Italiano II Il 25 di ottobre 2017

Benvenuti!!!!

ObiettivoIrregular verbs and past participles

How to use verbs with irregular past participlesAccendere asseso

Aprire aperto

Chiedere chiesto

Chiudere chiuso

Comporre compost

Decidere Diceso

Dire Detto

Leggere letto

Mettere messo

Offrire offerto

Perdere perso

Prendere preso

Rispondere risposto

Scrivere scritto

Spegnere spento

Spendere speso

Vedere visto-veduto

Vincere vinto

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A compound tense -that uses the helping verb avere and a past participle

How to form a past participle:

Compound tenses such as the passato prossimo are formed with the present indicative of the auxiliary verb avere or essere and the past participle (participio passato). The past participle of regular verbs is formed by dropping the infinitive ending -are, -ere, or -ire and adding the appropriate final ending: -ato, -uto, or -ito(see tables below).

USING AUXILIARY VERB (HELPING VERB) AVEREThe appropriate tense of avere or essere (called the auxiliary or helping verbs) and the past participle of the target verb forms the verb phrase.

Avere is used in a myriad of grammatical and linguistic situations. Learning the many conjugations and uses of the verb is crucial to the study of the Italian language.

In general, transitive verbs are conjugated with avere. Transitive verbs express an action that carries over from the subject to the direct object: The teacher explains the lesson.

The past participle is invariable when the passato prossimo is constructed with avere.

Oggi Anna non lavora perchè ha lavorato ieri.Today Anna isn't working because she worked yesterday.The others worked yesterday too.Anche gli altri hanno lavorato ieri.

When the past participle of a verb conjugated with avere is preceded by the third person direct object pronouns lo, la, le, or li, the past participle agrees with the preceding direct object pronoun in gender and number.

Avere is an irregular verb (un verbo irregolare); it does not follow a predictable pattern of conjugation.

USING AUXILIARY VERB ESSEREWhen using essere, the past participle always agrees in gender and number with the subject of the verb. It can, therefore, have four endings: -o, -a, -i, -e. In many cases intransitive verbs (those that cannot take a direct object), especially those expressing motion, are conjugated with the auxiliary verb essere.

The verb essere is also conjugated with itself as the auxiliary verb.

Some of the most common verbs that form compound tenses with essere include:

andare —to go arrivare—to arrive cadere—to fall, to drop costare—to cost crescere—to grow diventare—to become durare—to last, to continue entrare—to enter morire—to die nascere—to be born partire—to leave, to depart restare—to stay, to remain tornare—to return uscire—to exit venire—to come

REGULAR PAST PARTICIPLES OF -ARE VERBSINFINITIVE FORM—PAST PARTICIPLEcamminare (to walk)—camminatoimparare (to learn)—imparatolavare (to wash)—lavatotelefonare (to telephone)—telefonato

REGULAR PAST PARTICIPLES OF -ERE VERBSINFINITIVE FORM—PAST PARTICIPLEcredere (to believe)—credutosapere (to know)—saputotenere (to keep)—tenuto

REGULAR PAST PARTICIPLES OF -IRE VERBSINFINITIVE FORM—PAST PARTICIPLEcapire (to understand)—capitofinire (to finish)—finito(to accept)—graditosentire (to feel, to smell)—sentito

Below are examples of the passato prossimo with conjugated forms of the verb avere.

PASSATO PROSSIMO WITH REGULAR VERBSPERSON IMPARARE (TO

LEARN)CREDERE (TO

BELIEVE)CAPIRE (TO

UNDERSTAND)(io) ho imparato ho creduto ho capito(tu) hai imparato hai creduto hai capito(lui, lei, Lei)

ha imparato ha creduto ha capito

(noi) abbiamo imparato

abbiamo creduto

abbiamo capito

(voi) avete imparato avete creduto avete capito(loro, hanno imparato hanno creduto hanno capito

PERSON IMPARARE (TO LEARN)

CREDERE (TO BELIEVE)

CAPIRE (TO UNDERSTAND)

Loro)

Watch Now: How to Order Coffee or Cappuccino in Italian

Obiettivo 4B parte IV

PARTE I

IL PASSATO PROSSIMO!

The Passato Prossimo

The Passato Prossimo is one of the most commonly used past tenses in Italian. It is a compound tense, therefore the auxiliary verbs avere and essere are used in conjugation. Note that the following conjugations are both irregular.Avere- to have

Io hoTu haiLui/Lei haNoi abbiamoVoi aveteLoro hanno

Essere- to beIo sonoTu seiLui/Lei èNoi siamoVoi sieteLoro sono

The Past Participle

The past participle is used with the verbs avere and essere to form the passato prossimo. To form the past participle, the ending of the verb (-are, -ere, -ire) are changed as follows:

verbs ending in -are take -ato for their past participle (example: parlare changes to parlato)verbs ending in -ere take -uto for their past participle (example: vendere changes to venduto)verbs ending in -ire take -ito for their past participle (example: finire changes to finito)

Note that the past participle of avere is avuto and the past participle of essere is stato.Formation of the Passato Prossimo with Avere

To form the passato prossimo, you have to use avere or essere plus the past participle. Most verbs take avere for the passato prossimo; all reflexive verbs take essere and a few select verbs of motion take essere.For now, we’ll deal with the verbs that take avere. First, you conjugate avere for the appropriate subject, then place the past participle after it.

Example: parlare- to speakIo ho parlatoTu hai parlatoLui/Lei ha parlatoNoi abbiamo parlatoVoi avete parlatoLoro hanno parlato

The literal translation of this is I have spoken, you have spoken, he/she has spoken, etc. However, this tense is the main past tense used in Italian and can

be loosely translated as I spoke, you spoke, he/she spoke, etc. Note that almost all verbs are conjugated this way with the passato prossimo.

PASATO PROSSIMOItalian “Passato prossimo” is one of the tense of the past that we use when we talk about actions, events and facts which happened in the past (not long ago); it is a compound tense (formed with 2 words).

The first one is the present tense (presente) of “avere” or “essere” (in italian we have 2 auxiliary verbs: we do not use only “to have = avere“); the second word is the past participle (= participio passato) of the verb that I have to conjugate.

Be carefully: the negation “NON” comes before the auxilliary verb.E.g. Ieri notte non ho dormito (= I didn’t sleep last night). Ieri non sono andato/a a scuola (I didn’t go to school yesterday)

Italian regular “participio passato”

-are > -ato -ere > -uto -ire > -ito

Parlare > parlato Avere > avuto Partire > part

–

Italian “Passato prossimo” (verbs that use the auxiliary (helping verb) “Avere” = to have):We used auxiliary “Avere” when: The verbs can have something (an object) after them: these verb are “transitivi =

transitive” verbs (they are marked in every Italian dictionary with “tr.”) e.g.

“mangiare = to eat (qualcosa = something)”; “sapere = to know (qualcosa = something)” or “sentire = to hear (qualcosa o qualcuno = something or somebody)”

Few intransitive verbs as “camminare/passeggiare = to walk”; “viaggiare = to journey”; “sciare = to ski” and “nuotare = to swim”.

[Be carefully: when the auxiliary is “avere”, the past participle (il participio passato) does not change!]

-are -ere -ire

Ho mangiato Ho saputo Ho sentito

Hai mangiato Hai saputo Hai sentito

Ha mangiato Ha saputo Ha sentito

Abbiamo mangiato Abbiamo saputo Abbiamo sentito

Avete mangiato Avete saputo Avete sentito

Hanno mangiato Hanno saputo Hanno sentito

Some examples:– Ieri ho mangiato gli spaghetti a casa di Maria. E tu? Cosa hai mangiato?– Io non ho mangiato: ho lavorato tutto il giorno.

– Ho saputo/sentito che Paolo ha trovato (= to find) un nuovo lavoro…– Sì, però ora abita (=to live) a Torino

– L’anno scorso (=last year) ho studiato l’italiano– Anche io (= me too)

– Irregular past participles

Italian irregular “participio passato”

Infinito > participio passato Auxiliary English infinitive

Aprire > aperto Ho aperto To open

Bere > bevuto Ho bevuto To drink

Chiedere > chiesto Ho chiesto To ask

Chiudere > chiuso Ho chiuso To close

Cuocere > cotto Ho cotto To cook

Decidere > deciso Ho deciso To decide

Dire > detto Ho detto To tell

ESSERE > stato Sono stato/a To be

Fare > fatto Ho fatto To do/ to make

Leggere > letto Ho letto To read

Mettere > messo Ho messo To put

Morire > morto Sono morto/a To die

Nascere > nato Sono nato/a To be born

Perdere > perso Ho perso To lose

Prendere > preso Ho preso To take

Rimanere > rimasto Sono rimasto/a To stay/to remain

Scegliere > scelto Ho scelto To choose

Scrivere > scritto Ho scritto To write

Spegnere > spento Ho spento To turn off

Succedere > successo E’ successo/a To happen

Vedere > visto Ho visto To see

Venire > venuto Sono venuto/a To come

Vincere > vinto Ho vinto To win

SAPERE/CONOSCERE

IndicativoPresenteio sotu sailui sanoi sappiamovoi sapeteloro

Sanno

Passato prossimoio ho saputotu hai saputolui ha saputonoi abbiamo saputovoi avete saputolorohanno saputo

“I know how to play the piano” and

“I know him.”

While the main verb “to know” in those two phrases doesn’t differ in English, it does in Italian.

In fact, the two verbs you would use would be either “sapere” or “conoscere.” Both mean "to know," but have different implications.

Sapere means "to know” in the sense of "to be able to," or "to know how to." It can also be understood as knowing about a situation or a fact, like “Non sapevo che tu fossi qui.

- I didn’t know that you were here.”

Conoscere, on the other hand, means “to know” in the sense of “to know someone” or “to know an area, town, restaurant, etc.

Take a look at these examples with "sapere" in the present tense:

Non so sciare. - I don’t know how to ski. So cantare. - I know how to sing. / I am able to sing. Non lo so. - I don’t know. Non so la risposta giusta. - I don’t know the right

answer. Lei sa quando il treno arriva? - Do you know when the

train arrives? (formal) So la lezione. - I know the lesson.

TIP: The last example could also be used with the verb conoscere: “Conosco la lezione. -  I prepared for today’s lesson.”

Other tenses:

(Il condizionale) Credo di sì, ma...non saprei. - I believe so, but...I wouldn’t know.

(L’imperfetto ) Sapevi che Marco frequenta qualcuno? - Did you know that Marco is dating someone?

(L’imperfetto) Non sapevo che tu volessi imparare l’italiano! - I didn’t know that you wanted to learn Italian!

TIP: If you want to say something like “I’m able to speak Italian,” you would use the verb “riuscire” instead. For example, “Riesco a parlare bene Italiano. - I’m able to speak Italian well.” You can read more about how to use the verb “riuscire” here.

Here are some examples using the verb “conoscere” in the present tense:

Non conosciamo Bologna molto bene. - We don't know Bologna very well. / We aren’t very familiar with Bologna.

Il ristorante si chiama L’archetto? Mhh, non lo conosco. - The restaurant is called L’archetto? Hmm, I don’t know it.

Quel film con Hugh Grant? Quello in cui conosce un’attrice e si innamorano? - Do you know that Hugh Grant movie? The one where he meets that actress and they fall in love?

Other tenses:

(Il passato prossimo) Ho conosciuto Francesca a casa di Giuseppe. - I met Francesca at Giuseppe's house.

(Il passato prossimo) Li Abbiamo conosciuti tre anni fa. - We met them three years ago.

(L'imperfetto) Da bambino conoscevo bene New York, ma tutto era cambiato da quel periodo. - When I was a kid, I knew New York well, but everything has changed since that time.

TIP: Unlike the verb “conoscere,” which means the same thing when conjugated in the present, past, or imperfect tenses, the

meaning of “sapere” changes when in the passato prossimo form. For example, when you say “Ieri sera ho saputo che lei viene qua. - Last night I found out that she’s coming here.” So, you could define “sapere” in the past tense as “to find out.” If you’re curious about more differences in verbs between the past tense and imperfect tense.

VERBS are like a subway systemThey take you far and to many places

They are the TRANSPORTATION SYSTEM of LANGUAGE!