G.M. Tino, LNF, 16/2/2005

Orologi e interferometri atomiciOrologi e interferometri atomicinuovi sensori ad atomi ultrafreddinuovi sensori ad atomi ultrafreddi

per esperimenti di fisica fondamentale e applicazioni per esperimenti di fisica fondamentale e applicazioni in laboratori terrestri e nello spazioin laboratori terrestri e nello spazio

Dipartimento di Fisica, LENS - Università degli Studi di FirenzeINFN, Sezione di Firenze

Guglielmo M. TinoGuglielmo M. Tino

G.M. Tino, LNF, 16/2/2005

Laser cooling of atomsvL L

Lab ref. frame

Atom ref. frame

L(1-v/c) L(1+v/c)

Idea: T.W. Hänsch, A. Schawlow, 1975Exp. demonstration: S. Chu et al., 1985

0

222

22 2

/8(v) v = - v[1 ]4 ( )

L I IhFc

Sr MOTLENS, Firenze

G.M. Tino, LNF, 16/2/2005

The Nobel Prize in Physics 1997

G.M. Tino, LNF, 16/2/2005

The Nobel Prize in Physics 2001

G.M. Tino, LNF, 16/2/2005

Atom optics

Atomic beamOven

lenses

mirrors

beam-splittersatom

laser

interferometers

atom

laser

2 m

mT>Tc T<Tc

Atom Laser

G.M. Tino, LNF, 16/2/2005

BEC production time < 10 s

Laser Cooling and loading: (<10 s)Single MOT system (need <50 mW of light)108 atoms at T 50 K and n 1010 cm-3

Evaporative cooling: (<1 s)Static magnetic trap (Ioffe-type)(need < 10 W) 105 atoms in condensate

a = 1 kHzr = 10 kHz

-traps

G.M. Tino, LNF, 16/2/2005

Atomic clocks

.t = 1

The definition of the second

The second is the duration of 9 192 631 770 periods of the radiation corresponding to the transition between the two hyperfine levels of the ground state of the 133Cs atom(13th CGPM, 1967)

G.M. Tino, LNF, 16/2/2005

Atomic clocksAtomic clocks

• Location finding• Precision navigation and navigation in outer space• Variability of Earth’s rotation rate and other periodic phenomena• Earth’s crustal dynamics• Secure telecommunications

• Very Long Baseline Interferometry (VLBI)• Spectroscopy• Expression of other physical quantities in terms of time• Tests of constancy of fundamental constants• Tests of the special and general theories of relativity

G.M. Tino, LNF, 16/2/2005

Accuracy of the atomic timeAccuracy of the atomic time

1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 201010-17

1x10-16

10-15

1x10-14

1x10-13

1x10-12

1x10-11

1x10-10

1x10-9

NPL

?

PTB

Optical clocks

NIST

Ca PTB

H MPQ

Cold atoms

Microwave clocksSlope: gain of 10 every 10 years

ACCURACY OF THE ATOMIC TIME

SYRTE

PTBNIST

PTBNRCNBSVNIIFTRI

NPLNBSLSRH

RE

LATI

VE

AC

CU

RA

CY

YEAR

from C. Salomon

G.M. Tino, LNF, 16/2/2005

Towards a Sr clock – The experiment in Firenze

-400 -200 0 200

0.04

0.06

0.08

0.10

0.12

0.14

0.16

0.18

0.2087Sr

88Sr

84Sr

86Sr

Laser detuning (MHz)

Fluo

resc

ence

sig

nal (

V)

Abundance88Sr 82.6%86Sr 9.9%87Sr 7.0%84Sr 0.6%

1S0 - 3P1 (7.5 kHz) 1S0 - 3P0 (1 mHz, 87Sr) 1S0 - 3P2 (0.15 mHz)Optical trapping in Lamb-Dicke regime with negligible change of clock frequency

• Optical clocks using visible intercombination lines

Firenze 2003, Magneto-optical trapping of all Sr isotopes

Comparison with different ultra-stable clocks(PHARAO/ACES)

http://www.lens.unifi.it/poli/

Isotope I transition lifetime tint y t-1/2 abundance

88Sr 0 1S0-3P1 20 s 689 nm 10 s 2 10-13 83%87Sr 9/2 1S0-3P0 200 s 698 nm 0.5 s 10-17 7%

PHARAO

G.M. Tino, LNF, 16/2/2005

Atomic Clock Ensemble in Space

PHARAO : Cold Atom Clock in Space. CNES (France)A. Clairon, P. Laurent, P. Lemonde, M. Abgrall, S. Zhang, C. Mandache, F. Allard, M. Maximovic, F. Pereira, G. Santarelli, Y. Sortais, S. Bize, H. Marion, D. Calonico, (BNM-LPTF), N. Dimarcq (LHA), C. Salomon (ENS)SHM : Space Hydrogen Maser. ON (Switzerland)L. Jornod, D. Goujon, L.G. Bernier, P. Thomann, G. BuscaMWL : Microwave link. Kayser-Threde-Timetech (Germany)W. Schaefer, S. Bedrich

ACES is open to any interested scientific userW. Knabe, P. Wolf, L. Blanchet, P. Teyssandier, P. Uhrich, A. SpalliciNew members :2001: UWA (Australia), A. Luiten, M. Tobar, J. Hartnett, R. Kovacich2002: LENS (Italy), G.M. Tino, G. Ferrari, L. Cacciapuoti

ESA: MSMStephen Feltham CNES:C. Sirmain + team of 20 engineers at CST, Toulouse

Support: ESA, CNES, BNM, CNRS

• A cold atom clock in space• Worldwide access• Fundamental physics tests

H= 400 kmV=7 km/sT= 5400 s

G.M. Tino, LNF, 16/2/2005

ACES ON COLUMBUS EXTERNAL ACES ON COLUMBUS EXTERNAL PLATFORMPLATFORM

M = 227 kg P = 450 W

Launch date : end of 2008Mission duration : 18 months

ACES

G.M. Tino, LNF, 16/2/2005

ACES objectives

L. Blanchet, C. Salomon, P. Teyssandier, and P. Wolf, A&A 370, 320 (2001)

G.M. Tino, LNF, 16/2/2005

PARCSPrimary Atomic Reference Clock in Space

G.M. Tino, LNF, 16/2/2005

atomic flux at exit port 1 at exit port 2Phase difference

21

Flux

Atom InterferometryAtom Interferometry

Atom interferometer

G.M. Tino, LNF, 16/2/2005

2driftacc Tk

a

a

Ahm22 at

rot

Matter wave sensors

rotations:

10at

ph

mat 105h

cm~

17112

atph

mat 1010vc~

accelerations:

G.M. Tino, LNF, 16/2/2005

Atom gravimeter/gradiometer in Firenze

s 90 in 101.9Hz1106.8gg 76

G.M. Tino, LNF, 16/2/2005

I

1

2

II

1

2

z1

z2

In collaboration with LNF, Frascati

Misura Accurata di G mediante Interferometria Atomica

http://www.fi.infn.it/sezione/esperimenti/MAGIA/home.html

MAGIA

G.M. Tino, LNF, 16/2/2005

HYPER

Differential measurement between two atom gyroscopes and a star tracker orbiting around the Earth

~h/mImproving knowledge offine-structure constant

Mapping Lense-Thirring effect close to the Earth

Atomic gyroscope control of a satellite

Testing EP with microscopic bodies

G.M. Tino, LNF, 16/2/2005

Laser Cooled Atom (LCA) Sensor

for Ultra-High-Accuracy Gravitational Acceleration

and Rotation Measurements

in response to ESA ITT No. AO-1-4477/03/NL/CH

G.M. Tino, LNF, 16/2/2005

ICE : interferometry in 0-g

G.M. Tino, LNF, 16/2/2005

G.M. Tino, LNF, 16/2/2005

G.M. Tino, LNF, 16/2/2005

Future prospects:Atom interferometers

• Development of transportable atom interferometers EC-STREP “FINAQS”: BEC or Fermionic Source?

• Test of Newton’s law at short distances • Test of equivalence principle

• Test of equivalence principle for anti-matter (?)

space

• New detectors for gravitational waves (?)

geophysics

• Accurate measurement of h/m and • Search for electron-proton charge inequality

• New definition of kg

G.M. Tino, LNF, 16/2/2005

Gravitational wave detection by atom interferometry

Presentation at 2004 Aspen Winter College on Gravitational Waves:See http://www.ligo.caltech.edu/LIGO_web/Aspen2004/pdf/vetrano.pdf

See also: Chiao RY, Speliotopoulos AD, J. Mod. Opt. 51, 861 (2004)A. Roura, D.R. Brill, B.L. Hu, C.W. Misner, gr-qc/0409002

G.M. Tino, LNF, 16/2/2005

Fine