,e;jpahtpd; tuyhw;W uPjpahd tsh;r;rpia mq;F epytpa Mupaf ......17,ytr tpepNahfj;jpw;fhf,e;jpahtpd;...

17 ,ytr tpepNahfj;jpw;fhf

,e;jpahtpd; tuyhw;W uPjpahd tsh;r;rpia mq;F epytpa Mupaf; FbNaw;wk;> 16 ghupa FbNaw;wq;fs;> nksupag; Nguurpd; gutYf;F cjtpa kd;dh;fs;> Fg;jg; Nguurpd; guty;> mjd; gz;ghLfs; vd;gtw;wpD}lhf ,e;j mj;jpahaj;jpy; fw;Nghk;.

,e;jpahtpy; Mupaf; FbNaw;wq;fs;

rpe;Jntsp ehfupfk; tPo;r;rpAw;w gpd;dh; ,e;jpahtpy; ,lk; ngw;w Kf;fpakhd

tuyhw;W epfo;r;rpahf tpsq;FtJ Mupaupd; tUifahFk;. ,e;j kf;fs; fp.K.

1500 Mk; Mz;Lfis mz;kpj;j fhyj;jpy; ,e;jpahTf;F te;J FbNaw;wq;fis

mikj;jjhfg; nghJthf Vw;Wf;nfhs;sg;gLfpwJ.

Mupaupd; g+h;tPf ,lk; gw;wp tuyhw;wha;thsh;fspilNa gy;NtW

fUj;Jf;fs; epyTfpd;wd. gyupd; fUj;Jg;gb Mupaupd; g+h;tPf ,lk; kj;jpa

Mrpahtpy; mike;j ];nlg;]; Gy; epykhFk;. ,q;F tho;e;j kf;fspy; xU

gFjpapdh; INuhg;ghit Nehf;fpAk; kw;iwa gFjpapdh; ,e;jpahitAk; Fbg;guk;;gy;

gw;wpa tpguq;fis mwpe;J nfhs;sj;

JizGupAk; rhjdq;fs; Ntj E}y;fs;

(,Uf;F> aRh;> rhkk;> mjh;tzk;)>

gpuhkzq;fs;> cgepljq;fs;> Guhzq;fs;

vd;gdTk;> kfhghujk; Nghd;w tPufhtpaq;

fSkhFk;. Mupah;fs; ,e;jpahtpw;F

te;J FbNawpa fhyk; Ke;jpa Ntj

fhyk; (,Uf;F Ntjfhyk;) vd;Wk;> mth;fs; ,e;jpahtpy; gutj; njhlq;fpa

gpd;duhd fhyk; gpe;jpa Ntjfhyk; vd;Wk; $wg;gLfpwJ.

cU 2.1 ifgu; fztha;

18,ytr tpepNahfj;jpw;fhf

,Uf;F Ntjj;jpw;F mika Mupah;fs; Muk;gj;jpy; gQ;rhg; gpuNjrj;jpy; FbNawpa

gpd;dh;> rpy FOf;fs; fq;if> aKid ejpg; gFjpapd; Nkw;Fg; gFjpfspy;

(jw;Nghija by;ypia mz;kpj;j gFjp) tpahgpj;jdh; vdj; njupfpwJ. mth;fs;

fp.K. 7 Mk; E}w;whz;lhFk; NghJ fq;if> aKid rkntsp topahf tl

,e;jpah KOtJk; FbNaw;wq;fis mikj;Jf; nfhz;ldh;.

rpy FOf;fs; tpe;jpa kiyj; njhliuf; fle;J> nlf;fhd; Nkl;Lepyg; gFjpapy;

FbNawpdu;. fp.K 6 Mk;> 5 Mk; E}w;whz;lstpy; rpy Mupaf; FOf;fs;

njd;dpe;jpahTf;Fk; ,yq;iff;Fk; te;J FbNaw;wq;fis mikj;Js;sdu;.

,e;jpahtpy; Mupah; FbNaw;wq;fis mikf;Fk;NghJ mq;fpUe;j RNjr

kf;fSld; Nkhj Ntz;ba re;jh;g;gq;fSk; Vw;gl;ld. ,t;thW FbNaw;wq;fis

mikj;j Mupaupd; eph;thf mikg;G> nghUshjhu Kiw> r%f xOq;fikg;G>

rkak;> jj;Jtk; vd;gd gw;wpa tplaq;fisf; fz;lwpNthk;.

eph;thf mikg;G

« Nfhj;jpuq;fshf xOq;fikg;gl;bUe;jJ.

« rg;j rpe;J gpuNjrj;jpy; FbNaw;wq;fs; mikj;jjd; gpd;dh; fpuhkq;fs;

cUthfpd.

« fpuhkj; jiytd; fhkpdp vdg;gl;lhd;.

« fpuhkq;fs; gy Nrh;e;J muR (,uhr;rpak;) cUthfpaJ. mjd; jiytd;

'uh[d;' vdg;gl;lhd;.

« mur mYtyupilNa GNuhfpjh;> Nrdhjpgjp Nghd;w gjtpfs;

,Ue;jd.

« fpuhk kf;fs; nrYj;j Ntz;ba tupiar; Nrfupf;Fk; nghWg;G fpuhkpdpaplk;

xg;gilf;fg;gl;lJ.

« eph;thf Ntiyia vspjhf;Fk; nghUl;L rig (rgh)> rq;fk; (rkpjp) vd;w

mikg;Gf;fs; Njhd;wpd.

« rpwpa eph;thf myF fpuhkkhFk;.

« efu eph;thfk; njhlh;ghf efug; gpujhdpfs; ,Ue;jdh;.

« efu eph;thfj;jpd; nghUl;L kz;lynkhd;wpw;F 5 cWg;gpdh;fs; vd;w

Kiwapy; 6 my;yJ 7 kz;lyq;fs; ,Ue;jd. rka epiy

« flTis topgLk; Kiw ,Ue;jJ.

« midj;J Ntjfhyf; flTsUk; ,aw;if rf;jpfshf ,Ue;jdh;.

(,e;jpud;> tUzd;> mf;fpdp Nghd;w flTsh;) mf;fpdp neUg;Gf;F

mjpgjpahfTk;> tUzd; kio> nropg;G vd;gdtw;wpw;F mjpgjpahfTk;

Vw;Wf;nfhs;sg;gl;ldh;.

« gpuk;kzPaf; nfhs;if tsh;r;rp mile;jJ.


« fLikahd jtk; mD\;bj;J cz;ikiaj; Njbr;nrd;w Kdpth;fs;

gpw;fhyj;jpy; mjhtJ gpe;jpa Ntjfhyj;jpy; ,Ue;jik njupfpwJ.

« cz;ikiaj; Njb mwpa Kw;gl;ljhy; ngsj;j kjKk; rkz kjKk;

Njhd;wpd.

nghUshjhu Kiw

tptrhak;

« Muk;g fhyq;fspy; fpuhkq;fspy; tho;e;j Mupah; ke;ij Nka;j;jypy; mjpf

Mu;tk; fhl;bdh;.

« gRit Mupah;fs; Gdpjkhff; fUjpdh;.

« epiyahd FbNaw;wq;fis mikj;jjpd; gpd;;dh; tptrhaj;jpw;Fg; gof;fg;gl;ldu;.

ifj;njhopy;

« gl;Lj;Jzp> gUj;jpj;Jzp vd;gd cw;gj;jp nra;ag;gl;ld.

« Jzpf;Fr; rha%l;Ljy;> myq;fhuj; ijay; Ntiyfs; vd;gdtw;iw

mwpe;jpUe;jdh;.

« tPLfs; fl;lTk; tPl;Lj; jsghlq;fs; nra;aTk; jr;rh;fs; ,Ue;jdh;.

« ,Uk;igg; gad;gLj;jp tptrha cgfuzq;fs;> ths;> Fath;> th;j;jfh;> FUkhh; MfpNahh; ,Ue;jdu;.

th;j;jfk;

« jiu topahfTk; ePu; topahfTk; th;j;jfk; eilngw;wJ.

« nghUl;fisf; nfhz;L nry;tjw;F tz;bfs;> ts;sq;fs; vd;gd

gad;gLj;jg;gl;ld.

« gz;lkhw;W %yk; th;j;jfk; eilngw;wJ.

« J}u ehLfSlDk; th;j;jfk; eilngw;wJ.

r%fk;

« gpujhd r%f myF FLk;gkhFk;

« FLk;gj; jiytd; je;ijahthd; (je;ij topr; r%fk;)

« Mupah;> Mupah; my;yhNjhh; vd;W ,U kf;fs; gpuptpdh; ,Ue;jdh;.

« gpe;jpa Ntj fhyj;jpy; th;zg;ghFghLk; (rhjpg; gpuptpid) Njhd;wpaJ.

Kf;fpa th;zg; gpupTfs; ehd;fhFk;. (gpuhkzh;> rj;jpupah;> itrpah;>

#j;jpuh;)

« ,iwr;rp> ghy;> nea;> japh;> kuf;fwp> muprp> ghh;yp> vs; vd;gd czthff;

nfhs;sg;gl;ld. ,iyfisr;rhW gpope;J jahupf;fg;gl;l 'Nrhk ghdk;"

kf;fshy; mjpfk; tpUk;gg;gl;lJ.


« gUj;jp> cNuhkk;> Njhy; vd;gtw;why; jahupf;fg;gl;l cilfs;

gad;gLj;jg;gl;ld.

« Mz;> ngz; ,UghyhUk; Mguzq;fs; mzpe;jdh;.

« ehlfk;> tPiz thrpj;jy;> rq;fPjk; Mfpa mofpaw; fiyfs; tsh;r;rp

Aw;wpUe;;jd.

« ky;Aj;jk;> #jhl;lk; Nghd;w tpisahl;Lf;fs; fhzg;gl;ld.

gjpdhW ngUq;FbapUg;Gfs;

tl,e;jpahtpy; Mupaf; FbapUg;Gf;fs; tpahgpf;fj; njhlq;fpaJld; rpW muRfs; Njhw;wk; ngw;wd. fp.K. 6 Mk; E}w;whz;lstpy; mitfspy; 16 muRfs; vOr;rp mile;jd. ,t;thW vOr;rp mile;j 16 muRfSk; mq;fk;> kfjk;> fhrp> Nfhryk;> t[;[p> ky;yh> Nrjp> tj;rak;> kj;rpah> ghQ;rhyk;> FU> #uNrdk;> mrhf;fh> mte;jp> fhe;jhuk;> fhk;Ngh[k; vdg; ngau; ngw;wpUe;jd.

,e;j muRfspd; eph;thf Kiw xd;Wf;nfhd;W NtWgl;bUe;jd. cjhuzkhf muRfspy; Fb> rq;f vd;w Ml;rpKiwfs; epytpd. ,e;j gjpdhW muRfspy; kfjk;> Nfhryk;> tj;rak; > mte;jp vd;gd murpay; uPjpapy; Kf;fpaj;Jtk; ngw;W tpsq;fpd. t[;[p> ky;yh vd;gd Fb muRfshf ,Ue;jd. ,itfspy; nry;te;j th;f;fj;jpdupd; Mjpf;fk; fhzg;gl;lJ. t[;[p> ky;yh Mfpa muRfSf;F tlNkw;Nf Nfhry muRk;> njd;fpof;Nf kfj muRk; mike;jpUe;jd. Kf;fpa Kbaurhd Nfhryk;> kfjk; Mfpa ,uz;bYk; kfjk; rpwg;ghfg; gpw;fhyj;jpy; vOr;rpAw;wJ.

nraw;ghL :

« ,e;jpa Njrg;glnkhd;wpy; gjpdhW ngUq;FbNaw;wq;fisAk; Fwpj;Jg; ngaupLf.

Njrg;glk; 2.1 gjpdhW ngUq;FbapUg;Gf;fs;


kfj murpd; vOr;rp

Vida KbauRfSf;F

Nkyhf kfjj;ij cah;j;Jtjw;F

Kad;w Kjy; Ml;rpahsd; gpk;gprhud;

Mthd;. mtd; gpd;gw;wpa jpUkzj;

njhlh;Gfspdhy; jd; mjpfhuj;ijg;

gy gpuNjrq;fspy; epiynfhs;sr;

nra;;jjhd;. Nfhry kd;ddpd;

rNfhjupiaj; jpUkzk; nra;jjd;

%yk; kpfTk; Kf;fpaj;Jtk; tha;e;j

fhrpiag; ngw;Wf; nfhz;lik

,jw;F xU vLj;Jf;fhl;lhFk;.

gpk;gprhud; Nghh;f; nfhs;if

iaf; filg;gpbj;J kfj murpd;

gpuNjrq;fisj; jd; muRld;

,izj;Jf; nfhz;lhd;. gpuk;kjj;j

kd;dDld; Nghupl;L mq;f

Njrj;ijf; ifg;gw;wpaik ,jw;F

vLj;Jf;fhl;lhFk;.

gpk;gprhu kd;dd; Gj;jupdJk;>

kfhtPuuJk; Mjuthsdhf

tpsq;fpdhd;. kfjk; gy;NtW rkag; gpuptpdUf;Fk; jpwe;Jtplg;gl;l gpuNjrkhf

tpsq;fpaJ. ,t;thW rkag; nghiwiaf; filg;gpbj;jikAk; kfjj;jpd;

vOr;rpf;Ff; fhuzkhf mike;jJ.

kfjj;jpd; jiyefh; ,uh[fpUfk; MFk;. gpk;gprhu kd;ddpd;

gpd;dh; mtdJ kfd; m[hrj;U murdhdhd;. mtd; ghlypGj;jpuj;jpw;Fj;

(gl;dh) jiyefiu khw;wpdhd;. ypr;rtp cl;gl midj;J Fb muRfspd;

mjpfhuq;fisAk; Nfhry muR cl;gl gy muRfisAk; kfjj;jpd; fPo;f;

nfhz;L tUtjpy; ,td; ntw;wp fz;lhd;.

tl,e;jpahtpy; Kf;fpa murhf tpsq;fpa kfjk;> ee;jh;fspd; Ml;rpapd;

fPo; NkYk; tsh;r;rpAw;wJ. ,jd; Muk;g Ml;rpahsd; kfh gj;kee;jd;

vd;gtdhthd;. ee;jh; guk;giuapd; Kf;fpakhd ,Wjp Ml;rpahsdhd

jdee;jdpd; fhyj;jpy; tl ,e;jpahtpy; gue;j epyg;gug;gpy; gutpapUe;j xU

Nguurhf kfjk; tpsq;fpaJ.

Njrg;glk; 2.2 kfjg;NguuR


nraw;ghL :

« kfjg; Nguurpd; guk;giy ,e;jpa Njrg;glj;jpy; Fwpj;J fhl;Lf. kfjg; NguuRf;F cl;gl;l muRfspd; ngau; Fwpg;gpLf.

fpNuf;f ,dj;jtdhd Nguurd; kfh mnyf;rhe;jh; gQ;rhg; cl;gl

tlNkw;F ,e;jpahit Mf;fpukpj;jNghjpYk;> fq;if - aKidr; rkntspia

Mf;fpukpf;f Kbahikf;F kfj muR gyk; tha;e;jjhf ,Ue;jikNa fhuzk;

vdf; $wg;gLfpwJ. mj;NjhL kfjj;jpd; mjpfhuk; nksupa mur tk;rj;jpw;F

cupikahdJld; mjd; Kjy; Ml;rpahsdhf tpsq;fpatd; re;jpuFg;jnksupa

kd;ddhthd;.

nksupag; NguuR

tl ,e;jpahtpy; nksupa mur guk;giuapd; Muk;g Ml;rpahsd; re;jpuFg;j

nksupad; Mthd;. (fp;.K 324 - 300) mtdJ kfd; gpe;Jrhudpd; fhyj;jpYk;>

gpe;Jrhudpd; kfd; mNrhfdJ fhyj;jpYk; nksupag; NguuR NkYk;

tsh;r;rpaile;jJ.

re;jpuFg;j kd;dd; Ml;rpf;F te;j rpwpJ fhyj;jpy; ,e;jpahtpd; tlNkw;Fg;

gpuNjrj;ij ntspehl;ltupd; Mjpf;fj;jpypUe;J kPl;gjw;F Kd;te;jhd;. mtd;

rpe;J ejpapd; Nkw;Fg; gFjpapy; ,Ue;j tlNkw;F ,e;jpahit ntw;wp nfhs;Sk;

Kfkhf nrypAf]; epNflUld; elhj;jpa Nghupy; ntw;wp ngw;whd;. Nkw;fpy;

ghurPfg; NguuR tiuapYk tlf;fpy; ,kakiy tiuapYk; njw;Nf fpU\;zh

Jq;fgj;uh Mfpa gpuNjrq;fs; tiuapYk; nksupag; NguuR gutpapUe;jikiaf;

fy;ntl;Lf;fs; %yk; mwpaf;$bajhf cs;sJ. gue;j Nguuirf; fl;bnaOg;gpa

re;jpuFg;jnksupa kd;dd; mjid Ml;rp nra;Ak; nghUl;Lj; jpwik tha;e;j

mjpfhupfis epakpj;jhd;.

re;jpuFg;j kd;ddpd; gpd;dh; mtdJ kfd; gpe;Jrhud; (fp.K 300 - 273

tiu) murdhdhd;. jdJ je;ijapd; fhyj;jpy; ,Ue;j gue;j Nguuir mt;thNw

njhlh;e;Jk; Kd;ndLj;Jr; nry;y gpe;Jrhudhy; KbAkhdjhf ,Ue;jJ.

gpe;Jrhudpd; gpd;dh; mNrhfd; (fp.K 273 - 236 tiu) nksupag;

Nguurpd; murdhdhd;. fy;ntl;Lf;fspy; ,td; 'Njthdk;gpa gpajrp" vd

miof;fg;gl;lhd;.

mNrhf kd;dd; jdJ Ml;rpapd; Muk;gj;jpy; Nghh; %yk; jdJ muir

tpupthf;fk; nra;a Kad;whd;. mNrhf kd;didg; gw;wp mwptjw;Fg; ngsj;j>

i[d #j;jpuq;fSk; mNrhff; fy;ntl;Lf;fSk; Kf;fpa rhjdq;fshf


tpsq;Ffpd;wd. ,f;fhyj;jpy; fpof;F jf;fzj;jpy; mike;Js;s fypq;f

Njrj;ijf; ifg;gw;Wtjw;Ff; fLk; rkupy; fy;ntl;Lfs;

mike;jpUf;Fk; ,lq;fSf;F mika

Rje;jpu muR ,Ue;j gpuNjrq;fisAk;

J}z; fy;ntl;LfSf;F mika

murd; Rw;Wyh nrd;w ,lq;fisAk;

mwpe;J nfhs;syhk; vdg;

Nguhrpupah; gz;lh;fhh; Fwpg;gpLfpwhh;.

,jdbg;gilapy; fhNtup ejpf;Fj;

njw;Nf rpW epyg;gug;G jtph;e;j Vida

gpuNjrq;fs; midj;Jk; mNrhf

kd;ddpd; fPo; ,Ue;jjhfj; njupfpwJ.

,e;jg; Nguurpd; jiyefh; ghlypGj;jpukhFk;. fypq;f Aj;jj;jhy; kdKile;j

mNrhf kd;dd; ngsj;j rkaj;jpw;F khwpajhff; $wg;gLfpwJ. ,jd;gpd;dh;

~jpf; tp[af;| nfhs;iffisj; jtph;j;Jj; ~jh;k tp[af; nfhs;ifia|

Nkw;nfhz;ljhff; fy;ntl;Lf;fSk;> J}z; fy;ntl;Lf;fSk; $Wfpd;wd.

cy;yhrg; gazq;fSf;Fg; gjpyhfj; jh;k ahj;jpiu Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;lJ.

mikr;rh;fSf;F 'jh;k kfh khj;uh' gjtp toq;fg;gl;lJ.

vd; gps;isfNsh> Ngug;gps;isfNsh> Gjpa jpf;tp[aq;fis Nkw;nfhs;sh jpUg;ghu;fshf. mtu;fSf;F ntw;wp Ntz;Lkhap;d; nghWikAld; rpW jz;lidfis Nkw;nfhs;thu;fshf. ju;ktp[ak; cz;ikahd tp[ak; vdf; nfhs;thu;fshf.

-13 tJ ghiwf; fy;ntl;L-

Njrg;glk; 2.3 mNrhfg; NguuR


'ehl;L kf;fs; midtUk; vdJ gps;isfs;. mtu;fSf;F ey;tho;T mspg;gJ vdJ Nkyhd flikahFk;.

Nkw;$wg;gl;l thrfq;fs; mNrhff; fy;ntl;Lf;fspy; fhzg;gLtijf; nfhz;L

mNrhf kd;dd; mikjpahd> ey;yhl;rp nrYj;jpaij mwpaf;$bajhf cs;sJ.

mNrhf kd;ddpd; gzpfs;.

« ngUe;njUf;fs; trjpfis Nkk;gLj;Jjy;.

« Xa;Tf;fhd kz;lgq;fs;> fpzWfs;> Fsq;fs; vd;gd mikj;jy;.

« epoypd; nghUl;L tPjpapd; ,U kUq;fpYk; kuq;fis ehl;Ljy;.

« kdpjh;fSf;Fg; NghyNt kpUfq;fSf;Fk; itj;jparhiyfs; mikj;jy;.

« jh;k kfhkhj;uhf;fs; vd;w ngaUila mjpfhupfs; epakpf;fg;gly;.

« NrhoNjrk;> ghz;baNjrk;> jk;ggz;zp> rpupah> vfpg;J Mfpa ehLfSld;

neUq;fpa njhlu;ig nfhz;bUj;jy;.

« %d;whtJ ngsj;j kfh ehl;ilf; $l;Ljy;.

« rhQ;rp J}gp cl;gl gy J}gpfis mikj;jy;.

« gpuk;kzPa> M[Pth;> i[d kjq;fisAk;> mk;kjq;fspd; kjj; jiyth;

fisAk; kjpj;jJld;> mth;fSf;F MjuTk; toq;Fjy;.

« rkaj; J}Jth;fis xd;gJ ehLfSf;F mDg;Gjy;.

nksupa eph;thfj;jpd; gz;Gfs;;

« murNd eph;thfj;jpy; gpujhdpahf ,Ue;jik « rl;lk;> mjpfhuk;> ePjpj;Jiw> MAjg;gil Nghd;wtw;wpd; KO mjpfhuKk; murdplk; ,Ue;jJ. ,J kj;jpa kag;gl;l eph;thfj;jpw;F vLj;Jf;fhl;lhFk;

« eph;thfj;jpy; murDf;F mwpTiu toq;fTk;> cjtTk; mikr;ruit ,Ue;jJ.

« murDf;F cjTtjw;F mjpfhupfSk; ,Ue;jdh;. « ,sturh;> GNuhfpjh;> mikr;rh;> Nrdhjpgjp mjpfhupfs; cl;gl tup t#ypg;Nghh;> vOJtpidQu; Nghd;Nwhh; ,tw;wpy; Kf;fpakhNdhuhth;.

« gpuNjr eph;thfk; - mur FLk;gj;jpd; ,sturh;fshy; my;yJ mikr;rh;fshy; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;lJ. ehL ,uh\;buq;fshfTk;> (khtl;lq;fs;) ,uh\;buq;fs; gj;J Ch;fshfTk;> E}W Ch;fshfTk;> ehw;gJ Ch;fshfTk;> ,UgJ Ch;fshfTk; gpupf;fg;gl;bUe;jd. Ml;rp mjpfhuk; gutyhf;fg;gl;bUe;jik ,jpypUe;J njspthfpwJ.

« ifj;njhopy;> ntspehl;L eltbf;if> gpwg;G ,wg;G> cw;gj;jp eltbf;if> tUkhdk; th;j;jf eltbf;iffs; vd;gd MW kz;lyq;fsplk; (thupaq;fs;) xg;gilf;fg;gl;bUe;jd.

cU 2.2 rhQ;rp J}gp


« ePjpj;Jiw nraw;ghL muridr; rhh;e;jjhf ,Ue;j NghjpYk; mjid

nraw;gLj;Jk; mjpfhuk; gy;NtW epiyapypUe;j mjpfhupfsplk;

xg;gilf;fg;gl;bUe;jJ. fpuhk kl;lj;jpypUe;J murd; tiuapYk; ePjpj;Jiw

mjpfhuk; gutyhf;fg;gl;bUe;jJ.

nksupah; fhyj;jpd; gz;ghL

rkak;

« ,e;J> ngsj;j> i[d kjq;fs; ,Ue;jJld;> rkag;nghiwf; nfhs;if

filg;gpbf;fg;gl;lJ.

« mNrhf kd;ddpd; fhyj;jpy; %d;whtJ ngsj;j kfhehL elj;jg;gl;lik

Kf;fpa rka epfo;thFk;.

« ,e;jpahtpDs;Sk;> ntspehLfspYk; rkak; gug;gg;gl;lJ.

cjhuzk;: fh\;kPu;> fhe;jhuk;> kfhuh\;buk;> Rtu;zG+kp> ,yq;if> fpNuf;f

FbNaw;wkhd Nahif

nkhopAk;> ,yf;fpaKk;

« gpuhfpUjk;> kfj nkhop> rk];fpUjk; Nghd;w nkhopfs; tsh;r;rpaile;jpUe;jd.

« rk];fpUj> gpuhfpUj nkhopfspy; ,yf;fpa E}y;fs; vOjg;gl;ld. c-k;

Ntj E}y;fs;

« nksupa muritapy; kfj nkhop gad;gLj;jg;gl;lJ.

fiy El;gq;fSk; > fl;llf; fiyAk; « J}gpfs; mikj;jy;. (mNrhf kd;dd; Vuhskhd (84000)

tpfhiufs;> J}gpfis mikj;jjhf %yhjhuq;fspy;

Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;sJ) rhQ;rp J}gp mjw;F xU

vLj;Jf;fhl;lhFk;.

« Fiffs; mikf;fg;gl;ld (ghuhgh; kiyabapy; cs;s

Fif).

« mNrhfg;ngUe;J}z; (mNrhf kd;ddpd; Mizfs;>

ju;k Nghjidfs; njhlu;g;ghff; $wg;gLk; rhuzhj;>

uk;kpd;ij Nghd;w ,lq;fspy; fhzg;gLk; J}z;fs; ,jw;F

vLj;Jf;fhl;lhFk;).

nrJf;fy; fiy

« khL> rpq;fk;> ahid Nghd;w kpUfq;fspd; cUtq;fs; mNrhfj;

J}z;fspd; cr;rpapy; nghwpf;fg;gl;bUe;jd.

« nysupa ee;j efh;> rhuzhj; J}z;fspy; rpq;f cUt myq;fhuk;

fhzg;gl;lJ.

cU 2.3

mNrhf J}z;


nraw;ghL :

« nksupag; NguuR njhlh;ghfg; gpd;tUk; tplaq;fspd; fPo; jfty;fisj; njhFf;Ff. Njitahd ,lq;fspy; Njrg;glq;fs;> glq;fs; vd;gdtw;iw cs;slf;Ff. nksupah; fhyj;jpd; Kf;fpa murh;fs;> mJ Nguurhf tsh;r;rpaile;j tpjk;> eph;thf eltbf;iffs;> rka eltbf;iffs;> nkhop> ,yf;fpak;> fl;llf;fiy> nrJf;fy;fiy.

mNrhfg; Ngurupd; gpd; ,e;jpah

mNrhfg; Nguurupd; gpd; nksupag; NguuR gbg;gbNa tPo;r;rpaile;jJ.

mjw;fhd fhuzq;fSs; rpy tUkhW :

« tl Nkw;fhf te;j ntspehl;L Mf;fpukpg;G

« gpuNjr Ml;rpahsh;fspd; gyk; ngUFjy;

« mNrhf kd;ddpd; gpd; te;j Ml;rpahsh;fspy; gue;j Nguuir eph;tfpf;ff;$ba

Ml;rpahsh; ,y;yhik

« Nghh; fhuzkhfg; nghUshjhuk; tPo;r;rpAwy;

« mur rigapDs; ,Ue;j cl;g+ry;

nksupag; NguuR tPo;r;rpAw;w gpd;dh; gy ntspehl;L Ml;rpahsh;fs;

,e;jpahtpd; rpy gpuNjrq;fspy; Ml;rpiaf; ifg;gw;wpaJld;> tlNkw;F

,e;jpahit mbg;gilahf itj;J F\hzh;fs; Ml;rpf;F te;jdh;. mth;fs;

rPdg; gFjpapypUe;J tlNkw;F ,e;jpahTf;F te;j a+r;rp Nfhj;jpuj;jpduhth;.

,e;j mur guk;giuapy; Kf;fpa Ml;rpahsuhf tpsq;fpath; fdp\;f kd;duhthh;.

(fp.K. KjyhtJ E}w;whz;L) ,e;j kd;dd; kfhahd Gj;j rkaj;Jf;F rpwg;ghf

MjuT toq;fpdhd;. ehd;fhk; ngsj;j kfhehl;bw;Fj; jiyik tfpj;jtDk;

fdp\;f kd;dNdahthd;. Gj;jh; rpiyfis nrJf;Fk; Kiw ,e;j kd;ddpd;

fhyj;jpNyNa Muk;gkhdjhff; $wg;gLfpwJ.

Fg;jg; NguuR

Fg;ju; fhyj;jpd; Muk;g kd;ddhf KjyhtJ re;jpuFg;jd;

mwpKfkhfpwhd;. Fkhu Njtp vd;w ypr;rtp ,sturpiaj; jpUkzk; nra;j

gpd;dh; gue;j gpuNjrj;ijj; jdf;F cupajhf;fp kfh ,uh[hjpuh[hthf

KjyhtJ re;jpuFg;j kd;dd; Kb#bdhd;.


,jd; gpd;dh; KjyhtJ re;jpuFg;j kd;ddpd;

kfd; rKj;jpu Fg;jd; murdhdhd; (fp.gp.

320 - 380). mtdJ Ml;rpg; gug;G njhlh;ghd

Kf;fpa %yhjhukhf tpsq;FtJ myfghj;

fy;ntl;lhFk;. mJ mNrhfg; Nguurdpd;

myfghj; J}zpy; nghwpf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.

rKj;jpuFg;j kd;ddpd; Ml;rp kj;jpa

gpuNjrj;jpd; fpof;fpYk;> njw;Nf xuprh

tiuapYk; gutpapUe;jJ. ,J jtpu fpof;Ff;

fiu gpuNjrj;jpD}lhf gy;yt muR tiu

gutp ,Ue;jJ. mtd; tlf;fpYk;> tlNkw;F

,e;jpahtpYk; gue;j gpuNjrk; xd;iwj; jd;

NguuRld; ,izj;jhd;.

rKj;jpuFg;j kd;dd; ftpQdhfTk;>

,irf;fiyQdhfTk; tpsq;fpdhd;. ,e;J

rkaj;jtdhd mtd; gpuhkzh;fSf;F

gRf;fisj; jhdkhf toq;fpdhd;. m];tNkj ahfk; epfo;j;jpdhd;. rKj;jpuFg;j

kd;ddhy; ntspaplg;gl;l ehzak; mtdJ mjpfhuk;> murpay; Mjpf;fk;>

nghUshjhu tsh;r;rp vd;gdtw;iw vLj;Jf;fhl;LfpwJ. Fg;jh; fhyj;jpy; ,Ue;j

kpfg; gyk; tha;e;j Ml;rpahsdhf rKj;jpuFg;j kd;didf; fUj ,lKz;L.

,td; khfhzq;fspy; ,Ue;j mtKf;jhtpd; ePyuh[d;> Ntq;fpapd;

`];jpth;kd;> fhQ;rpapd; tp\;Z Nfhgd; Nghd;w murh;fisj; Njhw;fbj;jjhf

%yhjhuq;fshy; cWjpg;gLj;jg;gLfpwJ. rKj;jpuFg;j kd;ddpd; gpd;

mtdJ kfd; ,uz;lhk; re;jpuFg;jd; murdhdhd;. Fg;jg; Nguurpd; Kf;fpa

tpupthf;fk; ,e;j kd;ddpd; fhyj;jpNyNa epfo;e;jJ. ,uz;lhk; re;jpuFg;jd;

Nkw;F ,e;jpahtpypUe;j rj;ugh;fisj; Njhw;fbj;jjhy; murpaiyg; Nghd;Nw

nghUshjhuj; JiwapYk; tsh;r;rp Vw;gl;lJ. ,jdhy; tq;fhs tpupFlhtpypUe;J

mugpf; fly; tiuapyhd JiwKfq;fisf; fl;Lg;gLj;j Fg;jg; Nguurpw;F

re;jh;g;gk; fpilj;jJ. fiy> fl;llf; fiy> rpw;gk;> ,yf;fpak; Nghd;w

JiwfSf;F ngUksT MjuT toq;fpa mtdJ mur rigapy; etuj;jpdq;fs;

vd;W rpwg;gpf;fg;gLk; xd;gJ mwpQu;fs; ,Ue;jjhff; $wg;gLfpwJ.

,e;JF\; kiyj;njhlUf;F mg;ghy; Nghupl;L ntw;wp nfhz;ljhy;

,e;jpahTf;F ntspapYk; Nguurpd; vy;iyia tp];jupf;f ,uz;lhk;

re;jpuFg;jdhy; Kbe;jJ. mtd; tpthfj; njhlh;Gfs; %yk; ehLfis

,izj;jijAk; fhzf;$bajhf cs;sJ.

Njrg;glk; 2.4 Fg;jg; NguuR


re;jpuFg;j kd;ddpd; gpd; FkhuFg;jd;> ];fe;j Fg;jd; Kjyhd murh;fs;

KiwNa Ml;rpf;F te;jJld; ];fe;j Fg;jdpd; Ml;rpf; fhyj;jpd; gpd;dh;

Fg;j NguuR tPo;r;rpaile;jJ. aNrhjh;kd; Nghd;w gpuNjrj; jiyth;fspd;

vOr;rpAk;> mur FLk;gj;jpy; epytpa Fog;g epiyAk; Fg;j murpd; tPo;r;rpf;F

top tFj;jJ.

Fg;jh; fhy eph;thfk;> r%f epiy> nghUshjhu epiy> fyhrhu

eltbf;iffs; vd;gdgw;wp ,dp Muha;Nthk;.

eph;thf Kiw

« 'kfh uh[hjpuh[h" vd;w gl;lg; ngaiu Fg;j murh;fs; gad;gLj;jpdu;.

« Ml;rpahsd; Kjypy; murd; vdTk;> Nguurd; vdTk; ,Ue;jjhff;

Fwpg;gplg;gLfpwJ.

« mikr;rh;fs; eph;thfj;jpd; cah; mjpfhupfshf tpsq;fpdh;.

« gilj; jiytd; xUtd; ,Ue;jJld; kfhjz;lehafh;> gilfSf;Fg;

nghWg;ghd Nrdhjpgjp Nghd;NwhUk; ,Ue;jdh;.

« kj;jpa eph;thfk;> gpuNjr eph;thfk; njhlh;ghd mjpfhupfshf ,uh[kj;jpah;>

MAf;jh; MfpNahu; ,Ue;jdh;. MAf;jh; efu eph;thfj;jpYk;> jpiw Nrup

eph;thfj;jpYk;


rkak;> jj;Jtk;

« ,e;J rkak; tsh;r;rpaile;jJ. « tp\;Z topghLk;> rptd; topghLk; epytpaJ. « Guhzq;fs; Kf;fpa rka ,yf;fpaq;fshf tpsq;fpd. « tp\;Ztpd; mtjhuf;Nfhl;ghL gutpaJ. « ,yf;Fkp topghL rpwg;Gw;W tpsq;fpaJ. « rf;jp topghL> fzgjp topghL vd;gd kf;fshy; tpUk;gp Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;ld. « kfhahd ngsj;jk; tsh;r;rpaile;jJ. « ,f;fhyj;jpy; jf;fzj;jpy; rkz rkak; gutpaJ.

fy;tp epiy

« gpuhkzh;> rj;jpupah;> itrpah; Mfpa Kg;gpuptpdUf;F kl;LNk fy;tpiag; ngWk; cupik ,Ue;jJ.

« gpuhkzh;fSf;F kl;LNk fw;fTk;> fw;gpf;fTk; cupik ,Ue;jJ.

« gpuhkzuJ fy;tp FUFyf; fy;tpahf tpsq;fpaJ. « ngsj;j Muhikf; fy;tp epytpajhf ghspapYs;s ml;lfjhtpy; Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;sJ.

« cyfpy; Gfo;ngw;w ngsj;j cah; fy;tp epiyaq;fshf tpsq;fpa fy;tp epWtdq;fs; ( ehye;j> ty`p gy;fiyf;fofq;fs;) ,f;fhyj;jpy; tsh;r;rp mile;jd.

« gue;j tplag; gug;Gld; (fiyj;jpl;lk;) fy;tpiag; ngwf;$bajhf ,Ue;jJ.

« ,yf;fzj;ijg; gpioapd;wp fw;wy; fy;tpapd; mbg;gilahf mike;jJ.

« rhjhuz kf;fSf;fhd fy;tp KiwAk; ,e;jpahtpy; ,Ue;jJ.

,yf;fpak;

« rk];fpUj ,yf;fpak; tsh;r;rpAw;wJ. « Guhz E}y;fisg; gpd;gw;wp vOjg;gl;l cg Guhz E}y;fs; 18 ,Ue;jd.

« cyfpd; rpwe;j ,yf;fpag; gilg;Gf;fspy; xd;whd rFe;jiy vd;w ehlfk; ,f;fhyj;jpy; vOjg;gl;lJ.

« etuj;jpdq;fs; vd;wiof;fg;gl;l xd;gJ mwpQu;fs; ,f;fhyj;jpy; tho;e;jdh;.

« jh;k rh];jpu E}y;fs; Njhd;wpd. « fhspjhrh; vOjpa Nkf J}jk;> ,uFtk;rk;> Fkhurk;gtk; vd;gdTk; ,f;fhyj;jdthFk;.

« ehlfk;> th;zidfs;> jj;Jtk;> fzpjk;> jh;f;fE}y;fs;

vd;gd vOjg;gl;ld.

cU 2.4 rptd;

cU 2.5

ghu;tjp


rpw;gf; fiy

« kJuh kuG Kiwahd rpw;gq;fs; nrJf;fg;gly; (cjhuzk; : rhuzhj;

Gj;jh; rpiy)

« ,e;Jf;flTsupd; rpiyfisr; nrJf;Fjy;. (rptd;> ghh;tjp rpiyfs;)

fl;llf;fiy

« rkaf; fl;llq;fs; mikj;jy; ,f;fhyj;jpy; tsh;r;rp mile;jJ.

« nrq;fy;> fw;W}z;fisg; gad;gLj;jp fl;llq;fs; eph;khzpf;fg;gl;ld.

« ngsj;j rkaf; fl;llq;fspd; gpujhd mq;fq;fshd Muhik> tpfhiu>

irj;jpaq;fs; mikj;jy; vd;gd ,f;fhyj;jpy; tsh;r;rpAw;wJ.

cjhuzk;: m[e;jh> vy;Nyhuh Nghd;w Fif tpfhiufs; mikj;jik

« myq;fhu nrJf;fy; Ntiyfs; nra;ag;gl;lik.

cjhuzk; : m[e;jh FiffSf;F 150 iky; njhiytpy; tlNkw;Nf

mike;Js;s ghf; Fiff; Nfhapy;

« ngsj;j J}gp> Muhikj; njhFjp vd;gd ,f;fhyj;jpy; tsh;r;rp mile;jd

(Gj;jfhah> ehye;j).

rpj;jpuf;fiy

« ,f;fhyj;Jf;Fupa thj;ry;aupd; fhk#j;jpuj;jpy;

fhzg;gLk; rpj;jpuq;fs; xd;whff;

fhl;lg;gl;Ls;sJ.

« ,f;fhyj;ijr; Nrh;e;j m[e;jh> vy;Nyhuh

Fif Xtpaq;fs; gpurpj;jp ngw;wit.cU 2.6 m[e;jh Xtpak;


rhuhk;rk;

« rpe;J ejpia mz;kpj;j gQ;rhg; gpuNjrj;jpy; Kjd; Kjy; Mupaf; FbNaw;wq;fs; mikf;fg;gl;ld.

« fp.K. Mwhk; E}w;whz;by; njd; ,e;jpahtpYk; ,yq;ifapYk; Mupaf; FbNaw;wq;fs; gutpd.

« Ntj E}y;fs;> cgepljq;fs;;> Guhzq;fs;> kfhghujk; vd;gd ,f;fhyj;ijg; gw;wp mwpa cjTk; %yhjhuq;fshFk;.

« Ntj fhyj;jpy; Kbahl;rpAk;> fz (Fbahl;rp) muRfSk; ,Ue;jd.

« ehNlhb ,ilah;fshf tho;e;j Mupah;fs; tptrhak;> th;j;jfk;> ifj;njhopy; vd;gdtw;Wf;Fg; gof;fg;gl;ldh;.

« je;ij top rKjhak; ,Ue;jJ. « 16 ngUq;FbNaw;wq;fs; cUthfpd. mtw;wpy; ehd;F gyk;

tha;e;jjhf ,Ue;jd (kfjk;> Nfhryk;> tj;r> mte;jp). « ,tw;wpy; kfj muR gyk; tha;e;j murhf vOr;rpAw;wJ. « ee;jh;fspd; fPo; kfjk; tYtile;jJ. « nksupag; NguuR tsu;r;rpaile;jJ. « mNrhfg; Nguurd; nksupag; Nguurpd; Kf;fpa Ml;rpahsdhf

tpsq;fpdhd;. « kf;fs; kdijf; ftu;e;j kd;ddhf rpwg;Gg; ngw;whd;. « nksupau; fhyj;jpy; Kiwahd eph;thf mikg;G ,Ue;jJ. « gz;ghl;L tsh;r;rp Vw;gl;lJ. « ngsj;j kjj;ijg; Nghy; Vida kjq;fs; kPJk; rkag; nghiw

filg;gpbf;fg;gl;lJ. « Kjyhk; re;jpuFg;jd;> rKj;jpu Fg;jd;> ,uz;lhk; re;jpuFg;jd;

MfpNahupd; fPo; Fg;jg; NguuR vOr;rpAw;wJ. « Fg;jh; fhyj;jpy; fyhrhuk; kpfr; rpwe;j Kiwapy; tsu;r;rpAw;wJ.

31 ,y pepN ;jpw;f

gapw;rp :

1. Mupaf; FbapUg;Gf;fs; gutpa gpuNjrq;fis ,e;jpa Njrg; glj;jpy; Fwpj;Jg; ngaupLf.

2. gjpdhW ngUq; FbNaw;wq;fisg; ngaupLf.3. mNrhf kd;ddhy; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;l gzpfspy; Ie;jpidj; jUf.4. Fg;jh; fhyj;jpy; ,Ue;j eph;thf mjpfhupfspd; ngah;fisj; jUf.5. Fg;jh; fhyg; gz;ghL njhlh;ghfg; gpd;tUk; tplaq;fSf;F

vLj;Jf;fhl;Lfs; jUf. ,yf;fpak;> fl;llf; fiy> rpw;gf; fiy> rpj;jpuf; fiy

,e;jpahtpd; tuyhw;W uPjpahd tsh;r;rpia mq;F epytpa Mupaf ......17,ytr tpepNahfj;jpw;fhf,e;jpahtpd;...

Documents

Transcript of ,e;jpahtpd; tuyhw;W uPjpahd tsh;r;rpia mq;F epytpa Mupaf ......17,ytr tpepNahfj;jpw;fhf,e;jpahtpd;...