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MUTASI

Nama : Asvitri Dwi Utami

NIM : B1J008003

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MUTATION

Mutation event changes the nature of

the gene (the chemical composition of the

gene) or chromosome that causes changesto living things that are declining?

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The nature of mutations:

Rarely occurs in normal processes of DNAreplication

Mutations can not be known before it is due to:

Genes that have mutations not reveal themselves becausethe number of individual genes in very large

Gene is lethal

Genes are recessive

The emergence of free

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Kinds of mutations

Gene mutations / smallmutation / mutation point* Substitution bases:

~ Transition

~ Transversion: A T

~ Transversion: G C* Changes of nitrogen

base pairs

Chromosome mutations /aberration / largemutation consists

1. Changes set / aneuploidychanges in the number(n) it

2. According to the eventscan be categorized into 2

a. Autopoliploidi

b. Allopoliploidi

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Aneuploidy

Haploid / monoploid A B C

Diploid AA BB CC

Triploid AAA BBB CCC Tetraploid AAAA BBBB CCCC

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Changes doubling (aneusomi)

In general, somatic cell has 2n chromosomes.

Because of incorrect doubling of chromosomes

can lead to increased / decreased in number.

Examples:

Nullisomi2n 2

Monosomi 2n 1

Trisomic 2n + 1 Double trisomic 2n + 2

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normal nullisomi monosomi trisomy

2 n 2n - 2 2n - 1 2n + 1

Aneusomi may occur for several reasons,

including:

Anaphase lag chromatid events not attach to the

spindle in the process meosis 1

Nondisjungsievents failed separation of

homologous chromosome at anaphase of meiosis

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Human Aneusomi

Turner Syndrome (44A + X) = 2n 1

Phenotype women, the ovaries do not grow

Down syndrome (45A + XX / 45A + XY Klinefelter syndrome A + 44 pairs XXY

male phenotypes. But the testes do not grow

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Chromosome damage

Deletion of gene loss of some of the homologouschromosomes

Duplicationthe addition of some genes on thechromosomes homologous chromosome doves mate

Inversion is a rotating group of 360genes in thechromosome

Translocation is the process of exchange of genes fromthe chromosome to other chromosome are not

homologous Katenasi end of he chromosome adjacent to each other

to from a circle

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The factors that cause mutations

Spontaneous mutation /

natural changes by

itself

Factors: Heat, radiation, cosmic

rays, ultraviolet light,

ionizing internal, DNA

errors

Mutations artificial /

mutation induction in

human try with a purpose

a. l:

Radioactive material usage

for diagnosis, therapy, food

preservation

The use of nuclear

Radiation tv

Use of chemical, biological

and physical

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Mutagens

1. Material physics

Ultraviolet light, high temperatures, X rays, gamma rays,cosmic rays

2. Chemicals PesticideDDT

Nitrous acidcauses deamination of adenine, guanine,and cytosine

Amino Hidrosil (NH2OH) is a mutagen in the attack

bakteriofage DNA cytosine and uracil in RNA Colchicine

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Mutagens

3. Biological Material

Virus

Bacteria

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