R e v e a l i n g E l e m e n t s

A n d r e w M. Q u e e n

Thesis submitted to the faculty of Virginia Polytechnic Instituteand State University in partial fulfillment of the requirements forthe degree of Master of Architecture.

Approved by:

M i c h a e l J. O � B r i e n,c h a i r m a n

W i l l i a m U. G a l l o w a y

J a m e s R. J o n e s

Blacksburg, Virginia May 2001

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A c k n o w l e d g m e n t s

Heather Queen, whose love and encouragementhas been my driving force.

Rian James who has given me a whole differentperspective of life.

Bill Belanger, whose contribution to my educationand maturity has had profound influence.

My Committee members for improving mythinking.

C O N T E N T S

AbstractPiecesElements base frame enclosure division machinesPhotographic CreditsBibliographyVita

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Abstract

The design and construction of a buildingpresents many conditions where materialsmust be joined and many opportunitieswhere the workings may be revealed. Byrevealing the additive process, the joiningof the pieces, the connecting of theelements, and the relation of the parts to thewhole, one may discover the workings andgain an understanding of the thing. It iswithin this understanding, this awareness ofmaterials, that we may strengthen ourconnection with a place.

The vehicle for studying these ideas ofarchitecture is a public library for the town ofRiner, Virginia. The building is a constructionof elements; base, frame, enclosure, division,and machines. It is in how these things areput together with hierarchy, importance,truth, and honesty where one gets toarchitecture.

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2. Louis Kahn, Sher-e-Bangla Nagar; Hospital

Pieces

Throughout the construction of a buildingmany pieces must be brought together:nailed, screwed, glued, set upon, weldedbolted, or tied to fasten one material toanother. All these pieces have inherentcharacteristics which must be consideredin order to achieve architecture. Louis Kahnasked the material what it wanted to be, bythis he meant, in what way does a material�sproperties effect its potential for achievingarchitecture. A brick �wants� to be incompression yet a wall needs an opening,an arch is the resulting architecture of thesetwo considerations.

A material�s characteristics can also implyits construction. To create an arch bricksneed temporary support, the centering. Asegmented arch develops an outwardhorizontal thrust. Kahn makes architectureout of this by making a place for thecentering which remains in the wall andbecomes a beam to contain the outwardthrust.

1. Louis Kahn, Indian Institute of Management

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The steel frame which sparingly touches the land makespossible the use of a glass facade, making the building openand transparent. This transparent volume echos thetransparent void of the base.

It is a machine which has been placed in nature, a temporaryresiding, not disturbing anything around it. It is constructedof light materials, large panels of glass within a frame of steelbeams and columns.

On the opposite end of the spectrum the Ames MemorialLibrary by H. H. Richardson constructed in 1877 is a buildingconstructed of a heavy masonry mass which rises as anextension of the ground as if some geological event has thrustit from the earth, its layered base tapering inward meets themassive walls. The Ames Library has an imposing sense ofpermanence, as though it has been there for many years andwill continue to do so.

4. Mies Van Der Rohe, Farnsworth House3. Henry Hobson Richardson, Ames Memorial Library 5. David Salmela, Jackson Meadow

Elements . base

The relationship of a building to the land is more than just aconcrete foundation. How this connection is thought of andexecuted has great importance to the building�s architectureand how its materials, pieces and elements, are broughttogether.

Two opposite conditions can be imagined: the building risingout of the ground as if it were part of the earth, or the buildingsitting on top, lightly touching the land, a foreign object withinthe realm of nature.

The Farnsworth House by Mies Van Der Rohe is a buildingfloating above the land. The consequence of thisarchitectural idea is a lightly constructed building.

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Early schemes of the plinth were considered as a stone or concrete mass rising out of the earth.These conditions of the plinth create an �either - or� situation. A person may be either on the topor down at the bottom. The terracing of the land to make the plinth creates more opportunity.One may be at the top close to the building, at the bottom on the lawn, or sitting at any terracelevel in-between.

Plinth as sloped concrete wall.The sloping face is moreambiguous in its definition ofthe edge and adds height tothe building visually.

Plinth as vertical concrete wall.The vertical concrete clearlydefines the edge betweensurface for building andsurface for turf.

Plinth again as slopedconcrete wall but the turf wouldmeet the concrete, giving theconcrete no apparentthickness. This conditionseems to �shear the land� tomake the plinth.

Here the concrete plinth hasthickness and appears to bean applied slab holding backthe earth.

. base

A third condition exists somewhere betweenthe two, or perhaps a combination of thetwo, neither rooted nor floating butpresenting a separation of building and land.In the buildings at Jackson Meadow byDavid Salmela a thick horizontal band witha thin top shadow line makes the separationbetween the vertical lines of the facade�sbattens and the blanket of green turf.

The Riner Library seeks this combinedcondition by making a place in the land toreceive the building as well as separatingthe building from the surface. The mediationof building and land is achieved by ahorizontal band of steel. This steel createsseparation by visual contrast, color andmaterial.

The building�s base is not �of the building�but rather �of the land� - a plinth. This givesthe building a place on the site where thesite is prepared to receive the building. Theplinth is also what gives permanence, if thebuilding were to be removed the terracedearth would mark the place.

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The placement of the building and the spaces withinwas given consideration with regard to the movementof the sun. This early sketch shows the linearorganization from east to west which allows everyspace to receive natural sunlight. The entrance on thenorth side would receive rising and setting sun duringthe summer and the main stair on the south wouldreceive this during the winter.

. base

Site Plan

The Riner Library is located on a hillside siteon the corner of route 8 and the driveway tothe elementary school. The high school is tothe north. Given the proximity to these publicschools the site is considered just asimportant to learning and discovery as thelibrary.

Siting the building and parking at the top ofthe hill creates an opportunity to capturethe rain water runoff. This is done by slopingmuch of the parking lot to the northeastcorner where water is collected in a pond.The long sloping lawn from the gatheringspace to the pond presents an opportunityfor an outdoor amphitheater. A pavilionwould make a place for musicians toentertain or school classes to take place.

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library buildinggathering spacesouth lawnparkingamphitheaterpond pavilionpond

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north

A room for cars

The parking lot is developed as a room with the north and west edgesbound by a dense planting of red cedar trees. Entry occurs at the northedge crossing a gravel threshold as a line of Bradford pear trees lead to theentrance of the library. Silver maple trees would line the secondary axis atthe parking spaces. The white spring blooms of the pears would extendthe white entrance canopy. The fall foliage would also bring accent to theentry axis with the pear trees in red and orange and the parking lot maplesin yellow. The gathering space is bound on the south by the building andon the north by Redbud trees which define it as a separate space. On thesouth side of the building Bradford pear trees are planted to provide shadeand help direct wind down into the building.

Site Plan 320 16 64

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Elements . frame

Often in architecture when we hear the word framewe think of a grid of columns with beamsconnecting to the columns. This structural conditioncan enable the wall to be free of structural obligationand become infill. The Yale Center for British Art byLouis Kahn is a good example of this. The beamsand columns are constructed of concrete and thevoid within is filled with a panel wall. This allowsthe placement of openings within the panel to beconsidered in a non-structural context. Also, specialconsideration is given to the joint between thepanel and the structure. The Kimball Art Museumis similar. The vault is spanning from one end wallto another, the wall underneath is non-structural.To express this fact of �infill wall� Kahn has placeda thin window along the vault, the joint, separatingstructure from panel.

Another way to think of frame is as a completesystem of beams and columns constructedtogether to create one element, a bent. This systemwas often utilized in the construction of manyAmerican barns, where the bent would repeat onsome module and purlins would span from bent tobent. The bent can be constructed on the groundand simply tilted into place.

In the Thorncrown chapel Fay Jones creates aspectacular density with repeating framesconstructed of many 2 by 6 pieces of wood. Thisdensity is enhanced by the transparency of theglass enclosure.

6. Louis Kahn, Kimball Art Museum

8. Fay Jones, Thorncrown Chapel7. Louis Kahn, Yale Center for British Art

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. frame

The structure of the Riner Library is of the frame-bentsystem. This series of frames on an eight footincrement creates alcoves for the placement ofbooks. The books are contained on shelves withineach frame which enables the floor system to be freeof the structural requirements of carrying books. TheWinn Memorial Library by H. H. Richardson is similarin that alcoves contain the books but its structure isperpendicular to the alcoves. This results in acreation of separate rooms, the main or grand centralspace, and the book alcove which is entered bypassing through the line of columns. In the RinerLibrary the alcove is considered as a part of the maincentral space only being defined by material of floorand ceiling. The repetition of the frames also servesto accentuate the axis from entry to inglenook.

9. H. H. Richardson, Winn Memorial Library

. frame

The construction of the frame was initially conceivedas being constructed of rolled steel sections,channels and angles. These channels wereconnected to create inner and outer legs and thebookshelves would be fastened in-between. In orderto have presence visually these legs or columnsneeded to be eight to twelve inches. This meant thatthe steel was becoming very heavy. A typical librarywith 20 foot bays can have columns of 40 to 50 poundsper foot. The rolled steel frames which occur every 8feet were much more than that. In an effort to reduceweight, cold formed metal framing was considered.Because of the small bay size, 8 feet, and the numberof frames present, the load on each frame is notexcessive and therefore will allow the use of lightermaterials.

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In this early scheme the inner and outer legs of the frame are 8 inch miscellaneouschannel weighing almost 23 pounds per foot. Given the four channels the weight perfoot is 92 pounds which translates to a very expensive frame since the cost of steel isbased on weight.

The frames final design, executed in cold formed metal, is a constructionof four members fastened together, two 8 inch, twelve gage back-to-back and two 6 inch, sixteen gage back-to-back. The combinedweight of this would be an economical 12 pounds per foot. Sincethese frames are constructed of many pieces, who�s tolerance isminimal, it would be advantageous to build them in a controlledenvironment and then be delivered to the site for final erection. Thiswould require the frame be constructed in three pieces, the roof trussand the leg trusses.

In another early scheme, using rolled steelmembers, the inner leg of the frame provides a placefor the electrical conduit and receptacle box. The�cable with ball end� indicated is for the support ofthe book shelves.

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. frame

Main Level Floor Plan

The main programmatic spaces;meeting room, book room, andreading room, are a linearorganization which create an east-west axis. Upon entry this axis isevident and heightened by therepetition of the frame at 8 footincrements which presents adense perspective from theelevator to the inglenook. The floormaterial, parallel strips ofbamboo, also reinforce thiscondition.

1.2.3.4.5.6.7.8.9.10.11.

entryreading roombook roommeeting roominglenooklibrarianrestroomkitchenofficeelevatormain stair

The floor plan of the RinerLibrary is based on the smallpublic libraries designed byH. H. Richardson. In the CraneMemorial Library theprogrammatic elements areclearly defined; entry, bookroom and reading room.

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The building sits at the top of the hill on a base plinth. Oneapproaches in a spiral fashion seeing the entire buildingas the progression winds around the hill and enters theroom for parking. The realm of the car is paved in asphaltand where the car comes to rest, the parking space, thematerial changes to a porous concrete and grass paving,the realm of the person. Now a pedestrian, one exits thecar and walks down a shaded secondary axis which ispaved in 8 inch by 16 inch concrete blocks. This leads tothe main entry axis which becomes a more refined 4 inchby 8 inch concrete brick. The culmination of this progressionand the refinement of materials occurs at the entry doorwhere the door handle and lock plate are bronze.

Main Level FloorPlan 320 4 8 16

10. H. H. Richardson, Crane Memorial Library

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. frame

Lower Level Floor Plan

At the lower level the frames sit onpiers of concrete block. Thesepiers are at desk height andcapped with concrete. Here, asabove, the legs of the framesupport shelves for books. 2 3

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inglenookspecial collectionarchivestudymachine roomlanding nookrestroomelevatorreading room

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For heating and cooling of the building ageothermal heat pump system is used. Theheating is distributed through radiantconcrete floor slabs and the cooling and freshair is distributed through a system of metalducts. These ducts travel from the center ofthe building to chase locations on theperimeter. At the lower level these chasesoccur in troughs in the concrete floor and arevisible with wood cover panels which allowaccess to the ducts and associateddampers.

Lower Level FloorPlan 320 4 8 16

The main volume of the library�s books wouldbe kept on shelves fastened to the mainframe but there may be a need for some freestanding book shelves. These smallshelves, 4 feet in width, would also be frameswith the shelves occurring in-between. Theframe, vertical legs and cross brace wouldbe wood stained black and the shelveswould be a clear finished hardwood.

The connection of the shelf to the frame is similar for the main book shelves and the free standing shelves.Compression and tension are developed by the use of a steel cable. As the weight of the books deflects theshelf the steel cable is tensioned, as a result this tension pulls the legs together and puts the wood shelf incompression.

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. frame

Upper Level Floor Plan

The upper level is for the children�scollection. The frame is designedto create low intimate spaces atthe perimeter and soar at the ridgewhere natural light is introduced.The arching bottom chord of theroof truss serves to lower the spaceand visually connect the perimeterbook spaces.

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open to belowchildren�s booksreadingstudystory tellingelevator

The upper level is designed toaccommodate the height ofchildren with the bookshelvesand windows no higher than fourfeet.

Upper Level FloorPlan 320 4 8 16

13. Mies Van Der Rohe, Crown Hall11. 12. Richard Meier, House in Pound Ridge

Elements . enclosure

A building�s enclosure or skin can be thoughtof several ways; the enclosure can occurinside of the structure, within the same planeas the structure, or outside of the structure.

Some of the work of Mies Van Der Rohe is agood example of enclosure inside of thestructure. Crown Hall School of Architectureat the Illinois Institute of Technology exhibitsthis. The enclosure, roof and glass facade,is hung from the structure enabling the planto be free of columns and attain maximumtransparency.

The work of Richard Meier illustrates theenclosure outside the structure. For theHouse in Pound Ridge, New York Meiercreates an exterior facade unincumberedby the structural grid. By placing theenclosure three feet from the columns thefacade has no structural obligation,something which Le Corbusier deemed �thefree wall�. As a result of this separation afield of columns is present within an enclosedspace. These columns serve to define areaswithin the open plan.

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. enclosure

For an example of enclosure within the structure wecan look to the work of E. Fay Jones. In the Thorncrownchapel the glass enclosure occurs between theframes. This allows the vertical line of the frame tohave presence on the exterior as well as the interior.Also the enclosure serves to link the frames togetherinto one long structure.

In the Riner Library, the enclosure is similar to that ofRichard Meier, outside the structure. This conditionenables the separation of the frame and theenclosure, which clearly defines these elements. Theenclosure is a construction of structural insulatedpanels which are fastened to the steel framing. Thesepanels act as a thermal and moisture enclosure sincethe lateral stability of the frames is derived from metaltruss braces between. The joints of the panels areaccentuated by use of a batten. The battens makean honest expression of the panels on the exterior astheir shadow is projected onto the white panel�ssurface as well as an air and water tight joint.

14. Fay Jones, Thorncrown Chapel

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. enclosure

In elevation the panelswhich make theenclosure create threezones in the facade: thebase, the middle, andthe top. The base iscreated by theplacement of the 4 footby 10 foot panels, eitheragainst the frame or offthe frame. This makes anundulating pattern oflight and shadow. Themiddle is a 4 foot highband of windows whichseparate base from top.The top, roof, is a panelenclosure clad in abattened metal roofing.The three inch battensare spaced at two footintervals and becomestanding seams at theentry where the roofridge breaks.

In the small public libraries designed byH. H. Richardson the bookroom wing was ahorizontal expression of base middle and top.In the Ames Library in North Easton the base isa mass of rough faced stone which becomessmooth and tapered as it meets the ground.The middle, windows with articulatedcolumns, separates base from top. The top,roof, is defined against the sky with anarticulated ridge.

Longitudinal Section / North Elevation 320 4 8 16

15. H. H. Richardson, Ames Memorial Library

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South Elevation 320 4 8 16

17. Winn Library16. Ames Library

. enclosure

The libraries by H. H.Richardson clearly definebuilding from sky byarticulating the roof ridge.The Riner Libraryproposes the samedefinition but at a largerscale. As the enclosurepanels come to the ridgethey �finger� together tocreate roof wings. Thiscondition, also presentsopportunities for sunlightand natural ventilation.

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. enclosure

The use of insulatedpanels as enclosurepresents many conditionsfor openings where twopanels meet.

West Elevation 320 4 8 16East Elevation32 04816

The roof wing windowscame about as a result of anarchitectural idea butsubsequent study in thewind tunnel has shown themto be very useful for naturalventilation. The roof wingwindows can be openedwhile all other windowsremain closed and the risingwarm air will escape out ofthe building. This is adesirable condition since thewarm air rises above theoccupants and is allowedto vent to the outside.

A second operatingcondition of the buildingwould be all windows, or ahigh percentage, open andthe roof wing windowsclosed. This would allowfor significant crossventilation.

The third operatingcondition of the buildingwould be all windowsclosed except for theupper level leeward sideand the roof wing windowson the windward sideopen. This would allowfor the ventilation of warmair at the underside of theroof. This condition maynot be completelydesirable given the factthat the warm air is beingbrought back down tooccupant level beforebeing exhausted.

The fourth conditionpossible would be to openwindows on the windwardside while also opening theroof wing windows on theleeward side. This wouldallow air to flow into the mainand upper levels and bedrawn out the roof wing. Thestaggered placement of thewings would help to inducea negative pressure whichwould increase the draw ofair through the roof wing.

The staggering of the wall panels makes aplace for a person to sit and read a book withnatural light coming from the sides. Thiscondition also works well for naturalventilation. As air flows into the wall it isdiverted left and right into the open window.

. enclosure

The western terminus ofthe building�s axis is theinglenook where librarypatrons can gather insmall groups or forindividual reading. Itsconstruction is a concretemass enclosing a masonrymass. This masonry massacts as a light shaftilluminating the inglenooklike the altar of a church.

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Elements . division

In an architecture of elements, where pieces andconnections are exposed, the question arises, how doesone divide spaces? Interior partition walls have nostructural obligation and therefore can be of any massand any material. Also, all materials should be exposed,their connections evident.

In the Ledge House by Bohlin Cywinski Jackson, thedivision is accomplished with elements of built-infurniture and wood frames clad with wood panels. Thejoining of the wood frame is a stacking similar to the logconstruction of the exterior wall. The panels are fastenedto the frame on one side or the other always revealingtheir points of connection. There is also a separation ofthe enclosure, roof and log wall, and the division by useof glass. This serves to clearly define these elements.

In the Yale Center for British Art Louis Kahn uses a woodpanel as division between gallery and atrium. To expressthis division as an element the joints of the wood withinthe panel are treated differently than the joint of thepanel to the structure. There is a difference in scalefrom one to the other. The division panel is treated as ifit were furniture, the entire panel is composed of 4smaller panels each with rails and stiles which meet atcenter mullions. The joint between panel, rail, stile,and mullion is small is dimension. These division panelscome together at a larger scale to create the wall of theatrium. Here the joint between panel and structure islarger in dimension recognizing the increase in scaleand maintaining the separation of these elements.

20. Ledge House, Bohlin Cywinski Jackson

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19. Louis Kahn, Yale Center for British Art

18. Ledge House, Bohlin Cywinski Jackson

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. division

The Riner Library has various divisionelements. Vertical division as walls dividingspaces and horizontal division as floorsdividing levels.

The horizontal division, floor, is a layering ofbeams and decking. The main girder, a 6inch by 14 inch engineered lumber, spansfrom one inner leg to another. The purlinbeams, 6 inch by 6 inch engineered lumber,then span from girder to girder. A 1 inch by6 inch wood decking is laid over the purlinsto make the ceiling and a thin strip bamboofinish floor is laid on top.

Section through Entrance 0 4 8 16

When using natural ventilation an opening is requiredin the floor to allow for the flow of air from the mainlevel to the upper level. By fastening the purlins ontop of the girders a 6 inch space is made where theair can flow. The decking of the ceiling and the flooringleave a 6 inch gap directly above the girder which isthen covered with a steel grate.

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. division

The vertical division walls are panelsfastened to frames. The material of thesepanels is dependent on the requirements ofthe division. The restrooms require a highlevel of privacy so the panels would beopaque, a plywood fastened to a subframewith considerations for its acousticperformance. The study spaces in the lowerand upper levels do not require the visualprivacy but need acoustic separation. Thesedivisions would be a translucent panelmounted on a wood subframe.

Section through Book Room 0 4 8 16

Here the division between the public stair space and therestrooms is a plywood panel on a metal subframe whichoccurs between the legs of the frame. A thin eighth of aninch gap is left between panels and the whole divisionelement is set within the frame.

23. Louis Kahn, Exeter Library21. Bohlin Cywinski Jackson, Ledge House

Elements . machines

Machines as an element can be defined into twogroups: those which are self operating and thosewhich require people to operate them. The firstgroup, self operating, are things like the boiler,chiller, air handling unit, plumbing and electricalsystems and all the related ducts and pipingthat go along with them. The relationship of thesemachines to the other elements is seldom giventhought and are rarely treated as visual devices.The second group includes things like stairs,elevators, doors, and windows. These are themachines humans come into close contact withand require consideration of articulation, surfacetexture, contrast, and materiality.

Some notable examples of these machinesbecoming part of the architecture is Louis Kahn�sLibrary at Phillips Exeter Academy and TheLedge House by Bohlin Cywinski Jackson.

In the Library at Exeter, Kahn uses the ducts notsimply to deliver the air needed but as anelement which continues the division elementbetween the two brick walls. These ducts alsopresent a change in texture as the smoothconcrete ceiling moves toward the wall.

In the Ledge House, the electrical boxes andconduit are allowed to be seen presenting acontrast between the galvanized metal and thefinished wood. This heightens the presence ofthese machines and demystifies the connectionfrom switch to fixture.

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22. Bohlin Cywinski Jackson, Ledge House

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. machines

In the Riner Library the self operating machines occurin vertical chases throughout the building. From themachine room on the lower level the chase runs underthe floor to feed the perimeter. These chases not onlycontain the metal ducts suppling fresh air but alsothe piping for the radiant floor slabs and the conduittrunk lines.

air intake

The entrance door is a machine which requires human intervention. It is the culminationof an entry progression which increases in the refinement of materials. The frame of thedoor is black steel and fastened with half inch lag bolts. The panel is a clear finishedmarine grade plywood panel. The point of human contact, the door handle and face plate,is bronze and fastened with quarter inch bronze screws.

The pivot doors which make the threshold to thebookroom and the reading room are a frame of twoby six wood with a steel edge for rigidity. Thepanel is comprised of interwoven wood slats whichprohibit view but allow air to flow through.

The handrail is another manual machine. It is probablythe thing most touched in a building and thereforeshould be considered for its tactile properties. Thehandrails of the Riner Library would be steel pipewrapped in leather which would terminate at a woodblock which receives the rail.

Photographic Credits

1.Brownlee, David B. / De Long, David G.Louis I. Kahn; In the Realm of ArchitectureRizzoli, New York, NY 1991.

2.Brownlee, David B. / De Long, David G.Louis I. Kahn; In the Realm of ArchitectureRizzoli, New York, NY 1991.

3.Photograph by author

4.Johson, PhillipMies Van Der RoheThe Museum of Modern Art, New York, NY 1978.

5.Fisher, Thomas�The Victory of the Commons� ArchitectureMarch 2001

6.Brownlee, David B. / De Long, David G.Louis I. Kahn; In the Realm of ArchitectureRizzoli, New York, NY 1991.

7.Brownlee, David B. / De Long, David G.Louis I. Kahn; In the Realm of ArchitectureRizzoli, New York, NY 1991.

8.Ivy, RobertThe Architecture of E. Fay JonesAmerican Institute of Architects, Washington, D.C. 1992.

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9.O�Gorman, James F.Living Architecture.Simon & Schuster, New York, NY 1997.

10.Van Rensselaer, Mariana GriswoldHenry Hobson and His WorksDover Publications, Inc, New York, NY 1969.

11.Meier, RichardRichard Meier, Architect.Oxford University Press, New York, NY 1976.

12.Meier, RichardRichard Meier, Architect.Oxford University Press, New York, NY 1976.

13.French, Svensen, Helsel, UrbanickMechanical DrawingMcGraw-Hill Book Company, New York 1980.

14.Ivy, RobertThe Architecture of E. Fay JonesAmerican Institute of Architects, Washington, D.C. 1992.

15.Van Rensselaer, Mariana GriswoldHenry Hobson and His WorksDover Publications, Inc, New York, NY 1969.

16.Van Rensselaer, Mariana GriswoldHenry Hobson and His WorksDover Publications, Inc, New York, NY 1969.

17.Van Rensselaer, Mariana GriswoldHenry Hobson and His WorksDover Publications, Inc, New York, NY 1969.

18.Riera Ojeda, Oscar,Ledge house.Rockport Publishers, Inc., Glouster, MA 1999.

19.Brownlee, David B. / De Long, David G.Louis I. Kahn; In the Realm of ArchitectureRizzoli, New York, NY 1991.

20.Riera Ojeda, Oscar,Ledge house.Rockport Publishers, Inc., Glouster, MA 1999.

21.Riera Ojeda, Oscar,Ledge house.Rockport Publishers, Inc., Glouster, MA 1999.

22.Riera Ojeda, Oscar,Ledge house.Rockport Publishers, Inc., Glouster, MA 1999.

23.Brownlee, David B. / De Long, David G.Louis I. Kahn; In the Realm of ArchitectureRizzoli, New York, NY 1991.

Bibliography

Brownlee, David B. / De Long, David G.Louis I. Kahn; In the Realm of ArchitectureRizzoli, New York, NY 1991

Johnson, Philip, Mies Van Der Rohe.The Museum of Modern Art, New York, NY 1978

O�Gorman, James F. Living Architecture.Simon & Schuster, New York, NY 1997

Meier, Richard, Richard Meier, Architect.Oxford University Press, New York, NY 1976

French, Thomas, Mechanical Drawing.Mcgraw-Hill Book Company, New York, NY 1980

Riera Ojeda, Oscar, Ledge house.Rockport Publishers, Inc., Glouster, MA 1999

Riera Ojeda, Oscar, Lake / Flato.Rockport Publishers, Inc., Rockport, MA 1996

Moore, Charles Allen, Gerald Lyndon, DonlynThe Place of Houses.Holt, Rinehart and Winston, New York, NY 1974

Van Rensselaer, Mariana GriswoldHenry Hobson and His WorksDover Publications, Inc, New York, NY 1969

Zirkle, Donald H., Integral Pieces:An Elemental Approach to Architecture.Master�s Thesis, Virginia Tech, 1991

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V i t a

0 7 . 2 7 . 7 3

Andrew Michael Queen

may 2001Master of ArchitectureVirginia Polytechnic Instituteand State University

may 1995Bachelor of ScienceKeene State College

may 1993Associate in ArchitecturalEngineering TechnologyNew Hampshire Technical Institute

may 2001Thomas Koontz , Architect, P.C.Blacksburg, Virginia 24060feb. 1999

jul. 1998The Burley PartnershipWaitsfield, Vermont 05673aug. 1996

jul. 1996Sheerr & McCrystal, Inc.New London, New Hampshiremay 1995

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