% !
-
" ) G
&
) & !!
8
! -
* & 8& #
$
+1++
& @
2 @ $ 7
2
">* &
& ' (
? * ! G )
*
$! (8
" 8 & & &
G &
& C $
* )
C @ 4D E &
& @
) @
5 & @
8 & )@*
& * ! !! '
& !$(
$
" @ G
! 4 )"
-
)
! ) )
$" : 5 - 8
4 , $ ' (*
@ &
! *
*
#$ * & & & *
& & )
D
& C@
$ 2$ 2
& * L &
' 2
(
!
#$ * & & #
') 8:
!! * ) ! #$
!(
7 &
@#$ ! * &
8: #$ 4
& @& 2
& 2 * !
* 8 & E
& * !!
"> ' 8
5
)) !
-
! 8: * *
) ;: ! (
!/ 6 1 7 4 )*
-
Capitolo 8
' . $
'7& ?-(
)
$ !2#
* 8 * 8 8 L
/ 8
* &
' ($ & @
' & @ )(
* '&
(* & @ 8
@ & EG
* & 8 @*
'!! @
6
-
@ ! E( &
)
5 & ) '
(G &
' & (
@#
* & ' ( )
&
*
* ) ) ! & &
*
! !
& ' ( 2 J3K #
( D !!
! * )
/ 8
, #
8 * &
* )
* &
G )* #
& * * !
&
&
8 " ) *
*
& ! &
G
*
)
#
G !! !
)& ) $
! )
* & ! ) #
+ 4 *
-
& '#
init: fork +exec("/sbin/getty")
getty: aspetta lutente
corrispondono?
login: exec("/bin/sh")
sh: legge ed eseguecomandi
sh: esce
login: esce
login: legge la password
exec("/bin/login")getty: legge lo username,
no
s
AVVIO
* +
-
) * @
* )
-
) G '
( & * "
(!* ( &
% & &
$
) 8 * ) *
.!
"
D & ! '
(G
/! &
, @ * @
&$ ) ) 8 & &
$*
& * & )
&* ) $
& *
8 8 D& 8 G #
&
& 8 ! #
8 @ &* A & '11!(
& :
@ @ #
! * &
C%O : ) ,@#
* !
* * )
/"
D @ & @ *
) 8* 8 &
C $
* +
- ! 8
-
E * !
E $* ) E &
8 G $ )* &
* & & E
D E & '(G
-
Capitolo 9
6. & $
9 .
:
* . .
'& ! @ (
* 8
) * , - &
0 (& 7- 3
F * & 8
&
*
G
) ) &
.
!
9
-
4 & * * & 8*
& " !&
*
& ) @ C
!: *
-
/ "
1 5 @
3 O :
9 D& ' (
"
8 E
* * $ 8 & &
E ' ( ! " 8 E
E * ) ! G
) 8* E
! '! & (G ) !
E 8 E
? - &
&E E$
E & 8 *
* ! " 8 #
& !! 8
) 8 &E E " #
* & 8 E*
& %
D )
* @5D ''() 0 &(
G ) &M & 5D 8
D @5D
&
D @5D
G @ 5"D ' J0K(
-
& 6-
& : * #
8 : @
8 &
! G
8 & !
@ ! 6789'
-
.
. E $)$
. E )/)$
. )/ $
" E '(
, E @ * @ #
5 8&M *
@ !!
8
& 8
&
C * % '
& &) 8 (
" @ !
E '@ ) (G * * &
@ * &
)
0 , - 8
-
C
G * 8
@ 8 '* '((G
* @ #
8 ' ( % *
$ * 8 @
@* &
0! *
8* 8
* .! * *
8 '
@ (
! ! @ ' (
* & @
= & 8 & #
:$ .$
5 ) & ) *
D &
!
C ! - &
$
G &
0" 5
% ! * #
C * @ @!! * #
@ & 2 !!
E
! !
?
+ ,
-
" ! ! &
&
-
Capitolo 10
.( , ( ,
,
&M* ) !2 #
1 ;7 5
" !! )
G & *
)& , &
*
-
& 2* & & !
" E
!G
@* 7 #
8!$ !*
* &
) ! % * & )
" !2 @ $
* ' )
!2(
! !2G
8* )
& $ ! & !2
!
C !F
*
& $
!2* !! & )*
* *
* & !2
* ! & &
1666 ? * !2 !!
* @ & ) &
) & & & @)
!2* ) &
1 5
!2 $
* @!* * ! @!
" * & !
) & 4
!
@! * & !2
G !2
5
+
- 1 +
-
;
!$ & 2 !*
!2 *
!2
* !2
$ & @ !
,@ * !2 )
!! ) * &
! * &
!2 ? &
! & *
@! )
!2$ * G !2
& ;: " ;: #
* !* * *
) "
)
) * !! !* * ! #
* * &
-
1 5
& !2$ )
45"+ * '* '*
' ! & ( !2
; )
' * ) !#
2$ ! 8 * !
) ) * & 2 #
! )
! C 45"+
' ! 8 '2 !* 8
* 8 L (* - !!
' & *
8:
& 8 #
!2$ ' & 8* &
!2
& $ !
!2 8 8 G ' !!!
8: G
! !2 * &
&
!2 8 8: $ ' -
8: -0
' & !2 '
($ ' !
4 !2 )
!G ( 2 ) !
1!
-
!2 ! ) * & !
* ' ;:( !! !*
!2 &
!2 " !2
) & 8 @ !2 G )
!2 @ !* !!
! & !2
D !2 *
!2 ' L( 0 1
!2 ' L L(* !2
3 ' L( !2
0#1 5 8&M !2
* ) G
& 3 !2 *
)& * &
!2
!2 *
3
D * ) & !2
> & !2 * &$
) !2 * & !
8 & & &
' $ -1
D !2 $
J
+ E) ) ! . . .
J
@ ) 754
&
* 754 & !2 &
;:* & &$
'- 754(
+) -
-
D !2 * @ ///
;/2
-
@ 8* ! *
. 8:
8 !2 D -
&
)
' +
@ // ;/< 8 @&$
J 7 !
7
7$1$
7$1$
7$1$7
7$1$7.)$.
7$1$7#$.
$$$$
J
D & 8 : 8& ' 8
: ( $
J 7 77.)$.
77.)$.
J
4 @ // ;/
-
) @ )&
)
! 8 & D
!2 *
8 !2* )
* &
! ) 8 &
&
!! !
1"
-
&
6 ) !2
) !2 8 8 "
"
LunLunLunLunLun LunLunLunLun
1 1 1 12 2 2 2 2 22 2 2 22 2
3129221581
2 22 1 1 12 2 2 2 2 22 2 2 22 2
312922158
2 22 2 22
1
201 3 4 5 6 2
03 4 5
Recuperabile
del meseGiorno
N. del nastroLivellodi backup
!2 &
8: D !2
&
@ 8: G !
!2 8
! " ) * *
!2 ' !2 ) &
8 !2 ( 4 &
' %! 6 4
!2$ * 0* 1* /* 9* 3* * * " )
! !2 & ) *
"
) !2 *
& & 4 &
* $
' & !2* ' )
&
-
-
6 8B89 4 & !2
= -$' '( = '
6 N
0 * 0
0 0 *
/ 1 * 0* /
1 / 0 * 0* 1
3 9 * 0* 1* 3
9 3 0 * 0* 1* 9
* 0* 1* 9*
0 * 0* 1* 9*
6 * 0* 1* 9* * 6
* 0* 1* 9* * 6*
* 0* 1* 9* * 6*
*
1# . 5
!2 ! @ E
&
* & 8 8#
& * 8
4@ 8: G &
& 2 * !
!2 D 8 * &
@ 8* &
C !2 E* 8
, &
!2 8 '(
8 8 '* !! &
8: (
E &' ;
?9
- % * 1
-
1$
-
Capitolo 11
6 .
', C (
-
! , @ !
) * !
.
! *
@ ! "
*
! 4
" @ D , &
%
*
7
* )
* 8&M &
)
1
-
5
$ *
* ) 8
! @ & & '4% 4%
-
% 8 &4 .4
" &
&E !* &
& @ &
@ &E &
A">D )
" 2 - @#
&E , !* -
) &EG !
- &M ) &E
@ 2 @ $ )
2 & !
@!
DN0* & @ &E
@ ) 8 ) 8
' !! @ (
7
5 ,!* 2 #
! * & 8 &
" 8 !
C ! -
4 8 !
@ ! 8;G
! 8; !
" @
C $
; !
" 4 #0 *0 "
-
2 8 1++ 33% 2%
, * / 3* 6 6
H% ,D%I '& % ,:&
D % ( & @ $
2 8 "++1 ,%@
2 8 "++1 ,%@
& @ E 2$
J -1-
2 8 1+-+ 33% 2%
J
2 8 1+-+1 33% 2%
J
G @
D @ * &
* @
@ EG $ #
&E E @
@ &E ) E D
! * ) E )
&E $ /(
@ / $ & 2 &E
@ /*
@ 8 * &
45"+ & G *
8 @
D 45"+
* ) & @
G
*
) $ @
)
-
! = 78 58
@ E - G #
@&E
-
06
-
Appendice A
? %,
/ C 3$D
% 5 ' 9
E3)
'%: &* H? C C I(
' %
$ ( %
)
$ )
* +
, )
$ -
(
% . %
0
-
*
% %"
, / $
0 1
*
2$1 $
*
2$1 $ 3
4 5
6 $
* )
0 $
1 0
3
5 3
5 * )
2$1 $ 3
4 5
6 $
. .
-
789 : ;. ( ) $ )
0 /0
.
7+9 " &%. ! "' )
0 /0
.
7
-
7C9 & 6. . ,/0/
/ D>;#>
.
7E9 0 -. ! 1
,
> )
7F9 2 #1 - *). !
/
!" #
78G9 H!" 6. $ %! 2& 3 $ 2 1
# 2 6$
I : 8FF@
/ J#0 "
$ %
7889 0 -. ,/0/
/ D>;#>
.
78+9 # ?)). *($,/0/
/ D>;#>
. %
K23L05 K2M K2
78
-
78@9 / '. ! 2 $45 67 3: 8FF@5
, "
$1 $ %
2 ,
/ J#0 "
78B9 H". * ,' 1
:# 0 38FF85 2IK G+B+8E8=@+ 35 G+B+BEGBFB 3)5 ,
,
8 2
3 5
814