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    •  National Biodiversity Board-New Delhi

    • Camel crop-Sorgum

    •  Natural Genetic enginner-Agrobacterium tumefacience

    . ashmina !"inter cloth# obtained from- Goats

    . $aw of %olerance -Sheford

    • &leresine- Chilli

    • 'eshar!sefforon# belongs family-(ridaceae

    • "orld )ood ri*e+,./ !,st (ndian#-01S1 Swaminathan for Green revolution

    • "orld )ood ri*e+,. !2nd (ndian#-3ergese 'urien for 0il4 revolution

    . "orld )ood ri*e+2555 !6th (ndian#-S1 '1 'hus for 7uality rotein 0ai*e

    "orld )ood ri*e+ 255- Gebisa 89eta !8thiopia# for ,st sorghum hybrid for drought and srtiga

    weed1

    . 0ychory*a increase availability of - hosphorus

    • "ater :e;uirement of irrigated wetland rice-,655 mm

    •  Nurient mobility concepts-Bray

    .

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    • Area under Bt-cotton /16 0ha!255.#+ .1E 0ha !255#!.@H of cotton area#• )irst genetic engineering compony est1 ,/@+ Genentech• )irst transgenic crop- tobacco

    in Agriculture:

    • Bael fruit can be used to contol -rice blast

    • Cow urin used for - wheat termite control + sorghum smut control

    India’s position in world Agriculture Rank  

    • %otal Area Seventh• (rrigated Area )irst

    • opulation Second

    • INIAN! "#$ !%C&R% "$R' ($$ )RI*%!:

    • ,./ - Dr 0S Swaminathan- architect of (ndia>s green revolution

    • ,. -Dr 3erghese 'urien - 0il4 cooperatives

    • ,@ - Dr Gurudev S 'ush - improved yield potential of rice

    • ,. - 0r B : Barwale - )ounder of 0AIC&

    • 2555 - Dr Surinder ' 3assal - Developed ;uality protein mai*e

    • 2556 - 0odaduga v Gupta - )or A;uaculture

    !$+% I+)$R,AN, -%AR!:

    • 255-(nternational year of fibre

    • 25,5- (nternational year of Biodiversity

    "orld reen Re/olution:

    • (ncreasing the wheat production that began in 0e?ico in ,E61

    • %he term JGreen :evolutionJ was first used in ,@. by former

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    •

    • India’s Rank 

    • ,stK 0il4+ Coconut+ %ea+ Banana+ 0ango+ Cashew nut !e?port+ import and processing#

    and ulses

    • 2nd K :ice + "heat+ Cotton+ )ruit and vegetable

    • Frd - %obacco+ rubber+ 8gg and fertili*er 

    • Consumption of esticide is ma?imum

    o (mported esticide Carbaryl followed by cholorpyriphos

    o (ndigenous esticide BC followed by 0onocrotophos L 8ndosulfan

    • 8?port of Agro chemicals

    o 0a?imum !in terms of rupees# Cypermethrin followed by 8ndosulfan+ hosphide

    L $indane

    •

    • Brown revolution - romotion of Agro (ndustries Dvt1

    • in4 revolution - romotion of onion production

    • Iellow revolution - romision of oilseeds production

    • )irst laureate of the world food> pri*e Dr1 Swaminathan

    • "orld )ood pri*e -,.@

    •

    • ighest consumption - cotton 6EH followed by paddy 22H

    • "hich one of these is ma9or constituent of poultry feedM - 0ai*e

    • Bordeau? mi?ture is (ungicide

    • "hich of the following is used to turn over the soilM 0ould bould plough

    • NB)G:-National Bureau for )ish Genetic :esource is situated at- $uc4now

    • "hich of the following is not bio-control agent0 Xanthomonas

    • "hich of the following is comple? fertili*erM

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    1. #$R,IC&,&R%

    Cultivation/Production of Mango

    • B. N.  Mangifera indica

    • $rigin (ndo-Burma

    • (ruits type Drupe

    • %di2le part 0esocarp• +ain Nutrient 3it1 -A !E@@@5 ( deficiency

    :

    4

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    6. BI$C#%+I!,R-

    5. CARBOHYDRAT! 

    • &rganic compounds with a general formula !C2n

    • Carbohydrates can be classified into F categories+

     8a9+onosaccharides

    • ,rioses %rioses are simple sugars derived from hydrolysis of oligopolysaccharides have C atom

    ranging from F- !eg1#

    • %hey are of two types !a# Aldoses+ !b# 'etoses

    • Aldoses: Sugars with terminal C& aldehyde group aldotriose- Glyceraldehyde !simplest sugar#

    o Aldoterose- 8rythrose+ thresose

    o Aldopentose - Arabiose ribose deo?yribose

    o Aldohe?ose - Glucose+ galactose+ mannose

    • ;etoses: aving CQ& group

    • ;etohe3ose: )ructose - (t is the sweetest among all the sugars1

    829 $ligosaccharides

    8I9 isaccharides: eg1 Sucrose+ 0altose+ $actose+ cellobiose

    8II9,risaccharides: eg. Raffinose

    8III9 ,eirasaccharides: eg1 Stachyose

    • !ucrose: roduced from alpha glucose beta fructose by alpha1 -,121 glycosidic lin4age1 (t is a Non-

    reducing sugar1• +altose: Consists of 2 units of glucose lin4ed together by alpha ,1E lin4age reducing sugar found in

    germinating seeds largely1

    • Cello2iose: Consists of 2 units of glucose but the bond involved is beta+ ,1E lin4age1 (t is a reducing

    sugar1

    • 'actose: Consists of one molecule of beta D glucose and one molecule of beta D galactose lin4ed

    together by beta ,1E lin4ages1

    • !tachyose: (t is a tetra saccharide consists of one glucose and one fructose and 2 galactose1

    8C9 )olysaccharides

    • 0olecular weight in 4ilo Daltons !4d#

    8a9 !torage polysaccharides:

    • (n plant consists of amylase+ amylopectin1 !(t is polymer of glucose#1

    • Amylase is un-branched chains of glucose units 9oined by alpha - ,1E lin4ages1 %he chain is nonlinear+

     but it is helical one1

    • Amylopectin ighly branched+ Bond types Alpha-,1E lin4age but at the branching points alpha ,1@

    lin4age is present1

    • lycogen: (t is present only in animal cells1 (t is 9ust li4e starch+ but heavily branched and compact

    and it contains both alpha ,1E and alpha ,1@ lin4ages1

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    829 !tructural )olysaccharides

    • Cellulose: olymer of glucose 9oined together by beta ,1E lin4age

    #emicellulose: olymer consisting of $-arabinose1 D-glucose+ D-galactose+ D- Rylose+ along with

    uranic acid !galacturonic acids#

    )ectin: olymer of galacturonic acid1 Normally present in cell walls as calcium ectate1

    1. PROT"#! 

    • %he name was suggested by Ber*elius

    • %his name is derived from Gree4 roteins means first ran4>

    • roteins are polymer of amino acids1

    • 8ach amino acid is lin4ed with another one by peptide

    -CQ&-N2 bond1

    • rimary structure- it is the linear arrangement of amino acids1

    • Secondary structure- (t is the structure found by linear olypeptide chain which folds in a regular

    fashion11

    • %hese secondary structures are produced by interaction between neighboring amino acids of same

    chain1

    •

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    6. #$YM! 

    • %hese are special classes of proteins1 %n=ymatic acti/ity was first disco/ered 2y

    B&C#N%R 8*ymase was the first found initially from -east9

    • ,he term en=yme was coined 2y ". ;N!

    • ,erminology’s #oloen=ymes > Apoen=yme ? )rosthetic group

    • $egend Q Any substrata that binds with an en*yme

    • Active site Q %he site responsible for analytic molecule

    • :egulatory site Q the site other than catalytic use where the regulatory1

    • Characteristics of an en=yme:

    T Specific+ rotinacious+ colloidal nature+ sensitive to temperature1

    T 8n*ymes do not change the e;uilibrium level1 But ;uic4ens it1

    +echanism of action of en=ymes:

    o %he loc4 and 4ey model was proposed by )isher o (t lowers down the

    activation energy1

    !ome special classes of en=ymes.

    Allosteric en=ymes: are regulatory en=ymes which ha/e more than one polypeptide %hey produce a

    sigmoidal curve

    Iso=ymes:1 %hey are different in molecular weight and e?ercised from different genes1

    Ri2o=ymes: ,hey are catalytic RNA with en=ymatic property 8non protein9 )actors affecting activity

    of en*ymes are %emperature1 1 (onic strength1 "ater content1

    %"TAM"#! 

    • ,he term /itamins was introduced 2y (&N; 

    • Classification:

    ,1 "ater soluble - 3it1 B comple? !B,+ B2+ B,2# C21 Niacin !nicotinic acid#

    6. (at solu2le: @it: A. . %. ;.

    • @itamins and their deficiency symptoms

    @itamins eficiency symptoms

    A !:etinal# Rerophthalmia or dry Deonatosis !dry scaly s4in#

      +Night: 2lindness 2ecause of reduction in red cone cells

    B, !thiamine# B8:(-B8:( !8?treme wea4ness+ pain in 9oints#

    B2 !:iboflavin#  Ariboflavinosis !Blurred vision+ crac4s on s4in at angle of

    mouth#

    B,2 !Cyanocobalamin# emiocin anemia !:eduction in :BCs#

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    B NIACIN 8Nicotinic :)ellagra 8Black ,ongue9

    acid 8)erido3in#

    C !Ascorbic acid# Scurvy

    D !Calciferol# :ic4ets !igeon chest in children#+ &steomalacia

    !adults#

    % 8Alpha ,ocopherol9 :!terility

    • 3itamins mainly act as cofactors for en*ymatic activity1

    &' #(C)"C AC"D! 

    • C$ASS8S DNA - Deo?yribose

    • :NA - :ibose

    • Nucleoside !ugar 8Ri2ose eo3yri2ose9 ? Nitrogenous 2ase

    • Nucleotide Nucleoside ? phosphate group

    • ,ypes of Bases

    o Adenine

    o %hymineP uracil !:NA#

    o Guanine

    o Cytosine

    •  Nucleic acid )rederic4 0ischer "aston D crick > B NA Eright handed heli3#

    • Bacteriophages > single stranded NA

    • t-:NA- %ransfers amino acids from cytoplasm to :ibosome m-:NA- 6H carries the message from

    genes !DNA# r- :NA - :ibosomal :NA- art of :ibosome !wor4 benches of protein synthesis

    7. +ICR$ BI$'$-

    #istory

    • Anton /an 'eeuwenhoek invented the simple !single biconve? lens# in ,@/E+ Discovered

    BacteriaPmicrobial world

    • 'ouis )asteur ostulated the germ theory> of disease+ asteuri*ation• Ro2ert #ooke Discovered compound microscope

    • Ale3ander (leming 85E1E9 Discovered antibiotic penicillium>

    • Iwanowsky 85FE1# Discovered @irus working with an e3tract from to2acco plants

    infected with mosaic disease

    • Bei4erinck 85FEF9 Named virus> !infectious poison agent#• %dward Genner Developed vaccine for Small po?

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    • R$B%R, #$$; > used the word C%''

    • R$B%R, BR$"N > used the word N&C'%&!

    • +. !C#'%I%N D !C#"ANN > Cell ,heory

    • #aeckel proposed )R$,I!,A

    • "hittaker H kingdom classification

    ,1 0onera -ro4aryotes

    21 rotista - is the standard for ta3onomy

    • 8u4aryotic roto*oa+ fungi

    • ro4aryotic Bacteria+ actinomycetes+ BGA

    • !I*% 8appro3.9:o Bacteria -516-F15 micro m

    o )ungi -,16-,5 micro m

    o roto*oa - 2-255 micro m

    o 3iruses - ,55-@55 nano in 0$& -51,-51F micro m

    o Algae - 51, micro m !BGA# to ?> feet !higher algae#

    o )irst living cell - e.55 million year ago1

    o (irst prokayotic cell > 57 million years ago 8achaean cra#

    • !terili=ation:

    o A hysical agent igh %emp1 - dry heatU ,.55 CU ,16 &s - rotein+ cytoplasmic membrane

    F# (odine+ chlorine+ - 8n*yme destruction1 Amino acids

    E# Aldehyde- amino acids V en*ymes

    6# 8thylene o?ide !Gas# - 8n*yme V Amino acids o Chemotheraputic agents

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    ,# Arsenic> for !yphilis 82y %hrlich#

    Sulfonamide - for bacterial infection !by Domag4 

    Anti2iotics:>

    o enicillin - Penicillium sp - G V veU cellwall synthesis

    o %etracycline - S. aureofacines G V ve+ G-veU rotein synthesis

    o Bacitracin - Bacillus subtilis - G V ve+ cell wall synthesis

    o Chloramphenicol - S. venezuelae G V veU G-ve+ rotein synthesis

    o Cyclohe?imide - S. venezuelae, protein synthesis+ 8u4aryote

    o  Nystain - S. nouresii 8u4aryote membrane

    o %rythromycin > ! ' nour*sii + fungi > )rokaryote

    o 8rythromyci - S. erythreus G V ve+ G-ve+ rotein synthesis

    o  Neomycin - S. fradiae G V ve+ G-ve+ protein synthesis

    • Non legumes > Alms, casurna, Myrica - Frania

    • Associati/e !ym2iosis > A=pospirillum

    • !ym2iosis >Rhi=o2ium

    • !tem and root nodules > Sesbania+ Azor!izo!ium caulonodans,

    •  Azospirillum and Azoto!acter- Cereals+ oil seeds+ vegetables+ horticulture

    +icroscopy:

    7. & @ microscope:

    • Appearance of specimen > (luorescent

    • Application > )or differentiating cellular components

    H. (luorescence microscopy:

    •

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    • )rocess of con/ersion of ammonia into nitrate

    • 8?amples - #itrosomonas, ammonia to nitrite# , #itro-act*ria, nit rite to nitrate9 .

     As*rgillus. P*nicillium

    29 enitrification

    • :eduction of nitrate to nitrogen gas or nitrous o?ide

    • $ccurs in waterlogged anaero2ic soils• 8?amples - Thio-acillus. Ps*udomonas

    Biological Nitrogen (i3ation:

    • Accounts for about JK of the total nitrogen fi?ed in the biosphere

    • :estricted to Bacteria only

    a9 A sym2iotic (ree li/ing Nitrogen fi3ation:

    • Aerobic - A0oto-act*r. Blue green algae !BGA#• Anaerobic + Clostridium. Chloro-ium. Rhodosirillum etc1

    29 !ym2iotic Nitrogen fi3ation:

    • 8?ample - Rhi0o-ium. Bacillus etc1Important points:

    •Nitrogen fi?ing en*yme - Nitrogenase !)irst discovered in ,@5 from "lostridium pasteurianum#

    •Nitrogen fi?ing gene - Nif genes

    •%lements in/ol/ed in nitrogen fi3ation - +oly2denum

    •Co-factor needed for nitrogen fi?ation > Co2alt 8Co9

    •Non legumes - AlnusL CasuarinaL +yricaL (rankia sp

    •Stem and root nodules - !es2aniaL A0orhi0o-ium cauloncians

    •'eguminous crop not fi3ing nitrogen - Ra4ma ,Phas*olus vulgaris1

    •:ed pigment in the root nodules is 4nown as 'eg haemoglo2in

    •Bacteria not responsible for N-fi?ation- 81coli•Nif gene is associated with > $hizo!ium !acteriod 

    Nitrogen fi3ation in rice field occurs due to presence of > Ana2aena 8BA

    H. CR$) )#-!I$'$-

    R%!)IRA,I$N

    • Glycolysis occurs in the cytoplasm L 'rebs cycle and 8%C in the mitochondria

    • lycolysis is anaero2ic1

    • %otal A% synthesis from on molecule of glucose in respiration is F@ A% !Net gain# Gross productionis F. A%

    • %otal A% synthesis in glycolysis is E P glucose !Net gain - 2 A%#

    • ;re2s cycle is also called as citric acid cycle or ,CA 8tricar2o3ylic acid cycle#

    • (inal product of glycolysis is pyruyate1

    • Anaerobic respiration pathway products are ethanol and lactic acid1

    • C&2 molecules are released from the mitochondria during respiration1

    • 'rebs cycle starts with acetyl coA and o?aloacetate

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    • %lection transport chain is present in the cristae of mitochondria where A% is synthesi*ed in

    respiration1

    • %he high energy compound synthesi*ed during respiration is by o?idative phosphorylationof AD with !inorganic phosphate#

    • Cytochromes are electron carriers involved in the respiratory election transport chain

    • 8nergy content of molecule of glucose is @.@ 'CA$ or 2./5 '=

    • , molecule of A% Q /1@ 'CA$

    • , molecule of NAD2 Q 62 'CA$

    • %he energy currency of the cell is A%

    • &ccurs in all living organisms e?cept virus

    • Catabolic process and o?idation-reduction reaction

    • Raw materials used are glucose and o3ygen

    • During the brea4down of glucose molecule+ F. A% molecules are formed

    • Respiratory 1 A,)9

     b# ;re2s cycle

    • Also called ,CA cycleL citric acid cycle+ organic acid cycle+ mitochondrial respiration• ,he first sta2le product is citric• 'reb>s cycle occurs in matri? of mitochondria-aerobic condition• 'rebs cycle starts with acetyl C$A and o3aloacetate• (n 'rebs cycle+ the mineral acti/ator reMuired for en=yme aconitase is (e• ,he only H C compound in ,CA cycle is a> ;etoglutaric acid

    c# %lectron transport chain• Also called as respiratory chain or o3idati/e phosphorylation• %he process occurs on the inner mem2rane of cristae

    )#$,$!-N,#%!I!

    • %otal carbon fi?ed by land per year Q ,,5 W ,5 ,2

    • Blac4mann - 8?plained the law of limiting factors• Cal/in 85EH79 > ,raced the path of car2on in photosynthesis and ga/e the C6 cycle

    • atch and Slac4 !,@6# > Reported C6 pathway for car2on dio3ide fi3ation in certain tropical

    grasses

    • :eduction of Co2 occurs in dar4 but the production of assimilatory powers is light dependent

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    • 0a9or photosynthetic pigments of higher plants are Chlorophyll a and Chlorophyll b

    • (mportant accessory pigments in plants are carotenoids and ?anthophylls

    • 'ight reaction of photosynthesis takes place in thylakoids or rana

    • ark reaction of photosynthesis take place in stroma

    • )hotosynthesis is an o3idation>reduction process

    •a# Cal/in cycle 8C6 plants9:

    • ,he Co1 acceptor is Ri2ulose 5L H> diphosphate

    • ,he first sta2le product of photosynthesis is a 6 car2on compound )hosphoglyceric

    acid 8)A9

    • )or synthesis of one glucose molecule ,. A% are re;uired

    • Bundle sheaths cells are unspecialised

    • %he en*yme : "heatL BarleyL $atL RyeL RiceL )eaL !oy2ean

     b# #atch and slack cycle 8C7 )'AN,!#

    • ,he Co1 acceptor is phosphoenolpyru/ic acid 8)%)9

    • $3aloacetic acid 8o3aloacetate9 is the first sta2le product

    • hotorespiration is present only to a slight degree or a2sent

    • F5 A% are re;uired for the synthesis of one glucose molecule

    • %he most distinguishable anatomical feature of the leaves of CE plants is the presence of bundle sheath

    cells containing chloroplasts

    • ,he 2undle sheath cells lack rana in their chloroplast

    • 'ea/es of C7 plants show ;ran= type of anatomy

    • 8C& en*ymes are present in CE plants

    • C7 cycle is found only in certain tropical plants

    • CE plants are about twice as efficient as CF plants in converting solar energy into the production of dry

    matter 

    • 8?ample of C7 plants > sugarcaneL mai=eL pearl millet+ "yperus rotundus etc1

    c# Crassulacean acid meta2olism cycle 8CA+ cycle#

    • $ccurs in mesophyll cells

    • +ost 8not all9 CA+ plants possess the succulent ha2it%3amples > BryophyllumL $puntiaL Aga/eL )ineapple etc

    • 'ight it action or hill reaction takes place in grana of chloroplast dark reaction of Cal/in

    • Cycle takes place in stroma of chloroplast

    • ,he products of the light reaction are A,) and NA)#1

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    ,hree types of )hotosynthesis +echanisms

    • CA+ pathway 8Crassulacean acid meta2olism# !ineapple+ opuntia+ Agave#1

    • Ru2isco is also the most a2undant protein in the world1

    • CF plant first en*yme in C&2 fi?ation :ubisco

    • CE lants first en*yme in C&2 fi?ation 8 carbo?ylase

    • "ater use efficiency: CA+C7C6

    • (n photosynthesis light energy is converted into chemical energy

    • 'ight reaction takes place in the ,hylako4ds and dark reaction takes place in the

    stroma of the chloroplast

    • igher productive plants CE !0ai*e+ S1 Cane+ sorghum#

    • igh productive plants CF !"heat+ :ice ulses#

    • $ow roductive plants CA0 !ineapple#

    • C7 plants two types of photosynthesis cells +esophyll cells and 2undle sheath cells 8;ran=

    type leaf anatomy#

    • hotorespiration occurs in CF plants in light only1

    • Chlorophyll molecule contains 0gFVion in its structure

    • )hotosynthetic rate is the highest in C7 plants• %he processes of formation of A% in chloroplast with the help of light is called as

     photophosrylation or photosynthetic phosporylation1

    • &ne NAD2 will prpoduce F A%

      &ne )AD2 will produce 2 A%

    • )#$,$R%!)IRA,I$N

    • :efers to production of Co2 in respiration from 2 C compounds in presence of light

    • :eported only in green cells such as %eta, Phaseolus, glycine, &ryzae, Pisum, 'ossypium,

    "apsicum, (elianthus etc

    • Discovered by D8C'8: in tobacco plants

    • !u2strate for photorespiration is glycolic acid 81 c9 and hence called as C1 cycle or glycolate

    meta2olism

      (t occurs in CF plants and temperate plants

    • %he presence of photorespiration process decreases the photosynthetic efficiency of plants

    • hotorespiration is said to be highest in :ice

    • !erine amino acid is produced in photorespiration

    • hotorespiration involves more than one organelle

    • In photorespirationL NA is reduced to NA#1

     M"#RA) #(TR"T"O# 

    • 8ssential element

    • 0acronutrients C+ + &+ N+ S+ Ca+ 0g+ '+ !,55 XgPg dry matter#

    • 0icronutrients Cl+ )e+ B+ 0n+ Yn+ Cu+ 0o !,55 XgP g dry mater#

    • 0obile elements N++'+ 0g+ 0n+ 0o+ Cl+ Yn and Na

    • (mmobile elements Bo+ )e+ Ca+ Cu+ S

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    • Beneficial elements Co+ Sl+ Selenium+ Na+ Ni

    • Co2alt: 'egumes

    • !ilicon: RiceL +ai=e

    • Nickel: 'egumes

    • Criteria of the essentiality of mineral elements propose by Arnon and stout

    • Atleast @5 elements are present in plants out of which only ,@ are essential• Car2on: !E@H dry weight basis#

    o !ource Co2 from the air 

    o (unction 0ost of the compounds in the living cells are C-containing1

    • $3ygen: !65H#

    o !ource &2+ Co2+ 2o

    o (unction %he most abundain elements by weight in plants :e;uired for all compounds in

     plants1

    • #ydrogen: !@H#

    o !ource 2&

    o (unction 0ost abundant elements by number of atoms resent in all the compounds

    in the living cell component of 2&

    • Nitrogen: ,16H

    o !ource N&F+ NE in the soil solution+ $egumes through N2 fi?ation1

    o (unction All the crops prefer NoF-!Nitrate# e?cept Rice which prefers N#7 ?

    8ammonium# o Components of nucleic acid1 Chlorophyll molecule+ roteinso eficiency ale yellow leaves L reduced growth redleaves in cereals o Red

    colour de/elops in Apple due to the anthocyanin production o :oot lengthening

    in wheat o 8?cess Nitrogen leads to vegetative growth+ delay in flowering

    • )hosphorus: !512-51.H#

    o !ource F&E L poE from the soil solution

    o (unction Component of nucleic acid+ hospholipids !0embranes#+ A% o

    eficiency variable colour development in leaves !Dar4 green# reduced tillering L leaf fall.

    Anthocyanin produced gi/e pink colour

    )otassium:o &nly present in plants as 'V not bound to any components

    o (unction !tomatal closing D opening

    o eficiency: rosetteL die 2ack in plants

    • Chlorosis:o Stunted growth L %hin shoots

    o %ip burns L leaf scorch in older leaves

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    • +agnesiumo Constitutent of chlorophyll

    o eficiency $lder lea/es affected Cholorosis1 Sand drown disease in tobacco

    • !ulphur: 51,Ho !ource Soluble sulphates

    o

    (unctions Aminoacids !Cystein and 0ethonene#

    o eficiency Downward cupping of leaves e1g1 tobacco+ %orr+ %ea+

    o %ea yellow disease

    o Chlorosis

    • Calcium:o (unctions Calcium pectate is present in the middle lamella of the cell wall

    o A%ase activator 

    o Counteract metal to?icity

    o eficiency Ioung leaves are mostly affected

    o #ooked tips D distort lea/es

    • Irono Component of cytochromes+ Catalase+ pero?idase

    o Deficiency

    o Inter/ienal Chlorosis 8iron Chlorosis9

    o 'eaf 2leaching 8!. Cane9

     D*fici*nc2 s2mtoms of l*m*nts:

    • 0n Grey spec4 Disease of oats+ pahla blight of sugarcane+ marsh spot of pea

    • Copper Die bac4 disease of citrus or e?anthema+ :eclamation+ white tip disease

    • *inc: +ottled leaf of citrusL drenching of citrus

    • $ittle leafP :osette as in Apple+ ine+ each walnut+ citrus etc+ white tip of mai*e

    • 'haira disease of rice

    • +oly2denum: "hip tail of cauliflower and 2rassicaeL scald of legumes

    • Boron eart rot of sugar beet and marigold

    • Can4er of table beet

    • Browning L allow stem of cauliflower 

    • Crac4ed stem of alfa-alfa

    • )hosphorus: !ickle leaf disease• Calcium blossom 8nd :ot !B8:# in tomato and %ip hoo4ing in cauliflower 

    )'AN, R$",# R%&'A,$R!:

    • ,hiamann - suggested the use of term O)hytohormoneP in plants

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    • hytohormone are organic substances which are naturally produced in plants A&QIN!

    !wea4ly acidic growth hormone#

    • Au?in was named by '&G$1 (t is a Gree4 word derived from Au?ein> which means to grow

    • Naturally occurring Au3in > IAA

    • Synthetically produced au?ins are - NAA+ (BA+ 2+ E - D+ 0CA

    • Anti-au?ins - Naphthythalamic acid !N%A# + 8thylene chlorohydrins

    • Active sites of au?ins - shoot tip region+ coleoptiles and developing embryos etc1

    • ,ryptophan is the precursor of IAA and =inc is reMuired for its synthesis

    • %ranslocation of au?ins is polar 

    • %he site of Au?in transport is located on the plasma lemma

    • Avena curvature test and split pea stem curvature test are the bioassays that are generally used for

    au?ins

    • Role of au3ins:

    ,1 romotes apical dominance

    21 (ncreases cell division in cambiumF1 romote the elongation of cells

    E1 Au?in increase in shoot and decrease in root

    61 (nduces uniform flowering in pineapple

    @1 (BA promotes rooting of cutting

    IBB%R%''IN!:

    • Second important growth hormone found in plants

    • Discovered by '

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    ,1 (nitiation of cell division

    21 Delay of senescence

      (nduce flowering in short day plants

    E1 romotes stomatal openingromote femaleness in male flowers

    AB!CI!!IC ACI 8ABA9:

    •  Naturally occurring growth regulator 

    • (t acts as stress hormone

    • ABA first identified by "A:8(NG !,@6#• $unalaric acid found in algae and liverworts acts similar to abscissic acid• 3iolo?anthin serves as a precursor for biosynthesis of ABA

    • Biosynthesis of ABA also ta4es place through mevalonic acid

    • (t is a terpenoids

    • Bioassays are - rice seedling growth inhibition test and inhibition of a amylase in barley

    endosperm

    • Role of ABA:

    ,1 (nduces bud dormancy and enhances the process of abscission

    21 Senescence of leaf is promoted by ABA

    F1 Stimulates the release of ethylene

    E1 Brings the closure of stomata during water stress

      ABA is called AN%(- G(BB8:8$$(N

    %,#-'%N%:

    • (t is 4nown as RI)%NIN #$R+$N%

    • Au?in increases ethylene level in plants

    •  Naturally occurring volatile hormone

    • 0a?imum ethylene is formed in ripening fruits and senescing tissues

    • Biosynthesis of ethylene occurs from methionine which is a sulphur containing amino acid

    • (nhibitors of ethylene synthesis are amino-etho?yvinylglcine

    • Bioassays for ethylene are triple pea test and pea stem swelling test

    • Role of ethylene

    ,1 :esponsible for fruit ripening with increase in respiration

    21 (nduces uniform flowering and ripening in pineapple

    F1 (nhibits stem elongation and cause abscission of leavesE1 (nduces fruiting in ornamental plants

    61 8%8&N- increase late? flow in rubber 

    $,#%R!:

    • lysophosine - used to ripen sugarcane

    • (lorigen 8flowering hormone# - initiation of flowering in plants

    • ,raumatic acid !wound hormone# - found in in9ured portions of a plant

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    • Qantho3in - destruction product of 3iolo?anthin and forms ABA

    • Brassins - steroid+ isolated from pollen grains of Brassica

    • Gasmonic acid - 0ethyl ester in 9asmine+ inhibits growth and promote senescence

    Important points:

    • lant transpirants - colourless plastics+ silicone ols+ phenyl mercuric acetate+ Absiccic acid+ Co2 

    etc1

    • orometer is used for measuring transpiration

    • %he growth is ma?imum during e?ponential phase

    • %ranspiration ta4es place through stomata+ lenticels or cuticle• Guttation refers to e?udation of water from plants in the form of li;uids

    • !hort day plants - soybean+ potato+ sugarcane+ cosmos+ chrysanthemum+ tobacco+ rice+ onion+ uplandcotton+ strawberry+ datura etc

    • 'ong day plants - spinach+ lettuce+ radish+ alfalfa+ sugar beet+ opium+ poppy+ oats+ wheat etc1

    • ay neutral plants -tomato+ cucumber+ cotton+ pea+ sunflower+ mai*e etc1• @ernalisation - refers to method on inducing early flowering in plants by pre-treatment of their seedsat very low temperature

    • ormone responsible for vernalisation is vernalin

    • hotosynthetic efficiency is highest in CE plants

    • %o ma4e one molecule of glucose+ @ turns of Calvin cycle are re;uired

    • %he efficiency of photosynthesis is E5 H

    • %he ratio of photosynthesis to respiration during day time is ,5,

    • %he ratio of Co2 reduced and o?ygen released during photosynthesis is ,,

    • DC0< is an e?ample of photosynthetic inhibitor • 0a9or form of carbon transfer in plants is by sucrose• )or photosynthesis+ the visible range of spectrum between 265 to /65 nm is essential

    . %N,$+$'$-

    )%!,! $( !&ARCAN%

    59 !hoot 2orer: "hilo infuscatellus !crambidae# or early shoot borer1

    • Control 8arthing up during early stage1

    - %rash mulching

    - %richogramma Chilonis

    • Soil application of Gammas C emulsion O , 4g a1i1Pha over the cane sets in famous at the

    time of planting

    • Granulosis 3irus can also be used

    19 ,op 2orer: Scirphophaga e?cerptalis !ryalidae#

    • 0idrib tunnelling1 Shot - holes on a?ial bud growth leaves+ dead heart and can be pulled out

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    easily and given bunchy top appearance+ Acrial root formation1

    • Control:

    i1 Avoiding of fre;uent irrigation

    ii1 Carbofuran

    69 Internode 2orer: "hilo sacchaviphagus indicus *cram!idae#

    • Control: Detrashing at 61/ Lth months

    -%- chilonis O F16 ccPhaPfortnight from E th month until a month before harvest1

    9 ,ermites: &dentotermes spp+ Microtermes o!esi1

    )%!,! $( "#%A,

    • %he rabi crops which are seriously damaged by white grub beetle are wheat and potato1

    • "heat shootfly Atherigona nauii

    • hu4ia wee/il Taenymecus indicus is a pest of wheat+ barley gram and mustard1 %he adult

    weevils cut to germinating seedlings grub feed on soil humus1

    • "heat aphid Macrosiphum miscanthi

    • "heat gall nematode or ear cockle nematode:  Anguina triticl Bacterium associated

    "oryne!acterium tritici

    • !eed galls ,hundu disease yellow ear rot !BacteriumVNematode#

    o 0gt1 ot water treatment of seeds at 655C for 2 hrs1

    • "heat stems 2orer: Sesamia inferens !Noctuidae#1

    )%!,! $( RIC%

    • Rice root nematode (irschmaiviella oryzae !0entc4 disease#• "hite up rematode or spring dwarf nematode: Aphelehcopdes !esseyi hot water 

    treatment of seeds at 625C for to min1

    • Rice stem nematode ditylenchus angustus

    • $arva disease in rice1

    • Rice case worm ymphula depunctalis

    TRM"#O)O3Y 

    •  R*gular *st + &ccur most fre;uently on cultivated crops 8g1

    cotton bollworms+ Brin9al fruit borer 

    • Occasional *st + &ccurring less fre;uently 8g1 case

    worm on rice

    • !easonal pests &ccurs in a particular season of year 8g1 red

    hairy caterpillar on groundnut

    • )ersistent pest &ccurs throughout the year on crops 8g1 chilli

    thrips+ :ose thrips

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    • !poradic pests &ccurs in a few isolated localities 8g1

    Gall midge on rice in 0adurai area

    • %ndemic pests &ccurs in same Agril1 Area year after year 8g1

    nematode on potato in Nilgris

    • +igratory pests 0oves from one area to others and causes damage 8g1

    $ocust

    • %pidemic pests &ccur in particular areaPseason in severe form

    • )andemic pests &ccur in a large geographical areaPentire country or continent 8g1

    locust outbrea4 

    •

    • J. AR$N$+-

    )RINCI)'%! $( AR$N$+-:1

    !tructure of atmosphere

    • %roposphere- statosphere- 0esosphere - lonosphere par 

    • All weather phenomous li4e rain+ fag+ above mist occur in Troposphere *one found instratosphere1

    • !olar constant: 8nergy falling in one minute is a surface area of one s;uare cm at the outer

     boundary of atmosphere1

    • $ong day plant - plants re;uire long day !,E hrs1# for floral inifiation !eg1 "heat+ Barley+ &at#

    • Short day plant - lants re;uire shor4erday !less than ,5 hrs# ! eg1 :ice+ Sorghum 0ai*e#

    • Neutral plants - cotton+ sunflower+ buc4 wheat

    • Average rainfall in (ndia - !,25 cm#

    • :ain bearing clouds - cumulonimbus+ cumulus1

    •  "nstrum*nts

    o :adiation yranometer ressure Barograph

    o hotosynthetically active radition ;uantum sensor 

    o %emperature %hermograph umidity-sychrometer !or# hygrometer 

    o Dew Darosometer water table i*ometer rain -:aingauge

    o Soil moisture %ensiometer 

    • Chemical used for cloud seeding - Silver iodide for cold clouds sodium chloride for warm cloud

    • (ndian 0eteorological organi*ation situated in

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    1. R$",# AN %@%'$)+%N,1

    A2scisic acid> Cotton defoliatantU 21E+ -D- herbicide

    lyphosate > Sugarcane ripener gabbroic acid - seed less grape

    •  NAA- fruits thinner+ flower initiation

    • 0 - Succur control in tobacco+ 8thelene - ripening of fruits

    . !$I' D (%R,I'I*%R 1

    • Soil te?ture - relative proportion of soil particles i1e1 clay silt1 And sand

    • article dimension Sand 512 to 5152+ silt 5152 to 51552

    • Clay Z 51552+ gravel 2mm

    • Crumby structure is better for crop cultivation

    • %otal pore space is more in clay soil

    • Bull density - weight of soil per unit volume- ,16gPcmF

    • article density - weight of solid portion of soil per unit volume - 21@gPcmF

    • H pore space - article density K bul4density  particle density

    • Soil air- Co2 concentration over 51FH

    • "ell decomposed organic matter is called as humus

    • Carbon Nitrogen !CN# ration for organic matter - ,2,

      o $egume - 2F, cereals -5H )I0 ,55

    • !oil water:

    • Available soil moisture -51FF bar to -,6 bar Q,6@ g

    • (ertili=er :

    • &rganic fertili*er - ureaU Neutral fertili*er - CAN calcium ammonium nitrate#

    • Recommended ratio of N); for crops 7:1:5 N); • At present (ndia to consumption ratio F, N' 

    • er area fertili*er consumption more in un9ab union feretory

    • ondichery1 %otal pesticide consumption

    • eficiency disorders:

    • 0n1 Gray spec4 in oat+ 0arsh spot in pea+ pahala blight in sugarcane

    • Cu1 :eclamation disease in cereals

    • Yn1 'harif in rice+ white !bud# in mai*e+ )renching on citrus

    • Symbiotic nitrogen fi?ing bacteria :hi*obium

    • 0icro organism associated with casuavina fran4ia

    • Conversion of ammonia to nitrite - Nitrosomonas+

    • Conversion of nitrite of Nitrate- Nitrobacter 

    7. ,I''A%

    • %ilth physical condition of soil resulting from %illage

    • (mplements used for primary tillage country plough + 0ouldboard+ lough+ Bose plough

    • (mplements used for secondary tillage -! blade harrow+ disc harrows tractor drawan ultivator#

    • Breeding sub soil - chisel plough

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    • udding - "et land puddler+ tractor drawn cage wheel

    • Sowing - 0echanical seed drill

    • "eeding - =apanese rotary weeder 

    H. IRRIA,I$N

    • +edium - 2555- ,5+555ha

    • +inor irrigation pro9ect - less than 2555 ha

    • Delta - %otal depth of water irrigated by one ha1

    • %/apotranspiration > 8vaporation V %ranspiration

    • "ater use efficiency > :atio between yield and 8vapotranspiration or " rice+ chec4 basins wheat finger millo !ground pit#

    • Basin method > )ruit+ crops furrow irrigation+ cotton+ sugarcane tobacco+ vegetablesU sprin4ler

    undulated areas

    • Important ri/er pro4ect:Ri/e Name of the pro4ect states 2enefited,1 Damodar Damodar valley pro9ect "est Bengal

    21 Sutlet Bha4raU nangal

    !(ndira Gandhi#

    un9ab+ 1 :a9asthan

    F1 'osi 'osi Dam BiharPNepal

    E1 0ahanadi ira4und !largest dam

    in the world#

    &rrisa

    61 'rishna Nagaar9una sagar Andra+ 'arnata4a

    @1 %ungabhadra %unga bhadra pro9ect 'N+ A

    /1 Chambal Gandhi sagar+ 'ota Borrage

    !:anna pratap sagar#

    01 :a9asthan

    . R- (AR+IN

    • %he practice of crop production entirely with rainwater received during the crop season in low

    rainfall !Z.55mm# areas is called as dry or dryland farming

    • Arid climate 8?tremely dry climate with an annual average precipitation usually less than 265

    mm1

    • !eed hardening: rocess of sub9ecting seeds before sowing to alternate cycle of wetting and

    drying to induce tolerance to drought1

    • )roline: Chemicals+ '22S&E+ 'C$ 516 is an amino acid which is increased in plants

    during drought1

    • "ater har/esting > Collecting and storage water on the surface of soil for subse;uent

    use1

    • Antitrans pirants - Any material applied to transpiring plant surfaces for reducing water loss1

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    • ,ypes:

    o Stomatal closing type- henyl mercuric acetate !0A# o

     )ilm forming type - 0obileaf+ Silicone oil o

     :eflectant- 'aoline spray o

     Growth retartent - cycocel

    J. #%RBICI%!

    • erbicides which have low residual to?icity- Di;uat para;uat

    • erbicides which have high residual to?icity - Diuron+ Atra*ine1

    • arasitic weeds - "eds which derives foods directly from the host plant

    • %otal stem parasite - Cuscuta associated with lucorn crop

    • artial stem parasite - $oranthus associated with tree crops

    • %otal root parasite - &rabanche associated with %obacco

    • artial root parasite - Striga associated with sorghum

    • A;uative weeds - "eeds growing in water bodies eg1 "ater hyacinth+ hydrilla+Salvania+ cattail weeds1

    • Allelopathy - &ne plant having detrimental effect on other plants by releasing root chemical

    through roots1

    F. CR$))IN !-!,%+

    • 0ono Cropping - Growing of only one crop on a piece of land year after year 

    • 0ultive cropping - Growing two or more crops on the same piece of land in one calender

    year1

    • (nter cropping - Growing 2 or more crops simultaneously with definite rowarrangement1

    1. "heat

    • %riticum aestivum -1 ighest production-

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    • &ry*a sativa - Area E5 mha+ production .@ mt1 ighest production and productivity west bengal

    • Dapog method of Nursery - &riginated from philippines+ F5-E5 m2 is enough for planting one

    hectare1

    • A

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    • Ba4anae disease of rice !)oot rot#- 3i--*r*lla fu4i5uroi !Also 4nown as )oolish seedling disease-

    symptom plant become very tall#

    • Sheath rot of rice- !cl*rotium or20a*

    • :ice %ungro- A virus transmitted by #*hott*ti6 vir*sc*ns

    •

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    • )ungicide- Bordeau? mi?ture discovered by +illerdat

    • Systemic fungicide- @an !chmelling D +arshal ;ulka

    • omegranate blight- Xanthomonas cam*stris p/. unica. :ecently epidemic in 0aharashtra

    • anama wilt of banana- fungal disease

    • 0o4o disease of banana- Bacterial disease

    • Soft rot of potato- r7inia carotovora• Gene deployment for control of :ust- by Nagara4an

    • Seed gall wheat- Nematode+ 0olya disease+ Anguina tritici 

    • Cyanobacteria-BGA-pro4aryotic

    • owdery mildew- controlled by sulphur fungicide

    • Apple scab caused by- %*nturia in*8ualis 8perfect9 !iloca*a omi 8fungi#

    • Scab of potato caused by- !t*tom2c*s sca-i*s 8Actinomycetes9

    • 8lectron 0icroscope discovered by - ;noll and Ruska 85E619

    • Crystalli*ation of 3irus - !tanley 85E6H9

    • "art disease of otato is endemic to ar4eeling only

    • lasmid - e?tra chromosomal fragments found in bacterial cells

    Gene to gene ypothesis proposed by - (lor 85EHH9 in linseed rust

    )'AN, )A,#$'$- IN INIA:

    • %. G Butler 85E5# did detailed studies of )ungi and diseases caused by them1 e wrote a boo4

    IN,R$&C% I!%A!% IN,$ INIA:

    Name of disease Introduced from

    • $eaf rust of coffee *(emileia vastatri# !rilanka• )ire blight of apple *Er/inia amylovora# %ngland

    • )lag smut of wheat , 0rocystis tritici 1 Australia

    • Bunchy %op of Banana !viral disease# !rilanka

    • "art disease of otato *Synchytrium #olland endo!ioticum#

    • &nion smut *0rocystis cepulae#

    • Golden nematode of potato %urope

    • Groundnut rust &.!.A

    • Citrus can4er  &.!.A

    +ycoplasma:

    • $arger than viruses but smaller than Bacteria

    • Devoid of cell wall and cytoplasm

    • 8nveloped by a lipo-protein plasma membrane

    • ighly resistant against the antibiotic enicillin but is sensitive to %etracycline antibiotic

    5Es

    5EJs

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    • %etracycline used to control 0ycoplasma

    • )irst isolated from sheep infected by leuro pneumonia and therefore called $& !leuro

     pneumonia li4e organisms#

    • 0ost of the yellow diseases of plants are caused by 0ycoplasma

    81g1 "itches broom of otato+ 0ulberry dwarf and Aester yellows etc

    • +iscellaneous:

    • @irus  Nucleic acid !DNA or :NA# V rotein !outer cover#

    • 'ipo>/irus  Nucleic acid V protein V lipid e.g. Influen=a /irus

    • Animal /irus 8Bacteriophage9 DNA V rotein

    • )lant /irus :NA V protein

    • @iroid Q nucleic acid only

    • )lant @iroid :NA only

    BAC,%RI$)#A%!:

    • Discovered by )1 "1 %wort !,,6# and )eli? de erelle !,,/#

    • Contains nucleic acid !double stranded DNA#

    • (t has two parts vi* tail and head• %he tail is composed of protein only1 %he head has outer coat of protein and inner 

    core as DNA

    @IRI$:

    • Na4ed nucleic acids without protein coat

    • Consists of only :NA 

    %hese miniviruses> are the smallest 4nown agents of infectious disease

    • otato spindle was the first disease reported to have been caused by a viriod

    • (nfectious in plants only

    8?amples - Citrus e?cortis viriod+ chrysanthemum stunt and chlorotic mottle viriod

    • @irions:

    • (ndividual+ completed and infectious nucleoprotein particles of a virus

    • (n short+ virus particles are called 3irions

    Also called nucleocapsids )rions or slow

    /iruses:

    • Smallest proteinaceous infectious

    • Contains protein only

    • 8?ample - 0ad cow disease+ Al*heimer>s disease

    •  Nanometre is the unit for measurement of viruses

     D"!A!! O9 R"C/ HAT/ COTTO#/ !(3ARCA#/ P"3O# PA

    • iseases of Rice:

    ,# Blast -  Pyricularia oryzae+ air borne

    2# Brown spot -  (elmininosporium oryzae1 Seed borneU common fungicide #

    F# Bacterial blight -  2anthomonas campestris pv1- orzyae

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    ,,# an su4h !dry physiological leaf disease#

    ,2# 'aira disease - Yinc deficiency1

    • iseases of "heat

    3# Stem rust -  Puccinia graminis tritici

    ,# $eaf rust -  P. graminis recondita !Brown+

    rust#

    4# Iellow rust -  P. graminis striiformis

    !stripe rust# !air borne#

    I+)$R,AN, )$IN,!:

    • ,ift 16 A - source of Cytoplasmic male sterility in pearl millet

    • ;afir - source of C0S in sorghum

    •  Non-traditional area of wheat cultivation - "est Bengal•  Non-traditional area of :ice cultivation - )un4a2

    • regg 6EE is an important source of genetic male sterility in cotton• 8?otic varieties of wheat - !onara 7 and 'erma Ro4o• "heat variety resistant to all the three rust - sparrow• "heat variety susceptible to all the three rust - Agra 'ocal

    • Autotriploid !F?# - 81g. 2anana

    • %riploid - ApplesL "atermelonsL sugar 2eets

    • Autotetraploid - potato

    • Autopolyploid - ornamental plantsL sweet potatoL oatL alfalfa

    • Allopolyploids - wheatL to2accoL cottonL sugarcaneL rapeseed etc

    • Allohe?aploid - common 2read wheat ,Triticum a*stivum1

    • Allotetraploids - cotton and to2acco

    • 0an made cereal - ,riticale 8rye wheat9• +ai=e is called the Srosophila of crop plants’

    • 8?amples of secondary introduction - wheat kalyan !ona and !onalika selected from

    introductions from C(00I%

    !tages +itosis

    8T%Muational di/ision9

    +eiosis

    8TReduction di/ision9

    ,1 rophase Chromatin condensation

    Chromosomes visible

     Nucleolus L Nuclearenvelop disappear 

    ,1 0eiosis ( 21 0eiosis ((

    I. +eiosis I :

    A1 rophase ,

    !tages +itosis

    8T%Muational di/ision9

    +eiosis

    8TReduction di/ision9

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    ,1 rophase Chromatin condensation

    Chromosomes visible

     Nucleolus L Nuclear

    envelop disappear 

    ,1 0eiosis ( 21 0eiosis ((

    I. +eiosis I :

    A1 rophase ,

    21 0etaphase

    F1 Anaphase

    E1 %elophase

    61 cytoplasmic

    division

    Chromosomes are

    arranged in e;uational

     plate

    0ove to opposite pole

    Chromosomes form into

    two groups

    a1 $eptotene Chromosome loo4 thin

    thread !of loss ball shape because of 

    condensation

     b1 omologous chromosome begin to

     pairsynapsisP synaptonemal comple?

    found

    c1 achytene complete bivalent tetrad1

    Crossing over 

    Chiasmata can be seen as the result of

    spearation of homologous Chiasma

    terminili*ation

    d1 Dia4inesis Chromosomes reach

    ma?imum condensation+ nucleolar 

    membrane disappear+ spindle begin to

    Anaphase I: %he centromeres do not divide

    continue to hold sister chromatids together 

    - Because of cross over+ sister  

    chromatids no longer be genetically identical1omologues more to opposite pole

    - %his movement reduce the

    chromosome number from the diploid condition

    !2n# condition to aploid !n# state1

    ,elephase I : %his divide the diploid

    cyto4inesis mother cell into 2 haploid daughter 

    cell1

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    T :ibosome

    T 8ndoplasmic

    reticulum !8:#

    !orter+ ,E.#

    T 0itochondria!Benda1# !ower 

    house of cell#

    T lastid when

    Differentiated

    Chloroplast !"ith

    chlorophyll#

    !Colourless plastid

    leucoplast#

    - .5s si*e !Animal L lant#

    - /5s si*e !cu4aryotic organelles#

    L pros4tuyotes

    -Networ4 li4e in cytoplasm rough

    !8:# with :ibosome

    Smooth !8:#-without :ibosome

    T Cylindrical body dia 512-,p length

    F-,5p

    T (nner folded membrane !Cristae#

    T 0atri? inside

    T Biconve? lens shaped !6mTdia#

    T ave membranes !grana and

    stroma lamellae#

    Site of protein Synthesis

    T rotein SynU aid in protein

    modification

    T $ipid synthesis site

    T roduction of A%

    through the 4reb>s cycle L

    electron transport chain

    T [-e?udation of long chain

    fatty acids

    T Chlorophyll

     photosynthesis

    T Grara L storma lamellae

    with thousands of 

    ;uastacomes !8lectrontransport L

     photophosphorylation#

    T Storma consists of 

    en*ymes of dar4 reaction

    T Golgi body apparatusP

    dictyosome in plants

    !Camillo golgi+ ,.22#

    T$ysosome !Duve+

    ,66# T3acuole

    T 0embranes

    T Sac of digestive en*yme PDigestive vacuoles

    T 0embrane !%onoplast# bound

    T Shipment in transport

    vesicles !ac4aging# L

    transport

    T Cell destruction if captured

    T Storage deposit for water 

    metabolites and product

    T turgidity of cell

    T Centriole

    T CytosolP hyaloplasm

    :arely present in lants

    %he fluid protein of cytoplasm

    e?clusive of organelles

    )orm poles of spindle

    apparatus

    ave compounds for building macro molecules

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    !N +itosis +eiosis

    8;uational division separation sister :elational division- separation of 

    chrmatids homologues

    21

    F1

    sister chromatics

    &ne cyto4inesis per 4aryo4inesis %wo cytoplasmic division

     No synopsis No chiasmata form No %hese do occur genetic e?change between homologues

    E1

    61

    !crossing over# L gastric recombination 2 daughter cellsP cycle E gametesP spores per cycle

    Genetic content of product identical to Not identical in terms of mother cell1 ,# Chromosome No1 !aploid#

    &ccar in somatic cell :ecombination

      Speciali*ed cells of germ line

    loidy $evel in Seeds

    8mbryo-2n 8ndosperm - Fn %esta-2n Aleuron -2n

    • )ost>mendalian era:• Sutton L bovery - chromosomal theory of inheritance !,5F#1

    • Bateson -term - G8N8%(CS !,56#- 8pitasis interallelic intraction !,5#

    • istones are - velly charged proteins on which -velly charged DNAs are coiled1 6 types of

    istones are available1• etro chromatin - Dar4ly stained 8uchromatin - lightly stained -genetically

    inactive-genetically active

    • Chromosome - named by waldayer -a neucleoprotein

    • Chromosome - discovered by strasburger !,./6#

    • arts of chromosome - !,# Centronere !2# %elomere !F# Nucleolar organising region!E# Arms1

    • DNA :eplication - Semiconservative model roposed by "atson and Cric4 

    • Base V Sugar KNucleoside  Base - sugar V &E - Nucleotide

    AQ %U GQC A V G Q % V C

    • &pposite strands are running in antiparallol way

    • Codon %riplet se;uence found in m :NA and codes for single amino acid anticodon

    Corresponding !complementary# triplet se; in t :NA start V codon A

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    • 0uller first used R-rays as mutagen

    • Renia - effect of pollen on endosperm e?pression

    0eta?enia - effect of pollen on seed coat colour 

    • ure lime are homo*ygous and hemogenons in nature

    • Clone group of individuals descending from a single plant through several

    reproduction1• Q aploid number Q Gametic number 

    e?1 %riteum aestinum+ 2n Q @? Q E2 n Q 2,

    !E2P2#+ R Q / !E2P@#

    • Genome - All the chromosomes of a diploid species that are distinct from each other with

    reference to gene content and morphology1

    • Superiority of ), hybrids over both of its parents  (eterosis• (sogenic lines %wo lines differing for a single locus

    • arthenogenesis 8mbryo originates from unfertili*ed egg1 arthenocarpy

    Development of fruit without fertili*ation + e?1 Banana

    • Aneuloidy Changes in the genome with reference to individual chromosomes1 8?1

    0onosome !2n-,#+ %risomy !2nQ,#+ %etrasomy !2nQ2#

    8uploidy Changes in the genome with reference to a set of chromosomes genome1 8?1

    %riploid-F?+ %etraploid- E?1

    • %est cross ), ? homo*ygous recessive parent1

    Bac4cross :epeated crossing of hybrid progeny bac4 to one of its parents

    • leiotrophy Single gene - governing multiple traits1

    • Apomi?is A type of ase?ual reproduction in which embryo development and seed formation

    ta4e place without fertili*ation and with or without meiosis1

    51. !$I' !CI%NC% 

    R$C;!:

    • :oc4s are basically divided into F types1

    • Igneous Rocks: 'ranite, %asalt *5eccan Trap#, Acidic igneous roc4s contain @5-/6H ;uart* e.g.

    granite1 Basic igneous roc4s contain less than 65H of ;uart* e.g. Basalt1

    • !edimentary rocks: 6imestone, sandstone, Shale, 5olomite and Conglom*rat*'

    • +etamorphic rocks: are formed from (gneous and sedimentary roc4s e.g. mar!le, gneiss, Schist, graphite, slate.

    • Important con/ersions: Gneiss is formed from Granite1 0arble from $imestone+ Graphite from

    Coal+ Slate from Shale 7uart*ite from ;uart* or sandstone1

    !$I':

    • !oil $riginL "eatheringL +orphologyL (actors and )rocesses of soil formation

    • Soil is formed from weathering of roc4s1 "eathering

    isintegration ? ecomposition

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    .

    • Soil found at the site of formation- sedentary soils+ whereas soils found far away from the site

    of formation are called Cumulous or transported soils

    • Agent of transportation L name of the soil formed :iver water-Alluvium+ $a4e water-

    $acustrine+ Seawater-0arine+ "ind-Aeolian if coarse and $oess if fine particles+ Gravity-

    Colluvium+ (ce-0oraine1

    • !tages of soil formation> InfancyL youthL maturity and old age:

    • Soil wherein there is continuous deposition of materials always remains young e.g. Desert soils

    and alluvial deposits1

    • )edology is the study of origin+ formation and geographic distribution of soils in nature

    whereas %daphology is the study of soil in relation to crop growth1

    • Soil profile is the vertical section of soil through all its hori*ons and it e?tends up to its parent

    materials1

    • A pedon is the smallest volume that can be recognised as a soil individual and it is e-dimensional1

    • %he hori*ontal layers in a soil profile are called hori*ons1

    • %ypically there are E hori*ons -&+ A+ B and C1 & hori*on is the organic hori*on found in the forest

    soils1 A hori*on is below & hori*on out of which A2 layer is called illuvial hori*on1 B-hori*on is

    found below A hori*on and is mostly called illuvial hori*on1 8lluvial layer is the one wherein soilmaterials are removed whereas illuvial layer is one wherein soil materials removed from other

    layers are deposited1

    • C- ori*on consists of unconsolidated parent materials1 

    • Below the C-hori*on is found the : layer+ which is 4nown as the Bed :oc41 Solum 7 AVB

    hori*ons  $egolith 7 AVBVC hori*ons1

    %he study of the soil in the field condition with the help of various morphological characteristics is called

    Soil 0orphology

    •  5ouchaiev, the father of Soil science+ gave the factors of soil formation+ which were later+

    modified by 8enny.1

    • $aterisation occurs in warm humid tropical conditions whereas od*olisation occurs in the cold

    humid temperate conditions1

    • (n $aterisation+ Silica !Si&2# is removed from the A hori*on and ses;uio?ides are left out in the A-

    hori*on whereas in od*olisation+ ses;uio?ides are leached from the A hori*on and silica is left out

    in upper layers1

    • $aterite is used for preparing bric4s $aterites are very well weathered soils whereas laterite soils

    are still undergoing some weathering to become laterites1

    • Nature and composition if soil:

    • Soil is a F-phase+ particulate+ disperse+ porous+ open and heterogeneous system

    • (deal soil contains 65H solid matter !E6H mineral matter and 6H organic matter# and 65H pore

    space !26H air and 26H water#1

    • &ut of the F phases+ Solid phase is the constant phase in terms of composition1• %here are basically F soil separates viz., sand+ silt and clay1 %here are two systems of classifying the

    si*es of these separates1

    • (nternational System given by Atterberg - Coarse sand 2mm - 512 mm+ )ine sand 512mm to 5152+

    silt - 5152mm to 51552mm and clay - less than 51552mm or less than 2 microns11

    • (ndia follows (nternational system of particle si*e classification1

    • Gravel is neither a soil separate nor one of the soil te?tures1

    • articles greated than 2mm are not considered soil1

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    • %e?tured is determined by (nternational ipette and Bouycous ydrometer method1

    • Sto4e>s law is applied in the determination of soil te?ture1

    • Silt has intermediate characteristics between sand and clay1

    • Clay is called the active fraction of the soil1 (t is made up of alumino-silicates1

    • Soil te?ture is a static property i.e. it cannot be changed1

    • Soil structure is the arrangement of soil aggregates or primary and secondary particles1

    Grade denotes the durability or stability of the aggregates - structureless+ wea4+ moderate+ strong and very

    strong1

    • $oamy te?ture and granular or crumb structure is best suited for agriculture crops1

    • Bul4 density !Apparent density of soil is the mass of unit volume of soul including the pore space1

    • article density !%rue Density# is the mass of unit volume of soil without pore space1

    • Bul4 density !A# is appro?imately half that of particle density1 So bul4 density is always lower than

     particle density value of Bul4 Density is ,1E to ,1. 0gPmF1 Bul4 density increases on compaction

    whereas it decreases on addition of organic matter11

    • orosity percentage pore space is given by the formula ,55?!%-AP%#1

    • 3alues Sandy soil VF5H clay soils Q65-@5H and loams Q E5-65H

    • 0acropores are greater in coarse te?tured soil and are occupied by air while micropores are greater in fine te?tured soils and are occupied by water1

    • !oil colour:

    • 1%hey are hue-dominant "avelength+ 3alue-relative lightness of the colour and chroma-purity of the

    colour1

    • )lasticity and cohesion:

    • lasticity is the capacity of the soil to change its shape under moist conditions1

    • Cohesion is the capacity to stic4 together1

    • lastic soils are cohesive1

    • !oil Colloids:

    • %he two phases are the dispersed phase !clay and humus# and dispersion

    mediumPwater#1• Soil colloid is made up inorganic colloid-clay and organic colloid-humus1

    • articles smaller than ( micron are said to e?hibit colloidal activity1

    • Colloidal property increases with decrease in diameter1

    • Soil colloids have high e?change capacity+ which increases with silica ses;uio?ides ratio1

    • !oil water:

    • Structure of water molecule is he?agonal lattice and the angle is ,5E5 651

    • Soil moisture constants ygroscopic water+ capillary water and gravitational water1

    • "ater held at tension of more than F,-atm is called hygroscopic water1 (t is not available to the

     plants1

    • "ater held below ,PFrd -atm is called gravitational water and it is drained from the soil due to gravity1

    "ater held at tensions beyond ,6- atm is not available to the plants1 ,6 atm represents the wilting point

    • "ater in soil moves in response to difference to tension or pressure11

    • Darcy>s law in soil deals to hydraulic gradient1

    • !oil air:

    • Soil air contains ,5 times carbon dio?ide as that of air1

    • (deally 2PFrd of soil pores are filled with water and ,PFrd with air1

    • Submerged soils contain less o?ygen1

    • Soil air is characterised by &D:-&?ygen Diffusion :ate1

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    • !oil temperature:

    • )ourier>s law deals with heat conduction in soils1

    •  !and2 soils a-sor- mor* h*at than cla2*2 soils -*caus* th* s*cific h*at of 7at*r ,h*at

    r*8uir*d to h*at a su-stanc*1 is ;+& tim*s that of soil articl*s.

    • Soil temperature is used at family level categori*ation in soil ta?onomy1

    • Chemical properties:• Soil with p less than @16 are acidic+ @16 to /16 are neutral and above /16 are al4aline1

    • &ne unit change in p( changes ( ion concentration !y 39 times, 4 units !y 399 times and so

    on.

    • %lectrical conducti/ity

    Base saturation:

    )ertile soils are saturated with CaVV and 0gVV ions1 (f soil is saturated with more than ,6H

    e?changeable sodium+ than that soil is called Al4ali soil1 (f soil is saturated with V  ions1

    %hen the soil is said to be base unsaturated or acidic1

    • $rganic matter:1

    • (n hilly and altitudes+ &0 is above ,H in mangroves it is ,5-F5H1

    • CN ratio of &0 is ,5, whereas that of (ndian soils is 6, to 26, with an average of ,E,

    • istosols are called &rganic soils

    • &rganic matter decomposition stages )irst sugars L starches followed by proteins followed

    hemicelluloses+ cellulose and fatty acids and finally lignin and wa?es1

    • Biological properties:

    Bacteria Actinomycetes )ungi Algae

    • %he smell of soils after fresh showers is due to Actinomycetes1

    • Bacteria occur in neutral to al4ahne p1 )ungi in acid p and Algae in shade areas1

    • Symbiotic N fi?er - :hi*obium in $egumes+ Non-symbiotic or )ree living is Arotobacter1

    • (n paddy algae or A*olla fi?es N11

    • (n plant N is fi?ed as :-N2+ which is converted to ammonia1 %he ammonia is converted so nitrite

    first by Nitrosomonas or Nitrosococcus+ followed by Nitrite to nitrate by Nitrobacter1 %his process

    is called Nitrification1

    • Some of the nitrification (nhibitors are N-Serve and A01

    • &ptimum condition for nitrification process is field capacity and p above 61

    • +ineralogical )roperties:

    • %here are primary+ secondary+ accessory and amorphous minerals1

    • rimary mineral &rder of occurrence

    )eldspars 7uart* 0ica $imestone ornblende and augite &livine and serpentine

    • Serpentine is hydrated silicate of 0g11

    • !oil sur/eyL classification and soils of India:

    • %here are two types of soil survey- :econnaissance soil survey and detailed soil survey1

    • !oil classification:

    • %here ,2 order and the lastly added ,,th and ,2th orders are Andosols and Gelisols respectively+

    Andosols are found in volcanic cruption areas and contains high content allophane1 Gelisols are

    found in arctic regions1

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    • Saline are called white al4ali soils and are said to cause boron to?icity1 %reated by leaching1

    • Al4ali soils are called blac4 soils and are reclaimed by applying ypsum

    • Saline tolerant varieties rice, /heat, !arley, maize, sorghum and millets.

    • Sensitive crops Pulses and oilseeds.

    • Acid sulphate soils p less than F16 due to $iydrogen Sulphide gas production+ found in 'eralaand Sunderbans1 Causes A'iochi disease1 Cat clays are associated with these soils1

    • Acid soils have very low p1 :eclaimed by liming with limestone or calcite !CaC& F#+ Dolomite

    CaC&F1 0gCoF1 22&1 sla4ed lime Ca !&2# and Burnt lime or ;uic4 lime Ca&1

    • 1

    • !oil ,esting:

    •  p below @ is termed acidic+ @-.16 neutral to saline+ .1@ to tending to be saline and p above is

    termed as al4aline11

    • !oil (ertilityL manures and fertili=ers:1

    • %here are ,@ essential elements for plant growth1 %here are divided into 0acro and micronutrients

     based on the amount of plant upta4e1

    • $aw of minimum was given by )ather of AG1 Chemistry $eibig and $aw of Diminishing:eturns was given by 0itscherlich1

    •  Nutrient such as nitrate+ chloride and sulphate are not absorbed by the soil colloids and remain mainly

    in the soil solution1

    • Diffusion mechanism enables nutrient movement /ithout the movement of water1

    • (t is the mechanisms predominant are supplying most of the and ' to plant roots1

    •  Nitrogen role greenish colour+ efficient utili*ation of and '1 (ts def symptoms !yellowing# occur in

    the older leaves because of its high mobility+ Def hastens maturity whereas to?icity delays maturity

     because of prolonged vegetative flush+ succulent+ leathery growth and also causes lodging1 %o?icity

    also impairs the ;uality of barley+ tobacco+ sugarcane and fruits1

    •  Nitrogen is available both in anionic and cationic form1

    • hosphorus promotes root growth+ new cell formation+ formation of grains and maturation of crops+influences the vigour of plants and improves the ;uality of the crops+ increases resistances to diseases+

     N fi?ing in legume crops1 (ts deficiency causes reddish or purplish discolouration of stem and foliage

    due to abnormal increase in the sugar content and formation of anthocyanin1

    • otassium to resist pest and diseases+ cold and adverse conditions+ starch production and production

    and translocation of sugars+ improves the ;uality of tobacco and citrus1 6uury consumption is

    noticed. Deficiency symptoms ringing of alfalfa leaves with rows of small white spots reddish brown

    discolouration of cotton leaves+ drying+ scorching and curling of leaf margins in potato and

    interveinal chlorosis and firing> along the edges of mai*e leaves1

    • Nitrogenous fertili=ers:

    • Sodium Nitrate ,st nitrogenous fertili*er1 Chilean Nitrate ,@H N in nitrate form1 articularly

    useful in acid soils

    • Ammonium sulphate 251@H and 2EH S1 "hen close to seeds affects seed germination

    • Anhydrous Ammonia contains highest N content of F2H1

    •

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    Ammonium Sulphate Nitrate Ammonium Nitrate V Ammonium sulphate1 Contains 2@H N !FPE th in

    Ammonical form and ,PEth in nitrate form

    • Slow release N fertili*ers Neem coated urea+ %ar coated urea+ urea formaldehyde !urea form#+

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    • (ntensity of the rainfall is more important than duration and fre;uency of rainfall in causing soil

    loss1

    •  )at*ritic soils ar* l*ss *rodi-l* than -lac5 soils.

    • So erosion is geometrically increasing with slopeH1

    • $oss of plant nutrients increases with increase in degree of slope1

    • Soil loss is less when land is left undisturbed under a natural cover and soil loss increasessteeply when vegetation is removed and land is cultivated1

    • $egumes and grasses are stronger in preventing soil loss1

    • 0onoculture of cereals should be avoided1

    • Some important e.g. of order of soil loss11

    • Agronomic measure:

    • %he principles are to intercept raindrops and stop splash effect+ to increase inta4e rate and to stop

    overland flow1

    •

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    • &ne of the characteristics of the swells on wetting during the season and shrin4s and

    crac4s in summer season

    • %he p varies from /16 to .16

    • %he soils are deficient in nitrogen and phosphorus and they are rich in potash and lime

    • :ich in montmorillonite and beidelithoc group of clay minerals

    • $ccurrence - 0aharashtra+ Gu9arat+ 01 + :a9asthan+

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    • &ccurrence- (ndo-gangetic alluvium in the north and the deltic region

    •

    J. (orest and #ill soils:

    • &ccurrence -imachal radesh+ =L 4+

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    • #ydroscopic water- water is held below permanent wilting point+ e?cept few microbes+ all plants fail

    to absorb hydroscopic water1

    • Dar4 colour of soils is due to presence of %itanium and 0n

    • %otal essential nutrients - ,/1 :ecently added mineral is Ni>1

    •

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    !8A# ,.@1

    5H. %N@IR$N+%N,A' !CI%NC%

    • &*one layer is mainly found in the lower stratospheric layer+ more appropriately 26 4m height from

    the ground

    • %roposphere and stratosphere contain H of the total mass of the atmosphere

    • "orld agriculture started about - ,5+555 years bac4 

    • (ndian agriculture started about - @555 years bac4 

    • )irst biosphere reserve in (ndia is - Nilgiri biosphere reserve

    • Among different Biogeochemical cycle+ only phosphorus does not have any atmospheric

    reservoir 

    • :ed Data Boo4 related to categories of threatened+ endangered+ e?tinct species

    • Biogas contain 65-@5 H methane

    • Green house gases - Co2+ CE+ N2&+ C)C

    • &f all the green house gases carbon dio?ide contributes for ma?imum in Global warming

    • Green house gas produced in rice field is - 0ethane

    • =atropha is used to produce Bio fuel

    •  :tai-:tai and Manimata disease is due to Cadmium and 0ercury %o?icity1

    • 'yoto protocol signed in ,/+ adopted in 25561

    • , 4g weight fish has , .5 mg DD% in body what be in ppm - .5ppm

    • "hich chemical is used for preservation - ben*oic acid

    • After Bhopal gas tragedy use of which pesticide was banned - Aldicarb• $actose is - glucose V glactose

    • Blue asbestos has - a# sodium iron silicate b#sodium aluminium silicate c# silicon aluminium

    sulphate d# none ans a9

    • (n lithosphere which has ma?imum concentration )eP&PSiPNa

    !E@1@H#Si !2/1/2H#A, !.1,FH#(e !6H#Ca !F1@FH#Na !21.FH#; !216H#+g !215H#

    up to ,@ 'm of earth crust1

    •

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    • 0etals have a# unfilled p> orbital+ b# unfilled Sd’ or2ital+ c# both a L b+ d# none

    • Acid rain has p a9 H.+ b# 61.+ c# 61E+ d# E

    • Cattle population per ,55 ' m2 is ma?imum in a# Bihar+ b9 #aryana+ c#

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    • A 7 (- Air ;uality (nde?- 5-655+ higher the A7( poor the ;uality of air 

    • " 7 (- water ;uality inde? - ,-,55+ higher the "7( better the ;uality of water+

    detrmined by parametrs !p+ B&D+ )ecal coliform+ nitrate+ phosphate+ %DS+ temperature change

    L turbidity#

    • S7( - soil ;uality indicator -

    • "hat is bio-concentration factor !BC)# - H of bioaccumulative substances in tissue

    of a;uatic organism in relation to concentration of that substance in to environment i1e1 water 

    whwre organism live Q CorgPCinv R ,55+ assume accumulation is through water only

    • BA) - bio accumulation factor - assume both organism and their food are e;ually

    e?posed

    • H of water in ocean /16H

    • )resh water Q 216H !2H cryosphere or ice+ 51EH ground water+ ,H la4e !5152#+ soil

    !51556#+ atmosphere !515556#+ river !51555,#+ L biota water 

    • 0a?imum fresh water trapped in ice cap• C-,E is emitter of which ray aP 86P y ans> p

    • )luoride problem is ma?imum in which state :a9asthan

    • Sin4 of b is smelterPcoal

    • =ournal of environmental conservation and monitoring published from

    • Difference between point source and non point source of pollutants

    • oint source - easily identifiable - sewagePindustrialPcommercial waste

    discharge

    •  Non - point source - diffused not easily identifiable - runoff P

    agriculturePatmospheric fall

    • )og is li;uid !water# in gasP solid in gasPli;uid in li;uid ans- li;uid in gas

    • (n photochemical smog which has ma?imum concentration: o=onePANPS&2

    • :ecently recogni*ed hot spot in (ndia N8 imalya

    • %yphoid is due to Salmonella typhae

    • SA:S is due to a# coronavirus b# neumoravirus

    • 0ost important process of photoreaction in atmosphere is photosynthesis

    • "hich parameter is important in methane emission a9 p#  b# 8C c# 8S

    • Golden langur and Chin4ara deer are e?ample of a9 endangered species b# e?tinct

    • "hich state has two biosphere reserve Assam

    • "hich is not considered in 8(A human interest

    • (n AAS Bears-$amberts low cannot be directly applied why

    • "hat is commensalism

    • Commensalism Q one benefited!V# L other has no effect!5#

    • Byssinosis is coused by cotton

    • DD% is soluble in lipid or fat

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    • b is a# chalcophile b# siderophile

    •  N&? concentration in atmosphere is F,5ppb

    •  N&2

    • S&2

    • 8stuaries has which type of water brac4ish "ater 

    • 3ivisection is called > a9 mass cutting of forest b# ivory trade c# animal for la2 purpose

    • Anthropogenic to natural emission of metal in environment is called

    • Atra*ene is a pre-emergence herbicide

    •  Nitrogen fi?ing plants - $8G

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    • Crop rotation does not affect - a# drainage to to3icity b# pest biological control c#

    • Soil properties which not change - soil te?ture

    • "hat is biome - a large area characteri*ed by ma9or vegetation type-

    • "hich is not a fumigant - a# , b# 8DB c# A$

    • S( unit of energy -9oule

    • (G):( is at - =hansi

    • 0inimum b concentration in blood that inhibit A$A en*yme - 51F ppm

    • 8arth day is celebrated on - 22 April

    • "hat is biotic potential- is the ma?imum reproductive capacity of a population if 

    resources are unlimited

    • A*olla is used in - paddy field

    • $ow of minima was given by - $iebig

    • :elation hip between absorbance and transmittance AQ $og ,P%

    • B&D at 26oC is measerd for how many days - F days

    • B&D at 25oC for 6 days

    • =et planes release -No?• S( unit of pressure - ascal

    •  p of sea water -.12 ] 512

    • mass of nitrogen in dry air - /6H

    • Air pressure will be highest on - see level

    • Silent spring was written by - :achel Carson

    • Buffering capacity refers to - ability to resist change in p

    • ,./ protocol which called for 65H cut off in C)C by 2555 is called - 0ontreal

     protocol

    • (n Scandinavia fish 4ill was due to - acid rain

    • Iear of natural conservation - ,.5

    • rocess of heating at high temperature without fusion-a# smelting b# roasting c#

    combustion d# calcinations

    • 8rosion is caused by - deforestationP agriculture all

    • 0ethane contribution to global warming - C&2 !/EH# CE !,@H# N2& !H#

    C)Cs !,H#

    • G" of nitrous o?ide is what times of carbon dio?ide -255 + methane!25#

    • 0ega- diversity centre in world - ,2• (ndia has F hot spots of biodiversity 3i*1 the western ghat+ %he North eastern region

    and the 8astern imalayas

    • Convention on Biodiversity !CBD# also called 8arth Summit was held in :io De

    =anerio+ Bra*il in ,21 Came into force in ,F

    • Biodiversity Act of (ndia+ 2552+ implemented in 255E

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    • Centre of origin and centre of diversity proposed by - N1 ( 3avilov

    • rotection of lant varieties and )armers :ights Act !3):#- 255,

    •  National Biodiversity Board located in New Delhi

    • (ndian (nstitute of Biodiversity !255,-2552# located in (tanagar+ Arunachal radesh

    • $argest and oldest centre of crop diversity - China centre

    • Crop origin centre having highest diversity - industan centre• (nternational treaty on lant genetic :esources for food and agriculture !(%G:)A#

    signed under )A& in :ome in 255,

    • "%& came into being in ,6U its head ;uarter is in Swit*erland

    • lant ;uarantine order+ 255F

    • Sanitary and hytosanitary standards under GA%%+ ,E

    • term given by - 0eyer 

    • 8?amples of (n -situ conservation - Biosphere reserves+ national par4s+ Sanctuaries+

    Sacred groves etc1

    • 8?amples of 8?- situ conservation - )ield gene ban4+ Botanical gardens+ erbal

    gardens+ Clonal repositories+ Cryo-gene ban4 etc1

    •  New seed development policy+ ,..

    • )S order enacted in -,.

    • "ildlife !protection# Act - ,/2

    • )orest !conservation# Act - ,.5

    • (nstitute of Bioresource management and sustainable use located in - 0anipur 

    • %he Cartagena protocol on Biosafety was adopted in 2555

    • 25,5 is declared as the (nternational Iear of Biodiversity by )A&

    • (ndia contributes /16H biological diversity in the world1

    • (ndia contributes 216H Global landmass in the world1

    • FFH of sp1 (n (ndia is endemic1

    5. !%% ,%C#N$'$-

    • Seed is a ripened mature ovule that consists of embryo+ seed coat and cotyledons

    • Smallest seeds - &rchid seeds• $argest seeds - Double coconut *6odoicea maldivica# ,ypes of

    seeds:

    5. icotyledonous seeds:

    8A9 %3al2uminous seeds 8Non>endospermic seeds9:

    • Seeds which do not have endosperm at maturity1

    • 8?amples - ea+ Gram+ Bean+ %amarind+ Cucurbits+ Gourd+ Cucumber+ Groundnut+ =ute

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    • 8B9 Al2uminous seeds 8%ndospermic seeds9:

    • 8ndosperms present until maturity1 Cotyledons are thin acting as food suc4ing organ

    • 8?ample Castor+ apaya+ Cotton

    1. +onocotydonous seeds:

    !A# Al2uminous seeds

    • 8?amples - 0ai*e+ "heat+ :ice+ Coconut

    !B# %3al2uminous seed:

    • %3amples - othos+ Amorphophallus+ Alisma etc1

    • !torage su2stance:

    - :ice - $ry=ein

    - "heat - lutenin

    - Barley - #ordein

    - 0ai*e - *ein

    - ea -'egumin

    - Soybean - Nodulin

    - Sunflower >Inulin

    - Grain legumes > )haseolin

    • ,-)%! $( %R+INA,I$N:

    59 %pigeal:

    • Cotyledons emerge above the soil surface by elongation of hypocotyls and generally became

    green

    • 8?amples - Green gram+ Blac4 gram+ Groundnut+ Soybean+ ump4in+ &4ra+ Cucumber+

    0ustard+ Cotton+ =ute+ Castor+ %omato+ )rench bean etc1

    19 #ypogeal:

    • Cotyledons do not emerge above soil surface1 %he hypocotyl may elongate and emerge above

    soil surface but the epocotyl grows first

    • 8?amples - :ice+ $athyrus+ 0ai*e+ "heat+ Barley+ Coconut+ Broad bean+ ea etc1

    • !%% ,%!,IN:

    - %he first seed testing station was founded by rof1 ) Nobbe at Germany in ,.@

    - %he (nternational seed testing Association !(S%A# was established in ,2E in Norway

    - Central seed testing $aboratory !CS%$# - established at (A:(+ New Delhi in ,@5 now shifted to

    3aranasi+

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    C'A!!%! $( I+)R$@% !%%:

    A9 Nucleus seed:

    • (t is the initial seed of an improved variety which is always limited in ;uantity

    • (t is produced by the originating plant breeder 

    • )urity - (t is genetically and physically cent percent pure

    • Certification - e?empted from certification by seed certifying agency but should be certified

     by the breeder 

    • &se - for breeder seed production1 (t is not meant for general distributionB9 Breeder seed:

    • (t is the progeny of nucleus seed or breeder seed

    • (t is produced under strict supervision of original or sponsoring plant breeder at the research

    farm of the concerned crop research institute or agricultural university

    • )roduction - produced in isolation from other varieties1• )urity - genetically and physically cent percent pure

    • Certification - No certification

    • &se> )or foundation seed production1 Not meant for distribution

    • ,agging - Gold coloured tag signed by the breeder1

    C9 (oundation seed:

    • (t is the progeny by breeder seed

    • )roduction - produced by National Seeds Corporation under the strict supervision of research

    scientists and e?perts from NSC at Govt1 Seed multiplication farms1 (t is produced in isolation

    • )urity -genetically ,55H pure1 hysical purity - .H

    • Certification - underta4en by seed certification agency

    • &se - )or production of registered seed or certified seed production1 Not for general

    distribution

    • ,agging - "hite %ag signed by the certifying agency9 Registered seed:

    • rogeny of either foundation seed or registered seed

    • (n (ndia+ registered seed is generally omitted and certified seed is produced directly from the

    foundation seed

    • )roduction - By progressive cultivators at the farms under strict supervision of NSC1

    • )urity - genetic purity-,55H+ hysical purity- .H• Certification - (t is done by the SSCA

    • &se - )or production of certified or registered seed• ,agging - urple colour %9 Certified seed:

    • rogeny of either foundation or registered or certified seed

    • )roduction - produced on the fields of progressive farmers under the strict supervision of 

    SSCA

    • )urity - genetic purity-,55H+ hysical purity- .H

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    • Certification - Done By SSCA

    • &se - available for general distribution to the farmers for commercial production

    • ,agging - Blue colour %ag

    I+)$R,AN, )$IN,!:

    • %he (ndian seed act was enacted in 1Eth ecL 5E and has been in force since oct. 1nd 5EE

    • %he (ndian seed Act was amended on sept.EL 5EJ1

    • (ndian patent Act -5EJ

    •  National Seeds Corporation was initiated in ,@,1 (t started functioning in =uly+ ,@F with its

    head;uarters in New Delhi1

    •  National seed pro9ect !NS# established in 5EJ

    •  New seed bill - 17

    •  Nordic seed ban4 - Norway

    • Doc4age - the impurity percentage of a seed lot

    • Seed lot certificate colour is orange or green• Seed sample certificate colour is blue

    • arvesting inde? is ma?imum in carrot

    • %he two most important factors influencing the life span of seeds under storage are relative

    humidity and temperature

    • ead;uarters of (S%A- *urichL !wit=erland

    5J. ARIC&',&RA' %NIN%%RIN

    • )ather of agricultural engineering in (ndia - rofessor 0ason 3augh

    • )irst bachelor>s degree course in agricultural engineering in (ndia - Allhabad agricultural (nstitute+Allahabad !,E2-EF#

    • (ndian society of agricultural engineers !(SA8# - ,@5 at ((% 'ahargpur and presently its head;uarter

    is at New Delhi

    • (SA8 publications ,# =ournal &f Agaricultural 8ngineering !=A8#

    2# Agricultural 8ngineering %oday !A%8#

    • ,@5- @, - atractor manuufacturing started in india by first manufacture mPs eicher good earth

    • Average man can develop ma?ium power of about 51,hp !/E1@ watts# for doing farm wor4 

    • ower developed by an average pair bulloc4s is about ,hp !/E@ wants# for usual farm wor4 

    • %he averge force a draft animal can e?ert is nearly one -tenth of its body weight

    •

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    million tractor 1!216 la4h tractorPyear +,5555 power tiller Pyear#

    • %he most popular tractor is found in F,-E5 hp segment + which accounts for @5H of the total sales in

    the country

    Biogas

    • Biomass mi?ture of methane !E6-/5H# and carbon dio?ide!F5-F6H#

    • Cattle dung water ratio for biogas slurry E6or ,,

    • Buffaloes ,6 4g dunrPday+ bulloc4s or cows ,5 4g dung Pday and calves 64g dungPday

    • Suitable condition for biogas production - ph!/-.#+ temperature!F6 c#

    • Biogas calorific value -E655 4calPm^F "ind

    energy

    • %he speed re;uired for operation of wind mill - ,5 to ,6 4mPhr 

    • %wo types of wind mill !hori*ontal a?is and vertical a?is rotr#

    ,1 ori*ontal a?is rotor -a?is of rotion is parallel to the direction of wind

    i 1 0ulti blade

    ii1 ropeller - most commonaly used

    iii1 Sail type

    21 3ertical a?is rotor a?is of rotation is perpendicular to the direction of wind

    • Components of wind mill - tower +head +roto transmission gear +pump+generator 

    • ower available wind mill depends upon !,# wind speed !2# cross section of wind

    swept by rotor 

    !F# &verall conversion efficiency of rotor + transmission system+generator Solar

    energy

    • %emperature of sun 6/// 4 

    • :adition range from sun +51E um - ma?imum available range+

    Z51E um - ultraviolet radiation !.H of radition#+ 51E-51/ um

    visible radiation !E@H# 51/ um infrared radiation !E@H#

    • Solar constant solar radiation received per second by surface of unit area held

    normal to the direction of sun rays at mean earth -sun distance1 (ts value ,F65 wPm 2

    or ,1E calPsPm2

    • :adiation measurement

    o yrheliometer beam radiation !direct radiation#

    o yranometer total radiation !global radiation#- accurate

    o Solarimeter total radiation !global radiation #- inaccurate

    o yrometer very high temp measurement

    • Collection of solar radiation !three ways#

    , By flat plate collector temp range E5 centigrade to ,55 centigrade

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    2 )ocussing or concentrating colletore !,55 _c#

    F hotovoltaic cell !soller cell# directly convert solar energy in to electricity made of Silicon

    separated by thin brrier with conversion efficiency is about ,5H

    • ortable water contained Z665 ppm of salt +sea water contained F5555-E5555 ppm of salt

    +groundwater containedZ2555-F555 ppm of salt

    • Solar still -device converts saline water in to portable water1

    • Green house is structure made of polythenePrain forced fibre to provide controlled condition for 

    crop production

    • (ndian (nstitute of %ropical 0eteorology

    • (ndia 0eteorological Department !(0D#+ une+ 0aharashtra1

    • Central Arid Yone :esearch (nstitute !CAY:(#+ =odhpur+ :a9asthan1

    • (nternational Crop :esearch (nstitute for semi-arid tropics !(C:(SA%#+ yderabad+ A1

     National Centre for 0edium :ange weather )orecasting !NC0:")#+ New Delhi

     NBG: National bureau of lant Genetic :esources+ New Delhi+ (A:(

     NBAG: National Bureau of Animal Genetics :esources+ 'arnal+ aryana

     NBAG: National Bureau of )ish Genetic :esources+ Allahabad !

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     National seeds pro9ect New Delhi

    Sugarcane $uc4now

    Sugar beet antnagar  

    Cotton Coimbatore

    =ute and allied fibres Barrac4pore

    Soybean (ndore%obacco Anand

    Cotton ro9ect !"B assisted# Nagpur  

    )ruits Bangalore

    Citrus Bangalore

    %uber crops Dholi !Bihar#

    otato Simla

    3egetables New Delhi

    0edicinal and Aromatic plants New Delhi

    Spices and Cashewnut 'asargod

    Coconut and Arecanut 'asargod

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    • (n rural area less than 2E55 calPday

    #$R,IC&',&R% IN INIA

    • Coconut Area 4erala'arnata4a%N

    V roduction 'erala%N'arnata4a

    • Cashew Area 'erala0%N

    V roduction0'eralaA

    • ,ractors (ndia in Eth position !highest in Banana

    • )irst agricultural census in (ndia conducted in ,/5

    • As per National forest policy+ for ecological balance+ the forests co


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