2014 WorkshopConoscenza e tecnologie appropriate per la sostenibilità e la resilienza

in urbanistica Knowledge and Appropriate Technologies for Sustainability and Resilience

in Planning

Funda Atun, Maria Pia Boni, Annapaola Canevari, Massimo Compagnoni, Luca Marescotti, Maria Mascione, Ouejdane Mejri, Scira Menoni, Floriana Pergalani

3 marzo 2014 - 03

LAUREA MAGISTRALE DELLA SCUOLA DI ARCHITETTURA E SOCIETÀ

Laboratorio organizzato da Luca Marescotti

Vulnerabilità e resilienza urbana e territoriale: come l’urbanistica e la pianificazione territoriale possono contribuire a politiche di prevenzione.

Urban vulnerability and resilience: how planning may contribute to mitigation measures. Lesson 1: unfortunately negative examples

Scira Menoni

What can be done to mitigate risks?

Risk assessment

Risk mitigation measures: structural and non structural, long and short term

Implementation tools: laws, regulations, directives, economic tools –insurance, incentives, taxes- voluntary….

Ulrich Beck reminds us of the fact the in risks imply a tightly coupled combination of “facts” and “values” that make any risk related decision neither purely technical nor purely political

The complexity of risk conditions requires a Suitable approach for example systemic

What can be done to mitigate risks?

Risk assessment

Risk mitigation measures: structural and non structural, long and short term

Implementation tools: laws, regulations, directives, economic tools –insurance, incentives, taxes- voluntary….

Hazard Vulnerability

Risk

1

D = f( y, V) d(y)

0

RISK = HAZARD * VULNERABILITY (Exposed systems)

R = f (H, V, E)

Hazard Vulnerability

Risk

RISK = f ( HAZARD, VULNERABILITY, EXPOSURE)

RISK measured in terms of expected damage

HAZARD = characteristics of the dangerous agent (phenomena)

VULNERABILITY= propensity to damage, fragility

(Exposed systems)= number and dimension of people and goods in a dangerous area

Brief definition

Hazard analysis:

- How strong? When? Return period

- Where?

- How long can it last?

R O E ̀ V O L C I A N O

V I L L A N U O V A S U L C L I S I

G A V A R D O

G A R D O N E R I V I E R A

T O S C O L A N O M A D E R N O

G A R G N A N O

V O B A R N O

S A L O ̀ r

L a g o d

i G a r d a

2 . 7 5

1 . 0 5 1 . 1 5 1 . 2 5 1 . 3 5 1 . 4 5 1 . 5 5

1 . 6 5 1 . 7 5

1 . 8 5 1 . 9 5

2 . 0 5 2 . 1 5 2 . 2 5

2 . 3 5 2 . 4 5 2 . 5 5 2 . 6 5

Hazard analysis : what mitigation strategies?

What can I do? Reduce the hazard potential (limited to a number of natural hazards)

Exposure analysis:

How many people?

How many houses, roads, factories?What can I do? Relocate move from the most hazardous areas

vulnerability

A definition of vulnerability:

how prone is a system to be damaged in case of a given stress

ill people

M number of peopleexposed to thevirus

V R

a measure of fragility, weakness

What is the benefit for risk management?

Scientific and technical Geographical and Ecological field Climate change studies Systems Engineering

domain sociological domain

* methods to measure * vulnerability is interpreted as * in the ecological field one * in climate change studies * vulenrability is a latent vulnerability have been the key concept to explain may find more reasoning vulnerability is often condition of particularly proposed and applied differences in response to around resilience rather than interpreted as the lack of complex systems, resulting

disasters between countries vulnerability. Though, the copying capacity and from interaction among and regions features of a resilient eco- resilience. Concepts from the parts and components

system can be easily labelled geographical and the "tightly coupled"* in some cases there is * there is a limited attempt to as lack of vulnerability ecological field are reshaped * Vulnerability compounds still a confusion between identify indicators or * attempts to apply directly and restructured in climate physical, organisational, expected damage and parameters to assess concepts taken from eco- change studies functional factors as well vulnerability vulnerability logy to social system can as management failures

be questioned

Aa.Vv., Natural disasters Dow K., Exploring differences Gunderson L., C. Holling, J. Kasperson, R. Kasperson Giarini O., H. Loubergé, and vulnerability analysis. in our common future(s): the Panarchy. Understanding et al., The human dimension La delusione tecnologica. Report of expert group, Rep. meaning of vulenrability to transformation in human of global environmental I rendimenti decrescenti Undro, July, 1979. global environmental change, and natural systems change, MIT University della tecnologia e la crisi

in Geoforum, vol. 23, n.3, 1992 Island press, 2002 Press, 2003. della crescita economica, Petrini V, Overview report Mondadori, Milano, 1978.

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Important for both vulnerability and resilienceTEMPORAL SPATIAL SYSTEMIC DIMENSION DIMENSION FACTORS

SCALE

* impact * core * related to systems and components

* emergency * corona

* reconstruction * periphery * related to links among systems

Responseto crisis

financialresourcesinvested, people employed

impact 1 10 100 500time inweeks

emergency first recovery reconstruction advanced reconstruction

Responseto crisis

financialresourcesinvested, people employed

impact 1 10 100 500time inweeks

emergency first recovery reconstruction advanced reconstruction

Physical Social

ENVIRONMENT SYSTEM

REGION Economic(Territorio) SYSTEM

ENVIRONMENT

What can be done to prevent risks?

Risk assessment

Risk mitigation measures: structural and non structural, long and short term

Implementation tools: laws, regulations, directives, economic tools –insurance, incentives, taxes- voluntary….

Risk prevention measures shaping a resilient/non resilient mitigation capacity, response and recovery

Land use planning

Structural measures

* re-develpment

* restauration

* relocation

* zoning

Support to implementation

* Disclosure

* Insurance; * tax incentives; * td/p rights

* Communication

Non structural measures

Structural retrofitting

Builidngs retrofitting

Emergency preparedness

* Emergency plans

* Training, exercises

* Early warning systems

Buildings codes

levees

Slope consolidation

Avalanche defences

* Inspections

rural to urban (development)

Transform land uses urban to urban (restoration, redevelopment) urban to rural

Planners do different things in Europe dealing with spatial planning; summarizing and comprising different schools of thought and practice:

rural to rural

Preserve land uses urban to urban

White, G., Kates, R. & Burton, I. 2001.

Knowing better and losing even more: the use of knowledge in hazard management.

Environmental Hazards 3(3): 81-92.

Regarding the quality of construction and land uses

Regarding “myths” regarding people’s behavior in disasters

Regarding fallacies in crisis management

decreasing HAZARDSreducing

EXPOSUREphysical social and economic built environment natural environment

- specific requirements to control buikldings vulnerability to various types of hazards (particularly seismic, but also avalanches and landlsides)

- improve citizens involvement in risk management: - ccepting building and land use restrictions; - environmental maintenance activities (forests, rivers)

- need for stronger floodplain regulation and building permits control

- monocultural agricoltural practices should be avoided in areas prone to flooding and firest fires

- in accepting for example building restrictions;- in "environment maintenance" activities (rivers, forests)

- understimation of flood levels in different events (excluded possibility of overcoming "historic" catastrophies

- difficulties in evacuating people in temporary settlements at a large distance from their original homes

- plans should include feedback analysis and procedures to up date the plan according to lessons learnt - plans are often too generic

- plans should consider the possibility of multi-site events that will put a dignificant pressure on civil protection

- poor monitoring systems (particularly floods) in Eastern countries and Greece

- plans should be based on accurate scenarios

- ICT should be more carefully and extensively used to deal with the emergency

- improve planning for crisis, including the need to plan for long emergencies

- need of local forecasts for some hazards (fires, floods, landslides)

- need to be prepared not only in traditionally "hot" periods regarding given risks (fires) - improve relationship with the media to be able disseminate messages during emergencies and guaranteeing "correct" information to the public

- need of local forecasts for some hazards (fires, floods, landslides)

- creating better coordination among civil protection forces- creating better coordination with critical infrastructures providers- business continuity plans also for the public sector- improving people's preparedness to face emergencies- need to provide stronger role to the EU Civil Protection

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STRUCTURAL NON STRUCTURAL

reducing VULNERABILITY

Examples of vulnerability created by wrong land uses and urban plans

Unesco 1977:

“nothing has been done to discourage extensive tourist development close to the shore...Use of shoreline sites in on the increase in the Fiji, putting investemnts, visitors and Fijian people all at peril from rare but quite possible events”

Examples of vulnerability created by wrong land uses and urban plans. The local scale

“Stakeholders”:

- Mayor, understands the issue and seems open to accept the revision of the PAT;

- “Assessore” of urban planning wishing to ask experts mitigation measures for buildings;

- Municipal technician, responsible of the municipal technical office, does not want us at all…

At the end: few weeks before municipal elections the PAT is approved in the muncipal assemblee m, without taking into account the comments of Italia Nostra

At the end: few weeks before municipal elections the PAT is approved in the muncipal assemblee m, without taking into account the comments of Italia Nostra

At the end within the pattern of the new plan (where is the river??) apparently the normative part of the plan takes into account the hydraulic and geological reports but in reality new development, new urban planning mistakes are hiding.

The story: on February 2011 I was invited by two representatives of a civic association born after the flood in 2010 in the muncipality of Caldogno, close to Vicenza in the Region of Veneto.

Examples of vulnerability created by wrong land uses and urban plans. The local scale

Examples of vulnerability created by wrong land uses and urban plans. The local scale

Examples of vulnerability created by wrong land uses and urban plans. The urban scale

Substantial indifference of the “sustainability principle community” to risk prevention: The London Gateway Project

Communication is not just what we say: the construction of a fully equipped Congress Centre in Dresden after the 2002 Elbe flood

Examples of vulnerability created by wrong land uses and urban plans. The urban scale

Examples of vulnerability created by wrong land uses and urban plans. The regional scale

Examples of vulnerability created by wrong land uses. Non urban uses

Examples of vulnerability created by wrong land uses. Non urban uses

Photos by Carlo Giacomelli, 1955-1980

The effectiveness and the ….danger of structural mitigation measures (alone)

sustainability ~ risk preventionSustainibility: exploiting the environment while keeping the natural capital for future generations...

Risk prevention: preventing mass victims and extensive losses due to some “extreme” event that may occur in the future...

environmental damage

human and economic losses

sustainability ~ risk preventionWhat about environmental damage consequent to what are after all “natural events”, if we exclude industrial accidents?

It will be shown that natural and human environments cannot be kept separated, therefore one may have a variety of combinations

As a natural event becoming an environmental catastrophe:

In the case of hydrogeological risks, that will be considered today, unsustainible land uses may increase the hazard itself

sustainability ~ risk preventionSome measures that have been considered as “risk prevention” taken before a disaster or during emergencies proved to be extremely unsustainible: are those always acceptable in the name of prevention? Could things have been managed otherwise?

risk prevention ~ sustainability

Resources/hazards: we may say that the margin is shaped by vulnerability or resilience