Innovazione sociale e

generatività sociale

Verso una nuova forma di legame sociale

Davide Lampugnani

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Quattro approcci, più uno

SISTEMICO PRAGMATICO MANAGERIALE CRITICO GENERATIVITÀ SOCIALE

Waterloo Institute for

Social Innovation

and Resilience (Canada)

Nesta; The Young

Foundation (UK)

Center For Social

Innovation (Stanford Graduate School of

Business, USA)

/ ARC (Center for the

Anthropology of Religion and

Cultural Change,

Università Cattolica)

Frances Westley &

Nino Antadze

Geoff Mulgan James A. Phills, Kriss

Deiglmeier & Dale T. Miller

Frank Moulaert

Mauro Magatti

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Approccio sistemico

“Social innovation is a complex process of introducing new products, processes or

programs that profoundly change the basic routines, resource and authority flows or beliefs of the social system in which the innovation occurs. Such succesfull social innovations have durability and broad

impact” (Westley & Antadze, 2010, p. 2)

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Approccio pragmatico

“Our interest is in innovations that are social both in their ends and in their means. Specifically, we

define social innovations as new ideas (products, services and models) that simultaneously meet

social needs and create new social relationships or collaborations.

In other words, they are innovations that are both good for society and enhance society’s capacity

to act” (Murray et al., 2010, p. 3).

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Approccio manageriale

“We define social innovation to mean: a novel solution to a social problem that is more

effective, efficient, sustainable or just than existing solutions and for which the value created accrues primarily to society as a whole rather than private individuals”

(Phills et al., 2008, p. 36).

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Approccio critico

“[We define] social innovation as the satisfaction of alienated human needs through the transformation of social

relations: transformations which ‘improve’ the governance systems that guide and regulate

the allocation of goods and services meant to satisfy those needs, and which establish new

governance structures and organizations” (Moulaert, 2009, p. 12).

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Generatività sociale

“There is social generativity when: an entrepreneurial initiative, in the economic, social political or cultural sphere, brings something ‘new’ into

the world or restore/regenerate/recover something already existing;

in so doing it is able to offer an original, distinguishable and sustainable contribution to the surrounding social

context and to effectively and consciously promote the

capacitation of others, through direct empowerment or the indirect improvement of contextual conditions, as its ultimate end” (Cappelletti et al., forthcoming).

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ASPETTI COMUNI

APPROCCIO

Sistemico Pragmatico Manageriale Critico Generatività

Innovazione

Introducing new products, processes or programs

New ideas (products, services and models)

A novel solution […] that is more effective, efficient, sustainable or just than existing solutions

/ An entrepreneurial initiative brings something new into the world or restore/regenerate/recover something already existing

Capacità di rispondere a

bisogni sociali

/ That simultaneously meet social needs

To a social problem

The satisfaction of alienated human needs

(It emerges as an answer to an external stimulus)

Capacità di trasformare le

relazioni sociali

That profoundly change the basic routines, resource and authority flows or beliefs. […]

And create new social relationships and collaborations. […]

For which the value created accrues primarily to society as a whole rather than private individuals.

through the transformation of social relations […]

to effectively and consciously promote the capacitation of others, through direct empowerment or the direct empowerment of contextual conditions

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Quale trasformazione delle relazioni sociali?

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APPROCCIO

Sistemico Pragmatico Manageriale Critico Generatività

Re-engaging vulnerable populations in our mainstream economic, social and cultural institutions, not just as recipients of services or “transfer entitlements” but as active participants and contributors, is, therefore, intimately tied to social-ecological resilience. […] Social innovation not only serves vulnerable populations, but is served by them in turn (2010, p. 5).

We are interested here in innovations that have also changed the balance of power – giving the relatively poor and powerless more control over their own lives and advancing social justice (Mulgan et al., 2006, p. 9). In other words, they are innovations that are both good for society and enhance society’s capacity to act (Murray et al., 2010, p. 3).

According to our definition, an innovation is truly social only if the balance is tilted toward social value—benefits to the public or to society as a whole—rather than private value—gains for entrepreneurs, investors, and ordinary (not disadvantaged) consumers (Phills et al., 2008, p. 39)

[…] transformations which ‘improve’ the governance systems that guide and regulate the allocation of goods and services meant to satisfy those needs, and which establish new governance structures and organizations (Moulaert, 2009, p. 12).

Social generativity is thus a dynamic social process which takes place in a variety of social organizations and groups whose basic effort is to challenge institutionalization […]. A result that can be pursued in a variety of ways: directly by developing others' capabilities; indirectly, either by creating contextual conditions suitable to the development of personal initiative, or by stimulating imitation and mobilization.

Conclusione

Se risulta esserci sufficiente accordo sia riguardo al significato del termine “innovazione” sia riguardo alla capacità dell’innovazione sociale di rispondere a “bisogni sociali” insoddisfatti; più ambivalente è, invece, il riferimento alla capacità dell’innovazione sociale di trasformare le relazioni sociali implicate nella risposta ad un particolare bisogno sociale.

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Verso un legame sociale “capacitante”

Da un’analisi congiunta delle definizioni di “innovazione sociale” e della definizione di “generatività sociale” emerge la possibilità di individuare l’approccio delle capacità (capabilities)(Sen, 1992, 1999; Nussbaum, 2000, 2006) quale interlocutore attraverso cui meglio qualificare la trasformazione delle relazioni sociali.

In questo senso, l’innovazione sociale potrebbe essere definita non solo come la capacità di rispondere in modo innovativo a un bisogno sociale ma anche come la capacità di trasformare le relazioni sociali alla base di quel bisogno in senso capacitante, cioè attribuendo (direttamente o indirettamente) delle capacità di essere o di agire ai beneficiari dell’innovazione stessa.

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Grazie per l’attenzione!

Davide Lampugnani

davide.lampugnani@unicatt.it

Riferimenti bibliografici

• Cappelletti, P., Gherardi, L., Giaccardi, C., Magatti, M., Martinelli, M. (di prossima pubblicazione) Social generativity: an open-ended social process. In Studies in social generativity.

• Moulaert, F. (2009). Social innovation: institutionally embedded, tereritorially (re)produced. In MacCallum, Moulaert, Hillier, Vicari Haddock (a cura di) (2009) Social innovation and territorial development, pp. 11-24.

• Murray, R., Caulier-Grice, J., Mulgan, G. (2010). The open book of social innovation. The Young Foundation.

• Nussbaum, M. C. (2000). Women and human development : the capabilities approach. Cambridge University Press.

• Nussbaum, M. C. (2006). Frontiers of justice: disability, nationality, species membership. Harvard University Press.

• Phills, J. A., Deiglmeier, K., Miller, D. T. (2008). Rediscovering social innovation. Stanford Social Innovation Review.

• Sen, A. (1992). Inequality reexamined. Harvard University Press. • Sen, A. (1999). Development as freedom. Knopf. • Westley F., Antadze N. (2010). Making a difference: strategies for scaling social

innovation for greater impact. The Innovation Journal: the Public Sector Innovation Journal, 15(2).

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